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https://www.hellenicaworld.com/Science/Physics/en/ProjectPACER.html	### - Art Gallery - Project PACER, carried out at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in the mid-1970s, explored the possibility of a fusion power system that would involve exploding small hydrogen bombs (fusion bombs)—or, as stated in a later proposal, fission bombs—inside an underground cavity. As an energy source, the system is the only fusion power system that could be demonstrated to work using existing technology. It would also require a continuous supply of nuclear bombs and contemporary economics studies demonstrated that these could not be produced at a competitive price compared to conventional energy sources. The earliest references to the use of nuclear explosions for power generation date to a meeting called by Edward Teller in 1957. Among the many topics covered, the group considered power generation by exploding 1 Mt bombs in a 1,000-foot (300 m) diameter steam-filled cavity dug in granite. This led to the realization that the fissile material from the fission sections of the bombs, the "primaries", would accumulate in the chamber. Even at this early stage, physicist John Nuckolls became interested in designs of very small bombs, and ones with no fission primary at all. This work would later lead to his development of the inertial fusion energy concept.[1] The initial PACER proposals were studied under the larger Project Plowshares efforts in the United States, which examined the use of nuclear explosions in place of chemical ones for construction. Examples included the possibility of using a large nuclear devices to create an artificial harbour for mooring ships in the north, or as a sort of nuclear fracking to improve natural gas yields. Another proposal would create an alternative to the Panama Canal in a single sequence of detonations, crossing a Central American nation. One of these tests, 1961's Project Gnome, also considered the generation of steam for possible extraction as a power source. LANL proposed PACER as an adjunct to these studies.[2] Early examples considered 1000 ft diameter water-filled caverns created in salt domes at as much as 5,000 feet (1,500 m) deep. A series of 50-kiloton bombs would be dropped into the cavern and exploded to heat the water and create steam. The steam would then power a secondary cooling loop for power extraction using a steam turbine. Dropping about two bombs a day would cause the system to reach thermal equilibrium, allowing the continual extraction of about 2 GW of electrical power.[3] There was also some consideration given to adding thorium or other material to the bombs to breed fuel for conventional fission reactors.[4] In a 1975 review of the various Plowshares efforts, the Gulf University Research Consortium (GURC) considered the economics of the PACER concept. They demonstrated that the cost of the nuclear explosives would be the equivalent of fuelling a conventional light-water reactor with uranium fuel at a price of $328 per pound. Prices for yellowcake at that point were$27 a pound,[5] and are around \$45 in 2012.[6] GURC concluded that the likelihood of PACER being developed was very low, even if the formidable technical issues could be solved.[5] The report also noted the problems with any program that generated large numbers of nuclear bombs, saying it was "bound to be controversial" and that it would "arouse considerable negative responses".[7] In 1975 further funding for PACER research was cancelled.[8] Despite the cancellation of this early work, basic studies of the concept have continued. A more developed version considered the use of engineered vessels in place of the large open cavities. A typical design called for a 4 m thick steel alloy blast-chamber, 30 m (100 ft) in diameter and 100 m (300 ft) tall,[9] to be embedded in a cavity dug into bedrock in Nevada. Hundreds of 15 m (45 ft) long bolts were to be driven into the surrounding rock to support the cavity. The space between the blast-chamber and the rock cavity walls was to be filled with concrete; then the bolts were to be put under enormous tension to pre-stress the rock, concrete, and blast-chamber. The blast-chamber was then to be partially filled with molten fluoride salts to a depth of 30 m (100 ft), a "waterfall" would be initiated by pumping the salt to the top of the chamber and letting it fall to the bottom. While surrounded by this falling coolant, a 1-kiloton fission bomb would be detonated; this would be repeated every 45 minutes. The fluid would also absorb neutrons to avoid damage to the walls of the cavity.[10][11] Nuclear pulse propulsion Project Gnome Nuclear fusion-fission hybrid References Citations John Nuckolls, "Early Steps Toward Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE)", LLNL, 12 June 1998 Garwin & Charpak 2002, p. 254. "Bombing away", New Scientist, 17 April 1975, p. 141. Long 1976, pp. 24-25. Long 1976, p. 25. Long 1976, p. 26. "Paced out", New Scientist, 21 August 1975, p. 437. Garry McCracken and Peter Stott, "Fusion: The Energy of the Universe", Academic Press, 2012, p. 66 Sebahattin Unalan & Selahaddin Orhan Akansu, "Determination of Main Parameters for FLIBE Cooled Peaceful Nuclear Explosive Reactors (PACER)"], Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 29 Number 1A (January 2004), pp. 27-42 Ralph Moir, "PACER Revisited", 8th Topical Meeting on Technology of Fusion Energy, 9–13 October 1988 Bibliography Garwin, Richard; Charpak, Georges (2002). Megawatts and Megatons: A Turning Point in the Nuclear Age?. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-375-40394-9. Long, F. (October 1976). "Peaceful Nuclear Explosions". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 32 (8): 18. doi:10.1080/00963402.1976.11455642. Fusion power, processes and devices Core topics Nuclear fusion Timeline List of experiments Nuclear power Nuclear reactor Atomic nucleus Fusion energy gain factor Lawson criterion Magnetohydrodynamics Neutron Plasma Processes, methods Confinement type Gravitational Alpha process Triple-alpha process CNO cycle Fusor Helium flash Nova remnants Proton-proton chain Carbon-burning Lithium burning Neon-burning Oxygen-burning Silicon-burning R-process S-process Magnetic Inertial Bubble (acoustic) Laser-driven Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion Electrostatic Fusor Polywell Other forms International Americas Canada STOR-M United States Alcator C-Mod ARC SPARC DIII-D Electric Tokamak LTX NSTX PLT TFTR Pegasus Brazil ETE Mexico Novillo [es] Asia, Oceania China CFETR EAST HT-7 SUNIST India ADITYA SST-1 Japan JT-60 QUEST [ja] Pakistan GLAST South Korea KSTAR Europe European Union JET Czech Republic COMPASS GOLEM [cs] France TFR WEST Germany ASDEX Upgrade TEXTOR Italy FTU IGNITOR Portugal ISTTOK Russia T-15 Switzerland TCV United Kingdom MAST-U START STEP Stellarator Americas United States CNT CTH HIDRA HSX Model C NCSX Costa Rica SCR-1 Asia, Oceania Australia H-1NF Japan Heliotron J LHD Europe Germany WEGA Wendelstein 7-AS Wendelstein 7-X Spain TJ-II Ukraine Uragan-2M Uragan-3M [uk] RFP Italy RFX United States MST Magnetized target Canada SPECTOR United States LINUS FRX-L – FRCHX Fusion Engine Other Russia GDT United States Astron LDX Lockheed Martin CFR MFTF TMX Perhapsatron PFRC Riggatron SSPX United Kingdom Sceptre Trisops ZETA Inertial confinement Laser Americas United States Argus Cyclops Janus LIFE Long path NIF Nike Nova OMEGA Shiva Asia Japan GEKKO XII Europe European Union HiPER Czech Republic Asterix IV (PALS) France LMJ LULI2000 Russia ISKRA United Kingdom Vulcan Non-laser United States PACER Z machine Applications Thermonuclear weapon Pure fusion weapon International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility Physics Encyclopedia World Index	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5337532162666321, "perplexity": 10276.348212422914}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711013.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205064509-20221205094509-00612.warc.gz"}
https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03833	astro-ph.CO (what is this?) # Title: The XXL Survey III. Luminosity-temperature relation of the Bright Cluster Sample Abstract: The XXL Survey is the largest homogeneous survey carried out with XMM-Newton. Covering an area of 50 deg$^{2}$, the survey contains several hundred galaxy clusters out to a redshift of $\approx$2 above an X-ray flux limit of $\sim$5$\times10^{-15}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. This paper belongs to the first series of XXL papers focusing on the bright cluster sample. We investigate the luminosity-temperature (LT) relation for the brightest clusters detected in the XXL Survey, taking fully into account the selection biases. We investigate the form of the LT relation, placing constraints on its evolution. We have classified the 100 brightest clusters in the XXL Survey based on their measured X-ray flux. These 100 clusters have been analysed to determine their luminosity and temperature to evaluate the LT relation. We used three methods to fit the LT relation, with two of these methods providing a prescription to fully take into account the selection effects of the survey. We measure the evolution of the LT relation internally using the broad redshift range of the sample. Taking into account selection effects, we find a slope of the bolometric LT relation of B$_{\rm LT}=3.08\pm$0.15, steeper than the self-similar expectation (B$_{\rm LT}$=2). Our best-fit result for the evolution factor is $E(z)^{1.64\pm0.77}$, consistent with "strong self-similar" evolution where clusters scale self-similarly with both mass and redshift. However, this result is marginally stronger than "weak self-similar" evolution, where clusters scale with redshift alone. We investigate the sensitivity of our results to the assumptions made in our model, finding that using an external LT relation as a low-z baseline can have a profound effect on the measured evolution. However, more clusters are needed to break the degeneracy between the choice of likelihood model and mass-temperature relation on the derived evolution. Comments: 16 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526886 Cite as: arXiv:1512.03833 [astro-ph.CO] (or arXiv:1512.03833v1 [astro-ph.CO] for this version) ## Submission history From: Paul Giles [view email] [v1] Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:31:51 GMT (464kb,D)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9108485579490662, "perplexity": 3161.939193929597}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189127.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00020-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/277067/hopf-bifurcation-for-an-ode	# hopf bifurcation for an ode I understand how to analyse a system of equations like $x'(t) = f(x,y)$ $y'(t) = g(x,y)$ set $x'$ and $y'$ to zero and find the fixed points etc, and find the stability. What Im am not sure of is analyzing an equation of the form $x'''(t) + x''(t) + x'(t) + a sin(x) = 0$ I want to find the stability and hopf bifurcation parameter $a_h$ for the above system. - You make this differential equation into a system (in this case three-dimensional) by defining new dependent variables to correspond to $x'$ and $x''$. \eqalign{x' &= v\cr v' &= w\cr w' &= - w - v - a \sin(x)\cr} The linearization at the equilibrium point $(0,0,0)$ corresponds to the matrix $$A = \pmatrix{0 & 1 & 0\cr 0 & 0 & 1\cr -a & -1 & -1\cr }$$ The characteristic polynomial is $P(\lambda) = \lambda^3 + \lambda^2 + \lambda + a$. if I change the system to $x''' + k_1 x'' + k_2 x' + k_3 a sin(x)$ where do you handle the constants in your solution, before the v and w in x' and w' or only in the equation for w' – user57142 Jan 13 '13 at 19:18 $x' = v$, $x'' = v' = w$, $x''' = w' = -k_1 w - k_2 v - k_3 a \sin(x)$. – Robert Israel Jan 13 '13 at 19:28	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.990695059299469, "perplexity": 442.2538303841811}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769709.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00171-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://walkingrandomly.com/?m=200810	Review of the new Symbolic Toolbox in MATLAB 2008b October 27th, 2008 Introduction Just over a couple of weeks ago, The Mathworks released the latest version of their main product, MATLAB 2008b, which includes a completely new version of their Symbolic Toolbox. If you are new to MATLAB then maybe a quick explanation is in order here. The base MATLAB package is strictly numerical and has no support for the symbolic manipulation of equations. For example, if you want to solve the quadratic equation x^2 -2x -5=0 numerically then basic MATLAB can help you. The syntax may look at bit minging at first sight but it does the job and does it efficiently. roots([1 -2 -5]) ans = 3.4495 -1.4495 If, on the other hand, you wanted to solve the general quadratic ax^2+bx+c=0 in terms of a,b and c then you are out of luck using MATLAB on its own. With the symbolic toolbox, however, calculations such as this are trivial thanks to the solve command syms a b c x; y=solve(ax^2 +bx+c) y = -(b + (b^2 – 4ac)^(1/2))/(2a) -(b – (b^2 – 4ac)^(1/2))/(2a) It will also give the answer to our first quadratic exactly – which is nice. solve('x^2 -2x -5=0') ans = 1 – 6^(1/2) 6^(1/2) + 1 It even has the power to evaluate integrals symbolically – something that I wish I had access to when I was in high school. It misses off the constant of integration but this is the standard behaviour for almost all symbolic integrators and so isn’t anything to worry about. (Note to teachers: If you have a student who always gets the integral correct but shows no working and never includes the constant of integration – now you know why). A simple example: int('cos(x)^2') ans = x/2 + sin(2x)/4 So how are these symbolic feats achieved you may ask? Well, it’s all a bit of a trick really because MATLAB isn’t doing any of the work itself. What it does is send the problem to another program called MuPad. Mupad solves the problem and sends the result back to MATLAB for display. Think of it as mathematical out-sourcing if you will – a bit like copying your friend’s calculus homework. This is all done seamlessly behind the scenes and so, as far as the user is concerned, the symbolic toolbox simply adds a range of new commands to MATLAB that can do symbolic calculations. It doesn’t matter that MuPad is really doing the work. Does it? Yes it does! You see, it wasn’t always MuPad that did MATLAB’s symbolic homework for it. In older versions of the Symbolic Toolbox (2008a and earlier) it was a completely different application that did the symbolic grunt work on MATLAB’s behalf, namely Maple. For some reason, known only to Maplesoft and Mathworks, Maple was dropped from the symbolic toolbox in favour of the lesser-known MuPad. The Mathworks then went and bought the company that produced MuPad and now the only way you can buy a copy of Mupad is to buy MATLAB together with the symbolic toolbox. So, this new incarnation of the Symbolic Toolbox for MATLAB may look the same as the old version but it has had a brain transplant and thus has a completely different personality with a different set of abilities and behaviours. When I first heard about this change I was very worried – I’ve seen this before you see. Another mathematical application, MathCAD, also used to use Maple as it’s symbolic engine and it dropped it in favour of MuPad when version 14 was released back in early 2007. It wasn’t pretty! I support MathCAD at the University of Manchester in the UK and all of a sudden people’s symbolic calculations weren’t working as they expected. Lecture notes needed to be rewritten, code needed to be modified and I spent ages scratching my head trying to work out where all the differences were. Some were…interesting…to say the least. I also support MATLAB at Manchester and we have a LOT more MATLAB users than MathCAD users. Orders of magnitude more in fact and so this transition from Maple to Mupad in the symbolic toolbox was giving me sleepless nights. How much was it going to change things? How different is the input syntax from before? What differences in functionality can I expect to see? Is it any better or worse than before? Most importantly, how much work is it going to generate for me and my colleagues. Same input, different output I was very relieved to see that most of the input syntax hasn’t changed at all from older versions of the toolbox. What has changed, however, is the output. Lets look at our simple quadratic example again. In both 2008a and 2008b the input syntax is syms a b c x; y=solve(ax^2 +bx+c) In an old version of the symbolic toolbox (specifically 2008a) the output from these commands is y = -1/2(b-(b^2-4ac)^(1/2))/a -1/2(b+(b^2-4ac)^(1/2))/a In the new version (2008b) we get y = -(b + (b^2 - 4ac)^(1/2))/(2a) -(b - (b^2 - 4ac)^(1/2))/(2a) Of course these solutions are mathematically equivalent but they are written in rather different ways. It’s worth pointing out that this isn’t an isolated case – almost every symbolic calculation I tried gave subtly different output like this. Not incorrect I hasten to add – just different. Also, notice that 2008b has given the roots in a different order to 2008a. Most of the time this will not matter but if you have written code that assumes a certain order (and doesn’t check) then you might be in trouble. Of course writing code in such a manner is a bad idea anyway but I like to cover all bases when thinking of possible support issues. More examples: syms a b b=a/3 2008a:1/3a 2008b:a/3 syms x y [x,y]=solve('x^2+y^2=1','x^3-y^3=1') In 2008a: x = 0 1 -1+1/2i2^(1/2) -1-1/2i2^(1/2) y = -1 0 1+1/2i2^(1/2) 1-1/2i2^(1/2) in 2008b: x = 1 0 (2^(1/2)i)/2 - 1 - (2^(1/2)i)/2 - 1 y = 0 -1 (2^(1/2)i)/2 + 1 1 – (2^(1/2)i)/2 Practical upshot: If you have written a MATLAB book or a MATLAB lecture course and you have included printouts of the output then you have some minor updating to do. If you have written code that assumes a certain solution order then you have some programming to do. Variable precision arithmetic With plain vanilla MATLAB you are limited to, at best, double precision arithmetic. This is screamingly fast since it is directly supported by the hardware of your computer but for some problems you simply need more precision. This is where variable precision arithmetic (vpa) comes in handy, allowing you to calculate to as many decimal places as your computer can handle at the expense of computational speed. The new version of vpa seems to work in exactly the same way as the old one: digits(50) vpa(pi) vpa('(1+sqrt(5))/2') 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751 1.6180339887498948482045868343656381177203091798058 Calculus The first real problem I ever asked a computer algebra system to do for me was an indefinite integral that took me ages to work out by hand. The fact that I got the correct answer in just a few seconds completely entranced me and I have been throwing integrals at such programs ever since. These days I am much more interested by integrals that computer programs fail to do rather than the ones they do with ease. It’s even more fun when the integral turns out to be trivial to do by hand. Unfortunately for Mathworks, this new symbolic toolbox has given me a few more ‘interesting’ examples to think about. Here are a couple of integrals that the old toolbox could do but the new one can’t – both of which come from an introductory MATLAB textbook (which now needs a 3rd edition by the looks of things). int('arctan(x)/x^(3/2)',0,1) 2008a: -1/2pi+2^(1/2)log(2+2^(1/2))-1/22^(1/2)log(2)+1/22^(1/2)pi 2008b: Warning: Explicit integral could not be found. simplify(int('sqrt(1+cos(x)^2)')) 2008a:-csgn(sin(x))EllipticE(cos(x),i) 2008b: Warning: Explicit integral could not be found. There are probably more but I haven’t had much of a poke around so if anyone comes across any more of these, please let me know via the comments and I’ll do some follow up posts. Obviously, I’d also like to know of any integrals that 2008b can do which elude 2008a – I just haven’t found any myself yet. Of course, just like the old symbolic toolbox, this new one has no problem with differentiation and here is a simple example for the sake of completeness. diff('tan(x)') 2008a:1+tan(x)^2 2008b:tan(x)^2 + 1 More examples of symbolic functionality. If you have never seen the symbolic toolbox in action before then here are a few more examples of what it can do – with output from both this new kernel and the old one. Factor a large integer into its prime factors. factor(sym('567836543898634')) 2008a: (2)(37)(347)(4804201)(4603) 2008b: 23734746034804201 Solve an Ordinary Differential Equation symbolically dsolve('D2y = -a^2y', 'y(0) = 1', 'Dy(pi/a) = 0') 2008a: cos(at) 2008b: cos(at) Find the determinant of a symbolic matrix m = sym('[d^2 2 7; d d^3 9; 1 5 1/5]'); det(m) 2008a:1/5d^5-45d^2+173/5d+18-7d^3 2008b:d^5/5 – 7d^3 – 45d^2 + (173*d)/5 + 18 You get the idea – this is a useful toolbox – no matter which version you are using! Talking to the Mupad kernel directly The commands provided by the symbolic toolbox represent just a tiny fraction of what MuPad is capable of and so The Mathworks have added some commands to the 2008b symbolic toolbox to allow you to talk directly to the MuPad kernel. As long as the command you are sending produces a non-graphical output then you are good to go: You can evaluate a Mupad command from the MATLAB command line by using the evalin command which uses the following syntax. y = evalin(symengine,'MuPAD_Expression'); As a specific example – let’s calculate the number of partitions of 100 in MATLAB using Mupad’s combinat::partitions command: y = evalin(symengine,'combinat::partitions(100)') y = 190569292 I think this is just fabulous as it means that the symbolic toolbox adds an immense amount of functionality to MATLAB. This is a major advance compared to the old version of the symbolic toolbx which only provided direct access to a subset of the underlying Maple computational kernel. If you wanted access to all (non-graphical) Maple functionality from within MATLAB then you needed to buy a rather expensive toolbox called the Extended Symbolic Toolbox. As of version 2008b this extended toolbox no longer exists since the standard symbolic toolbox contains the full version of MuPad. Advanced symbolics from MATLAB just got a whole lot cheaper! So much syntax, so little time Having access to the full functionality of Mupad from MATLAB is wonderful but it comes at a price – you have to learn a whole new set of syntax rules. Let’s look at some examples MATLAB - acos MUPAD - arccos MATLAB - besselj MUPAD - besselJ MATLAB - conj MUPAD - conjugate In MATLAB you suppress output with a ; but in Mupad you use a : In MATLAB you list all used variables with the whos command. In Mupad it’s anames(All, User) You get the idea…Of course this is to be expected since Mupad and MATLAB are two completely different systems but these syntax differences really show up the fact that the symbolic toolbox is simply just a set of glue and bolts holding together two different products. Maybe now that Mathworks have bought Mupad outright these differences will start to go away and Mupad will become much better integrated with MATLAB in the future. For a more detailed list of the syntax differences see this article from Mathworks – Mupad for MATLAB users. Of course the people I really worry about are those who have written a lot of code using the Maple syntax of the old toolboxes (both standard and extended). They now face a choice – never upgrade, rewrite their code from the ground up or find another way of hooking into the Maple kernel. If you have a full copy of Maple installed on your machine then one option open to you is to type symengine into MATLAB which will reward you with a dialogue box allowing you to switch from the Mupad engine to the Maple engine. Obviously you cannot do this if you do not have a copy of Maple installed. At the moment I am unsure which versions of Maple are compatible with this option and I couldn’t find a definitive list on Maple’s website but I guess that will become clear in time. Alternatively you may choose to use Maplesoft’s new product – The Maple toolbox for MATLAB – but from what I can tell that isn’t fully backwards compatible with the old symbolic toolboxes either. Something I am unsure of at the moment is whether or not you could get the 2008b symbolic toolbox to use the Maple kernel from an older version of the toolbox should you have one lying around. Expect to see an update on this question soon. While the old version of the symbolic toolbox for MATLAB only had access to a limited number of Maple functions, this new version contains everything in Mupad and when I say everything I really mean it. Type mupad into MATLAB and you are rewarded with nothing less than the full version of Mupad 5.1 – exactly as if you had installed it as normal and started it from the Windows start menu. It’s all there…programming, graphics – the lot. This is great news for MATLAB users but probably not such good news for old time Mupad users because if they want to upgrade to the latest version of Mupad then they need to buy both MATLAB and the Symbolic Toolbox – a combination that is more expensive than Mupad on it’s own used to be. There is so much great stuff in Mupad, an application I had never used before until now, that this review almost didn’t get written because I was having too much fun playing. Summary So..this update of the symbolic toolbox for MATLAB is a biggie and no mistake! Thanks to the Maple->Mupad brain transplant it is a completely different product and I sometimes find myself wondering if it should have been given a totally different name from ‘symbolic toolbox’ to reflect this. On the whole, I like it. It’s probably going to cause me a world of pain when I am asked to help people migrate from the old version but I am hopeful that it’ll be worth it in the long run. Here’s the executive summary • The majority of the input syntax for the symbolic toolbox ‘wrapper’ commands such as syms, int and diff is identical to older versions. • The output given by these commands is different from the old version in almost every case. The differences range from simple re-arrangements through to completely different evaluations. • The actual symbolic work is now done by Mupad. In the past it was done by Maple. • The new toolbox seems to be weaker at integral calculus than the old one but I cheerfully admit that I haven’t exactly gone into detail on this. • The Extended Symbolic Toolbox is no more. If you need full access to Maple commands then you need to buy the full version of Maple. • You get the full version of Mupad included with the new symbolic toolbox. Just type mupad at the MATLAB command prompt to launch it. • The only way of buying Mupad these days is to buy MATLAB and the symbolic toolbox. Finally – since I mentioned my job in this review I would like to make the usual disclaimer. This article (and indeed this blog) has nothing to do with my employer, The University of Manchester. All opinions are mine and mine alone – not theirs. Problem of the week #4 October 24th, 2008 I haven’t done a ‘problem of the week’ for a while so I thought I would throw a fun one out there to see what happens. Prove (or otherwise) that 0.9 recurring (that is 0.999999999999…… etc) is equal to one. Update: Several solutions have been posted in the comments section October 21st, 2008 I can’t beleive I missed this one! I knew that Mathworks were ditching Maple in favour of MuPad for their symbolic toolbox but I didn’t realise that they liked it so much that they bought the company. I wonder how this is going to affect other products, such as Mathcad and Scientific Workplace, that have adopted MuPad as a symbolic engine? Will Mathworks continue to license the technology to their competitors or will the likes of Mathcad have to find an alternative? Recent downtime October 21st, 2008 Sorry about the recent downtime – we encountered some problems while upgrading to the latest version of WordPress. Normal service has been resumed. 41st Carnival of Maths over at 360 October 13th, 2008 The 41st Carnival of Maths is now available over at 360 and includes two articles from Walking Randomly. Don’t let that put you off though as there is loads of other great stuff for your reading pleasure. GNU Octave version 3.03 released October 10th October 13th, 2008 There have been loads of mathematical software releases recently and here is another – version 3.03 of Octave – the free, open-source MATLAB like maths package. No major new features this time as it is essentially a bug fix release. MATLAB 2008b released October 13th, 2008 The Mathworks released the latest version of their flagship product, MATLAB 2008b, on October 9th. Along with the usual wide range of incremental improvements, there are one or two major changes such as a complete overhaul of the symbolic toolbox and a new Econometrics toolbox. Other posts you may be interested in. Review of the new Symbolic Toolbox in MATLAB 2008b Review of Maple 12 on Macworld October 13th, 2008 Flip Phillips, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Skidmore College, has reviewed Maple 12 running on a Mac over at MacWorld. The Exploration Assistant sounds rather interesting from my point of view – if only I could find the time to have a play with it. It seems that Flip is rather impressed with this new version so why not head over there to read more? International Mathematica User Conference 2008 October 11th, 2008 Just a quick note to say good luck (not that’ll she’ll need it I’m sure) to Maria of Teaching College Math Technology fame who will be giving a talk at the upcoming International Mathematica User Conference in Champaign, Illinois. Her talk will be on Online Calculus and Wolfram Demonstrations which is right up my street so I am sorry I can’t be there. I almost managed to get a place as my boss thought I should go but we fell down at the vital ‘getting funding’ hurdle. To be expected I guess – we are in the middle of a credit crunch (click this video – very funny!) after all. More excuses for celebration thanks to Wolfram Demonstrations October 9th, 2008 Right now we are all being subjected to some pretty depressing news. Flicking through today’s newspaper I see article after article on things like the credit crunch, the global energy crisis and impending recession. In the face of all this doom and gloom what we need is as many excuses to celebrate as possible. Birthdays are a great excuse for celebration – a night out (or in) with friends, good food and maybe a glass (or three) of wine but the problem with birthdays is that they only come around once a year. Once a year, that is, if you only consider Earthly years but if you expand the net to include Martian years, Jovian years and, best of all, Mercurian years then you get a whole new set of celebration dates for your calendar. The problem you are now faced with is working out when your next Martian birthday is. That’s where this Wolfram Demonstration from Chris Boucher comes in handy. Simply enter your birthdate and you’ll instantly get told your age as it would be on the various planets of the solar system. Despite it’s recent demotion from planetary status, Pluto has been included as well, and rightly so in my opinion. As an added bonus you’ll get told when your next birthday will be on each planet – helping you to fill up that all important celebration calendar. Cheers!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6151777505874634, "perplexity": 1052.7193881794806}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036363.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626010644-20220626040644-00177.warc.gz"}
http://wangchaofeng.com/parseNote.php?note=notes_machineLearning_logisticRegression.note	All notes LogisticRegressi # Intro ## Pre-requisites • Features roughly linear. • The problem is linearly separable. • Dependent variable (DV) is categorical. • The output can be interpreted as probability. • Robust to noise. • Avoid overfitting. • Efficient, and calculations can be distributed. ## Usage Quora: comparion among classifications. L2-regularized LR could be a baseline for more fancier classification approaches. ## Categories • Multinomial logistic regression: cases with more than two categories. • Ordinal logistic regression: multiple categories are ordered. # Logistic functions ## Odds Ratio ### Odds • An alternate way of expressing probabilities. • It simplifies the process of updating with new evidence. Odds $$\frac{P(A)}{P(\neg A)} = \frac{a}{b} = \frac{p}{1-p}, \quad p=\frac{a}{a+b}.$$ Odds Ratio $$R = \frac{\frac{p_1}{1-p_1}}{\frac{p_2}{1-p_2}}$$ ## Logit For 0<p<1$$logit(p) = log(\frac{p}{1-p})$$ base 2 - bit base e - nat base 10 - ban ## Logistic function Logistic function is the inverse-logit: $$logit^{-1}(\alpha) = \frac{1}{1+\exp ^{-\alpha}}$$ # SVM ## Difference with Logistic Regression • Use a different loss function (Hinge) from Logistic Regression (LR). • The results are interpreted differently (maximum-margin). • If your problem is not linearly separable, use SVM with a non-linear kernel (e.g. RBF). Hard to train, esp. many training examples. # FAQ ## Sample size requirement There are (at least) two different kinds of instability: • The model parameters vary a lot with only slight changes in the training data. • The predictions (for the same case) of models trained with slight changes in the training data vary a lot. The best method is to scrutinize the two instabilities. Just relying on the 1 to 10 rule will be insufficient (see below). ### 1 to 10 rule Basically, as the ratio of parameters estimated to the number of data gets close to 1, your model will become saturated, and will necessarily be overfit (unless there is, in fact, no randomness in the system). The 1 to 10 ratio rule of thumb comes from this perspective. The 1 to 10 rule comes from the linear regression world, however, and it's important to recognize that logistic regression has additional complexities. • One issue is that logistic regression works best when the percentages of 1's and 0's is approximately 50% / 50% (as @andrea and @psj discuss in the comments above). • Another issue to be concerned with is separation. That is, you don't want to have all of your 1's gathered on one extreme of an independent variable (or some combination of them), and all of the 0's at the other extreme. • One last issue with that rule of thumb, is that it assumes your IV's are orthogonal.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7342594861984253, "perplexity": 2169.7696984935997}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218357.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821151743-20180821171743-00457.warc.gz"}
https://lfe.gitbooks.io/sicp/content/ch1/functions-as-general-methods.html	### Functions as General Methods We introduced compound functions in the section Compound Functions as a mechanism for abstracting patterns of numerical operations so as to make them independent of the particular numbers involved. With higher-order functions, such as the integral/4 function of the section Functions as Arguments, we began to see a more powerful kind of abstraction: functions used to express general methods of computation, independent of the particular functions involved. In this section we discuss two more elaborate examples -- general methods for finding zeros and fixed points of functions -- and show how these methods can be expressed directly as functions. #### Finding roots of equations by the half-interval method The half-interval method is a simple but powerful technique for finding roots of an equation , where is a continuous function. The idea is that, if we are given points and such that , then must have at least one zero between and . To locate a zero, let be the average of and and compute . If , then must have a zero between and . If , then must have a zero between and . Continuing in this way, we can identify smaller and smaller intervals on which must have a zero. When we reach a point where the interval is small enough, the process stops. Since the interval of uncertainty is reduced by half at each step of the process, the number of steps required grows as , where is the length of the original interval and is the error tolerance (that is, the size of the interval we will consider "small enough"). Here is a function that implements this strategy: (defun negative? (x) (< x 0)) (defun positive? (x) (> x 0)) (defun search (f neg-point pos-point) (let ((midpoint (average neg-point pos-point))) (if (close-enough? neg-point pos-point) midpoint (let ((test-value (funcall f midpoint))) (cond ((positive? test-value) (search f neg-point midpoint)) ((negative? test-value) (search f midpoint pos-point)) (else midpoint)))))) We assume that we are initially given the function together with points at which its values are negative and positive. We first compute the midpoint of the two given points. Next we check to see if the given interval is small enough, and if so we simply return the midpoint as our answer. Otherwise, we compute as a test value the value of at the midpoint. If the test value is positive, then we continue the process with a new interval running from the original negative point to the midpoint. If the test value is negative, we continue with the interval from the midpoint to the positive point. Finally, there is the possibility that the test value is 0, in which case the midpoint is itself the root we are searching for. To test whether the endpoints are "close enough" we can use a function similar to the one used in the section Example: Square Roots by Newton's Method for computing square roots:1 (defun close-enough? (x y) (< (abs (- x y)) 0.001)) search/3 is awkward to use directly, because we can accidentally give it points at which 's values do not have the required sign, in which case we get a wrong answer. Instead we will use search/3 via the following function, which checks to see which of the endpoints has a negative function value and which has a positive value, and calls the search/3 function accordingly. If the function has the same sign on the two given points, the half-interval method cannot be used, in which case the function signals an error.2 (defun half-interval-method (f a b) (let ((a-value (funcall f a)) (b-value (funcall f b))) (cond ((and (negative? a-value) (positive? b-value)) (search f a b)) ((and (negative? b-value) (positive? a-value)) (search f b a)) (else (error "Values are not of opposite sign"))))) The following example uses the half-interval method to approximate as the root between 2 and 4 of : > (half-interval-method #'math:sin/1 2.0 4.0) 3.14111328125 Here is another example, using the half-interval method to search for a root of the equation between 1 and 2: > (half-interval-method (lambda (x) (- (* x x x) (* 2 x) 3)) 1.0 2.0) 1.89306640625 #### Finding fixed points of functions A number is called a fixed point of a function if satisfies the equation . For some functions we can locate a fixed point by beginning with an initial guess and applying repeatedly, until the value does not change very much. Using this idea, we can devise a function fixed-point/2 that takes as inputs a function and an initial guess and produces an approximation to a fixed point of the function. We apply the function repeatedly until we find two successive values whose difference is less than some prescribed tolerance: (defun fixed-point (f first-guess) (fletrec ((close-enough? (v1 v2) (< (abs (- v1 v2)) tolerance)) (try-it (guess) (let ((next (funcall f guess))) (if (close-enough? guess next) next (try-it next))))) (try-it first-guess))) For example, we can use this method to approximate the fixed point of the cosine function, starting with 1 as an initial approximation:3 > (set tolerance 0.00001) 1.0e-5 > (fixed-point #'math:cos/1 1.0) 0.7390822985224023 Similarly, we can find a solution to the equation : > (fixed-point (lambda (y) (+ (math:sin y) (math:cos y))) 1.0) 1.2587315962971173 The fixed-point process is reminiscent of the process we used for finding square roots in the section Example: Square Roots by Newton's Method. Both are based on the idea of repeatedly improving a guess until the result satisfies some criterion. In fact, we can readily formulate the square-root computation as a fixed-point search. Computing the square root of some number requires finding a such that . Putting this equation into the equivalent form , we recognize that we are looking for a fixed point of the function4 , and we can therefore try to compute square roots as (defun sqrt (x) (fixed-point (lambda (y) (/ x y)) 1.0)) Unfortunately, this fixed-point search does not converge. Consider an initial guess . The next guess is and the next guess is . This results in an infinite loop in which the two guesses and repeat over and over, oscillating about the answer. One way to control such oscillations is to prevent the guesses from changing so much. Since the answer is always between our guess and , we can make a new guess that is not as far from as by averaging with , so that the next guess after is instead of . The process of making such a sequence of guesses is simply the process of looking for a fixed point of : (defun sqrt (x) (fixed-point (lambda (y) (average y (/ x y))) 1.0)) (Note that is a simple transformation of the equation ; to derive it, add to both sides of the equation and divide by 2.) With this modification, the square-root function works. In fact, if we unravel the definitions, we can see that the sequence of approximations to the square root generated here is precisely the same as the one generated by our original square-root function of the section Example: Square Roots by Newton's Method. This approach of averaging successive approximations to a solution, a technique we that we call average damping, often aids the convergence of fixed-point searches. 1. We have used 0.001 as a representative "small" number to indicate a tolerance for the acceptable error in a calculation. The appropriate tolerance for a real calculation depends upon the problem to be solved and the limitations of the computer and the algorithm. This is often a very subtle consideration, requiring help from a numerical analyst or some other kind of magician. 2. This can be accomplished using error/1, which takes a "reason" as an argument and stops the execution of the calling process with with an exception error and the provided reason. 3. Try this during a boring lecture: Set your calculator to radians mode and then repeatedly press the cos button until you obtain the fixed point. 4. (pronounced "maps to") is the mathematician's way of writing lambda. means (lambda(y) (/ x y)), that is, the function whose value at is .	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9430926442146301, "perplexity": 605.8910051352289}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607325.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523025728-20170523045728-00475.warc.gz"}
https://crypto.stackexchange.com/users/25363/hamidreza?tab=summary	Hamidreza • Tartu, Estonia • Member for 6 years, 2 months 11 Possibility of Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) in real-world scenario? 6 What does "overwhelming" mean in cryptography? 5 Exactly what part of SIDH is proven to be NP-hard? 4 Why does Learning With Errors require a bunch of samples? 4 A Simple Provably Secure Key Exchange Scheme Based on the Learning with Errors Problem ### Reputation (970) +10 Short integer solution lattice problem with q=2 +30 What is the non-programmable random oracle model? +30 Relation between decisional SIS and leftover hash lemma in lattices +10 Peikert's framework for attacks on R-LWE: What "reduction modulo q" means? ### Questions (10) 9 Peikert's framework for attacks on R-LWE: What "reduction modulo q" means? 7 Relation between decisional SIS and leftover hash lemma in lattices 5 How the condition $s \geq 8$ is determined in Lindner-Peikert cryptosystem? 3 The existence of two-round zero-knowledge proofs 3 Short integer solution lattice problem with q=2 ### Tags (19) 16 lattice-crypto × 12 10 post-quantum-cryptography × 9 13 chosen-plaintext-attack × 2 10 lwe × 5 11 cryptanalysis × 3 6 elliptic-curves × 2 11 provable-security × 2 6 isogeny × 2 11 semantic-security 6 negligible ### Bookmarks (0) This user has no bookmarked questions. ### Accounts (3) Cryptography 970 rep 55 silver badges1717 bronze badges Stack Overflow 101 rep Mathematics 101 rep	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5026232600212097, "perplexity": 12939.064349062863}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057329.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922041825-20210922071825-00241.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/m/methods+electronic+resource.html	#### Sample records for methods electronic resource 1. Electronic Resource Management Systems Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mark Ellingsen 2004-10-01 Full Text Available Computer applications which deal with electronic resource management (ERM are quite a recent development. They have grown out of the need to manage the burgeoning number of electronic resources particularly electronic journals. Typically, in the early years of e-journal acquisition, library staff provided an easy means of accessing these journals by providing an alphabetical list on a web page. Some went as far as categorising the e-journals by subject and then grouping the journals either on a single web page or by using multiple pages. It didn't take long before it was recognised that it would be more efficient to dynamically generate the pages from a database rather than to continually edit the pages manually. Of course, once the descriptive metadata for an electronic journal was held within a database the next logical step was to provide administrative forms whereby that metadata could be manipulated. This in turn led to demands for incorporating more information and more functionality into the developing application. 2. Electronic Resource Management and Design Science.gov (United States) Abrams, Kimberly R. 2015-01-01 We have now reached a tipping point at which electronic resources comprise more than half of academic library budgets. Because of the increasing work associated with the ever-increasing number of e-resources, there is a trend to distribute work throughout the library even in the presence of an electronic resources department. In 2013, the author… 3. The module of methodical support in system of electronic educational resources as the innovative element of the modern maintenance of formation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ольга Николаевна Крылова 2009-06-01 Full Text Available The article introduces some results of research, which were devoted to evaluation of tearches' mobility to introduce innovations in the contents of education. The author considers innovative potential of modules of the methodical support for system of electronic educational resources. 4. Managing electronic resources a LITA guide CERN Document Server Weir, Ryan O 2012-01-01 Informative, useful, current, Managing Electronic Resources: A LITA Guide shows how to successfully manage time, resources, and relationships with vendors and staff to ensure personal, professional, and institutional success. 5. Electronic Resources Management Project Presentation 2012 KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2012-11-05 This presentation describes the electronic resources management project undertaken by the KAUST library. The objectives of this project is to migrate information from MS Sharepoint to Millennium ERM module. One of the advantages of this migration is to consolidate all electronic resources into a single and centralized location. This would allow for better information sharing among library staff. 6. Implementing CORAL: An Electronic Resource Management System Science.gov (United States) Whitfield, Sharon 2011-01-01 A 2010 electronic resource management survey conducted by Maria Collins of North Carolina State University and Jill E. Grogg of University of Alabama Libraries found that the top six electronic resources management priorities included workflow management, communications management, license management, statistics management, administrative… 7. Electronic Resources Management System: Recommendation Report 2017 KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2017-01-01 This recommendation report provides an overview of the selection process for the new Electronic Resources Management System. The library has decided to move away from Innovative Interfaces Millennium ERM module. The library reviewed 3 system 8. Electronic Resources Management Project Presentation 2012 KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2012-01-01 This presentation describes the electronic resources management project undertaken by the KAUST library. The objectives of this project is to migrate information from MS Sharepoint to Millennium ERM module. One of the advantages of this migration 9. PRINCIPLES OF CONTENT FORMATION EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC RESOURCE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) О Ю Заславская 2017-12-01 Full Text Available The article considers modern possibilities of information and communication technologies for the design of electronic educational resources. The conceptual basis of the open educational multimedia system is based on the modular architecture of the electronic educational resource. The content of the electronic training module can be implemented in several versions of the modules: obtaining information, practical exercises, control. The regularities in the teaching process in modern pedagogical theory are considered: general and specific, and the principles for the formation of the content of instruction at different levels are defined, based on the formulated regularities. On the basis of the analysis, the principles of the formation of the electronic educational resource are determined, taking into account the general and didactic patterns of teaching.As principles of the formation of educational material for obtaining information for the electronic educational resource, the article considers: the principle of methodological orientation, the principle of general scientific orientation, the principle of systemic nature, the principle of fundamentalization, the principle of accounting intersubject communications, the principle of minimization. The principles of the formation of the electronic training module of practical studies in the article include: the principle of systematic and dose based consistency, the principle of rational use of study time, the principle of accessibility. The principles of the formation of the module for monitoring the electronic educational resource can be: the principle of the operationalization of goals, the principle of unified identification diagnosis. 10. Electronic Resources Management System: Recommendation Report 2017 KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2017-05-01 This recommendation report provides an overview of the selection process for the new Electronic Resources Management System. The library has decided to move away from Innovative Interfaces Millennium ERM module. The library reviewed 3 system as potential replacements namely: Proquest 360 Resource Manager, Ex Libris Alma and Open Source CORAL ERMS. After comparing and trialling the systems, it was decided to go for Proquest 360 Resource Manager. 11. CHALLENGES OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION RESOURCES IN ... African Journals Online (AJOL) This paper discusses the role of policy for proper and efficient library services in the electronic era. It points out some of the possible dangers of embarking in electronic resources without a proper focus at hand. Thus, it calls for today's librarians and policy makers to brainstorm and come up with working policies suitable to ... 12. Library training to promote electronic resource usage DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Frandsen, Tove Faber; Tibyampansha, Dativa; Ibrahim, Glory 2017-01-01 Purpose: Increasing the usage of electronic resources is an issue of concern for many libraries all over the world. Several studies stress the importance of information literacy and instruction in order to increase the usage. Design/methodology/approach: The present article presents the results... 13. Electronic resource management systems a workflow approach CERN Document Server Anderson, Elsa K 2014-01-01 To get to the bottom of a successful approach to Electronic Resource Management (ERM), Anderson interviewed staff at 11 institutions about their ERM implementations. Among her conclusions, presented in this issue of Library Technology Reports, is that grasping the intricacies of your workflow-analyzing each step to reveal the gaps and problems-at the beginning is crucial to selecting and implementing an ERM. Whether the system will be used to fill a gap, aggregate critical data, or replace a tedious manual process, the best solution for your library depends on factors such as your current soft 14. use of electronic resources by graduate students of the department African Journals Online (AJOL) respondent's access electronic resources from the internet via Cybercafé .There is a high ... KEY WORDS: Use, Electronic Resources, Graduate Students, Cybercafé. INTRODUCTION ... Faculty of Education, University of Uyo, Uyo. Olu Olat ... 15. Daylighting simulation: methods, algorithms, and resources Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Carroll, William L. 1999-12-01 16. Use of Electronic Resources in a Private University in Nigeria ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The study examined awareness and constraints in the use of electronic resources by lecturers and students of Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria. It aimed at justifying the resources expended in the provision of electronic resources in terms of awareness, patronage and factors that may be affecting awareness and use ... 17. Gender Analysis Of Electronic Information Resource Use: The Case ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Based on the findings the study concluded that access and use of electronic information resources creates a “social digital divide” along gender lines. The study ... Finally, the library needs to change its marketing strategies on the availability of electronic information resources to increase awareness of these resources. 18. Electronic Resource Management System. Vernetzung von Lizenzinformationen Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michaela Selbach 2014-12-01 Full Text Available In den letzten zehn Jahren spielen elektronische Ressourcen im Bereich der Erwerbung eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle: Eindeutig lässt sich hier ein Wandel in den Bibliotheken (fort vom reinen Printbestand zu immer größeren E-Only-Beständen feststellen. Die stetig wachsende Menge an E-Ressourcen und deren Heterogenität stellt Bibliotheken vor die Herausforderung, die E-Ressourcen effizient zu verwalten. Nicht nur Bibliotheken, sondern auch verhandlungsführende Institutionen von Konsortial- und Allianzlizenzen benötigen ein geeignetes Instrument zur Verwaltung von Lizenzinformationen, welches den komplexen Anforderungen moderner E-Ressourcen gerecht wird. Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG unterstützt ein Projekt des Hochschulbibliothekszentrums des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (hbz, der Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg, der Verbundzentrale des Gemeinsamen Bibliotheksverbundes (GBV und der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt, in dem ein bundesweit verfügbares Electronic Ressource Managementsystem (ERMS aufgebaut werden soll. Ein solches ERMS soll auf Basis einer zentralen Knowledge Base eine einheitliche Nutzung von Daten zur Lizenzverwaltung elektronischer Ressourcen auf lokaler, regionaler und nationaler Ebene ermöglichen. Statistische Auswertungen, Rechteverwaltung für alle angeschlossenen Bibliotheken, kooperative Datenpflege sowie ein über standardisierte Schnittstellen geführter Datenaustausch stehen bei der Erarbeitung der Anforderungen ebenso im Fokus wie die Entwicklung eines Daten- und Funktionsmodells. In the last few years the importance of electronic resources in library acquisitions has increased significantly. There has been a shift from mere print holdings to both e- and print combinations and even e-only subscriptions. This shift poses a double challenge for libraries: On the one hand they have to provide their e-resource collections to library users in an appealing way, on the other hand they have to manage these 19. Electronic human resource management: Enhancing or entrancing? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paul Poisat 2017-07-01 Full Text Available Orientation: This article provides an investigation into the current level of development of the body of knowledge related to electronic human resource management (e-HRM by means of a qualitative content analysis. Several aspects of e-HRM, namely definitions of e-HRM, the theoretical perspectives around e-HRM, the role of e-HRM, the various types of e-HRM and the requirements for successful e-HRM, are examined. Research purpose: The purpose of the article was to determine the status of e-HRM and examine the studies that report on the link between e-HRM and organisational productivity. Motivation for the study: e-HRM has the capacity to improve organisational efficiency and leverage the role of human resources (HR as a strategic business partner. Main findings: The notion that the implementation of e-HRM will lead to improved organisational productivity is commonly assumed; however, empirical evidence in this regard was found to be limited. Practical/managerial implications: From the results of this investigation it is evident that more research is required to gain a greater understanding of the influence of e-HRM on organisational productivity, as well as to develop measures for assessing this influence. Contribution: This article proposes additional areas to research and measure when investigating the effectiveness of e-HRM. It provides a different lens from which to view e-HRM assessment whilst keeping it within recognised HR measurement parameters (the HR value chain. In addition, it not only provides areas for measuring e-HRM’s influence but also provides important clues as to how the measurements may be approached. 20. Utilization of electronic information resources by academic staff at ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The study investigated the utilization of Electronic Information resources by the academic staff of Makerere University in Uganda. It examined the academic staff awareness of the resources available, the types of resources provided by the Makerere University Library, the factors affecting resource utilization. The study was ... 1. Users satisfaction with electronic information resources and services ... African Journals Online (AJOL) This study investigated users satisfaction on the use of electronic information resources and services in MTN Net libraries in ABU & UNIBEN. Two objectives and one null hypotheses were formulated and tested with respect to the users' satisfaction on electronic information resources and services in MTN Net libraries in ... 2. The Role of the Acquisitions Librarian in Electronic Resources Management Science.gov (United States) Pomerantz, Sarah B. 2010-01-01 With the ongoing shift to electronic formats for library resources, acquisitions librarians, like the rest of the profession, must adapt to the rapidly changing landscape of electronic resources by keeping up with trends and mastering new skills related to digital publishing, technology, and licensing. The author sought to know what roles… 3. Selection and Evaluation of Electronic Resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Doğan Atılgan 2013-11-01 Full Text Available Publication boom and issues related to controlling and accession of printed sources have created some problems after World War II. Consequently, publishing industry has encountered the problem of finding possible solution for emerged situation. Industry of electronic publishing has started to improve with the rapid increase of the price of printed sources as well as the problem of publication boom. The first effects of electronic publishing were appeared on the academic and scholarly publications then electronic publishing became a crucial part of all types of publications. As a result of these developments, collection developments and service policies of information centers were also significantly changed. In this article, after a general introduction about selection and evaluation processes of electronic publications, the subscribed databases by a state and a privately owned university in Turkey and their usage were examined. 4. Improving Electronic Resources through Holistic Budgeting Science.gov (United States) Kusik, James P.; Vargas, Mark A. 2009-01-01 To establish a more direct link between its collections and the educational goals of Saint Xavier University, the Byrne Memorial Library has adopted a "holistic" approach to collection development. This article examines how traditional budget practices influenced the library's selection of resources and describes how holistic collection… 5. Page 170 Use of Electronic Resources by Undergraduates in Two ... African Journals Online (AJOL) undergraduate students use electronic resources such as NUC virtual library, HINARI, ... web pages articles from magazines, encyclopedias, pamphlets and other .... of Nigerian university libraries have Internet connectivity, some of the system. 6. Utilisation of Electronic Information Resources By Lecturers in ... African Journals Online (AJOL) This study assesses the use of information resources, specifically, electronic databases by lecturers/teachers in Universities and Colleges of Education in South Western Nigeria. Information resources are central to teachers' education. It provides lecturers/teachers access to information that enhances research and ... 7. Preservation and conservation of electronic information resources of ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The major holdings of the broadcast libraries of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) are electronic information resources; therefore, providing safe places for general management of these resources have aroused interest in the industry in Nigeria for sometimes. The need to study the preservation and conservation of ... 8. Using XML Technologies to Organize Electronic Reference Resources OpenAIRE Huser, Vojtech; Del Fiol, Guilherme; Rocha, Roberto A. 2005-01-01 Provision of access to reference electronic resources to clinicians is becoming increasingly important. We have created a framework for librarians to manage access to these resources at an enterprise level, rather than at the individual hospital libraries. We describe initial project requirements, implementation details, and some preliminary results. 9. Euler European Libraries and Electronic Resources in Mathematical Sciences CERN Document Server The Euler Project. Karlsruhe The European Libraries and Electronic Resources (EULER) Project in Mathematical Sciences provides the EulerService site for searching out "mathematical resources such as books, pre-prints, web-pages, abstracts, proceedings, serials, technical reports preprints) and NetLab (for Internet resources), this outstanding engine is capable of simple, full, and refined searches. It also offers a browse option, which responds to entries in the author, keyword, and title fields. Further information about the Project is provided at the EULER homepage. 10. Success tree method of resources evaluation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chen Qinglan; Sun Wenpeng 1994-01-01 By applying the reliability theory in system engineering, the success tree method is used to transfer the expert's recognition on metallogenetic regularities into the form of the success tree. The aim of resources evaluation is achieved by means of calculating the metallogenetic probability or favorability of the top event of the success tree. This article introduces in detail, the source, principle of the success tree method and three kinds of calculation methods, expounds concretely how to establish the success tree of comprehensive uranium metallogenesis as well as the procedure from which the resources evaluation is performed. Because this method has not restrictions on the number of known deposits and calculated area, it is applicable to resources evaluation for different mineral species, types and scales and possesses good prospects of development 11. Building an electronic resource collection a practical guide CERN Document Server Lee, Stuart D 2004-01-01 This practical book guides information professionals step-by-step through building and managing an electronic resource collection. It outlines the range of electronic products currently available in abstracting and indexing, bibliographic, and other services and then describes how to effectively select, evaluate and purchase them. 12. Evaluation of Abiotic Resource LCIA Methods Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rodrigo A. F. Alvarenga 2016-02-01 Full Text Available In a life cycle assessment (LCA, the impacts on resources are evaluated at the area of protection (AoP with the same name, through life cycle impact assessment (LCIA methods. There are different LCIA methods available in literature that assesses abiotic resources, and the goal of this study was to propose recommendations for that impact category. We evaluated 19 different LCIA methods, through two criteria (scientific robustness and scope, divided into three assessment levels, i.e., resource accounting methods (RAM, midpoint, and endpoint. In order to support the assessment, we applied some LCIA methods to a case study of ethylene production. For RAM, the most suitable LCIA method was CEENE (Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment (but SED (Solar Energy Demand and ICEC (Industrial Cumulative Exergy Consumption/ECEC (Ecological Cumulative Exergy Consumption may also be recommended, while the midpoint level was ADP (Abiotic Depletion Potential, and the endpoint level was both the Recipe Endpoint and EPS2000 (Environmental Priority Strategies. We could notice that the assessment for the AoP Resources is not yet well established in the LCA community, since new LCIA methods (with different approaches and assessment frameworks are showing up, and this trend may continue in the future. 13. Analysis of Pedagogic Potential of Electronic Educational Resources with Elements of Autodidactics Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Igor A. 2018-03-01 Full Text Available Introduction: in recent years didactic properties of electronic educational resources undergo considerable changes, nevertheless, the question of studying of such complete phenomenon as “an electronic educational resource with autodidactics elements” remains open, despite sufficient scientific base of researches of the terms making this concept. Article purpose – determination of essence of electronic educational resources with autodidactics elements. Materials and Methods: the main method of research was the theoretical analysis of the pedagogical and psychological literature on the problem under study. We used the theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization methods, the method of interpretation, pedagogical modeling, and empirical methods (observation, testing, conversation, interview, analysis of students’ performance, pedagogical experiment, peer review. Results: we detected the advantages of electronic educational resources in comparison with traditional ones. The concept of autodidactics as applied to the subject of research is considered. Properties of electronic educational resources with a linear and nonlinear principle of construction are studied.The influence of the principle of construction on the development of the learners’ qualities is shown. We formulated an integral definition of electronic educational resources with elements of autodidactics, namely, the variability, adaptivity and cyclicity of training. A model of the teaching-learning process with electronic educational resources is developed. Discussion and Conclusions: further development of a problem will allow to define whether electronic educational resources with autodidactics elements pedagogical potential for realization of educational and self-educational activity of teachers have, to modify technological procedures taking into account age features of students, their specialties and features of the organization of process of training of 14. Organizational matters of competition in electronic educational resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ирина Карловна Войтович 2015-12-01 Full Text Available The article examines the experience of the Udmurt State University in conducting competitions of educational publications and electronic resources. The purpose of such competitions is to provide methodological support to educational process. The main focus is on competition of electronic educational resources. The technology of such contests is discussed through detailed analysis of the main stages of the contest. It is noted that the main task of the preparatory stage of the competition is related to the development of regulations on competition and the definition of criteria for selection of the submitted works. The paper also proposes a system of evaluation criteria of electronic educational resources developed by members of the contest organizing committee and jury members. The article emphasizes the importance of not only the preparatory stages of the competition, but also measures for its completion, aimed at training teachers create quality e-learning resources. 15. Why and How to Measure the Use of Electronic Resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jean Bernon 2008-11-01 Full Text Available A complete overview of library activity implies a complete and reliable measurement of the use of both electronic resources and printed materials. This measurement is based on three sets of definitions: document types, use types and user types. There is a common model of definitions for printed materials, but a lot of questions and technical issues remain for electronic resources. In 2006 a French national working group studied these questions. It relied on the COUNTER standard, but found it insufficient and pointed out the need for local tools such as web markers and deep analysis of proxy logs. Within the French national consortium COUPERIN, a new working group is testing ERMS, SUSHI standards, Shibboleth authentication, along with COUNTER standards, to improve the counting of the electronic resources use. At this stage this counting is insufficient and its improvement will be a European challenge for the future. 16. Access to electronic resources by visually impaired people Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jenny Craven 2003-01-01 Full Text Available Research into access to electronic resources by visually impaired people undertaken by the Centre for Research in Library and Information Management has not only explored the accessibility of websites and levels of awareness in providing websites that adhere to design for all principles, but has sought to enhance understanding of information seeking behaviour of blind and visually impaired people when using digital resources. 17. Practical guide to electronic resources in the humanities CERN Document Server Dubnjakovic, Ana 2010-01-01 From full-text article databases to digitized collections of primary source materials, newly emerging electronic resources have radically impacted how research in the humanities is conducted and discovered. This book, covering high-quality, up-to-date electronic resources for the humanities, is an easy-to-use annotated guide for the librarian, student, and scholar alike. It covers online databases, indexes, archives, and many other critical tools in key humanities disciplines including philosophy, religion, languages and literature, and performing and visual arts. Succinct overviews of key eme 18. Discipline, availability of electronic resources and the use of Finnish National Electronic Library - FinELib Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sanna Torma 2004-01-01 Full Text Available This study elaborated relations between digital library use by university faculty, users' discipline and the availability of key resources in the Finnish National Electronic Library (FinELib, Finnish national digital library, by using nationwide representative survey data. The results show that the perceived availability of key electronic resources by researchers in FinELib was a stronger predictor of the frequency and purpose of use of its services than users' discipline. Regardless of discipline a good perceived provision of central resources led to a more frequent use of FinELib. The satisfaction with the services did not vary with the discipline, but with the perceived availability of resources. 19. Access to electronic information resources by students of federal ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The paper discusses access to electronic information resources by students of Federal Colleges of Education in Eha-Amufu and Umunze. Descriptive survey design was used to investigate sample of 526 students. Sampling technique used was a Multi sampling technique. Data for the study were generated using ... 20. Electronic Commerce Resource Centers. An Industry--University Partnership. Science.gov (United States) Gulledge, Thomas R.; Sommer, Rainer; Tarimcilar, M. Murat 1999-01-01 Electronic Commerce Resource Centers focus on transferring emerging technologies to small businesses through university/industry partnerships. Successful implementation hinges on a strategic operating plan, creation of measurable value for customers, investment in customer-targeted training, and measurement of performance outputs. (SK) 1. ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF ELECTRONIC RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF LATIN Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Olena Yu. Balalaieva 2014-04-01 Full Text Available The article investigates the current state of development of e-learning content in the Latin language. It is noted that the introduction of ICT in the educational space has expanded the possibility of studying Latin, opened access to digital libraries resources, made it possible to use scientific and educational potential and teaching Latin best practices of world's leading universities. A review of foreign and Ukrainian information resources and electronic editions for the study of Latin is given. Much attention was paid to the didactic potential of local and online multimedia courses of Latin, electronic textbooks, workbooks of interactive tests and exercises, various dictionaries and software translators, databases and digital libraries. Based on analysis of the world market of educational services and products the main trends in the development of information resources and electronic books are examined. It was found that multimedia courses with interactive exercises or workbooks with interactive tests, online dictionaries and translators are the most widely represented and demanded. The noticeable lagging of Ukrainian education and computer linguistics in quantitative and qualitative measures in this industry is established. The obvious drawback of existing Ukrainian resources and electronic editions for the study of Latin is their noninteractive nature. The prospects of e-learning content in Latin in Ukraine are outlined. 2. Adoption and use of electronic information resources by medical ... African Journals Online (AJOL) This study investigated the adoption and use of electronic information resources by medical science students of the University of Benin. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and 390 students provided the data. Data collected were analysed with descriptive Statistics(Simple percentage and ... 3. Modern ICT Tools: Online Electronic Resources Sharing Using Web ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Modern ICT Tools: Online Electronic Resources Sharing Using Web 2.0 and Its Implications For Library And Information Practice In Nigeria. ... The PDF file you selected should load here if your Web browser has a PDF reader plug-in installed (for example, a recent version of Adobe Acrobat Reader). If you would like more ... 4. Technical Communicator: A New Model for the Electronic Resources Librarian? Science.gov (United States) Hulseberg, Anna 2016-01-01 This article explores whether technical communicator is a useful model for electronic resources (ER) librarians. The fields of ER librarianship and technical communication (TC) originated and continue to develop in relation to evolving technologies. A review of the literature reveals four common themes for ER librarianship and TC. While the… 5. Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources Science.gov (United States) Muffler, P.; Cataldi, R. 1978-01-01 A consistent, agreed-upon terminology is prerequisite for geothermal resource assessment. Accordingly, we propose a logical, sequential subdivision of the "geothermal resource base", accepting its definition as all the thermal energy in the earth's crust under a given area, measured from mean annual temperature. That part of the resource base which is shallow enough to be tapped by production drilling is termed the "accessible resource base", and it in turn is divided into "useful" and "residual" components. The useful component (i.e. the thermal energy that could reasonably be extracted at costs competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time) is termed the "geothermal resource". This in turn is divided into "economic" and "subeconomic" components, based on conditions existing at the time of assessment. In the format of a McKelvey diagram, this logic defines the vertical axis (degree of economic feasibility). The horizontal axis (degree of geologic assurance) contains "identified" and "undiscovered" components. "Reserve" is then designated as the identified economic resource. All categories should be expressed in units of thermal energy, with resource and reserve figures calculated at wellhead, prior to the inevitable large losses inherent in any practical thermal use or in conversion to electricity. Methods for assessing geothermal resources can be grouped into 4 classes: (a) surface thermal flux, (b) volume, (c) planar fracture and (d) magmatic heat budget. The volume method appears to be most useful because (1) it is applicable to virtually any geologic environment, (2) the required parameters can in Sprinciple be measured or estimated, (3) the inevitable errors are in part compensated and (4) the major uncertainties (recoverability and resupply) are amenable to resolution in the foreseeable future. The major weakness in all the methods rests in the estimation of how much of the accessible resource base can be extracted at some time in the 6. METHOD OF ELECTRON BEAM PROCESSING DEFF Research Database (Denmark) 2003-01-01 As a rule, electron beam welding takes place in a vacuum. However, this means that the workpieces in question have to be placed in a vacuum chamber and have to be removed therefrom after welding. This is time−consuming and a serious limitation of a process the greatest advantage of which is the o......As a rule, electron beam welding takes place in a vacuum. However, this means that the workpieces in question have to be placed in a vacuum chamber and have to be removed therefrom after welding. This is time−consuming and a serious limitation of a process the greatest advantage of which...... is the option of welding workpieces of large thicknesses. Therefore the idea is to guide the electron beam (2) to the workpiece via a hollow wire, said wire thereby acting as a prolongation of the vacuum chamber (4) down to workpiece. Thus, a workpiece need not be placed inside the vacuum chamber, thereby...... exploiting the potential of electron beam processing to a greater degree than previously possible, for example by means of electron beam welding... 7. MODEL OF AN ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE OF NEW GENERATION Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anatoliy V. Loban 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The mathematical structure of the modular architecture of an electronic educational resource (EER of new generation, which allows to decompose the process of studying the subjects of the course at a hierarchically ordered set of data (knowledge and procedures for manipulating them, to determine the roles of participants of process of training of and technology the development and use of EOR in the study procrate. 8. Model of e-learning with electronic educational resources of new generation OpenAIRE A. V. Loban; D. A. Lovtsov 2017-01-01 Purpose of the article: improving of scientific and methodical base of the theory of the е-learning of variability. Methods used: conceptual and logical modeling of the е-learning of variability process with electronic educational resource of new generation and system analysis of the interconnection of the studied subject area, methods, didactics approaches and information and communication technologies means. Results: the formalization complex model of the е-learning of variability with elec... 9. Drafting method of electricity and electron design International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gungbon, Junchun 1989-11-01 This book concentrates on drafting of electricity and electron design. It deals with The meaning of electricity and electron drafting JIS standard regulation the types of drafting and line and letter, basics drafting with projection drafting method, plan projection and development elevation, Drafting method of shop drawing, practical method of design and drafting, Design and drafting of technic and illustration, Connection diagram, Drafting of wiring diagram for light and illumination, Drafting of development connection diagram for sequence control, Drafting of logic circuit sign of flow chart and manual, drafting for a electron circuit diagram and Drawing of PC board. 10. End-of-life resource recovery from emerging electronic products DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Parajuly, Keshav; Habib, Komal; Cimpan, Ciprian 2016-01-01 Integrating product design with appropriate end-of-life (EoL) processing is widely recognized to have huge potentials in improving resource recovery from electronic products. In this study, we investigate both the product characteristics and EoL processing of robotic vacuum cleaner (RVC), as a case...... of emerging electronic product, in order to understand the recovery fate of different materials and its linkage to product design. Ten different brands of RVC were dismantled and their material composition and design profiles were studied. Another 125 RVCs (349 kg) were used for an experimental trial...... at a conventional ‘shred-and-separate’ type preprocessing plant in Denmark. A detailed material flow analysis was performed throughout the recycling chain. The results show a mismatch between product design and EoL processing, and the lack of practical implementation of ‘Design for EoL’ thinking. In the best... 11. Analysis of Human Resources Management Strategy in China Electronic Commerce Enterprises Science.gov (United States) Shao, Fang The paper discussed electronic-commerce's influence on enterprise human resources management, proposed and proved the human resources management strategy which electronic commerce enterprise should adopt from recruitment strategy to training strategy, keeping talent strategy and other ways. 12. A survey of the use of electronic scientific information resources among medical and dental students Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Aarnio Matti 2006-05-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background To evaluate medical and dental students' utilization of electronic information resources. Methods A web survey sent to 837 students (49.9% responded. Results Twenty-four per cent of medical students and ninteen per cent of dental students searched MEDLINE 2+ times/month for study purposes, and thiry-two per cent and twenty-four per cent respectively for research. Full-text articles were used 2+ times/month by thirty-three per cent of medical and ten per cent of dental students. Twelve per cent of respondents never utilized either MEDLINE or full-text articles. In multivariate models, the information-searching skills among students were significantly associated with use of MEDLINE and full-text articles. Conclusion Use of electronic resources differs among students. Forty percent were non-users of full-text articles. Information-searching skills are correlated with the use of electronic resources, but the level of basic PC skills plays not a major role in using these resources. The student data shows that adequate training in information-searching skills will increase the use of electronic information resources. 13. Survey of electronic payment methods and systems NARCIS (Netherlands) Havinga, Paul J.M.; Smit, Gerardus Johannes Maria; Helme, A.; Verbraeck, A. 1996-01-01 In this paper an overview of electronic payment methods and systems is given. This survey is done as part of the Moby Dick project. Electronic payment systems can be grouped into three broad classes: traditional money transactions, digital currency and creditdebit payments. Such payment systems have 14. Preliminary research on quantitative methods of water resources carrying capacity based on water resources balance sheet Science.gov (United States) Wang, Yanqiu; Huang, Xiaorong; Gao, Linyun; Guo, Biying; Ma, Kai 2018-06-01 Water resources are not only basic natural resources, but also strategic economic resources and ecological control factors. Water resources carrying capacity constrains the sustainable development of regional economy and society. Studies of water resources carrying capacity can provide helpful information about how the socioeconomic system is both supported and restrained by the water resources system. Based on the research of different scholars, major problems in the study of water resources carrying capacity were summarized as follows: the definition of water resources carrying capacity is not yet unified; the methods of carrying capacity quantification based on the definition of inconsistency are poor in operability; the current quantitative research methods of water resources carrying capacity did not fully reflect the principles of sustainable development; it is difficult to quantify the relationship among the water resources, economic society and ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a better quantitative evaluation method to determine the regional water resources carrying capacity. This paper proposes a new approach to quantifying water resources carrying capacity (that is, through the compilation of the water resources balance sheet) to get a grasp of the regional water resources depletion and water environmental degradation (as well as regional water resources stock assets and liabilities), figure out the squeeze of socioeconomic activities on the environment, and discuss the quantitative calculation methods and technical route of water resources carrying capacity which are able to embody the substance of sustainable development. 15. Effects of Electronic Information Resources Skills Training for Lecturers on Pedagogical Practices and Research Productivity Science.gov (United States) Bhukuvhani, Crispen; Chiparausha, Blessing; Zuvalinyenga, Dorcas 2012-01-01 Lecturers use various electronic resources at different frequencies. The university library's information literacy skills workshops and seminars are the main sources of knowledge of accessing electronic resources. The use of electronic resources can be said to have positively affected lecturers' pedagogical practices and their work in general. The… 16. Electronic Resources and Mission Creep: Reorganizing the Library for the Twenty-First Century Science.gov (United States) Stachokas, George 2009-01-01 The position of electronic resources librarian was created to serve as a specialist in the negotiation of license agreements for electronic resources, but mission creep has added more functions to the routine work of electronic resources such as cataloging, gathering information for collection development, and technical support. As electronic… 17. Electronic Document Management: A Human Resource Management Case Study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Thomas Groenewald 2004-11-01 Full Text Available This case study serve as exemplar regarding what can go wrong with the implementation of an electronic document management system. Knowledge agility and knowledge as capital, is outlined against the backdrop of the information society and knowledge economy. The importance of electronic document management and control is sketched thereafter. The literature review is concluded with the impact of human resource management on knowledge agility, which includes references to the learning organisation and complexity theory. The intervention methodology, comprising three phases, follows next. The results of the three phases are presented thereafter. Partial success has been achieved with improving the human efficacy of electronic document management, however the client opted to discontinue the system in use. Opsomming Die gevalle studie dien as voorbeeld van wat kan verkeerd loop met die implementering van ’n elektroniese dokumentbestuur sisteem. Teen die agtergrond van die inligtingsgemeenskap en kennishuishouding word kennissoepelheid en kennis as kapitaal bespreek. Die literatuurstudie word afgesluit met die inpak van menslikehulpbronbestuur op kennissoepelheid, wat ook die verwysings na die leerorganisasie en kompleksietydsteorie insluit. Die metodologie van die intervensie, wat uit drie fases bestaan, volg daarna. Die resultate van die drie fases word vervolgens aangebied. Slegs gedeelte welslae is behaal met die verbetering van die menslike doeltreffendheid ten opsigte van elektroniese dokumentbestuur. Die klient besluit egter om nie voort te gaan om die huidige sisteem te gebruik nie. 18. USE OF ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES WHEN TRAINING IN WORK WITH SPREADSHEETS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Х А Гербеков 2017-12-01 Full Text Available Today the tools for maintaining training courses based on opportunities of information and communication technologies are developed. Practically in all directions of preparation and on all subject matters electronic textbook and self-instruction manuals are created. Nevertheless the industry of computer educational and methodical materials actively develops and gets more and more areas of development and introduction. In this regard more and more urgent is a problem of development of the electronic educational resources adequate to modern educational requirements. Creation and the organization of training courses with use of electronic educational resources in particular on the basis of Internet technologies remains a difficult methodical task.In article the questions connected with development of electronic educational resources for use when studying the substantial line “Information technologies” of a school course of informatics in particular for studying of spreadsheets are considered. Also the analysis of maintenance of a school course and the unified state examination from the point of view of representation of task in him corresponding to the substantial line of studying “Information technologies” on mastering technology of information processing in spreadsheets and the methods of visualization given by means of charts and schedules is carried out. 19. Review of dynamic optimization methods in renewable natural resource management Science.gov (United States) Williams, B.K. 1989-01-01 In recent years, the applications of dynamic optimization procedures in natural resource management have proliferated. A systematic review of these applications is given in terms of a number of optimization methodologies and natural resource systems. The applicability of the methods to renewable natural resource systems are compared in terms of system complexity, system size, and precision of the optimal solutions. Recommendations are made concerning the appropriate methods for certain kinds of biological resource problems. 20. Impact of Knowledge Resources Linked to an Electronic Health Record on Frequency of Unnecessary Tests and Treatments Science.gov (United States) Goodman, Kenneth; Grad, Roland; Pluye, Pierre; Nowacki, Amy; Hickner, John 2012-01-01 Introduction: Electronic knowledge resources have the potential to rapidly provide answers to clinicians' questions. We sought to determine clinicians' reasons for searching these resources, the rate of finding relevant information, and the perceived clinical impact of the information they retrieved. Methods: We asked general internists, family… 1. Method of fabricating a cooled electronic system Science.gov (United States) Chainer, Timothy J; Gaynes, Michael A; Graybill, David P; Iyengar, Madhusudan K; Kamath, Vinod; Kochuparambil, Bejoy J; Schmidt, Roger R; Schultz, Mark D; Simco, Daniel P; Steinke, Mark E 2014-02-11 A method of fabricating a liquid-cooled electronic system is provided which includes an electronic assembly having an electronics card and a socket with a latch at one end. The latch facilitates securing of the card within the socket. The method includes providing a liquid-cooled cold rail at the one end of the socket, and a thermal spreader to couple the electronics card to the cold rail. The thermal spreader includes first and second thermal transfer plates coupled to first and second surfaces on opposite sides of the card, and thermally conductive extensions extending from end edges of the plates, which couple the respective transfer plates to the liquid-cooled cold rail. The extensions are disposed to the sides of the latch, and the card is securable within or removable from the socket using the latch without removing the cold rail or the thermal spreader. 2. Computational methods of electron/photon transport International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mack, J.M. 1983-01-01 A review of computational methods simulating the non-plasma transport of electrons and their attendant cascades is presented. Remarks are mainly restricted to linearized formalisms at electron energies above 1 keV. The effectiveness of various metods is discussed including moments, point-kernel, invariant imbedding, discrete-ordinates, and Monte Carlo. Future research directions and the potential impact on various aspects of science and engineering are indicated 3. Methods for fabrication of flexible hybrid electronics Science.gov (United States) Street, Robert A.; Mei, Ping; Krusor, Brent; Ready, Steve E.; Zhang, Yong; Schwartz, David E.; Pierre, Adrien; Doris, Sean E.; Russo, Beverly; Kor, Siv; Veres, Janos 2017-08-01 Printed and flexible hybrid electronics is an emerging technology with potential applications in smart labels, wearable electronics, soft robotics, and prosthetics. Printed solution-based materials are compatible with plastic film substrates that are flexible, soft, and stretchable, thus enabling conformal integration with non-planar objects. In addition, manufacturing by printing is scalable to large areas and is amenable to low-cost sheet-fed and roll-to-roll processes. FHE includes display and sensory components to interface with users and environments. On the system level, devices also require electronic circuits for power, memory, signal conditioning, and communications. Those electronic components can be integrated onto a flexible substrate by either assembly or printing. PARC has developed systems and processes for realizing both approaches. This talk presents fabrication methods with an emphasis on techniques recently developed for the assembly of off-the-shelf chips. A few examples of systems fabricated with this approach are also described. 4. Numerical methods in electron magnetic resonance International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Soernes, A.R. 1998-01-01 The focal point of the thesis is the development and use of numerical methods in the analysis, simulation and interpretation of Electron Magnetic Resonance experiments on free radicals in solids to uncover the structure, the dynamics and the environment of the system 5. Numerical methods in electron magnetic resonance Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Soernes, A.R 1998-07-01 The focal point of the thesis is the development and use of numerical methods in the analysis, simulation and interpretation of Electron Magnetic Resonance experiments on free radicals in solids to uncover the structure, the dynamics and the environment of the system. 6. Methods for measurement of electron emission yield under low energy electron-irradiation by collector method and Kelvin probe method Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tondu, Thomas; Belhaj, Mohamed; Inguimbert, Virginie [Onera, DESP, 2 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse (France); Onera, DESP, 2 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France and Fondation STAE, 4 allee Emile Monso, BP 84234-31432, Toulouse Cedex 4 (France); Onera, DESP, 2 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse (France) 2010-09-15 Secondary electron emission yield of gold under electron impact at normal incidence below 50 eV was investigated by the classical collector method and by the Kelvin probe method. The authors show that biasing a collector to ensure secondary electron collection while keeping the target grounded can lead to primary electron beam perturbations. Thus reliable secondary electron emission yield at low primary electron energy cannot be obtained with a biased collector. The authors present two collector-free methods based on current measurement and on electron pulse surface potential buildup (Kelvin probe method). These methods are consistent, but at very low energy, measurements become sensitive to the earth magnetic field (below 10 eV). For gold, the authors can extrapolate total emission yield at 0 eV to 0.5, while a total electron emission yield of 1 is obtained at 40{+-}1 eV. 7. Methods for measurement of electron emission yield under low energy electron-irradiation by collector method and Kelvin probe method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tondu, Thomas; Belhaj, Mohamed; Inguimbert, Virginie 2010-01-01 Secondary electron emission yield of gold under electron impact at normal incidence below 50 eV was investigated by the classical collector method and by the Kelvin probe method. The authors show that biasing a collector to ensure secondary electron collection while keeping the target grounded can lead to primary electron beam perturbations. Thus reliable secondary electron emission yield at low primary electron energy cannot be obtained with a biased collector. The authors present two collector-free methods based on current measurement and on electron pulse surface potential buildup (Kelvin probe method). These methods are consistent, but at very low energy, measurements become sensitive to the earth magnetic field (below 10 eV). For gold, the authors can extrapolate total emission yield at 0 eV to 0.5, while a total electron emission yield of 1 is obtained at 40±1 eV. 8. GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Galina P. Lavrentieva 2014-05-01 Full Text Available The article highlights the causes of insufficient effective use of electronic learning resources and sets out the guidelines on ways to solve the aforementioned problems. The set of didactic, methodical, psychological, pedagogical, design and ergonomic quality requirements is considered for evaluation, selection and application of information and communication technologies in the educational process. The most appropriate mechanisms for the ICT introduction into the learning process are disclosed as it should meet the specific learning needs of the student and the objectives of the educational process. The guidance for psycho-educational assessment of quality of electronic educational resources is provided. It is argued that the effectiveness of the ICT use is to be improved by means of quality evaluation mechanisms involved into the educational process. 9. Electronic Safety Resource Tools -- Supporting Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Commercialization Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Barilo, Nick F. 2014-09-29 The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Hydrogen Safety Program conducted a planning session in Los Angeles, CA on April 1, 2014 to consider what electronic safety tools would benefit the next phase of hydrogen and fuel cell commercialization. A diverse, 20-person team led by an experienced facilitator considered the question as it applied to the eight most relevant user groups. The results and subsequent evaluation activities revealed several possible resource tools that could greatly benefit users. The tool identified as having the greatest potential for impact is a hydrogen safety portal, which can be the central location for integrating and disseminating safety information (including most of the tools identified in this report). Such a tool can provide credible and reliable information from a trustworthy source. Other impactful tools identified include a codes and standards wizard to guide users through a series of questions relating to application and specific features of the requirements; a scenario-based virtual reality training for first responders; peer networking tools to bring users from focused groups together to discuss and collaborate on hydrogen safety issues; and a focused tool for training inspectors. Table ES.1 provides results of the planning session, including proposed new tools and changes to existing tools. 10. Improved methods for high resolution electron microscopy Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Taylor, J.R. 1987-04-01 Existing methods of making support films for high resolution transmission electron microscopy are investigated and novel methods are developed. Existing methods of fabricating fenestrated, metal reinforced specimen supports (microgrids) are evaluated for their potential to reduce beam induced movement of monolamellar crystals of C/sub 44/H/sub 90/ paraffin supported on thin carbon films. Improved methods of producing hydrophobic carbon films by vacuum evaporation, and improved methods of depositing well ordered monolamellar paraffin crystals on carbon films are developed. A novel technique for vacuum evaporation of metals is described which is used to reinforce microgrids. A technique is also developed to bond thin carbon films to microgrids with a polymer bonding agent. Unique biochemical methods are described to accomplish site specific covalent modification of membrane proteins. Protocols are given which covalently convert the carboxy terminus of papain cleaved bacteriorhodopsin to a free thiol. 53 refs., 19 figs., 1 tab. 11. Determining the level of awareness of the physicians in using the variety of electronic information resources and the effecting factors. Science.gov (United States) 2015-01-01 Understanding of the medical society's from the types of information resources for quick and easy access to information is an imperative task in medical researches and management of the treatment. The present study was aimed to determine the level of awareness of the physicians in using various electronic information resources and the factors affecting it. This study was a descriptive survey. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The study population included all the physicians and specialty physicians of the teaching hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and numbered 350. The sample size based on Morgan's formula was set at 180. The content validity of the tool was confirmed by the library and information professionals and the reliability was 95%. Descriptive statistics were used including the SPSS software version 19. On reviewing the need of the physicians to obtain the information on several occasions, the need for information in conducting the researches was reported by the maximum number of physicians (91.9%) and the usage of information resources, especially the electronic resources, formed 65.4% as the highest rate with regard to meeting the information needs of the physicians. Among the electronic information databases, the maximum awareness was related to Medline with 86.5%. Among the various electronic information resources, the highest awareness (43.3%) was related to the E-journals. The highest usage (36%) was also from the same source. The studied physicians considered the most effective deterrent in the use of electronic information resources as being too busy and lack of time. Despite the importance of electronic information resources for the physician's community, there was no comprehensive knowledge of these resources. This can lead to less usage of these resources. Therefore, careful planning is necessary in the hospital libraries in order to introduce the facilities and full capabilities of the Science.gov (United States) Smith, Fred Hewitt 2015-06-16 Described herein are devices and techniques for remotely controlling user access to a restricted computer resource. The process includes pre-determining an association of the restricted computer resource and computer-resource-proximal environmental information. Indicia of user-proximal environmental information are received from a user requesting access to the restricted computer resource. Received indicia of user-proximal environmental information are compared to associated computer-resource-proximal environmental information. User access to the restricted computer resource is selectively granted responsive to a favorable comparison in which the user-proximal environmental information is sufficiently similar to the computer-resource proximal environmental information. In at least some embodiments, the process further includes comparing user-supplied biometric measure and comparing it with a predetermined association of at least one biometric measure of an authorized user. Access to the restricted computer resource is granted in response to a favorable comparison. 13. EDM 1.0: electron direct methods. Science.gov (United States) Kilaas, R; Marks, L D; Own, C S 2005-02-01 A computer program designed to provide a number of quantitative analysis tools for high-resolution imaging and electron diffraction data is described. The program includes basic image manipulation, both real space and reciprocal space image processing, Wiener-filtering, symmetry averaging, methods for quantification of electron diffraction patterns and two-dimensional direct methods. The program consists of a number of sub-programs written in a combination of C++, C and Fortran. It can be downloaded either as GNU source code or as binaries and has been compiled and verified on a wide range of platforms, both Unix based and PC's. Elements of the design philosophy as well as future possible extensions are described. 14. Resource Isolation Method for Program’S Performance on CMP Science.gov (United States) Guan, Ti; Liu, Chunxiu; Xu, Zheng; Li, Huicong; Ma, Qiang 2017-10-01 Data center and cloud computing are more popular, which make more benefits for customers and the providers. However, in data center or clusters, commonly there is more than one program running on one server, but programs may interference with each other. The interference may take a little effect, however, the interference may cause serious drop down of performance. In order to avoid the performance interference problem, the mechanism of isolate resource for different programs is a better choice. In this paper we propose a light cost resource isolation method to improve program’s performance. This method uses Cgroups to set the dedicated CPU and memory resource for a program, aiming at to guarantee the program’s performance. There are three engines to realize this method: Program Monitor Engine top program’s resource usage of CPU and memory and transfer the information to Resource Assignment Engine; Resource Assignment Engine calculates the size of CPU and memory resource should be applied for the program; Cgroups Control Engine divide resource by Linux tool Cgroups, and drag program in control group for execution. The experiment result show that making use of the resource isolation method proposed by our paper, program’s performance can be improved. 15. Innovative electron transport methods in EGS5 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bielajew, A.F.; Wilderman, S.J. 2000-01-01 The initial formulation of a Monte Carlo scheme for the transport of high-energy (>≅ 100 keV) electrons was established by Berger in 1963. Calling his method the 'condensed history theory', Berger combined the theoretical results of the previous generation of research into developing approximate solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation with numerical algorithms for exploiting the power of computers to permit iterative, piece-wise solution of the transport equation in a computationally intensive but much less approximate fashion. The methods devised by Berger, with comparatively little modification, provide the foundation of all present day Monte Carlo electron transport simulation algorithms. Only in the last 15 years, beginning with the development and publication of the PRESTA algorithm, has there been a significant revisitation of the problem of simulating electron transport within the condensed history framework. Research in this area is ongoing, highly active, and far from complete. It presents an enormous challenge, demanding derivation of new analytical transport solutions based on underlying fundamental interaction mechanisms, intuitive insight in the development of computer algorithms, and state of the art computer science skills in order to permit deployment of these techniques in an efficient manner. The EGS5 project, a modern ground-up rewrite of the EGS4 code, is now in the design phase. EGS5 will take modern photon and electron transport algorithms and deploy them in an easy-to-maintain, modern computer language-ANSI-standard C ++. Moreover, the well-known difficulties of applying EGS4 to practical geometries (geometry code development, tally routine design) should be made easier and more intuitive through the use of a visual user interface being designed by Quantum Research, Inc., work that is presented elsewhere in this conference. This report commences with a historical review of electron transport models culminating with the proposal of a 16. The Internet School of Medicine: use of electronic resources by medical trainees and the reliability of those resources. Science.gov (United States) Egle, Jonathan P; Smeenge, David M; Kassem, Kamal M; Mittal, Vijay K 2015-01-01 17. Methods and apparatus for cooling electronics Science.gov (United States) Hall, Shawn Anthony; Kopcsay, Gerard Vincent 2014-12-02 Methods and apparatus are provided for choosing an energy-efficient coolant temperature for electronics by considering the temperature dependence of the electronics' power dissipation. This dependence is explicitly considered in selecting the coolant temperature T.sub.0 that is sent to the equipment. To minimize power consumption P.sub.Total for the entire system, where P.sub.Total=P.sub.0+P.sub.Cool is the sum of the electronic equipment's power consumption P.sub.0 plus the cooling equipment's power consumption P.sub.Cool, P.sub.Total is obtained experimentally, by measuring P.sub.0 and P.sub.Cool, as a function of three parameters: coolant temperature T.sub.0; weather-related temperature T.sub.3 that affects the performance of free-cooling equipment; and computational state C of the electronic equipment, which affects the temperature dependence of its power consumption. This experiment provides, for each possible combination of T.sub.3 and C, the value T.sub.0* of T.sub.0 that minimizes P.sub.Total. During operation, for any combination of T.sub.3 and C that occurs, the corresponding optimal coolant temperature T.sub.0* is selected, and the cooling equipment is commanded to produce it. 18. Scanning probe methods applied to molecular electronics Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pavlicek, Niko 2013-08-01 Scanning probe methods on insulating films offer a rich toolbox to study electronic, structural and spin properties of individual molecules. This work discusses three issues in the field of molecular and organic electronics. An STM head to be operated in high magnetic fields has been designed and built up. The STM head is very compact and rigid relying on a robust coarse approach mechanism. This will facilitate investigations of the spin properties of individual molecules in the future. Combined STM/AFM studies revealed a reversible molecular switch based on two stable configurations of DBTH molecules on ultrathin NaCl films. AFM experiments visualize the molecular structure in both states. Our experiments allowed to unambiguously determine the pathway of the switch. Finally, tunneling into and out of the frontier molecular orbitals of pentacene molecules has been investigated on different insulating films. These experiments show that the local symmetry of initial and final electron wave function are decisive for the ratio between elastic and vibration-assisted tunneling. The results can be generalized to electron transport in organic materials. 19. A systematic review of portable electronic technology for health education in resource-limited settings. Science.gov (United States) McHenry, Megan S; Fischer, Lydia J; Chun, Yeona; Vreeman, Rachel C 2017-08-01 The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the literature of how portable electronic technologies with offline functionality are perceived and used to provide health education in resource-limited settings. Three reviewers evaluated articles and performed a bibliography search to identify studies describing health education delivered by portable electronic device with offline functionality in low- or middle-income countries. Data extracted included: study population; study design and type of analysis; type of technology used; method of use; setting of technology use; impact on caregivers, patients, or overall health outcomes; and reported limitations. Searches yielded 5514 unique titles. Out of 75 critically reviewed full-text articles, 10 met inclusion criteria. Study locations included Botswana, Peru, Kenya, Thailand, Nigeria, India, Ghana, and Tanzania. Topics addressed included: development of healthcare worker training modules, clinical decision support tools, patient education tools, perceptions and usability of portable electronic technology, and comparisons of technologies and/or mobile applications. Studies primarily looked at the assessment of developed educational modules on trainee health knowledge, perceptions and usability of technology, and comparisons of technologies. Overall, studies reported positive results for portable electronic device-based health education, frequently reporting increased provider/patient knowledge, improved patient outcomes in both quality of care and management, increased provider comfort level with technology, and an environment characterized by increased levels of technology-based, informal learning situations. Negative assessments included high investment costs, lack of technical support, and fear of device theft. While the research is limited, portable electronic educational resources present promising avenues to increase access to effective health education in resource-limited settings, contingent 20. Model of e-learning with electronic educational resources of new generation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. V. Loban 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Purpose of the article: improving of scientific and methodical base of the theory of the е-learning of variability. Methods used: conceptual and logical modeling of the е-learning of variability process with electronic educational resource of new generation and system analysis of the interconnection of the studied subject area, methods, didactics approaches and information and communication technologies means. Results: the formalization complex model of the е-learning of variability with electronic educational resource of new generation is developed, conditionally decomposed into three basic components: the formalization model of the course in the form of the thesaurusclassifier (“Author of e-resource”, the model of learning as management (“Coordination. Consultation. Control”, the learning model with the thesaurus-classifier (“Student”. Model “Author of e-resource” allows the student to achieve completeness, high degree of didactic elaboration and structuring of the studied material in triples of variants: modules of education information, practical task and control tasks; the result of the student’s (author’s of e-resource activity is the thesaurus-classifier. Model of learning as management is based on the principle of personal orientation of learning in computer environment and determines the logic of interaction between the lecturer and the student when determining the triple of variants individually for each student; organization of a dialogue between the lecturer and the student for consulting purposes; personal control of the student’s success (report generation and iterative search for the concept of the class assignment in the thesaurus-classifier before acquiring the required level of training. Model “Student” makes it possible to concretize the learning tasks in relation to the personality of the student and to the training level achieved; the assumption of the lecturer about the level of training of a 1. Apparatus and method for managing digital resources by passing digital resource tokens between queues Science.gov (United States) Crawford, H.J.; Lindenstruth, V. 1999-06-29 A method of managing digital resources of a digital system includes the step of reserving token values for certain digital resources in the digital system. A selected token value in a free-buffer-queue is then matched to an incoming digital resource request. The selected token value is then moved to a valid-request-queue. The selected token is subsequently removed from the valid-request-queue to allow a digital agent in the digital system to process the incoming digital resource request associated with the selected token. Thereafter, the selected token is returned to the free-buffer-queue. 6 figs. 2. Developing Humanities Collections in the Digital Age: Exploring Humanities Faculty Engagement with Electronic and Print Resources Science.gov (United States) Kachaluba, Sarah Buck; Brady, Jessica Evans; Critten, Jessica 2014-01-01 This article is based on quantitative and qualitative research examining humanities scholars' understandings of the advantages and disadvantages of print versus electronic information resources. It explores how humanities' faculty members at Florida State University (FSU) use print and electronic resources, as well as how they perceive these… 3. Electronic resource management practical perspectives in a new technical services model CERN Document Server Elguindi, Anne 2012-01-01 A significant shift is taking place in libraries, with the purchase of e-resources accounting for the bulk of materials spending. Electronic Resource Management makes the case that technical services workflows need to make a corresponding shift toward e-centric models and highlights the increasing variety of e-formats that are forcing new developments in the field.Six chapters cover key topics, including: technical services models, both past and emerging; staffing and workflow in electronic resource management; implementation and transformation of electronic resource management systems; the ro 4. Electronic resources access and usage among the postgraduates of ... African Journals Online (AJOL) ... and usage among the postgraduates of a Nigerian University of Technology. ... faced by postgraduates in using e-resources include takes too much time to find, ... Resources, Access, Use, Postgraduat, Students, University, Technology, Nigeria ... By Country · List All Titles · Free To Read Titles This Journal is Open Access. 5. Strategic Planning for Electronic Resources Management: A Case Study at Gustavus Adolphus College Science.gov (United States) Hulseberg, Anna; Monson, Sarah 2009-01-01 Electronic resources, the tools we use to manage them, and the needs and expectations of our users are constantly evolving; at the same time, the roles, responsibilities, and workflow of the library staff who manage e-resources are also in flux. Recognizing a need to be more intentional and proactive about how we manage e-resources, the… 6. Standardless quantification methods in electron probe microanalysis Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2014-11-01 The elemental composition of a solid sample can be determined by electron probe microanalysis with or without the use of standards. The standardless algorithms are quite faster than the methods that require standards; they are useful when a suitable set of standards is not available or for rough samples, and also they help to solve the problem of current variation, for example, in equipments with cold field emission gun. Due to significant advances in the accuracy achieved during the last years, product of the successive efforts made to improve the description of generation, absorption and detection of X-rays, the standardless methods have increasingly become an interesting option for the user. Nevertheless, up to now, algorithms that use standards are still more precise than standardless methods. It is important to remark, that care must be taken with results provided by standardless methods that normalize the calculated concentration values to 100%, unless an estimate of the errors is reported. In this work, a comprehensive discussion of the key features of the main standardless quantification methods, as well as the level of accuracy achieved by them is presented. - Highlights: • Standardless methods are a good alternative when no suitable standards are available. • Their accuracy reaches 10% for 95% of the analyses when traces are excluded. • Some of them are suitable for the analysis of rough samples. 7. 31 CFR 203.10 - Electronic payment methods. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Electronic payment methods. 203.10... TAX AND LOAN PROGRAM Electronic Federal Tax Payments § 203.10 Electronic payment methods. (a) General. Electronic payment methods for Federal tax payments available under this subpart include ACH debit entries... 8. impact of the use of electronic resources on research output African Journals Online (AJOL) manda ... Julita Nawe. University of Dar Es Salaam Library, P.O. Box 35092, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania .... significantly, while 28.3% observed that quality of service to the community had improved .... resources and evaluate them is an important area. 9. Availability, Use and Constraints to Use of Electronic Information Resources by Postgraduates Students at the University of Ibadan Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2017-12-01 Full Text Available Availability, awareness and use of electronic resources provide access to authoritative, reliable, accurate and timely access to information. The use of electronic information resources (EIRs can enable innovation in teaching and increase timeliness in research of postgraduate students which will eventual result into encouragement of the expected research-led enquiry in this digital age. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Samples of 300 of postgraduate students within seven out 13 Faculties were randomly selected. Data were collected using questionnaire designed to elicit response from respondents and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods percentages, mean, and standard deviation. Results indicated that internet was ranked most available and used in the university. Low level of usage of electronic resources, in particular, full texts data bases is linked to a number of constraints: Interrupted power supply was ranked highest among other factors as speed and capacity of computers, retrieval of records with high recall and low precision, retrieving records relevant to information need, lack of knowledge of search techniques to retrieve information effectively, non possession of requisite IT skills and problems accessing the internet. The study recommended that usage of electronic resources be made compulsory, intensifying awareness campaigns concerning the availability, training on use of electronic resources and the problem of power outage be addressed. 10. Assessment of South African uranium resources: methods and results International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Camisani-Calzolari, F.A.G.M.; De Klerk, W.J.; Van der Merwe, P.J. 1985-01-01 This paper deals primarily with the methods used by the Atomic Energy Corporation of South Africa, in arriving at the assessment of the South African uranium resources. The Resource Evaluation Group is responsible for this task, which is carried out on a continuous basis. The evaluation is done on a property-by-property basis and relies upon data submitted to the Nuclear Development Corporation of South Africa by the various companies involved in uranium mining and prospecting in South Africa. Resources are classified into Reasonably Assured (RAR), Estimated Additional (EAR) and Speculative (SR) categories as defined by the NEA/IAEA Steering Group on Uranium Resources. Each category is divided into three categories, viz, resources exploitable at less than $80/kg uranium, at$80-130/kg uranium and at $130-260/kg uranium. Resources are reported in quantities of uranium metal that could be recovered after mining and metallurgical losses have been taken into consideration. Resources in the RAR and EAR categories exploitable at costs of less than$130/kg uranium are now estimated at 460 000 t uranium which represents some 14 per cent of WOCA's (World Outside the Centrally Planned Economies Area) resources. The evaluation of a uranium venture is carried out in various steps, of which the most important, in order of implementation, are: geological interpretation, assessment of in situ resources using techniques varying from manual contouring of values, geostatistics, feasibility studies and estimation of recoverable resources. Because the choice of an evaluation method is, to some extent, dictated by statistical consderations, frequency distribution curves of the uranium grade variable are illustrated and discussed for characteristic deposits 11. The National Site Licensing of Electronic Resources: An Institutional Perspective Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Xiaohua Zhu 2011-06-01 Full Text Available While academic libraries in most countries are struggling to negotiate with publishers and vendors individually or collaboratively via consortia, a few countries have experimented with a different model, national site licensing (NSL. Because NSL often involves government and large-scale collaboration, it has the potential to solve many problems in the complex licensing world. However, not many nations have adopted it. This study uses historical research approach and the comparative case study research method to explore the seemingly low level of adoption. The cases include the Canadian National Site Licensing Project (CNSLP, the United Kingdom’s National Electronic Site Licensing Initiative (NESLI, and the United States, which has not adopted NSL. The theoretical framework guiding the research design and data collection is W. Richard Scott’s institutional theory, which utilizes three supporting pillars—regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive—to analyze institutional processes. In this study, the regulative pillar and the normative pillar of NSL adoption— an institutional construction and change—are examined. Data were collected from monographs, research articles, government documents, and relevant websites. Based on the analysis of these cases, a preliminary model is proposed for the adoption of NSL. The factors that support a country’s adoption of NSL include the need for new institutions, a centralized educational policy-making system and funding system, supportive political trends, and the tradition of cooperation. The factors that may prevent a country from adopting NSL include decentralized educational policy and funding, diversity and the large number of institutions, the concern for the “Big Deal,” and the concern for monopoly. 12. Preservation of and Permanent Access to Electronic Information Resources National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Hodge, Gail 2004-01-01 The rapid growth in the creation and dissemination of electronic information has emphasized the digital environment's speed and ease of dissemination with little regard for its long-term preservation and access... 13. Electronic conferencing for continuing medical education: a resource survey. Science.gov (United States) Sternberg, R J 1986-10-01 The use of electronic technologies to link participants for education conferences is an option for providers of Continuing Medical Education. In order to profile the kinds of electronic networks currently offering audio- or videoteleconferences for physician audiences, a survey was done during late 1985. The information collected included range of services, fees, and geographic areas served. The results show a broad diversity of providers providing both interactive and didactic programming to both physicians and other health care professionals. Science.gov (United States) Smith, Fred Hewitt 2017-08-22 Described herein are devices and techniques for remotely controlling user access to a restricted computer resource. The process includes obtaining an image from a communication device of a user. An individual and a landmark are identified within the image. Determinations are made that the individual is the user and that the landmark is a predetermined landmark. Access to a restricted computing resource is granted based on the determining that the individual is the user and that the landmark is the predetermined landmark. Other embodiments are disclosed. 15. Sanitation methods using high energy electron beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Levaillant, C.; Gallien, C.L. 1979-01-01 Short recycling of waste water and the use of liquid or dehydrated sludge as natural manure for agriculture or animal supplement feed is of great economical and ecological interest. It implies strong biological and chemical disinfection. Ionizing radiations produced by radioactive elements or linear accelerators can be used as a complement of conventional methods in the treatment of liquid and solid waste. An experiment conducted with high-energy electron-beam linear accelerators is presented. Degradation of undesirable metabolites in water occurs for a dose of 50 kRad. Undesirable seeds present in sludge are destroyed with a 200 kRad dose. A 300 kRad dose is sufficient for parasitic and bacterial disinfection (DL 90). Destruction of polio virus (DL 90) is obtained for 400 kRad. Higher doses (1000 to 2000 kRad) produce mineralization of toxic organic mercury, reduce some chemical toxic pollutants present in sludge and improve flocculation. (author) 16. 10 best resources on ... mixed methods research in health systems. Science.gov (United States) Ozawa, Sachiko; Pongpirul, Krit 2014-05-01 Mixed methods research has become increasingly popular in health systems. Qualitative approaches are often used to explain quantitative results and help to develop interventions or survey instruments. Mixed methods research is especially important in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings, where understanding social, economic and cultural contexts are essential to assess health systems performance. To provide researchers and programme managers with a guide to mixed methods research in health systems, we review the best resources with a focus on LMICs. We selected 10 best resources (eight peer-reviewed articles and two textbooks) based on their importance and frequency of use (number of citations), comprehensiveness of content, usefulness to readers and relevance to health systems research in resource-limited contexts. We start with an overview on mixed methods research and discuss resources that are useful for a better understanding of the design and conduct of mixed methods research. To illustrate its practical applications, we provide examples from various countries (China, Vietnam, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and India) across different health topics (tuberculosis, malaria, HIV testing and healthcare costs). We conclude with some toolkits which suggest what to do when mixed methods findings conflict and provide guidelines for evaluating the quality of mixed methods research. 17. Electron beam pasteurised oil palm waste: a potential feed resource International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mat Rasol Awang; Hassan Hamdani Mutaat; Tamikazu Kume; Tachibana, H. 2002-01-01 Pasteurization of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was performed using electron beam single sided irradiation. The dose profiles of oil palm EFB samples for different thickness in both directions X and Y were established. The results showed the usual characteristics dose uniformity as sample thickness decreased. The mean average absorbed dose on both sides at the surface and bottom of the samples for different thickness samples lead to establishing depth dose curve. Based on depth dose curve and operation conditions of electron beam machine, the process throughput for pasteurized oil palm EFB were estimated. (Author) 18. Availability of Electronic Resources for Service Provision in ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The study also revealed that majority of the University libraries have adequate basic infrastructure for effective electronic information services. ... acquired by the library are put into maximal use by the library clientele, thereby ensuring the achievement of the library's objective which is satisfying the users, information needs. 19. Utilization of bio-resources by low energy electron beam International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kume, Tamikazu 2003-01-01 Utilization of bio-resources by radiation has been investigated for recycling the natural resources and reducing the environmental pollution. Polysaccharides such as chitosan and sodium alginate were easily degraded by irradiation and induced various kinds of biological activities, i.g. anti-microbial activity, promotion of plant growth, suppression of heavy metal stress, phytoalexins induction. Radiation degraded chitosan was effective to enhance the growth of plants in tissue culture. It was demonstrated that the liquid sample irradiation system using low energy EB was effective for the preparation of degraded polysaccharides. Methylcellulose (MC) can be crosslinked under certain radiation condition as same as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and produced the biodegradable hydrogel for medical and agricultural use. Treatment of soybean seeds by low energy EB enhanced the growth and the number of rhizobia on the root. (author) 20. Electronic device and method of manufacturing an electronic device NARCIS (Netherlands) 2009-01-01 An electronic device comprising at least one die stack having at least a first die (D1) comprising a first array of light emitting units (OLED) for emitting light, a second layer (D2) comprising a second array of via holes (VH) and a third die (D3) comprising a third array of light detecting units 1. Success criteria for electronic medical record implementations in low-resource settings: a systematic review. Science.gov (United States) Fritz, Fleur; Tilahun, Binyam; Dugas, Martin 2015-03-01 Electronic medical record (EMR) systems have the potential of supporting clinical work by providing the right information at the right time to the right people and thus make efficient use of resources. This is especially important in low-resource settings where reliable data are also needed to support public health and local supporting organizations. In this systematic literature review, our objectives are to identify and collect literature about success criteria of EMR implementations in low-resource settings and to summarize them into recommendations. Our search strategy relied on PubMed queries and manual bibliography reviews. Studies were included if EMR implementations in low-resource settings were described. The extracted success criteria and measurements were summarized into 7 categories: ethical, financial, functionality, organizational, political, technical, and training. We collected 381 success criteria with 229 measurements from 47 articles out of 223 articles. Most papers were evaluations or lessons learned from African countries, published from 1999 to 2013. Almost half of the EMR systems served a specific disease area like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The majority of criteria that were reported dealt with the functionality, followed by organizational issues, and technical infrastructures. Sufficient training and skilled personnel were mentioned in roughly 10%. Political, ethical, and financial considerations did not play a predominant role. More evaluations based on reliable frameworks are needed. Highly reliable data handling methods, human resources and effective project management, as well as technical architecture and infrastructure are all key factors for successful EMR implementation. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. 2. A preliminary categorization of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment as secondary metal resources International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Oguchi, Masahiro; Murakami, Shinsuke; Sakanakura, Hirofumi; Kida, Akiko; Kameya, Takashi 2011-01-01 Highlights: → End-of-life electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) as secondary metal resources. → The content and the total amount of metals in specific equipment are both important. → We categorized 21 EEE types from contents and total amounts of various metals. → Important equipment types as secondary resources were listed for each metal kind. → Collectability and possible collection systems of various EEE types were discussed. - Abstract: End-of-life electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has recently received attention as a secondary source of metals. This study examined characteristics of end-of-life EEE as secondary metal resources to consider efficient collection and metal recovery systems according to the specific metals and types of EEE. We constructed an analogy between natural resource development and metal recovery from end-of-life EEE and found that metal content and total annual amount of metal contained in each type of end-of-life EEE should be considered in secondary resource development, as well as the collectability of the end-of-life products. We then categorized 21 EEE types into five groups and discussed their potential as secondary metal resources. Refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, and CRT TVs were evaluated as the most important sources of common metals, and personal computers, mobile phones, and video games were evaluated as the most important sources of precious metals. Several types of small digital equipment were also identified as important sources of precious metals; however, mid-size information and communication technology (ICT) equipment (e.g., printers and fax machines) and audio/video equipment were shown to be more important as a source of a variety of less common metals. The physical collectability of each type of EEE was roughly characterized by unit size and number of end-of-life products generated annually. Current collection systems in Japan were examined and potentially appropriate collection 3. Open-Source Electronic Health Record Systems for Low-Resource Settings: Systematic Review. Science.gov (United States) Syzdykova, Assel; Malta, André; Zolfo, Maria; Diro, Ermias; Oliveira, José Luis 2017-11-13 Despite the great impact of information and communication technologies on clinical practice and on the quality of health services, this trend has been almost exclusive to developed countries, whereas countries with poor resources suffer from many economic and social issues that have hindered the real benefits of electronic health (eHealth) tools. As a component of eHealth systems, electronic health records (EHRs) play a fundamental role in patient management and effective medical care services. Thus, the adoption of EHRs in regions with a lack of infrastructure, untrained staff, and ill-equipped health care providers is an important task. However, the main barrier to adopting EHR software in low- and middle-income countries is the cost of its purchase and maintenance, which highlights the open-source approach as a good solution for these underserved areas. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of open-source EHR systems based on the requirements and limitations of low-resource settings. First, we reviewed existing literature on the comparison of available open-source solutions. In close collaboration with the University of Gondar Hospital, Ethiopia, we identified common limitations in poor resource environments and also the main requirements that EHRs should support. Then, we extensively evaluated the current open-source EHR solutions, discussing their strengths and weaknesses, and their appropriateness to fulfill a predefined set of features relevant for low-resource settings. The evaluation methodology allowed assessment of several key aspects of available solutions that are as follows: (1) integrated applications, (2) configurable reports, (3) custom reports, (4) custom forms, (5) interoperability, (6) coding systems, (7) authentication methods, (8) patient portal, (9) access control model, (10) cryptographic features, (11) flexible data model, (12) offline support, (13) native client, (14) Web client,(15) other clients, (16) code 4. A Study on Developing Evaluation Criteria for Electronic Resources in Evaluation Indicators of Libraries Science.gov (United States) Noh, Younghee 2010-01-01 This study aimed to improve the current state of electronic resource evaluation in libraries. While the use of Web DB, e-book, e-journal, and other e-resources such as CD-ROM, DVD, and micro materials is increasing in libraries, their use is not comprehensively factored into the general evaluation of libraries and may diminish the reliability of… 5. Managing Selection for Electronic Resources: Kent State University Develops a New System to Automate Selection Science.gov (United States) Downey, Kay 2012-01-01 Kent State University has developed a centralized system that manages the communication and work related to the review and selection of commercially available electronic resources. It is an automated system that tracks the review process, provides selectors with price and trial information, and compiles reviewers' feedback about the resource. It… 6. [SciELO: method for electronic publishing]. Science.gov (United States) Laerte Packer, A; Rocha Biojone, M; Antonio, I; Mayumi Takemaka, R; Pedroso García, A; Costa da Silva, A; Toshiyuki Murasaki, R; Mylek, C; Carvalho Reisl, O; Rocha F Delbucio, H C 2001-01-01 It describes the SciELO Methodology Scientific Electronic Library Online for electronic publishing of scientific periodicals, examining issues such as the transition from traditional printed publication to electronic publishing, the scientific communication process, the principles which founded the methodology development, its application in the building of the SciELO site, its modules and components, the tools use for its construction etc. The article also discusses the potentialities and trends for the area in Brazil and Latin America, pointing out questions and proposals which should be investigated and solved by the methodology. It concludes that the SciELO Methodology is an efficient, flexible and wide solution for the scientific electronic publishing. 7. MULTICRITERIA METHODS IN PERFORMING COMPANIES’ RESULTS USING ELECTRONIC RECRUITING, CORPORATE COMMUNICATION AND FINANCIAL RATIOS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ivana Bilić 2011-02-01 Full Text Available Human resources represent one of the most important companies’ resources responsible in creation of companies’ competitive advantage. In search for the most valuable resources, companies use different methods. Lately, one of the growing methods is electronic recruiting, not only as a recruitment tool, but also as a mean of external communication. Additionally, in the process of corporate communication, companies nowadays use the electronic corporate communication as the easiest, the cheapest and the simplest form of business communication. The aim of this paper is to investigate relationship between three groups of different criteria; including main characteristics of performed electronic recruiting, corporate communication and selected financial performances. Selected companies were ranked separately by each group of criteria by usage of multicriteria decision making method PROMETHEE II. The main idea is to research whether companies which are the highest performers by certain group of criteria obtain the similar results regarding other group of criteria or performing results. 8. Use of simplified methods for predicting natural resource damages International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Loreti, C.P.; Boehm, P.D.; Gundlach, E.R.; Healy, E.A.; Rosenstein, A.B.; Tsomides, H.J.; Turton, D.J.; Webber, H.M. 1995-01-01 To reduce transaction costs and save time, the US Department of the Interior (DOI) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have developed simplified methods for assessing natural resource damages from oil and chemical spills. DOI has proposed the use of two computer models, the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Great Lakes Environments (NRDAM/GLE) and a revised Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environments (NRDAM/CME) for predicting monetary damages for spills of oils and chemicals into the Great Lakes and coastal and marine environments. NOAA has used versions of these models to create Compensation Formulas, which it has proposed for calculating natural resource damages for oil spills of up to 50,000 gallons anywhere in the US. Based on a review of the documentation supporting the methods, the results of hundreds of sample runs of DOI's models, and the outputs of the thousands of model runs used to create NOAA's Compensation Formulas, this presentation discusses the ability of these simplified assessment procedures to make realistic damage estimates. The limitations of these procedures are described, and the need for validating the assumptions used in predicting natural resource injuries is discussed 9. The synthesis method for design of electron flow sources Science.gov (United States) Alexahin, Yu I.; Molodozhenzev, A. Yu 1997-01-01 The synthesis method to design a relativistic magnetically - focused beam source is described in this paper. It allows to find a shape of electrodes necessary to produce laminar space charge flows. Electron guns with shielded cathodes designed with this method were analyzed using the EGUN code. The obtained results have shown the coincidence of the synthesis and analysis calculations [1]. This method of electron gun calculation may be applied for immersed electron flows - of interest for the EBIS electron gun design. 10. Where Do Electronic Books Fit in the College Research Arsenal of Resources? Science.gov (United States) Barbier, Patricia 2007-01-01 Student use of electronic books has become an accepted supplement to traditional resources. Student use and satisfaction was monitored through an online course discussion board. Increased use of electronic books indicate this service is an accepted supplement to the print book collection. 11. 14 CFR 1260.69 - Electronic funds transfer payment methods. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... Government by electronic funds transfer through the Treasury Fedline Payment System (FEDLINE) or the... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Electronic funds transfer payment methods... COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS General Special Conditions § 1260.69 Electronic funds transfer payment methods... 12. Using mobile electronic devices to deliver educational resources in developing countries. Science.gov (United States) Mazal, Jonathan Robert; Ludwig, Rebecca 2015-01-01 Developing countries have far fewer trained radiography professionals than developed countries, which exacerbates the limited access to imaging services. The lack of trained radiographers reflects, in part, limited availability of radiographer-specific educational resources. Historically, organizations that provided such resources in the developing world faced challenges related to the limited stock of current materials as well as expenses associated with shipping and delivery. Four mobile electronic devices (MEDs) were loaded with educational content (e-books, PDFs, and digital applications) spanning major radiography topics. The MEDs were distributed to 4 imaging departments in Ghana, India, Nepal, and Nigeria based on evidence of need for radiography-specific resources, as revealed by survey responses. A cost comparison of postal delivery vs digital delivery of educational content was performed. The effectiveness of delivering additional content via Wi-Fi transmission also was evaluated. Feedback was solicited on users' experience with the MEDs as a delivery tool for educational content. An initial average per e-book expense of $30.05, which included the cost of the device, was calculated for the MED delivery method compared with$15.56 for postal delivery of printed materials. The cost of the MED delivery method was reduced to an average of 10.05 for subsequent e-book deliveries. Additional content was successfully delivered via Wi-Fi transmission to all recipients during the 3-month follow-up period. Overall user feedback on the experience was positive, and ideas for enhancing the MED-based method were identified. Using MEDs to deliver radiography-specific educational content appears to be more cost effective than postal delivery of printed materials on a long-term basis. MEDs are more efficient for providing updates to educational materials. Customization of content to department needs, and using projector devices could enhance the usefulness of MEDs for 13. Method for surface treatment by electron beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Panzer, S.; Doehler, H.; Bartel, R.; Ardenne, T. von. 1985-01-01 The invention has been aimed at simplifying the technology and saving energy in modifying surfaces with the aid of electron beams. The described beam-object geometry allows to abandon additional heat treatments. It can be used for surface hardening 14. Antifungal susceptibility testing method for resource constrained laboratories Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Khan S 2006-01-01 Full Text Available Purpose: In resource-constrained laboratories of developing countries determination of antifungal susceptibility testing by NCCLS/CLSI method is not always feasible. We describe herein a simple yet comparable method for antifungal susceptibility testing. Methods: Reference MICs of 72 fungal isolates including two quality control strains were determined by NCCLS/CLSI methods against fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and cancidas. Dermatophytes were also tested against terbinafine. Subsequently, on selection of optimum conditions, MIC was determined for all the fungal isolates by semisolid antifungal agar susceptibility method in Brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 0.5% agar (BHIA without oil overlay and results were compared with those obtained by reference NCCLS/CLSI methods. Results: Comparable results were obtained by NCCLS/CLSI and semisolid agar susceptibility (SAAS methods against quality control strains. MICs for 72 isolates did not differ by more than one dilution for all drugs by SAAS. Conclusions: SAAS using BHIA without oil overlay provides a simple and reproducible method for obtaining MICs against yeast, filamentous fungi and dermatophytes in resource-constrained laboratories. 15. Electronic learning and open educational resources in the health ... African Journals Online (AJOL) All of the UG students viewed the TAH programme; 82% (130) of the KNUST students viewed the PCR animations. All students who viewed the programmes at both institutions indicated that the e-learning pro-grammes were “more effective” in comparison to other methods of learning. Conclusion: Computer ownership or ... 16. Use and User Perception of Electronic Information Resources: A Case Study of Siva Institute of Frontier Technology, India Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Velmurugan Chandran 2013-12-01 Full Text Available The present study aims to explore the use and user perception of electronic resources in Siva Institute of Frontier Technology, India. A total number of 123 users were taken into account for the study through a questionnaire-based survey method. A well-structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to the selected 200 students and staff members. 123 copies of the questionnaires were returned dully filled in and the overall response rate was 61.50 percent. The questionnaire contained both open- and close-ended questions. The collected data were classified, analyzed, and tabulated by using simple statistical methods. This study covers the impact of electronic resources on students and faculty in their academic pursuit. 17. Digital methods for the history of psychology: Introduction and resources. Science.gov (United States) Fox Lee, Shayna 2016-02-01 At the York University Digital History of Psychology Laboratory, we have been working on projects that explore what digital methodologies have to offer historical research in our field. This piece provides perspective on the history and theory of digital history, as well as introductory resources for those who are curious about incorporating these methods into their own work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). 18. Human resource training and development. The outdoor management method. OpenAIRE THANOS KRIEMADIS; ANNA KOURTESOPOULOU 2008-01-01 In the age of international competition in today’s economy, companies must train their employees and prepare them for jobs in the future. There are many different types and educational approaches in human resource training, but the present study will focus on the Outdoor Management Development (OMD). For better understanding, the particular training method and the core stages of the training process will be examined and the definitions of OMD as an educational tool for management development ... 19. New methods for trigger electronics development Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cleland, W.E.; Stern, E.G. [Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA (United States) 1991-12-31 The large and complex nature of RHIC experiments and the tight time schedule for their construction requires that new techniques for designing the electronics should be employed. This is particularly true of the trigger and data acquisition electronics which has to be ready for turn-on of the experiment. We describe the use of the Workview package from VIEWlogic Inc. for design, simulation, and verification of a flash ADC readout system. We also show how field-programmable gate arrays such as the Xilinx 4000 might be employed to construct or prototype circuits with a large number of gates while preserving flexibility. 20. Developing integrated methods to address complex resource and environmental issues Science.gov (United States) Smith, Kathleen S.; Phillips, Jeffrey D.; McCafferty, Anne E.; Clark, Roger N. 2016-02-08 IntroductionThis circular provides an overview of selected activities that were conducted within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Integrated Methods Development Project, an interdisciplinary project designed to develop new tools and conduct innovative research requiring integration of geologic, geophysical, geochemical, and remote-sensing expertise. The project was supported by the USGS Mineral Resources Program, and its products and acquired capabilities have broad applications to missions throughout the USGS and beyond.In addressing challenges associated with understanding the location, quantity, and quality of mineral resources, and in investigating the potential environmental consequences of resource development, a number of field and laboratory capabilities and interpretative methodologies evolved from the project that have applications to traditional resource studies as well as to studies related to ecosystem health, human health, disaster and hazard assessment, and planetary science. New or improved tools and research findings developed within the project have been applied to other projects and activities. Specifically, geophysical equipment and techniques have been applied to a variety of traditional and nontraditional mineral- and energy-resource studies, military applications, environmental investigations, and applied research activities that involve climate change, mapping techniques, and monitoring capabilities. Diverse applied geochemistry activities provide a process-level understanding of the mobility, chemical speciation, and bioavailability of elements, particularly metals and metalloids, in a variety of environmental settings. Imaging spectroscopy capabilities maintained and developed within the project have been applied to traditional resource studies as well as to studies related to ecosystem health, human health, disaster assessment, and planetary science. Brief descriptions of capabilities and laboratory facilities and summaries of some 1. 14 CFR 1274.931 - Electronic funds transfer payment methods. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... cooperative agreement will be made by the Government by electronic funds transfer through the Treasury Fedline... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Electronic funds transfer payment methods... COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS WITH COMMERCIAL FIRMS Other Provisions and Special Conditions § 1274.931 Electronic... 2. Geometric reconstruction methods for electron tomography DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Alpers, Andreas; Gardner, Richard J.; König, Stefan 2013-01-01 Electron tomography is becoming an increasingly important tool in materials science for studying the three-dimensional morphologies and chemical compositions of nanostructures. The image quality obtained by many current algorithms is seriously affected by the problems of missing wedge artefacts...... and discuss several algorithms from the mathematical fields of geometric and discrete tomography. The algorithms incorporate geometric prior knowledge (mainly convexity and homogeneity), which also in principle considerably reduces the number of tilt angles required. Results are discussed... 3. Integrating financial theory and methods in electricity resource planning Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Felder, F.A. [Economics Resource Group, Cambridge, MA (United States) 1996-02-01 Decision makers throughout the world are introducing risk and market forces in the electric power industry to lower costs and improve services. Incentive based regulation (IBR), which replaces cost of service ratemaking with an approach that divorces costs from revenues, exposes the utility to the risk of profits or losses depending on their performance. Regulators also are allowing for competition within the industry, most notably in the wholesale market and possibly in the retail market. Two financial approaches that incorporate risk in resource planning are evaluated: risk adjusted discount rates (RADR) and options theory (OT). These two complementary approaches are an improvement over the standard present value revenue requirement (PVRR). However, each method has some important limitations. By correctly using RADR and OT and understanding their limitations, decision makers can improve their ability to value risk properly in power plant projects and integrated resource plans. (Author) 4. Analytical Study of Usage of Electronic Information Resources at Pharmacopoeial Libraries in India Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sunil Tyagi 2014-02-01 Full Text Available The objective of this study is to know the rate and purpose of the use of e-resource by the scientists at pharmacopoeial libraries in India. Among other things, this study examined the preferences of the scientists toward printed books and journals, electronic information resources, and pattern of using e-resources. Non-probability sampling specially accidental and purposive technique was applied in the collection of primary data through administration of user questionnaire. The sample respondents chosen for the study consists of principle scientific officer, senior scientific officer, scientific officer, and scientific assistant of different division of the laboratories, namely, research and development, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacovigilance, pharmacology, pharmacogonosy, and microbiology. The findings of the study reveal the personal experiences and perceptions they have had on practice and research activity using e-resource. The major findings indicate that of the total anticipated participants, 78% indicated that they perceived the ability to use computer for electronic information resources. The data analysis shows that all the scientists belonging to the pharmacopoeial libraries used electronic information resources to address issues relating to drug indexes and compendia, monographs, drugs obtained through online databases, e-journals, and the Internet sources—especially polices by regulatory agencies, contacts, drug promotional literature, and standards. 5. An evaluation of learning resources in the teaching of formal philosophical methods Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Susan A.J. Stuart 2003-12-01 Full Text Available In any discipline, across a wide variety of subjects, there are numerous learning resources available to students. For many students the resources that will be most beneficial to them are quickly apparent but, because of the nature of philosophy and the philosophical method, it is not immediately clear which resources will be most valuable to students for whom the development of critical thinking skills is crucial. If we are to support these students effectively in their learning we must establish what these resources are how we can continue to maintain and improve them, and how we can encourage students to make good use of them. In this paper we describe and assess our evaluation of the use made by students of learning resources in the context of learning logic and in developing their critical thinking skills. We also assess the use of a new resource, electronic handsets, the purpose of which is to encourage students to respond to questions in lectures and to gain feedback about how they are progressing with the material. 6. Considering Point-of-Care Electronic Medical Resources in Lieu of Traditional Textbooks for Medical Education. Science.gov (United States) Hale, LaDonna S; Wallace, Michelle M; Adams, Courtney R; Kaufman, Michelle L; Snyder, Courtney L 2015-09-01 Selecting resources to support didactic courses is a critical decision, and the advantages and disadvantages must be carefully considered. During clinical rotations, students not only need to possess strong background knowledge but also are expected to be proficient with the same evidence-based POC resources used by clinicians. Students place high value on “real world” learning and therefore may place more value on POC resources that they know practicing clinicians use as compared with medical textbooks. The condensed nature of PA education requires students to develop background knowledge and information literacy skills over a short period. One way to build that knowledge and those skills simultaneously is to use POC resources in lieu of traditional medical textbooks during didactic training. Electronic POC resources offer several advantages over traditional textbooks and should be considered as viable options in PA education. 7. Elektronik Bilgi Kaynaklarının Seçimi / Selection of Electronic Information Resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Pınar Al 2003-04-01 Full Text Available For many years, library users have used only from the printed media in order to get the information that they have needed. Today with the widespread use of the Web and the addition of electronic information resources to library collections, the use of information in the electronic environment as well as in printed media is started to be used. In time, such types of information resources as, electronic journals, electronic books, electronic encyclopedias, electronic dictionaries and electronic theses have been added to library collections. In this study, selection criteria that can be used for electronic information resources are discussed and suggestions are provided for libraries that try to select electronic information resources for their collections. 8. Geometric reconstruction methods for electron tomography Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Alpers, Andreas, E-mail: alpers@ma.tum.de [Zentrum Mathematik, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching bei München (Germany); Gardner, Richard J., E-mail: Richard.Gardner@wwu.edu [Department of Mathematics, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9063 (United States); König, Stefan, E-mail: koenig@ma.tum.de [Zentrum Mathematik, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching bei München (Germany); Pennington, Robert S., E-mail: robert.pennington@uni-ulm.de [Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby (Denmark); Boothroyd, Chris B., E-mail: ChrisBoothroyd@cantab.net [Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich (Germany); Houben, Lothar, E-mail: l.houben@fz-juelich.de [Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich (Germany); Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E., E-mail: rdb@fz-juelich.de [Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich (Germany); Joost Batenburg, Kees, E-mail: Joost.Batenburg@cwi.nl [Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, NL-1098XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Vision Lab, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Belgium) 2013-05-15 Electron tomography is becoming an increasingly important tool in materials science for studying the three-dimensional morphologies and chemical compositions of nanostructures. The image quality obtained by many current algorithms is seriously affected by the problems of missing wedge artefacts and non-linear projection intensities due to diffraction effects. The former refers to the fact that data cannot be acquired over the full 180° tilt range; the latter implies that for some orientations, crystalline structures can show strong contrast changes. To overcome these problems we introduce and discuss several algorithms from the mathematical fields of geometric and discrete tomography. The algorithms incorporate geometric prior knowledge (mainly convexity and homogeneity), which also in principle considerably reduces the number of tilt angles required. Results are discussed for the reconstruction of an InAs nanowire. - Highlights: ► Four algorithms for electron tomography are introduced that utilize prior knowledge. ► Objects are assumed to be homogeneous; convexity and regularity is also discussed. ► We are able to reconstruct slices of a nanowire from as few as four projections. ► Algorithms should be selected based on the specific reconstruction task at hand. 9. Geometric reconstruction methods for electron tomography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Alpers, Andreas; Gardner, Richard J.; König, Stefan; Pennington, Robert S.; Boothroyd, Chris B.; Houben, Lothar; Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E.; Joost Batenburg, Kees 2013-01-01 Electron tomography is becoming an increasingly important tool in materials science for studying the three-dimensional morphologies and chemical compositions of nanostructures. The image quality obtained by many current algorithms is seriously affected by the problems of missing wedge artefacts and non-linear projection intensities due to diffraction effects. The former refers to the fact that data cannot be acquired over the full 180° tilt range; the latter implies that for some orientations, crystalline structures can show strong contrast changes. To overcome these problems we introduce and discuss several algorithms from the mathematical fields of geometric and discrete tomography. The algorithms incorporate geometric prior knowledge (mainly convexity and homogeneity), which also in principle considerably reduces the number of tilt angles required. Results are discussed for the reconstruction of an InAs nanowire. - Highlights: ► Four algorithms for electron tomography are introduced that utilize prior knowledge. ► Objects are assumed to be homogeneous; convexity and regularity is also discussed. ► We are able to reconstruct slices of a nanowire from as few as four projections. ► Algorithms should be selected based on the specific reconstruction task at hand 10. Urban and Building Design Methods for Resource Management DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Sattrup, Peter Andreas 2014-01-01 . Having a structured approach to design methods, a design methodology, is a fundamental aid in decisionmaking and resource management through design. At DTU Civil Engineering experiments are made in crossdisciplinary collaboration between engineers of different specializations and outside collaborators...... but a fewdimensions. Engineers may influence decision making at all levels, and do in many instances have directresponsibility for decision making, - however many (Civil) engineers don’t really think of themselves asdesigners. However this perception is changing. Engineering is fundamentally a design discipline...... management and decision support regardingthe development of the built environment towards a sustainable future.... 11. Human resource training and development. The outdoor management method. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) THANOS KRIEMADIS 2008-01-01 Full Text Available In the age of international competition in today’s economy, companies must train their employees and prepare them for jobs in the future. There are many different types and educational approaches in human resource training, but the present study will focus on the Outdoor Management Development (OMD. For better understanding, the particular training method and the core stages of the training process will be examined and the definitions of OMD as an educational tool for management development will be presented. Basic theories and models will be analysed as well as the benefits earned and evaluation concerns about the effectiveness of such training programs. 12. Use of electronic sales data to tailor nutrition education resources for an ethnically diverse population. Science.gov (United States) Eyles, H; Rodgers, A; Ni Mhurchu, C 2010-02-01 Nutrition education may be most effective when personally tailored. Individualised electronic supermarket sales data offer opportunities to tailor nutrition education using shopper's usual food purchases. The present study aimed to use individualised electronic supermarket sales data to tailor nutrition resources for an ethnically diverse population in a large supermarket intervention trial in New Zealand. Culturally appropriate nutrition education resources (i.e. messages and shopping lists) were developed with the target population (through two sets of focus groups) and ethnic researchers. A nutrient database of supermarket products was developed using retrospective sales data and linked to participant sales to allow tailoring by usual food purchases. Modified Heart Foundation Tick criteria were used to identify 'healthier' products in the database suitable for promotion in the resources. Rules were developed to create a monthly report listing the tailored and culturally targeted messages to be sent to each participant, and to produce automated, tailored shopping lists. Culturally targeted nutrition messages (n = 864) and shopping lists (n = 3 formats) were developed. The food and nutrient database (n = 3000 top-selling products) was created using 12 months of retrospective sales data, and comprised 60%'healthier' products. Three months of baseline sales data were used to determine usual food purchases. Tailored resources were successfully mailed to 123 Māori, 52 Pacific and 346 non-Māori non-Pacific participants over the 6-month trial intervention period. Electronic supermarket sales data can be used to tailor nutrition education resources for a large number of ethnically diverse supermarket shoppers. 13. REVIEW OF MOODLE PLUGINS FOR DESIGNING MULTIMEDIA ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES FROM LANGUAGE DISCIPLINES Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anton M. Avramchuk 2015-09-01 Full Text Available Today the problem of designing multimedia electronic educational resources from language disciplines in Moodle is very important. This system has a lot of different, powerful resources, plugins to facilitate the learning of students with language disciplines. This article presents an overview and comparative analysis of the five Moodle plugins for designing multimedia electronic educational resources from language disciplines. There have been considered their key features and functionality in order to choose the best for studying language disciplines in the Moodle. Plugins are compared by a group of experts according to the criteria: efficiency, functionality and easy use. For a comparative analysis of the plugins it is used the analytic hierarchy process. 14. Effects of the Use of Electronic Human Resource Management (EHRM Within Human Resource Management (HRM Functions at Universities Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Chux Gervase Iwu 2016-09-01 Full Text Available This study set out to examine the effect of e-hrm systems in assisting human resource practitioners to execute their duties and responsibilities. In comparison to developed economies of the world, information technology adoption in sub-Saharan Africa has not been without certain glitches. Some of the factors that are responsible for these include poor need identification, sustainable funding, and insufficient skills. Besides these factors, there is also the issue of change management and users sticking to what they already know. Although, the above factors seem negative, there is strong evidence that information systems such as electronic human resource management present benefits to an organization. To achieve this, a dual research approach was utilized. Literature assisted immensely in both the development of the conceptual framework upon which the study hinged as well as in the development of the questionnaire items. The study also made use of an interview checklist to guide the participants. The findings reveal a mix of responses that indicate that while there are gains in adopting e-hrm systems, it is wiser to consider supporting resources as well as articulate the needs of the university better before any investment is made. 15. The Electron Microscopy Outreach Program: A Web-based resource for research and education. Science.gov (United States) Sosinsky, G E; Baker, T S; Hand, G; Ellisman, M H 1999-01-01 We have developed a centralized World Wide Web (WWW)-based environment that serves as a resource of software tools and expertise for biological electron microscopy. A major focus is molecular electron microscopy, but the site also includes information and links on structural biology at all levels of resolution. This site serves to help integrate or link structural biology techniques in accordance with user needs. The WWW site, called the Electron Microscopy (EM) Outreach Program (URL: http://emoutreach.sdsc.edu), provides scientists with computational and educational tools for their research and edification. In particular, we have set up a centralized resource containing course notes, references, and links to image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction software for investigators wanting to learn about EM techniques either within or outside of their fields of expertise. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. 16. RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF QUALITY OF ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ON QUALITY OF TRAINING WITH USE OF DISTANCE TECHNOLOGIES Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) H. M. Kravtsov 2013-03-01 Full Text Available Communication improving of educational processes requires today new approaches to the management arrangements and forming of educational policy in the field of distance learning, which is based on the use of modern information and communication technologies. An important step in this process is the continuous monitoring of the development and implementation of information technology and, in particular, the distance learning systems in higher educational establishments. The main objective of the monitoring is the impact assessment on the development of distance learning following the state educational standards, curricula, methodical and technical equipment and other factors; factors revelation that influence the implementation and outcomes of distance learning; results comparison of educational institution functioning and distance education systems in order to determine the most efficient ways of its development. The paper presents the analysis results of the dependence of the quality of educational services on the electronic educational resources. Trends in educational services development was studied by comparing the quality influence of electronic educational resources on the quality of educational services of higher pedagogical educational institutions of Ukraine as of 2009-2010 and 2012-2013. Generally, the analysis of the survey results allows evaluating quality of the modern education services as satisfactory and it can be said that almost 70% of the success of their future development depends on the quality of the used electronic educational resources and distance learning systems in particular. 17. Methods of Analysis of Electronic Money in Banks Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Melnychenko Oleksandr V. 2014-03-01 Full Text Available The article identifies methods of analysis of electronic money, formalises its instruments and offers an integral indicator, which should be calculated by issuing banks and those banks, which carry out operations with electronic money, issued by other banks. Calculation of the integral indicator would allow complex assessment of activity of the studied bank with electronic money and would allow comparison of parameters of different banks by the aggregate of indicators for the study of the electronic money market, its level of development, etc. The article presents methods which envisage economic analysis of electronic money in banks by the following directions: solvency and liquidity, efficiency of electronic money issue, business activity of the bank and social responsibility. Moreover, the proposed indicators by each of the directions are offered to be taken into account when building integral indicators, with the help of which banks are studied: business activity, profitability, solvency, liquidity and so on. 18. Electron beam directed energy device and methods of using same Science.gov (United States) Retsky, Michael W. 2007-10-16 A method and apparatus is disclosed for an electron beam directed energy device. The device consists of an electron gun with one or more electron beams. The device includes one or more accelerating plates with holes aligned for beam passage. The plates may be flat or preferably shaped to direct each electron beam to exit the electron gun at a predetermined orientation. In one preferred application, the device is located in outer space with individual beams that are directed to focus at a distant target to be used to impact and destroy missiles. The aimings of the separate beams are designed to overcome Coulomb repulsion. A method is also presented for directing the beams to a target considering the variable terrestrial magnetic field. In another preferred application, the electron beam is directed into the ground to produce a subsurface x-ray source to locate and/or destroy buried or otherwise hidden objects including explosive devices. 19. Resource costing for multinational neurologic clinical trials: methods and results. Science.gov (United States) Schulman, K; Burke, J; Drummond, M; Davies, L; Carlsson, P; Gruger, J; Harris, A; Lucioni, C; Gisbert, R; Llana, T; Tom, E; Bloom, B; Willke, R; Glick, H 1998-11-01 We present the results of a multinational resource costing study for a prospective economic evaluation of a new medical technology for treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage within a clinical trial. The study describes a framework for the collection and analysis of international resource cost data that can contribute to a consistent and accurate intercountry estimation of cost. Of the 15 countries that participated in the clinical trial, we collected cost information in the following seven: Australia, France, Germany, the UK, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. The collection of cost data in these countries was structured through the use of worksheets to provide accurate and efficient cost reporting. We converted total average costs to average variable costs and then aggregated the data to develop study unit costs. When unit costs were unavailable, we developed an index table, based on a market-basket approach, to estimate unit costs. To estimate the cost of a given procedure, the market-basket estimation process required that cost information be available for at least one country. When cost information was unavailable in all countries for a given procedure, we estimated costs using a method based on physician-work and practice-expense resource-based relative value units. Finally, we converted study unit costs to a common currency using purchasing power parity measures. Through this costing exercise we developed a set of unit costs for patient services and per diem hospital services. We conclude by discussing the implications of our costing exercise and suggest guidelines to facilitate more effective multinational costing exercises. 20. Challenges in the implementation of an electronic surveillance system in a resource-limited setting: Alerta, in Peru Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Soto Giselle 2008-11-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Infectious disease surveillance is a primary public health function in resource-limited settings. In 2003, an electronic disease surveillance system (Alerta was established in the Peruvian Navy with support from the U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD. Many challenges arose during the implementation process, and a variety of solutions were applied. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss these issues. Methods This is a retrospective description of the Alerta implementation. After a thoughtful evaluation according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC guidelines, the main challenges to implementation were identified and solutions were devised in the context of a resource-limited setting, Peru. Results After four years of operation, we have identified a number of challenges in implementing and operating this electronic disease surveillance system. These can be divided into the following categories: (1 issues with personnel and stakeholders; (2 issues with resources in a developing setting; (3 issues with processes involved in the collection of data and operation of the system; and (4 issues with organization at the central hub. Some of the challenges are unique to resource-limited settings, but many are applicable for any surveillance system. For each of these challenges, we developed feasible solutions that are discussed. Conclusion There are many challenges to overcome when implementing an electronic disease surveillance system, not only related to technology issues. A comprehensive approach is required for success, including: technical support, personnel management, effective training, and cultural sensitivity in order to assure the effective deployment of an electronic disease surveillance system. 1. Numerical simulation methods for electron and ion optics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Munro, Eric 2011-01-01 This paper summarizes currently used techniques for simulation and computer-aided design in electron and ion beam optics. Topics covered include: field computation, methods for computing optical properties (including Paraxial Rays and Aberration Integrals, Differential Algebra and Direct Ray Tracing), simulation of Coulomb interactions, space charge effects in electron and ion sources, tolerancing, wave optical simulations and optimization. Simulation examples are presented for multipole aberration correctors, Wien filter monochromators, imaging energy filters, magnetic prisms, general curved axis systems and electron mirrors. 2. Multilayer electronic component systems and methods of manufacture Science.gov (United States) Thompson, Dane (Inventor); Wang, Guoan (Inventor); Kingsley, Nickolas D. (Inventor); Papapolymerou, Ioannis (Inventor); Tentzeris, Emmanouil M. (Inventor); Bairavasubramanian, Ramanan (Inventor); DeJean, Gerald (Inventor); Li, RongLin (Inventor) 2010-01-01 Multilayer electronic component systems and methods of manufacture are provided. In this regard, an exemplary system comprises a first layer of liquid crystal polymer (LCP), first electronic components supported by the first layer, and a second layer of LCP. The first layer is attached to the second layer by thermal bonds. Additionally, at least a portion of the first electronic components are located between the first layer and the second layer. 3. Efficient electronic structure methods applied to metal nanoparticles DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Larsen, Ask Hjorth of efficient approaches to density functional theory and the application of these methods to metal nanoparticles. We describe the formalism and implementation of localized atom-centered basis sets within the projector augmented wave method. Basis sets allow for a dramatic increase in performance compared....... The basis set method is used to study the electronic effects for the contiguous range of clusters up to several hundred atoms. The s-electrons hybridize to form electronic shells consistent with the jellium model, leading to electronic magic numbers for clusters with full shells. Large electronic gaps...... and jumps in Fermi level near magic numbers can lead to alkali-like or halogen-like behaviour when main-group atoms adsorb onto gold clusters. A non-self-consistent NewnsAnderson model is used to more closely study the chemisorption of main-group atoms on magic-number Au clusters. The behaviour at magic... 4. Identifying and evaluating electronic learning resources for use in adult-gerontology nurse practitioner education. Science.gov (United States) Thompson, Hilaire J; Belza, Basia; Baker, Margaret; Christianson, Phyllis; Doorenbos, Ardith; Nguyen, Huong 2014-01-01 Enhancing existing curricula to meet newly published adult-gerontology advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) competencies in an efficient manner presents a challenge to nurse educators. Incorporating shared, published electronic learning resources (ELRs) in existing or new courses may be appropriate in order to assist students in achieving competencies. The purposes of this project were to (a) identify relevant available ELR for use in enhancing geriatric APRN education and (b) to evaluate the educational utility of identified ELRs based on established criteria. A multilevel search strategy was used. Two independent team members reviewed identified ELR against established criteria to ensure utility. Only resources meeting all criteria were retained. Resources were found for each of the competency areas and included formats such as podcasts, Web casts, case studies, and teaching videos. In many cases, resources were identified using supplemental strategies and not through traditional search or search of existing geriatric repositories. Resources identified have been useful to advanced practice educators in improving lecture and seminar content in a particular topic area and providing students and preceptors with additional self-learning resources. Addressing sustainability within geriatric APRN education is critical for sharing of best practices among educators and for sustainability of teaching and related resources. © 2014. 5. Determination of the Electronics Charge--Electrolysis of Water Method. Science.gov (United States) Venkatachar, Arun C. 1985-01-01 Presents an alternative method for measuring the electronic charge using data from the electrolysis of acidified distilled water. The process (carried out in a commercially available electrolytic cell) has the advantage of short completion time so that students can determine electron charge and mass in one laboratory period. (DH) 6. The level of the usage of the human resource information system and electronic recruitment in Croatian companies Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Snježana Pivac 2014-12-01 Full Text Available Performing business according to contemporary requirements influences companies for continuous usage of modern managerial tools, such as a human resource information system (HRIS and electronic recruitment (ER. Human resources have been recognised as curtail resources and the main source of a competitive advantage in creation of successful business performance. In order to attract and select the top employees, companies use quality information software for attracting internal ones, and electronic recruitment for attracting the best possible external candidates. The main aim of this paper is to research the level of the usage of HRIS and ER within medium-size and large Croatian companies. Moreover, the additional aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship among the usage of these modern managerial tools and the overall success of human resource management within these companies. For the purpose of this paper, primary and secondary research has been conducted in order to reveal the level of the usage of HRIS and ER as well as the overall success of human resource management in Croatian companies. The companies’ classification (HRIS and ER is done by using the non-hierarchical k-means cluster method as well as the nonparametric Kruskal Wallis test. Further, the companies are ranked by the multicriteria PROMETHEE method. Relevant nonparametric tests are used for testing the overall companies’ HRM. Finally, binary logistic regression is estimated, relating binary variable HRM and HRIS development. After detailed research, it can be concluded that large Croatian companies apply HRIS in majority (with a positive relation to HRM performance, but still require certain degrees of its development. 7. From Millennium ERM to Proquest 360 Resource Manager: Implementing a new Electronic Resources Management System ERMS in an International Graduate Research University in Saudi Arabia KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2017-01-01 An overview of the Recommendation Study and the subsequent Implementation of a new Electronic Resources Management system ERMS in an international graduate research university in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It covers the timeline, deliverables 8. Statistics of electron multiplication in multiplier phototube: iterative method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Grau Malonda, A.; Ortiz Sanchez, J.F. 1985-01-01 An iterative method is applied to study the variation of dynode response in the multiplier phototube. Three different situations are considered that correspond to the following ways of electronic incidence on the first dynode: incidence of exactly one electron, incidence of exactly r electrons and incidence of an average anti-r electrons. The responses are given for a number of steps between 1 and 5, and for values of the multiplication factor of 2.1, 2.5, 3 and 5. We study also the variance, the skewness and the excess of jurtosis for different multiplication factors. (author) 9. Statistics of electron multiplication in a multiplier phototube; Iterative method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ortiz, J. F.; Grau, A. 1985-01-01 In the present paper an iterative method is applied to study the variation of dynode response in the multiplier phototube. Three different situation are considered that correspond to the following ways of electronic incidence on the first dynode: incidence of exactly one electron, incidence of exactly r electrons and incidence of an average r electrons. The responses are given for a number of steps between 1 and 5, and for values of the multiplication factor of 2.1, 2.5, 3 and 5. We study also the variance, the skewness and the excess of jurtosis for different multiplication factors. (Author) 11 refs 10. Electron microscopy methods in studies of cultural heritage sites Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Vasiliev, A. L., E-mail: a.vasiliev56@gmail.com; Kovalchuk, M. V.; Yatsishina, E. B. [National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” (Russian Federation) 2016-11-15 The history of the development and application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA) in studies of cultural heritage sites is considered. In fact, investigations based on these methods began when electron microscopes became a commercial product. Currently, these methods, being developed and improved, help solve many historical enigmas. To date, electron microscopy combined with microanalysis makes it possible to investigate any object, from parchment and wooden articles to pigments, tools, and objects of art. Studies by these methods have revealed that some articles were made by ancient masters using ancient “nanotechnologies”; hence, their comprehensive analysis calls for the latest achievements in the corresponding instrumental methods and sample preparation techniques. 11. Several cases of electronics and the measuring methods International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Supardiyono, Bb.; Kamadi, J.; Suparmono, M.; Indarto. 1980-01-01 Several cases of electronics and the measuring methods, covering electric conductivity and electric potential of analog systems, electric current, electric conductivity and electric potential of semiconductor diodes, and characteristics of transistors are described. (SMN) 12. Electron microscopy methods in studies of cultural heritage sites Science.gov (United States) Vasiliev, A. L.; Kovalchuk, M. V.; Yatsishina, E. B. 2016-11-01 The history of the development and application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA) in studies of cultural heritage sites is considered. In fact, investigations based on these methods began when electron microscopes became a commercial product. Currently, these methods, being developed and improved, help solve many historical enigmas. To date, electron microscopy combined with microanalysis makes it possible to investigate any object, from parchment and wooden articles to pigments, tools, and objects of art. Studies by these methods have revealed that some articles were made by ancient masters using ancient "nanotechnologies"; hence, their comprehensive analysis calls for the latest achievements in the corresponding instrumental methods and sample preparation techniques. 13. Electron microscopy methods in studies of cultural heritage sites International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Vasiliev, A. L.; Kovalchuk, M. V.; Yatsishina, E. B. 2016-01-01 The history of the development and application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA) in studies of cultural heritage sites is considered. In fact, investigations based on these methods began when electron microscopes became a commercial product. Currently, these methods, being developed and improved, help solve many historical enigmas. To date, electron microscopy combined with microanalysis makes it possible to investigate any object, from parchment and wooden articles to pigments, tools, and objects of art. Studies by these methods have revealed that some articles were made by ancient masters using ancient “nanotechnologies”; hence, their comprehensive analysis calls for the latest achievements in the corresponding instrumental methods and sample preparation techniques. 14. Availability, Level of Use and Constraints to Use of Electronic Resources by Law Lecturers in Public Universities in Nigeria Science.gov (United States) Amusa, Oyintola Isiaka; Atinmo, Morayo 2016-01-01 (Purpose) This study surveyed the level of availability, use and constraints to use of electronic resources among law lecturers in Nigeria. (Methodology) Five hundred and fifty-two law lecturers were surveyed and four hundred and forty-two responded. (Results) Data analysis revealed that the level of availability of electronic resources for the… 15. Method of determining the position of an irradiated electron beam International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fukuda, Wataru. 1967-01-01 The present invention relates to the method of determining the position of a radiated electron beam, in particular, the method of detecting the position of a p-n junction by a novel method when irradiating the electron beam on to the semi-conductor wafer, controlling the position of the electron beam from said junction. When the electron beam is irradiated on to the semi-conductor wafer which possesses the p-n junction, the position of the p-n junction may be ascertained to determine the position of the irradiated electron beam by detecting the electromotive force resulting from said p-n junction with a metal disposed in the proximity of but without mechanical contact with said semi-conductor wafer. Furthermore, as far as a semi-conductor wafer having at least one p-n junction is concerned, the present invention allows said p-n junction to be used to determine the position of an irradiated electron beam. Thus, according to the present invention, the electromotive force of the electron beam resulting from the p-n junction may easily be detected by electrostatic coupling, enabling the position of the irradiated electron beam to be accurately determined. (Masui, R.) 16. Wind resource in metropolitan France: assessment methods, variability and trends International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jourdier, Benedicte 2015-01-01 France has one of the largest wind potentials in Europe, yet far from being fully exploited. The wind resource and energy yield assessment is a key step before building a wind farm, aiming at predicting the future electricity production. Any over-estimation in the assessment process puts in jeopardy the project's profitability. This has been the case in the recent years, when wind farm managers have noticed that they produced less than expected. The under-production problem leads to questioning both the validity of the assessment methods and the inter-annual wind variability. This thesis tackles these two issues. In a first part are investigated the errors linked to the assessment methods, especially in two steps: the vertical extrapolation of wind measurements and the statistical modelling of wind-speed data by a Weibull distribution. The second part investigates the inter-annual to decadal variability of wind speeds, in order to understand how this variability may have contributed to the under-production and so that it is better taken into account in the future. (author) [fr 17. Methodical approaches in the Norwegian Master Plan for Water Resources International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bowitz, Einar 1997-01-01 The Norwegian Master Plan for Water Resources instructs the management not to consider applications for concession to develop hydroelectric projects in the so called category II of the plan. These are the environmentally most controversial projects or the most expensive projects. This report discusses the methods used in this Master Plan to classify the projects. The question whether the assessments of the environmental disadvantages of hydropower development are reasonable is approached in two ways: (1) Compare the environmental costs imbedded in the Plan with direct assessments, and (2) Discuss the appropriateness of the methodology used for environmental evaluations in the Plan. The report concludes that (1) the environmental costs that can be derived from the ranking in the Plan are significantly greater than those following from direct evaluations, (2) the differences are generally so great that one may ask whether the methods used in the Plan overestimate the real environmental costs, (3) it seems to have been difficult to make a unified assessment of the environmental disadvantages, (4) the Plan has considered the economic impact on agriculture and forestry very roughly and indirectly, which may have contributed to overestimated environmental costs of hydropower development. 20 refs., 6 figs., 7 tabs 18. Methods for recovering metals from electronic waste, and related systems Science.gov (United States) Lister, Tedd E; Parkman, Jacob A; Diaz Aldana, Luis A; Clark, Gemma; Dufek, Eric J; Keller, Philip 2017-10-03 A method of recovering metals from electronic waste comprises providing a powder comprising electronic waste in at least a first reactor and a second reactor and providing an electrolyte comprising at least ferric ions in an electrochemical cell in fluid communication with the first reactor and the second reactor. The method further includes contacting the powders within the first reactor and the second reactor with the electrolyte to dissolve at least one base metal from each reactor into the electrolyte and reduce at least some of the ferric ions to ferrous ions. The ferrous ions are oxidized at an anode of the electrochemical cell to regenerate the ferric ions. The powder within the second reactor comprises a higher weight percent of the at least one base metal than the powder in the first reactor. Additional methods of recovering metals from electronic waste are also described, as well as an apparatus of recovering metals from electronic waste. 19. A simultaneous electron energy and dosimeter calibration method for an electron beam irradiator International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tanaka, R.; Sunaga, H.; Kojima, T. 1991-01-01 In radiation processing using electron accelerators, the reproducibility of absorbed dose in the product depends not only on the variation of beam current and conveyor speed, but also on variations of other accelerator parameters. This requires routine monitoring of the beam current and the scan width, and also requires periodical calibration of routine dosimeters usually in the shape of film, electron energy, and other radiation field parameters. The electron energy calibration is important especially for food processing. The dose calibration method using partial absorption calorimeters provides only information about absorbed dose. Measurement of average electron current density provides basic information about the radiation field formed by the beam scanning and scattering at the beam window, though it does not allow direct dose calibration. The total absorption calorimeter with a thick absorber allows dose and dosimeter calibration, if the depth profile of relative dose in a reference absorber is given experimentally. It also allows accurate calibration of the average electron energy at the surface of the calorimeter core, if electron fluence received by the calorimeter is measured at the same time. This means that both electron energy and dosimeters can be simultaneously calibrated by irradiation of a combined system including the calorimeter, the detector of the electron current density meter, and a thick reference absorber for depth profile measurement of relative dose. We have developed a simple and multifunctional system using the combined calibration method for 5 MeV electron beams. The paper describes a simultaneous calibration method for electron energy and film dosimeters, and describes the electron current density meter, the total absorption calorimeter, and the characteristics of this method. (author). 13 refs, 7 figs, 3 tabs 20. Analytical resource assessment method for continuous (unconventional) oil and gas accumulations - The "ACCESS" Method Science.gov (United States) Crovelli, Robert A.; revised by Charpentier, Ronald R. 2012-01-01 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) periodically assesses petroleum resources of areas within the United States and the world. The purpose of this report is to explain the development of an analytic probabilistic method and spreadsheet software system called Analytic Cell-Based Continuous Energy Spreadsheet System (ACCESS). The ACCESS method is based upon mathematical equations derived from probability theory. The ACCESS spreadsheet can be used to calculate estimates of the undeveloped oil, gas, and NGL (natural gas liquids) resources in a continuous-type assessment unit. An assessment unit is a mappable volume of rock in a total petroleum system. In this report, the geologic assessment model is defined first, the analytic probabilistic method is described second, and the spreadsheet ACCESS is described third. In this revised version of Open-File Report 00-044 , the text has been updated to reflect modifications that were made to the ACCESS program. Two versions of the program are added as appendixes. 1. An electron moiré method for a common SEM Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Y.M.Xing; S.Kishimoto; Y.R.Zhao 2006-01-01 In the electron moiré method,a high-frequency grating is used to measure microscopic deformation,which promises significant potential applications for the method in the microscopic analysis of materials.However,a special beam scanning control device is required to produce a grating and generate a moiré fringe pattern for the scanning electron microscope (SEM).Because only a few SEMs used in the material science studies are equipped with this device,the use of the electron moiré method is limited.In this study,an electron moiré method for a common SEM without the beam control device is presented.A grating based on a multi-scanning concept is fabricated in any observing mode.A real-time moiré pattern can also be generated in the SEM or an optical filtering system.Without the beam control device being a prerequisite,the electron moiré method can be more widely used.The experimental results from three different types of SEMS show that high quality gratings with uniform lines and less pitch error can be fabricated by this method,and moiré patterns can also be correctly generated. 2. Electron paramagnetic resonance: A new method of quaternary dating International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Poupeau, G.; Rossi, A.; Teles, M.M.; Danon, J. 1984-01-01 Significant progress has occurred in the last years in quaternary geochronology. One of this is the emergence of a new dating approach, the Electron Spin Resonance Method. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the method and discuss some aspects of the work at CBPF. (Author) [pt 3. Electron paramagnetic resonance: a new method of quaternary dating International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Poupeau, G.; Rossi, A.; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Telles, M.; Danon, J. 1984-01-01 Significant progress has occurred in the last years in quaternary geochronology. One of this is the emergence of a new dating approach, the Electron Spin Resonance Method. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the method and discuss some aspects of the work at CBPF. (Author) [pt 4. Apparatus and method for generating high density pulses of electrons International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lee, C.; Oettinger, P.E. 1981-01-01 An apparatus and method are described for the production of high density pulses of electrons using a laser energized emitter. Caesium atoms from a low pressure vapour atmosphere are absorbed on and migrate from a metallic target rapidly heated by a laser to a high temperature. Due to this heating time being short compared with the residence time of the caesium atoms adsorbed on the target surface, copious electrons are emitted which form a high current density pulse. (U.K.) 5. HELP (INFORMATION ELECTRONIC RESOURCE "CHRONICLE OF ONU: DATES, FACTS, EVENTS": HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY IN INFORMATION SPACE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) А. М. Гавриленко 2016-03-01 Object of research is the help information resource "The chronicle of the Odessa national university of I. I. Mechnikov: dates, facts, events". The main objective of our article – to state the main methodological bases of creation of information resource. One of advantages of information resource is possibility of continuous updating and replenishment by new information. Main objective of creation of this information resource is systematization of material on stories of the Odessa national university of I. I. Mechnikov from the date of his basis to the present, ensuring interactive access to information on the main dates, the most significant events in life of university. The base of research are sources on the history of university, chronology of historical development, formation of infrastructure, cadres and scientific researches. In information resource the main stages of development, functioning and transformation of the Odessa University are analyzed, information on its divisions is collected. For creation of this information resource in Scientific library the method of work was developed, the main selection criteria of data are allocated. This information resource have practical value for all who is interested in history of university, historians, scientists-researchers of history of science and the city of Odessa. 6. Modeling antecedents of electronic medical record system implementation success in low-resource setting hospitals. Science.gov (United States) Tilahun, Binyam; Fritz, Fleur 2015-08-01 With the increasing implementation of Electronic Medical Record Systems (EMR) in developing countries, there is a growing need to identify antecedents of EMR success to measure and predict the level of adoption before costly implementation. However, less evidence is available about EMR success in the context of low-resource setting implementations. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap by examining the constructs and relationships of the widely used DeLone and MacLean (D&M) information system success model to determine whether it can be applied to measure EMR success in those settings. A quantitative cross sectional study design using self-administered questionnaires was used to collect data from 384 health professionals working in five governmental hospitals in Ethiopia. The hospitals use a comprehensive EMR system since three years. Descriptive and structural equation modeling methods were applied to describe and validate the extent of relationship of constructs and mediating effects. The findings of the structural equation modeling shows that system quality has significant influence on EMR use (β = 0.32, P quality has significant influence on EMR use (β = 0.44, P service quality has strong significant influence on EMR use (β = 0.36, P effect of EMR use on user satisfaction was not significant. Both EMR use and user satisfaction have significant influence on perceived net-benefit (β = 0.31, P mediating factor in the relationship between service quality and EMR use (P effect on perceived net-benefit of health professionals. EMR implementers and managers in developing countries are in urgent need of implementation models to design proper implementation strategies. In this study, the constructs and relationships depicted in the updated D&M model were found to be applicable to assess the success of EMR in low resource settings. Additionally, computer literacy was found to be a mediating factor in EMR use and user satisfaction of 7. ''In situ'' electronic testing method of a neutron detector performance International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gonzalez, J.M.; Levai, F. 1987-01-01 The method allows detection of any important change in the electrical characteristics of a neutron sensor channel. It checks the response signal produced by an electronic detector circuit when a pulse generator is connected as input signal in the high voltage supply. The electronic circuit compares the detector capacitance value, previously measured, against a reference value, which is adjusted in a window type comparator electronic circuit to detect any important degrading condition of the capacitance value in a detector-cable system. The ''in-situ'' electronic testing method of neutron detector performance has been verified in a laboratory atmosphere to be a potential method to detect any significant change in the capacitance value of a nuclear sensor and its connecting cable, also checking: detector disconnections, cable disconnections, length changes of the connecting cable, electric short-opened circuits in the sensor channel, and any electrical trouble in the detector-connector-cable system. The experimental practices were carried out by simulation of several electric changes in a nuclear sensor-cable system from a linear D.C. channel which measures reactor power during nuclear reactor operation. It was made at the Training Reactor Electronic Laboratory. The results and conclusions obtained at the Laboratory were proved, satisfactorily, in the Electronic Instrumentation of Budapest Technical University Training Reactor, Hungary 8. Review of material recovery from used electric and electronic equipment-alternative options for resource conservation. Science.gov (United States) Friege, Henning 2012-09-01 For waste from electric and electronic equipment, the WEEE Directive stipulates the separate collection of electric and electronic waste. As to new electric and electronic devices, the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive bans the use of certain chemicals dangerous for man and environment. From the implementation of the WEEE directive, many unsolved problems have been documented: poor collection success, emission of dangerous substances during collection and recycling, irretrievable loss of valuable metals among others. As to RoHS, data from the literature show a satisfying success. The problems identified in the process can be reduced to some basic dilemmas at the borders between waste management, product policy and chemical safety. The objectives of the WEEE Directive and the specific targets for use and recycling of appliances are not consistent. There is no focus on scarce resources. Extended producer responsibility is not sufficient to guarantee sustainable waste management. Waste management reaches its limits due to problems of implementation but also due to physical laws. A holistic approach is necessary looking at all branch points and sinks in the stream of used products and waste from electric and electronic equipment. This may be done with respect to the general rules for sustainable management of material streams covering the three dimensions of sustainable policy. The relationships between the players in the field of electric and electronic devices have to be taken into account. Most of the problems identified in the implementation process will not be solved by the current amendment of the WEEE Directive. 9. [Use of internet and electronic resources among Spanish intensivist physicians. First national survey]. Science.gov (United States) Gómez-Tello, V; Latour-Pérez, J; Añón Elizalde, J M; Palencia-Herrejón, E; Díaz-Alersi, R; De Lucas-García, N 2006-01-01 Estimate knowledge and use habits of different electronic resources in a sample of Spanish intensivists: Internet, E-mail, distribution lists, and use of portable electronic devices. Self-applied questionnaire. A 50-question questionnaire was distributed among Spanish intensivists through the hospital marketing delegates of a pharmaceutical company and of electronic forums. A total of 682 questionnaires were analyzed (participation: 74%). Ninety six percent of those surveyed used Internet individually: 67% admitted training gap. Internet was the second source of clinical consultations most used (61%), slightly behind consultation to colleagues (65%). The pages consulted most were bibliographic databases (65%) and electronic professional journals (63%), with limited use of Evidence Based Medicine pages (19%). Ninety percent of those surveyed used e-mail regularly in the practice of their profession, although 25% admitted that were not aware of its possibilities. The use of E-mail decreased significantly with increase in age. A total of 62% of the intensivists used distribution lists. Of the rest, 42% were not aware of its existence and 32% admitted they had insufficient training to handle them. Twenty percent of those surveyed had portable electronic devices and 64% considered it useful, basically due to its rapid consultation at bedside. Female gender was a negative predictive factor of its use (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.2-0.63; p=0.0002). A large majority of the Spanish intensivists use Internet and E-mail. E-mail lists and use of portable devices are still underused resources. There are important gaps in training and infrequent use of essential pages. There are specific groups that require directed educational policies. 10. WasteWise Resource Management: Innovative Solid Waste Contracting Methods Science.gov (United States) Resource management is an innovative contractual partnership between a waste-generating organization and a qualified contractor that changes the nature of current disposal services to support waste minimization and recycling. 11. System for cooling hybrid vehicle electronics, method for cooling hybrid vehicle electronics Science.gov (United States) France, David M.; Yu, Wenhua; Singh, Dileep; Zhao, Weihuan 2017-11-21 The invention provides a single radiator cooling system for use in hybrid electric vehicles, the system comprising a surface in thermal communication with electronics, and subcooled boiling fluid contacting the surface. The invention also provides a single radiator method for simultaneously cooling electronics and an internal combustion engine in a hybrid electric vehicle, the method comprising separating a coolant fluid into a first portion and a second portion; directing the first portion to the electronics and the second portion to the internal combustion engine for a time sufficient to maintain the temperature of the electronics at or below 175.degree. C.; combining the first and second portion to reestablish the coolant fluid; and treating the reestablished coolant fluid to the single radiator for a time sufficient to decrease the temperature of the reestablished coolant fluid to the temperature it had before separation. 12. Methodical Approach to Managing Resources at an Industrial Enterprise Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Antonets Olga O. 2013-11-01 Full Text Available The goal of the article lies in identification of optimal ways of managing material resources of an industrial enterprise on the basis of economic and mathematical modelling. In the process of analysis and systematisation of works of foreign and domestic scientists the article makes a conclusion about the insufficient degree of development of such complex solutions on formation of logistic systems of resource management, which would be simple and adaptive. The article provides results of the study of specific features of resource management at enterprises, among which – surplus (deficit of resources and availability of non-liquid reserves. In order to eliminate shortcomings the article offers a situational order of management with consideration of a possible state of reserves. The article improves the model of selection of the volume of supply of material resources and identifies optimal solutions with consideration of interval uncertainty. The further direction of the study lies in integration of the proposed approach to resource management with the system of financial planning at an industrial enterprise. 13. Methods of evaluation of procurement of material resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dupina L.F. 2017-04-01 Full Text Available the researchers of this article analyze some questions concerning the choice of methods of material resources evaluation, types and elements of the evaluation, organization of effective accounting and analytical support of material and production resources of enterprises. 14. QR Codes as Finding Aides: Linking Electronic and Print Library Resources Science.gov (United States) Kane, Danielle; Schneidewind, Jeff 2011-01-01 As part of a focused, methodical, and evaluative approach to emerging technologies, QR codes are one of many new technologies being used by the UC Irvine Libraries. QR codes provide simple connections between print and virtual resources. In summer 2010, a small task force began to investigate how QR codes could be used to provide information and… 15. The Synthesis of the Hierarchical Structure of Information Resources for Management of Electronic Commerce Entities Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Krutova Anzhelika S. 2017-06-01 Full Text Available The aim of the article is to develop the theoretical bases for the classification and coding of economic information and the scientific justification of the content of information resources of an electronic commerce enterprise. The essence of information resources for management of electronic business entities is investigated. It is proved that the organization of accounting in e-commerce systems is advisable to be built on the basis of two circuits: accounting for financial flows and accounting associated with transformation of business factors in products and services as a result of production activities. There presented a sequence of accounting organization that allows to combine the both circuits in a single information system, which provides a possibility for the integrated replenishment and distributed simultaneous use of the e-commerce system by all groups of users. It is proved that the guarantee of efficient activity of the information management system of electronic commerce entities is a proper systematization of the aggregate of information resources on economic facts and operations of an enterprise in accordance with the management tasks by building the hierarchy of accounting nomenclatures. It is suggested to understand nomenclature as an objective, primary information aggregate concerning a certain fact of the economic activity of an enterprise, which is characterized by minimum requisites, is entered into the database of the information system and is to be reflected in the accounting system. It is proposed to build a database of e-commerce systems as a part of directories (constants, personnel, goods / products, suppliers, buyers and the hierarchy of accounting nomenclatures. The package of documents regulating the organization of accounting at an enterprise should include: the provision on the accounting services, the order on the accounting policy, the job descriptions, the schedules of information exchange, the report card and 16. ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES FOR ONLINE SUPPORT OF MODERN CHEMISTRY CLASSES IN SPECIALIZED SCHOOL Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Maria D. Tukalo 2013-09-01 Full Text Available This article contains material of some modern electronic educational resources that can be used via the Internet to support the modern chemistry classes in specialized school. It was drawn attention to the educational chemical experiments as means of knowledge; simulated key motivational characteristics to enhance students interest for learning subjects, their cognitive and practical activity in the formation of self-reliance and self-creative; commented forecasts for creating of conditions to enhance the creative potential of students in a modern learning environment. 17. THE MODEL OF LINGUISTIC TEACHERS’ COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT ON DESIGNING MULTIMEDIA ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE MOODLE SYSTEM Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anton M. Avramchuk 2017-10-01 Full Text Available The article is devoted to the problem of developing the competency of teachers of language disciplines on designing multimedia electronic educational resources in the Moodle system. The concept of "the competence of teachers of language disciplines on designing multimedia electronic educational resources in the Moodle system" is justified and defined. Identified and characterized the components by which the levels of the competency development of teachers of language disciplines on designing multimedia electronic educational resources in the Moodle system should be assessed. Developed a model for the development of the competency of teachers of language disciplines on designing multimedia electronic educational resources in the Moodle system, which is based on the main scientific approaches, used in adult education, and consists of five blocks: target, informative, technological, diagnostic and effective. 18. New Combined Electron-Beam Methods of Wastewater Purification International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Pikaev, A.K.; Makarov, I.E.; Ponomarev, A.V.; Kartasheva, L.I.; Podzorova, E.A.; Chulkov, V.N.; Han, B.; Kim, D.K. 1999-01-01 The paper is a brief review of the results obtained with the participation of the authors from the study on combined electron-beam methods for purification of some wastewaters. The data on purification of wastewaters containing dyes or hydrogen peroxide and municipal wastewater in the aerosol flow are considered 19. Improved coating and fixation methods for scanning electron microscope autoradiography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Weiss, R.L. 1984-01-01 A simple apparatus for emulsion coating is described. The apparatus is inexpensive and easily assembled in a standard glass shop. Emulsion coating for scanning electron microscope autoradiography with this apparatus consistently yields uniform layers. When used in conjunction with newly described fixation methods, this new approach produces reliable autoradiographs of undamaged specimens 20. Thick-Restart Lanczos Method for Electronic Structure Calculations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Simon, Horst D.; Wang, L.-W.; Wu, Kesheng 1999-01-01 This paper describes two recent innovations related to the classic Lanczos method for eigenvalue problems, namely the thick-restart technique and dynamic restarting schemes. Combining these two new techniques we are able to implement an efficient eigenvalue problem solver. This paper will demonstrate its effectiveness on one particular class of problems for which this method is well suited: linear eigenvalue problems generated from non-self-consistent electronic structure calculations 1. THE MODEL OF LINGUISTIC TEACHERS’ COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT ON DESIGNING MULTIMEDIA ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE MOODLE SYSTEM OpenAIRE Anton M. Avramchuk 2017-01-01 The article is devoted to the problem of developing the competency of teachers of language disciplines on designing multimedia electronic educational resources in the Moodle system. The concept of "the competence of teachers of language disciplines on designing multimedia electronic educational resources in the Moodle system" is justified and defined. Identified and characterized the components by which the levels of the competency development of teachers of language disciplines on designing ... 2. Variational methods in electron-atom scattering theory CERN Document Server Nesbet, Robert K 1980-01-01 The investigation of scattering phenomena is a major theme of modern physics. A scattered particle provides a dynamical probe of the target system. The practical problem of interest here is the scattering of a low energy electron by an N-electron atom. It has been difficult in this area of study to achieve theoretical results that are even qualitatively correct, yet quantitative accuracy is often needed as an adjunct to experiment. The present book describes a quantitative theoretical method, or class of methods, that has been applied effectively to this problem. Quantum mechanical theory relevant to the scattering of an electron by an N-electron atom, which may gain or lose energy in the process, is summarized in Chapter 1. The variational theory itself is presented in Chapter 2, both as currently used and in forms that may facilitate future applications. The theory of multichannel resonance and threshold effects, which provide a rich structure to observed electron-atom scattering data, is presented in Cha... 3. Preference and Use of Electronic Information and Resources by Blind/Visually Impaired in NCR Libraries in India Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shailendra Kumar 2013-06-01 Full Text Available This paper aims to determine the preference and use of electronic information and resources by blind/visually impaired users in the leading National Capital Region (NCR libraries of India. Survey methodology has been used as the basic research tool for data collection with the help of questionnaires. The 125 in total users surveyed in all the five libraries were selected randomly on the basis of willingness of the users with experience of working in digital environments to participate in the survey. The survey results were tabulated and analyzed with descriptive statistics methods using Excel software and 'Stata version 11'. The findings reveal that ICT have a positive impact in the lives of people with disabilities as it helps them to work independently and increases the level of confidence among them. The Internet is the most preferred medium of access to information among the majority of blind/visually impaired users. The 'Complexity of content available on the net' is found as the major challenge faced during Internet use by blind users of NCR libraries. 'Audio books on CDs/DVDs and DAISY books' are the most preferred electronic resources among the majority of blind/visually impaired users. This study will help the library professionals and organizations/institutions serving people with disabilities to develop effective library services for blind/visually impaired users in the digital environment on the basis of findings on information usage behavior in the study. 4. Decision support for natural resource management; models and evaluation methods NARCIS (Netherlands) Wessels, J.; Makowski, M.; Nakayama, H. 2001-01-01 When managing natural resources or agrobusinesses, one always has to deal with autonomous processes. These autonomous processes play a core role in designing model-based decision support systems. This chapter tries to give insight into the question of which types of models might be used in which 5. Modified Monte Carlo method for study of electron transport in degenerate electron gas in the presence of electron-electron interactions, application to graphene Science.gov (United States) Borowik, Piotr; Thobel, Jean-Luc; Adamowicz, Leszek 2017-07-01 Standard computational methods used to take account of the Pauli Exclusion Principle into Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of electron transport in semiconductors may give unphysical results in low field regime, where obtained electron distribution function takes values exceeding unity. Modified algorithms were already proposed and allow to correctly account for electron scattering on phonons or impurities. Present paper extends this approach and proposes improved simulation scheme allowing including Pauli exclusion principle for electron-electron (e-e) scattering into MC simulations. Simulations with significantly reduced computational cost recreate correct values of the electron distribution function. Proposed algorithm is applied to study transport properties of degenerate electrons in graphene with e-e interactions. This required adapting the treatment of e-e scattering in the case of linear band dispersion relation. Hence, this part of the simulation algorithm is described in details. 6. Isotope methods in water resources assessment and environmental management International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Araguas-Araguas, L. 1996-01-01 Availability of water and protection of water resources have become top environmental issues in many countries. Governments are forced to issue strict guidelines to protect the environment and create agencies to pursue these aspects as well as enforce such regulations. The supply of good-quality water from rivers and lakes is becoming a costly and complex problem for many institutes responsible for water supply. Because of the high pollution levels in surface waters, ground water is the main source of drinking water in many countries. It is estimated that 1.5 billion people world-wide depend on it for drinking water. Since ground water cannot be directly measured, and despite its importance for drinking purposes there is not enough public concern about its protection. In other cases, it is found that the exploited ground water is not a renewable resource. In many countries in arid and semi-arid regions, fossil ground water is being tapped for extensive agricultural development, but such extraction depletes the reserves, in the same way as an oil reservoir. The availability of correct information, before decisions are taken will lead to improved management of water resources, distributing the available resources for different uses according to their quality, and ultimately, to manage the resource. Nuclear science has developed a series of methodologies based on the use of naturally-occurring isotopes and artificial tracers to study the processes involved in the occurrence and circulation of water. The discipline called 'Isotope Hydrology' provides a deep insight into many parts of the water cycle; from the evaporation over the ocean or the continents, to the formation of surface runoff and ground water and in the discharge of aquifer systems into the ocean. Isotope hydrology, as a scientific and applied discipline in earth sciences, was created during the late 1950s and early 1960s, beyond the classical hydrological science. In these early stages, new methodologies 7. Resource conservation approached with an appropriate collection and upgrade-remanufacturing for used electronic products. Science.gov (United States) Zlamparet, Gabriel I; Tan, Quanyin; Stevels, A B; Li, Jinhui 2018-03-01 This comparative research represents an example for a better conservation of resources by reducing the amount of waste (kg) and providing it more value under the umbrella of remanufacturing. The three discussed cases will expose three issues already addressed separately in the literature. The generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) interacts with the environmental depletion. In this article, we gave the examples of addressed issues under the concept of remanufacturing. Online collection opportunity eliminating classical collection, a business to business (B2B) implementation for remanufactured servers and medical devices. The material reuse (recycling), component sustainability, reuse (part harvesting), product reuse (after repair/remanufacturing) indicates the recovery potential using remanufacturing tool for a better conservation of resources adding more value to the products. Our findings can provide an overview of new system organization for the general collection, market potential and the technological advantages using remanufacturing instead of recycling of WEEE or used electrical and electronic equipment. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 8. Fast electronic structure methods for strongly correlated molecular systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Head-Gordon, Martin; Beran, Gregory J O; Sodt, Alex; Jung, Yousung 2005-01-01 A short review is given of newly developed fast electronic structure methods that are designed to treat molecular systems with strong electron correlations, such as diradicaloid molecules, for which standard electronic structure methods such as density functional theory are inadequate. These new local correlation methods are based on coupled cluster theory within a perfect pairing active space, containing either a linear or quadratic number of pair correlation amplitudes, to yield the perfect pairing (PP) and imperfect pairing (IP) models. This reduces the scaling of the coupled cluster iterations to no worse than cubic, relative to the sixth power dependence of the usual (untruncated) coupled cluster doubles model. A second order perturbation correction, PP(2), to treat the neglected (weaker) correlations is formulated for the PP model. To ensure minimal prefactors, in addition to favorable size-scaling, highly efficient implementations of PP, IP and PP(2) have been completed, using auxiliary basis expansions. This yields speedups of almost an order of magnitude over the best alternatives using 4-center 2-electron integrals. A short discussion of the scope of accessible chemical applications is given 9. Innovative Methods: Resources for Research, Publishing, and Teaching. Science.gov (United States) Gergen, Mary; Chrisler, Joan C.; LoCicero, Alice 1999-01-01 Reviews a selection of innovative methods congenial to research in feminist psychology and describes undergraduate and graduate courses that emphasize these methods in their curricula. Contains a bibliography of over 300 entries organized by type of innovative method. (SLD) 10. Development and application of advanced methods for electronic structure calculations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Schmidt, Per Simmendefeldt . For this reason, part of this thesis relates to developing and applying a new method for constructing so-called norm-conserving PAW setups, that are applicable to GW calculations by using a genetic algorithm. The effect of applying the new setups significantly affects the absolute band positions, both for bulk......This thesis relates to improvements and applications of beyond-DFT methods for electronic structure calculations that are applied in computational material science. The improvements are of both technical and principal character. The well-known GW approximation is optimized for accurate calculations...... of electronic excitations in two-dimensional materials by exploiting exact limits of the screened Coulomb potential. This approach reduces the computational time by an order of magnitude, enabling large scale applications. The GW method is further improved by including so-called vertex corrections. This turns... 11. Adaptive multiresolution method for MAP reconstruction in electron tomography Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Acar, Erman, E-mail: erman.acar@tut.fi [Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, FI-33101 Tampere (Finland); BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere (Finland); Peltonen, Sari; Ruotsalainen, Ulla [Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, FI-33101 Tampere (Finland); BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere (Finland) 2016-11-15 3D image reconstruction with electron tomography holds problems due to the severely limited range of projection angles and low signal to noise ratio of the acquired projection images. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction methods have been successful in compensating for the missing information and suppressing noise with their intrinsic regularization techniques. There are two major problems in MAP reconstruction methods: (1) selection of the regularization parameter that controls the balance between the data fidelity and the prior information, and (2) long computation time. One aim of this study is to provide an adaptive solution to the regularization parameter selection problem without having additional knowledge about the imaging environment and the sample. The other aim is to realize the reconstruction using sequences of resolution levels to shorten the computation time. The reconstructions were analyzed in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency using a simulated biological phantom and publically available experimental datasets of electron tomography. The numerical and visual evaluations of the experiments show that the adaptive multiresolution method can provide more accurate results than the weighted back projection (WBP), simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT), and sequential MAP expectation maximization (sMAPEM) method. The method is superior to sMAPEM also in terms of computation time and usability since it can reconstruct 3D images significantly faster without requiring any parameter to be set by the user. - Highlights: • An adaptive multiresolution reconstruction method is introduced for electron tomography. • The method provides more accurate results than the conventional reconstruction methods. • The missing wedge and noise problems can be compensated by the method efficiently. 12. Ab initio methods for electron-molecule collisions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Collins, L.A.; Schneider, B.I. 1987-01-01 This review concentrates on the recent advances in treating the electronic aspect of the electron-molecule interaction and leaves to other articles the description of the rotational and vibrational motions. Those methods which give the most complete treatment of the direct, exchange, and correlation effects are focused on. Such full treatments are generally necessary at energies below a few Rydbergs (≅ 60 eV). This choice unfortunately necessitates omission of those active and vital areas devoted to the development of model potentials and approximate scattering formulations. The ab initio and model approaches complement each other and are both extremely important to the full explication of the electron-scattering process. Due to the rapid developments of recent years, the approaches that provide the fullest treatment are concentrated on. 81 refs 13. Electronic theses and dissertations: a review of this valuable resource for nurse scholars worldwide. Science.gov (United States) Goodfellow, L M 2009-06-01 A worldwide repository of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) could provide worldwide access to the most up-to-date research generated by masters and doctoral students. Until that international repository is established, it is possible to access some of these valuable knowledge resources. ETDs provide a technologically advanced medium with endless multimedia capabilities that far exceed the print and bound copies of theses and dissertations housed traditionally in individual university libraries. CURRENT USE: A growing trend exists for universities worldwide to require graduate students to submit theses or dissertations as electronic documents. However, nurse scholars underutilize ETDs, as evidenced by perusing bibliographic citation lists in many of the research journals. ETDs can be searched for and retrieved through several digital resources such as the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (http://www.ndltd.org), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (http://www.umi.com), the Australasian Digital Theses Program (http://adt.caul.edu.au/) and through individual university web sites and online catalogues. An international repository of ETDs benefits the community of nurse scholars in many ways. The ability to access recent graduate students' research electronically from anywhere in the world is advantageous. For scholars residing in developing countries, access to these ETDs may prove to be even more valuable. In some cases, ETDs are not available for worldwide access and can only be accessed through the university library from which the student graduated. Public access to university library ETD collections is not always permitted. Nurse scholars from both developing and developed countries could benefit from ETDs. 14. The validity of the density scaling method in primary electron transport for photon and electron beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Woo, M.K.; Cunningham, J.R. 1990-01-01 In the convolution/superposition method of photon beam dose calculations, inhomogeneities are usually handled by using some form of scaling involving the relative electron densities of the inhomogeneities. In this paper the accuracy of density scaling as applied to primary electrons generated in photon interactions is examined. Monte Carlo calculations are compared with density scaling calculations for air and cork slab inhomogeneities. For individual primary photon kernels as well as for photon interactions restricted to a thin layer, the results can differ significantly, by up to 50%, between the two calculations. However, for realistic photon beams where interactions occur throughout the whole irradiated volume, the discrepancies are much less severe. The discrepancies for the kernel calculation are attributed to the scattering characteristics of the electrons and the consequent oversimplified modeling used in the density scaling method. A technique called the kernel integration technique is developed to analyze the general effects of air and cork inhomogeneities. It is shown that the discrepancies become significant only under rather extreme conditions, such as immediately beyond the surface after a large air gap. In electron beams all the primary electrons originate from the surface of the phantom and the errors caused by simple density scaling can be much more significant. Various aspects relating to the accuracy of density scaling for air and cork slab inhomogeneities are discussed 15. From Millennium ERM to Proquest 360 Resource Manager: Implementing a new Electronic Resources Management System ERMS in an International Graduate Research University in Saudi Arabia KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2017-05-17 An overview of the Recommendation Study and the subsequent Implementation of a new Electronic Resources Management system ERMS in an international graduate research university in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It covers the timeline, deliverables and challenges as well as lessons learnt by the Project Team. 16. Electron beam treatment planning: A review of dose computation methods International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mohan, R.; Riley, R.; Laughlin, J.S. 1983-01-01 Various methods of dose computations are reviewed. The equivalent path length methods used to account for body curvature and internal structure are not adequate because they ignore the lateral diffusion of electrons. The Monte Carlo method for the broad field three-dimensional situation in treatment planning is impractical because of the enormous computer time required. The pencil beam technique may represent a suitable compromise. The behavior of a pencil beam may be described by the multiple scattering theory or, alternatively, generated using the Monte Carlo method. Although nearly two orders of magnitude slower than the equivalent path length technique, the pencil beam method improves accuracy sufficiently to justify its use. It applies very well when accounting for the effect of surface irregularities; the formulation for handling inhomogeneous internal structure is yet to be developed 17. Principles of formation of the content of an educational electronic resource on the basis of general and didactic patterns of learning Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ольга Юрьевна Заславская 2018-12-01 Full Text Available The article considers the influence of the development of technical means of teaching on the effectiveness of educational and methodical resources. Modern opportunities of information and communication technologies allow creating electronic educational resources that represent educational information that automates the learning process, provide information assistance, if necessary, collect and process statistical information on the degree of development of the content of the school material by schoolchildren, set an individual trajectory of learning, and so on. The main principle of data organization is the division of the training course into separate sections on the thematic elements and components of the learning process. General regularities include laws that encompass the entire didactic system, and in specific (particular cases, those whose actions extend to a separate component (aspect of the system. From the standpoint of the existence of three types of electronic training modules in the aggregate content of the electronic learning resource - information, control and module of practical classes - the principles of the formation of the electronic learning resource, in our opinion, should regulate all these components. Each of the certain principles is considered in the groups: scientific orientation, methodological orientation, systemic nature, accounting of interdisciplinary connections, fundamentalization, systematic and dosage sequence, rational use of study time, accessibility, minimization, operationalization of goals, unified identification diagnosis. 18. Nondestructive testing method for a new generation of electronics Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Azin Anton 2018-01-01 Full Text Available The implementation of the Smart City system needs reliable and smoothly operating electronic equipment. The study is aimed at developing a nondestructive testing method for electronic equipment and its components. This method can be used to identify critical design defects of printed circuit boards (PCB and to predict their service life, taking into account the nature of probable operating loads. The study uses an acoustic emission method to identify and localize critical design defects of printed circuit boards. Geometric dimensions of detected critical defects can be determined by the X-ray tomography method. Based on the results of the study, a method combining acoustic emission and X-ray tomography was developed for nondestructive testing of printed circuit boards. The stress-strain state of solder joints containing detected defects was analyzed. This paper gives an example of using the developed method for estimating the degree of damage to joints between PCB components and predicting the service life of the entire PCB. 19. Electronic-projecting Moire method applying CBR-technology Science.gov (United States) Kuzyakov, O. N.; Lapteva, U. V.; Andreeva, M. A. 2018-01-01 Electronic-projecting method based on Moire effect for examining surface topology is suggested. Conditions of forming Moire fringes and their parameters’ dependence on reference parameters of object and virtual grids are analyzed. Control system structure and decision-making subsystem are elaborated. Subsystem execution includes CBR-technology, based on applying case base. The approach related to analysing and forming decision for each separate local area with consequent formation of common topology map is applied. 20. Thermodynamics, Gibbs Method and Statistical Physics of Electron Gases Gibbs Method and Statistical Physics of Electron Gases CERN Document Server Askerov, Bahram M 2010-01-01 This book deals with theoretical thermodynamics and the statistical physics of electron and particle gases. While treating the laws of thermodynamics from both classical and quantum theoretical viewpoints, it posits that the basis of the statistical theory of macroscopic properties of a system is the microcanonical distribution of isolated systems, from which all canonical distributions stem. To calculate the free energy, the Gibbs method is applied to ideal and non-ideal gases, and also to a crystalline solid. Considerable attention is paid to the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein quantum statistics and its application to different quantum gases, and electron gas in both metals and semiconductors is considered in a nonequilibrium state. A separate chapter treats the statistical theory of thermodynamic properties of an electron gas in a quantizing magnetic field. 1. Comparison of optimization methods for electronic-structure calculations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Garner, J.; Das, S.G.; Min, B.I.; Woodward, C.; Benedek, R. 1989-01-01 The performance of several local-optimization methods for calculating electronic structure is compared. The fictitious first-order equation of motion proposed by Williams and Soler is integrated numerically by three procedures: simple finite-difference integration, approximate analytical integration (the Williams-Soler algorithm), and the Born perturbation series. These techniques are applied to a model problem for which exact solutions are known, the Mathieu equation. The Williams-Soler algorithm and the second Born approximation converge equally rapidly, but the former involves considerably less computational effort and gives a more accurate converged solution. Application of the method of conjugate gradients to the Mathieu equation is discussed 2. Monte Carlo methods in electron transport problems. Pt. 1 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cleri, F. 1989-01-01 The condensed-history Monte Carlo method for charged particles transport is reviewed and discussed starting from a general form of the Boltzmann equation (Part I). The physics of the electronic interactions, together with some pedagogic example will be introduced in the part II. The lecture is directed to potential users of the method, for which it can be a useful introduction to the subject matter, and wants to establish the basis of the work on the computer code RECORD, which is at present in a developing stage 3. Method of electron emission control in RF guns International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Khodak, I.V.; Kushnir, V.A. 2001-01-01 The electron emission control method for a RF gun is considered.According to the main idea of the method,the additional resonance system is created in a cathode region where the RF field strength could be varied using the external pulse equipment. The additional resonance system is composed of a coaxial cavity coupled with a RF gun cylindrical cavity via an axial hole. Computed results of radiofrequency and electrodynamic performances of such a two-cavity system and results of the RF gun model pilot study are presented in. Results of particle dynamics simulation are described 4. Method of electron emission control in RF guns CERN Document Server Khodak, I V 2001-01-01 The electron emission control method for a RF gun is considered.According to the main idea of the method,the additional resonance system is created in a cathode region where the RF field strength could be varied using the external pulse equipment. The additional resonance system is composed of a coaxial cavity coupled with a RF gun cylindrical cavity via an axial hole. Computed results of radiofrequency and electrodynamic performances of such a two-cavity system and results of the RF gun model pilot study are presented in. Results of particle dynamics simulation are described. 5. A Dynamic Resource Scheduling Method Based on Fuzzy Control Theory in Cloud Environment Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Zhijia Chen 2015-01-01 Full Text Available The resources in cloud environment have features such as large-scale, diversity, and heterogeneity. Moreover, the user requirements for cloud computing resources are commonly characterized by uncertainty and imprecision. Hereby, to improve the quality of cloud computing service, not merely should the traditional standards such as cost and bandwidth be satisfied, but also particular emphasis should be laid on some extended standards such as system friendliness. This paper proposes a dynamic resource scheduling method based on fuzzy control theory. Firstly, the resource requirements prediction model is established. Then the relationships between resource availability and the resource requirements are concluded. Afterwards fuzzy control theory is adopted to realize a friendly match between user needs and resources availability. Results show that this approach improves the resources scheduling efficiency and the quality of service (QoS of cloud computing. 6. Electronic tracking of human resource skills and knowledge, just in time training, manageable due diligence Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kolodziej, M.A. [Quick Test International Inc., (Canada). Canadian Technology Human Resource Board; Baker, O. [KeySpan Energy Canada, Calgary, AB (Canada) 2001-06-01 KeySpan Energy Canada is in the process of obtaining recognition of various occupational profiles including pipeline operators, inspectors, and field and plant operators from various certifying organizations. The process of allowing individuals to obtain certification is recognized by Canadian Technology Human Resources Board as a step towards national standards for technologists and technicians. Proven competency is a must for workers in todays oil industry in response to increasingly stringent government safety regulations, environmental concerns and high public scrutiny. Quick Test international Inc. has developed a management tool in collaboration with end users at KeySpan Energy Canada. It is an electronic, Internet based competency tool for tracking personal competencies and maintaining continued competency. Response to the tool has been favourable. 2 refs., 4 figs. 7. Electronic properties of antiferromagnetic UBi2 metal by exact exchange for correlated electrons method Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) E Ghasemikhah 2012-03-01 Full Text Available This study investigated the electronic properties of antiferromagnetic UBi2 metal by using ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT, employing the augmented plane waves plus local orbital method. We used the exact exchange for correlated electrons (EECE method to calculate the exchange-correlation energy under a variety of hybrid functionals. Electric field gradients (EFGs at the uranium site in UBi2 compound were calculated and compared with the experiment. The EFGs were predicted experimentally at the U site to be very small in this compound. The EFG calculated by the EECE functional are in agreement with the experiment. The densities of states (DOSs show that 5f U orbital is hybrided with the other orbitals. The plotted Fermi surfaces show that there are two kinds of charges on Fermi surface of this compound. 8. First-principles method for electron-phonon coupling and electron mobility DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Gunst, Tue; Markussen, Troels; Stokbro, Kurt 2016-01-01 We present density functional theory calculations of the phonon-limited mobility in n-type monolayer graphene, silicene, and MoS2. The material properties, including the electron-phonon interaction, are calculated from first principles. We provide a detailed description of the normalized full......-band relaxation time approximation for the linearized Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) that includes inelastic scattering processes. The bulk electron-phonon coupling is evaluated by a supercell method. The method employed is fully numerical and does therefore not require a semianalytic treatment of part...... of the problem and, importantly, it keeps the anisotropy information stored in the coupling as well as the band structure. In addition, we perform calculations of the low-field mobility and its dependence on carrier density and temperature to obtain a better understanding of transport in graphene, silicene... 9. Simple method for generating adjustable trains of picosecond electron bunches Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) P. Muggli 2010-05-01 Full Text Available A simple, passive method for producing an adjustable train of picosecond electron bunches is demonstrated. The key component of this method is an electron beam mask consisting of an array of parallel wires that selectively spoils the beam emittance. This mask is positioned in a high magnetic dispersion, low beta-function region of the beam line. The incoming electron beam striking the mask has a time/energy correlation that corresponds to a time/position correlation at the mask location. The mask pattern is transformed into a time pattern or train of bunches when the dispersion is brought back to zero downstream of the mask. Results are presented of a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating this novel technique that was performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Accelerator Test Facility. This technique allows for easy tailoring of the bunch train for a particular application, including varying the bunch width and spacing, and enabling the generation of a trailing witness bunch. 10. The electronic encapsulation of knowledge in hydraulics, hydrology and water resources Science.gov (United States) Abbott, Michael B. The rapidly developing practice of encapsulating knowledge in electronic media is shown to lead necessarily to the restructuring of the knowledge itself. The consequences of this for hydraulics, hydrology and more general water-resources management are investigated in particular relation to current process-simulation, real-time control and advice-serving systems. The generic properties of the electronic knowledge encapsulator are described, and attention is drawn to the manner in which knowledge 'goes into hiding' through encapsulation. This property is traced in the simple situations of pure mathesis and in the more complex situations of taxinomia using one example each from hydraulics and hydrology. The consequences for systems architectures are explained, pointing to the need for multi-agent architectures for ecological modelling and for more general hydroinformatics systems also. The relevance of these developments is indicated by reference to ongoing projects in which they are currently being realised. In conclusion, some more general epistemological aspects are considered within the same context. As this contribution is so much concerned with the processes of signification and communication, it has been partly shaped by the theory of semiotics, as popularised by Eco ( A Theory of Semiotics, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1977). 11. Plastics disassembly versus bulk recycling: engineering design for end-of-life electronics resource recovery. Science.gov (United States) Rios, Pedro; Stuart, Julie Ann; Grant, Ed 2003-12-01 Annual plastic flows through the business and consumer electronics manufacturing supply chain include nearly 3 billion lb of high-value engineering plastics derived from petroleum. The recovery of resource value from this stream presents critical challenges in areas of materials identification and recycling process design that demand new green engineering technologies applied together with life cycle assessment and ecological supply chain analysis to create viable plastics-to-plastics supply cycles. The sustainable recovery of potentially high-value engineering plastics streams requires that recyclers either avoid mixing plastic parts or purify later by separating smaller plastic pieces created in volume reduction (shredding) steps. Identification and separation constitute significant barriers in the plastics-to-plastics recycling value proposition. In the present work, we develop a model that accepts randomly arriving electronic products to study scenarios by which a recycler might identify and separate high-value engineering plastics as well as metals. Using discrete eventsimulation,we compare current mixed plastics recovery with spectrochemical plastic resin identification and subsequent sorting. Our results show that limited disassembly with whole-part identification can produce substantial yields in separated streams of recovered engineering thermoplastics. We find that disassembly with identification does not constitute a bottleneck, but rather, with relatively few workers, can be configured to pull the process and thus decrease maximum staging space requirements. 12. Trojan Horse Method: A tool to explore electron screening effect Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pizzone, R G; Spitaleri, C; Cherubini, S; Cognata, M La; Lamia, L; Romano, S; Sergi, M L [Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-INFN, Catania (Italy) and Dipartimento di Metodologie Fisiche e Chimiche per l' Ingegneria, Universita di Catania, Catania (Italy); Rolfs, C; Strieder, F [Ruhr Universitaet Bochum (Germany); Burjan, V; Kroha, V; Mrazek, J [Cyclotron Institute, Academy of Science, Rez (Czech Republic); Li, C; Wen, Q; Zhou, S [CIAE, Beijing (China); Tumino, A, E-mail: rgpizzone@lns.infn.i [Universita Kore, Erma (Italy) 2010-01-01 Owing the presence of the Coulomb barrier at astrophysically relevant energies, it is very difficult, or sometimes impossible to measure reaction rates for charged particle induced reactions. Moreover due to the presence of the electron screening effect in direct measurements, the relevant nuclear input for astrophysics, i.e. the bare nucleus S(E)-factor, can hardly be extracted. This is why different indirect techniques are being used along with direct measurements. The THM is an unique: indirect technique which allows one to measure reactions cross sections of astrophysical interest down the thermal energies typical of the different scenarios. The basic principle and a review of the main applications of the Trojan Horse Method are given. The applications aiming at the extraction of the bare S{sub b}(E) astrophysical factor and electron screening potentials U{sub e} for several two body processes are discussed. 13. Pretreatment of Cellulose By Electron Beam Irradiation Method Science.gov (United States) Jusri, N. A. A.; Azizan, A.; Ibrahim, N.; Salleh, R. Mohd; Rahman, M. F. Abd 2018-05-01 Pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to produce biofuel has been conducted by using various methods including physical, chemical, physicochemical as well as biological. The conversion of bioethanol process typically involves several steps which consist of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and separation. In this project, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used in replacement of LCB since cellulose has the highest content of LCB for the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of new pretreatment method using radiation technology. Irradiation with different doses (100 kGy to 1000 kGy) was conducted by using electron beam accelerator equipment at Agensi Nuklear Malaysia. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were studied to further understand the effect of the suggested pretreatment step to the content of MCC. Through this method namely IRR-LCB, an ideal and optimal condition for pretreatment prior to the production of biofuel by using LCB may be introduced. 14. Methods for Instructional Diagnosis with Limited Available Resources. Science.gov (United States) Gillmore, Gerald M.; Clark, D. Joseph College teaching should be approached with the same careful delineation of problems and systematic attempts to find solutions which characterize research. Specific methods for the diagnosis of instructional problems include audio-video taping, use of teaching assistants, colleague assistance, classroom tests, student projects in and out of class,… 15. SAGES: a suite of freely-available software tools for electronic disease surveillance in resource-limited settings. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sheri L Lewis Full Text Available Public health surveillance is undergoing a revolution driven by advances in the field of information technology. Many countries have experienced vast improvements in the collection, ingestion, analysis, visualization, and dissemination of public health data. Resource-limited countries have lagged behind due to challenges in information technology infrastructure, public health resources, and the costs of proprietary software. The Suite for Automated Global Electronic bioSurveillance (SAGES is a collection of modular, flexible, freely-available software tools for electronic disease surveillance in resource-limited settings. One or more SAGES tools may be used in concert with existing surveillance applications or the SAGES tools may be used en masse for an end-to-end biosurveillance capability. This flexibility allows for the development of an inexpensive, customized, and sustainable disease surveillance system. The ability to rapidly assess anomalous disease activity may lead to more efficient use of limited resources and better compliance with World Health Organization International Health Regulations. 16. Quantitative methods for the analysis of electron microscope images DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Skands, Peter Ulrik Vallø 1996-01-01 The topic of this thesis is an general introduction to quantitative methods for the analysis of digital microscope images. The images presented are primarily been acquired from Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and interfermeter microscopes (IFM). The topic is approached though several examples...... foundation of the thesis fall in the areas of: 1) Mathematical Morphology; 2) Distance transforms and applications; and 3) Fractal geometry. Image analysis opens in general the possibility of a quantitative and statistical well founded measurement of digital microscope images. Herein lies also the conditions... 17. Method for coating a resinous coating material. [electron beam irradiation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ino, T; Fujioka, S; Mibae, J; Takahashi, M 1968-07-13 The strength, flexibility and durability of a vinyl chloride resin, acryl resin and the like are improved. This method of application comprises the steps of applying and thereafter radically curing a mixture composed of a polymer (II) having double bond(s) on its side chain and an ethylenic unsaturated monomer, said polymer (II) being obtained by the reaction between an unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride represented by the formula XCH = CHY (X = (CH/sub 2/)sub(n)COOH, where 0 <= n <= 2, Y = COOR/sub 1/ or R/sub 2/(R/sub 1/ and R/sub 2/ are hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 atoms of carbon)) and the acrylic copolymer (I), containing a hydroxyl group, obtained by copolymerization of 10 to 50% by weight of at least one selected from the group of beta-hydroxy alkyl acrylate, beta-hydroxy alkyl methacrylate, N-methylol acrylamide and N-methylol methacryl amide with at least one selected from the group of acrylic ester, methacrylic ester and stylene. The copolymer (I) can be obtained by the usual radical polymerization such as bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization or the like. The polymer (II) is dissolved in the ethylenic unsaturated monomer and radically cured with radical polymerization catalysts or electron beams, etc. The energy range of the electron beams may be 0.1 to 3 MeV. Any type of electron accelerator may be used. 18. A Novel Method for Live Debugging of Production Web Applications by Dynamic Resource Replacement OpenAIRE Khalid Al-Tahat; Khaled Zuhair Mahmoud; Ahmad Al-Mughrabi 2014-01-01 This paper proposes a novel methodology for enabling debugging and tracing of production web applications without affecting its normal flow and functionality. This method of debugging enables developers and maintenance engineers to replace a set of existing resources such as images, server side scripts, cascading style sheets with another set of resources per web session. The new resources will only be active in the debug session and other sessions will not be affected. T... 19. Centrality as a Method for the Evaluation of Semantic Resources for Disaster Risk Reduction Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Otakar Čerba 2017-08-01 Full Text Available Clear and straightforward communication is a key aspect of all human activities related to crisis management. Since crisis management activities involve professionals from various disciplines using different terminology, clear and straightforward communication is difficult to achieve. Semantics as a broad science can help to overcome communication difficulties. This research focuses on the evaluation of available semantic resources including ontologies, thesauri, and controlled vocabularies for disaster risk reduction as part of crisis management. The main idea of the study is that the most appropriate source of broadly understandable terminology is such a semantic resource, which is accepted by—or at least connected to the majority of other resources. Important is not only the number of interconnected resources, but also the concrete position of the resource in the complex network of Linked Data resources. Although this is usually done by user experience, objective methods of resource semantic centrality can be applied. This can be described by centrality methods used mainly in graph theory. This article describes the calculation of four types of centrality methods (Outdegree, Indegree, Closeness, and Betweenness applied to 160 geographic concepts published as Linked Data and related to disaster risk reduction. Centralities were calculated for graph structures containing particular semantic resources as nodes and identity links as edges. The results show that (with some discussed exceptions the datasets with high values of centrality serve as important information resources, but they also include more concepts from preselected 160 geographic concepts. Therefore, they could be considered as the most suitable resources of terminology to make communication in the domain easier. The main research goal is to automate the semantic resources evaluation and to apply a well-known theoretical method (centrality to the semantic issues of Linked Data. It 20. Spectral-Product Methods for Electronic Structure Calculations (Preprint) National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Langhoff, P. W; Mills, J. E; Boatz, J. A 2006-01-01 .... The spectral-product approach to molecular electronic structure avoids the repeated evaluations of the one- and two-electron integrals required in construction of polyatomic Hamiltonian matrices... 1. Spectral-Product Methods for Electronic Structure Calculations (Postprint) National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Langhoff, P. W; Hinde, R. J; Mills, J. D; Boatz, J. A 2007-01-01 .... The spectral-product approach to molecular electronic structure avoids the repeated evaluations of the one- and two-electron integrals required in construction of polyatomic Hamiltonian matrices... 2. Generalized Hartree-Fock method for electron-atom scattering International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rosenberg, L. 1997-01-01 In the widely used Hartree-Fock procedure for atomic structure calculations, trial functions in the form of linear combinations of Slater determinants are constructed and the Rayleigh-Ritz minimum principle is applied to determine the best in that class. A generalization of this approach, applicable to low-energy electron-atom scattering, is developed here. The method is based on a unique decomposition of the scattering wave function into open- and closed-channel components, so chosen that an approximation to the closed-channel component may be obtained by adopting it as a trial function in a minimum principle, whose rigor can be maintained even when the target wave functions are imprecisely known. Given a closed-channel trial function, the full scattering function may be determined from the solution of an effective one-body Schroedinger equation. Alternatively, in a generalized Hartree-Fock approach, the minimum principle leads to coupled integrodifferential equations to be satisfied by the basis functions appearing in a Slater-determinant representation of the closed-channel wave function; it also provides a procedure for optimizing the choice of nonlinear parameters in a variational determination of these basis functions. Inclusion of additional Slater determinants in the closed-channel trial function allows for systematic improvement of that function, as well as the calculated scattering parameters, with the possibility of spurious singularities avoided. Electron-electron correlations can be important in accounting for long-range forces and resonances. These correlation effects can be included explicitly by suitable choice of one component of the closed-channel wave function; the remaining component may then be determined by the generalized Hartree-Fock procedure. As a simple test, the method is applied to s-wave scattering of positrons by hydrogen. copyright 1997 The American Physical Society 3. Selected Methods For Increases Reliability The Of Electronic Systems Security Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paś Jacek 2015-11-01 Full Text Available The article presents the issues related to the different methods to increase the reliability of electronic security systems (ESS for example, a fire alarm system (SSP. Reliability of the SSP in the descriptive sense is a property preservation capacity to implement the preset function (e.g. protection: fire airport, the port, logistics base, etc., at a certain time and under certain conditions, e.g. Environmental, despite the possible non-compliance by a specific subset of elements this system. Analyzing the available literature on the ESS-SSP is not available studies on methods to increase the reliability (several works similar topics but moving with respect to the burglary and robbery (Intrusion. Based on the analysis of the set of all paths in the system suitability of the SSP for the scenario mentioned elements fire events (device critical because of security. 4. Method of electroplating a conversion electron emitting source on implant Science.gov (United States) Srivastava, Suresh C [Setauket, NY; Gonzales, Gilbert R [New York, NY; Adzic, Radoslav [East Setauket, NY; Meinken, George E [Middle Island, NY 2012-02-14 Methods for preparing an implant coated with a conversion electron emitting source (CEES) are disclosed. The typical method includes cleaning the surface of the implant; placing the implant in an activating solution comprising hydrochloric acid to activate the surface; reducing the surface by H.sub.2 evolution in H.sub.2SO.sub.4 solution; and placing the implant in an electroplating solution that includes ions of the CEES, HCl, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, and resorcinol, gelatin, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, before tin plating, a seed layer is formed on the surface. The electroplated CEES coating can be further protected and stabilized by annealing in a heated oven, by passivation, or by being covered with a protective film. The invention also relates to a holding device for holding an implant, wherein the device selectively prevents electrodeposition on the portions of the implant contacting the device. 5. Evaluation on Electronic Securities Settlements Systems by AHP Methods Science.gov (United States) Fukaya, Kiyoyuki; Komoda, Norihisa Accompanying the spread of Internet and the change of business models, electronic commerce expands buisness areas. Electronic finance commerce becomes popular and especially online security tradings becoome very popular in this area. This online securitiy tradings have some good points such as less mistakes than telephone calls. In order to expand this online security tradings, the transfer of the security paper is one the largest problems to be solved. Because it takes a few days to transfer the security paper from a seller to a buyer. So the dematerialization of security papers is one of the solutions. The demterilization needs the information systems for setteling security. Some countries such as France, German, United Kingdom and U.S.A. have been strating the dematerialization projects. The legacy assesments on these projects focus from the viewpoint of the legal schemes only and there is no assessment from system architectures. This paper focuses on the information system scheme and valuates these dematerlization projects by AHP methods from the viewpoints of “dematerializaion of security papers", “speed of transfer", “usefulness on the system" and “accumulation of risks". This is the first case of valuations on security settlements systems by AHP methods, especially four counties’ systems. 6. Electronic Human Resources Management (e-HRM Adoption Studies: Past and Future Research Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Winarto Winarto 2018-05-01 Full Text Available Electronic human resource management (e-HRM systems become more widely used by profit and non-profit organization. However, the field currently lacks sound theoretical frameworks that can be useful in addressing a key issue concerning the implementation of e-HRM systems, in particular to obtain a better understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of e-HRM systems. The objective of this paper is to provide a foundation towards the development of a theoretical framework for the implementation of e-HRM systems and develop a conceptual model that would reflect the nature of e-HRM systems’ adoption through systematic literature review. Adopting Crossan and Apaydin’s procedure of systematic review, this paper investigated 21 empirical papers of electronics human resources management, then categorized them into 4 characteristics which influence the adoption; System and technology characteristics; Organizational characteristics; User/individual characteristics, and Environmental and contextual characteristics. Finally, the e-HRM adoption research framework is drawn and based on the framework; avenues for future research are discussed. Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: Manajemen sumber daya manusia elektronik (selanjutnya disebut dengan e-HRM semakin banyak digunakan oleh organisasi profit dan nonprofit. Namun, bidang dan topik ini belum memiliki kerangka teori yang mapan, yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis isu-isu terkait penerapan e-HRM, terutama mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi adopsi sistem e-HRM. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan landasan bagi pengembangan kerangka teoritis untuk implementasi sistem e-HRM dan mengembangkan model konseptual yang akan menggambarkan adopsi sistem e-HRM melalui tinjauan literatur sistematis. Mengadopsi prosedur dan metode Crossan dan Apaydin untuk melakukan telaah literatur secara sistematis, paper ini menyelidiki 21 publikasi empiris manajemen sumber daya manusia elektronik dari 2 7. A METHOD OF AND A SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING ACCESS TO A SHARED RESOURCE DEFF Research Database (Denmark) 2006-01-01 A method and a system of controlling access of data items to a shared resource, wherein the data items each is assigned to one of a plurality of priorities, and wherein, when a predetermined number of data items of a priority have been transmitted to the shared resource, that priority... 8. Ensuring the integrity of information resources based methods dvooznakovoho structural data encoding Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) О.К. Юдін 2009-01-01 Full Text Available Developed methods of estimation of noise stability and correction of structural code constructions to distortion in comunication of data in informatively communication systems and networks taking into account providing of integrity of informative resource. 9. Impact of Electronic Resources and Usage in Academic Libraries in Ghana: Evidence from Koforidua Polytechnic & All Nations University College, Ghana Science.gov (United States) Akussah, Maxwell; Asante, Edward; Adu-Sarkodee, Rosemary 2015-01-01 The study investigates the relationship between impact of electronic resources and its usage in academic libraries in Ghana: evidence from Koforidua Polytechnic & All Nations University College, Ghana. The study was a quantitative approach using questionnaire to gather data and information. A valid response rate of 58.5% was assumed. SPSS… 10. Utilization of Electronic Information Resources by Undergraduate Students of University of Ibadan: A Case Study of Social Sciences and Education Science.gov (United States) Owolabi, Sola; Idowu, Oluwafemi A.; Okocha, Foluke; Ogundare, Atinuke Omotayo 2016-01-01 The study evaluated utilization of electronic information resources by undergraduates in the Faculties of Education and the Social Sciences in University of Ibadan. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with a study population of 1872 undergraduates in the Faculties of Education and the Social Sciences in University of Ibadan, from which a… 11. A Novel Resource Management Method of Providing Operating System as a Service for Mobile Transparent Computing Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yonghua Xiong 2014-01-01 Full Text Available This paper presents a framework for mobile transparent computing. It extends the PC transparent computing to mobile terminals. Since resources contain different kinds of operating systems and user data that are stored in a remote server, how to manage the network resources is essential. In this paper, we apply the technologies of quick emulator (QEMU virtualization and mobile agent for mobile transparent computing (MTC to devise a method of managing shared resources and services management (SRSM. It has three layers: a user layer, a manage layer, and a resource layer. A mobile virtual terminal in the user layer and virtual resource management in the manage layer cooperate to maintain the SRSM function accurately according to the user’s requirements. An example of SRSM is used to validate this method. Experiment results show that the strategy is effective and stable. 12. A novel resource management method of providing operating system as a service for mobile transparent computing. Science.gov (United States) Xiong, Yonghua; Huang, Suzhen; Wu, Min; Zhang, Yaoxue; She, Jinhua 2014-01-01 This paper presents a framework for mobile transparent computing. It extends the PC transparent computing to mobile terminals. Since resources contain different kinds of operating systems and user data that are stored in a remote server, how to manage the network resources is essential. In this paper, we apply the technologies of quick emulator (QEMU) virtualization and mobile agent for mobile transparent computing (MTC) to devise a method of managing shared resources and services management (SRSM). It has three layers: a user layer, a manage layer, and a resource layer. A mobile virtual terminal in the user layer and virtual resource management in the manage layer cooperate to maintain the SRSM function accurately according to the user's requirements. An example of SRSM is used to validate this method. Experiment results show that the strategy is effective and stable. 13. Systematic method for resource rating with two applications to potential wilderness areas International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Voelker, A.H.; Wedow, H.; Oakes, E.; Scheffler, P.K. 1979-09-01 A versatile method was developed to rate the energy- and mineral-resource potentials of areas in which land-management and resource-development decisions must be reached with a minimum expenditure of money and time. The method surveys published and personal information on resources in the region being assessed, selects the most appropriate information, synthesizes the information into map overlays and tract descriptions, rates the potential of tracts for particular resources, rates the overall importance of each tract for resource development, and documents the ratings and their significance. Basic criteria considered by the assessment team include the favorability and certainty ratings, the overall availability of each rated resource within this country, the size of a given tract, economic factors, and the number of resources in a tract. The method was applied to two separate but roughly similar geologic regions, the Idaho-Wyoming-Utah thrust belt and the central Appalachians. Undeveloped tracts of national forestland in these regions that are being considered for possible designation under the Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) planning process were rated for their resource value. Results support earlier indications that the 63 tracts comprising the western thrust belt possess a high potential for future resource development. Nearly one-half of these tracts were rated either 3 or 4. However, the wide spread of the importance ratings between 1 and 4 suggests that some tracts or portions of tracts can be added to the National Wilderness System without compromising resource development. The 72 eastern thrust belt tracts were given lower ratings, which indicates the reduced significance of the few remaining roadless areas in this region in satisfying the nation's near-term resource needs 14. A new method for designing dual foil electron beam forming systems. II. Feasibility of practical implementation of the method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Adrich, Przemysław 2016-01-01 In Part I of this work a new method for designing dual foil electron beam forming systems was introduced. In this method, an optimal configuration of the dual foil system is found by means of a systematic, automatized scan of system performance in function of its parameters. At each point of the scan, Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the off-axis dose profile in water taking into account detailed and complete geometry of the system. The new method, while being computationally intensive, minimizes the involvement of the designer. In this Part II paper, feasibility of practical implementation of the new method is demonstrated. For this, a prototype software tools were developed and applied to solve a real life design problem. It is demonstrated that system optimization can be completed within few hours time using rather moderate computing resources. It is also demonstrated that, perhaps for the first time, the designer can gain deep insight into system behavior, such that the construction can be simultaneously optimized in respect to a number of functional characteristics besides the flatness of the off-axis dose profile. In the presented example, the system is optimized in respect to both, flatness of the off-axis dose profile and the beam transmission. A number of practical issues related to application of the new method as well as its possible extensions are discussed. 15. Learning Method, Facilities And Infrastructure, And Learning Resources In Basic Networking For Vocational School OpenAIRE Pamungkas, Bian Dwi 2017-01-01 This study aims to examine the contribution of learning methods on learning output, the contribution of facilities and infrastructure on output learning, the contribution of learning resources on learning output, and the contribution of learning methods, the facilities and infrastructure, and learning resources on learning output. The research design is descriptive causative, using a goal-oriented assessment approach in which the assessment focuses on assessing the achievement of a goal. The ... 16. Systematic review of electronic surveillance of infectious diseases with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance surveillance in resource-limited settings. Science.gov (United States) Rattanaumpawan, Pinyo; Boonyasiri, Adhiratha; Vong, Sirenda; Thamlikitkul, Visanu 2018-02-01 Electronic surveillance of infectious diseases involves rapidly collecting, collating, and analyzing vast amounts of data from interrelated multiple databases. Although many developed countries have invested in electronic surveillance for infectious diseases, the system still presents a challenge for resource-limited health care settings. We conducted a systematic review by performing a comprehensive literature search on MEDLINE (January 2000-December 2015) to identify studies relevant to electronic surveillance of infectious diseases. Study characteristics and results were extracted and systematically reviewed by 3 infectious disease physicians. A total of 110 studies were included. Most surveillance systems were developed and implemented in high-income countries; less than one-quarter were conducted in low-or middle-income countries. Information technologies can be used to facilitate the process of obtaining laboratory, clinical, and pharmacologic data for the surveillance of infectious diseases, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infections. These novel systems require greater resources; however, we found that using electronic surveillance systems could result in shorter times to detect targeted infectious diseases and improvement of data collection. This study highlights a lack of resources in areas where an effective, rapid surveillance system is most needed. The availability of information technology for the electronic surveillance of infectious diseases, including AMR infections, will facilitate the prevention and containment of such emerging infectious diseases. Copyright © 2018 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17. Specific surface area evaluation method by using scanning electron microscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Petrescu, Camelia; Petrescu, Cristian; Axinte, Adrian 2000-01-01 Ceramics are among the most interesting materials for a large category of applications, including both industry and health. Among the characteristic of the ceramic materials, the specific surface area is often difficult to evaluate.The paper presents a method of evaluation for the specific surface area of two ceramic powders by means of scanning electron microscopy measurements and an original method of computing the specific surface area.Cumulative curves are used to calculate the specific surface area under assumption that the values of particles diameters follow a normal logarithmic distribution. For two powder types, X7R and NPO the results are the following: - for the density ρ (g/cm 2 ), 5.5 and 6.0, respectively; - for the average diameter D bar (μm), 0.51 and 0.53, respectively; - for σ, 1.465 and 1.385, respectively; - for specific surface area (m 2 /g), 1.248 and 1.330, respectively. The obtained results are in good agreement with the values measured by conventional methods. (authors) 18. A method to evaluate process performance by integrating time and resources Science.gov (United States) Wang, Yu; Wei, Qingjie; Jin, Shuang 2017-06-01 The purpose of process mining is to improve the existing process of the enterprise, so how to measure the performance of the process is particularly important. However, the current research on the performance evaluation method is still insufficient. The main methods of evaluation are mainly using time or resource. These basic statistics cannot evaluate process performance very well. In this paper, a method of evaluating the performance of the process based on time dimension and resource dimension is proposed. This method can be used to measure the utilization and redundancy of resources in the process. This paper will introduce the design principle and formula of the evaluation algorithm. Then, the design and the implementation of the evaluation method will be introduced. Finally, we will use the evaluating method to analyse the event log from a telephone maintenance process and propose an optimization plan. 19. The Use of Electronic Resources by Academic Staff at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria Science.gov (United States) Tella, Adeyinka; Orim, Faith; Ibrahim, Dauda Morenikeji; Memudu, Suleiman Ajala 2018-01-01 The use of e-resources is now commonplace among academics in tertiary educational institutions the world over. Many academics including those in the universities are exploring the opportunities of e-resources to facilitate teaching and research. As the use of e-resources is increasing particularly among academics at the University of Ilorin,… 20. Evaluation of three electronic report processing systems for preparing hydrologic reports of the U.S Geological Survey, Water Resources Division Science.gov (United States) Stiltner, G.J. 1990-01-01 In 1987, the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey undertook three pilot projects to evaluate electronic report processing systems as a means to improve the quality and timeliness of reports pertaining to water resources investigations. The three projects selected for study included the use of the following configuration of software and hardware: Ventura Publisher software on an IBM model AT personal computer, PageMaker software on a Macintosh computer, and FrameMaker software on a Sun Microsystems workstation. The following assessment criteria were to be addressed in the pilot studies: The combined use of text, tables, and graphics; analysis of time; ease of learning; compatibility with the existing minicomputer system; and technical limitations. It was considered essential that the camera-ready copy produced be in a format suitable for publication. Visual improvement alone was not a consideration. This report consolidates and summarizes the findings of the electronic report processing pilot projects. Text and table files originating on the existing minicomputer system were successfully transformed to the electronic report processing systems in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format. Graphics prepared using a proprietary graphics software package were transferred to all the electronic report processing software through the use of Computer Graphic Metafiles. Graphics from other sources were entered into the systems by scanning paper images. Comparative analysis of time needed to process text and tables by the electronic report processing systems and by conventional methods indicated that, although more time is invested in creating the original page composition for an electronically processed report , substantial time is saved in producing subsequent reports because the format can be stored and re-used by electronic means as a template. Because of the more compact page layouts, costs of printing the reports were 15% to 25 1. Advanced cluster methods for correlated-electron systems Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fischer, Andre 2015-04-27 In this thesis, quantum cluster methods are used to calculate electronic properties of correlated-electron systems. A special focus lies in the determination of the ground state properties of a 3/4 filled triangular lattice within the one-band Hubbard model. At this filling, the electronic density of states exhibits a so-called van Hove singularity and the Fermi surface becomes perfectly nested, causing an instability towards a variety of spin-density-wave (SDW) and superconducting states. While chiral d+id-wave superconductivity has been proposed as the ground state in the weak coupling limit, the situation towards strong interactions is unclear. Additionally, quantum cluster methods are used here to investigate the interplay of Coulomb interactions and symmetry-breaking mechanisms within the nematic phase of iron-pnictide superconductors. The transition from a tetragonal to an orthorhombic phase is accompanied by a significant change in electronic properties, while long-range magnetic order is not established yet. The driving force of this transition may not only be phonons but also magnetic or orbital fluctuations. The signatures of these scenarios are studied with quantum cluster methods to identify the most important effects. Here, cluster perturbation theory (CPT) and its variational extention, the variational cluster approach (VCA) are used to treat the respective systems on a level beyond mean-field theory. Short-range correlations are incorporated numerically exactly by exact diagonalization (ED). In the VCA, long-range interactions are included by variational optimization of a fictitious symmetry-breaking field based on a self-energy functional approach. Due to limitations of ED, cluster sizes are limited to a small number of degrees of freedom. For the 3/4 filled triangular lattice, the VCA is performed for different cluster symmetries. A strong symmetry dependence and finite-size effects make a comparison of the results from different clusters difficult 2. Iteratively-coupled propagating exterior complex scaling method for electron-hydrogen collisions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bartlett, Philip L; Stelbovics, Andris T; Bray, Igor 2004-01-01 A newly-derived iterative coupling procedure for the propagating exterior complex scaling (PECS) method is used to efficiently calculate the electron-impact wavefunctions for atomic hydrogen. An overview of this method is given along with methods for extracting scattering cross sections. Differential scattering cross sections at 30 eV are presented for the electron-impact excitation to the n = 1, 2, 3 and 4 final states, for both PECS and convergent close coupling (CCC), which are in excellent agreement with each other and with experiment. PECS results are presented at 27.2 eV and 30 eV for symmetric and asymmetric energy-sharing triple differential cross sections, which are in excellent agreement with CCC and exterior complex scaling calculations, and with experimental data. At these intermediate energies, the efficiency of the PECS method with iterative coupling has allowed highly accurate partial-wave solutions of the full Schroedinger equation, for L ≤ 50 and a large number of coupled angular momentum states, to be obtained with minimal computing resources. (letter to the editor) 3. A method to study electron heating during ICRH International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Eriksson, L.G.; Hellsten, T. 1989-01-01 Collisionless absorption of ICRF waves occurs either by ion cyclotron absorption or by electron Landau (ELD) and transit damping (TTMP). Both ion cyclotron absorption, and direct electron absorption results in electron heating. Electron heating by minority ions occurs after a high energy tail of the resonating ions has been formed i.e. typically after 0.2-1s in present JET experiments. Electron heating through ELD, and TTMP, takes place on the timescale given by electron-electron collisions which is typically of the order of ms. This difference in the timescales can be used to separate the two damping mechanisms. This can be done by measuring the time derivatives of the electron temperature after sawtooth crashes during ramp-up and ramp-down of the RF-power. (author) 4 refs., 4 figs 4. Use of the method for addressing the challenges of resources procurement management at a mining enterprise Science.gov (United States) Petrova, T. V.; Strekalov, S. V.; Novichikhin, A. V. 2017-09-01 The article is devoted to the analysis of possible application of the total cost of ownership method for the purchase of resources at a mining enterprise. The description of the total cost of ownership method and experience of using this method in other spheres is provided. The article identifies the essential components needed to calculate the total cost of ownership of a resource. Particular attention is paid to the ratio of the price of the purchased resource and the total cost of ownership. To justify the relevance of application of this method at a mining enterprise for resources purchase, the technical and economic conditions of mining enterprises have been analyzed, which are quite specific and force to introduce certain adjustments to the application of the considered method and opens up new possibilities for its use. Specific spheres for application of this method at a mining enterprise are determined. The main result of the study is the proposed practical recommendations for the introduction and extension of the practice of using the method when a mining enterprise purchases resources. 5. Development of an Electronic Medical Record Based Alert for Risk of HIV Treatment Failure in a Low-Resource Setting Science.gov (United States) Puttkammer, Nancy; Zeliadt, Steven; Balan, Jean Gabriel; Baseman, Janet; Destiné, Rodney; Domerçant, Jean Wysler; France, Garilus; Hyppolite, Nathaelf; Pelletier, Valérie; Raphael, Nernst Atwood; Sherr, Kenneth; Yuhas, Krista; Barnhart, Scott 2014-01-01 Background The adoption of electronic medical record systems in resource-limited settings can help clinicians monitor patients' adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and identify patients at risk of future ART failure, allowing resources to be targeted to those most at risk. Methods Among adult patients enrolled on ART from 2005–2013 at two large, public-sector hospitals in Haiti, ART failure was assessed after 6–12 months on treatment, based on the World Health Organization's immunologic and clinical criteria. We identified models for predicting ART failure based on ART adherence measures and other patient characteristics. We assessed performance of candidate models using area under the receiver operating curve, and validated results using a randomly-split data sample. The selected prediction model was used to generate a risk score, and its ability to differentiate ART failure risk over a 42-month follow-up period was tested using stratified Kaplan Meier survival curves. Results Among 923 patients with CD4 results available during the period 6–12 months after ART initiation, 196 (21.2%) met ART failure criteria. The pharmacy-based proportion of days covered (PDC) measure performed best among five possible ART adherence measures at predicting ART failure. Average PDC during the first 6 months on ART was 79.0% among cases of ART failure and 88.6% among cases of non-failure (pART initiation were added to PDC, the risk score differentiated between those who did and did not meet failure criteria over 42 months following ART initiation. Conclusions Pharmacy data are most useful for new ART adherence alerts within iSanté. Such alerts offer potential to help clinicians identify patients at high risk of ART failure so that they can be targeted with adherence support interventions, before ART failure occurs. PMID:25390044 6. Display methods of electronic patient record screens: patient privacy concerns. Science.gov (United States) Niimi, Yukari; Ota, Katsumasa 2013-01-01 To provide adequate care, medical professionals have to collect not only medical information but also information that may be related to private aspects of the patient's life. With patients' increasing awareness of information privacy, healthcare providers have to pay attention to the patients' right of privacy. This study aimed to clarify the requirements of the display method of electronic patient record (EPR) screens in consideration of both patients' information privacy concerns and health professionals' information needs. For this purpose, semi-structured group interviews were conducted of 78 medical professionals. They pointed out that partial concealment of information to meet patients' requests for privacy could result in challenges in (1) safety in healthcare, (2) information sharing, (3) collaboration, (4) hospital management, and (5) communication. They believed that EPRs should (1) meet the requirements of the therapeutic process, (2) have restricted access, (3) provide convenient access to necessary information, and (4) facilitate interprofessional collaboration. This study provides direction for the development of display methods that balance the sharing of vital information and protection of patient privacy. 7. Granulometric composition study of mineral resources using opto-electronic devices and Elsieve software system Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kaminski Stanislaw 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The use of mechanical sieves has a great impact on measurement results because occurrence of anisometric particles causes undercounting the average size. Such errors can be avoided by using opto-electronic measuring devices that enable measurement of particles from 10 μm up to a few dozen millimetres in size. The results of measurement of each particle size fraction are summed up proportionally to its weight with the use of Elsieve software system and for every type of material particle-size distribution can be obtained. The software allows further statistical interpretation of the results. Beam of infrared radiation identifies size of particles and counts them precisely. Every particle is represented by an electronic impulse proportional to its size. Measurement of particles in aqueous suspension that replaces the hydrometer method can be carried out by using the IPS L analyser (range from 0.2 to 600 μm. The IPS UA analyser (range from 0.5 to 2000 μm is designed for measurement in the air. An ultrasonic adapter enables performing measurements of moist and aggregated particles from 0.5 to 1000 μm. The construction and software system allow to determine second dimension of the particle, its shape coefficient and specific surface area. The AWK 3D analyser (range from 0.2 to 31.5 mm is devoted to measurement of various powdery materials with subsequent determination of particle shape. The AWK B analyser (range from 1 to 130 mm measures materials of thick granulation and shape of the grains. The presented method of measurement repeatedly accelerates and facilitates study of granulometric composition. 8. Use and Cost of Electronic Resources in Central Library of Ferdowsi University Based on E-metrics Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mohammad Reza Davarpanah 2012-07-01 Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage of electronic journals in Ferdowsi University, Iran based on e-metrics. The paper also aimed to emphasize the analysis of cost-benefit and the correlation between the journal impact factors and the usage data. In this study experiences of Ferdowsi University library on licensing and usage of electronic resources was evaluated by providing a cost-benefit analysis based on the cost and usage statistics of electronic resources. Vendor-provided data were also compared with local usage data. The usage data were collected by tracking web-based access locally, and by collecting vender-provided usage data. The data sources were one-year of vendor-supplied e-resource usage data such as Ebsco, Elsevier, Proquest, Emerald, Oxford and Springer and local usage data collected from the Ferdowsi university web server. The study found that actual usage values differ for vendor-provided data and local usage data. Elsevier has got the highest usage degree in searches, sessions and downloads. Statistics also showed that a small number of journals satisfy significant amount of use while the majority of journals were used less frequent and some were never used at all. The users preferred the PDF rather than HTML format. The data in subject profile suggested that the provided e-resources were best suited to certain subjects. There was no correlation between IF and electronic journal use. Monitoring the usage of e-resources gained increasing importance for acquisition policy and budget decisions. The article provided information about local metrics for the six surveyed vendors/publishers, e.g. usage trends, requests per package, cost per use as related to the scientific specialty of the university. 9. Forecasting Resource as a Method of Increasing the Security of Technical Devices Science.gov (United States) Cherepanov, Anatoly P.; Lyapustin, Pavel K. 2017-10-01 The article shows a method of increasing the safe operation of technical devices at various stages of the life cycle according to the proposed classification parameters of the resource by applying the model of resource prediction. The model takes into account the presence of defects, the rate of corrosion and corrosion resistance of the material, the volume of technical diagnosis, the degree of risk in case of failure or damage of technical devices. The article shows the application of the model resource of the technical device from the manufacture to the end of its service life. 10. Systems and methods for automatically identifying and linking names in digital resources Science.gov (United States) Parker, Charles T.; Lyons, Catherine M.; Roston, Gerald P.; Garrity, George M. 2017-06-06 The present invention provides systems and methods for automatically identifying name-like-strings in digital resources, matching these name-like-string against a set of names held in an expertly curated database, and for those name-like-strings found in said database, enhancing the content by associating additional matter with the name, wherein said matter includes information about the names that is held within said database and pointers to other digital resources which include the same name and it synonyms. 11. Method and Mchievement of Survey and Evaluation of Groundwater Resources of Guangzhou City Science.gov (United States) Lin, J. 2017-12-01 Based on the documents and achievements relevant to hydrogeological surveying and mapping of 1:100000, hydrogeological drilling, pumping test and dynamic monitoring of groundwater level in Guangzhou, considering the hydrogeological conditions of Guangzhou and combining the advanced technologies such as remote sensing, the survey and evaluation of the volume of the groundwater resources of Guangzhou was carried out in plain and mountain areas separately. The recharge method was used to evaluate the volume of groundwater resources in plain areas, meanwhile, the output volume and the storage change volume of groundwater were calculated and the volume of groundwater resources was corrected by water balance analysis; while the discharge method was used to evaluated the volume of groundwater resources in mountain areas. The result of survey and evaluation indicates that: the volume of the natural groundwater resources in Guangzhou City is 1.83 billion m3 of which the groundwater replenishment quantity in plain areas is 510,045,000 m3, with a total output of 509,729,000 m3, an absolute balance difference of 316,000 m3 and a relative balance difference of 0.062%; the volume of groundwater resources in mountain areas is 1,358,208,000 m3 including the river basic flow is 965,054,000 m3; the repetitive counted volume of groundwater resources in both plain areas and mountain areas is 38,839,000 m3. This work was realized by refined means for the first time to entirely find out the volume of groundwater resources of Guangzhou City and the law of their distribution so as to lay an important foundation for the protection and reasonable development and exploration of the groundwater resources of Guangzhou City. 12. Biometric Methods for Secure Communications in Body Sensor Networks: Resource-Efficient Key Management and Signal-Level Data Scrambling Science.gov (United States) Bui, Francis Minhthang; Hatzinakos, Dimitrios 2007-12-01 As electronic communications become more prevalent, mobile and universal, the threats of data compromises also accordingly loom larger. In the context of a body sensor network (BSN), which permits pervasive monitoring of potentially sensitive medical data, security and privacy concerns are particularly important. It is a challenge to implement traditional security infrastructures in these types of lightweight networks since they are by design limited in both computational and communication resources. A key enabling technology for secure communications in BSN's has emerged to be biometrics. In this work, we present two complementary approaches which exploit physiological signals to address security issues: (1) a resource-efficient key management system for generating and distributing cryptographic keys to constituent sensors in a BSN; (2) a novel data scrambling method, based on interpolation and random sampling, that is envisioned as a potential alternative to conventional symmetric encryption algorithms for certain types of data. The former targets the resource constraints in BSN's, while the latter addresses the fuzzy variability of biometric signals, which has largely precluded the direct application of conventional encryption. Using electrocardiogram (ECG) signals as biometrics, the resulting computer simulations demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of these methods for delivering secure communications in BSN's. 13. Biometric Methods for Secure Communications in Body Sensor Networks: Resource-Efficient Key Management and Signal-Level Data Scrambling Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dimitrios Hatzinakos 2008-03-01 Full Text Available As electronic communications become more prevalent, mobile and universal, the threats of data compromises also accordingly loom larger. In the context of a body sensor network (BSN, which permits pervasive monitoring of potentially sensitive medical data, security and privacy concerns are particularly important. It is a challenge to implement traditional security infrastructures in these types of lightweight networks since they are by design limited in both computational and communication resources. A key enabling technology for secure communications in BSN's has emerged to be biometrics. In this work, we present two complementary approaches which exploit physiological signals to address security issues: (1 a resource-efficient key management system for generating and distributing cryptographic keys to constituent sensors in a BSN; (2 a novel data scrambling method, based on interpolation and random sampling, that is envisioned as a potential alternative to conventional symmetric encryption algorithms for certain types of data. The former targets the resource constraints in BSN's, while the latter addresses the fuzzy variability of biometric signals, which has largely precluded the direct application of conventional encryption. Using electrocardiogram (ECG signals as biometrics, the resulting computer simulations demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of these methods for delivering secure communications in BSN's. 14. The use of quality benchmarking in assessing web resources for the dermatology virtual branch library of the National electronic Library for Health (NeLH). Science.gov (United States) Kamel Boulos, M N; Roudsari, A V; Gordon, C; Muir Gray, J A 2001-01-01 In 1998, the U.K. National Health Service Information for Health Strategy proposed the implementation of a National electronic Library for Health to provide clinicians, healthcare managers and planners, patients and the public with easy, round the clock access to high quality, up-to-date electronic information on health and healthcare. The Virtual Branch Libraries are among the most important components of the National electronic Library for Health. They aim at creating online knowledge based communities, each concerned with some specific clinical and other health-related topics. This study is about the envisaged Dermatology Virtual Branch Libraries of the National electronic Library for Health. It aims at selecting suitable dermatology Web resources for inclusion in the forthcoming Virtual Branch Libraries after establishing preliminary quality benchmarking rules for this task. Psoriasis, being a common dermatological condition, has been chosen as a starting point. Because quality is a principal concern of the National electronic Library for Health, the study includes a review of the major quality benchmarking systems available today for assessing health-related Web sites. The methodology of developing a quality benchmarking system has been also reviewed. Aided by metasearch Web tools, candidate resources were hand-selected in light of the reviewed benchmarking systems and specific criteria set by the authors. Over 90 professional and patient-oriented Web resources on psoriasis and dermatology in general are suggested for inclusion in the forthcoming Dermatology Virtual Branch Libraries. The idea of an all-in knowledge-hallmarking instrument for the National electronic Library for Health is also proposed based on the reviewed quality benchmarking systems. Skilled, methodical, organized human reviewing, selection and filtering based on well-defined quality appraisal criteria seems likely to be the key ingredient in the envisaged National electronic Library for 15. Statistical Methods for Single-Particle Electron Cryomicroscopy DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Katrine Hommelhoff Electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) is a form of transmission electron microscopy, aimed at reconstructing the 3D structure of a macromolecular complex from a large set of 2D projection images, as they exhibit a very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the single-particle reconstruction (SPR) probl... 16. Application of maximum entropy method for the study of electron ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) in terms of the computing power of the machine on which it runs. Since the electron ... Table 1. The Debye–Waller factors of individual atoms and the reliability indices of three sulphides. .... The size of the electron cloud indicates the size of the ... 17. Implementing and evaluating a fictitious electron dynamics method for the calculation of electronic structure: Application to the Si(100) surface International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hoffman, M J H; Claassens, C H 2006-01-01 A density matrix based fictitious electron dynamics method for calculating electronic structure has been implemented within a semi-empirical quantum chemistry environment. This method uses an equation of motion that implicitly ensures the idempotency constraint on the density matrix. Test calculations showed that this method has potential of being combined with simultaneous atomic dynamics, in analogy to the popular Car-Parrinello method. In addition, the sparsity of the density matrix and the sophisticated though flexible way of ensuring idempotency conservation while integrating the equation of motion creates the potential of developing a fast linear scaling method 18. New pbysical methods used in the study of composition, electronic properties and surface phenomena of solid substances. I. Electronic spectroscopies International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Toderean, A; Ilonca, Gh. 1981-01-01 The discovery of different kinds of interactions between solids and fotonic, respectively electronic and ionic beams, leads to the development of many new, very sensitive, physical methods for the study of solids. This monograph tries to present some of these methods, useful in compositional analysis, in the study of electronic properties and of the surface processes of solid substances. This is done from the point of view both of physical phenomena underlying them and of the information obtainable with such methods. But the whole monograph is limited only to the methods based on the electronic properties of the elements existing in the solid probes studied and this paper presents only those of them in which the detected beam is an electronic one, like: ELS, DAPS, ILS, AES, AEAPS, INS, TSS, XPS and UPS. (authors) 19. Tracking the Flow of Resources in Electronic Waste - The Case of End-of-Life Computer Hard Disk Drives. Science.gov (United States) Habib, Komal; Parajuly, Keshav; Wenzel, Henrik 2015-10-20 Recovery of resources, in particular, metals, from waste flows is widely seen as a prioritized option to reduce their potential supply constraints in the future. The current waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) treatment system is more focused on bulk metals, where the recycling rate of specialty metals, such as rare earths, is negligible compared to their increasing use in modern products, such as electronics. This study investigates the challenges in recovering these resources in the existing WEEE treatment system. It is illustrated by following the material flows of resources in a conventional WEEE treatment plant in Denmark. Computer hard disk drives (HDDs) containing neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets were selected as the case product for this experiment. The resulting output fractions were tracked until their final treatment in order to estimate the recovery potential of rare earth elements (REEs) and other resources contained in HDDs. The results further show that out of the 244 kg of HDDs treated, 212 kg comprising mainly of aluminum and steel can be finally recovered from the metallurgic process. The results further demonstrate the complete loss of REEs in the existing shredding-based WEEE treatment processes. Dismantling and separate processing of NdFeB magnets from their end-use products can be a more preferred option over shredding. However, it remains a technological and logistic challenge for the existing system. 20. New method of ionization energy calculation for two-electron ions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ershov, D.K. 1997-01-01 A new method for calculation of the ionization energy of two-electron ions is proposed. The method is based on the calculation of the energy of second electron interaction with the field of an one-electron ion the potential of which is well known 1. Study of distribution of electron density in heteropolymolybdates by method of X-ray electron spectroscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Molchanov, V.N.; Kazanskij, L.P.; Torchenkova, E.A.; Spitsyn, V.I. 1978-01-01 X-ray electron spectra of some iso- and heteropolymolybdates relating to different structure types are investigated to study electron structure of complex polyoxyion-heteropolyanions. Binding energies of Modsub(5/2) and 01s-electrons in iso- and heteropolycompounds line are measured and their interdependence is detected. The effective charge of oxygen and molybdenum atoms in heteropolymolybdates increases with decreasing a number of external sphere cations per an oxygen atom and a number of Mo=0 multiple bonds 2. [Essential procedure and key methods for survey of traditional knowledge related to Chinese materia medica resources]. Science.gov (United States) Cheng, Gong; Huang, Lu-qi; Xue, Da-yuan; Zhang, Xiao-bo 2014-12-01 The survey of traditional knowledge related to Chinese materia medica resources is the important component and one of the innovative aspects of the fourth national survey of the Chinese materia medica resources. China has rich traditional knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the comprehensive investigation of TCM traditional knowledge aims to promote conservation and sustainable use of Chinese materia medica resources. Building upon the field work of pilot investigations, this paper introduces the essential procedures and key methods for conducting the survey of traditional knowledge related to Chinese materia medica resources. The essential procedures are as follows. First is the preparation phrase. It is important to review all relevant literature and provide training to the survey teams so that they have clear understanding of the concept of traditional knowledge and master key survey methods. Second is the field investigation phrase. When conducting field investigations, survey teams should identify the traditional knowledge holders by using the 'snowball method', record the traditional knowledge after obtaining prior informed concerned from the traditional knowledge holders. Researchers should fill out the survey forms provided by the Technical Specification of the Fourth National Survey of Chinese Materia Medica Resources. Researchers should pay particular attention to the scope of traditional knowledge and the method of inheriting the knowledge, which are the key information for traditional knowledge holders and potential users to reach mutual agreed terms to achieve benefit sharing. Third is the data compilation and analysis phrase. Researchers should try to compile and edit the TCM traditional knowledge in accordance with intellectual property rights requirements so that the information collected through the national survey can serve as the basic data for the TCM traditional knowledge database. The key methods of the survey include regional 3. Print and Electronic Resources: Usage Statistics at Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Library Science.gov (United States) Kapoor, Kanta 2010-01-01 Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to quantify the use of electronic journals in comparison with the print collections in the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Library. Design/methodology/approach: A detailed analysis was made of the use of lending services, the Xerox facility and usage of electronic journals such as Science Direct,… 4. Understanding intention to use electronic information resources: A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model (TAM). Science.gov (United States) Tao, Donghua 2008-11-06 This study extended the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by examining the roles of two aspects of e-resource characteristics, namely, information quality and system quality, in predicting public health students' intention to use e-resources for completing research paper assignments. Both focus groups and a questionnaire were used to collect data. Descriptive analysis, data screening, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques were used for data analysis. The study found that perceived usefulness played a major role in determining students' intention to use e-resources. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use fully mediated the impact that information quality and system quality had on behavior intention. The research model enriches the existing technology acceptance literature by extending TAM. Representing two aspects of e-resource characteristics provides greater explanatory information for diagnosing problems of system design, development, and implementation. 5. System and method for compressive scanning electron microscopy Science.gov (United States) Reed, Bryan W 2015-01-13 A scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) system is disclosed. The system may make use of an electron beam scanning system configured to generate a plurality of electron beam scans over substantially an entire sample, with each scan varying in electron-illumination intensity over a course of the scan. A signal acquisition system may be used for obtaining at least one of an image, a diffraction pattern, or a spectrum from the scans, the image, diffraction pattern, or spectrum representing only information from at least one of a select subplurality or linear combination of all pixel locations comprising the image. A dataset may be produced from the information. A subsystem may be used for mathematically analyzing the dataset to predict actual information that would have been produced by each pixel location of the image. 6. Developing a new method for modifying over-allocated multi-mode resource constraint schedules in the presence of preemptive resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Aidin Delgoshaei 2016-09-01 Full Text Available The issue of resource over-allocating is a big concern for project engineers in the process of scheduling project activities. Resource over-allocating is frequently seen after initial scheduling of a project in practice and causes significant amount of efforts to modify the initial schedules. In this research, a new method is developed for modifying over-allocated schedules in a multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problems (MRCPSPs with positive cash flows (MRCPSP-PCF. The aim is to maximize profit of the MRCPSPs or logically minimizing costs. The proposed method can be used as a macro in Microsoft Office Project® Software to modify resource over-allocated days after scheduling a project. This research considers progress payment method and preemptive resources. The proposed approach maximizes profit by scheduling activities through the resource calendar respecting to the available level of preemptive resources and activity numbers. To examine the performance of the proposed method a number of experiments derived from the literature are solved. The results are then compared with the circumstances where resource constraints are relaxed. The outcomes show that in all studied cases, the proposed algorithm can provide modified schedules with no over-allocated days. Afterward the method is applied to modify a manufacturing project in practice. 7. Managing electronic records methods, best practices, and technologies CERN Document Server Smallwood, Robert F 2013-01-01 The ultimate guide to electronic records management, featuring a collaboration of expert practitioners including over 400 cited references documenting today's global trends, standards, and best practices Nearly all business records created today are electronic, and are increasing in number at breathtaking rates, yet most organizations do not have the policies and technologies in place to effectively organize, search, protect, preserve, and produce these records. Authored by an internationally recognized expert on e-records in collaboration with leading subject matter experts worldwide 8. A Reliability-Oriented Design Method for Power Electronic Converters DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Wang, Huai; Zhou, Dao; Blaabjerg, Frede 2013-01-01 Reliability is a crucial performance indicator of power electronic systems in terms of availability, mission accomplishment and life cycle cost. A paradigm shift in the research on reliability of power electronics is going on from simple handbook based calculations (e.g. models in MIL-HDBK-217F h...... and reliability prediction models are provided. A case study on a 2.3 MW wind power converter is discussed with emphasis on the reliability critical component IGBT modules.... 9. Simulated annealing method for electronic circuits design: adaptation and comparison with other optimization methods International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Berthiau, G. 1995-10-01 The circuit design problem consists in determining acceptable parameter values (resistors, capacitors, transistors geometries ...) which allow the circuit to meet various user given operational criteria (DC consumption, AC bandwidth, transient times ...). This task is equivalent to a multidimensional and/or multi objective optimization problem: n-variables functions have to be minimized in an hyper-rectangular domain ; equality constraints can be eventually specified. A similar problem consists in fitting component models. In this way, the optimization variables are the model parameters and one aims at minimizing a cost function built on the error between the model response and the data measured on the component. The chosen optimization method for this kind of problem is the simulated annealing method. This method, provided by the combinatorial optimization domain, has been adapted and compared with other global optimization methods for the continuous variables problems. An efficient strategy of variables discretization and a set of complementary stopping criteria have been proposed. The different parameters of the method have been adjusted with analytical functions of which minima are known, classically used in the literature. Our simulated annealing algorithm has been coupled with an open electrical simulator SPICE-PAC of which the modular structure allows the chaining of simulations required by the circuit optimization process. We proposed, for high-dimensional problems, a partitioning technique which ensures proportionality between CPU-time and variables number. To compare our method with others, we have adapted three other methods coming from combinatorial optimization domain - the threshold method, a genetic algorithm and the Tabu search method - The tests have been performed on the same set of test functions and the results allow a first comparison between these methods applied to continuous optimization variables. Finally, our simulated annealing program 10. The effect of electron range on electron beam induced current collection and a simple method to extract an electron range for any generation function International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lahreche, A.; Beggah, Y.; Corkish, R. 2011-01-01 The effect of electron range on electron beam induced current (EBIC) is demonstrated and the problem of the choice of the optimal electron ranges to use with simple uniform and point generation function models is resolved by proposing a method to extract an electron range-energy relationship (ERER). The results show that the use of these extracted electron ranges remove the previous disagreement between the EBIC curves computed with simple forms of generation model and those based on a more realistic generation model. The impact of these extracted electron ranges on the extraction of diffusion length, surface recombination velocity and EBIC contrast of defects is discussed. It is also demonstrated that, for the case of uniform generation, the computed EBIC current is independent of the assumed shape of the generation volume. -- Highlights: → Effect of electron ranges on modeling electron beam induced current is shown. → A method to extract an electron range for simple form of generation is proposed. → For uniform generation the EBIC current is independent of the choice of it shape. → Uses of the extracted electron ranges remove some existing literature ambiguity. 11. Novel simulation method of space charge effects in electron optical systems including emission of electrons Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Zelinka, Jiří; Oral, Martin; Radlička, Tomáš 2018-01-01 Roč. 184, JAN (2018), s. 66-76 ISSN 0304-3991 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) LO1212; GA MŠk ED0017/01/01 Institutional support: RVO:68081731 Keywords : space charge * self-consistent simulation * aberration polynomial * electron emission Subject RIV: JA - Electronics ; Optoelectronics, Electrical Engineering Impact factor: 2.843, year: 2016 12. Method and electronic database search engine for exposing the content of an electronic database NARCIS (Netherlands) Stappers, P.J. 2000-01-01 The invention relates to an electronic database search engine comprising an electronic memory device suitable for storing and releasing elements from the database, a display unit, a user interface for selecting and displaying at least one element from the database on the display unit, and control 13. Third-party Reverse logistics platform and method Based on Bilateral Resource Integration Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Zheng Hong Zhen 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Dispersion of reverse logistics resources makes it difficult to create relationships between demanders and providers, thereby the personalized demand for the construction of enterprise reverse logistics cannot be satisfied and the service quality cannot be guaranteed. Aiming at these problems, this paper presents a platform and method of enterprise reverse logistics based on bilateral resource integration (RLBRI. The method creates a third-party reverse logistics platform to accumulate a mass of reverse logistics demanders and providers together. And the platform integrates bilateral resources and acts as an intermediary to establish relationships between two sides. Through the platform, a complete and high-quality business chain for enterprise reverse logistics will be built efficiently. Finally put forward an effective strategy of non-defective reverse logistics depends on the integrity checking service provided by third-party logistics. By using this strategy it can short the distance of non-defective reverse transportation. Computational tests validate the strategy. 14. Method for controlling low-energy high current density electron beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lee, J.N.; Oswald, R.B. Jr. 1977-01-01 A method and an apparatus for controlling the angle of incidence of low-energy, high current density electron beams are disclosed. The apparatus includes a current generating diode arrangement with a mesh anode for producing a drifting electron beam. An auxiliary grounded screen electrode is placed between the anode and a target for controlling the average angle of incidence of electrons in the drifting electron beam. According to the method of the present invention, movement of the auxiliary screen electrode relative to the target and the anode permits reliable and reproducible adjustment of the average angle of incidence of the electrons in low energy, high current density relativistic electron beams 15. A data driven method to measure electron charge mis-identification rate CERN Document Server Bakhshiansohi, Hamed 2009-01-01 Electron charge mis-measurement is an important challenge in analyses which depend on the charge of electron. To estimate the probability of {\\it electron charge mis-measurement} a data driven method is introduced and a good agreement with MC based methods is achieved.\\\\ The third moment of\\phidistribution of hits in electron SuperCluster is studied. The correlation between this variable and the electron charge is also investigated. Using this new' variable and some other variables the electron charge measurement is improved by two different approaches. 16. Comparative efficacy of multimodal digital methods in assessing trail/resource degradation Science.gov (United States) Logan O. Park 2014-01-01 Outdoor recreation can cause both positive and negative impacts on associated forest ecosystems. Forest recreation trails localize negative impacts to a controlled spatial extent while providing recreation access beyond developed areas and transportation networks. Current methods for assessing extent and severity of trail and proximal resource degradation require... 17. A Multi-Objective Method to Align Human Resource Allocation with University Strategy Science.gov (United States) Bouillard, Philippe 2016-01-01 Universities are currently under considerable pressure to reach their stakeholders' expectations. Management tools that use strategic plans, key performance indicators and quality assurance methods are increasingly deployed. This paper aims to demonstrate how resource allocation can be aligned with institutional strategic plans with a very simple… 18. NEW METHOD TO ATTACH WEARABLE ELECTRONICS TO CLOTHS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) FERRI PASCUAL Josué 2015-05-01 Full Text Available The integration of electronic devices and sensors into textiles has many different potential applications. Textile fabrics, from clothing to upholstery and home textiles, are an integral part of daily life and the ability to combine electronics into textiles means that a huge range of valuable data can be collected and used by the wearer to monitor their health, performance and wellbeing, among other uses. One of the most pressing challenges is that of interconnecting electronic components via the textile fibres in a robust and reliable way. Another aspect to be studied is the ability for the electronics to be connected and disconnected when necessary; for example, when charging the batteries or washing the garment. It is this aspect that has been considered by this development to facilitate ease-of-use among the older people. In addition, the complete package must be comfortable enough not to restrict movement, and must be unobtrusive so as to avoid any embarrassment to the wearer. The present paper presents a new solution for the connection of electronic measuring and monitoring devices to textile sensors to monitor variables such as movement, temperature, heart rate and breathing. 19. New characterisation method of electrical and electronic equipment wastes (WEEE) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Menad, N., E-mail: n.menad@brgm.fr [BRGM, 3 av. C. Guillemin, 45060 Orléans (France); Guignot, S. [BRGM, 3 av. C. Guillemin, 45060 Orléans (France); Houwelingen, J.A. van, E-mail: recy.cling@iae.nl [Recycling Consult, Eindhoven (Netherlands) 2013-03-15 Highlights: ► A novel method of characterisation of components contained in WEEE has been developed. ► This technique was applied on several samples generated from different recycling plants. ► Handheld NIR and XRF were used to determine types of plastics and flame retardants. ► WEEE processing flow-sheet was suggested. - Abstract: Innovative separation and beneficiation techniques of various materials encountered in electrical and electronic equipment wastes (WEEE) is a major improvement for its recycling. Mechanical separation-oriented characterisation of WEEE was conducted in an attempt to evaluate the amenability of mechanical separation processes. Properties such as liberation degree of fractions (plastics, metals ferrous and non-ferrous), which are essential for mechanical separation, are analysed by means of a grain counting approach. Two different samples from different recycling industries were characterised in this work. The first sample is a heterogeneous material containing different types of plastics, metals (ferrous and non-ferrous), printed circuit board (PCB), rubber and wood. The second sample contains a mixture of mainly plastics. It is found for the first sample that all aluminium particles are free (100%) in all investigated size fractions. Between 92% and 95% of plastics are present as free particles; however, 67% in average of ferromagnetic particles are liberated. It can be observed that only 42% of ferromagnetic particles are free in the size fraction larger than 20 mm. Particle shapes were also quantified manually particle by particle. The results show that the particle shapes as a result of shredding, turn out to be heterogeneous, thereby complicating mechanical separation processes. In addition, the separability of various materials was ascertained by a sink–float analysis and eddy current separation. The second sample was separated by automatic sensor sorting in four different products: ABS, PC–ABS, PS and rest product. The 20. New characterisation method of electrical and electronic equipment wastes (WEEE) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Menad, N.; Guignot, S.; Houwelingen, J.A. van 2013-01-01 Highlights: ► A novel method of characterisation of components contained in WEEE has been developed. ► This technique was applied on several samples generated from different recycling plants. ► Handheld NIR and XRF were used to determine types of plastics and flame retardants. ► WEEE processing flow-sheet was suggested. - Abstract: Innovative separation and beneficiation techniques of various materials encountered in electrical and electronic equipment wastes (WEEE) is a major improvement for its recycling. Mechanical separation-oriented characterisation of WEEE was conducted in an attempt to evaluate the amenability of mechanical separation processes. Properties such as liberation degree of fractions (plastics, metals ferrous and non-ferrous), which are essential for mechanical separation, are analysed by means of a grain counting approach. Two different samples from different recycling industries were characterised in this work. The first sample is a heterogeneous material containing different types of plastics, metals (ferrous and non-ferrous), printed circuit board (PCB), rubber and wood. The second sample contains a mixture of mainly plastics. It is found for the first sample that all aluminium particles are free (100%) in all investigated size fractions. Between 92% and 95% of plastics are present as free particles; however, 67% in average of ferromagnetic particles are liberated. It can be observed that only 42% of ferromagnetic particles are free in the size fraction larger than 20 mm. Particle shapes were also quantified manually particle by particle. The results show that the particle shapes as a result of shredding, turn out to be heterogeneous, thereby complicating mechanical separation processes. In addition, the separability of various materials was ascertained by a sink–float analysis and eddy current separation. The second sample was separated by automatic sensor sorting in four different products: ABS, PC–ABS, PS and rest product. The 1. Clinician‐selected Electronic Information Resources do not Guarantee Accuracy in Answering Primary Care Physicians’ Information Needs. A review of: McKibbon, K. Ann, and Douglas B. Fridsma. “Effectiveness of Clinician‐selected Electronic Information Resources for Answering Primary Care Physicians’ Information Needs.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 13.6 (2006: 653‐9. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Martha Ingrid Preddie 2008-03-01 Full Text Available Objective – To determine if electronic information resources selected by primary care physicians improve their ability to answer simulated clinical questions.Design – An observational study utilizing hour‐long interviews and think‐aloud protocols.Setting – The offices and clinics of primary care physicians in Canada and the United States.Subjects – Twenty‐five primary care physicians of whom 4 were women, 17 were from Canada, 22 were family physicians,and 24 were board certified.Methods – Participants provided responses to 23 multiple‐choice questions. Each physician then chose two questions and looked for the answers utilizing information resources of their own choice. The search processes, chosen resources and search times were noted. These were analyzed along with data on the accuracy of the answers and certainties related to the answer to each clinical question prior to the search.Main results – Twenty‐three physicians sought answers to 46 simulated clinical questions. Utilizing only electronic information resources, physicians spent a mean of 13.0 (SD 5.5 minutes searching for answers to the questions, an average of 7.3(SD 4.0 minutes for the first question and 5.8 (SD 2.2 minutes to answer the second question. On average, 1.8 resources were utilized per question. Resources that summarized information, such as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, UpToDate and Clinical Evidence, were favored 39.2% of the time, MEDLINE (Ovid and PubMed 35.7%, and Internet resources including Google 22.6%. Almost 50% of the search and retrieval strategies were keyword‐based, while MeSH, subheadings and limiting were used less frequently. On average, before searching physicians answered 10 of 23 (43.5% questions accurately. For questions that were searched using clinician‐selected electronic resources, 18 (39.1% of the 46 answers were accurate before searching, while 19 (42.1% were accurate after searching. The difference of 2. Building and Managing Electronic Resources in Digital Era in India with Special Reference to IUCAA and NIV, Pune: A Comparative Case Study Science.gov (United States) Sahu, H. K.; Singh, S. N. 2015-04-01 This paper discusses and presents a comparative case study of two libraries in Pune, India, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics and Information Centre and Library of National Institute of Virology (Indian Council of Medical Research). It compares how both libraries have managed their e-resource collections, including acquisitions, subscriptions, and consortia arrangements, while also developing a collection of their own resources, including pre-prints and publications, video lectures, and other materials in an institutional repository. This study illustrates how difficult it is to manage electronic resources in a developing country like India, even though electronic resources are used more than print resources. Electronic resource management can be daunting, but with a systematic approach, various problems can be solved, and use of the materials will be enhanced. 3. Modified Monte Carlo method for study of electron transport in degenerate electron gas in the presence of electron–electron interactions, application to graphene International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Borowik, Piotr; Thobel, Jean-Luc; Adamowicz, Leszek 2017-01-01 Standard computational methods used to take account of the Pauli Exclusion Principle into Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of electron transport in semiconductors may give unphysical results in low field regime, where obtained electron distribution function takes values exceeding unity. Modified algorithms were already proposed and allow to correctly account for electron scattering on phonons or impurities. Present paper extends this approach and proposes improved simulation scheme allowing including Pauli exclusion principle for electron–electron (e–e) scattering into MC simulations. Simulations with significantly reduced computational cost recreate correct values of the electron distribution function. Proposed algorithm is applied to study transport properties of degenerate electrons in graphene with e–e interactions. This required adapting the treatment of e–e scattering in the case of linear band dispersion relation. Hence, this part of the simulation algorithm is described in details. 4. Modified Monte Carlo method for study of electron transport in degenerate electron gas in the presence of electron–electron interactions, application to graphene Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Borowik, Piotr, E-mail: pborow@poczta.onet.pl [Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa (Poland); Thobel, Jean-Luc, E-mail: jean-luc.thobel@iemn.univ-lille1.fr [Institut d' Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies, UMR CNRS 8520, Université Lille 1, Avenue Poincaré, CS 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cédex (France); Adamowicz, Leszek, E-mail: adamo@if.pw.edu.pl [Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa (Poland) 2017-07-15 Standard computational methods used to take account of the Pauli Exclusion Principle into Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of electron transport in semiconductors may give unphysical results in low field regime, where obtained electron distribution function takes values exceeding unity. Modified algorithms were already proposed and allow to correctly account for electron scattering on phonons or impurities. Present paper extends this approach and proposes improved simulation scheme allowing including Pauli exclusion principle for electron–electron (e–e) scattering into MC simulations. Simulations with significantly reduced computational cost recreate correct values of the electron distribution function. Proposed algorithm is applied to study transport properties of degenerate electrons in graphene with e–e interactions. This required adapting the treatment of e–e scattering in the case of linear band dispersion relation. Hence, this part of the simulation algorithm is described in details. 5. Models, methods and software tools to evaluate the quality of informational and educational resources International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gavrilov, S.I. 2011-01-01 The paper studies the modern methods and tools to evaluate the quality of data systems, which allows determining the specificity of informational and educational resources (IER). The author has developed a model of IER quality management at all stages of the life cycle and an integrated multi-level hierarchical system of IER quality assessment, taking into account both information properties and targeted resource assignment. The author presents a mathematical and algorithmic justification of solving the problem of IER quality management, and offers data system to assess the IER quality [ru 6. An Efficient Method for Electron-Atom Scattering Using Ab-initio Calculations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Xu, Yuan; Yang, Yonggang; Xiao, Liantuan; Jia, Suotang [Shanxi University, Taiyuan (China) 2017-02-15 We present an efficient method based on ab-initio calculations to investigate electron-atom scatterings. Those calculations profit from methods implemented in standard quantum chemistry programs. The new approach is applied to electron-helium scattering. The results are compared with experimental and other theoretical references to demonstrate the efficiency of our method. 7. Ground state of the electron gas by a stochastic method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ceperley, D.M.; Alder, B.J. 1980-05-01 An exact stochastic simulation of the Schroedinger equation for charged Bosons and Fermions was used to calculate the correlation energies, to locate the transitions to their respective crystal phases at zero temperature within 10%, and to establish the stability at intermediate densities of a ferromagnetic fluid of electrons 8. CLOPW; a mixed basis set full potential electronic structure method NARCIS (Netherlands) Bekker, H.G.; Bekker, Hermie Gerhard 1997-01-01 This thesis is about the development of the full potental CLOPW package for electronic structure calculations. Chapter 1 provides the necessary background in the theory of solid state physics. It gives a short overview of the effective one particle model as commonly used in solid state physics. It 9. MendelWeb: An Electronic Science/Math/History Resource for the WWW. Science.gov (United States) Blumberg, Roger B. This paper describes a hypermedia resource, called MendelWeb that integrates elementary biology, discrete mathematics, and the history of science. MendelWeb is constructed from Gregor Menders 1865 paper, "Experiments in Plant Hybridization". An English translation of Mendel's paper, which is considered to mark the birth of classical and… 10. Helping Patrons Find Locally Held Electronic Resources: An Interlibrary Loan Perspective Science.gov (United States) Johnston, Pamela 2016-01-01 The University of North Texas Libraries provide extensive online access to academic journals through major vendor databases. As illustrated by interlibrary loan borrowing requests for items held in our databases, patrons often have difficulty navigating the available resources. In this study, the Interlibrary Loan staff used data gathered from the… 11. Method selection for sustainability assessments: The case of recovery of resources from waste water. Science.gov (United States) Zijp, M C; Waaijers-van der Loop, S L; Heijungs, R; Broeren, M L M; Peeters, R; Van Nieuwenhuijzen, A; Shen, L; Heugens, E H W; Posthuma, L 2017-07-15 Sustainability assessments provide scientific support in decision procedures towards sustainable solutions. However, in order to contribute in identifying and choosing sustainable solutions, the sustainability assessment has to fit the decision context. Two complicating factors exist. First, different stakeholders tend to have different views on what a sustainability assessment should encompass. Second, a plethora of sustainability assessment methods exist, due to the multi-dimensional characteristic of the concept. Different methods provide other representations of sustainability. Based on a literature review, we present a protocol to facilitate method selection together with stakeholders. The protocol guides the exploration of i) the decision context, ii) the different views of stakeholders and iii) the selection of pertinent assessment methods. In addition, we present an online tool for method selection. This tool identifies assessment methods that meet the specifications obtained with the protocol, and currently contains characteristics of 30 sustainability assessment methods. The utility of the protocol and the tool are tested in a case study on the recovery of resources from domestic waste water. In several iterations, a combination of methods was selected, followed by execution of the selected sustainability assessment methods. The assessment results can be used in the first phase of the decision procedure that leads to a strategic choice for sustainable resource recovery from waste water in the Netherlands. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 12. Survey and critique of quantitative methods for the appraisal of mineral resources. Progress report International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Harris, D.P. 1976-01-01 Two major categories of appraisal methods (models) for regional mineral resources are identified by virtue of the manner in which mineral endowment is treated in the appraisal: implicit and explicit models. Implicit models do not identify nor specify the mineral endowment model. Mineral resources are inferred to exist as required to fulfill economic or secular relationships. Econometric models of mineral supply and Hubbert's time-rate trend projection are varieties of implicit models. Explicit mineral resource models separate the economic and endowment models and state the endowment model explicitly. Explicit models describe mineral endowment as a function of some physical aspect of the earth's crust, such as geology, volume of rock, density of mineral occurrences, and crustal abundance of an element. Economic factors are introduced subsequent to the appraisal of endowment either as an explicit model which interacts with the deposits inferred by the endowment model, or as a simple adjustment made directly on some aggregate measure of endowment 13. Water resource systems planning and management an introduction to methods, models, and applications CERN Document Server Loucks, Daniel P 2017-01-01 This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license. This revised, updated textbook presents a systems approach to the planning, management, and operation of water resources infrastructure in the environment. Previously published in 2005 by UNESCO and Deltares (Delft Hydraulics at the time), this new edition, written again with contributions from Jery R. Stedinger, Jozef P. M. Dijkman, and Monique T. Villars, is aimed equally at students and professionals. It introduces readers to the concept of viewing issues involving water resources as a system of multiple interacting components and scales. It offers guidelines for initiating and carrying out water resource system planning and management projects. It introduces alternative optimization, simulation, and statistical methods useful for project identification, design, siting, operation and evaluation and for studying post-planning issues. The authors cover both basin-wide and urban water issues and present ways of identifying and evaluating alternatives for ... 14. RNAontheBENCH: computational and empirical resources for benchmarking RNAseq quantification and differential expression methods KAUST Repository Germain, Pierre-Luc 2016-06-20 RNA sequencing (RNAseq) has become the method of choice for transcriptome analysis, yet no consensus exists as to the most appropriate pipeline for its analysis, with current benchmarks suffering important limitations. Here, we address these challenges through a rich benchmarking resource harnessing (i) two RNAseq datasets including ERCC ExFold spike-ins; (ii) Nanostring measurements of a panel of 150 genes on the same samples; (iii) a set of internal, genetically-determined controls; (iv) a reanalysis of the SEQC dataset; and (v) a focus on relative quantification (i.e. across-samples). We use this resource to compare different approaches to each step of RNAseq analysis, from alignment to differential expression testing. We show that methods providing the best absolute quantification do not necessarily provide good relative quantification across samples, that count-based methods are superior for gene-level relative quantification, and that the new generation of pseudo-alignment-based software performs as well as established methods, at a fraction of the computing time. We also assess the impact of library type and size on quantification and differential expression analysis. Finally, we have created a R package and a web platform to enable the simple and streamlined application of this resource to the benchmarking of future methods. 15. RNAontheBENCH: computational and empirical resources for benchmarking RNAseq quantification and differential expression methods KAUST Repository Germain, Pierre-Luc; Vitriolo, Alessandro; Adamo, Antonio; Laise, Pasquale; Das, Vivek; Testa, Giuseppe 2016-01-01 RNA sequencing (RNAseq) has become the method of choice for transcriptome analysis, yet no consensus exists as to the most appropriate pipeline for its analysis, with current benchmarks suffering important limitations. Here, we address these challenges through a rich benchmarking resource harnessing (i) two RNAseq datasets including ERCC ExFold spike-ins; (ii) Nanostring measurements of a panel of 150 genes on the same samples; (iii) a set of internal, genetically-determined controls; (iv) a reanalysis of the SEQC dataset; and (v) a focus on relative quantification (i.e. across-samples). We use this resource to compare different approaches to each step of RNAseq analysis, from alignment to differential expression testing. We show that methods providing the best absolute quantification do not necessarily provide good relative quantification across samples, that count-based methods are superior for gene-level relative quantification, and that the new generation of pseudo-alignment-based software performs as well as established methods, at a fraction of the computing time. We also assess the impact of library type and size on quantification and differential expression analysis. Finally, we have created a R package and a web platform to enable the simple and streamlined application of this resource to the benchmarking of future methods. 16. The mass angular scattering power method for determining the kinetic energies of clinical electron beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Blais, N.; Podgorsak, E.B. 1992-01-01 A method for determining the kinetic energy of clinical electron beams is described, based on the measurement in air of the spatial spread of a pencil electron beam which is produced from the broad clinical electron beam. As predicted by the Fermi-Eyges theory, the dose distribution measured in air on a plane, perpendicular to the incident direction of the initial pencil electron beam, is Gaussian. The square of its spatial spread is related to the mass angular scattering power which in turn is related to the kinetic energy of the electron beam. The measured spatial spread may thus be used to determine the mass angular scattering power, which is then used to determine the kinetic energy of the electron beam from the known relationship between mass angular scattering power and kinetic energy. Energies obtained with the mass angular scattering power method agree with those obtained with the electron range method. (author) 17. Eavesdropping on Electronic Guidebooks: Observing Learning Resources in Shared Listening Environments. Science.gov (United States) Woodruff, Allison; Aoki, Paul M.; Grinter, Rebecca E.; Hurst, Amy; Szymanski, Margaret H.; Thornton, James D. This paper describes an electronic guidebook, "Sotto Voce," that enables visitors to share audio information by eavesdropping on each others guidebook activity. The first section discusses the design and implementation of the guidebook device, key aspects of its user interface, the design goals for the audio environment, the eavesdropping… 18. Comparison of methods used to estimate conventional undiscovered petroleum resources: World examples Science.gov (United States) Ahlbrandt, T.S.; Klett, T.R. 2005-01-01 Various methods for assessing undiscovered oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquid resources were compared in support of the USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000. Discovery process, linear fractal, parabolic fractal, engineering estimates, PETRIMES, Delphi, and the USGS 2000 methods were compared. Three comparisons of these methods were made in: (1) the Neuquen Basin province, Argentina (different assessors, same input data); (2) provinces in North Africa, Oman, and Yemen (same assessors, different methods); and (3) the Arabian Peninsula, Arabian (Persian) Gulf, and North Sea (different assessors, different methods). A fourth comparison (same assessors, same assessment methods but different geologic models), between results from structural and stratigraphic assessment units in the North Sea used only the USGS 2000 method, and hence compared the type of assessment unit rather than the method. In comparing methods, differences arise from inherent differences in assumptions regarding: (1) the underlying distribution of the parent field population (all fields, discovered and undiscovered), (2) the population of fields being estimated; that is, the entire parent distribution or the undiscovered resource distribution, (3) inclusion or exclusion of large outlier fields; (4) inclusion or exclusion of field (reserve) growth, (5) deterministic or probabilistic models, (6) data requirements, and (7) scale and time frame of the assessment. Discovery process, Delphi subjective consensus, and the USGS 2000 method yield comparable results because similar procedures are employed. In mature areas such as the Neuquen Basin province in Argentina, the linear and parabolic fractal and engineering methods were conservative compared to the other five methods and relative to new reserve additions there since 1995. The PETRIMES method gave the most optimistic estimates in the Neuquen Basin. In less mature areas, the linear fractal method yielded larger estimates relative to other methods 19. Comparison of Electronic Data Capture (EDC) with the Standard Data Capture Method for Clinical Trial Data Science.gov (United States) Walther, Brigitte; Hossin, Safayet; Townend, John; Abernethy, Neil; Parker, David; Jeffries, David 2011-01-01 Background Traditionally, clinical research studies rely on collecting data with case report forms, which are subsequently entered into a database to create electronic records. Although well established, this method is time-consuming and error-prone. This study compares four electronic data capture (EDC) methods with the conventional approach with respect to duration of data capture and accuracy. It was performed in a West African setting, where clinical trials involve data collection from urban, rural and often remote locations. Methodology/Principal Findings Three types of commonly available EDC tools were assessed in face-to-face interviews; netbook, PDA, and tablet PC. EDC performance during telephone interviews via mobile phone was evaluated as a fourth method. The Graeco Latin square study design allowed comparison of all four methods to standard paper-based recording followed by data double entry while controlling simultaneously for possible confounding factors such as interview order, interviewer and interviewee. Over a study period of three weeks the error rates decreased considerably for all EDC methods. In the last week of the study the data accuracy for the netbook (5.1%, CI95%: 3.5–7.2%) and the tablet PC (5.2%, CI95%: 3.7–7.4%) was not significantly different from the accuracy of the conventional paper-based method (3.6%, CI95%: 2.2–5.5%), but error rates for the PDA (7.9%, CI95%: 6.0–10.5%) and telephone (6.3%, CI95% 4.6–8.6%) remained significantly higher. While EDC-interviews take slightly longer, data become readily available after download, making EDC more time effective. Free text and date fields were associated with higher error rates than numerical, single select and skip fields. Conclusions EDC solutions have the potential to produce similar data accuracy compared to paper-based methods. Given the considerable reduction in the time from data collection to database lock, EDC holds the promise to reduce research-associated costs 20. Comparison of electronic data capture (EDC with the standard data capture method for clinical trial data. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Brigitte Walther Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Traditionally, clinical research studies rely on collecting data with case report forms, which are subsequently entered into a database to create electronic records. Although well established, this method is time-consuming and error-prone. This study compares four electronic data capture (EDC methods with the conventional approach with respect to duration of data capture and accuracy. It was performed in a West African setting, where clinical trials involve data collection from urban, rural and often remote locations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Three types of commonly available EDC tools were assessed in face-to-face interviews; netbook, PDA, and tablet PC. EDC performance during telephone interviews via mobile phone was evaluated as a fourth method. The Graeco Latin square study design allowed comparison of all four methods to standard paper-based recording followed by data double entry while controlling simultaneously for possible confounding factors such as interview order, interviewer and interviewee. Over a study period of three weeks the error rates decreased considerably for all EDC methods. In the last week of the study the data accuracy for the netbook (5.1%, CI95%: 3.5-7.2% and the tablet PC (5.2%, CI95%: 3.7-7.4% was not significantly different from the accuracy of the conventional paper-based method (3.6%, CI95%: 2.2-5.5%, but error rates for the PDA (7.9%, CI95%: 6.0-10.5% and telephone (6.3%, CI95% 4.6-8.6% remained significantly higher. While EDC-interviews take slightly longer, data become readily available after download, making EDC more time effective. Free text and date fields were associated with higher error rates than numerical, single select and skip fields. CONCLUSIONS: EDC solutions have the potential to produce similar data accuracy compared to paper-based methods. Given the considerable reduction in the time from data collection to database lock, EDC holds the promise to reduce research 1. Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management. Science.gov (United States) Reed, Mark S; Graves, Anil; Dandy, Norman; Posthumus, Helena; Hubacek, Klaus; Morris, Joe; Prell, Christina; Quinn, Claire H; Stringer, Lindsay C 2009-04-01 Stakeholder analysis means many things to different people. Various methods and approaches have been developed in different fields for different purposes, leading to confusion over the concept and practice of stakeholder analysis. This paper asks how and why stakeholder analysis should be conducted for participatory natural resource management research. This is achieved by reviewing the development of stakeholder analysis in business management, development and natural resource management. The normative and instrumental theoretical basis for stakeholder analysis is discussed, and a stakeholder analysis typology is proposed. This consists of methods for: i) identifying stakeholders; ii) differentiating between and categorising stakeholders; and iii) investigating relationships between stakeholders. The range of methods that can be used to carry out each type of analysis is reviewed. These methods and approaches are then illustrated through a series of case studies funded through the Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) programme. These case studies show the wide range of participatory and non-participatory methods that can be used, and discuss some of the challenges and limitations of existing methods for stakeholder analysis. The case studies also propose new tools and combinations of methods that can more effectively identify and categorise stakeholders and help understand their inter-relationships. 2. Finding-equal regression method and its application in predication of U resources International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cao Huimo 1995-03-01 The commonly adopted deposit model method in mineral resources predication has two main part: one is model data that show up geological mineralization law for deposit, the other is statistics predication method that accords with characters of the data namely pretty regression method. This kind of regression method may be called finding-equal regression, which is made of the linear regression and distribution finding-equal method. Because distribution finding-equal method is a data pretreatment which accords with advanced mathematical precondition for the linear regression namely equal distribution theory, and this kind of data pretreatment is possible of realization. Therefore finding-equal regression not only can overcome nonlinear limitations, that are commonly occurred in traditional linear regression or other regression and always have no solution, but also can distinguish outliers and eliminate its weak influence, which would usually appeared when Robust regression possesses outlier in independent variables. Thus this newly finding-equal regression stands the best status in all kind of regression methods. Finally, two good examples of U resource quantitative predication are provided 3. There is a Relationship between Resource Expenditures and Reference Transactions in Academic Libraries. A Review of: Dubnjakovic, A. (2012. Electronic resource expenditure and the decline in reference transaction statistics in academic libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 38(2, 94-100. doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2012.01.001 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Annie M. Hughes 2013-03-01 Full Text Available Objective – To provide an analysis of the impact of expenditures on electronic resourcesand gate counts on the increase or decrease in reference transactions.Design – Analysis of results of existing survey data from the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES 2006 Academic Library Survey(ALS.Setting – Academic libraries in the United States.Subjects – 3925 academic library respondents.Methods – The author chose to use survey data collected from the 2006 ALS conducted bythe NCES. The survey included data on various topics related to academic libraries, but in the case of this study, the author chose to analyze three of the 193 variables included. The three variables: electronic books expenditure, computer hardware and software, and expenditures on bibliographic utilities, were combined into one variable called electronic resource expenditure. Gate counts were also considered as a variable. Electronic resource expenditure was also split as a variable into three groups: low, medium, and high. Multiple regression analysis and general linear modeling, along with tests of reliability, were employed. Main Results – The author determined that low, medium, and high spenders with regard to electronic resources exhibited differences in gate counts, and gate counts have an effect on reference transactions in any given week. Gate counts tend to not have much of an effect on reference transactions for the higher spenders, and higher spenders tend to have a higher number of reference transactions overall. Low spenders have lower gate counts and also a lower amount of reference transactions.Conclusion – The findings from this study show that academic libraries spending more on electronic resources also tend to have an increase with regard to reference transactions. The author also concludes that library spaces are no longer the determining factor with regard to number of reference transactions. Spending more on electronic resources is 4. Electronic firing systems and methods for firing a device Science.gov (United States) Frickey, Steven J [Boise, ID; Svoboda, John M [Idaho Falls, ID 2012-04-24 An electronic firing system comprising a control system, a charging system, an electrical energy storage device, a shock tube firing circuit, a shock tube connector, a blasting cap firing circuit, and a blasting cap connector. The control system controls the charging system, which charges the electrical energy storage device. The control system also controls the shock tube firing circuit and the blasting cap firing circuit. When desired, the control system signals the shock tube firing circuit or blasting cap firing circuit to electrically connect the electrical energy storage device to the shock tube connector or the blasting cap connector respectively. 5. Principles and methods of neutron activation analysis (NAA) in improved water resources development International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dim, L. A. 2000-01-01 The methods of neutron activation analysis (NAA) as it applies to water resources exploration, exploitation and management has been reviewed and its capabilities demonstrated. NAA has been found to be superior and offer higher sensitivity to many other analytical techniques in analysis of water. The implications of chemical and element concentrations (water pollution and quality) determined in water on environmental impact assessment to aquatic life and human health are briefly highlighted 6. Development and evolution of The Knowledge Hub for Pathology and related electronic resources. Science.gov (United States) Hardwick, David F; Sinard, John; Silva, Fred 2011-06-01 The Knowledge Hub for Pathology was created to provide authenticated and validated knowledge for United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology members and pathologists worldwide with access to the Web. Using the material presented at the annual meeting of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology with existing selection and review procedures ensured that these criteria were met without added costly procedures. Further submissions for courses and research papers are provided in electronic format and funded by universities and hospitals for their creation; thus, the principal costs borne by the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology are Web site-posting costs. Use has escalated rapidly from 2 million hits in 2002 to 51 million in 2009 with use by 35,000 pathologists from now a total of 180 countries. This true "freemium" model is a successful process as are more traditional continuing professional development course structures such as Anatomic Pathology Electronic Case Series, a "premium" model for learning electronically also sponsored by the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7. Mixed ionic-electronic conductor-based radiation detectors and methods of fabrication Science.gov (United States) Conway, Adam; Beck, Patrick R; Graff, Robert T; Nelson, Art; Nikolic, Rebecca J; Payne, Stephen A; Voss, Lars; Kim, Hadong 2015-04-07 A method of fabricating a mixed ionic-electronic conductor (e.g. TlBr)-based radiation detector having halide-treated surfaces and associated methods of fabrication, which controls polarization of the mixed ionic-electronic MIEC material to improve stability and operational lifetime. 8. Comparison of Heuristic Methods Applied for Optimal Operation of Water Resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alireza Borhani Dariane 2009-01-01 Full Text Available Water resources optimization problems are usually complex and hard to solve using the ordinary optimization methods, or they are at least not economically efficient. A great number of studies have been conducted in quest of suitable methods capable of handling such problems. In recent years, some new heuristic methods such as genetic and ant algorithms have been introduced in systems engineering. Preliminary applications of these methods in water resources problems have shown that some of them are powerful tools, capable of solving complex problems. In this paper, the application of such heuristic methods as Genetic Algorithm (GA and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO have been studied for optimizing reservoir operation. The Dez Dam reservoir inIranwas chosen for a case study. The methods were applied and compared using short-term (one year and long-term models. Comparison of the results showed that GA outperforms both DP and ACO in finding true global optimum solutions and operating rules. 9. An Exploratory study on the use of LibAnswers to Resolve, Track and Monitor Electronic Resources Issues: The KAUST Library experience KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2017-01-01 An Exploratory study on KAUST library use of LibAnswers in resolving electronic resources questions received in LibAnswers. It describes the findings of the questions received in LibAnswers. The author made suggestions based on the findings to improve the reference services in responding to e-resources questions. 10. An Exploratory study on the use of LibAnswers to Resolve, Track and Monitor Electronic Resources Issues: The KAUST Library experience KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M. 2017-05-03 An Exploratory study on KAUST library use of LibAnswers in resolving electronic resources questions received in LibAnswers. It describes the findings of the questions received in LibAnswers. The author made suggestions based on the findings to improve the reference services in responding to e-resources questions. 11. Designing a model of electronic human resource management’s implementation at the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mirali Seyednaghavi 2017-06-01 Full Text Available : In the first phase of this study a model for electronic human resource management in government agencies based on new public services was explored by using software MAXQDA, then in the second phase, relationship between the elements of the theory were tested using software Smart PLS2. So the aim of this study is to design a model of electronic human resource management’s implementation at the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. In this regard, according to Strauss and Corbin’s structured plan, five hypotheses were tested. Quantitative data analysis indicates that the pressures of the policies and global perspectives cause to move toward e-HRM. Among the contextual conditions macro structural mechanisms, considerations of actors, governance considerations have a significant impact on the strategy of new public services and therefore lead to the consequences of its implementation in public organizations. The findings suggest that e-HRM does not have a positive and meaningful impact on new public services, and in our country, although the recent political developments have somehow removed the gap between public policy makers, administrators, and the public, but there is still a long way to go. 12. Time-Dependent Close-Coupling Methods for Electron-Atom/Molecule Scattering International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Colgan, James 2014-01-01 The time-dependent close-coupling (TDCC) method centers on an accurate representation of the interaction between two outgoing electrons moving in the presence of a Coulomb field. It has been extensively applied to many problems of electrons, photons, and ions scattering from light atomic targets. Theoretical Description: The TDCC method centers on a solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for two interacting electrons. The advantages of a time-dependent approach are two-fold; one treats the electron-electron interaction essentially in an exact manner (within numerical accuracy) and a time-dependent approach avoids the difficult boundary condition encountered when two free electrons move in a Coulomb field (the classic three-body Coulomb problem). The TDCC method has been applied to many fundamental atomic collision processes, including photon-, electron- and ion-impact ionization of light atoms. For application to electron-impact ionization of atomic systems, one decomposes the two-electron wavefunction in a partial wave expansion and represents the subsequent two-electron radial wavefunctions on a numerical lattice. The number of partial waves required to converge the ionization process depends on the energy of the incoming electron wavepacket and on the ionization threshold of the target atom or ion. 13. Design Intend Solving: Dynamic Composition Method for Innovative Design Based on Virtual Cloud Manufacturing Resource Generators Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yi-Cong Gao 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Recently, there has been growing interest in composition of cloud manufacturing resources (CMRs. Composition of CMRs is a feasible innovation to fulfill the user request while single cloud manufacturing resource cannot satisfy the functionality required by the user. In this paper, we propose a new case-based approach for the composition of CMRs. The basic idea of the present approach is to provide a computational framework for the composition of CMRs by imitating the common design method of reviewing past designs to obtain solution concepts for a new composite cloud manufacturing resource (CCMR. A notion of virtual cloud manufacturing resource generators (VCMRGs is introduced to conceptualize and represent underlying CCMRs contained in existing CCMRs. VCMRGs are derived from previous CCMRs and serve as new conceptual building blocks for the composition of CMRs. Feasible composite CMRs are generated by combining VCMRGs using some adaptation rules. The reuse of prior CCMRs is accomplished via VCMRGs within the framework of case-based reasoning. We demonstrate that the proposed approach yields lower execution time for fulfilling user request and shows good scalability. 14. Internet and electronic resources for inflammatory bowel disease: a primer for providers and patients. Science.gov (United States) Fortinsky, Kyle J; Fournier, Marc R; Benchimol, Eric I 2012-06-01 Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasingly turning to the Internet to research their condition and engage in discourse on their experiences. This has resulted in new dynamics in the relationship between providers and their patients, with misinformation and advertising potentially presenting barriers to the cooperative patient-provider partnership. This article addresses important issues of online IBD-related health information and social media activity, such as quality, reliability, objectivity, and privacy. We reviewed the medical literature on the quality of online information provided to IBD patients, and summarized the most commonly accessed Websites related to IBD. We also assessed the activity on popular social media sites (such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube), and evaluated currently available applications for use by IBD patients and providers on mobile phones and tablets. Through our review of the literature and currently available resources, we developed a list of recommended online resources to strengthen patient participation in their care by providing reliable, comprehensive educational material. Copyright © 2011 Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. 15. Systems and methods for distributing power using photovoltaic resources and a shifting battery system Science.gov (United States) Mammoli, Andrea A.; Lavrova, Olga; Arellano, Brian; Cheng, Feng; Greenwood, Wesley; Hawkins, Jonathan; Willard, Steve 2017-06-27 The present invention is an apparatus and method for delivering energy using a renewable resource. The method includes providing a photovoltaic energy source and applying energy storage to the photovoltaic energy source via a battery storage unit. The energy output from the photovoltaic energy source and the battery system is controlled using a battery control system. The battery control system predicts peak load, develops a schedule that includes when to begin discharging power and when to stop discharging power, shifts power to the battery storage unit when excess power is available, and prioritizes the functionality of the battery storage unit and the photovoltaic energy source. 16. Evaluation of Statistical Methods for Modeling Historical Resource Production and Forecasting Science.gov (United States) Nanzad, Bolorchimeg This master's thesis project consists of two parts. Part I of the project compares modeling of historical resource production and forecasting of future production trends using the logit/probit transform advocated by Rutledge (2011) with conventional Hubbert curve fitting, using global coal production as a case study. The conventional Hubbert/Gaussian method fits a curve to historical production data whereas a logit/probit transform uses a linear fit to a subset of transformed production data. Within the errors and limitations inherent in this type of statistical modeling, these methods provide comparable results. That is, despite that apparent goodness-of-fit achievable using the Logit/Probit methodology, neither approach provides a significant advantage over the other in either explaining the observed data or in making future projections. For mature production regions, those that have already substantially passed peak production, results obtained by either method are closely comparable and reasonable, and estimates of ultimately recoverable resources obtained by either method are consistent with geologically estimated reserves. In contrast, for immature regions, estimates of ultimately recoverable resources generated by either of these alternative methods are unstable and thus, need to be used with caution. Although the logit/probit transform generates high quality-of-fit correspondence with historical production data, this approach provides no new information compared to conventional Gaussian or Hubbert-type models and may have the effect of masking the noise and/or instability in the data and the derived fits. In particular, production forecasts for immature or marginally mature production systems based on either method need to be regarded with considerable caution. Part II of the project investigates the utility of a novel alternative method for multicyclic Hubbert modeling tentatively termed "cycle-jumping" wherein overlap of multiple cycles is limited. The 17. A simplified method for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) autoradiography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Shahar, A.; Lasher, R. 1980-01-01 The combination of autoradiography with SEM provides a valuable tool for the study of labeled biological materials, but the previously described methods are complicated because they call first for the removal of gelatin from the film emulsion and this is then followed by deposition of gold vapor on the specimen. The authors describe a much simpler method which can easily be adapted to routine examination of cell cultures. In this method, gelatin is not removed; the film is coated with vaporized carbon only. This procedure permits visualization of both cellular image and distribution of silver grains. (Auth.) 18. New developments in radiation protection instrumentation via active electronic methods International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Umbarger, C.J. 1981-01-01 New developments in electronics and radiation detectors are improving on real-time data acquisition of radiation exposure and contamination conditions. Recent developments in low power circuit designs, hybrid and integrated circuits, and microcomputers have all contributed to smaller and lighter radiation detection instruments that are, at the same time, more sensitive and provide more information (e.g., radioisotope identification) than previous devices. New developments in radiation detectors, such as cadmium telluride, gas scintillation proportional counters, and imaging counters (both charged particle and photon) promise higher sensitivities and expanded uses over present instruments. These developments are being applied in such areas as health physics, waste management, environmental monitoring, in vivo measurements, and nuclear safeguards 19. Method for secure electronic voting system: face recognition based approach Science.gov (United States) Alim, M. Affan; Baig, Misbah M.; Mehboob, Shahzain; Naseem, Imran 2017-06-01 In this paper, we propose a framework for low cost secure electronic voting system based on face recognition. Essentially Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is used for face feature characterization in texture format followed by chi-square distribution is used for image classification. Two parallel systems are developed based on smart phone and web applications for face learning and verification modules. The proposed system has two tire security levels by using person ID followed by face verification. Essentially class specific threshold is associated for controlling the security level of face verification. Our system is evaluated three standard databases and one real home based database and achieve the satisfactory recognition accuracies. Consequently our propose system provides secure, hassle free voting system and less intrusive compare with other biometrics. 20. On some methods to produce high-energy polarized electron beams by means of proton synchrotrons International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bessonov, E.G.; Vazdik, Ya.A. 1980-01-01 Some methods of production of high-energy polarized electron beams by means of proton synchrotrons are considered. These methods are based on transfer by protons of a part of their energy to the polarized electrons of a thin target placed inside the working volume of the synchrotron. It is suggested to use as a polarized electron target a magnetized crystalline iron in which proton channeling is realized, polarized atomic beams and the polarized plasma. It is shown that by this method one can produce polarized electron beams with energy approximately 100 GeV, energy spread +- 5 % and intensity approximately 10 7 electron/c, polarization approximately 30% and with intensity approximately 10 4 -10 5 electron/c, polarization approximately 100% [ru 1. Discrete variational methods and their application to electronic structures International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ellis, D.E. 1987-01-01 Some general concepts concerning Discrete Variational methods are developed and applied to problems of determination of eletronic spectra, charge densities and bonding of free molecules, surface-chemisorbed species and bulk solids. (M.W.O.) [pt 2. On a method for high-energy electron beam production in proton synchrotrons International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bessonov, E.G.; Vazdik, Ya.A. 1979-01-01 It is suggested to produce high-energy electron beams in such a way that the ultrarelativistic protons give an amount of their kinetic energy to the electrons of a thin target, placed inside the working volume of the proton synchrotron. The kinematics of the elastic scattering of relativistic protons on electrons at rest is treated. Evaluation of a number of elastically-scattered electrons by 1000 GeV and 3000 GeV proton beams is presented. The method under consideration is of certain practical interest and may appear to be preferable in a definite energy range of protons and electrons 3. Study on the Filament Yarns Spreading Techniques and Assessment Methods of the Electronic Fiberglass Fabric Science.gov (United States) Wang, Xi; Chen, Shouhui; Zheng, Tianyong; Ning, Xiangchun; Dai, Yifei 2018-03-01 The filament yarns spreading techniques of electronic fiberglass fabric were developed in the past few years in order to meet the requirements of the development of electronic industry. Copper clad laminate (CCL) requires that the warp and weft yarns of the fabric could be spread out of apart and formed flat. The penetration performance of resin could be improved due to the filament yarns spreading techniques of electronic fiberglass fabric, the same as peeling strength of CCL and drilling performance of printed circuit board (PCB). This paper shows the filament yarns spreading techniques of electronic fiberglass fabric from several aspects, such as methods and functions, also with the assessment methods of their effects. 4. [Data validation methods and discussion on Chinese materia medica resource survey]. Science.gov (United States) Zhang, Yue; Ma, Wei-Feng; Zhang, Xiao-Bo; Zhu, Shou-Dong; Guo, Lan-Ping; Wang, Xing-Xing 2013-07-01 From the beginning of the fourth national survey of the Chinese materia medica resources, there were 22 provinces have conducted pilots. The survey teams have reported immense data, it put forward the very high request to the database system construction. In order to ensure the quality, it is necessary to check and validate the data in database system. Data validation is important methods to ensure the validity, integrity and accuracy of census data. This paper comprehensively introduce the data validation system of the fourth national survey of the Chinese materia medica resources database system, and further improve the design idea and programs of data validation. The purpose of this study is to promote the survey work smoothly. 5. Adaptive Electronic Quizzing Method for Introductory Electrical Circuit Course Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Issa Batarseh 2009-08-01 Full Text Available The interactive technical electronic book, TechEBook, currently under development at the University of Central Florida, provides a useful tool for engineers and scientists through unique features compared to the most used traditional electrical circuit textbooks available in the market. TechEBook has comprised the two worlds of classical circuit books and an interactive operating platform such as laptops and desktops utilizing Java Virtual Machine operator. The TechEBook provides an interactive applets screen that holds many modules, in which each had a specific application in the self learning process. This paper describes one of the interactive techniques in the TechEBook known as, QuizMe, for evaluating the readers’ performance and the overall understanding for all subjects at any stage. The QuizMe will be displayed after each section in the TechEBook for the user to evaluate his/her understanding, which introduces the term me-learning, as a comprehensive full experience for self or individualized education. In this paper, a practical example of applying the QuizMe feature is discussed as part of a basic electrical engineering course currently given at the University of Central Florida. 6. Dose evaluation due to electron spin resonance method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nakajima, Toshiyuki 1989-01-01 Radiation dosimeter has been developed with free radical created in sucrose. Free radical was observed with using the electron spin resonance (ESR) equipment. The ESR absorption due to free radical in sucrose appeared at the magnetic field between the third and fourth ESR ones of Mn +2 standard sample. Sucrose as radiation dosimeter can linearly measure the dose from 5 x 10 -3 Gy to 10 5 Gy. If the new model of the ESR equipment is used and ESR observation is carried out at lower temperature such as liquid nitrogen or liquid helium temperature, the sucrose ESR dosimeter will be detectable about 5 x 10 -4 Gy or less. Fading of the free radicals in the irradiated sucrose was scarcely obtained about six months after irradiation and in the irradiated sucrose stored at 55deg C and 100deg C for one hour or more also scarcely observed. It is concluded from these radiation property that sucrose is useful for the accidental or emergency dosimeter for the inhabitants. (author) 7. Using an electron paramagnetic resonance method for testing motor oils Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Krais, S; Tkac, T 1982-01-01 Using an ER-9 spectrometer from the Karl Zeiss company, the relative effectiveness is studied of antioxidation additives. Motor oils of the E group, M6AD, 465, M6AD, 466, M6AD 467, 15 W/40, S-3/2 M/4, R-950, which contain the antioxidation additive were tested in Petter AV-1 motors at a temperature of 50 degrees for 120 hours and Petter AVB at a temperature of 90 degrees for 53 hours. To measure the concentration of free radicals of the antioxidation additives one part of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (I), which forms stable dimagnetic products with the radicals of the antioxidation additives was introduced into each three parts of the oil. The reduction in the intensity of the signal of I was the measure of the radical concentration. The spectrum was taken for 1 to 2 minutes. The graphs of the dependence of the electron paramagnetic resonance on the test time and the concentration of I are built. The beginning and end of the induction period of oxidation of the oils and the change in the hourly activity of the PP was recorded. 8. Electronic medical records in diabetes consultations: participants' gaze as an interactional resource. Science.gov (United States) Rhodes, Penny; Small, Neil; Rowley, Emma; Langdon, Mark; Ariss, Steven; Wright, John 2008-09-01 Two routine consultations in primary care diabetes clinics are compared using extracts from video recordings of interactions between nurses and patients. The consultations were chosen to present different styles of interaction, in which the nurse's gaze was either primarily toward the computer screen or directed more toward the patient. Using conversation analysis, the ways in which nurses shift both gaze and body orientation between the computer screen and patient to influence the style, pace, content, and structure of the consultation were investigated. By examining the effects of different levels of engagement between the electronic medical record and the embodied patient in the consultation room, we argue for the need to consider the contingent nature of the interface of technology and the person in the consultation. Policy initiatives designed to deliver what is considered best-evidenced practice are modified in the micro context of the interactions of the consultation. 9. Synthesis method for using in the design of an electron gun for gyrotion International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Silva, C.A.B. 1987-09-01 In this work a synthesis method is applied to the design of an electron gun for a 94GHz gyrotron. Using the synthesis method, it is found the shape of the electrodes compatible with the laminar flow which minimizes the action of space change on the electron velocity dispersion. A sistematic procedure is presented to fuid the parameters of the synthesis method which, in turn, are closely related to the characteristics of the aptoclechonic system. (author) [pt 10. Linear electron accelerator body and method of its manufacture International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Landa, V.; Maresova, V.; Lucek, J.; Prusa, F. 1988-01-01 The accelerator body consists of a hollow casing made of a high electric conductivity metal. The inside is partitioned with a system of resonators. The resonator body is made of one piece of the same metal as the casing or a related one (e.g., copper -coper, silver-copper, copper-copper alloy). The accelerator body is manufactured using the cathodic process on the periphery of a system of metal partitions and negative models of resonator cavities fitted to a metal pin. The pin is then removed from the system and the soluble models of the cavities are dissolved in a solvent. The advantage of the design and the method of manufacture is that the result is a compact, perfectly tight body with a perfectly lustre surface. The casing wall can be very thin, which improves accelerator performance. The claimed method can also be used in manufacturing miniature accelerators. (E.J.). 1 fig 11. Method for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of ultrashort relativistic electron bunches Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Geloni, Gianluca; Ilinski, Petr; Saldin, Evgeni; Schneidmiller, Evgeni; Yurkov, Mikhail 2009-05-15 We describe a novel technique to characterize ultrashort electron bunches in Xray Free-Electron Lasers. Namely, we propose to use coherent Optical Transition Radiation to measure three-dimensional (3D) electron density distributions. Our method relies on the combination of two known diagnostics setups, an Optical Replica Synthesizer (ORS) and an Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) imager. Electron bunches are modulated at optical wavelengths in the ORS setup.When these electron bunches pass through a metal foil target, coherent radiation pulses of tens MW power are generated. It is thereafter possible to exploit advantages of coherent imaging techniques, such as direct imaging, diffractive imaging, Fourier holography and their combinations. The proposed method opens up the possibility of real-time, wavelength-limited, single-shot 3D imaging of an ultrashort electron bunch. (orig.) 12. Application of Macro Response Monte Carlo method for electron spectrum simulation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Perles, L.A.; Almeida, A. de 2007-01-01 During the past years several variance reduction techniques for Monte Carlo electron transport have been developed in order to reduce the electron computation time transport for absorbed dose distribution. We have implemented the Macro Response Monte Carlo (MRMC) method to evaluate the electron spectrum which can be used as a phase space input for others simulation programs. Such technique uses probability distributions for electron histories previously simulated in spheres (called kugels). These probabilities are used to sample the primary electron final state, as well as the creation secondary electrons and photons. We have compared the MRMC electron spectra simulated in homogeneous phantom against the Geant4 spectra. The results showed an agreement better than 6% in the spectra peak energies and that MRMC code is up to 12 time faster than Geant4 simulations 13. Training method for enhancement of safety attitude in nuclear power plant based on crew resource management International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ishibashi, Akira; Karikawa, Daisuke; Takahashi, Makoto; Wakabayashi, Toshio; Kitamura, Masaharu 2010-01-01 A conventional training program for nuclear power plant operators has been developed with emphasis on improvement of knowledge and skills of individual operators. Although it has certainly contributed to safety operation of nuclear power plants, some recent incidents have indicated the necessity of an improved training program aiming at improvement of the performance of operators working as a team. In the aviation area, crew resource management (CRM) training has shown the effect of resolving team management issues of flight crews, aircraft maintenance crews, and so on. In the present research, we attempted to introduce the CRM concept into operator training in nuclear power plants as training for conceptual skill enhancement. In this paper, a training method specially customized for nuclear power plant operators based on CRM is proposed. The proposed method has been practically utilized in the management training course of Japan Nuclear Technology Institute. The validity of the proposed method has been evaluated by means of a questionnaire survey. (author) 14. A Novel Optimal Joint Resource Allocation Method in Cooperative Multicarrier Networks: Theory and Practice Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yuan Gao 2016-04-01 Full Text Available With the increasing demands for better transmission speed and robust quality of service (QoS, the capacity constrained backhaul gradually becomes a bottleneck in cooperative wireless networks, e.g., in the Internet of Things (IoT scenario in joint processing mode of LTE-Advanced Pro. This paper focuses on resource allocation within capacity constrained backhaul in uplink cooperative wireless networks, where two base stations (BSs equipped with single antennae serve multiple single-antennae users via multi-carrier transmission mode. In this work, we propose a novel cooperative transmission scheme based on compress-and-forward with user pairing to solve the joint mixed integer programming problem. To maximize the system capacity under the limited backhaul, we formulate the joint optimization problem of user sorting, subcarrier mapping and backhaul resource sharing among different pairs (subcarriers for users. A novel robust and efficient centralized algorithm based on alternating optimization strategy and perfect mapping is proposed. Simulations show that our novel method can improve the system capacity significantly under the constraint of the backhaul resource compared with the blind alternatives. 15. Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting Method in the Decision Making of Human Resource Recruitment Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Budi Prasetiyo 2016-12-01 Full Text Available The Company is one of the jobs that was founded to reduce unemployment. The progress of a company is determined by the human resources that exist within the company. So, the selection of workers will join the company need to be selected first. The hardest thing in making a selection factor is the effort to eliminate the subjectivity of the personnel manager so that every choice made is objective based on the criteria expected by the company. To help determine who is accepted as an employee in the company, we need a method that can provide a valid decision. Therefore, we use Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making with Simple Additive Weighting method (SAW to decide to make in human resource recruitment. This method was chosen because it can provide the best alternative from several alternatives. In this case, the alternative is that the applicants or candidates. This research was conducted by finding the weight values for each attribute. Then do the ranking process that determines the optimal alternative to the best applicants who qualify as employees of the company. Based on calculations by the SAW obtained the two highest ranking results are A5 (alternative 5 and A1 (alternative 1, to obtain two candidates received. 16. Method for optimizing resource allocation in a government organization. Ph.D. Thesis Science.gov (United States) Afarin, James 1994-01-01 The managers in Federal agencies are challenged to control the extensive activities in government and still provide high-quality products and services to the American taxpayers. Considering today's complex social and economic environment and the3.8 billion daily cost of operating the Federal Government, it is evident that there is a need to develop decision-making tools for accurate resource allocation and total quality management. The goal of this thesis is to provide a methodical process that will aid managers in Federal Government to make budgetary decisions based on the cost of services, the agency's objectives, and the customers' perception of the agency's product. A general resource allocation procedure was developed in this study that can be applied to any government organization. A government organization, hereafter the 'organization,' is assumed to be a multidivision enterprise. This procedure was applied to a small organization for the proof of the concept. This organization is the Technical Services Directorate (TSD) at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. As part of the procedure, a nonlinear programming model was developed to account for the resources of the organization, the outputs produced by the organization, the decision-maker's views, and the customers' satisfaction with the organization. The information on the resources of the organization was acquired from current budget levels of the organization and the human resources assigned to the divisions. The outputs of the organization were defined and measured by identifying metrics that assess the outputs, the most challenging task in this study. The decision-maker's views are represented in the model as weights assigned to the various outputs and were quantified by using the analytic hierarchy process. The customer's opinions regarding the outputs of the organization were collected through questionnaires that were designed for each division individually. Following the philosophy of 17. Determination of electron clinical spectra from percentage depth dose (PDD) curves by classical simulated annealing method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Visbal, Jorge H. Wilches; Costa, Alessandro M. 2016-01-01 Percentage depth dose of electron beams represents an important item of data in radiation therapy treatment since it describes the dosimetric properties of these. Using an accurate transport theory, or the Monte Carlo method, has been shown obvious differences between the dose distribution of electron beams of a clinical accelerator in a water simulator object and the dose distribution of monoenergetic electrons of nominal energy of the clinical accelerator in water. In radiotherapy, the electron spectra should be considered to improve the accuracy of dose calculation since the shape of PDP curve depends of way how radiation particles deposit their energy in patient/phantom, that is, the spectrum. Exist three principal approaches to obtain electron energy spectra from central PDP: Monte Carlo Method, Direct Measurement and Inverse Reconstruction. In this work it will be presented the Simulated Annealing method as a practical, reliable and simple approach of inverse reconstruction as being an optimal alternative to other options. (author) 18. Urban GHG emissions and resource flows: Methods for understanding the complex functioning of cities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Yetano Roche, María 2015-01-01 This paper sums up the recent developments in concepts and methods being used to measure the impacts of cities on environmental sustainability. It differentiates between a dominant trend in research literature that concentrates on the accounting and allocation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy use to cities, and a re-emergence of studies focusing on the direct and indirect urban material and resource flows. The availability of reliable data and standard protocols is greater in the GHG accounting field and continues to grow rapidly 19. Delivering Electronic Resources with Web OPACs and Other Web-based Tools: Needs of Reference Librarians. Science.gov (United States) Bordeianu, Sever; Carter, Christina E.; Dennis, Nancy K. 2000-01-01 Describes Web-based online public access catalogs (Web OPACs) and other Web-based tools as gateway methods for providing access to library collections. Addresses solutions for overcoming barriers to information, such as through the implementation of proxy servers and other authentication tools for remote users. (Contains 18 references.)… 20. A review of methods for monitoring streamflow for sustainable water resource management Science.gov (United States) Dobriyal, Pariva; Badola, Ruchi; Tuboi, Chongpi; Hussain, Syed Ainul 2017-10-01 Monitoring of streamflow may help to determine the optimum levels of its use for sustainable water management in the face of climate change. We reviewed available methods for monitoring streamflow on the basis of six criteria viz. their applicability across different terrains and size of the streams, operational ease, time effectiveness, accuracy, environmental impact that they may cause and cost involve in it. On the basis of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the methods reviewed, we conclude that the timed volume method is apt for hilly terrain having smaller streams due to its operational ease and accuracy of results. Although comparatively expensive, the weir and flume methods are suitable for long term studies of small hill streams, since once the structure is put in place, it yields accurate results. In flat terrain, the float method is best suited for smaller streams for its operational ease and cost effectiveness, whereas, for larger streams, the particle image velocimetry may be used for its accuracy. Our review suggests that the selection of a method for monitoring streamflow may be based on volume of the stream, accuracy of the method, accessibility of the terrain and financial and physical resources available. 1. Use of electronic group method in assessing food safety training needs and delivery methods among international college students in the U.S. Science.gov (United States) Garden-Robinson, Julie; Eighmy, Myron A; Lyonga, Agnes Ngale 2010-12-01 The purpose of this study was to determine the types of unfamiliar foods international students in the U.S. encounter and to assess food safety information that international students would like to receive for mitigating risks associated with handling and preparing unfamiliar foods. The study identified preferred instructional delivery methods and media for receiving food safety training or information. An electronic group method was used for this study. The electronic group method was chosen to maximize group efficiency by allowing participants to share ideas simultaneously and anonymously with minimal use of time and resources.Types of different (unfamiliar) foods were grouped into major categories. Fast and ready-to-eat foods, and processed and frozen foods constituted a major change for some international students, who were accustomed to homemade and fresh foods in their countries. Participants were interested in receiving information about how to safely handle and prepare unfamiliar foods in their new environment. Preferred methods for receiving food safety information included written materials, online publications, presentations, and materials provided during student orientation. Food packages, websites, and television programs were other preferred methods of receiving food safety information. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2. Apparatus and methods for controlling electron microscope stages Science.gov (United States) Duden, Thomas 2015-08-11 Methods and apparatus for generating an image of a specimen with a microscope (e.g., TEM) are disclosed. In one aspect, the microscope may generally include a beam generator, a stage, a detector, and an image generator. A plurality of crystal parameters, which describe a plurality of properties of a crystal sample, are received. In a display associated with the microscope, an interactive control sphere based at least in part on the received crystal parameters and that is rotatable by a user to different sphere orientations is presented. The sphere includes a plurality of stage coordinates that correspond to a plurality of positions of the stage and a plurality of crystallographic pole coordinates that correspond to a plurality of polar orientations of the crystal sample. Movement of the sphere causes movement of the stage, wherein the stage coordinates move in conjunction with the crystallographic coordinates represented by pole positions so as to show a relationship between stage positions and the pole positions. 3. Towards seamlessly-integrated textile electronics: methods to coat fabrics and fibers with conducting polymers for electronic applications. Science.gov (United States) Allison, Linden; Hoxie, Steven; Andrew, Trisha L 2017-06-29 Traditional textile materials can be transformed into functional electronic components upon being dyed or coated with films of intrinsically conducting polymers, such as poly(aniline), poly(pyrrole) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). A variety of textile electronic devices are built from the conductive fibers and fabrics thus obtained, including: physiochemical sensors, thermoelectric fibers/fabrics, heated garments, artificial muscles and textile supercapacitors. In all these cases, electrical performance and device ruggedness is determined by the morphology of the conducting polymer active layer on the fiber or fabric substrate. Tremendous variation in active layer morphology can be observed with different coating or dyeing conditions. Here, we summarize various methods used to create fiber- and fabric-based devices and highlight the influence of the coating method on active layer morphology and device stability. 4. A Method of Evaluating Water Resource Assets and Liabilities: A Case Study of Jinan City, Shandong Province Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yuheng Yang 2017-08-01 Full Text Available The traditional concepts of water resource development and utilization have caused serious hydrological and environmental issues in some regions. In addition, policy issues in China have led to a severe water crisis. The quantitative accounting of water resources is a theoretical approach to solving these problems. In this paper, 13 indicators were selected from four classes, including resources, the environment, society, and efficiency, and a case study of Jinan, Shandong Province, was performed using a set pair analysis model to calculate the water resource assets from 2011–2015. In previous methods of water resource accounting, the water quality was not considered; therefore, the loss coefficient of water resource assets was proposed to improve the reliability of accounting. According to the relationships among the unit price of water, water quantity, and water quality, physical and quantitative accounting methods were used to create water balance sheets from 2011–2015. The calculation results showed that the physical change in water resource assets in Jinan City was −30 million m 3 , and water resource assets initially increased and then decreased. In 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, water resource assets totalled 36.5 million USD, 45.9 million USD, 66.7 million USD, 35.5 million USD, and 37.5 million USD, respectively (at 6.4588, 6.3125, 6.1932, 6.2166, 6.2284 USRMB, respectively. This initial accounting provides quantitative and physical support for the improved management of water resources. 5. Electron-phonon thermalization in a scalable method for real-time quantum dynamics Science.gov (United States) Rizzi, Valerio; Todorov, Tchavdar N.; Kohanoff, Jorge J.; Correa, Alfredo A. 2016-01-01 We present a quantum simulation method that follows the dynamics of out-of-equilibrium many-body systems of electrons and oscillators in real time. Its cost is linear in the number of oscillators and it can probe time scales from attoseconds to hundreds of picoseconds. Contrary to Ehrenfest dynamics, it can thermalize starting from a variety of initial conditions, including electronic population inversion. While an electronic temperature can be defined in terms of a nonequilibrium entropy, a Fermi-Dirac distribution in general emerges only after thermalization. These results can be used to construct a kinetic model of electron-phonon equilibration based on the explicit quantum dynamics. 6. SU-F-T-71: A Practical Method for Evaluation of Electron Virtual Source Position Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Huang, Z; Jiang, W; Stuart, B; Leu, S; Feng, Y [East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina (United States); Liu, T [Houston Methodist Hospital, Sugar Land, TX (United States) 2016-06-15 Purpose: Since electrons are easily scattered, the virtual source position for electrons is expected to locate below the x-ray target of Medical Linacs. However, the effective SSD method yields the electron virtual position above the x-ray target for some applicators for some energy in Siemens Linacs. In this study, we propose to use IC Profiler (Sun Nuclear) for evaluating the electron virtual source position for the standard electron applicators for various electron energies. Methods: The profile measurements for various nominal source-to-detector distances (SDDs) of 100–115 cm were carried out for electron beam energies of 6–18 MeV. Two methods were used: one was to use a 0.125 cc ion chamber (PTW, Type 31010) with buildup mounted in a PTW water tank without water filled; and the other was to use IC Profiler with a buildup to achieve charge particle equilibrium. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) method was used to determine the field sizes for the measured profiles. Backprojecting (by a straight line) the distance between the 50% points on the beam profiles for the various SDDs, yielded the virtual source position for each applicator. Results: The profiles were obtained and the field sizes were determined by FWHM. The virtual source positions were determined through backprojection of profiles for applicators (5, 10, 15, 20, 25). For instance, they were 96.415 cm (IC Profiler) vs 95.844 cm (scanning ion chamber) for 9 MeV electrons with 10×10 cm applicator and 97.160 cm vs 97.161 cm for 12 MeV electrons with 10×10 cm applicator. The differences in the virtual source positions between IC profiler and scanning ion chamber were within 1.5%. Conclusion: IC Profiler provides a practical method for determining the electron virtual source position and its results are consistent with those obtained by profiles of scanning ion chamber with buildup. 7. SU-F-T-71: A Practical Method for Evaluation of Electron Virtual Source Position International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Huang, Z; Jiang, W; Stuart, B; Leu, S; Feng, Y; Liu, T 2016-01-01 Purpose: Since electrons are easily scattered, the virtual source position for electrons is expected to locate below the x-ray target of Medical Linacs. However, the effective SSD method yields the electron virtual position above the x-ray target for some applicators for some energy in Siemens Linacs. In this study, we propose to use IC Profiler (Sun Nuclear) for evaluating the electron virtual source position for the standard electron applicators for various electron energies. Methods: The profile measurements for various nominal source-to-detector distances (SDDs) of 100–115 cm were carried out for electron beam energies of 6–18 MeV. Two methods were used: one was to use a 0.125 cc ion chamber (PTW, Type 31010) with buildup mounted in a PTW water tank without water filled; and the other was to use IC Profiler with a buildup to achieve charge particle equilibrium. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) method was used to determine the field sizes for the measured profiles. Backprojecting (by a straight line) the distance between the 50% points on the beam profiles for the various SDDs, yielded the virtual source position for each applicator. Results: The profiles were obtained and the field sizes were determined by FWHM. The virtual source positions were determined through backprojection of profiles for applicators (5, 10, 15, 20, 25). For instance, they were 96.415 cm (IC Profiler) vs 95.844 cm (scanning ion chamber) for 9 MeV electrons with 10×10 cm applicator and 97.160 cm vs 97.161 cm for 12 MeV electrons with 10×10 cm applicator. The differences in the virtual source positions between IC profiler and scanning ion chamber were within 1.5%. Conclusion: IC Profiler provides a practical method for determining the electron virtual source position and its results are consistent with those obtained by profiles of scanning ion chamber with buildup. 8. Reconstruction of the electron momentum density distribution by the maximum entropy method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dobrzynski, L. 1996-01-01 The application of the Maximum Entropy Algorithm to the analysis of the Compton profiles is discussed. It is shown that the reconstruction of electron momentum density may be reliably carried out. However, there are a number of technical problems which have to be overcome in order to produce trustworthy results. In particular one needs the experimental Compton profiles measured for many directions, and to have efficient computational resources. The use of various cross-checks is recommended. (orig.) 9. Software abstractions and computational issues in parallel structure adaptive mesh methods for electronic structure calculations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kohn, S.; Weare, J.; Ong, E.; Baden, S. 1997-05-01 We have applied structured adaptive mesh refinement techniques to the solution of the LDA equations for electronic structure calculations. Local spatial refinement concentrates memory resources and numerical effort where it is most needed, near the atomic centers and in regions of rapidly varying charge density. The structured grid representation enables us to employ efficient iterative solver techniques such as conjugate gradient with FAC multigrid preconditioning. We have parallelized our solver using an object- oriented adaptive mesh refinement framework. 10. Green Supply Chain Collaboration for Fashionable Consumer Electronics Products under Third-Party Power Intervention—A Resource Dependence Perspective Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jiuh-Biing Sheu 2014-05-01 Full Text Available Under third-party power intervention (TPPI, which increases uncertainty in task environments, complex channel power interplays and restructuring are indispensable among green supply chain members as they move toward sustainable collaborative relationships for increased viability and competitive advantage. From the resource dependence perspective, this work presents a novel conceptual model to investigate the influence of political and social power on channel power restructuring and induced green supply chain collaboration in brander-retailer bidirectional green supply chains of fashionable consumer electronics products (FCEPs. An FCEP refers to the consumer electronics product (e.g., personal computers, mobile phones, computer notebooks, and game consoles with the features of a well-known brand associated, a short product lifecycle, timely and fashionable design fit for market trends, and quick responsiveness to the variations of market demands. The proposed model is tested empirically using questionnaire data obtained from retailers in the FCEP brander-retailer distribution channels. Analytical results reveal that as an extension of political and social power, TPPI positively affects the reciprocal interdependence of dyadic members and reduces power asymmetry, thereby enhancing the collaborative relationship of dyadic members and leading to improved green supply chain performance. Therein, reciprocal interdependence underlying collaborative relationship is the key to reducing the external environmental uncertainties in the TPPI context. 11. Organizational-methodical provisions for the audit of operations with electronic money Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Semenetz A.P. 2017-06-01 Full Text Available To obtain objective and unbiased information about the accuracy and completeness of electronic money transactions at the enterprise, it is necessary to conduct an audit. The results of the external audit of electronic money transactions help the company’s management personnel to assess the efficiency and rationality of using such a modern means of payment, such as electronic money, as well as verify the proper functioning of the internal control service. The work substantiates organizational and methodical provisions of the process of conducting an external audit of transactions with electronic money in terms of clarifying the organizational provisions for conducting an audit of transactions with electronic money, namely the definition of the purpose, task, subjects and objects of audit and sources of information. Accordingly, the purpose of the audit of operations with electronic money is to provide the auditor’s unbiased opinion on the reliability of the financial statements of the enterprise in terms of operations with electronic money. Within the scope of this dissertation, the object of external audit is operations with electronic money, since electronic money is a new and contemporary object of accounting, and therefore the development of scientifically grounded order of conducting external audit of the investigated object is necessary. The subject of an external audit of electronic money transactions is a set of business transactions in electronic money settlements, that is, transactions with their acquisition and repayment and the accuracy of displaying information about them in the financial statements. In the course of the study, the procedure for the implementation of external audit procedures during the stages of the process of electronic money audit at the enterprise was determined, which allowed to confirm the correctness of the accounting of a new and modern means of payment such as electronic money. These proposals are aimed 12. Data mining for water resource management part 2 - methods and approaches to solving contemporary problems Science.gov (United States) Roehl, Edwin A.; Conrads, Paul 2010-01-01 This is the second of two papers that describe how data mining can aid natural-resource managers with the difficult problem of controlling the interactions between hydrologic and man-made systems. Data mining is a new science that assists scientists in converting large databases into knowledge, and is uniquely able to leverage the large amounts of real-time, multivariate data now being collected for hydrologic systems. Part 1 gives a high-level overview of data mining, and describes several applications that have addressed major water resource issues in South Carolina. This Part 2 paper describes how various data mining methods are integrated to produce predictive models for controlling surface- and groundwater hydraulics and quality. The methods include: - signal processing to remove noise and decompose complex signals into simpler components; - time series clustering that optimally groups hundreds of signals into "classes" that behave similarly for data reduction and (or) divide-and-conquer problem solving; - classification which optimally matches new data to behavioral classes; - artificial neural networks which optimally fit multivariate data to create predictive models; - model response surface visualization that greatly aids in understanding data and physical processes; and, - decision support systems that integrate data, models, and graphics into a single package that is easy to use. 13. Pedagogies in Action: A Community Resource Linking Teaching Methods to Examples of their Use Science.gov (United States) Manduca, C. A.; Fox, S. P.; Iverson, E. A.; Kirk, K.; Ormand, C. J. 2009-12-01 14. Methods for coupling radiation, ion, and electron energies in grey Implicit Monte Carlo International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Evans, T.M.; Densmore, J.D. 2007-01-01 We present three methods for extending the Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) method to treat the time-evolution of coupled radiation, electron, and ion energies. The first method splits the ion and electron coupling and conduction from the standard IMC radiation-transport process. The second method recasts the IMC equations such that part of the coupling is treated during the Monte Carlo calculation. The third method treats all of the coupling and conduction in the Monte Carlo simulation. We apply modified equation analysis (MEA) to simplified forms of each method that neglects the errors in the conduction terms. Through MEA we show that the third method is theoretically the most accurate. We demonstrate the effectiveness of each method on a series of 0-dimensional, nonlinear benchmark problems where the accuracy of the third method is shown to be up to ten times greater than the other coupling methods for selected calculations 15. Study of electron-molecule collision via finite-element method and r-matrix propagation technique: Exact exchange International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Abdolsalami, F.; Abdolsalami, M.; Perez, L.; Gomez, P. 1995-01-01 The authors have applied the finite-element method to electron-molecule collision with the exchange effect implemented rigorously. All the calculations are done in the body-frame within the fixed-nuclei approximation, where the exact treatment of exchange as a nonlocal effect results in a set of coupled integro-differential equations. The method is applied to e-H 2 and e-N 2 scatterings and the cross sections obtained are in very good agreement with the corresponding results the authors have generated from the linear-algebraic approach. This confirms the significant difference observed between their results generated by linear-algebraic method and the previously published e-N 2 cross sections. Their studies show that the finite-element method is clearly superior to the linear-algebraic approach in both memory usage and CPU time especially for large systems such as e-N 2 . The system coefficient matrix obtained from the finite-element method is often sparse and smaller in size by a factor of 12 to 16, compared to the linear-algebraic technique. Moreover, the CPU time required to obtain stable results with the finite-element method is significantly smaller than the linear-algebraic approach for one incident electron energy. The usage of computer resources in the finite-element method can even be reduced much further when (1) scattering calculations involving multiple electron energies are performed in one computer run and (2) exchange, which is a short range effect, is approximated by a sparse matrix. 17 refs., 7 figs., 5 tabs 16. Efficient k⋅p method for the calculation of total energy and electronic density of states OpenAIRE Iannuzzi, Marcella; Parrinello, Michele 2001-01-01 An efficient method for calculating the electronic structure in large systems with a fully converged BZ sampling is presented. The method is based on a k.p-like approximation developed in the framework of the density functional perturbation theory. The reliability and efficiency of the method are demostrated in test calculations on Ar and Si supercells 17. Matching methods to produce maps for pest risk analysis to resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Richard Baker 2013-09-01 Full Text Available Decision support systems (DSSs for pest risk mapping are invaluable for guiding pest risk analysts seeking to add maps to pest risk analyses (PRAs. Maps can help identify the area of potential establishment, the area at highest risk and the endangered area for alien plant pests. However, the production of detailed pest risk maps may require considerable time and resources and it is important to match the methods employed to the priority, time and detail required. In this paper, we apply PRATIQUE DSSs to Phytophthora austrocedrae, a pathogen of the Cupressaceae, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, the pine processionary moth, Drosophila suzukii, spotted wing Drosophila, and Thaumatotibia leucotreta, the false codling moth. We demonstrate that complex pest risk maps are not always a high priority and suggest that simple methods may be used to determine the geographic variation in relative risks posed by invasive alien species within an area of concern. 18. Aerospace methods for the study of water resources and their pollution Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kupriianov, V V; Usachev, V F [eds. 1981-01-01 Papers are presented on such topics as the use of satellite remote sensing data to study meltage runoff in mountain basins, the investigation of the dynamics of snow cover, the use of satellite multispectral photography to study snow meltage fronts, and the evaluation of the pollution of snow cover in industrial regions on the basis of remote sensing data. Also considered are the determination of the albedo and brightness coefficients of snow cover, the use of remote sensing to study subsurface water and tectonic structures, the investigation of the thermal pollution of rivers on the basis of infrared aerial photography, remote sensing methods for monitoring water quality, and microwave sensing methods for the investigation of water resources and their pollution. 19. On the absorbed dose determination method in high energy electrons beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Scarlat, F.; Scarisoreanu, A.; Oane, M.; Mitru, E.; Avadanei, C. 2008-01-01 The absorbed dose determination method in water for electron beams with energies in the range from 1 MeV to 50 MeV is presented herein. The dosimetry equipment for measurements is composed of an UNIDOS.PTW electrometer and different ionization chambers calibrated in air kerma in a Co 60 beam. Starting from the code of practice for high energy electron beams, this paper describes the method adopted by the secondary standard dosimetry laboratory (SSDL) in NILPRP - Bucharest 20. The management of online resources and long-term saving of electronic documents by transfer into the digital space Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marius Daniel MAREŞ 2011-12-01 The electronic archive refers to the electronic storage system, along with the totality of electronic-type stored documents, while using as storage support any environment that can support storing and from which an electronic document can be presented. 1. Intelligent self-organization methods for wireless ad hoc sensor networks based on limited resources Science.gov (United States) Hortos, William S. 2006-05-01 A wireless ad hoc sensor network (WSN) is a configuration for area surveillance that affords rapid, flexible deployment in arbitrary threat environments. There is no infrastructure support and sensor nodes communicate with each other only when they are in transmission range. To a greater degree than the terminals found in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for communications, sensor nodes are resource-constrained, with limited computational processing, bandwidth, memory, and power, and are typically unattended once in operation. Consequently, the level of information exchange among nodes, to support any complex adaptive algorithms to establish network connectivity and optimize throughput, not only deplete those limited resources and creates high overhead in narrowband communications, but also increase network vulnerability to eavesdropping by malicious nodes. Cooperation among nodes, critical to the mission of sensor networks, can thus be disrupted by the inappropriate choice of the method for self-organization. Recent published contributions to the self-configuration of ad hoc sensor networks, e.g., self-organizing mapping and swarm intelligence techniques, have been based on the adaptive control of the cross-layer interactions found in MANET protocols to achieve one or more performance objectives: connectivity, intrusion resistance, power control, throughput, and delay. However, few studies have examined the performance of these algorithms when implemented with the limited resources of WSNs. In this paper, self-organization algorithms for the initiation, operation and maintenance of a network topology from a collection of wireless sensor nodes are proposed that improve the performance metrics significant to WSNs. The intelligent algorithm approach emphasizes low computational complexity, energy efficiency and robust adaptation to change, allowing distributed implementation with the actual limited resources of the cooperative nodes of the network. Extensions of the 2. Method of transport simulation for electrons between 10eV and 30keV International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Terrissol, Michel. 1978-01-01 A transport simulation of low energy electrons in matter using a Monte-Carlo method and studying all the interactions of the electrons with atoms, molecules or assembly of them is described. Elastic scattering, ionization, excitation, plasmon creation, reorganization following inner-shell ionization, electron-hole pair creation ... are simulated individually by sampling of confirmed experimental or theoretical cross sections. So atomic and molecular gases, metals such as aluminium and liquid water have been studied. The simulation allows to follow the electrons until their energy reaches the atomic or molecular ionization potential of the irradiated matter. The entire trajectories of primary electron and of all secondaries set in motion are exactly reproduced. Several applications to multiple scattering, radiobiology, microdosimetry, electronic microscope are represented and some results are directly compared with experimental ones [fr 3. Comparison of Satellite Surveying to Traditional Surveying Methods for the Resources Industry Science.gov (United States) Osborne, B. P.; Osborne, V. J.; Kruger, M. L. Modern ground-based survey methods involve detailed survey, which provides three-space co-ordinates for surveyed points, to a high level of accuracy. The instruments are operated by surveyors, who process the raw results to create survey location maps for the subject of the survey. Such surveys are conducted for a location or region and referenced to the earth global co- ordinate system with global positioning system (GPS) positioning. Due to this referencing the survey is only as accurate as the GPS reference system. Satellite survey remote sensing utilise satellite imagery which have been processed using commercial geographic information system software. Three-space co-ordinate maps are generated, with an accuracy determined by the datum position accuracy and optical resolution of the satellite platform.This paper presents a case study, which compares topographic surveying undertaken by traditional survey methods with satellite surveying, for the same location. The purpose of this study is to assess the viability of satellite remote sensing for surveying in the resources industry. The case study involves a topographic survey of a dune field for a prospective mining project area in Pakistan. This site has been surveyed using modern surveying techniques and the results are compared to a satellite survey performed on the same area.Analysis of the results from traditional survey and from the satellite survey involved a comparison of the derived spatial co- ordinates from each method. In addition, comparisons have been made of costs and turnaround time for both methods.The results of this application of remote sensing is of particular interest for survey in areas with remote and extreme environments, weather extremes, political unrest, poor travel links, which are commonly associated with mining projects. Such areas frequently suffer language barriers, poor onsite technical support and resources. 4. A comparative study of different methods for calculating electronic transition rates Science.gov (United States) Kananenka, Alexei A.; Sun, Xiang; Schubert, Alexander; Dunietz, Barry D.; Geva, Eitan 2018-03-01 We present a comprehensive comparison of the following mixed quantum-classical methods for calculating electronic transition rates: (1) nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule, (2) mixed quantum-classical Liouville method, (3) mean-field (Ehrenfest) mixed quantum-classical method, and (4) fewest switches surface-hopping method (in diabatic and adiabatic representations). The comparison is performed on the Garg-Onuchic-Ambegaokar benchmark charge-transfer model, over a broad range of temperatures and electronic coupling strengths, with different nonequilibrium initial states, in the normal and inverted regimes. Under weak to moderate electronic coupling, the nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule rates are found to be in good agreement with the rates obtained via the mixed quantum-classical Liouville method that coincides with the fully quantum-mechanically exact results for the model system under study. Our results suggest that the nonequilibrium Fermi's golden rule can serve as an inexpensive yet accurate alternative to Ehrenfest and the fewest switches surface-hopping methods. 5. Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys Program, U.S. Geological Survey Science.gov (United States) Arbogast, Belinda F. 1996-01-01 The analytical methods validated by the Mineral Resource Surveys Program, Geologic Division, is the subject of this manual. This edition replaces the methods portion of Open-File Report 90-668 published in 1990. Newer methods may be used which have been approved by the quality assurance (QA) project and are on file with the QA coordinator.This manual is intended primarily for use by laboratory scientists; this manual can also assist laboratory users to evaluate the data they receive. The analytical methods are written in a step by step approach so that they may be used as a training tool and provide detailed documentation of the procedures for quality assurance. A "Catalog of Services" is available for customer (submitter) use with brief listings of:the element(s)/species determined,method of determination,reference to cite,contact person,summary of the technique,and analyte concentration range.For a copy please contact the Branch office at (303) 236-1800 or fax (303) 236-3200. 6. Resource potential methods using for efficiency of activities in the region increase Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. P. Vasiliev 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The article considers impact methods on the economic results, the effectiveness of the regional economic complex should be based on a high quality of the basic characteristics classification of the region state. Application composition techniques to ensure a comprehensive impact on the achievement of this goal should in synthesized form to union, adopt a target orientation of development of the region with the parameters objectively revealing his condition. Ensuring organizational, economic, financial and investment techniques to achieve the planned targets and requires specifying align resource potential of the region with the available capacity of the regional economic complex to promote economic growth, improve the efficiency of operations. The main characteristics of the potential resource opportunities in the region are the skill level of workers, the degree of depreciation of fixed assets and their renewability, increased innovation in the region, its branches and facilities, strengthening of competitive advantages, the annual average number of employees, the cost of fixed and current assets, financial stability. In the region the opportunity to potentially affect the ability of its structural components to achieve the financial and economic performance targets acts as efficiency ability to provide stable dynamics of regional production efficiency, enhance the level of benefits to achieve the planned efficiency used (consumed resource. Applying of certain methods or their entire structure, created to provide a comprehensive impact on the goal achievement, in the synthesized form of target orientation combines regional development with the parameters most objectively revealing his condition. Achieving the appropriate organizational, economic, financial, investment or other measures to achieve planned targets that are expressed by the level of efficiency of activity in the conditions of the most complete involvement and intensity of use in 7. Calculation of dynamic and electronic properties of perfect and defect crystals by semiempirical quantum mechanical methods International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zunger, A. 1975-07-01 Semiempirical all-valence-electron LCAO methods, that were previously used to study the electronic structure of molecules are applied to three problems in solid state physics: the electronic band structure of covalent crystals, point defect problems in solids and lattice dynamical study of molecular crystals. Calculation methods for the electronic band structure of regular solids are introduced and problems regarding the computation of the density matrix in solids are discussed. Three models for treating the electronic eigenvalue problem in the solid, within the proposed calculation schemes, are discussed and the proposed models and calculation schemes are applied to the calculation of the electronic structure of several solids belonging to different crystal types. The calculation models also describe electronic properties of deep defects in covalent insulating crystals. The possible usefulness of the semieipirical LCAO methods in determining the first order intermolecular interaction potential in solids and an improved model for treating the lattice dynamics and related thermodynamical properties of molecular solids are presented. The improved lattice dynamical is used to compute phonon dispersion curves, phonon density of states, stable unit cell structure, lattice heat capacity and thermal crystal parameters, in α and γ-N 2 crystals, using the N 2 -N 2 intermolecular interaction potential that has been computed from the semiempirical LCAO methods. (B.G.) 8. Characterization of deep geothermal energy resources using Electro-Magnetic methods, Belgium Science.gov (United States) Loveless, Sian; Harcout-Menou, Virginie; De Ridder, Fjo; Claessens, Bert; Laenen, Ben 2014-05-01 Sedimentary basins in Northwest Europe have significant potential for low to medium enthalpy, deep geothermal energy resources. These resources are currently assessed using standard exploration techniques (seismic investigations followed by drilling of a borehole). This has enabled identification of geothermal resources but such techniques are extremely costly. The high cost of exploration remains one of the main barriers to geothermal project development due to the lack of capital in the geothermal industry. We will test the possibility of using the Electro-Magnetic (EM) methods to aid identification of geothermal resources in conjunction with more traditional exploration methods. An EM campaign could cost a third of a seismic campaign and is also often a passive technology, resulting in smaller environmental impacts than seismic surveys or drilling. EM methods image changes in the resistivity of the earth's sub-surface using natural or induced frequency dependant variations of electric and magnetic fields. Changes in resistivity can be interpreted as representing different subsurface properties including changes in rock type, chemistry, temperature and/or hydraulic transmissivity. While EM techniques have proven to be useful in geothermal exploration in high enthalpy areas in the last 2-3 years only a handful of studies assess their applicability in low enthalpy sedimentary basins. Challenges include identifying which sub-surface features cause changes in electrical resistivity as low enthalpy reservoirs are unlikely to exhibit the hydrothermally altered clay layer above the geothermal aquifer that is typical for high enthalpy reservoirs. Yet a principal challenge is likely to be the high levels of industrialisation in the areas of interest. Infrastructure such as train tracks and power cables can create a high level of background noise that can obfuscate the relevant signal. We present our plans for an EM campaign in the Flemish region of Belgium. Field 9. Design of convergent pierce electron gun of accelerator for radiation sterilization by the method of synthesis International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kong Xiaoxiao; Li Quanfeng 2003-01-01 A synthesis technique for the preliminary design of convergent Pierce electron guns is introduced briefly which has a series of advantages over the traditional methods. A thermal cathode electron gun used in the accelerator for radiation sterilization with the synthesis method is redesigned, and the validity of this method is proved. Based on the preliminary design parameters given by the synthesis method, a simulating calculation program, EGUN, was used in the numerical figure design of the focusing electrode and the anode. The final results can meet the engineering requirement as the current being 1A, the normalized emittance being less than 4 mm·mrad, and the final current density showing uniformity 10. Quantitative prediction process and evaluation method for seafloor polymetallic sulfide resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mengyi Ren 2016-03-01 Full Text Available Seafloor polymetallic sulfide resources exhibit significant development potential. In 2011, China received the exploration rights for 10,000 km2 of a polymetallic sulfides area in the Southwest Indian Ocean; China will be permitted to retain only 25% of the area in 2021. However, an exploration of seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits in China remains in the initial stage. According to the quantitative prediction theory and the exploration status of seafloor sulfides, this paper systematically proposes a quantitative prediction evaluation process of oceanic polymetallic sulfide resources and divides it into three stages: prediction in a large area, prediction in the prospecting region, and the verification and evaluation of targets. The first two stages of the prediction process have been employed in seafloor sulfides prospecting of the Chinese contract area. The results of stage one suggest that the Chinese contract area is located in the high posterior probability area, which indicates good prospecting potential area in the Indian Ocean. In stage two, the Chinese contract area of 48°–52°E has the highest posterior probability value, which can be selected as the reserved region for additional exploration. In stage three, the method of numerical simulation is employed to reproduce the ore-forming process of sulfides to verify the accuracy of the reserved targets obtained from the three-stage prediction. By narrowing the exploration area and gradually improving the exploration accuracy, the prediction will provide a basis for the exploration and exploitation of seafloor polymetallic sulfide resources. 11. Value and depreciation of mineral resources over the very long run: An empirical contrast of different methods OpenAIRE Rubio Varas, M. del Mar 2005-01-01 The paper contrasts empirically the results of alternative methods for estimating the value and the depreciation of mineral resources. The historical data of Mexico and Venezuela, covering the period 1920s-1980s, is used to contrast the results of several methods. These are the present value, the net price method, the user cost method and the imputed income method. The paper establishes that the net price and the user cost are not competing methods as such, but alternative adjustments to diff... 12. Optimal Allocation of Power-Electronic Interfaced Wind Turbines Using a Genetic Algorithm - Monte Carlo Hybrid Optimization Method DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Chen, Peiyuan; Siano, Pierluigi; Chen, Zhe 2010-01-01 determined by the wind resource and geographic conditions, the location of wind turbines in a power system network may significantly affect the distribution of power flow, power losses, etc. Furthermore, modern WTs with power-electronic interface have the capability of controlling reactive power output...... limit requirements. The method combines the Genetic Algorithm (GA), gradient-based constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm and sequential Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The GA searches for the optimal locations and capacities of WTs. The gradient-based optimization finds the optimal power factor...... setting of WTs. The sequential MCS takes into account the stochastic behaviour of wind power generation and load. The proposed hybrid optimization method is demonstrated on an 11 kV 69-bus distribution system.... 13. Evaluating Behaviorally Oriented Aviation Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) Training and Programs: Methods, Results, and Conclusions Science.gov (United States) Taylor, James C.; Thomas, Robert L., III 2003-01-01 Assessment of the impact of Aviation Resource Management Programs on aviation culture and performance has compelled a considerable body of research (Taylor & Robertson, 1995; Taylor, 1998; Taylor & Patankar, 2001). In recent years new methods have been applied to the problem of maintenance error precipitated by factors such as the need for self-assessment of communication and trust. The present study - 2002 -- is an extension of that past work. This research project was designed as the conclusion of a larger effort to help understand, evaluate and validate the impact of Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) training programs, and other MRM interventions on participant attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and ultimately on enhanced safety performance. It includes research and development of evaluation methodology as well as examination of psychological constructs and correlates of maintainer performance. In particular, during 2002, three issues were addressed. First, the evaluation of two (independent & different) MRM programs for changing behaviors was undertaken. In one case we were able to further apply the approach to measuring written communication developed during 2001 (Taylor, 2002; Taylor & Thomas, 2003). Second, the MRM/TOQ surveys were made available for completion on the internet. The responses from these on-line surveys were automatically linked to a results calculator (like the one developed and described in Taylor, 2002) to aid industry users in analyzing and evaluating their local survey data on the internet. Third, the main trends and themes from our research about MRM programs over the past dozen years were reviewed. 14. Resource Allocation for Downlink Multi-Cell OFDMA Cognitive Radio Network Using Hungarian Method Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) N. Forouzan 2013-12-01 Full Text Available This paper considers the problem of resource allocation for downlink part of an OFDM-based multi-cell cognitive radio network which consists of multiple secondary transmitters and receivers communicating simultaneously in the presence of multiple primary users. We present a new framework to maximize the total data throughput of secondary users by means of subchannel assignment, while ensuring interference leakage to PUs is below a threshold. In this framework, we first formulate the resource allocation problem as a nonlinear and non-convex optimization problem. Then we represent the problem as a maximum weighted matching in a bipartite graph and propose an iterative algorithm based on Hungarian method to solve it. The present contribution develops an efficient subchannel allocation algorithm that assigns subchannels to the secondary users without the perfect knowledge of fading channel gain between cognitive radio transmitter and primary receivers. The performance of the proposed subcarrier allocation algorithm is compared with a blind subchannel allocation as well as another scheme with the perfect knowledge of channel-state information. Simulation results reveal that a significant performance advantage can still be realized, even if the optimization at the secondary network is based on imperfect network information. 15. A Multiuser Manufacturing Resource Service Composition Method Based on the Bees Algorithm Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yongquan Xie 2015-01-01 Full Text Available In order to realize an optimal resource service allocation in current open and service-oriented manufacturing model, multiuser resource service composition (RSC is modeled as a combinational and constrained multiobjective problem. The model takes into account both subjective and objective quality of service (QoS properties as representatives to evaluate a solution. The QoS properties aggregation and evaluation techniques are based on existing researches. The basic Bees Algorithm is tailored for finding a near optimal solution to the model, since the basic version is only proposed to find a desired solution in continuous domain and thus not suitable for solving the problem modeled in our study. Particular rules are designed for handling the constraints and finding Pareto optimality. In addition, the established model introduces a trusted service set to each user so that the algorithm could start by searching in the neighbor of more reliable service chains (known as seeds than those randomly generated. The advantages of these techniques are validated by experiments in terms of success rate, searching speed, ability of avoiding ingenuity, and so forth. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in handling multiuser RSC problems. 16. Kernel polynomial method for a nonorthogonal electronic-structure calculation of amorphous diamond International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Roeder, H.; Silver, R.N.; Drabold, D.A.; Dong, J.J. 1997-01-01 The Kernel polynomial method (KPM) has been successfully applied to tight-binding electronic-structure calculations as an O(N) method. Here we extend this method to nonorthogonal basis sets with a sparse overlap matrix S and a sparse Hamiltonian H. Since the KPM method utilizes matrix vector multiplications it is necessary to apply S -1 H onto a vector. The multiplication of S -1 is performed using a preconditioned conjugate-gradient method and does not involve the explicit inversion of S. Hence the method scales the same way as the original KPM method, i.e., O(N), although there is an overhead due to the additional conjugate-gradient part. We apply this method to a large scale electronic-structure calculation of amorphous diamond. copyright 1997 The American Physical Society 17. Development of an electronic medical record based alert for risk of HIV treatment failure in a low-resource setting. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nancy Puttkammer 18. System of and method for transparent management of data objects in containers across distributed heterogenous resources Science.gov (United States) Moore, Reagan W.; Rajasekar, Arcot; Wan, Michael Y. 2007-09-11 A system of and method for maintaining data objects in containers across a network of distributed heterogeneous resources in a manner which is transparent to a client. A client request pertaining to containers is resolved by querying meta data for the container, processing the request through one or more copies of the container maintained on the system, updating the meta data for the container to reflect any changes made to the container as a result processing the re quest, and, if a copy of the container has changed, changing the status of the copy to indicate dirty status or synchronizing the copy to one or more other copies that may be present on the system. 19. Use of the Delphi method in resolving complex water resources issues Science.gov (United States) Taylor, J.G.; Ryder, S.D. 2003-01-01 The tri-state river basins, shared by Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, are being modeled by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to help facilitate agreement in an acrimonious water dispute among these different state governments. Modeling of such basin reservoir operations requires parallel understanding of several river system components: hydropower production, flood control, municipal and industrial water use, navigation, and reservoir fisheries requirements. The Delphi method, using repetitive surveying of experts, was applied to determine fisheries' water and lake-level requirements on 25 reservoirs in these interstate basins. The Delphi technique allowed the needs and requirements of fish populations to be brought into the modeling effort on equal footing with other water supply and demand components. When the subject matter is concisely defined and limited, this technique can rapidly assess expert opinion on any natural resource issue, and even move expert opinion toward greater agreement. 20. Innovative direct energy conversion systems using electronic adiabatic processes of electron fluid in solid conductors: new plants of electrical power and hydrogen gas resources without environmental pollutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kondoh, Y.; Kondo, M.; Shimoda, K.; Takahashi, T. 2001-07-01 It is shown that using a novel recycling process of the environmental thermal energy, innovative permanent auto-working direct energy converter systems (PA-DEC systems) from the environmental thermal to electrical and/or chemical potential (TE/CP) energies, abbreviated as PA-TE/CP-DEC systems, can be used for new auto-working electrical power plants and the plants of the compressible and conveyable hydrogen gas resources at various regions in the whole world, with contributions to the world peace and the economical development in the south part of the world. It is shown that the same physical mechanism by free electrons and electrical potential determined by temperature in conductors, which include semiconductors, leads to the Peltier effect and the Seebeck one. It is experimentally clarified that the long distance separation between two π type elements of the heat absorption (HAS) and the production one (HPS) of the Peltier effect circuit system or between the higher temperature side (HTS) and the lower one (LTS) of the Seebeck effect circuit one does not change in the whole for the both effects. By using present systems, we do not need to use petrified fuels such as coals, oils, and natural gases in order to decrease the greenhouse effect by the CO 2 surrounding the earth. Furthermore, we do not need plats of nuclear fissions that left radiating wastes, i.e., with no environmental pollutions. The PA-TE/CP-DEC systems can be applicable for several km scale systems to the micro ones, such as the plants of the electrical power, the compact transportable hydrogen gas resources, a large heat energy container, which can be settled at far place from thermal energy absorbing area, the refrigerators, the air conditioners, home electrical apparatuses, and further the computer elements. It is shown that the simplest PA-TE/CP-DEC system can be established by using only the Seebeck effect components and the resolving water ones. It is clarified that the externally applied 1. Color electron microprobe cathodoluminescence of Bishunpur meteorite compared with the traditional optical microscopy method Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Amanda Araujo Tosi Full Text Available Abstract Cathodoluminescence (CL imaging is an outstanding method for sub classification of Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrites (UOC - petrological type 3. CL can be obtained by several electron beam apparatuses. The traditional method uses an electron gun coupled to an optical microscope (OM. Although many scanning electron microscopes (SEM and electron microprobes (EPMA have been equipped with a cathodoluminescence, this technique was not fully explored. Images obtained by the two methods differ due to a different kind of signal acquisition. While in the CL-OM optical photography true colors are obtained, in the CL-EPMA the results are grayscale monochromatic electronic signals. L-RGB filters were used in the CL-EPMA analysis in order to obtain color data. The aim of this work is to compare cathodoluminescence data obtained from both techniques, optical microscope and electron microprobe, on the Bishunpur meteorite classified as LL 3.1 chondrite. The present study allows concluding that 20 KeV and 7 nA is the best analytical condition at EPMA in order to test the equivalence between CL-EPMA and CL-OM colour results. Moreover, the color index revealed to be a method for aiding the study of the thermal metamorphism, but it is not definitive for the meteorite classification. 2. A structured elicitation method to identify key direct risk factors for the management of natural resources Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michael Smith 2015-11-01 Full Text Available The high level of uncertainty inherent in natural resource management requires planners to apply comprehensive risk analyses, often in situations where there are few resources. In this paper, we demonstrate a broadly applicable, novel and structured elicitation approach to identify important direct risk factors. This new approach combines expert calibration and fuzzy based mathematics to capture and aggregate subjective expert estimates of the likelihood that a set of direct risk factors will cause management failure. A specific case study is used to demonstrate the approach; however, the described methods are widely applicable in risk analysis. For the case study, the management target was to retain all species that characterise a set of natural biological elements. The analysis was bounded by the spatial distribution of the biological elements under consideration and a 20-year time frame. Fourteen biological elements were expected to be at risk. Eleven important direct risk factors were identified that related to surrounding land use practices, climate change, problem species (e.g., feral predators, fire and hydrological change. In terms of their overall influence, the two most important risk factors were salinisation and a lack of water which together pose a considerable threat to the survival of nine biological elements. The described approach successfully overcame two concerns arising from previous risk analysis work: (1 the lack of an intuitive, yet comprehensive scoring method enabling the detection and clarification of expert agreement and associated levels of uncertainty; and (2 the ease with which results can be interpreted and communicated while preserving a rich level of detail essential for informed decision making. 3. A new method of testing space-based high-energy electron detectors with radioactive electron sources Science.gov (United States) Zhang, S. Y.; Shen, G. H.; Sun, Y.; Zhou, D. Z.; Zhang, X. X.; Li, J. W.; Huang, C.; Zhang, X. G.; Dong, Y. J.; Zhang, W. J.; Zhang, B. Q.; Shi, C. Y. 2016-05-01 Space-based electron detectors are commonly tested using radioactive β-sources which emit a continuous spectrum without spectral lines. Therefore, the tests are often to be considered only qualitative. This paper introduces a method, which results in more than a qualitative test even when using a β-source. The basic idea is to use the simulated response function of the instrument to invert the measured spectrum and compare this inverted spectrum with a reference spectrum obtained from the same source. Here we have used Geant4 to simulate the instrument response function (IRF) and a 3.5 mm thick Li-drifted Si detector to obtain the reference 90Sr/90Yi source spectrum to test and verify the geometric factors of the Omni-Direction Particle Detector (ODPD) on the Tiangong-1 (TG-1) and Tiangong-2 (TG-2) spacecraft. The TG spacecraft are experimental space laboratories and prototypes of the Chinese space station. The excellent agreement between the measured and reference spectra demonstrates that this test method can be used to quantitatively assess the quality of the instrument. Due to its simplicity, the method is faster and therefore more efficient than traditional full calibrations using an electron accelerator. 4. A new method of testing space-based high-energy electron detectors with radioactive electron sources Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zhang, S.Y. [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Shen, G.H., E-mail: shgh@nssc.ac.cn [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Sun, Y., E-mail: sunying@nssc.ac.cn [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Zhou, D.Z., E-mail: dazhuang.zhou@gmail.com [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Zhang, X.X., E-mail: xxzhang@cma.gov.cn [National Center for Space Weather, Beijing (China); Li, J.W., E-mail: lijw@cma.gov.cn [National Center for Space Weather, Beijing (China); Huang, C., E-mail: huangc@cma.gov.cn [National Center for Space Weather, Beijing (China); Zhang, X.G., E-mail: zhangxg@nssc.ac.cn [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Dong, Y.J., E-mail: dyj@nssc.ac.cn [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Zhang, W.J., E-mail: zhangreatest@163.com [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Zhang, B.Q., E-mail: zhangbinquan@nssc.ac.cn [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China); Shi, C.Y., E-mail: scy@nssc.ac.cn [National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing (China) 2016-05-01 Space-based electron detectors are commonly tested using radioactive β-sources which emit a continuous spectrum without spectral lines. Therefore, the tests are often to be considered only qualitative. This paper introduces a method, which results in more than a qualitative test even when using a β-source. The basic idea is to use the simulated response function of the instrument to invert the measured spectrum and compare this inverted spectrum with a reference spectrum obtained from the same source. Here we have used Geant4 to simulate the instrument response function (IRF) and a 3.5 mm thick Li-drifted Si detector to obtain the reference {sup 90}Sr/{sup 90}Yi source spectrum to test and verify the geometric factors of the Omni-Direction Particle Detector (ODPD) on the Tiangong-1 (TG-1) and Tiangong-2 (TG-2) spacecraft. The TG spacecraft are experimental space laboratories and prototypes of the Chinese space station. The excellent agreement between the measured and reference spectra demonstrates that this test method can be used to quantitatively assess the quality of the instrument. Due to its simplicity, the method is faster and therefore more efficient than traditional full calibrations using an electron accelerator. 5. A new method of testing space-based high-energy electron detectors with radioactive electron sources International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhang, S.Y.; Shen, G.H.; Sun, Y.; Zhou, D.Z.; Zhang, X.X.; Li, J.W.; Huang, C.; Zhang, X.G.; Dong, Y.J.; Zhang, W.J.; Zhang, B.Q.; Shi, C.Y. 2016-01-01 Space-based electron detectors are commonly tested using radioactive β-sources which emit a continuous spectrum without spectral lines. Therefore, the tests are often to be considered only qualitative. This paper introduces a method, which results in more than a qualitative test even when using a β-source. The basic idea is to use the simulated response function of the instrument to invert the measured spectrum and compare this inverted spectrum with a reference spectrum obtained from the same source. Here we have used Geant4 to simulate the instrument response function (IRF) and a 3.5 mm thick Li-drifted Si detector to obtain the reference "9"0Sr/"9"0Yi source spectrum to test and verify the geometric factors of the Omni-Direction Particle Detector (ODPD) on the Tiangong-1 (TG-1) and Tiangong-2 (TG-2) spacecraft. The TG spacecraft are experimental space laboratories and prototypes of the Chinese space station. The excellent agreement between the measured and reference spectra demonstrates that this test method can be used to quantitatively assess the quality of the instrument. Due to its simplicity, the method is faster and therefore more efficient than traditional full calibrations using an electron accelerator. 6. Quantum chemistry the development of ab initio methods in molecular electronic structure theory CERN Document Server Schaefer III, Henry F 2004-01-01 This guide is guaranteed to prove of keen interest to the broad spectrum of experimental chemists who use electronic structure theory to assist in the interpretation of their laboratory findings. A list of 150 landmark papers in ab initio molecular electronic structure methods, it features the first page of each paper (which usually encompasses the abstract and introduction). Its primary focus is methodology, rather than the examination of particular chemical problems, and the selected papers either present new and important methods or illustrate the effectiveness of existing methods in predi 7. Methods of organization of SCORM-compliant teaching materials in electronic format Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jacek Marciniak 2012-06-01 Full Text Available This paper presents a method of organizing electronic teaching materials based on their role in the teaching process rather than their technical structure. Our method allows SCORM materials stored as e-learning courses („electronic books” to be subdivided and structured so that content can be used in multiple contexts. As a standard, SCORM defines rules for organizing content, but not how to divide and structure it. Our method uses UCTS nomenclature to divide content, define relationships between content entities, and aggregate those entities into courses. This allows content to be shared in different implementations of SCORM while guaranteeing that usability and consistency are maintained. 8. A modified method of calculating the lateral build-up ratio for small electron fields International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tyner, E; McCavana, P; McClean, B 2006-01-01 This note outlines an improved method of calculating dose per monitor unit values for small electron fields using Khan's lateral build-up ratio (LBR). This modified method obtains the LBR directly from the ratio of measured, surface normalized, electron beam percentage depth dose curves. The LBR calculated using this modified method more accurately accounts for the change in lateral scatter with decreasing field size. The LBR is used along with Khan's dose per monitor unit formula to calculate dose per monitor unit values for a set of small fields. These calculated dose per monitor unit values are compared to measured values to within 3.5% for all circular fields and electron energies examined. The modified method was further tested using a small triangular field. A maximum difference of 4.8% was found. (note) 9. Cluster Analysis of the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English: A Comparison of Methods NARCIS (Netherlands) Moisl, Hermann; Jones, Valerie M. 2005-01-01 This article examines the feasibility of an empirical approach to sociolinguistic analysis of the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English using exploratory multivariate methods. It addresses a known problem with one class of such methods, hierarchical cluster analysis—that different 10. Cluster Analysis of the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English: In A Comparison of Methods NARCIS (Netherlands) Moisl, Hermann; Jones, Valerie M. 2005-01-01 This article examines the feasibility of an empirical approach to sociolinguistic analysis of the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English using exploratory multivariate methods. It addresses a known problem with one class of such methods, hierarchical cluster analysis—that different 11. Methods of measurements on incidental X-radiation from electron tubes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1977-01-01 The standard describes the method for detection of x-radiation and the method for the direct and indirect measurement of field pattern and exposure rate of random incidental radiation emanating from high voltage electron tubes. Required apparatus and calibration procedure for the exposure rate meter or film mount are described. (M.G.B.) 12. Consumer reports [electronic resource National Research Council Canada - National Science Library 1942-01-01 ... only. A limited number of selected reports, advice on product selection and safety alerts are freely available, as are a five year listing of product recalls, a listing of major consumer product... 13. Method of synthesizing small-diameter carbon nanotubes with electron field emission properties Science.gov (United States) Liu, Jie (Inventor); Du, Chunsheng (Inventor); Qian, Cheng (Inventor); Gao, Bo (Inventor); Qiu, Qi (Inventor); Zhou, Otto Z. (Inventor) 2009-01-01 Carbon nanotube material having an outer diameter less than 10 nm and a number of walls less than ten are disclosed. Also disclosed are an electron field emission device including a substrate, an optionally layer of adhesion-promoting layer, and a layer of electron field emission material. The electron field emission material includes a carbon nanotube having a number of concentric graphene shells per tube of from two to ten, an outer diameter from 2 to 8 nm, and a nanotube length greater than 0.1 microns. One method to fabricate carbon nanotubes includes the steps of (a) producing a catalyst containing Fe and Mo supported on MgO powder, (b) using a mixture of hydrogen and carbon containing gas as precursors, and (c) heating the catalyst to a temperature above 950.degree. C. to produce a carbon nanotube. Another method of fabricating an electron field emission cathode includes the steps of (a) synthesizing electron field emission materials containing carbon nanotubes with a number of concentric graphene shells per tube from two to ten, an outer diameter of from 2 to 8 nm, and a length greater than 0.1 microns, (b) dispersing the electron field emission material in a suitable solvent, (c) depositing the electron field emission materials onto a substrate, and (d) annealing the substrate. 14. Nuclear electronics equipment for control and monitoring panel. Ratemeter data and test methods International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1977-09-01 This document first reviews the main notations used, and some definitions, then states its scope and gives a bibliography. The main characteristics of ratemeter electronic sub-assemblies are then given, and corresponding test methods are described. This type of instrument indicates, on a linear or logarithmic scale, the counting rate of pulses applied to its input. The document reviews analogue and digital ratemeters with linear or logarithmic characteristics, for general purpose applications, reactor control, health physics, plant and laboratory applications. The document is intended for electronics manufacturers, designers, persons participating in acceptance trials, plant operators and, generally, for members of the electronics profession [fr 15. Application of CTOF method to detect secondly charged particle from 2 GeV electron International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Takahashi, Kazutoshi; Sanami, Toshiya; Ban, Syuichi; Lee, Hee-Seok; Sato, Tatsuhiko 2002-01-01 To design a shield and evaluate leakage radiation at high energy electron accelerators, the energy and angular data of secondary particle from the reaction of electrons with structural materials are required. Secondly neutron spectrum from structural materials has been measured by using electron accelerator in PAL (Pohang Accelerator Laboratory). In the neutron measurement, the electronics with Multi-hit TDC (MHTDC) was adopted to measure Time of Flight of every particles (TOFs) emitted from the reactions by each single electron bunch. The measurements are extended to secondly charged particles. For the charged particles measurement, the pulse height data for every particles are indispensable to distinguish charged particles by Δ E-E method. A new system which can measure pulse height for every particle is required instead of the MHTDC system. For this requirement, the method which can take output current from detectors was developed by using digital storage oscilloscope system is named ''Current Time of Flight method'' (CTOF). The CTOF method is able to measure pulse height and TOF for every particles produced by single electron bunch. Electrons are accelerated to 2.04 GeV and the repetition rate is 10 Hz. These electrons bombard thin disk samples of Cu 1mm, Al 4 mm and W 0.5 mm. Secondly charged particles, proton and deuteron, are produced in the samples by photonuclear reaction. Two dimensional of Δ E-E spectrum for each the samples measured by CTOF shows separation between proton and deuteron perfectly. Thus, proton and deuteron spectrum are obtained from this data. (M. Suetake) 16. The electronic Rothamsted Archive (e-RA), an online resource for data from the Rothamsted long-term experiments. Science.gov (United States) Perryman, Sarah A M; Castells-Brooke, Nathalie I D; Glendining, Margaret J; Goulding, Keith W T; Hawkesford, Malcolm J; Macdonald, Andy J; Ostler, Richard J; Poulton, Paul R; Rawlings, Christopher J; Scott, Tony; Verrier, Paul J 2018-05-15 The electronic Rothamsted Archive, e-RA (www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk) provides a permanent managed database to both securely store and disseminate data from Rothamsted Research's long-term field experiments (since 1843) and meteorological stations (since 1853). Both historical and contemporary data are made available via this online database which provides the scientific community with access to a unique continuous record of agricultural experiments and weather measured since the mid-19 th century. Qualitative information, such as treatment and management practices, plans and soil information, accompanies the data and are made available on the e-RA website. e-RA was released externally to the wider scientific community in 2013 and this paper describes its development, content, curation and the access process for data users. Case studies illustrate the diverse applications of the data, including its original intended purposes and recent unforeseen applications. Usage monitoring demonstrates the data are of increasing interest. Future developments, including adopting FAIR data principles, are proposed as the resource is increasingly recognised as a unique archive of data relevant to sustainable agriculture, agroecology and the environment. 17. Krylov subspace method for evaluating the self-energy matrices in electron transport calculations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Sørensen, Hans Henrik Brandenborg; Hansen, Per Christian; Petersen, D. E. 2008-01-01 We present a Krylov subspace method for evaluating the self-energy matrices used in the Green's function formulation of electron transport in nanoscale devices. A procedure based on the Arnoldi method is employed to obtain solutions of the quadratic eigenvalue problem associated with the infinite...... calculations. Numerical tests within a density functional theory framework are provided to validate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method, which in most cases is an order of magnitude faster than conventional methods.......We present a Krylov subspace method for evaluating the self-energy matrices used in the Green's function formulation of electron transport in nanoscale devices. A procedure based on the Arnoldi method is employed to obtain solutions of the quadratic eigenvalue problem associated with the infinite... 18. Charting a Course through CORAL: Texas A&M University Libraries' Experience Implementing an Open-Source Electronic Resources Management System Science.gov (United States) Hartnett, Eric; Beh, Eugenia; Resnick, Taryn; Ugaz, Ana; Tabacaru, Simona 2013-01-01 In 2010, after two previous unsuccessful attempts at electronic resources management system (ERMS) implementation, Texas A&M University (TAMU) Libraries set out once again to find an ERMS that would fit its needs. After surveying the field, TAMU Libraries selected the University of Notre Dame Hesburgh Libraries-developed, open-source ERMS,… 19. Provincial Water Resource Allocation in Agricultural Sector Using Conflict Resolution Methods in Atrak Basin Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Parvaneh KazemiMeresht 2017-03-01 Full Text Available Introduction: In spite of improving the water productivity due to development in water infrastructure systems, population increasing causing the water withdrawal is triple in the last fifty years. In this situation competition on water consumption especially in the agricultural sector which is the biggest consumer in the world and also in Iran is a severe problem. Water allocation has been assessed widely in the recent past. Additionally, several studies have explored methods to incorporate conflict resolution methods in water allocation. In a general classification, there are two types of methods. One is the method based on game theory, graph theory and general models based oncooperative game into a category that has the ability to consider the stakeholder preferences and assess the several scenarios under specified policy. Although this type of methods iseligible to cooperate the stakeholder in modeling but due to their weakness on considering the information on details and their limitations in adoption with changes caused from uncertainty, they are not popular in practical cases. Another type of conflict resolution method which is eligible to considering more detailed information of systems has the optimization approach basically, has the most interests between researchers. There is namely the Nash bargaining solution, the Kalai-Smorodinesky solution, the Equal loss solution and the area monotonic solution. There are several studies which areapplied these methods to investigate about groundwater (5, 6 and10. There are a few applications of water resource allocation models which is incorporated with conflict resolution methods in Transboundary Rivers nowadays and restricted to game theory related methods (1 and 2. The aim of this study is the assessment of the application of conflict resolution methods such as symmetric and non symmetric Nash solution, non symmetricKalai-Smorodinesky, non symmetric equal loss solution and finally the area 20. Application of Method of Variation to Analyze and Predict Human Induced Modifications of Water Resource Systems Science.gov (United States) Dessu, S. B.; Melesse, A. M.; Mahadev, B.; McClain, M. 2010-12-01 Water resource systems have often used gravitational surface and subsurface flows because of their practicality in hydrological modeling and prediction. Activities such as inter/intra-basin water transfer, the use of small pumps and the construction of micro-ponds challenge the tradition of natural rivers as water resource management unit. On the contrary, precipitation is barely affected by topography and plot harvesting in wet regions can be more manageable than diverting from rivers. Therefore, it is indicative to attend to systems where precipitation drives the dynamics while the internal mechanics constitutes spectrum of human activity and decision in a network of plots. The trade-in volume and path of harvested precipitation depends on water balance, energy balance and the kinematics of supply and demand. Method of variation can be used to understand and predict the implication of local excess precipitation harvest and exchange on the natural water system. A system model was developed using the variational form of Euler-Bernoulli’s equation for the Kenyan Mara River basin. Satellite derived digital elevation models, precipitation estimates, and surface properties such as fractional impervious surface area, are used to estimate the available water resource. Four management conditions are imposed in the model: gravitational flow, open water extraction and high water use investment at upstream and downstream respectively. According to the model, the first management maintains the basin status quo while the open source management could induce externality. The high water market at the upstream in the third management offers more than 50% of the basin-wide total revenue to the upper third section of the basin thus may promote more harvesting. The open source and upstream exploitation suggest potential drop of water availability to downstream. The model exposed the latent potential of economic gradient to reconfigure the flow network along the direction where the 1. Standardized phenology monitoring methods to track plant and animal activity for science and resource management applications Science.gov (United States) Denny, Ellen G.; Gerst, Katharine L.; Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.; Tierney, Geraldine L.; Crimmins, Theresa M.; Enquist, Carolyn A.F.; Guertin, Patricia; Rosemartin, Alyssa H.; Schwartz, Mark D.; Thomas, Kathryn A.; Weltzin, Jake F. 2014-01-01 Phenology offers critical insights into the responses of species to climate change; shifts in species’ phenologies can result in disruptions to the ecosystem processes and services upon which human livelihood depends. To better detect such shifts, scientists need long-term phenological records covering many taxa and across a broad geographic distribution. To date, phenological observation efforts across the USA have been geographically limited and have used different methods, making comparisons across sites and species difficult. To facilitate coordinated cross-site, cross-species, and geographically extensive phenological monitoring across the nation, the USA National Phenology Network has developed in situ monitoring protocols standardized across taxonomic groups and ecosystem types for terrestrial, freshwater, and marine plant and animal taxa. The protocols include elements that allow enhanced detection and description of phenological responses, including assessment of phenological “status”, or the ability to track presence–absence of a particular phenophase, as well as standards for documenting the degree to which phenological activity is expressed in terms of intensity or abundance. Data collected by this method can be integrated with historical phenology data sets, enabling the development of databases for spatial and temporal assessment of changes in status and trends of disparate organisms. To build a common, spatially, and temporally extensive multi-taxa phenological data set available for a variety of research and science applications, we encourage scientists, resources managers, and others conducting ecological monitoring or research to consider utilization of these standardized protocols for tracking the seasonal activity of plants and animals. 2. Routinely collected data as a strategic resource for research: priorities for methods and workforce. Science.gov (United States) Jorm, Louisa 2015-09-30 In the era of 'big data', research using routinely collected data offers greater potential than ever before to drive health system effectiveness and efficiency, and population health improvement. In Australia, the policy environment, and emerging frameworks and processes for data governance and access, increasingly support the use of routinely collected data for research. Capitalising on this strategic resource requires investment in both research methods and research workforce. Priorities for methods development include validation studies, techniques for analysing complex longitudinal data, exploration of bias introduced through linkage error, and a robust toolkit to evaluate policies and programs using 'natural experiments'. Priorities for workforce development include broadening the skills base of the existing research workforce, and the formation of new, larger, interdisciplinary research teams to incorporate capabilities in computer science, partnership research, research translation and the 'business' aspects of research. Large-scale, long-term partnership approaches involving government, industry and researchers offer the most promising way to maximise returns on investment in research using routinely collected data. 3. The Detection Method of Escherichia coli in Water Resources: A Review Science.gov (United States) Nurliyana, M. R.; Sahdan, M. Z.; Wibowo, K. M.; Muslihati, A.; Saim, H.; Ahmad, S. A.; Sari, Y.; Mansor, Z. 2018-04-01 This article reviews several approaches for Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria detection from conventional methods, emerging method and goes to biosensor-based techniques. Detection and enumeration of E. coli bacteria usually required long duration of time in obtaining the result since laboratory-based approach is normally used in its assessment. It requires 24 hours to 72 hours after sampling to process the culturing samples before results are available. Although faster technique for detecting E. coli in water such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) have been developed, it still required transporting the samples from water resources to the laboratory, high-cost, complicated equipment usage, complex procedures, as well as the requirement of skilled specialist to cope with the complexity which limit their wide spread practice in water quality detection. Recently, development of biosensor device that is easy to perform, portable, highly sensitive and selective becomes indispensable in detecting extremely lower consolidation of pathogenic E. coli bacteria in water samples. 4. Dynamical electron diffraction simulation for non-orthogonal crystal system by a revised real space method. Science.gov (United States) Lv, C L; Liu, Q B; Cai, C Y; Huang, J; Zhou, G W; Wang, Y G 2015-01-01 In the transmission electron microscopy, a revised real space (RRS) method has been confirmed to be a more accurate dynamical electron diffraction simulation method for low-energy electron diffraction than the conventional multislice method (CMS). However, the RRS method can be only used to calculate the dynamical electron diffraction of orthogonal crystal system. In this work, the expression of the RRS method for non-orthogonal crystal system is derived. By taking Na2 Ti3 O7 and Si as examples, the correctness of the derived RRS formula for non-orthogonal crystal system is confirmed by testing the coincidence of numerical results of both sides of Schrödinger equation; moreover, the difference between the RRS method and the CMS for non-orthogonal crystal system is compared at the accelerating voltage range from 40 to 10 kV. Our results show that the CMS method is almost the same as the RRS method for the accelerating voltage above 40 kV. However, when the accelerating voltage is further lowered to 20 kV or below, the CMS method introduces significant errors, not only for the higher-order Laue zone diffractions, but also for zero-order Laue zone. These indicate that the RRS method for non-orthogonal crystal system is necessary to be used for more accurate dynamical simulation when the accelerating voltage is low. Furthermore, the reason for the increase of differences between those diffraction patterns calculated by the RRS method and the CMS method with the decrease of the accelerating voltage is discussed. © 2015 The Authors Journal of Microscopy © 2015 Royal Microscopical Society. 5. Study and Handling Methods of Power IGBT Module Failures in Power Electronic Converter Systems DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Choi, Uimin; Blaabjerg, Frede; Lee, Kyo-Beum 2015-01-01 Power electronics plays an important role in a wide range of applications in order to achieve high efficiency and performance. Increasing efforts are being made to improve the reliability of power electronics systems to ensure compliance with more stringent constraints on cost, safety......, and availability in different applications. This paper presents an overview of the major failure mechanisms of IGBT modules and their handling methods in power converter systems improving reliability. The major failure mechanisms of IGBT modules are presented first, and methods for predicting lifetime...... and estimating the junction temperature of IGBT modules are then discussed. Subsequently, different methods for detecting open- and short-circuit faults are presented. Finally, fault-tolerant strategies for improving the reliability of power electronic systems under field operation are explained and compared... 6. Relativistic convergent close-coupling method applied to electron scattering from mercury International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bostock, Christopher J.; Fursa, Dmitry V.; Bray, Igor 2010-01-01 We report on the extension of the recently formulated relativistic convergent close-coupling (RCCC) method to accommodate two-electron and quasi-two-electron targets. We apply the theory to electron scattering from mercury and obtain differential and integrated cross sections for elastic and inelastic scattering. We compared with previous nonrelativistic convergent close-coupling (CCC) calculations and for a number of transitions obtained significantly better agreement with the experiment. The RCCC method is able to resolve structure in the integrated cross sections for the energy regime in the vicinity of the excitation thresholds for the (6s6p) 3 P 0,1,2 states. These cross sections are associated with the formation of negative ion (Hg - ) resonances that could not be resolved with the nonrelativistic CCC method. The RCCC results are compared with the experiment and other relativistic theories. 7. Comparing electron tomography and HRTEM slicing methods as tools to measure the thickness of nanoparticles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Alloyeau, D., E-mail: alloyeau.damien@gmail.com [Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques, Universite Paris 7/CNRS, UMR 7162, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris (France); Laboratoire d' Etude des Microstructures - ONERA/CNRS, UMR 104, B.P. 72, 92322 Chatillon (France); Ricolleau, C. [Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques, Universite Paris 7/CNRS, UMR 7162, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris (France); Oikawa, T. [Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques, Universite Paris 7/CNRS, UMR 7162, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris (France); JEOL (Europe) SAS, Espace Claude Monet, 1 Allee de Giverny, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine (France); Langlois, C. [Laboratoire Materiaux et Phenomenes Quantiques, Universite Paris 7/CNRS, UMR 7162, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris (France); Le Bouar, Y.; Loiseau, A. [Laboratoire d' Etude des Microstructures - ONERA/CNRS, UMR 104, B.P. 72, 92322 Chatillon (France) 2009-06-15 Nanoparticles' morphology is a key parameter in the understanding of their thermodynamical, optical, magnetic and catalytic properties. In general, nanoparticles, observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are viewed in projection so that the determination of their thickness (along the projection direction) with respect to their projected lateral size is highly questionable. To date, the widely used methods to measure nanoparticles thickness in a transmission electron microscope are to use cross-section images or focal series in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging (HRTEM 'slicing'). In this paper, we compare the focal series method with the electron tomography method to show that both techniques yield similar particle thickness in a range of size from 1 to 5 nm, but the electron tomography method provides better statistics since more particles can be analyzed at one time. For this purpose, we have compared, on the same samples, the nanoparticles thickness measurements obtained from focal series with the ones determined from cross-section profiles of tomograms (tomogram slicing) perpendicular to the plane of the substrate supporting the nanoparticles. The methodology is finally applied to the comparison of CoPt nanoparticles annealed ex situ at two different temperatures to illustrate the accuracy of the techniques in detecting small particle thickness changes. 8. Physical methods for studying minerals and solid materials: X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction; scanning and transmission electron microscopy; X-ray, electron and ion spectrometry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Eberhart, J.-P. 1976-01-01 The following topics are discussed: theoretical aspects of radiation-matter interactions; production and measurement of radiations (X rays, electrons, neutrons); applications of radiation interactions to the study of crystalline materials. The following techniques are presented: X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy, electron diffraction, X-ray fluorescence analysis, electron probe microanalysis, surface analysis by electron emission spectrometry (ESCA and Auger electrons), scanning electron microscopy, secondary ion emission analysis [fr 9. Moving gantry method for electron beam dose profile measurement at extended source-to-surface distances. Science.gov (United States) Fekete, Gábor; Fodor, Emese; Pesznyák, Csilla 2015-03-08 A novel method has been put forward for very large electron beam profile measurement. With this method, absorbed dose profiles can be measured at any depth in a solid phantom for total skin electron therapy. Electron beam dose profiles were collected with two different methods. Profile measurements were performed at 0.2 and 1.2 cm depths with a parallel plate and a thimble chamber, respectively. 108cm × 108 cm and 45 cm × 45 cm projected size electron beams were scanned by vertically moving phantom and detector at 300 cm source-to-surface distance with 90° and 270° gantry angles. The profiles collected this way were used as reference. Afterwards, the phantom was fixed on the central axis and the gantry was rotated with certain angular steps. After applying correction for the different source-to-detector distances and incidence of angle, the profiles measured in the two different setups were compared. Correction formalism has been developed. The agreement between the cross profiles taken at the depth of maximum dose with the 'classical' scanning and with the new moving gantry method was better than 0.5 % in the measuring range from zero to 71.9 cm. Inverse square and attenuation corrections had to be applied. The profiles measured with the parallel plate chamber agree better than 1%, except for the penumbra region, where the maximum difference is 1.5%. With the moving gantry method, very large electron field profiles can be measured at any depth in a solid phantom with high accuracy and reproducibility and with much less time per step. No special instrumentation is needed. The method can be used for commissioning of very large electron beams for computer-assisted treatment planning, for designing beam modifiers to improve dose uniformity, and for verification of computed dose profiles. 10. Method of measuring directed electron velocities in flowing plasma using the incoherent regions of laser scattering International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jacoby, B.A.; York, T.M. 1979-02-01 With the presumption that a shifted Maxwellian velocity distribution adequately describes the electrons in a flowing plasma, the details of a method to measure their directed velocity are described. The system consists of a ruby laser source and two detectors set 180 0 from each other and both set at 90 0 with respect to the incident laser beam. The lowest velocity that can be determined by this method depends on the electron thermal velocity. The application of this diagnostic to the measurement of flow velocities in plasma being lost from the ends of theta-pinch devices is described 11. A rapid method of reprocessing for electronic microscopy of cut histological in paraffin International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hernandez Chavarri, F.; Vargas Montero, M.; Rivera, P.; Carranza, A. 2000-01-01 A simple and rapid method is described for re-processing of light microscopy paraffin sections to observe they under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The paraffin-embedded tissue is sectioned and deparaffinized in toluene; then exposed to osmium vapor under microwave irradiation using a domestic microwave oven. The tissues were embedded in epoxy resin, polymerized and ultrathin sectioned. The method requires a relatively short time (about 30 minutes for TEM and 15 for SEM), and produces a reasonable quality of the ultrastructure for diagnostic purposes. (Author) [es 12. Coordinate transformation based cryo-correlative methods for electron tomography and focused ion beam milling International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fukuda, Yoshiyuki; Schrod, Nikolas; Schaffer, Miroslava; Feng, Li Rebekah; Baumeister, Wolfgang; Lucic, Vladan 2014-01-01 Correlative microscopy allows imaging of the same feature over multiple length scales, combining light microscopy with high resolution information provided by electron microscopy. We demonstrate two procedures for coordinate transformation based correlative microscopy of vitrified biological samples applicable to different imaging modes. The first procedure aims at navigating cryo-electron tomography to cellular regions identified by fluorescent labels. The second procedure, allowing navigation of focused ion beam milling to fluorescently labeled molecules, is based on the introduction of an intermediate scanning electron microscopy imaging step to overcome the large difference between cryo-light microscopy and focused ion beam imaging modes. These methods make it possible to image fluorescently labeled macromolecular complexes in their natural environments by cryo-electron tomography, while minimizing exposure to the electron beam during the search for features of interest. - Highlights: • Correlative light microscopy and focused ion beam milling of vitrified samples. • Coordinate transformation based cryo-correlative method. • Improved correlative light microscopy and cryo-electron tomography 13. Research on Electronic Transformer Data Synchronization Based on Interpolation Methods and Their Error Analysis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Pang Fubin 2015-09-01 Full Text Available In this paper the origin problem of data synchronization is analyzed first, and then three common interpolation methods are introduced to solve the problem. Allowing for the most general situation, the paper divides the interpolation error into harmonic and transient interpolation error components, and the error expression of each method is derived and analyzed. Besides, the interpolation errors of linear, quadratic and cubic methods are computed at different sampling rates, harmonic orders and transient components. Further, the interpolation accuracy and calculation amount of each method are compared. The research results provide theoretical guidance for selecting the interpolation method in the data synchronization application of electronic transformer. 14. Relativistic electrons of the outer radiation belt and methods of their forecast (review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Potapov A.S. 2017-03-01 Full Text Available The paper reviews studies of the dynamics of relativistic electrons in the geosynchronous region. It lists the physical processes that lead to the acceleration of electrons filling the outer radiation belt. As one of the space weather factors, high-energy electron fluxes pose a serious threat to the operation of satellite equipment in one of the most populated orbital regions. Necessity is emphasized for efforts to develop methods for forecasting the situation in this part of the magnetosphere, possible predictors are listed, and their classification is given. An example of a predictive model for forecasting relativistic electron flux with a 1–2-day lead time is proposed. Some questions of practical organization of prediction are discussed; the main objectives of short-term, medium-term, and long-term forecasts are listed. 15. Calculational methods for estimating skin dose from electrons in Co-60 gamma-ray beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Higgins, P.D.; Sibata, C.H.; Attix, F.H.; Paliwal, B.R. 1983-01-01 Several methods have been employed to calculate the relative contribution to skin dose due to scattered electrons in Co-60 gamma-ray beams. Either the Klein-Nishina differential scattering probability is employed to determine the number and initial energy of electrons scattered into the direction of a detector, or a Gaussian approximation is used to specify the surface distribution of initial pencil electron beams created by parallel or diverging photon fields. Results of these calculations are compared with experimental data. In addition, that fraction of relative surface dose resulting from photon interactions in air alone is estimated and compared with data extrapolated from measurements at large source-surface distance (SSD). The contribution to surface dose from electrons generated in air is 50% or more of the total skin dose for SSDs greater than 80 cm 16. Calculational methods for estimating skin dose from electrons in Co-60 gamma-ray beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Higgins, P.D.; Sibata, C.H.; Attix, F.H.; Paliwal, B.R. 1983-01-01 Several methods have been employed to calculate the relative contribution to skin dose due to scattered electrons in Co-60 γ-ray beams. Either the Klein--Nishina differential scattering probability is employed to determine the number and initial energy of electrons scattered into the direction of a detector, or a Gaussian approximation is used to specify the surface distribution of initial pencil electron beams created by parallel or diverging photon fields. Results of these calculations are compared with experimental data. In addition, that fraction of relative surface dose resulting from photon interactions in air alone is estimated and compared with data extrapolated from measurements at large source--surface distance (SSD). The contribution to surface dose from electrons generated in air is 50% or more of the total skin dose for SSDs greater than 80 cm 17. Electronic Structure Calculation of Permanent Magnets using the KKR Green's Function Method Science.gov (United States) Doi, Shotaro; Akai, Hisazumi 2014-03-01 Electronic structure and magnetic properties of permanent magnetic materials, especially Nd2Fe14B, are investigated theoretically using the KKR Green's function method. Important physical quantities in magnetism, such as magnetic moment, Curie temperature, and anisotropy constant, which are obtained from electronics structure calculations in both cases of atomic-sphere-approximation and full-potential treatment, are compared with past band structure calculations and experiments. The site preference of heavy rare-earth impurities are also evaluated through the calculation of formation energy with the use of coherent potential approximations. Further, the development of electronic structure calculation code using the screened KKR for large super-cells, which is aimed at studying the electronic structure of realistic microstructures (e.g. grain boundary phase), is introduced with some test calculations. 18. Human resources for health strategies adopted by providers in resource-limited settings to sustain long-term delivery of ART: a mixed-methods study from Uganda. Science.gov (United States) Zakumumpa, Henry; Taiwo, Modupe Oladunni; Muganzi, Alex; Ssengooba, Freddie 2016-10-19 Human resources for health (HRH) constraints are a major barrier to the sustainability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many prior approaches to HRH constraints have taken a top-down trend of generalized global strategies and policy guidelines. The objective of the study was to examine the human resources for health strategies adopted by front-line providers in Uganda to sustain ART delivery beyond the initial ART scale-up phase between 2004 and 2009. A two-phase mixed-methods approach was adopted. In the first phase, a survey of a nationally representative sample of health facilities (n = 195) across Uganda was conducted. The second phase involved in-depth interviews (n = 36) with ART clinic managers and staff of 6 of the 195 health facilities purposively selected from the first study phase. Quantitative data was analysed based on descriptive statistics, and qualitative data was analysed by coding and thematic analysis. The identified strategies were categorized into five themes: (1) providing monetary and non-monetary incentives to health workers on busy ART clinic days; (2) workload reduction through spacing ART clinic appointments; (3) adopting training workshops in ART management as a motivation strategy for health workers; (4) adopting non-physician-centred staffing models; and (5) devising ART program leadership styles that enhanced health worker commitment. Facility-level strategies for responding to HRH constraints are feasible and can contribute to efforts to increase country ownership of HIV programs in resource-limited settings. Consideration of the human resources for health strategies identified in the study by ART program planners and managers could enhance the long-term sustainment of ART programs by providers in resource-limited settings. 19. Sustainability in health care by allocating resources effectively (SHARE) 4: exploring opportunities and methods for consumer engagement in resource allocation in a local healthcare setting. Science.gov (United States) Harris, Claire; Ko, Henry; Waller, Cara; Sloss, Pamela; Williams, Pamela 2017-05-05 This is the fourth in a series of papers reporting a program of Sustainability in Health care by Allocating Resources Effectively (SHARE) in a local healthcare setting. Healthcare decision-makers have sought to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of services through removal or restriction of practices that are unsafe or of little benefit, often referred to as 'disinvestment'. A systematic, integrated, evidence-based program for disinvestment was being established within a large Australian health service network. Consumer engagement was acknowledged as integral to this process. This paper reports the process of developing a model to integrate consumer views and preferences into an organisation-wide approach to resource allocation. A literature search was conducted and interviews and workshops were undertaken with health service consumers and staff. Findings were drafted into a model for consumer engagement in resource allocation which was workshopped and refined. Although consumer engagement is increasingly becoming a requirement of publicly-funded health services and documented in standards and policies, participation in organisational decision-making is not widespread. Several consistent messages for consumer engagement in this context emerged from the literature and consumer responses. Opportunities, settings and activities for consumer engagement through communication, consultation and participation were identified within the resource allocation process. Sources of information regarding consumer values and perspectives in publications and locally-collected data, and methods to use them in health service decision-making, were identified. A model bringing these elements together was developed. The proposed model presents potential opportunities and activities for consumer engagement in the context of resource allocation. 20. Treatment of liquid separated from sludge by the method using electron beam and ozone in combination International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hosono, Masakazu; Arai, Hidehiko; Aizawa, Masaki; Shimooka, Toshio; Shimizu, Ken; Sugiyama, Masashi. 1995-01-01 Since the liquid separated from sludge in the dehydration or concentration process of sewer sludge contains considerable amount of organic compositions that are hard to be decomposed by microorganisms, it has become difficult to be treated by conventional activated sludge process. In the case of discharging the separated liquid into closed water areas, the higher quality treatment is required. The method of using electron beam irradiation and ozone oxidation in combination for cleaning the liquid separated from sludge was examined, therefore, the results are reported. The water quality of the sample from the sludge treatment plant in A City is shown. The method of bio-pretreatment, the treatment method by using electron beam and ozone in combination, and the method of analyzing the water quality are described. The effect of the treatment by activated sludge process, as the effect of the treatment by the combined use of electron beam and ozone, the change of COD and TOC, the change of chromaticity, the change of gel chromatogram, and the reaction mechanism are reported. In this paper, only the basic concept on the model plant for applying the method of the combined use of electron beam and ozone to the treatment of the liquid separated from sludge is discussed. (K.I.) 1. Randomized Controlled Trial of Electronic Care Plan Alerts and Resource Utilization by High Frequency Emergency Department Users with Opioid Use Disorder Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Niels Rathlev, MD 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Introduction: There is a paucity of literature supporting the use of electronic alerts for patients with high frequency emergency department (ED use. We sought to measure changes in opioid prescribing and administration practices, total charges and other resource utilization using electronic alerts to notify providers of an opioid-use care plan for high frequency ED patients. Methods: This was a randomized, non-blinded, two-group parallel design study of patients who had 1 opioid use disorder and 2 high frequency ED use. Three affiliated hospitals with identical electronic health records participated. Patients were randomized into “Care Plan” versus “Usual Care groups”. Between the years before and after randomization, we compared as primary outcomes the following: 1 opioids (morphine mg equivalents prescribed to patients upon discharge and administered to ED and inpatients; 2 total medical charges, and the numbers of; 3 ED visits, 4 ED visits with advanced radiologic imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] studies, and 5 inpatient admissions. Results: A total of 40 patients were enrolled. For ED and inpatients in the “Usual Care” group, the proportion of morphine mg equivalents received in the post-period compared with the pre-period was 15.7%, while in the “Care Plan” group the proportion received in the post-period compared with the pre-period was 4.5% (ratio=0.29, 95% CI [0.07-1.12]; p=0.07. For discharged patients in the “Usual Care” group, the proportion of morphine mg equivalents prescribed in the post-period compared with the pre-period was 25.7% while in the “Care Plan” group, the proportion prescribed in the post-period compared to the pre-period was 2.9%. The “Care Plan” group showed an 89% greater proportional change over the periods compared with the “Usual Care” group (ratio=0.11, 95% CI [0.01-0.092]; p=0.04. Care plans did not change the total charges, or, the numbers 2. Study of Shallow Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources Using Integrated Geophysical Methods Science.gov (United States) De Giorgi, Lara; Leucci, Giovanni 2015-02-01 The paper is focused on low enthalpy geothermal exploration performed in south Italy and provides an integrated presentation of geological, hydrogeological, and geophysical surveys carried out in the area of municipality of Lecce. Geological and hydrogeological models were performed using the stratigraphical data from 51 wells. A ground-water flow (direction and velocity) model was obtained. Using the same wells data, the ground-water annual temperature was modeled. Furthermore, the ground surface temperature records from ten meteorological stations were studied. This allowed us to obtain a model related to the variations of the temperature at different depths in the subsoil. Integrated geophysical surveys were carried out in order to explore the low-enthalpy geothermal fluids and to evaluate the results of the model. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential (SP) methods were used. The results obtained upon integrating the geophysical data with the models show a low-enthalpy geothermal resource constituted by a shallow ground-water system. 3. Tools and methods for integrated resource planning. Improving energy efficiency and protecting the environment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Swisher, J.N.; Martino Jannuzzi, G. de; Redlinger, R.Y. 1997-01-01 This book resulted from our recognition of the need to have systematic teaching and training materials on energy efficiency, end-use analysis, demand-side management (DSM) and integrated resource planning (IRP). This book addresses energy efficiency programs and IRP, exploring their application in the electricity sector. We believe that these methods will provide powerful and practical tools for designing efficient and environmentally-sustainable energy supply and demand-side programs to minimize the economic, environmental and other social costs of electricity conversion and use. Moreover, the principles of IRP can be and already are being applied in other areas such as natural gas, water supply, and even transportation and health services. Public authorities can use IRP principles to design programs to encourage end-use efficiency and environmental protection through environmental charges and incentives, non-utility programs, and utility programs applied to the functions remaining in monopoly concessions such as the distribution wires. Competitive supply firms can use IRP principles to satisfy customer needs for efficiency and low prices, to comply with present and future environmental restrictions, and to optimize supply and demand-side investments and returns, particularly at the distribution level, where local-area IRP is now being actively practiced. Finally, in those countries where a strong planning function remains in place, IRP provides a way to integrate end-use efficiency and environmental protection into energy development. (EG) 181 refs 4. Computer-modeling codes to improve exploration nuclear-logging methods. National Uranium Resource Evaluation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wilson, R.D.; Price, R.K.; Kosanke, K.L. 1983-03-01 As part of the Department of Energy's National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) project's Technology Development effort, a number of computer codes and accompanying data bases were assembled for use in modeling responses of nuclear borehole logging Sondes. The logging methods include fission neutron, active and passive gamma-ray, and gamma-gamma. These CDC-compatible computer codes and data bases are available on magnetic tape from the DOE Technical Library at its Grand Junction Area Office. Some of the computer codes are standard radiation-transport programs that have been available to the radiation shielding community for several years. Other codes were specifically written to model the response of borehole radiation detectors or are specialized borehole modeling versions of existing Monte Carlo transport programs. Results from several radiation modeling studies are available as two large data bases (neutron and gamma-ray). These data bases are accompanied by appropriate processing programs that permit the user to model a wide range of borehole and formation-parameter combinations for fission-neutron, neutron-, activation and gamma-gamma logs. The first part of this report consists of a brief abstract for each code or data base. The abstract gives the code name and title, short description, auxiliary requirements, typical running time (CDC 6600), and a list of references. The next section gives format specifications and/or directory for the tapes. The final section of the report presents listings for programs used to convert data bases between machine floating-point and EBCDIC 5. Tools and methods for integrated resource planning. Improving energy efficiency and protecting the environment Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Swisher, J N; Martino Jannuzzi, G de; Redlinger, R Y 1997-11-01 This book resulted from our recognition of the need to have systematic teaching and training materials on energy efficiency, end-use analysis, demand-side management (DSM) and integrated resource planning (IRP). This book addresses energy efficiency programs and IRP, exploring their application in the electricity sector. We believe that these methods will provide powerful and practical tools for designing efficient and environmentally-sustainable energy supply and demand-side programs to minimize the economic, environmental and other social costs of electricity conversion and use. Moreover, the principles of IRP can be and already are being applied in other areas such as natural gas, water supply, and even transportation and health services. Public authorities can use IRP principles to design programs to encourage end-use efficiency and environmental protection through environmental charges and incentives, non-utility programs, and utility programs applied to the functions remaining in monopoly concessions such as the distribution wires. Competitive supply firms can use IRP principles to satisfy customer needs for efficiency and low prices, to comply with present and future environmental restrictions, and to optimize supply and demand-side investments and returns, particularly at the distribution level, where local-area IRP is now being actively practiced. Finally, in those countries where a strong planning function remains in place, IRP provides a way to integrate end-use efficiency and environmental protection into energy development. (EG) 181 refs. 6. Modeling and Simulation of DC Power Electronics Systems Using Harmonic State Space (HSS) Method DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kwon, Jun Bum; Wang, Xiongfei; Bak, Claus Leth 2015-01-01 based on the state-space averaging and generalized averaging, these also have limitations to show the same results as with the non-linear time domain simulations. This paper presents a modeling and simulation method for a large dc power electronic system by using Harmonic State Space (HSS) modeling......For the efficiency and simplicity of electric systems, the dc based power electronics systems are widely used in variety applications such as electric vehicles, ships, aircrafts and also in homes. In these systems, there could be a number of dynamic interactions between loads and other dc-dc....... Through this method, the required computation time and CPU memory for large dc power electronics systems can be reduced. Besides, the achieved results show the same results as with the non-linear time domain simulation, but with the faster simulation time which is beneficial in a large network.... 7. Electronic structure prediction via data-mining the empirical pseudopotential method Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zenasni, H; Aourag, H [LEPM, URMER, Departement of Physics, University Abou Bakr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000 (Algeria); Broderick, S R; Rajan, K [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230 (United States) 2010-01-15 We introduce a new approach for accelerating the calculation of the electronic structure of new materials by utilizing the empirical pseudopotential method combined with data mining tools. Combining data mining with the empirical pseudopotential method allows us to convert an empirical approach to a predictive approach. Here we consider tetrahedrally bounded III-V Bi semiconductors, and through the prediction of form factors based on basic elemental properties we can model the band structure and charge density for these semi-conductors, for which limited results exist. This work represents a unique approach to modeling the electronic structure of a material which may be used to identify new promising semi-conductors and is one of the few efforts utilizing data mining at an electronic level. (Abstract Copyright [2010], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) 8. Application of the method of continued fractions for electron scattering by linear molecules International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lee, M.-T.; Iga, I.; Fujimoto, M.M.; Lara, O.; Brasilia Univ., DF 1995-01-01 The method of continued fractions (MCF) of Horacek and Sasakawa is adapted for the first time to study low-energy electron scattering by linear molecules. Particularly, we have calculated the reactance K-matrices for an electron scattered by hydrogen molecule and hydrogen molecular ion as well as by a polar LiH molecule in the static-exchange level. For all the applications studied herein. the calculated physical quantities converge rapidly, even for a strongly polar molecule such as LiH, to the correct values and in most cases the convergence is monotonic. Our study suggests that the MCF could be an efficient method for studying electron-molecule scattering and also photoionization of molecules. (Author) 9. Method for calculating ionic and electronic defect concentrations in y-stabilised zirconia Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Poulsen, F W [Risoe National Lab., Materials Research Dept., Roskilde (Denmark) 1997-10-01 A numerical (trial and error) method for calculation of concentration of ions, vacancies and ionic and electronic defects in solids (Brouwer-type diagrams) is presented. No approximations or truncations of the set of equations describing the chemistry for the various defect regions are used. Doped zirconia and doped thoria with simultaneous presence of protonic and electronic defects are taken as examples: 7 concentrations as function of oxygen partial pressure and/or water vapour partial pressure are determined. Realistic values for the equilibrium constants for equilibration with oxygen gas and water vapour, as well as for the internal equilibrium between holes and electrons were taken from the literature. The present mathematical method is versatile - it has also been employed by the author to treat more complex systems, such as perovskite structure oxides with over- and under-stoichiometry in oxygen, cation vacancies and simultaneous presence of protons. (au) 6 refs. 10. Method of configuring a cell of a wireless communication system for improved resource utilization NARCIS (Netherlands) 2013-01-01 At least one base station of a wireless network adjusts its access area so as to drive at least one measure of utilization of a resource or resources of that cell toward, but not to exceed, a specified maximum level. The adjustment is dynamic in that it responds in real time to traffic fluctuations. 11. Use of Case Study Methods in Human Resource Management, Development, and Training Courses: Strategies and Techniques Science.gov (United States) Maxwell, James R.; Gilberti, Anthony F.; Mupinga, Davison M. 2006-01-01 This paper will study some of the problems associated with case studies and make recommendations using standard and innovative methodologies effectively. Human resource management (HRM) and resource development cases provide context for analysis and decision-making designs in different industries. In most HRM development and training courses… 12. Nanostructural Characters of β-SiC Nanoparticles Prepared from Indonesian Natural Resource using Sonochemical Method Science.gov (United States) Fuad, A.; Kultsum, U.; Taufiq, A.; Hartatiek; Latifah, E. 2018-04-01 Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles become one of the interesting non-oxide ceramics due to their physical and chemical properties. For an extended period, SiC nanoparticles have been prepared by several methods that usually performed at high temperatures ranging from 1200 - 2000 °C from inexpensive commercial precursors. In this work, we prepared SiC nanoparticles from the low priced precursor of Indonesia natural resource using the sonochemical method at a temperature that is lower than 1000 °C. To produce samples with particular characters, we varied the sintering holding time (1, 10, and 20 hours) and the sintering temperatures (850, 950, and 1050 °C) during the synthesis. The samples were then characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, and FTIR. The XRD data analysis showed that the samples have a dominant phase of SiC in the form of β-SiC with a 3C-SiC structure and SiO2 phase in a low composition within a good agreement with the EDX characterization. Interestingly, the sample prepared at the sintering temperature of 850 °C for 1 hour showed a non-crystallite phase. Using a Scherer’s equation, the particles of the samples sized from 13 to 18 nm, which were validated by SEM and TEM images. Furthermore, the FT-IR spectra presented several peaks, i.e., at wavenumbers of 482.2 and 1150 cm-1 representing Si-O-Si bonding and also at 798.5 cm-1 regarding with Si-C bonding. 13. A method for ultrashort electron pulse-shape measurement using coherent synchrotron radiation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Geloni, G.; Yurkov, M.V. 2003-03-01 In this paper we discuss a method for nondestructive measurements of the longitudinal profile of sub-picosecond electron bunches for X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). The method is based on the detection of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) spectrum produced by a bunch passing a dipole magnet system. This work also contains a systematic treatment of synchrotron radiation theory which lies at the basis of CSR. Standard theory of synchrotron radiation uses several approximations whose applicability limits are often forgotten: here we present a systematic discussion about these assumptions. Properties of coherent synchrotron radiation from an electron moving along an arc of a circle are then derived and discussed. We describe also an effective and practical diagnostic technique based on the utilization of an electromagnetic undulator to record the energy of the coherent radiation pulse into the central cone. This measurement must be repeated many times with different undulator resonant frequencies in order to reconstruct the modulus of the bunch form-factor. The retrieval of the bunch profile function from these data is performed by means of deconvolution techniques: for the present work we take advantage of a constrained deconvolution method. We illustrate with numerical examples the potential of the proposed method for electron beam diagnostics at the TESLA test facility (TTF) accelerator. Here we choose, for emphasis, experiments aimed at the measure of the strongly non-Gaussian electron bunch profile in the TTF femtosecond-mode operation. We demonstrate that a tandem combination of a picosecond streak camera and a CSR spectrometer can be used to extract shape information from electron bunches with a narrow leading peak and a long tail. (orig.) 14. Description of the electron-hydrogen collision by the Coulomb Fourier transform method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Levin, S.B. 2005-01-01 A recently developed Coulomb Fourier Transform method is applied to the system containing one heavy ion and two electrons. The transformed Hamiltonian is described with a controlled accuracy in an effective finite basis set as a finite dimensional operator matrix. The kernels of interaction are formulated in terms of the so called Nordsieck integrals 15. Electronic interconnects and devices with topological surface states and methods for fabricating same Science.gov (United States) Yazdani, Ali; Ong, N. Phuan; Cava, Robert J. 2016-05-03 An interconnect is disclosed with enhanced immunity of electrical conductivity to defects. The interconnect includes a material with charge carriers having topological surface states. Also disclosed is a method for fabricating such interconnects. Also disclosed is an integrated circuit including such interconnects. Also disclosed is a gated electronic device including a material with charge carriers having topological surface states. 16. Miniworkshop on Methods of Electronic Structure Calculations and Working Group on Disordered Alloys CERN Document Server Andersen, O K; Mookerjee, A 1994-01-01 Developments in the density functional theory and the methods of electronic structure calculations have made it possible to carry out ab-initio studies of a variety of materials efficiently and at a predictable level. This book covers many of those state-of-the-art developments and their applications to ordered and disordered materials, surfaces and interfaces and clusters, etc. 17. A new method for detecting the contribution of high Rydberg states to electron-ion recombination International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Orban, I; Boehm, S; Fogle, M; Paal, A; Schuch, R 2007-01-01 A position sensitive detector for measuring field ionized electrons in the fringe field of a dipole magnet is presented. The detector provides a means to study, in a state selective fashion, recombination into high Rydberg states and offers a new method to investigate recombination enhancement effects. Several experimental considerations and possibilities are discussed in the text 18. Electronic interconnects and devices with topological surface states and methods for fabricating same Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yazdani, Ali; Ong, N. Phuan; Cava, Robert J. 2017-04-04 An interconnect is disclosed with enhanced immunity of electrical conductivity to defects. The interconnect includes a material with charge carriers having topological surface states. Also disclosed is a method for fabricating such interconnects. Also disclosed is an integrated circuit including such interconnects. Also disclosed is a gated electronic device including a material with charge carriers having topological surface states. 19. Investigation by perturbative and analytical method of electronic properties of square quantum well under electric field Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mustafa Kemal BAHAR 2010-06-01 Full Text Available In this study, the effects of applied electric field on the isolated square quantum well was investigated by analytic and perturbative method. The energy eigen values and wave functions in quantum well were found by perturbative method. Later, the electric field effects were investigated by analytic method, the results of perturbative and analytic method were compared. As well as both of results fit with each other, it was observed that externally applied electric field changed importantly electronic properties of the system. 20. Molecular structure determination of cyclootane by ab initio and electron diffraction methods in the gas phase OpenAIRE De Almeida, Wagner B. 2000-01-01 The determination of the molecular structure of molecules is of fundamental importance in chemistry. X-rays and electron diffraction methods constitute in important tools for the elucidation of the molecular structure of systems in the solid state and gas phase, respectively. The use of quantum mechanical molecular orbital ab initio methods offer an alternative for conformational analysis studies. Comparison between theoretical results and those obtained experimentally in the gas phase can ma... 1. Elementary and advanced Lie algebraic methods with applications to accelerator design, electron microscopes, and light optics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dragt, A.J. 1987-01-01 A review is given of elementary Lie algebraic methods for treating Hamiltonian systems. This review is followed by a brief exposition of advanced Lie algebraic methods including resonance bases and conjugacy theorems. Finally, applications are made to the design of third-order achromats for use in accelerators, to the design of subangstroem resolution electron microscopes, and to the classification and study of high order aberrations in light optics. (orig.) 2. A parallel orbital-updating based plane-wave basis method for electronic structure calculations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Pan, Yan; Dai, Xiaoying; Gironcoli, Stefano de; Gong, Xin-Gao; Rignanese, Gian-Marco; Zhou, Aihui 2017-01-01 Highlights: • Propose three parallel orbital-updating based plane-wave basis methods for electronic structure calculations. • These new methods can avoid the generating of large scale eigenvalue problems and then reduce the computational cost. • These new methods allow for two-level parallelization which is particularly interesting for large scale parallelization. • Numerical experiments show that these new methods are reliable and efficient for large scale calculations on modern supercomputers. - Abstract: Motivated by the recently proposed parallel orbital-updating approach in real space method , we propose a parallel orbital-updating based plane-wave basis method for electronic structure calculations, for solving the corresponding eigenvalue problems. In addition, we propose two new modified parallel orbital-updating methods. Compared to the traditional plane-wave methods, our methods allow for two-level parallelization, which is particularly interesting for large scale parallelization. Numerical experiments show that these new methods are more reliable and efficient for large scale calculations on modern supercomputers. 3. Patient Perceptions of Electronic Medical Record Use by Faculty and Resident Physicians: A Mixed Methods Study. Science.gov (United States) Lee, Wei Wei; Alkureishi, Maria A; Ukabiala, Obioma; Venable, Laura Ruth; Ngooi, Samantha S; Staisiunas, Daina D; Wroblewski, Kristen E; Arora, Vineet M 2016-11-01 While concerns remain regarding Electronic Medical Records (EMR) use impeding doctor-patient communication, resident and faculty patient perspectives post-widespread EMR adoption remain largely unexplored. We aimed to describe patient perspectives of outpatient resident and faculty EMR use and identify positive and negative EMR use examples to promote optimal utilization. This was a prospective mixed-methods study. Internal medicine faculty and resident patients at the University of Chicago's primary care clinic participated in the study. In 2013, one year after EMR implementation, telephone interviews were conducted with patients using open-ended and Likert style questions to elicit positive and negative perceptions of EMR use by physicians. Interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively to develop a coding classification. Satisfaction with physician EMR use was examined using bivariate statistics. In total, 108 interviews were completed and analyzed. Two major themes were noted: (1) Clinical Functions of EMR and (2) Communication Functions of EMR; as well as six subthemes: (1a) Clinical Care (i.e., clinical efficiency), (1b) Documentation (i.e., proper record keeping and access), (1c) Information Access, (1d) Educational Resource, (2a) Patient Engagement and (2b) Physical Focus (i.e., body positioning). Overall, 85 % (979/1154) of patient perceptions of EMR use were positive, with the majority within the "Clinical Care" subtheme (n = 218). Of negative perceptions, 66 % (115/175) related to the "Communication Functions" theme, and the majority of those related to the "Physical Focus" subtheme (n = 71). The majority of patients (90 %, 95/106) were satisfied with physician EMR use: 59 % (63/107) reported the computer had a positive effect on their relationship and only 7 % (8/108) reported the EMR made it harder to talk with their doctors. Despite concerns regarding EMRs impeding doctor-patient communication, patients reported largely positive 4. Inventory of electronic money as method of its control: process approach Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A.Р. Semenets 2016-09-01 Full Text Available The extent of legal regulation of inventory of electronic money in the company is considered. The absence of developed techniques of valuation as well as reflection of electronic money on the accounts, which results in distortion of indicators of financial statements are detected. The author develops the organizational and methodical provisions of inventory of electronic money in accordance with the stages that will ensure the avoidance of misstatements in the financial statements and providing users with more reliable information about the amount and as well as oddments of electronic money at the company on the balance sheet date. The effect of accounting policies, provisions for the organization of accounting as well as job description on the control system for transactions with electronic money, including their inventory, are determined. The author discovers the typical violations that occur during reflecting the transactions with electronic money in accounting, early detection of which will enable appropriate adjustments for the avoidance of misstatements of the information provided in the financial statements of the company. 5. Method for pulse to pulse dose reproducibility applied to electron linear accelerators International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ighigeanu, D.; Martin, D.; Oproiu, C.; Cirstea, E.; Craciun, G. 2002-01-01 An original method for obtaining programmed beam single shots and pulse trains with programmed pulse number, pulse repetition frequency, pulse duration and pulse dose is presented. It is particularly useful for automatic control of absorbed dose rate level, irradiation process control as well as in pulse radiolysis studies, single pulse dose measurement or for research experiments where pulse-to-pulse dose reproducibility is required. This method is applied to the electron linear accelerators, ALIN-10 of 6.23 MeV and 82 W and ALID-7, of 5.5 MeV and 670 W, built in NILPRP. In order to implement this method, the accelerator triggering system (ATS) consists of two branches: the gun branch and the magnetron branch. ATS, which synchronizes all the system units, delivers trigger pulses at a programmed repetition rate (up to 250 pulses/s) to the gun (80 kV, 10 A and 4 ms) and magnetron (45 kV, 100 A, and 4 ms).The accelerated electron beam existence is determined by the electron gun and magnetron pulses overlapping. The method consists in controlling the overlapping of pulses in order to deliver the beam in the desired sequence. This control is implemented by a discrete pulse position modulation of gun and/or magnetron pulses. The instabilities of the gun and magnetron transient regimes are avoided by operating the accelerator with no accelerated beam for a certain time. At the operator 'beam start' command, the ATS controls electron gun and magnetron pulses overlapping and the linac beam is generated. The pulse-to-pulse absorbed dose variation is thus considerably reduced. Programmed absorbed dose, irradiation time, beam pulse number or other external events may interrupt the coincidence between the gun and magnetron pulses. Slow absorbed dose variation is compensated by the control of the pulse duration and repetition frequency. Two methods are reported in the electron linear accelerators' development for obtaining the pulse to pulse dose reproducibility: the method 6. Electronics Science.gov (United States) 2001-01-01 International Acer Incorporated, Hsin Chu, Taiwan Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan American Institute of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan...Singapore and Malaysia .5 - 4 - The largest market for semiconductor products is the high technology consumer electronics industry that consumes up...Singapore, and Malaysia . A new semiconductor facility costs around \$3 billion to build and takes about two years to become operational 7. Impact of two interventions on timeliness and data quality of an electronic disease surveillance system in a resource limited setting (Peru: a prospective evaluation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Quispe Jose A 2009-03-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background A timely detection of outbreaks through surveillance is needed in order to prevent future pandemics. However, current surveillance systems may not be prepared to accomplish this goal, especially in resource limited settings. As data quality and timeliness are attributes that improve outbreak detection capacity, we assessed the effect of two interventions on such attributes in Alerta, an electronic disease surveillance system in the Peruvian Navy. Methods 40 Alerta reporting units (18 clinics and 22 ships were included in a 12-week prospective evaluation project. After a short refresher course on the notification process, units were randomly assigned to either a phone, visit or control group. Phone group sites were called three hours before the biweekly reporting deadline if they had not sent their report. Visit group sites received supervision visits on weeks 4 & 8, but no phone calls. The control group sites were not contacted by phone or visited. Timeliness and data quality were assessed by calculating the percentage of reports sent on time and percentage of errors per total number of reports, respectively. Results Timeliness improved in the phone group from 64.6% to 84% in clinics (+19.4 [95% CI, +10.3 to +28.6]; p Conclusion Regular phone reminders significantly improved timeliness of reports in clinics and ships, whereas supervision visits led to improved data quality only among clinics. Further investigations are needed to establish the cost-effectiveness and optimal use of each of these strategies. 8. Merge of terminological resources DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Henriksen, Lina; Braasch, Anna 2012-01-01 In our globalized world, the amount of cross-national communication increases rapidly, which also calls for easy access to multi-lingual high quality terminological resources. Sharing of terminology resources is currently becoming common practice, and efficient strategies for integration...... – or merging – of terminology resources are strongly needed. This paper discusses prerequisites for successful merging with the focus on identification of candidate duplicates of a subject domain found in the resources to be merged, and it describes automatic merging strategies to be applied to such duplicates...... in electronic terminology resources. Further, some perspectives of manual, supplementary assessment methods supporting the automatic procedures are sketched. Our considerations are primarily based on experience gained in the IATE and EuroTermBank projects, as merging was a much discussed issue in both projects.... 9. Frequency Domain Modeling and Simulation of DC Power Electronic Systems Using Harmonic State Space Method DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kwon, Jun Bum; Wang, Xiongfei; Blaabjerg, Frede 2017-01-01 For the efficiency and simplicity of electric systems, the dc power electronic systems are widely used in a variety of applications such as electric vehicles, ships, aircraft and also in homes. In these systems, there could be a number of dynamic interactions and frequency coupling between network...... with different switching frequency or harmonics from ac-dc converters makes that harmonics and frequency coupling are both problems of ac system and challenges of dc system. This paper presents a modeling and simulation method for a large dc power electronic system by using Harmonic State Space (HSS) modeling... 10. Achievement of extreme resolution for the selective by depth Moessbauer method on conversion electrons International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Babenkov, M.I.; Zhdanov, V.S.; Ryzhikh, V.Yu.; Chubisov, M.A. 2001-01-01 At the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan the depth selective conversion electrons Moessbauer spectroscopy (DSCEMS) method was realized on the facility designed on the magnet sector beta-spectrometer base with the dual focusing equipped with non-equipotential electron source in the multi-ribbon variant and the position-sensitive detector. In the work the model statistical calculations of energy and angular distributions experienced not so many times of inelastic scattering acts were carried out 11. METHOD FOR OBSERVATION OF DEEMBEDDED SECTIONS OF FISH GONAD BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2000-01-01 This article reports a method for examining the intracellular structure of fish gonads using a scanning electron microscope(SEM). The specimen preparation procedure is similar to that for transmission electron microscopy wherein samples cut into semi-thin sections are fixed and embedded in plastic. The embedment matrix was removed by solvents. Risen-free specimens could be observed by SEM. The morphology of matured sperms in the gonad was very clear, and the oocyte internal structures appeared in three-dimensional images. Spheroidal nucleoli and yolk vesicles and several bundles of filaments adhered on the nucleoli could be viewed by SEM for the first time. 12. Transmission electron microscopic method for gene mapping on polytene chromosomes by in situ hybridization OpenAIRE Wu, Madeline; Davidson, Norman 1981-01-01 A transmission electron microscope method for gene mapping by in situ hybridization to Drosophila polytene chromosomes has been developed. As electron-opaque labels, we use colloidal gold spheres having a diameter of 25 nm. The spheres are coated with a layer of protein to which Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA is photochemically crosslinked. Poly(dT) tails are added to the 3' OH ends of these DNA strands, and poly(dA) tails are added to the 3' OH ends of a fragmented cloned Drosophila DN... 13. Complex-valued derivative propagation method with approximate Bohmian trajectories: Application to electronic nonadiabatic dynamics Science.gov (United States) Wang, Yu; Chou, Chia-Chun 2018-05-01 The coupled complex quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equations for electronic nonadiabatic transitions are approximately solved by propagating individual quantum trajectories in real space. Equations of motion are derived through use of the derivative propagation method for the complex actions and their spatial derivatives for wave packets moving on each of the coupled electronic potential surfaces. These equations for two surfaces are converted into the moving frame with the same grid point velocities. Excellent wave functions can be obtained by making use of the superposition principle even when nodes develop in wave packet scattering. 14. Use of nonlocal helium microplasma for gas impurities detection by the collisional electron spectroscopy method Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kudryavtsev, Anatoly A., E-mail: akud@ak2138.spb.edu [St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg (Russian Federation); Stefanova, Margarita S.; Pramatarov, Petko M. [Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee blvd., 1784 Sofia (Bulgaria) 2015-10-15 The collisional electron spectroscopy (CES) method, which lays the ground for a new field for analytical detection of gas impurities at high pressures, has been verified. The CES method enables the identification of gas impurities in the collisional mode of electron movement, where the advantages of nonlocal formation of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) are fulfilled. Important features of dc negative glow microplasma and probe method for plasma diagnostics are applied. A new microplasma gas analyzer design is proposed. Admixtures of 0.2% Ar, 0.6% Kr, 0.1% N{sub 2}, and 0.05% CO{sub 2} are used as examples of atomic and molecular impurities to prove the possibility for detecting and identifying their presence in high pressure He plasma (50–250 Torr). The identification of the particles under analysis is made from the measurements of the high energy part of the EEDF, where maxima appear, resulting from the characteristic electrons released in Penning reactions of He metastable atoms with impurity particles. Considerable progress in the development of a novel miniature gas analyzer for chemical sensing in gas phase environments has been made. 15. Projection-reduction method applied to deriving non-linear optical conductivity for an electron-impurity system Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nam Lyong Kang 2013-07-01 Full Text Available The projection-reduction method introduced by the present authors is known to give a validated theory for optical transitions in the systems of electrons interacting with phonons. In this work, using this method, we derive the linear and first order nonlinear optical conductivites for an electron-impurity system and examine whether the expressions faithfully satisfy the quantum mechanical philosophy, in the same way as for the electron-phonon systems. The result shows that the Fermi distribution function for electrons, energy denominators, and electron-impurity coupling factors are contained properly in organized manners along with absorption of photons for each electron transition process in the final expressions. Furthermore, the result is shown to be represented properly by schematic diagrams, as in the formulation of electron-phonon interaction. Therefore, in conclusion, we claim that this method can be applied in modeling optical transitions of electrons interacting with both impurities and phonons. 16. Study on time of flight property of electron optical systems by differential algebraic method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cheng Min; Tang Tiantong; Yao Zhenhua 2002-01-01 Differential algebraic method is a powerful and promising technique in computer numerical analysis. When applied to nonlinear dynamics systems, the arbitrary high-order transfer properties of the systems can be computed directly with high precision. In this paper, the principle of differential algebra is applied to study on the time of flight (TOF) property of electron optical systems and their arbitrary order TOF transfer properties can be numerically calculated out. As an example, TOF transfer properties of a uniform magnetic sector field analyzer have been studied by differential algebraic method. Relative errors of the first-order and second-order TOF transfer coefficients of the magnetic sector field analyzer are of the order 10 -11 or smaller compared with the analytic solutions. It is proved that differential algebraic TOF method is of high accuracy and very helpful for high-order TOF transfer property analysis of electron optical systems. (author) 17. The relationship between past caries experience and tooth color determined by an opto-electronic method. Science.gov (United States) Kerosuo, E; Kolehmainen, L 1982-01-01 The susceptibility of a tooth to dental caries has been proposed to depend on tooth color. So far there has, however, been no reliable method for tooth color determination. The aims of this study were to evaluate the reliability of an opto-electronic method and to examine the relationship between tooth color and past caries experience. The color of upper right central incisors of 64 school-children was determined using an opto-electronic tri-stimulus color comparator. The intra- and interexaminer reliability of the method was evaluated in vitro and in vivo being 85% and 83%, respectively. To assess the past caries experience the DMFS-index was calculated. Oral hygiene and dietary habits were also assessed. No significant difference in DMFS scores was obtained between the 'white teeth' group and the 'yellow teeth' group. The conclusion is, that the practical importance of possible colorrelated differences in caries resistance is negligible due to the multifaceted nature of dental caries. 18. Application of the Green's function method to some nonlinear problems of an electron storage ring International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kheifets, S. 1984-01-01 One of the most important characteristics of an electron storage ring is the size of the beam. However analytical calculations of beam size are beset with problems and the computational methods and programs which are used to overcome these are inadequate for all problems in which stochastic noise is an essential part. Two examples are, for an electron storage ring, beam-size evaluation including beam-beam interactions, and finding the beam size for a nonlinear machine. The method described should overcome some of the problems. It uses the Green's function method applied to the Fokker-Planck equation governing the distribution function in the phase space of particle motion. The new step is to consider the particle motion in two degrees of freedom rather than in one dimension. The technique is described fully and is then applied to a strong-focusing machine. (U.K.) 19. A LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHOD TO ENHANCE RESOURCE UTILIZATION CASE OF ETHIOPIAN APPAREL SECTOR Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gezahegn Tesfaye 2016-06-01 Full Text Available The Ethiopian industrial development strategy is characterized by export-led and labor intensive industrialization. The country is emerging as the most important investment destination in its apparel sector. Thought this sector is expected to generate more income from the export market, its export earnings remain trivial mainly due to the inefficient organizational resource utilization. One of the competent techniques that help companies to efficiently improve the use of their resources to increase their profit is linear programming. In apparel manufacturing firms, efficient use of materials such as fabrics and sewing threads and processing time at different stages of production as well as minimization of labor and materials cost are necessary to enhance their profitability. Cutting, sewing, and finishing operations deserve more attention for apparel process optimization. However, the issue of proper resource allocation remains an unsolved problem within the Ethiopian apparel industry. The aim of this research is to devise efficient resource utilization mechanism for Ethiopian apparel sector to improve their resource utilization and profitability, taking one of the garment factories engaged in the export market as a case study. Five types of products the company is currently producing, the amount of resources employed to produce each unit of the products, and the value of profit per unit from the sale of each products have been collected from the case company. The monthly availability of resources utilized and the monthly production volume of the five products have also been collected from the company. The data gathered was mathematically modeled using a linear programming technique, and solved using MS-Excel solver. The findings of the study depicts that all of the organizational resources are severely underutilized. This research proved that the resource utilization of the case company can be improved from 46.41% of the current resource 20. A new method for designing dual foil electron beam forming systems. I. Introduction, concept of the method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2016-01-01 In Part I of this work existing methods and problems in dual foil electron beam forming system design are presented. On this basis, a new method of designing these systems is introduced. The motivation behind this work is to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing design methods and improve overall efficiency of the dual foil design process. The existing methods are based on approximate analytical models applied in an unrealistically simplified geometry. Designing a dual foil system with these methods is a rather labor intensive task as corrections to account for the effects not included in the analytical models have to be calculated separately and accounted for in an iterative procedure. To eliminate these drawbacks, the new design method is based entirely on Monte Carlo modeling in a realistic geometry and using physics models that include all relevant processes. In our approach, an optimal configuration of the dual foil system is found by means of a systematic, automatized scan of the system performance in function of parameters of the foils. The new method, while being computationally intensive, minimizes the involvement of the designer and considerably shortens the overall design time. The results are of high quality as all the relevant physics and geometry details are naturally accounted for. To demonstrate the feasibility of practical implementation of the new method, specialized software tools were developed and applied to solve a real life design problem, as described in Part II of this work. 1. A new method for designing dual foil electron beam forming systems. I. Introduction, concept of the method Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2016-05-01 In Part I of this work existing methods and problems in dual foil electron beam forming system design are presented. On this basis, a new method of designing these systems is introduced. The motivation behind this work is to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing design methods and improve overall efficiency of the dual foil design process. The existing methods are based on approximate analytical models applied in an unrealistically simplified geometry. Designing a dual foil system with these methods is a rather labor intensive task as corrections to account for the effects not included in the analytical models have to be calculated separately and accounted for in an iterative procedure. To eliminate these drawbacks, the new design method is based entirely on Monte Carlo modeling in a realistic geometry and using physics models that include all relevant processes. In our approach, an optimal configuration of the dual foil system is found by means of a systematic, automatized scan of the system performance in function of parameters of the foils. The new method, while being computationally intensive, minimizes the involvement of the designer and considerably shortens the overall design time. The results are of high quality as all the relevant physics and geometry details are naturally accounted for. To demonstrate the feasibility of practical implementation of the new method, specialized software tools were developed and applied to solve a real life design problem, as described in Part II of this work. 2. A Dynamic Resource Scheduling Method Based on Fuzzy Control Theory in Cloud Environment OpenAIRE Chen, Zhijia; Zhu, Yuanchang; Di, Yanqiang; Feng, Shaochong 2015-01-01 The resources in cloud environment have features such as large-scale, diversity, and heterogeneity. Moreover, the user requirements for cloud computing resources are commonly characterized by uncertainty and imprecision. Hereby, to improve the quality of cloud computing service, not merely should the traditional standards such as cost and bandwidth be satisfied, but also particular emphasis should be laid on some extended standards such as system friendliness. This paper proposes a dynamic re... 3. A review of the methods available for estimating soil moisture and its implications for water resource management Science.gov (United States) Dobriyal, Pariva; Qureshi, Ashi; Badola, Ruchi; Hussain, Syed Ainul 2012-08-01 SummaryThe maintenance of elevated soil moisture is an important ecosystem service of the natural ecosystems. Understanding the patterns of soil moisture distribution is useful to a wide range of agencies concerned with the weather and climate, soil conservation, agricultural production and landscape management. However, the great heterogeneity in the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and the lack of standard methods to estimate this property limit its quantification and use in research. This literature based review aims to (i) compile the available knowledge on the methods used to estimate soil moisture at the landscape level, (ii) compare and evaluate the available methods on the basis of common parameters such as resource efficiency, accuracy of results and spatial coverage and (iii) identify the method that will be most useful for forested landscapes in developing countries. On the basis of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the methods reviewed we conclude that the direct method (gravimetric method) is accurate and inexpensive but is destructive, slow and time consuming and does not allow replications thereby having limited spatial coverage. The suitability of indirect methods depends on the cost, accuracy, response time, effort involved in installation, management and durability of the equipment. Our review concludes that measurements of soil moisture using the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) methods are instantaneously obtained and accurate. GPR may be used over larger areas (up to 500 × 500 m a day) but is not cost-effective and difficult to use in forested landscapes in comparison to TDR. This review will be helpful to researchers, foresters, natural resource managers and agricultural scientists in selecting the appropriate method for estimation of soil moisture keeping in view the time and resources available to them and to generate information for efficient allocation of water resources and 4. A computationally efficient moment-preserving Monte Carlo electron transport method with implementation in Geant4 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dixon, D.A., E-mail: ddixon@lanl.gov [Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, MS P365, Los Alamos, NM 87545 (United States); Prinja, A.K., E-mail: prinja@unm.edu [Department of Nuclear Engineering, MSC01 1120, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 (United States); Franke, B.C., E-mail: bcfrank@sandia.gov [Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123 (United States) 2015-09-15 This paper presents the theoretical development and numerical demonstration of a moment-preserving Monte Carlo electron transport method. Foremost, a full implementation of the moment-preserving (MP) method within the Geant4 particle simulation toolkit is demonstrated. Beyond implementation details, it is shown that the MP method is a viable alternative to the condensed history (CH) method for inclusion in current and future generation transport codes through demonstration of the key features of the method including: systematically controllable accuracy, computational efficiency, mathematical robustness, and versatility. A wide variety of results common to electron transport are presented illustrating the key features of the MP method. In particular, it is possible to achieve accuracy that is statistically indistinguishable from analog Monte Carlo, while remaining up to three orders of magnitude more efficient than analog Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, it is shown that the MP method can be generalized to any applicable analog scattering DCS model by extending previous work on the MP method beyond analytical DCSs to the partial-wave (PW) elastic tabulated DCS data. 5. Non-ambipolar radio-frequency plasma electron source and systems and methods for generating electron beams Science.gov (United States) Hershkowitz, Noah [Madison, WI; Longmier, Benjamin [Madison, WI; Baalrud, Scott [Madison, WI 2009-03-03 An electron generating device extracts electrons, through an electron sheath, from plasma produced using RF fields. The electron sheath is located near a grounded ring at one end of a negatively biased conducting surface, which is normally a cylinder. Extracted electrons pass through the grounded ring in the presence of a steady state axial magnetic field. Sufficiently large magnetic fields and/or RF power into the plasma allow for helicon plasma generation. The ion loss area is sufficiently large compared to the electron loss area to allow for total non-ambipolar extraction of all electrons leaving the plasma. Voids in the negatively-biased conducting surface allow the time-varying magnetic fields provided by the antenna to inductively couple to the plasma within the conducting surface. The conducting surface acts as a Faraday shield, which reduces any time-varying electric fields from entering the conductive surface, i.e. blocks capacitive coupling between the antenna and the plasma. 6. Free Electron Laser Induced Forward Transfer Method of Biomaterial for Marking Science.gov (United States) Suzuki, Kaoru Biomaterial, such as chitosan, poly lactic acid, etc., containing fluorescence agent was deposited onto biology hard tissue, such as teeth, fingernail of dog or cat, or sapphire substrate by free electron laser induced forward transfer method for direct write marking. Spin-coated biomaterial with fluorescence agent of rhodamin-6G or zinc phthalochyamine target on sapphire plate was ablated by free electron laser (resonance absorption wavelength of biomaterial : 3380 nm). The influence of the spin-coating film-forming temperature on hardness and adhesion strength of biomaterial is particularly studied. Effect of resonance excitation of biomaterial target by turning free electron laser was discussed to damage of biomaterial, rhodamin-6G or zinc phtarochyamine for direct write marking 7. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Vectorization of Advanced Methods for Molecular Electronic Structure CERN Document Server 1984-01-01 That there have been remarkable advances in the field of molecular electronic structure during the last decade is clear not only to those working in the field but also to anyone else who has used quantum chemical results to guide their own investiga tions. The progress in calculating the electronic structures of molecules has occurred through the truly ingenious theoretical and methodological developments that have made computationally tractable the underlying physics of electron distributions around a collection of nuclei. At the same time there has been consider able benefit from the great advances in computer technology. The growing sophistication, declining costs and increasing accessibi lity of computers have let theorists apply their methods to prob lems in virtually all areas of molecular science. Consequently, each year witnesses calculations on larger molecules than in the year before and calculations with greater accuracy and more com plete information on molecular properties. We can surel... 8. Second-principles method for materials simulations including electron and lattice degrees of freedom Science.gov (United States) García-Fernández, Pablo; Wojdeł, Jacek C.; Íñiguez, Jorge; Junquera, Javier 2016-05-01 We present a first-principles-based (second-principles) scheme that permits large-scale materials simulations including both atomic and electronic degrees of freedom on the same footing. The method is based on a predictive quantum-mechanical theory—e.g., density functional theory—and its accuracy can be systematically improved at a very modest computational cost. Our approach is based on dividing the electron density of the system into a reference part—typically corresponding to the system's neutral, geometry-dependent ground state—and a deformation part—defined as the difference between the actual and reference densities. We then take advantage of the fact that the bulk part of the system's energy depends on the reference density alone; this part can be efficiently and accurately described by a force field, thus avoiding explicit consideration of the electrons. Then, the effects associated to the difference density can be treated perturbatively with good precision by working in a suitably chosen Wannier function basis. Further, the electronic model can be restricted to the bands of interest. All these features combined yield a very flexible and computationally very efficient scheme. Here we present the basic formulation of this approach, as well as a practical strategy to compute model parameters for realistic materials. We illustrate the accuracy and scope of the proposed method with two case studies, namely, the relative stability of various spin arrangements in NiO (featuring complex magnetic interactions in a strongly-correlated oxide) and the formation of a two-dimensional electron gas at the interface between band insulators LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 (featuring subtle electron-lattice couplings and screening effects). We conclude by discussing ways to overcome the limitations of the present approach (most notably, the assumption of a fixed bonding topology), as well as its many envisioned possibilities and future extensions. 9. Modeling of Groundwater Resources Heavy Metals Concentration Using Soft Computing Methods: Application of Different Types of Artificial Neural Networks Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Meysam Alizamir 2017-09-01 10. Private and Public Sector Enterprise Resource Planning System Post-Implementation Practices: A Comparative Mixed Method Investigation Science.gov (United States) Bachman, Charles A. 2010-01-01 While private sector organizations have implemented enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems since the mid 1990s, ERP implementations within the public sector lagged by several years. This research conducted a mixed method, comparative assessment of post "go-live" ERP implementations between public and private sector organization. Based on a… 11. Geophysical methods applied to detection delineation and evaluation of geothermal resources, Snowbird, Utah, August 24--28, 1975 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1975-01-01 A report is given on the geothermal workshop devoted to inventorying current knowledge, problems, controversies, and predicting future developments in the application of geophysical methods to the evaluation of geothermal resources. Separate abstracts were prepared for presentations and summaries of the group sessions. (LBS) 12. Discrimination of Rice with Different Pretreatment Methods by Using a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Li Wang 2015-07-01 Full Text Available In this study, an application of a voltammetric electronic tongue for discrimination and prediction of different varieties of rice was investigated. Different pretreatment methods were selected, which were subsequently used for the discrimination of different varieties of rice and prediction of unknown rice samples. To this aim, a voltammetric array of sensors based on metallic electrodes was used as the sensing part. The different samples were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry with two sample-pretreatment methods. Discriminant Factorial Analysis was used to visualize the different categories of rice samples; however, radial basis function (RBF artificial neural network with leave-one-out cross-validation method was employed for prediction modeling. The collected signal data were first compressed employing fast Fourier transform (FFT and then significant features were extracted from the voltammetric signals. The experimental results indicated that the sample solutions obtained by the non-crushed pretreatment method could efficiently meet the effect of discrimination and recognition. The satisfactory prediction results of voltammetric electronic tongue based on RBF artificial neural network were obtained with less than five-fold dilution of the sample solution. The main objective of this study was to develop primary research on the application of an electronic tongue system for the discrimination and prediction of solid foods and provide an objective assessment tool for the food industry. 13. Method for local temperature measurement in a nanoreactor for in situ high-resolution electron microscopy. Science.gov (United States) Vendelbo, S B; Kooyman, P J; Creemer, J F; Morana, B; Mele, L; Dona, P; Nelissen, B J; Helveg, S 2013-10-01 In situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of solids under reactive gas conditions can be facilitated by microelectromechanical system devices called nanoreactors. These nanoreactors are windowed cells containing nanoliter volumes of gas at ambient pressures and elevated temperatures. However, due to the high spatial confinement of the reaction environment, traditional methods for measuring process parameters, such as the local temperature, are difficult to apply. To address this issue, we devise an electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) method that probes the local temperature of the reaction volume under inspection by the electron beam. The local gas density, as measured using quantitative EELS, is combined with the inherent relation between gas density and temperature, as described by the ideal gas law, to obtain the local temperature. Using this method we determined the temperature gradient in a nanoreactor in situ, while the average, global temperature was monitored by a traditional measurement of the electrical resistivity of the heater. The local gas temperatures had a maximum of 56 °C deviation from the global heater values under the applied conditions. The local temperatures, obtained with the proposed method, are in good agreement with predictions from an analytical model. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 14. A simplified spherical harmonic method for coupled electron-photon transport calculations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Josef, J.A. 1996-12-01 In this thesis we have developed a simplified spherical harmonic method (SP N method) and associated efficient solution techniques for 2-D multigroup electron-photon transport calculations. The SP N method has never before been applied to charged-particle transport. We have performed a first time Fourier analysis of the source iteration scheme and the P 1 diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA) scheme applied to the 2-D SP N equations. Our theoretical analyses indicate that the source iteration and P 1 DSA schemes are as effective for the 2-D SP N equations as for the 1-D S N equations. Previous analyses have indicated that the P 1 DSA scheme is unstable (with sufficiently forward-peaked scattering and sufficiently small absorption) for the 2-D S N equations, yet is very effective for the 1-D S N equations. In addition, we have applied an angular multigrid acceleration scheme, and computationally demonstrated that it performs as well for the 2-D SP N equations as for the 1-D S N equations. It has previously been shown for 1-D S N calculations that this scheme is much more effective than the DSA scheme when scattering is highly forward-peaked. We have investigated the applicability of the SP N approximation to two different physical classes of problems: satellite electronics shielding from geomagnetically trapped electrons, and electron beam problems. In the space shielding study, the SP N method produced solutions that are accurate within 10% of the benchmark Monte Carlo solutions, and often orders of magnitude faster than Monte Carlo. We have successfully modeled quasi-void problems and have obtained excellent agreement with Monte Carlo. We have observed that the SP N method appears to be too diffusive an approximation for beam problems. This result, however, is in agreement with theoretical expectations 15. Evaluation of Wet Digestion Methods for Quantification of Metal Content in Electronic Scrap Material Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Subhabrata Das 2017-11-01 Full Text Available Recent advances in the electronics sector and the short life-span of electronic products have triggered an exponential increase in the generation of electronic waste (E-waste. Effective recycling of E-waste has thus become a serious solid waste management challenge. E-waste management technologies include pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and bioleaching. Determining the metal content of an E-waste sample is critical in evaluating the efficiency of a metal recovery method in E-waste recycling. However, E-waste is complex and of diverse origins. The lack of a standard digestion method for E-waste has resulted in difficulty in comparing the efficiencies of different metal recovery processes. In this study, several solid digestion protocols including American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM-D6357-11, United States Environment Protection Agency Solid Waste (US EPA SW 846 Method 3050b, ultrasound-assisted, and microwave digestion methods were compared to determine the metal content (Ag, Al, Au, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sn, and Zn of electronic scrap materials (ESM obtained from two different sources. The highest metal recovery (mg/g of ESM was obtained using ASTM D6357-11 for most of the metals, which remained mainly bound to silicate fractions, while a microwave-assisted digestion protocol (MWD-2 was more effective in solubilizing Al, Pb, and Sn. The study highlights the need for a judicious selection of digestion protocol, and proposes steps for selecting an effective acid digestion method for ESM. 16. Statistics of electron multiplication in a multiplier phototube; Iterative method; Estadistica de la multiplicacion de electrones en un fotomultiplicador: Metodos iterativos Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ortiz, J F; Grau, A 1985-07-01 In the present paper an iterative method is applied to study the variation of dynode response in the multiplier phototube. Three different situation are considered that correspond to the following ways of electronic incidence on the first dynode: incidence of exactly one electron, incidence of exactly r electrons and incidence of an average r electrons. The responses are given for a number of steps between 1 and 5, and for values of the multiplication factor of 2.1, 2.5, 3 and 5. We study also the variance, the skewness and the excess of jurtosis for different multiplication factors. (Author) 11 refs. 17. An Integrated Method for Interval Multi-Objective Planning of a Water Resource System in the Eastern Part of Handan Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Meiqin Suo 2017-07-01 Full Text Available In this study, an integrated solving method is proposed for interval multi-objective planning. The proposed method is based on fuzzy linear programming and an interactive two-step method. It cannot only provide objectively optimal values for multiple objectives at the same time, but also effectively offer a globally optimal interval solution. Meanwhile, the degree of satisfaction related to different objective functions would be obtained. Then, the integrated solving method for interval multi-objective planning is applied to a case study of planning multi-water resources joint scheduling under uncertainty in the eastern part of Handan, China. The solutions obtained are useful for decision makers in easing the contradiction between supply of multi-water resources and demand from different water users. Moreover, it can provide the optimal comprehensive benefits of economy, society, and the environment. 18. A new calculational method to assess the therapeutic potential of Auger electron emission International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Humm, J.L.; Charlton, D.E. 1989-01-01 This paper discusses a new computer code to estimate the efficacy of Auger electron sources in cancer therapy. Auger electron emission accompanies the decay of many radionuclides already commonly used in nuclear medicine, for example; 99m Tc and 201 Tl. The range of these electrons is in general sub-cellular, therefore, the toxicity of the source depends on the site of decay relative to the genetic material of the cell. Electron track structure methods have been used which enable the study of energy deposition from Auger sources down to the Angstrom level. A figure for the minimum energy required per single strand break is obtained by fitting our energy deposition calculations for 125 I decays in a model of the DNA to experimental data on break lengths from 125 I labeled plasmid fragments. This method is used to investigate the efficiency of double strand break production by other Auger sources which have potential value for therapy. The high RBE of Auger sources depends critically on the distance between the source and target material. The application of Auger emitters for therapy may necessitate a carrier molecule that can append the source to the DNA. Many DNA localizing agents are known in the field of chemotherapy, some of which could be carrier molecules for Auger sources; the halogenated thymidine precursors are under scrutiny in this field. The activation of Auger cascades in situ by high energy, collimated X ray and neutron beams is also assessed 19. [Strategic decisions in public psychiatric institutions: a proposed method for resource analysis and allocation]. Science.gov (United States) Micheletti, Pierre; Chierici, Piero; Durang, Xavier; Salvador, Nathalie; Lopez, Nathalie 2011-01-01 Because of its sector-based organization and extra-hospital care, public psychiatry has a unique position in healthcare. This paper describes the tools and procedures used to analyze and allocate the resources of the "Centre Hospitalier Alpes-Isère", a hospital serving a catchment population of 530,000 adults. A consensus-based approach was used to validate the selected indicators and included the participation of a geographer. Five levels of resource allocation were identified and classified using a decision tree. At each level, the relevant authorities and criteria were identified as key components of the decision-making process. This paper describes the first three levels of care provision. Focusing on adult care, a comparative assessment of the resources allocated to general psychiatric care and specialist care was conducted, in addition to a comparative assessment of the resources allocated to each of the hospital's four local centers. Geographical accessibility to extramural facilities was also assessed. A study of the characteristics of each general psychiatry clinic revealed significant disparities. The paper highlights several issues: the poor knowledge of psychiatric epidemiological data relating to the population within the catchment area, the difficulty of assessing non-consolidated data or indicators from multiple sources, and the limited and partial nature of geographical data for characterizing and evaluating health care in the hospital's peripheral clinics. Several studies are currently underway to assess the operational effectiveness of the tools and procedures used to analyze and allocate resources. 20. A method for the direct measurement of electronic site populations in a molecular aggregate using two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lewis, Nicholas H. C.; Dong, Hui; Oliver, Thomas A. A.; Fleming, Graham R., E-mail: grfleming@lbl.gov [Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States) 2015-09-28 Two dimensional electronic spectroscopy has proved to be a valuable experimental technique to reveal electronic excitation dynamics in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes, nanoscale semiconductors, organic photovoltaic materials, and many other types of systems. It does not, however, provide direct information concerning the spatial structure and dynamics of excitons. 2D infrared spectroscopy has become a widely used tool for studying structural dynamics but is incapable of directly providing information concerning electronic excited states. 2D electronic-vibrational (2DEV) spectroscopy provides a link between these domains, directly connecting the electronic excitation with the vibrational structure of the system under study. In this work, we derive response functions for the 2DEV spectrum of a molecular dimer and propose a method by which 2DEV spectra could be used to directly measure the electronic site populations as a function of time following the initial electronic excitation. We present results from the response function simulations which show that our proposed approach is substantially valid. This method provides, to our knowledge, the first direct experimental method for measuring the electronic excited state dynamics in the spatial domain, on the molecular scale. 1. Methods for the estimation and economic evaluation of undiscovered uranium endowment and resources International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1992-01-01 The present Instruction Manual was prepared as part of a programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency to supply the international uranium community with standard guides for a number of topics related to uranium resource assessment and supply. The quantitative estimation of undiscovered resources and endowments aims at supplying data on potential mineral resources; these data are needed to compare long term projections with one another and to assess the mineral supplies to be obtained from elsewhere. These objectives have relatively recently been supplemented by the concern of land managers and national policy planners to assess the potential of certain lands before the constitution of national parks and other areas reserved from mineral exploration and development. 88 refs, 28 figs, 33 tabs 2. Electron backscatter diffraction as a useful method for alloys microstructure characterization Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Klimek, Leszek; Pietrzyk, Bozena 2004-11-17 Microstructure examination of cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy is presented in this paper. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the alloy were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). An identification of alloy phases was carried out using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Two different kinds of precipitates in metallic matrix were found. They were identified as MC and M{sub 23}C{sub 6} type of carbides in Co-lattice solid solution. The advantages and limits of the EBSD method are described. It is presented that EBSD, as excellent tool for phase identification, is a valuable supplementary method for materials research. 3. Molecular structure determination of cyclooctane by Ab Initio and electron diffraction methods in the gas phase International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Almeida, Wagner B. de 2000-01-01 The determination of the molecular structure of molecules is of fundamental importance in chemistry. X-rays and electron diffraction methods constitute in important tools for the elucidation of the molecular structure of systems in the solid state and gas phase, respectively. The use of quantum mechanical molecular orbital ab initio methods offer an alternative for conformational analysis studies. Comparison between theoretical results and those obtained experimentally in the gas phase can make a significant contribution for an unambiguous determination of the geometrical parameters. In this article the determination for an unambiguous determination of the geometrical parameters. In this article the determination of the molecular structure of the cyclooctane molecule by electron diffraction in the gas phase an initio calculations will be addressed, providing an example of a comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental predictions. (author) 4. Non-equilibrium Green function method: theory and application in simulation of nanometer electronic devices International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Do, Van-Nam 2014-01-01 We review fundamental aspects of the non-equilibrium Green function method in the simulation of nanometer electronic devices. The method is implemented into our recently developed computer package OPEDEVS to investigate transport properties of electrons in nano-scale devices and low-dimensional materials. Concretely, we present the definition of the four real-time Green functions, the retarded, advanced, lesser and greater functions. Basic relations among these functions and their equations of motion are also presented in detail as the basis for the performance of analytical and numerical calculations. In particular, we review in detail two recursive algorithms, which are implemented in OPEDEVS to solve the Green functions defined in finite-size opened systems and in the surface layer of semi-infinite homogeneous ones. Operation of the package is then illustrated through the simulation of the transport characteristics of a typical semiconductor device structure, the resonant tunneling diodes. (review) 5. Agents, Individuals, and Networks: Modeling Methods to Inform Natural Resource Management in Regional Landscapes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Lael Parrott 2012-09-01 Full Text Available Landscapes are complex systems. Landscape dynamics are the result of multiple interacting biophysical and socioeconomic processes that are linked across a broad range of spatial, temporal, and organizational scales. Understanding and describing landscape dynamics poses enormous challenges and demands the use of new multiscale approaches to modeling. In this synthesis article, we present three regional systems - i.e., a forest system, a marine system, and an agricultural system - and describe how hybrid, bottom-up modeling of these systems can be used to represent linkages across scales and between subsystems. Through the use of these three examples, we describe how modeling can be used to simulate emergent system responses to different conservation policy and management scenarios from the bottom up, thereby increasing our understanding of important drivers and feedback loops within a landscape. The first case study involves the use of an individual-based modeling approach to simulate the effects of forest harvesting on the movement patterns of large mammals in Canada's boreal forest and the resulting emergent population dynamics. This model is being used to inform forest harvesting and management guidelines. The second case study combines individual and agent-based approaches to simulate the dynamics of individual boats and whales in a marine park. This model is being used to inform decision-makers on how to mitigate the impacts of maritime traffic on whales in the Saint Lawrence Estuary in eastern Canada. The third example is a case study of biodiversity conservation efforts on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. In this example, the social-ecological system is represented as a complex network of interacting components. Methods of network analysis can be used to explore the emergent responses of the system to changes in the network structure or configuration, thus informing managers about the resilience of the system. These three examples 6. Development of an ellipse fitting method with which to analyse selected area electron diffraction patterns Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mitchell, D.R.G., E-mail: dmitchel@uow.edu.au [Electron Microscopy Centre, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500 (Australia); Van den Berg, J.A. [Electron Microscopy Centre, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2500 (Australia); Catalyst Fundamentals, Fischer-Tropsch and Syngas Conversion Research, Sasol Technology R & D, Sasolburg 1947 (South Africa) 2016-01-15 A software method has been developed which uses ellipse fitting to analyse electron diffraction patterns from polycrystalline materials. The method, which requires minimal user input, can determine the pattern centre and the diameter of diffraction rings with sub-pixel precision. This enables accurate crystallographic information to be obtained in a rapid and consistent manner. Since the method fits ellipses, it can detect, quantify and correct any elliptical distortion introduced by the imaging system. Distortion information derived from polycrystalline patterns as a function of camera length can be subsequently recalled and applied to single crystal patterns, resulting in improved precision and accuracy. The method has been implemented as a plugin for the DigitalMicrograph software by Gatan, and is a freely available via the internet. - Highlights: • A robust ellipse fitting method is developed. • Freely available software for automated diffraction pattern analysis is demonstrated. • Measurement and correction of elliptical distortion is routinely achieved. 7. Computational methods for constructing protein structure models from 3D electron microscopy maps. Science.gov (United States) Esquivel-Rodríguez, Juan; Kihara, Daisuke 2013-10-01 Protein structure determination by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) has made significant progress in the past decades. Resolutions of EM maps have been improving as evidenced by recently reported structures that are solved at high resolutions close to 3Å. Computational methods play a key role in interpreting EM data. Among many computational procedures applied to an EM map to obtain protein structure information, in this article we focus on reviewing computational methods that model protein three-dimensional (3D) structures from a 3D EM density map that is constructed from two-dimensional (2D) maps. The computational methods we discuss range from de novo methods, which identify structural elements in an EM map, to structure fitting methods, where known high resolution structures are fit into a low-resolution EM map. A list of available computational tools is also provided. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8. The linearly scaling 3D fragment method for large scale electronic structure calculations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zhao Zhengji [National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) (United States); Meza, Juan; Shan Hongzhang; Strohmaier, Erich; Bailey, David; Wang Linwang [Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (United States); Lee, Byounghak, E-mail: ZZhao@lbl.go [Physics Department, Texas State University (United States) 2009-07-01 The linearly scaling three-dimensional fragment (LS3DF) method is an O(N) ab initio electronic structure method for large-scale nano material simulations. It is a divide-and-conquer approach with a novel patching scheme that effectively cancels out the artificial boundary effects, which exist in all divide-and-conquer schemes. This method has made ab initio simulations of thousand-atom nanosystems feasible in a couple of hours, while retaining essentially the same accuracy as the direct calculation methods. The LS3DF method won the 2008 ACM Gordon Bell Prize for algorithm innovation. Our code has reached 442 Tflop/s running on 147,456 processors on the Cray XT5 (Jaguar) at OLCF, and has been run on 163,840 processors on the Blue Gene/P (Intrepid) at ALCF, and has been applied to a system containing 36,000 atoms. In this paper, we will present the recent parallel performance results of this code, and will apply the method to asymmetric CdSe/CdS core/shell nanorods, which have potential applications in electronic devices and solar cells. 9. Electronic correlation studies. III. Self-correlated field method. Application to 2S ground state and 2P excited state of three-electron atomic systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lissillour, R.; Guerillot, C.R. 1975-01-01 The self-correlated field method is based on the insertion in the group product wave function of pair functions built upon a set of correlated ''local'' functions and of ''nonlocal'' functions. This work is an application to three-electron systems. The effects of the outer electron on the inner pair are studied. The total electronic energy and some intermediary results such as pair energies, Coulomb and exchange ''correlated'' integrals, are given. The results are always better than those given by conventional SCF computations and reach the same level of accuracy as those given by more laborious methods used in correlation studies. (auth) 10. Methods For Electron Bunch Measurement With Resolution Of The Order Of 1 Fs And 1 Nm CERN Document Server Tron, A M 2004-01-01 Methods for bunch length and shape monitoring with femtosecond resolution by means of time converting photochronography of the bunch radiation in the range of visible light using photoelectron camera of new principle of its operation, and for monitoring the transverse bunch size, based on new beam cross section wire scanner technique where the depth of electron escapement being not more than 1 nm is used, are described. Main limitation, caused by space charge effect, is considered. 11. Study on application of the physical detection methods for electron beam-irradiated agricultural products Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kim, Dong Yong; Park, Yong Dae; Jin, Chang Hyun; Choi, Dae Seong; Jeong, Il Yun [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup (Korea, Republic of); Yook, Hong Sun [Chungnam National University, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of) 2010-09-15 12. Study on application of the physical detection methods for electron beam-irradiated agricultural products International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kim, Dong Yong; Park, Yong Dae; Jin, Chang Hyun; Choi, Dae Seong; Jeong, Il Yun; Yook, Hong Sun 2010-01-01 13. Method of measuring the current density distribution and emittance of pulsed electron beams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Schilling, H.B. 1979-07-01 This method of current density measurement employs an array of many Faraday cups, each cup being terminated by an integrating capacitor. The voltages of the capacitors are subsequently displayed on a scope, thus giving the complete current density distribution with one shot. In the case of emittance measurements, a moveable small-diameter aperture is inserted at some distance in front of the cup array. Typical results with a two-cathode, two-energy electron source are presented. (orig.) 14. Numerical method for the dispersion relation of a hot and inhomogeneous plasma with an electron beam International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Devia, A.; Orrego, C.E.; Buitrago, G. 1990-01-01 A numerical method that is based in kinetic theory (Vlasov-Poison equations) was developed in order to calculate the dispersion relation for the interaction between a hot cylindrical and electron beam in any temperature and density. The plasma-beam system is located in a strong magnetic field. Many examples showing the effect of the temperatures and densities on the dispersion relation are given. (Author) 15. Methods of Information Subjects and Objects Interaction Rules Formalization in the Electronic Trading Platform System Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Emma Emanuilova Yandybaeva 2015-03-01 Full Text Available The methods of information subjects and objects interaction rules formalization in the electronic trading platform system has been developed. They are based on mathematical model of mandatory role-based access control. As a result of the work we have defined set of user roles and constructed roles hierarchy. For the roles hierarchy restrictions have been imposed to ensure the safety of the information system. 16. Electronic resources of the rare books and valuable editions department of the Central Scientific Library of the V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University: open access for research Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) І. К. Журавльова 2014-12-01 Full Text Available The article describes tasks that electronic collections of rare books fulfill: broad access for readers to rare and valuable editions providing, preservation of ensuring of the original. On the example of the electronic collection of the Central Scientific Library of the V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University – «eScriptorium: electronic archive of rare books and manuscripts for research and education» the possibility of the full-text resources of the valuable editions using is shown. The principles of creation, structure, chronological frameworks, directions of adding the documents to the archive are represented. The perspectives of the project development are outlined as well as examples of the digital libraries of the European countries and Ukraine are provided, the actual task of preserving the originals of the rare books of the country is raised, the innovative approaches to serving users with electronic resources are considered. The evidences of cooperation of the Central Scientific Library of the V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University with the largest world digital libraries: World Digital Library and Europeana are provided. 17. Barriers to electronic access and delivery of educational information in resource constrained public schools: a case of Greater Tubatse Municipality CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Pholotho, T 2016-05-01 Full Text Available Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are capable of expanding access to quality education, educational resources and provide teachers with new skills. Nevertheless, a majority of rural public schools have limited ICTs, mainly due... 18. Some Methods for Calculating Competition Coefficients from Resource-Utilization Spectra. Science.gov (United States) Schoener, Thomas W When relative frequencies of resource kinds in the diet are known, the competition coefficient giving the effect of competitor j on i may be computed as \\documentclass{aastex} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{bm} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{pifont} \\usepackage{stmaryrd} \\usepackage{textcomp} \\usepackage{portland,xspace} \\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\pagestyle{empty} \\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha_{ij}=\\left(\\frac{T_{j}}{T_{i}}\\right)\\left[\\frac{{\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^{m}}(d_{ik}/f_{k})\\:(d_{jk}/f_{k})\\:b_{ik}}{\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^{m}(d_{ik}/f_{k})^{2}\\:b_{ik}}\\right],$$\\end{document} where T j /T i = the ratio of the number of items consumed by an individual of competitor j to that consumed by an individual of competitor i, measured over an interval of time that includes all regular fluctuations in consumption for both species; d ik = the frequency of resource k in the diet of competitor i (and similarly for d jk ); f k = the standing frequency of resource k in the environment; b ik = the net calories gained by an individual of competitor i from an item of resource k, or more approximately the calories contained in an item of resource k, or still more approximately the weight or volume of an item of resource k; and the summations are taken over all resources eaten by at least one of the competing species. The coefficient follows from MacArthur's (1968) consumer-resource system when the ratio of the carrying capacity to intrinsic rate of increase is constant for all resources. When relative frequencies of time spent foraging in habitat kinds are known, the competition coefficient may be computed as \\documentclass{aastex} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{bm} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{pifont} \\usepackage{stmaryrd} \\usepackage{textcomp} \\usepackage{portland,xspace} \\usepackage 19. A scanning electron microscope method for automated, quantitative analysis of mineral matter in coal Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Creelman, R.A.; Ward, C.R. [R.A. Creelman and Associates, Epping, NSW (Australia) 1996-07-01 Quantitative mineralogical analysis has been carried out in a series of nine coal samples from Australia, South Africa and China using a newly-developed automated image analysis system coupled to a scanning electron microscopy. The image analysis system (QEM{asterisk}SEM) gathers X-ray spectra and backscattered electron data from a number of points on a conventional grain-mount polished section under the SEM, and interprets the data from each point in mineralogical terms. The cumulative data in each case was integrated to provide a volumetric modal analysis of the species present in the coal samples, expressed as percentages of the respective coals mineral matter. Comparison was made of the QEM{asterisk}SEM results to data obtained from the same samples using other methods of quantitative mineralogical analysis, namely X-ray diffraction of the low-temperature oxygen-plasma ash and normative calculation from the (high-temperature) ash analysis and carbonate CO{sub 2} data. Good agreement was obtained from all three methods for quartz in the coals, and also for most of the iron-bearing minerals. The correlation between results from the different methods was less strong, however, for individual clay minerals, or for minerals such as calcite, dolomite and phosphate species that made up only relatively small proportions of the mineral matter. The image analysis approach, using the electron microscope for mineralogical studies, has significant potential as a supplement to optical microscopy in quantitative coal characterisation. 36 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs. 20. Matrix-product-state method with local basis optimization for nonequilibrium electron-phonon systems Science.gov (United States) Heidrich-Meisner, Fabian; Brockt, Christoph; Dorfner, Florian; Vidmar, Lev; Jeckelmann, Eric We present a method for simulating the time evolution of quasi-one-dimensional correlated systems with strongly fluctuating bosonic degrees of freedom (e.g., phonons) using matrix product states. For this purpose we combine the time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) algorithm with a local basis optimization (LBO) approach. We discuss the performance of our approach in comparison to TEBD with a bare boson basis, exact diagonalization, and diagonalization in a limited functional space. TEBD with LBO can reduce the computational cost by orders of magnitude when boson fluctuations are large and thus it allows one to investigate problems that are out of reach of other approaches. First, we test our method on the non-equilibrium dynamics of a Holstein polaron and show that it allows us to study the regime of strong electron-phonon coupling. Second, the method is applied to the scattering of an electronic wave packet off a region with electron-phonon coupling. Our study reveals a rich physics including transient self-trapping and dissipation. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via FOR 1807.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35628145933151245, "perplexity": 3351.743638695244}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590051.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718041450-20180718061450-00327.warc.gz"}
https://cdsweb.cern.ch/collection/Theses?ln=no	# Theses Nyeste elementer: 2015-11-26 07:36 Dynamical Systems Analysis of Various Dark Energy Models / Roy, Nandan In this thesis, we used dynamical systems analysis to find the qualitative behaviour of some dark energy models. [...] arXiv:1511.07978 - 2015. Thesis 2015-11-24 07:36 Towards self dual Loop Quantum Gravity / Achour, Jibril Ben In this PhD thesis, we introduced a new strategy to investigate the kinematical and physical predictions of self dual Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) and by-passed the old problem of implementing quantum mechanically the so called reality conditions inherent to the self dual Ashtekar's phase space [...] arXiv:1511.07332 - 2015. - 254 p. Thesis 2015-11-23 19:17 Study of the $B^0 \rightarrow K^{\ast 0}e^+ e^-$ decay with the LHCb detector and development of a novel concept of PID detector: the Focusing DIRC / Borsato, Martino Flavour-changing neutral current processes of the type $b \to s\gamma$ are forbidden at the tree level in the Standard Model (SM) and occur at leading order through radiative loop diagrams [...] CERN-THESIS-2015-219 - 205 p. Fulltext 2015-11-23 16:59 Measurement of the $WW$ production cross-section in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8 \,$TeV with the ATLAS Detector / Gao, Jun CERN-THESIS-2015-218 - Fulltext 2015-11-20 16:31 Vezana stanja u teoriji polja / Glaser, Vladimir Jurko 64 p. Full text 2015-11-20 14:49 Ricerca del decadimento raro $K^{0}_{S} \rightarrow \mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ a LHCb / Borgheresi, Alessio The Standard Model (SM) has proven to be excellent in describing and predicting the phenomena studied in High Energy Physics (HEP), but there are some experimental evidences that are still not explained [...] CERN-THESIS-2015-216 - 138 p. Fulltext 2015-11-19 10:33 Di-tau topologies at ATLAS: preparatory studies and search for Higgs boson decays to two tau leptons during LHC Run-I / Consonni, Sofia Maria CERN-THESIS-2013-397. - 292 p. 2434/230549 Full text - Full text 2015-11-18 15:33 High energy nucleonic component of cosmic rays at mountain altitudes / Stora, Raymond Félix The diffusion equations describing the unidimensional propagation of .the high energy nucleonic component of cosmic rays throughout the atmosphere are sol"V'ed under two assumptions: (l) The nucleon-nucleon collisions are described according to Fermi's therlnOdynamical model involving completely ine [...] 65 p. Full text 2015-11-18 13:53 Investigation on regulators in quantum electrodynamics / Stora, Raymond Félix We present in this work three models which are able to suppress the divergences of approximate versions of Quantum Electrodynamics.It is indeed argued that, in view of the smallness of the fine structure constant, not only the first terms of a perturbation expa [...] 76 p. Full text 2015-11-18 13:48 Study of Single Top Quarks in Association with Vector Bosons / Leggat, Duncan Alexander (Beijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.) ; Cole, Joanne (dir.) (Brunel U.) The search for single top production in association with a massive electroweak vector bosonusing data collected by the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. Twoanalyses are discussed: the search for a single top produced in association with a W boson(tW production) and the search for t-channel single top production with a radiated Zboson (tZq production). [...] CMS-TS-2015-030; CERN-THESIS-2015-214.- 2015 - 176 p. Fulltext: TS2015_030 - PDF; TS2015_030_2 - PDF;	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9240607023239136, "perplexity": 4395.131099415351}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461390.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00348-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ieee_pilot/articles/5076158/05117711/article.html	• Abstract # Optimal Visual Sensor Planning Visual sensor networks are becoming more and more common. They have a wide-range of commercial and military applications from video surveillance to smart home and from traffic monitoring to anti-terrorism. The design of such a visual sensor network is a challenging problem due to the complexity of the environment, self and mutual occlusion of moving objects, diverse sensor properties and a myriad of performance metrics for different applications. As such, there is a need to develop a flexible sensor-planning framework that can incorporate all the aforementioned modeling details, and derive the sensor configuration that simultaneously optimizes the target performance and minimizes the cost. In this paper, we tackle this optimal sensor problem by developing a general visibility model for visual sensor networks and solving the optimization problem via Binary Integer Programming (BIP). Our proposed visibility model supports arbitrary-shaped 3D environments and incorporates realistic camera models, occupant traffic models, self occlusion and mutual occlusion. Using this visibility model, a novel BIP algorithms are proposed to find the optimal camera placement for tracking visual tags in multiple cameras. Experimental performance analysis is performed using Monte-Carlo simulations. SECTION I ## Introduction IN recent years we have seen widespread deployment of smart camera networks for a variety of applications. Proper placement of cameras in such a distributed environment is an important design problem. The reason is that the placement has a direct impact on the appearance of objects in the cameras which dictates the performance of all subsequent computer vision tasks. For instance, one of the most important tasks in distributed camera network is to visually identify and track common objects across disparate camera views. It is a difficult problem because the proper identification of semantically rich features or visual tags like faces or gaits depends highly on the pose of these features relative to the camera view. Using multiple cameras can alleviate this “visual tagging” problem but the actual number of cameras and their placement become a non-trivial design problem. To properly design a camera network that can accurately identify and understand visual tags, one needs a visual sensor planning tool—a tool that analyzes the physical environment and determines the optimal configuration for the visual sensors so as to achieve specific objectives under a given set of resource constraints. Determining the optimal sensor configuration for a large-scale visual sensor networks is technically a very challenging problem. First, visual line-of-sight sensors are amenable to occlusion by both static and dynamic objects. This is particularly problematic as these networks are typically deployed in urban or indoor environments characterized by complicated topologies, stringent placement constraints and constant flux of occupant or vehicular traffic. Second, from infra-red to range sensing, from static to pan-tilt-zoom or even robotic cameras, there are a myriad of visual sensors and many of them have overlapping capabilities. Given a fixed budget with limited power and network connectivity, the choice and placement of sensors become critical to the continuous operation of the visual sensor network. Third, the performance of the network depends highly on the nature of the specific tasks in the application. For example, biometric and object recognition require the objects to be captured at a specific pose; triangulation requires visibility of the same object from multiple sensors; object tracking can tolerate certain degree of occlusion using a probabilistic tracker. The earliest investigation in this area can be traced back to the “art gallery problem” in computational geometry. Though the upper bound exists [1], the minimum number of cameras needed to cover a given area is a NP-complete problem [2]. Heuristic solutions over 3D environments are recently proposed in [3], [4] but their sophisticated visibility models can solve only small-scale problems. Alternatively, the optimization can be tackled in the discrete domain [5], [6]. The optimal camera configuration is formulated as a Binary Integer Programming (BIP) problem over the discrete lattice points. These work however assume a less sophisticated modeling in a 2-D space rather than a true 3-D environment and the loss in precision due to discretization has not been properly analyzed. In this paper, we continue our earlier work in [7] in developing a binary integer-programming based framework for determining the optimal visual sensor configuration. Our primary focus will be on optimizing the performance of the network for visual tagging. Our proposed visibility model supports arbitrary-shaped 3D environments and incorporates realistic camera models, occupant traffic models, self occlusion and mutual occlusion. In Section II we develop the visibility model for the “visual tagging” problem based on the probability of observing a tag from multiple visual sensors. Using this metric, we formulate in Section III the search of the optimal sensor placements as a Binary Integer Programming (BIP) problem. Experimental results demonstrating this algorithm using simulations are presented in Section IV. We conclude the paper by discussing future work in Section V. SECTION II ## Visibility Model Given a camera network, we model the visibility of a tag based on three random parameters P,vP and βs, as well as two fixed environmental parameters K and w. Pdefines the 3D coordinates of the center of the tag and vP is the pose vector of the tag. We assume the tag is perpendicular to the ground plane and its center lies on a horizontal plane Γ. Note the dependency of V on vP allows us to model self-occlusion—the tag is being occluded by the person who is wearing it. The tag will not be visible to a camera if the pose vector is pointing away from the camera. We model the worst-case mutual occlusion by considering a fixed occlusion angle β measured at the center of the tag on the Γ plane. Mutual occlusion is said to occur if the projection of the line of sight on the Γ plane falls within the range of the occlusion angle. In other words, we model the occlusion as a cylindrical wall of infinite height around the tag partially blocking a fixed visibility angle of β at random starting position βs. w is half of the edge length of the tag which is a known parameter. The shape of the environment is encapsulated in the fixed parameter set K which contains a list of oriented vertical planes that describe the boundary wall and obstacles. Our visibility measurement is based on the projected size of a tag on the image plane of the camera. The projected size of the tag is very important as the image of the tag has to be large enough to be automatically identified at each camera view. Due to the camera projection of the 3-D world to the image plane, the image of the square tag can be an arbitrary quadrilateral. While it is possible to precisely calculate the area of this image, it is sufficient to use an approximation for our visibility calculation: we measure the projected length of the line segment l at the intersection between the tag and the horizontal plane Γ. The actual 3-D length of l is 2w, and since the center of the tag always lie on l, the projected length of l is representative of the overall projected size of the tag. Given a single camera with the camera center at C, we can define the visibility function for one camera to be the projected length ‖ l′‖ on the image plane of the line segment l across the tag if the above conditions are satisfied, and zero otherwise. Fig. 1 shows the projection of l, delimited by Pl1 and Pl2, onto the image plane Π. Based on the assumptions that all the tag centers has the same elevation and all tag planes are vertical, we can analytically derive the formulae for Pl1, Pl2 as TeX Source $$P'_{li} = C - {\langle {\bf v}_{\bf C},O -C\rangle \over \langle {\bf v}_{\bf C},P_{li} -C\rangle}(P_{li}-C)\eqno{\hbox{(1)}}$$where 〈·, ·〉 indicates inner product, The projected length ‖ l′‖ is simply ‖ Pl1′ −Pl2′ ‖. Fig. 1. Projection of a single tag onto a camera. After computing the projected length of the tag, we proceed to check four visibility conditions as follows: Environmental Occlusion: We assume that environmental occlusion occurs if the line segment connecting camera center Specifically, intersection between the line of sight PC and each obstacle in K is computed. If there is no intersection within the confined environment or the points of intersection are higher than the height of the camera, no occlusion occurs due to the environment. We represent this requirement as the binary function chkObstacle (P, C, K) which returns 1 if occlusion occurs and 0 otherwise. Field of View: Similar to determining environmental occlusion, we declare the tag to be in the field of view if the image P′ of the tag center is within the finite image plane Π. Using a similar derivation as in (1), the image P′ can be computed as . We then convert P′ to local image coordinates to determine if P′ is indeed within Π. We encapsulate this condition using the binary function chkFOV (P,C,vC, Π, O) takes camera intrinsic parameters, tag location, pose vector as input, and returns a binary value indicating whether the center of the tag is within the camera's field of view. Self Occlusion: As illustrated in Fig. 1, the tag is self occluded if the angle α between the light of sight to the camera CP and the tag pose vP exceeds . We can represent this condition as a step function . Mutual Occlusion: As illustrated in Fig. 1, mutual occlusion occurs when the tag center or half the line segment lis occluded. The angle β is suspended at P on the Γ plane. Thus, occlusion occurs if the projection of the light of the sight CP on the Γ plane at P falls within the range of . We represent this condition using the binary function chkOcclusion (P,C,vP, βs) which returns one for no occlusion and zero otherwise. Combining both ‖ l′‖ and the four visibility conditions, we define the projected length of an oriented tag with respect to camera Γ as I(P,vP, βs\| K,Γ) follows: TeX Source \eqalignno{&I(P, {\bf v}_{\bf P}, \beta_s\vert w,K, \Gamma) = \Vert l'\Vert \cdot {\rm chkOcclusion}(P,C, {\bf v}_{\bf P}, \beta_s)\cdot\cr&\quad {\rm chkObstacle}(P,C,K) \cdot {\rm chkFOV}(P,C, {\bf v}_{\bf C},\Pi,O)\cdot\cr&\quad U \left({\pi \over 2}-\vert \alpha\vert\right)&\hbox{(2)}}where Γ includes all camera parameters. Most vision algorithms requires the tags to be big enough for detection. Thus, a threshold version is usually more convenient: TeX Source $$I_b (P,{\bf v}_{\bf P},\beta_s\vert w, T,K,\Upsilon)=\cases{1 &{\rm if}\ I(P,{\bf v}_{\bf P},\beta_s\vert w, K, \Upsilon) > T\cr0 &{\rm ohterwise}}\eqno{\hbox{(3)}}$$To extend the single-camera case to multiple cameras, we note that the visibility of the tag from one camera does not affect the other and thus, each camera can be treated independently. Assume that the specific application requires a tag to be visible by k camera. The tag at a particular location and orientation is visible if the sum of the Ib( ) values from all the cameras exceed k at that location. SECTION III ## Optimal Camera Placement In this section, we propose an binary integer program that finds the best placement given a target number of cameras. We first discretize the space of possible camera configuration space, including possible location, yaw and pitch angles into an uniform lattice gridC of Nc camera grid points, denoted as {Υi : i = 1, …, Nc}. We also discretize the tag space which includes possible tag position P, orientation vP and occlusion βs into a uniform lattice gridP with Np tag grid points {Λi : i = 1, 2, …,Np}. The goal of the algorithm FIX_CAM is to maximize the average visibility, for a given number of cameras. We first define a set of binary variables on the tag grid {xj: j = 1,…,Np} indicating whether a tag on the jth tag point in grid P is visible at two or more cameras. We also assume a prior distribution {ρj : j = 1, …, Np, ∑j ρj = 1} that describes the probability of having a person at that tag grid point. We define binary variables on the camera grid {bi: i = 1,…,Nc} to be one to indicate the placement of a camera. The cost function defined to be the average visibility over the discrete space is given as follows: TeX Source $$\max_{b_i} \sum^{N_p}_{j=1}\rho_jx_j\eqno{\hbox{(4)}}$$The relationship between the camera placement variables bi's and visibility performance variables xj's can be described by the following constraints. For each tag grid point Λj, we have TeX Source \eqalignno{&\sum^{N_c}_{i=1}b_iI_b(\Lambda_j\vert w,T,K,\Upsilon_i) - (N_c - k +1)x_j \le k + 1&\hbox{(5)}\cr&\qquad\quad \sum^{N_c}_{i=1}b_iI_b(\Lambda_j\vert w,T,K,\Upsilon_i)-kx_j \ge 0&\hbox{(6)}}These two constraints effectively define the binary variable xj: if xj = 1, Inequality (6) becomes ∑Nci = 1 bi Ibj \| w, T,Ki) ≥ k which means that a feasible solution of bi's must have the tag visible at k or more cameras. Inequality (5) becomes ∑Nci = 1 bi Ibj\|t w, T,Ki)≤ Nc which is always satisfied—the largest possible value from the left-hand size is xj = 0, Inequality (5) becomes ∑Nci = 1 bi Ibj\| w, T,Ki)≤ k+1 which implies that the tag is not visible by k or more cameras. Inequality (6) is always satisfied as it becomes ∑Nci = 1 bi Ibj\| w, T,Ki)≥ 0. Two additional constraints are needed to complete the formulation: as the cost function focuses only on visibility, we need to constrain the number of cameras to be less than a maximum number of cameras or ∑j = 1Nc bjm. For each camera location (x,y), we keep the following constraint to ensure only one camera is used at each spatial location or ∑all Υi at (x,y) bi ≤ 1. SECTION IV ## Experimental Results We first demonstrate the performance of FIX_CAM based on simulation results. All the simulations assume a room of dimension 10 m × 10 m with a single obstacle inside and a square tag with edge length w = 20 cm long. For the camera and lens models, we assume a pixel width of 5.6 μm, focal length of 8 cm and the field of view of 60 degrees. These parameters closely resembles the real cameras that we use in the real-life experiments. The threshold T for visibility is set to five pixels which we find to be an adequate threshold for our color-tag detector. The visibility is defined to be having k = 2 cameras looking at a tag. While we use a discrete space for the optimization, we compute the average visibility for a given camera configuration with Monte Carlo sampling using three orders number of sample points than that of the discrete lattice. Table I shows the results of the average visibility under different number of cameras. The optimal average visibility over the discrete space is shown in the second column. The average visibility estimated by the Monte Carlo method is shown in the third column and the last column shows the computation time on a Xeon 2.1 Ghz machine with 4 Gigabyte of memory. The BIP solver is based on the software in [8]. The gap between the optimal solution from FIX_CAM is due to discretization. Fixing the number of cameras at eight and varying the density of the grids, Fig. 2 shows that the resulting camera planning improves and the gap between the continuous and discrete measurements dwindles. The drawback of using a denser grid is a significant increase in computational complexity—it takes hours to complete the simulation using the highest density. One solution is to use the approximate solution discussed in our earlier work [7]. Fig. 2. This figure shows the convergent behavior of FIX_CAM as the tag grid density increases. TABLE I Performance of FIX-CAM Next, we show how one can incorporate realistic occupant traffic patterns into the FIX_CAM algorithm. The previous experiments assume an uniform traffic distribution over the entire tag space—it is equally likely to find a person at each spatial location and at each orientation. This model does not reflect many real-life scenarios. For example, consider a hallway inside a shopping mall: while there are people browsing at the window display, most of the traffic flows from one end of the hallway to the other end. By incorporating an appropriate traffic model, the performance should be improved under the same resource constraint. In the FIX_CAM framework, a traffic model can be incorporated into the optimization by using non-uniform weights ρj in the cost function (4). In order to use a reasonable traffic distribution, we employ a simple random walk model to simulate a hallway environment. We imagine that there are openings on the either sides of the top portion of the environment. At each of the tag grid point, which is characterized by both the orientation and the position of a walker, we impose the following transitional probabilities: a walker has a 50% chance of moving to the next spatial grid point following the current orientation unless it is obstructed by an obstacle, and has a 50% chance of changing orientation. In the case of changing orientation, there is a 99% chance of choosing the orientation to face the tag grid point closest to the nearest opening while the rest of the orientations share the remaining 1%. At those tag grid points closest to the openings, we create a virtual grid point to represent the event of a walker exiting the environment. The transitional probabilities from the virtual grid point back to the real tag points near the openings are all equal. The stationary distribution ρj is then computed by finding the eigenvector with eigenvalue one of the transitional probability matrix of the entire environment. Fig. 3(a) shows this hallway environment. The four hollow circles indicate the tag grid points closest to the openings. The result of the optimization under the constraint of using four cameras is shown in Fig. 3(b). Figs. 3(a) and (c) show the floor plan with the blue arrows indicating the optimal camera plans. Figs. 3(b) and (d) show the coverage of the environment by calculating the local average visibility at different spatial locations. Clearly the optimal configuration favors the heavy traffic hallway area. If the uniform distribution is used instead, we obtain the configuration in Fig. 3(c) and the visual map in Fig. 3(d). The average visibility drops from 0.8395 to 0.7538 as there is a mismatch of the traffic pattern. The performance of FIX_CAM under other experimental conditions such as mutual occlusion, camera elevations and tag elevations, as well as comparing with other schemes can be found in [7]. Fig. 3. Figs. 3(a) and (b) use the specific traffic distribution for optimization and obtain a higher η as compared to using an uniform distribution in Figs. 3(c) and (d). SECTION V ## Conclusion In this paper, we have described a binary integer programming framework in modeling, measuring and optimizing placement of multiple cameras. There are many interesting issues in our proposed framework and visual tagging in general that deserve further investigation. The incorporation of models for different visual sensors such as omnidirectional and PTZ cameras or even non-visual sensors and other output devices such as projectors is certainly a very interesting topic. The optimality of our greedy approach can benefit from a detailed theoretical studies. Last but not the least, the use of visual tagging in other application domains such as immersive environments and surveillance visualization should be further explored. ## Footnotes Jian Zhao and Sen-ching S. Cheung are with the Center for Visualization and Virtual Environments, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40507 Email: Jian.Zhao@uky.edu, sccheung@ieee.org. ## References 1. A combinatorial theorem in plane geometry V. Chvatal Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B, vol. 18, p. 39–41, 1975 2. Computational complexity of art gallery problems D. Lee, A. Lin IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 32, p. 276–282, 1986 3. Optimal camera placement for automated surveillance tasks T. Bodor, A. Dremer, P. Schrater, N. Papanikolopoulos Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, vol. 50, p. 257–295, 2007-11 4. A general method for sensor planning in multi-sensor systems: Extension to random occlusion A. Mittal, L. S. Davis International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 76, issue (1), p. 31–52, 2008 5. Optimal placement of stereo sensors M. AlHasan, K. K. Ramachandran, J. E. Mitchell Optimization Letters, vol. 2, p. 99–111, 2008 6. On the optimal placement of multiple visual sensors E. Horster, R. Lienhart VSSN'06: Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Video Surveillance and Sensor Networks, New York, NY, USA, 2006, pp. 111–120, ACM Press 7. Optimal camera network configurations for visual tagging J. Zhao, S.-C. Cheung, T. Nguyen IEEE Journal on Selected Topics of Signal Processing, Vol. 2, issue (4), 2008-09 8. Constraint Integer Programming Tobias Achterberg Constraint Integer Programming, Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universität, Berlin, 2007http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2007/1611/ ## Cited By No Citations Available ## Keywords ### INSPEC: Non-Controlled Indexing No Keywords Available ### Authors Keywords No Keywords Available ### More Keywords No Keywords Available No Corrections ## Media No Content Available This paper appears in: International Symposium on Circuits and Systems Issue Date: 2009 On page(s): 165 - 168 ISBN: N/A Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-3827-3 INSPEC Accession Number: 10760372 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ISCAS.2009.5117711 Date of Current Version: 26 Jun, 2009 ### Articles of Influence Chi-Hsiang Yeh Morelande, M.R. #### Optimal deployment of actors using Simulated Annealing within WSAN © Copyright 2011 IEEE – All Rights Reserved	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6657230854034424, "perplexity": 1173.5552582048556}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280133.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00436-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://eng.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/ChemEngineering_(Beychok)/Chemical_Engineering%3A/Joule-Thomson_Effect	# Joule-Thomson Effect The Joule–Thomson effect describes the increase or decrease in the temperature of a real gas (as differentiated from an ideal gas) or a liquid when allowed to expand freely through a valve or other throttling device while kept insulated so that no heat is transferred to or from the fluid, and no external mechanical work is extracted from the fluid.[1] [2] [3] [4] The Joule–Thomson effect is an isenthalpic process, meaning that the enthalpy of the fluid is constant (i.e., does not change) during the process. It is named for James Prescott Joule and William Thomson (1st Baron Kelvin) who established the effect in 1852, following earlier work by Joule.[5] The Joule–Thomson effect is sometimes referred to as the Joule–Kelvin effect. Engineers often refer to it as simply the J–T effect. There is no temperature change when an ideal gas is allowed to expand through an insulated throttling device. In other words, the J–T effect does not apply for ideal gases. ## Joule–Thomson inversion temperature Isentropic expansion (meaning an expansion at constant entropy) — in which a gas does positive work in the process of expansion — always causes a decrease in the gas temperature. For example, when gas is expanded through an expansion turbine (also known as a turboexpander), the temperature of the gas always decreases. However, when a real gas (as differentiated from an ideal gas) expands through a throttling device, the temperature may either decrease or increase, depending on the initial temperature and pressure. For any given pressure, real gases have a Joule–Thomson inversion temperature[6] [7] above which the J–T expansion causes the temperature to rise, and below which the J–T expansion causes cooling. For most gases at atmospheric pressure, the inversion temperature is fairly high (above room temperature), and so most gases at those temperature and pressure conditions are cooled by the J–T expansion. ## The Joule–Thomson coefficient The change of temperature ( T ) with a decrease of pressure ( P ) at constant enthalpy ( H ) in a Joule–Thomson process is the Joule–Thomson coefficient denoted as μJT and may be expressed as:[8] [9] $\mu_{JT} \equiv (\frac {\partial T}{\partial P})_{H}$ The value of μJT is typically expressed in K/Pa or °C/bar and depends on the specific gas, as well as the temperature and pressure of the gas before expansion. For all real gases, it will equal zero at some point called the inversion point and, as explained above, the Joule–Thomson inversion temperature is the temperature where the coefficient changes sign (i.e., where the coefficient equals zero). The Joule–Thomson inversion temperature depends on the pressure of the gas before expansion. In any gas expansion, the gas pressure decreases and thus the sign of ∂ P is always negative. With that in mind, the following table explains when the Joule–Thomson effect cools or heats a real gas: For some gases, the Joule–Thomson inversion temperatures at atmospheric pressure are very low: for helium, about 51 K (−222 °C), and for hydrogen, about 202 K (-71 °C). Thus, helium and hydrogen will warm during a J–T expansion at typical room temperatures. On the other hand, nitrogen has an inversion temperature of 621 K (348 °C) and oxygen has an inversion temperature of 764 K (491 °C). Hence, the two most abundant gases in atmospheric air can be cooled by a J–T expansion at typical room temperatures.[10] It should be noted that μJT is always equal to zero for ideal gases. In other words, they will neither heat nor cool during an expansion through an insulated throttling device. ## Applications In practice, the Joule–Thomson effect is achieved by allowing the gas to expand through a throttling device (usually a valve) which must be very well insulated to prevent any heat transfer to or from the gas. External work must not be extracted from the gas during the expansion (meaning that the gas must not be expanded through a turboexpander). The effect is applied in the Linde cycle, a process used in the petrochemical industry for example, where the cooling effect is used to liquefy gases, and also in many cryogenic applications (e.g., for the production of liquid oxygen, nitrogen and argon). Only when the Joule–Thomson coefficient for the given gas at the given temperature is greater than zero can the gas be liquefied at that temperature by the Linde cycle. In other words, a gas must be below its inversion temperature to be liquefied by the Linde cycle. For this reason, a simple Linde cycle cannot normally be used to liquefy helium, hydrogen and neon. ## References 1. ^ Bimalendu Narayan Roy (2002), Fundamentals of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics, Wiley, pp. 98-101, ISBN 0-470-84313-6 2. ^ Wayne C. Edmister and Byunk Ik Lee (1984), Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics, 2nd edition (Volume 1), Gulf Publishing, ISBN 0-87201-855-5 3. ^ J. Bevan Ott and Juliana Boerio-Goates (2000), Chemical Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications, 1st Edition, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-530990-2 4. ^ R.H. Perry and D.W. Green (1984), Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-049479-7 5. ^ J. P. Joule and W. Thompson (1853), "On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion (Part I)", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Vol. 143, pp. 357-366 . Available online here. 6. ^ Same as Reference 1 7. ^ Same as Reference 3 8. ^ Same as References 2,3 and 4 9. ^ Joule Expansion by W.R. Salzman, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona] 10. ^ Same as Reference 4 ## Contributor • Milton Beychok	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8659517765045166, "perplexity": 1243.2937973427097}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806447.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122012409-20171122032409-00592.warc.gz"}
https://alstatr.blogspot.com/2015/01/	## Posts Showing posts from January, 2015 ### Multiple Random Variables Problems To probability lovers, I just want to share (and discuss) few simple problems I solved in Chapter 4 of Casella, G. and Berger, R.L. (2002). Statistical Inference. A random point $(X,Y)$ is distributed uniformly on the square with vertices $(1, 1),(1,-1),(-1,1),$ and $(-1,-1)$. That is, the joint pdf is $f(x,y)=\frac{1}{4}$ on the square. Determine the probabilities of the following events. $X^2 + Y^2 < 1$$2X-Y>0$$\|X+Y\|<1$ (modified since the original $\|X+Y\|<2$ is trivial.)Solutions:$X^2 + Y^2 < 1$ We need to consider the boundary of this inequality first in the unit square, so below is the plot of $X^2 + Y^2 = 1$, ### New Toy: SAS® University Edition So I started using SAS® University Edition which is a FREE version of SAS® software. Again it's FREE, and that's the main reason why I want to relearn the language. The software was announced on March 24, 2014 and the download went available on May of that year. And for that, I salute Dr. Jim Goodnight. At least we can learn SAS® without paying for the expensive price tag, especially for single user like me. The software requires a virtual machine, where it runs on top of that; and a 64-bit processor. To install, just follow the instruction in this video. Although the installation in the video is done in Windows, it also works on Mac. Below is the screenshot of my SAS® Studio running on Safari. ### R: Canonical Correlation Analysis on Imaging In imaging, we deal with multivariate data, like in array form with several spectral bands. And trying to come up with interpretation across correlations of its dimensions is very challenging, if not impossible. For example let's recall the number of spectral bands of AVIRIS data we used in the previous post. There are 152 bands, so in total there are 152$\cdot$152 = 23104 correlations of pairs of random variables. How will you be able to interpret that huge number of correlations? To engage on this, it might be better if we group these variables into two and study the relationship between these sets of variables. Such statistical procedure can be done using the canonical correlation analysis (CCA). An example of this on health sciences (from Reference 2) is variables related to exercise and health. On one hand you have variables associated with exercise, observations such as the climbing rate on a stair stepper, how fast you can run, the amount of weight lifted on bench press, …	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.603759765625, "perplexity": 831.1745223781932}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820700.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017033641-20171017053641-00302.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsoverflow.org/24391/what-is-the-status-of-gauged-gravity	What is the status of gauged gravity + 6 like - 0 dislike 1064 views The Standard Model of elementary particles is a gauge theory with gauge group $SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$, which is really a successful theory. We might be able to quantize gravity similarly. Gravity might be treated as a force, instead of spacetime curve as in general relativity. I know little about gauged gravity theory. What is the current status? Who are working on it? Is it really worthwhile to pursue now? This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-10-11 09:55 (UTC), posted by SE-user Drake Marquis recategorized Oct 12, 2014 Did you see physics.stackexchange.com/q/71476? As for the question whether it is worth pursuing... that's has to be your own choice, because it will probably take the rest of your life to find out. Gravity has been a tough nut for the past four centuries and it would take an extraordinary amount of optimism to pretend that it won't take at least a fifth. This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-10-11 09:55 (UTC), posted by SE-user CuriousOne @CuriousOne I find your comment to be very vague and influenced by the popular science media. What do you mean by "cracking" gravity? Finding an (in-theory exact) non-perturbative quantum mechanical description of relativistic gravity? In that case, no force has really been cracked, since the Standard Model is also a perturbative model. The comment also seems to be going off on a totally different line (which isn't even a tangent) to what the question is asking for. The question is asking, I think, if field-theoretic gravity has any physical importance, not if you think the OP should study it. + 4 like - 0 dislike It is standard that the Einstein-Hilbert action admits a first-oder formulation in which the field of gravity is a $ISO(n,1)$-Cartan connection, hence essentially a gauge field for the Poincaré group (aka "spin connection"). This is understood since the 1920s. In fact supergravity is essentially always written in this form (then for the super Poincaré group), since one needs the vielbein of the first order formalism to write down the fermionic terms. An excellent account of this is in the textbook "Superstrings and Supergravity" by D'Auria-Fré. (It's out of print, though, if you don't manage to get hold of a copy, try sending me an email.) answered Oct 11, 2014 by (6,095 points) Just for reference: What goes wrong if one naively tries to quantize this first-order formulation of gravity? Is the theory non-renormalizable? + 1 like - 1 dislike What do you mean by "pursue"? If you mean trying to produce a full-fledged theory of quantum gravity that can be "directly added" to the standard model, it's most likely not worth to "pursue". See for instance, this "proof". But often, we can use theories which are actually inconsistent, but can give some meaningful results that can be used to test more complete theories. An obvious example that comes to my mind is Supergravity. Similarly, trying to quantise gravity like any other force can actually yield meaningful results, making it certainly worthwhile to pursue. For instance, one may calculate graviton-graviton scattering amplitudes at the tree level, and see if the same predicted by string theory reduces to this when one takes the limit as $\alpha'\to0$ - the exact factor by which one multiplies the stringy prediction by to get the field theory prediction is: $\frac{{\Gamma \left( {1 + \frac{{\alpha '}}{4}s} \right)\Gamma \left( {1 + \frac{{\alpha '}}{4}t} \right)\Gamma \left( {1 + \frac{{\alpha '}}{4}u} \right)}}{{\Gamma \left( {1 - \frac{{\alpha '}}{4}s} \right)\Gamma \left( {1 - \frac{{\alpha '}}{4}t} \right)\Gamma \left( {1 - \frac{{\alpha '}}{4}u} \right)}}$ Take the field-theoretic limit and this approaches 1 (obviously) with no dependence on s, t, or u. See Mohaupt's lecture notes on string theory for more details. So to answer your question, yes it is worthwhile, but not as a theory of quantum gravity on its own right. answered Oct 11, 2014 by (1,975 points) edited Oct 11, 2014 Please use answers only to (at least partly) answer questions. To comment, discuss, or ask for clarification, leave a comment instead. To mask links under text, please type your text, highlight it, and click the "link" button. You can then enter your link URL. Please consult the FAQ for as to how to format your post. This is the answer box; if you want to write a comment instead, please use the 'add comment' button. Live preview (may slow down editor) Preview Your name to display (optional): Email me at this address if my answer is selected or commented on: Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. 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To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.662115752696991, "perplexity": 821.6753799266885}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154053.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731043043-20210731073043-00634.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/power-sums-questions.122685/	# Power sums questions. 1. Jun 2, 2006 ### MathematicalPhysicist 1) develop the function f(x)=(e^x)sin(x) into a power sum over the point 0. 2) find the convergence radius R of $$\sum_{\substack{0<=n<\infty}}\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!}x^n$$ and say if it converges or diverges at x=-R, x=R. about the second question i got that R=4, through hadamard test, but i didnt succeed in asserting if at x=R it diverges or converges, at x=-R i think it converges because it's an alternating sign sum, and according to leibnitz theorem it does. about the first question here what i got: i needed to find an equation for the derivative of $$f^{(n)}(x)$$, here what i got: $$f^{(n)}(x)=(g(x)h(x))^{(n)}=\binom{n}{n}g^{(n)}(x)h(x)+\binom{n}{n-1}g^{(n-1)}(x)h'(x)+...+\binom{n}{n-1}g'(x)h^{(n-1)}(x)+\binom{n}{n}g(x)h^{(n)}(x)$$ which i employed at the function which i got, is this equation correct? Last edited: Jun 2, 2006 2. Jun 2, 2006 ### eok20 for the first question, it is probably easiest to find the power series for e^x and for sin(x) about 0 and then multiply them together. 3. Jun 2, 2006 ### MathematicalPhysicist i thought about it, but i wasn't sure, it would be accaptable. but on a second thought it does make a perfect sense. p.s about my first question, how do i represent the product of the sums of e^x and sin(x) as one sum? 4. Jun 2, 2006 ### StatusX You could use the fact that: $$\sin x = \frac{1}{2i} (e^{ix}-e^{-ix})$$ so we can write: $$e^x \sin x = \frac{1}{2i}(e^{(1+i)x}-e^{(1-i)x})$$ Then, for example, $$e^{(1+i)x} = 1+ (1+i)x+ \frac{1}{2}(1+i)^2 x^2+...$$ To compute powers of $1 \pm i$, it is probably easiest to rewrite it as $r e^{i\theta}$ for an appropriate choice of $r$ and $\theta$. Last edited: Jun 2, 2006 5. Jun 3, 2006 ### benorin $$e^{x}\sin{x} = \left( \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\right) \left( \sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^{2m+1}}{(2m+1)!}\right) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{x^{n-k}}{(n-k)!} \frac{x^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{x^{n+k+1}}{(n-k)!(2k+1)!}$$ 6. Jun 3, 2006 ### MathematicalPhysicist can someone help on the other question, does it converge or diverge at x=4, and how to prove it? thanks. 7. Jun 3, 2006 ### benorin Well the product of to absolutely convergent series is absolutely convergent, and the series used converge for all $$-\infty < x<\infty$$: so, yes, it does converge at x=4. 8. Jun 3, 2006 ### MathematicalPhysicist but R doesnt equal $$\infty$$, i know that for every \|x\|<R the sum converges but here i need to find what happens when x=R. 9. Jun 3, 2006 ### StatusX Find the ratio of successive terms at x=4. Do they get bigger or smaller? 10. Jun 3, 2006 ### MathematicalPhysicist you mean, to use d'almbert test, ok, thanks.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.956030011177063, "perplexity": 1244.900574590743}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174215.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00427-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/179657/indexing-the-extended-fibonacci-numbers?noredirect=1	# Indexing the Extended Fibonacci Numbers You've probably heard of Fibonacci numbers. Ya know, that integer sequence that starts with 1, 1, and then each new number is the sum of the last two? 1 1 2 3 5 8 13... And so on. Challenges about Fibonacci numbers are pretty popular 'round here. But who says that the Fibonacci numbers have to start with 1, 1? Why couldn't they start with 0, 1? Alright, let's redefine them to start at 0: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13... But... We don't have to stop there either! If we can add the last two numbers to get the next one, we could also subtract the first number from the second number to prepend a new number. So it could start with 1, 0: 1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13... We can even end up with negatives: -1 1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13... And this series also goes on forever. I think it's interesting how it ends up kinda mirroring the regular Fibonacci numbers, just with every other number made negative: 13 -8 5 -3 2 -1 1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13... Let's call this series the "Extended Fibonacci Number", or EFN. Since there isn't really an obvious negative number to start this series on, we'll say that 0 shows up at 0, the regular Fibonacci numbers extend in to the positive indices, and the negative (half-negative?) Fibonacci numbers extend in to the negative indices, like so: Indices: ...-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... Values: ...13 -8 5 -3 2 -1 1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13... Given an integer N, return every index at which N appears in the EFN series. Some random observations on this task: • 1 appears more times in the EFN than any other number: [-1, 1, 2]. No number will appear in more than 3 places. • Every Fibonacci number > 1 will show up either once (3, 8, 21, etc.) or twice (2, 5, 13, etc.) ## Rule Clarifications: • If abs(N) is not a Fibonacci number, it will never appear in the EFN series, so you must output nothing/an empty collection if possible, or if that is not possible in your language, you can output some constant non-numeric value. • If N appears at multiple places in the EFN, your output does not need to be sorted. Although each index must appear exactly once. • Although most challenges allow you to choose whether you want to use 1-based or 0-based indexing, this challenge must use the indexing described (where 0 appears at 0). • You may take I/O through any standard format. ## Test Cases -13: [] -12: [] -11: [] -10: [] -9: [] -8: [-6] -7: [] -6: [] -5: [] -4: [] -3: [-4] -2: [] -1: [-2] 0: 0 1: [-1, 1, 2] 2: [-3, 3] 3: [4] 4: [] 5: [-5, 5] 6: [] 7: [] 8: [6] 9: [] 10: [] 11: [] 12: [] 13: [-7, 7] And some larger test cases: 89: [-11, 11] 1836311903: [46] 10000: [] -39088169: [-38] As usual, shortest answer in bytes wins! • Related, though not a duplicate, since it doesn't require handling negatives or non-Fibonacci numbers. Feb 7 '19 at 21:09 • By the way, there's another good reason that the Fibonacci numbers should always be indexed so that $F_0=0$, even when using only positive Fibonacci numbers. That's the indexing that allows this beautiful property: if $k$ divides $n$, then $F_k$ divides $F_n$. Feb 7 '19 at 23:21 4 bytes saved thanks to nimi a#b=a:b#(a-b) f 0=[0] f a=do{(i,x)<-zip[0..aa+1]$0#1;[-i\|x==a]++[i\|abs x==a]} Try it online! First we set up (#), (#) takes two parameters, a and b, and returns the a list starting with a and followed by b#(a-b). This creates an infinite list, but because Haskell is lazy we don't need to wory about it looping forever. This essentially works backwards creating the Fibonacci sequence before a certain pair. For example (0#1) would be the list of all the Fibonacci numbers with negative index. From here we make f. f takes a argument a which is the number we are trying to find in the sequence. Here we use do notation to do a list comprehension. We start by taking the first aa+1 elements of the list 0#11. Since the function aa+1 grows faster than the inverse of the Fibonacci sequence we can be sure that if we check within this bound we will find all the results. This prevents us from searching an infinite list. Then for each value x and index i, if x==a we found a in the negative half of the sequence so we return -i, and if abs x==a we return i as well because the absolute value of the negative half is the positive half so we found it there. Since this makes the list [0,0] for 0 we hardcode the correct output for that one. 1: This trick is taken from Οurous' Clean answer. The same speedup aplies here as there, replace aa+1 with abs a+1 to save a lot of time. • Replacing u with a#b=a:b#(a-b) plus 0#1 saves a byte: Try it online! – nimi Feb 9 '19 at 20:35 • @nimi It actually saves 4 bytes, your tio link has 3 extra spaces. Feb 10 '19 at 1:56 # Clean, 132120 109 bytes import StdEnv g n\|n<2=n=g(n-1)+g(n-2) ?k=[e\\p<-[0..kk+1],e<-if(isOdd p)([~p,p]%(0,k))[psign k]\|g p==abs k] Try it online! g :: Int -> Int is the Fibonacci function. ? :: Int -> [Int] just indexes into the elements of the EFN within k^2+1 of 0. For a version that runs in a sane ammount of time, change kk+1 to abs k+1. • That list comprehension trick is pretty neat! Saves my 14 bytes on my answer. Feb 7 '19 at 22:16 # Jelly, 11 bytes A‘ŒRÆḞẹ_A_2 Try it online! # JavaScript (ES6), 94 93 bytes n=>(g=a=>aa<nn?g(b,b+=a,i++):a%n)(i=0,b=1)?[]:i&1?n<0?~n?[]:-2:i-1?[-i,i]:[-i,i,2]:n<0?-i:i Try it online! Or 92 bytes if we can return $$\-0\$$ for $$\n=0\$$. # APL (Dyalog Classic), 52 50 bytes Requires ⎕IO←0 {X-⍨⍸⍵=F,⍨⌽0,F×1 ¯1⍴⍨≢F←{⍵≤1:1⋄+/∇¨⍵-1 2}¨⍳X←1+\|⍵} Try it online! # Retina 0.8.2, 104 102 bytes [1-9].$* (-)?(\b1\|(?>\3?)(\2))(1)$\|(0)?.$5$1$4$4$#2$* -1(11)+$ ^1(11)+$-$&,$& 1+$.& ^2$-1,1,2 Try it online! Explanation: [1-9].$ Convert to unary, unless the input is zero. (-)?(\b1\|(?>\3?)(\2))(1)$\|(0)?.$5$1$4$4$#2$* Calculate the Fibonacci index of the absolute value, but if the number is not a Fibonacci number then delete it, unless it was zero. This uses @MartinEnder's Fibonacci-testing regex. -1(11)+$ Delete negative numbers whose absolute values are odd Fibonacci numbers. ^1(11)+$-$&,$& Add negative indices for odd positive Fibonacci numbers. 1+$.& Convert to decimal. ^2\$ -1,1,2 Add the extra indices for 1. # Actually, 34 bytes ;╗3;±kSix⌠;;AF@;1&@0>YτD(s*╜=⌡░ Brute-force saves the day Explanation: ;╗3;±kSix⌠;;AF@;1&@0>YτD(s╜=⌡░ ;╗ save a copy of the input (let's call it N) to register 0 (the main way to get additional values into functions) 3;± -3N, 3N kSi push to list, sort, flatten (sort the two values on the stack so that they are in the right order for x) x range(min(-3N, 3N), max(-3N, 3N)) ⌠;;AF@;1&@0>YτD(s╜=⌡░ filter (remove values where function leaves a non-truthy value on top of the stack): ;; make two copies of parameter (let's call it n) AF absolute value, Fib(\|n\|) @; bring a copy of n to the top of the stack and make another copy 1& 0 if n is divisible by 2 else 1 @0> 1 if n is negative else 0 (using another copy of n) multiply those two values (acts as logical AND: is n negative and not divisible by 2) YτD logical negate, double, decrement (maps [0, 1] to [1, -1]) (s sign of n (using the last copy) ** multiply Fib(\|n\|), sign of n, and result of complicated logic (deciding whether or not to flip the sign of the value for the extended sequence) ╜= push value from register 0, equality comparison (1 if value equals N else 0) Try it online! # Python 3, 92 bytes f=lambda x,l=[],i=0,a=0,b=1:i<xx+2and f(x,l+[i][:a==x]+[-i][:i%22a-a==x],i+1,b,a+b)or{l} Try it online! Returns a set of indices. # Python 2, 87 85 bytes f=lambda v,a=0,b=1,i=1:vv>=aa and[i](v==b)+[1-i]((-1)*ia==v)+f(v,b,a+b,i+1)or[] Try it online! # 05AB1E, 36 bytes xÝʒÅfIÄQ}Ii®šë1KIdiÐÉiD(ì}ëDÈi(ë¯ There has to be a better approach.. >.> There are six (or seven if we include 0) different scenarios for this challenge, and it's killing me.. Explanation: xÝ # Create a list in the range [0, (implicit) input * input * 2] ʒ } # Filter this list by: Åf # Where the Fibonacci value at that index IÄQ # Is equal to the absolute value of the input Ii # If the input is exactly 1: ®š # Prepend -1 to the list ë # Else: 1K # Remove all 1s (only applies to input -1) Idi # If the input is non-negative: ÐÉi } # If the found index in the list is odd: D(ì # Prepend its negative index to the list ë # Else (the input is negative): DÈi # If the found index in the list is even: ( # Negate the found index ë # Else (found index is odd): ¯ # Push an empty array # (Output the top of the stack implicitly as result) Some step-by-step examples: Input: Filtered indices: Path it follows (with actions) and result: -8 [6] NOT 1 → neg → even index → negate index: [-6] -5 [5] NOT 1 → neg → odd index → push empty array: [] -1 [1,2] NOT 1 → (remove 1) neg → even remaining index: negate index: [-2] 0 [0] NOT 1 → even index → negate index: [0] 1 [1,2] 1 → prepend -1: [-1,1,2] 5 [5] NOT 1 → non-neg → odd index → Prepend neg index: [-5,5] 8 [6] NOT 1 → non-neg → even index → (nothing): [6] # Python 2, 9592 94 bytes x=input() i=a=0;b=1 while x*x>=a: if 0<a==x:print i if[-a,a][i%2]==x:print-i a,b=b,a+b;i+=1 Try it online! # C# (Visual C# Interactive Compiler), 144 bytes o=>{int c=0,n=1,i=0,k=Math.Abs(o);for(;c<k;i++,n+=c,c=n-c);return new[]{c>k\|o<0?0.1:i,(i>0\|o<0)&i%2>0&c==k?-i:0.1,o==1?2:0.1}.Where(p=>p!=0.1);} Try it online!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 2, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.37270990014076233, "perplexity": 2890.393589813303}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301063.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118213028-20220119003028-00192.warc.gz"}
http://www.statsmodels.org/stable/generated/statsmodels.multivariate.factor.FactorResults.factor_scoring.html	# statsmodels.multivariate.factor.FactorResults.factor_scoring¶ FactorResults.factor_scoring(endog=None, method='bartlett', transform=True)[source] factor scoring: compute factors for endog If endog was not provided when creating the factor class, then a standarized endog needs to be provided here. Parameters: method ('bartlett' or 'regression') – Method to use for factor scoring. ‘regression’ can be abbreviated to reg transform (bool) – If transform is true and endog is provided, then it will be standardized using mean and scale of original data, which has to be available in this case. If transform is False, then a provided endog will be used unchanged. The original endog in the Factor class will always be standardized if endog is None, independently of transform. factor_score – estimated factors using scoring matrix s and standarized endog ys f = ys dot s ndarray Notes Status: transform option is experimental and might change.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23895123600959778, "perplexity": 6471.708663820808}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578586680.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423035013-20190423061013-00234.warc.gz"}
http://cvgmt.sns.it/paper/3721/	# Symmetric double bubbles in the Grushin plane created by franceschi on 31 Dec 2017 modified by stefani on 06 Jan 2018 [BibTeX] Submitted Paper Inserted: 31 dec 2017 Last Updated: 6 jan 2018 Year: 2017 ArXiv: 1801.00314 PDF Abstract: We address the double bubble problem for the anisotropic Grushin perimeter $P_\alpha$ $\alpha \geq 0$, and the Lebesgue measure in $\mathbb R^2$, in the case of two equal volumes. We assume that the contact interface between the bubbles lays on either the vertical or the horizontal axis. Since no regularity theory is available in this setting, in both cases we first prove existence of minimizers via the direct method by symmetrization arguments and then characterize them in terms of the given area by first variation techniques. Angles at which minimal boundaries intersect satisfy the standard 120-degree rule up to a suitable change of coordinates. While for $\alpha = 0$ the Grushin perimeter reduces to the Euclidean one and both minimizers coincide with the symmetric double bubble found in Foisy et al., Pacific J. Math. (1993), for $\alpha=1$ vertical interface minimizers have Grushin perimeter strictly greater than horizontal interface minimizers. As the latter ones are obtained by translating and dilating the Grushin isoperimetric set found in Monti Morbidelli, J. Geom. Anal. (2004), we conjecture that they solve the double bubble problem with no assumptions on the contact interface. Download: Credits \| Cookie policy \| HTML 5 \| CSS 2.1	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4892372488975525, "perplexity": 1267.718782615276}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509690.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015184452-20181015205952-00031.warc.gz"}
http://i-programmer.info/news/193-android/4224-oracle-v-google-judge-is-a-programmer.html	Oracle v Google Judge Is A Programmer! ### New Book Reviews! Oracle v Google Judge Is A Programmer! Written by Sue Gee Wednesday, 16 May 2012 One month into the Oracle v Google trial, Judge William Alsup has revealed that he has, and still does, write code. Will this affect the outcome? So far all that Oracle has managed to prove is that Google copied nine lines of Java code, that are incorporated into Android operating system and eight test files that are not part of the production code. And yesterday, in a hearing about "infringer profits" Judge Alsup challenged Oracle's lawyer David Boies for trying to pin so much on the rangeCheck infringement. U.S. District Judge William Alsup, Northern District of California (Image: Hillary Jones-Mixon/The Recorder) Boies had been trying to claim that Google's use of rangeCheck was "no accident" and that they had used it in order to save time: They wanted it faster, faster, faster. This copying allowed them to use fewer resources and accelerate that. Suppose they accelerated it two days. They're making $3 million a day now, activating 700k or 800k phones. [something about how Google estimates they make$8 to $10 per activation] If you just get one or two days' acceleration, that's$6 million or \$7 million, and it's not something that's untethered from the value that's created. Judge Alsup then reminded Boies that, in order to claim infringer damages, Oracle will have to prove a "causal nexus", i.e a connection, between the infringement and the body of profits being sought. To this Boies replied: I still think it's possible to demonstrate a nexus by showing that speed was very important to Google in getting Android out, and by copying they accelerated that. It was at this point that the Judge made the revelation that caused a flurry of excitement: I have done, and still do, a significant amount of programming in other languages. I've written blocks of code like rangeCheck a hundred times before. I could do it, you could do it. The idea that someone would copy that when they could do it themselves just as fast, it was an accident. There's no way you could say that was speeding them along to the marketplace. You're one of the best lawyers in America, how could you even make that kind of argument? Boies obviously misunderstands and responds: I want to come back to rangeCheck. To which Judge Alsup deliver's a body blow which indicates he at least does understand how straightforward it would be to program rangeCheck from scratch: Judge: rangeCheck! All it does is make sure the numbers you're inputting are within a range, and gives them some sort of exceptional treatment. That witness, when he said a high school student could do it-- And the lawyer reveals he doesn't: I'm not an expert on Java -- this is my second case on Java, but I'm not an expert, and I probably couldn't program that in six months. Perhaps the moral of this is that Oracle should have included a programmer as part of its legal team. However more important is the fact that Judge Alsup. who has a mathematics degree, really does understands the technical issues at the heart of this case. He has written code and over the period of his involvement of this case has extended his knowledge of programming languages to include Java. While he instructed the jury to make their deliberations on the basis that the 37 APIs were copyrightable this is a decision he has yet to make and at the start of yesterday's proceedings her stated: I have been working hard on the order dealing with copyrightability, and I don't think I'll have that in the next week for sure. Another thing is for sure, he'll be taking an informed look at the question and won't be swayed by vacuous arguments. Perhaps every judge should be a coding judge - it must make the law seem a lot simpler... If you would like a programmers take on the patents that Oracle is currently trying to assert against Android then see: The Oracle v Google Trial IProgrammer Reads the Patents. It explains in simple terms exactly what Oracle thinks is so novel and clever. Groklaw - for transcripts of proceeedings Alsup to Boies: I Can Code -- Can You? #### Related Articles Google v Oracle Verdict In - But Future Still Unclear #### Update: Oracle v. Google: Jury finds No Patent Infringement Judge Rules Oracle's Java APIs Not Copyrightable	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21041589975357056, "perplexity": 2849.2869396868987}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174124.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00269-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://kar.kent.ac.uk/73935/	# Sensorimotor mu rhythm during action observation changes across the lifespan independently from social cognitive processes Brunsdon, Victoria E.A., Bradford, Elisabeth E.F., Ferguson, Heather J. (2019) Sensorimotor mu rhythm during action observation changes across the lifespan independently from social cognitive processes. Developmental cognitive neuroscience, . ISSN 1878-9293. E-ISSN 1878-9307. (doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100659) PDF - Author's Accepted Manuscript Preview Official URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100659 ## Abstract The observation of actions performed by another person activates parts of the brain as if the observer were performing that action, referred to as the ‘mirror system’. Very little is currently known about the developmental trajectory of the mirror system and related social cognitive processes. This experimental study sought to explore the modulation of the sensorimotor mu rhythm during action observation using EEG measures, and how these may relate to social cognitive abilities across the lifespan, from late childhood through to old age. Three-hundred and one participants aged 10- to 86-years-old completed an action observation EEG task and three additional explicit measures of social cognition. As predicted, findings show enhanced sensorimotor alpha and beta desynchronization during hand action observation as compared to static hand observation. Overall, our findings indicate that the reactivity of the sensorimotor mu rhythm to the observation of others’ actions increases throughout the lifespan, independently from social cognitive processes. Item Type: Article 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100659 EEG; mu rhythm; mirror system; sensorimotor processes; social cognition; developmental trajectories B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology Faculties > Social Sciences > School of Psychology > Cognitive Psychology Heather Ferguson 16 May 2019 10:06 UTC 19 Aug 2019 10:16 UTC https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/73935 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6590-6880 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-0891	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8274347186088562, "perplexity": 17486.473640293767}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670770.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121101711-20191121125711-00313.warc.gz"}
https://rafal.io/posts/leetcode-1-two-sum.html	# LeetCode 1 – Two Sum #### Posted on December 21, 2013 ##### Last updated on July 30, 2014 Solution to the LeetCode Two Sum problem. There is a number of ways to do this: • Naive – explore all pairs of two – $$O(n^2)$$ • Sort and use two pointers – $$O(n\log{n})$$ • Use a hashmap – $$O(n)$$, but requires some extra bookkeeping. In this solution, I’ll use a hashmap, since I’ll use the sorting method for the later questions on Three-Sum and Four-Sum. The hashmap solution works as follows – add all the elements one by one to the hashmap. Then, traverse the array again, and for each element $$i$$, check if $$c-i$$ (where $$c$$ is the desired sum) is in the hashmap. If so, we found a match. The issue is we need to keep track of the indices where each element appeared at, otherwise we’ll get false positives for cases such as $$[5,2]$$ and we are looking for a sum $$10$$. The algorithm will say a solution exists, when it clearly doesn’t. Markdown SHA1: 1ac32aca7559364e9b263c06da60918259478568	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8022715449333191, "perplexity": 916.7335249630625}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585201.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018093606-20211018123606-00698.warc.gz"}
https://byjus.com/us/math/measure-of-variation/	What is Measure of Variation in Statistics? (Examples) - BYJUS # Measure of Variation A data set can have a variety of values in it. The spread between the numbers in a data is known as variation. Learn the terms related to variation and the steps involved in finding the variation of data in a data set. ...Read MoreRead Less ## Measure of Variation Measure of variation is the way to extract meaningful information from a set of provided data. Variability provides a lot of information about the data. and some of the information it provides is mentioned below: • It shows how far data items lie from each other. • It shows the distance from the center of the distribution. • It measures the central tendency of the data. • It also provides a descriptive analysis of the picture. ## What are measures of variation in statistics? The way of showing the dispersion or distribution of data items in statistics is known as a measure of variation in statistics. Low variability in data means that it is very consistent and accurate whereas high variability means data is less consistent for the user or statisticians. ## Types of statistics measures There are some types of statistical measures that are shown below: ## Range Range is the most common and easiest method to calculate the variation in data. In range, the user subtracts the lowest occurrence data from the highest data of the series of items. Problem 1: We have a list of 12 students with their age. Find the range from the given data? Solution: The image shown above shows the ages of students in different grades and the difference between the highest and lowest data entries is known as range. Range = Highest value – Lowest value Age of students 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16 Range = Highest value – Lowest value = 16 – 13 Range = 3 Problem 2: Given below is the data of a company and we have to find the range of given data. 23 35 65 78 89 32 11 78 Solution: Highest value of given table is 89 Lowest value of given table is 11 Range = Highest value – Lowest value Range = 89 – 11 = 78 ## Quartiles The data is divided into four equal parts, or quarters, by quartiles. This data is divided in ascending order, with two lower quartiles and two upper quartiles. The first quartile, second quartile, third quartile, and fourth quartile are used by statisticians to divide their data into percentages: the lowest and second-lowest 25%, and the highest and second-highest 25%, which are referred to as the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively. The quartiles are represented by the symbols $$Q_1,~ Q_2,~ Q_3$$ & $$Q_4$$. Problem 3: The top speeds of 12 cars are depicted in the dot plot. Find and interpret the data’s interquartile range. Solution: The given number line shows speed (miles per hour) in ascending order: Hence, we have to divide the number line into two quarters: Median $$~=~(245~+~250)~/2$$ $$Q_1 ~=~247.5$$ The first half (First Quartile) $$Q_1 ~=~(230~+~240)~/2$$ $$Q_1 ~=~235$$ The second half (Third Quartile) $$Q_3 ~=~(250~+~260)~/2$$ $$Q_3 ~=~255$$ ## Interquartiles Range The midpoint of your data distribution, or the middle of your four quartiles, is referred to as the interquartile range (IQR), which is in the middle of the lower and upper quartiles. The IQR is a measurement of how evenly the data is distributed around the average. The formula for Interquartile Range is given below: Interquartile Range $$Q_3~-~Q_1$$ Example for even items: Problem 4: Let us consider there are even entries for the time taken to complete a task for 10 different people. Solution: Interquartile Range $$Q_3~-~Q_1$$ So, interquartile Range $$77~-~64~=~13$$ Example for odd items: The formula for Interquartile Range for odd items is shown below in the image: $$Q_d~=~\frac{Q_3~-~Q_1}{2}$$ Here,$$Q_1$$ & $$Q_3$$ is the first and third quartile, and $$Q_d$$ is the average of the given quartile. Problem 5: Let us consider there are even entries for the time taken to complete a task for 9 different people. Solution: $$Q_1 ~=~ (64~+~64)~/2~=~64$$ $$Q_1 ~=~ (~74~+~81)~/2~=~79$$ Interquartile Range $$~= ~Q_3~ -~Q_1$$ Interquartile Range $$~=~79~-~64~=~15$$ Problem 6: The top speeds of 12 cars are depicted in the dot plot. Find and interpret the data’s interquartile range. Solution: The given number line shows speed (miles per hour) in ascending order: Hence, we have to divide the number line into two quarters: Median $$(245~+~250)~/2$$ = 247.5 The first half (First Quartile) $$Q_1 ~=~ (230~+~240)~/2~=~235$$ $$Q_1 ~=~ 235$$ The second half (Third Quartile)$$Q_3 ~=~ (250~+~260)~/2~=~255$$ $$Q_3 ~=~ 255$$ Interquartile Range $$255~-~235$$ Interquartile Range $$20$$ This means that the speeds in the middle aren’t more than 20 miles per hour apart. Problem 7: Below are the midterm exam results for a small advanced english class. The percentage of correct items on the exam is represented by the score. Find the range, quartile and interquartile range using the given data. Solution: Range The low score is 35. The high score is 99. Range = Highest value – Lowest value Range = 99 – 35 = 64 Median Median = (87 + 87) / 2 = 130.5 Quartile Quartile Q1 = 93 Quartile Q3 = 75 Interquartile Range Interquartile Range = 93 – 75 = 18	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8324910402297974, "perplexity": 886.7441337735921}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335257.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928145118-20220928175118-00210.warc.gz"}
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/6869/what-is-the-difference-between-thermal-and-infrared-imaging	What is the difference between thermal and infrared imaging? Is there any sort of difference between thermal radiation and infrared radiation at least when detected by a camera? What are the differences between the two? - The thermal radiation and the infrared radiation are the same thing if the sources of the radiation have temperatures comparable to the room temperature. In general, the two terms are different: the infrared radiation is defined by having the wavelength in the fixed interval 0.7 - 300 micrometers (a convention) while the thermal radiation of an object depends on its absolute temperature $T$. While any object at nonzero temperature emits at all wavelengths, the wavelength at which the emission is maximized is inversely proportional to the temperature of the source $T$ in Kelvins. See: For ordinary cold and lukewarm objects, the thermal radiation is mostly emitted in the infrared. For much hotter objects, thermal radiation may be dominated by the visible light (or even ultraviolet light, at even higher temperatures). On the contrary, much colder objects emit radiation at a much longer wavelengths; for example, the empty Universe has temperature 2.7 Kelvin so it is filled by the "cosmic microwave background" which is dominated by much longer electromagnetic waves which are microwaves - similar long waves to those in the microwave oven. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum which explains all kinds of electromagnetic radiation. In all cases, they only differ by the wavelength (or the energy or frequency which is inversely proportional to it). - I think there is scope for confusion. Near Infrared (.8 to 1.5microns) is a lot easier to make a camera for, but is too high frequency to catch thermal emissions for ordinary temperatures. True terrestrial thermal radiation is about ten times longer in wavelength, but thermal cameras cost several thousand dollars. – Omega Centauri Mar 14 '11 at 16:30 @ Omega Centauri - depends on the camera! I spent a reasonable slice of M bucks building a 0.8-1.6um camera (for astronomy) while you can get thermal imagers built into firefighting helmets for 1000. It all depends on sensitivity and resolution. – Martin Beckett Mar 15 '11 at 15:47 Near infrared has enough energy per photon to knock an electron loose in a detector. Thermal not so much. If it is bolometric, it measures the heat from the total amount of radiation. But perhaps there are other detection mechanisms that are used for thermal (i.e. 5-25 microns)? – Omega Centauri Mar 15 '11 at 17:51 @Omega - thats a good engineering difference. You can push photovoltaics to about 6um (InSb). In the mid-far IR you can also use Josephson effect and soon Quantum Well detectors but most are bolomters – Martin Beckett Mar 15 '11 at 18:33 Infrared imaging can refer to any imaging system that operates in the infrared, which extends from about .7 to 300 microns wavelength, as Lubos stated. Thermal imaging, as the term is commonly used, refers to an infrared imaging system designed specifically for the portion of the infrared range which is emitted by object at or just above room temperature. This is typically in the neighborhood of 10 microns. At this wavelength you will see images that people typically associate with "thermal vision." People will be brighter than room temperature objects, running car engines will stand out, etc. Infrared imaging is useful as well, of course. Most "night vision" goggles work by imaging visible and infrared light, and amplifying the resulting image to a level that the user can detect. Using infrared in addition to visible simply means that the goggles have a stronger signal to work with before amplification, because they are sensitive to a broader range of wavelengths. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7575286030769348, "perplexity": 867.9039304550166}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702749808/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111229-00044-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2504934/comments	# Universal Ultimaker 2(+) Spool Holder by threxis Aug 17, 2018 ### Thing Apps Enabled Love the design, threxis! :-) I was hoping you could help me with a couple of clarifications: If I understand correctly, I need to print 2 units of the 'tappered ring' part (right?) and insert them into the ends of the 'threaded barrel' part. But what's the correct orientation for these rings? (smaller diameter toward the barrel or other way around)? Also, the diameter of the inner opening of these rings is about 15mm but the diameter of the metal threaded rod that's supposed to go through them is much smaller (8mm) - could you please explain this? Many thanks & all the best, SnowCrashTD 1. for orientation - you can see the correct orientation in 3rd photo. bigger diameter towards the bearing. Theoretically there is no need for this part but it is made so support structure can be eliminated during the printing of barrel 2. for diameter - it is just preventing the bearing going inside the barrel. so it is not taking any kind of load. Insert it makes sure that bearing remains at the end of barrel. Thanks, threxis! Nice Remix. Mine is kinda sagging at the T-Nut Part. Do I only have the problem ? Is there a fix? Otherwise I try do print a T-Pice with a bigger Z hight. It depends on the gap where the t nut is inserted. Mine is not sagging. Wow nice solution for the limitations you mentioned. And thx for taking the time to share it with all of us. I'm supper happy you also re-released the Solidworks files. I really hate is when people use my solidworks files and then not make them available. ;D Undeviljur thanks for appreciation.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8734483122825623, "perplexity": 1658.911992831722}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155119-00037.warc.gz"}
https://willorrick.wordpress.com/2012/11/17/hadamard-matrices-the-construction-of-scarpis/	One of the earliest Hadamard matrix constructions to be discovered is that of Umberto Scarpis. His construction appeared in U. Scarpis, Sui determinanti di valore massimo, Rendiconti della R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere 31 (1898) 1441–1446. Scarpis’s paper followed Hadamard’s by five years. Hadamard in turn had been preceded by Sylvester, who showed that, given a $\{1,-1\}$ matrix $H$ of size $n$ with orthogonal rows, the matrix $\begin{bmatrix}H & H\\ H & -H\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}1 & 1\\ 1 & -1\end{bmatrix}\otimes H$ is a $\{1,-1\}$ matrix of size 2n with orthogonal rows. More generally, the Kronecker product $H_1\otimes H_2$ is an mn-by-mn Hadamard matrix for given Hadamard matrices $H_1$ and $H_2$ of sizes $m$ and $n$. Using the 1-by-1 Hadamard matrix H = [1] as a starting point, Sylvester’s construction produces Hadamard matrices of size $2^k$ for every k ≥ 0. The results from Hadamard’s paper that pertain to the present discussion are that • {+1,−1} matrices with orthogonal rows are the only real matrices with elements of unit modulus that attain his determinant bound; • the size of such a matrix is required to be 1, 2, or a multiple of 4; • in addition to Sylvester’s examples, such matrices exist of sizes 12 and 20, and hence of sizes that are multiples of powers of 2, 12, and 20. Scarpis may have been motivated by an examination of the structure of Hadamard’s 12-by-12 example. As in Sylvester’s construction, Scarpis constructs a larger Hadamard matrix from a smaller Hadamard matrix. Specifically, if an n-by-n Hadamard matrix can be found, where n−1 is prime, then an n(n−1)-by-n(n−1) Hadamard matrix can be constructed. Paley later proved that for any n ≡ 0 (mod 4) with n−1 a prime (or more generally, a prime power) an n-by-n Hadamard matrix can indeed be found. Together, the results of Scarpis and Paley produce Hadamard matrices of sizes 12, 56, 132, 380, 552, and so on. In this post I will describe Scarpis’s construction in the form in which he originally presented it, with only minor modifications in indexing and notation. Scarpis proceeds as follows. The given n-by-n Hadamard matrix, H, is assumed normalized so that its first row and column consist entirely of ones, and columns are assumed to be ordered so that row 2 consists of alternating elements +1, −1, +1, −1, etc. Let C be the core of H, obtained by removing its first row and column and let $H_2$ be the matrix that results from removing row 2 of H. Let $p=n-1$, which is prime by assumption. Scarpis defines row vectors $j$, $a_0$, …, $a_{p-1}$ of length $p$. Here $j$ is the all-ones vector and $a_i$ is row $i+1$ of $-C$. Scarpis then defines p-by-np matrices $M=H_2\otimes j$ and $M_r=\begin{bmatrix} a_r & -a_0 & a_r & -a_{2r} & \cdots & a_{(p-2)r} & -a_{(p-1)r}\\ a_r & -a_1 & a_{r+1} & -a_{2r+1} & \cdots & a_{(p-2)r+1} & -a_{(p-1)r+1}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots\\ a_r & -a_{p-1} & a_{r+p-1} & -a_{2r+p-1} & \cdots & a_{(p-2)r+p-1} & -a_{(p-1)r+p-1}\end{bmatrix}$ where $r\in\{0,1,\ldots,p-1\}$ and index arithmetic is performed mod p. Scarpis’s Hadamard matrix is then $\begin{bmatrix}M\\ M_0\\ M_1\\ \vdots\\ M_{p-1}\end{bmatrix}.$ To verify that the construction works, one must verify (1) that rows of $M$ are orthogonal, (2) that rows of $M_r$ are orthogonal, (3) that rows of $M$ are orthogonal to rows of $M_r$, and (4) that rows of $M_r$ are orthogonal to rows of $M_s$ for $r\ne s$. 1. Orthogonality of rows of $M$ follows from orthogonality of rows of $H_2$. 2. Orthogonality of rows of $M_r$ is a consequence of the relations $a_r\cdot a_r=p$ and $a_s\cdot a_t=-1$ for $s\ne t$. 3. Note that the alternation of signs in the columns of $M_r$ matches that of row 2 of $H$, which is the row omitted in the definition of $H_2$. Hence row 2 of $H$ is orthogonal to all rows of $H_2$. Since $j\cdot a_s=1$ for all $s$, orthogonality of any row of $M$ with any row of $M_r$ follows. 4. The inner product of row $u$ of $M_r$ with row $v$ of $M_s,$ where $r,s,u,v\in\{0,1,\ldots,p-1\}$, $r\ne s,$ is $a_r\cdot a_s+\sum_{i=0}^{p-1}a_{ir+u}\cdot a_{is+v}$. In the summation over $i$, there is a unique $i$ for which $ir+u=is+v\pmod{p}$, namely $i=(v-u)/(r-s),$ where arithmetic is performed in $\mathbf{F}_p.$ (This is the only place where primality of $p$ is used.) Hence the expression for the inner product contains $p$ terms equal to −1 and one term equal to $p$, yielding inner product 0. In Paley’s famous paper on the construction of Hadamard matrices using quadratic residues in finite fields, he remarks (see Lemma 5) that an 1892-by-1892 Hadamard matrix can be constructed by applying Scarpis’s construction to the 44-by-44 Hadamard matrix obtained using Paley’s first construction, and that size 1892 (which is 44×43) cannot be obtained using the methods of Sylvester and Paley alone. See R. E. A. C. Paley, On orthogonal matrices, J. Mathematics and Physics 12 (1933) 311–320. I will make one remark about Scarpis’s construction. The matrix $M$ consists of $n$ p-by-p rank-1 submatrices. Furthermore, the first p columns of each of the $M_r$ form a p-by-p rank-1 submatrix. These rank-1 blocks are, in some sense, as big as rank-1 blocks in Hadamard matrices are allowed to get. The proposition that follows contains the precise statement. Proposition: Let $H=\begin{bmatrix}J_{ab} & X\\Y & Z\end{bmatrix}$ be an n-by-n Hadamard matrix containing an a-by-b all-ones block $J_{ab}$. Then $ab\le n$, and equality is equivalent to either of the following conditions. • Every column sum of $X$ is zero. • Every row sum of $Y$ is zero. If a is odd and a > 1, then $(a+1)b\le n$ with equality if and only if the column sums of $X$ all equal ±1. Proof: Let $x_1,\ldots,x_{n-b}$ denote the column sums of $X$. Evaluate $j_a^THH^Tj_a$ in two different ways: \begin{aligned}j_a^THH^Tj_a&=\left\lvert\begin{bmatrix}a & \ldots a & x_1 & \ldots & x_{n-b}\end{bmatrix}\right\rvert^2=ba^2+x_1^2+\ldots+x_{n-b}^2\\ &=j_a^TnIj_a=na.\end{aligned} Hence $ba^2\le na,$ or $ab\le n,$ with equality if and only if the column sums of $X$ are all zero. A similar analysis of the transposed matrix $H^T$ establishes equivalence with the condition on the column sums of $Y$. If $a$ is odd, then the column sums of $X$ have magnitude at least 1, so the inequality can be strengthened to $ba^2+(n-b)\le na$, which implies that $(a+1)b\le n$ when $a> 1$. Equality is equivalent to $x_j^2=1$ for all $1\le j\le n-b$. If we restrict our attention to square (k-by-k) submatrices of Hadamard matrices of size n(n−1), where n ≡ 0 (mod 4), then k may not exceed n − 1. Hence Scarpis’s construction contains maximal square rank-1 blocks. Hadamard matrices containing large rank-1 blocks appear to be useful in constructing large-determinant matrices of size congruent to 1 (mod 4), and Scarpis’s Hadamard matrix of size 56 can, in fact, can be used to construct the current record-determinant matrix of size 57. This record was first constructed by Jean-Charles Meyrignac by improving a matrix found by Bertram Felgenhauer during Lars Backstrom’s programming contest. Felgenhauer’s construction method is described in a post to the contest message board.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 88, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9582790732383728, "perplexity": 547.9987255489325}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00171.warc.gz"}
http://openstudy.com/updates/50a1ee34e4b05517d536f44a	Here's the question you clicked on: 55 members online • 0 viewing ## anonymous 3 years ago find derivative: f(x)= ln (3x+1)^4/(2x-1)^3 Delete Cancel Submit • This Question is Closed 1. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 is ln for the entire fraction or just for (3x+1)^4? 2. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 $\ln \frac{ (3x+1)^{4} }{(2x-1)^{3} } = \ln(3x+1)^{4}- \ln(2x-1)^{3}$ 3. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 yes 4. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 differentiate each one individually in the form of $\frac{ f'(x) }{ f(x) }$ 5. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 and apply chain rule for each f'(x) 6. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 can you do it now? 7. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 im trying it now....thanks 8. anonymous • 3 years ago Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 $\ln (3x+1)^4/\ln (2x-1)^3= \ln (3x+1)^4-\ln (2x-1)^3= 43\ln(3x+1)^3-22\ln (2x-1)^2$ 9. Not the answer you are looking for? Search for more explanations. • Attachments: Find more explanations on OpenStudy ##### spraguer (Moderator) 5→ View Detailed Profile 23 • Teamwork 19 Teammate • Problem Solving 19 Hero • You have blocked this person. • ✔ You're a fan Checking fan status... Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.999981164932251, "perplexity": 21741.084683068388}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00151-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02321003	# A New Attack on RSA and Demytko's Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem Abstract : Let N = pq be an RSA modulus and e be a public exponent. Numerous attacks on RSA exploit the arithmetical properties of the key equation ed − k(p − 1)(q − 1) = 1. In this paper, we study the more general equation eu − (p − s)(q − r)v = w. We show that when the unknown integers u, v, w, r and s are suitably small and p − s or q − r is factorable using the Elliptic Curve Method for factorization ECM, then one can break the RSA system. As an application, we propose an attack on Demytko's elliptic curve cryptosystem. Our method is based on Coppersmith's technique for solving multivariate polynomial modular equations. Keywords : Document type : Journal articles Cited literature [28 references] https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02321003 Contributor : Abderrahmane Nitaj <> Submitted on : Sunday, October 20, 2019 - 10:30:20 AM Last modification on : Monday, April 27, 2020 - 4:14:03 PM Document(s) archivé(s) le : Tuesday, January 21, 2020 - 12:59:23 PM ### File RSAVariantsDemyt2019.pdf Files produced by the author(s) ### Citation Abderrahmane Nitaj, Emmanuel Fouotsa. A New Attack on RSA and Demytko's Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem. Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, non, 2019, ⟨10.1080/09720529.2019.1587827⟩. ⟨hal-02321003⟩ Record views	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8257784247398376, "perplexity": 4337.797508998182}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737152.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807025719-20200807055719-00563.warc.gz"}
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/454933/check-if-argument-is-math-expression-the-case-of-making-the-first-letter-upperc/454938	# Check if argument is math expression. The case of making the first letter uppercase In this example: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{xspace} \newcommand{\pt}{\ensuremath{p_{T}}\xspace} \newcommand{\capitalise}[1]{ % if string \MakeUppercase #1 % if math expression #1 } \begin{document} \capitalise{abc} \capitalise{\pt} \end{document} \capitalise should capitalise the first letter of the argument if it is a string and should leave the argument unchanged if it is a math expression. How to check if the argument is a math expression? • expl3 contains \tl_upper_case:n, which ignores math when changing case. – Phelype Oleinik Oct 12 '18 at 15:13 • See the textcase package, it has an alternative to \MakeUppercase that in most cases leaves math alone. – daleif Oct 12 '18 at 15:16 • \ifmmode tells you if you are in math mode, but obviously this does not work if you switch to math mode inside the argument of \capitalise. – user121799 Oct 12 '18 at 15:19 • @daleif I checked textcase but it nevertheless also capitalised the math expression. – Viesturs Oct 12 '18 at 15:21 • @Viesturs remember to read the manual either use the overload option like David did or use its \MakeTextUppercase – daleif Oct 12 '18 at 16:01 Using \tl_mixed_case:n this is trivial \documentclass{article} \usepackage{xparse} \ExplSyntaxOn \NewExpandableDocumentCommand{\capitalise}{m}{\tl_mixed_case:n{#1}} \ExplSyntaxOff \newcommand{\pt}{\ensuremath{p_{T}}} \begin{document} \capitalise{abc} \capitalise{\pt} \end{document} The way this works is by expanding arguments token-by-token and then examining the 'unexpandable' results to see if they can be case-changed. In the case of math mode material, any tokens which produce a $ start a 'no case changing' approach, which is stopped by a matching $ (or for $$/$$ pairs). AS \ensuremath expands to insert a \$, this all works 'as expected'. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{xspace} \newcommand{\pt}{\ensuremath{p_{T}}\xspace} \newcommand{\capitalise}[1]{ % if string \MakeUppercase #1 % if math expression #1 } \begin{document} \capitalise{abc} \capitalise{\pt} \end{document} • Thanks, now it works. How can I check from which package exactly a command such as \MakeUppercase is coming? I tried to use \show but I think it didn't work out. – Viesturs Oct 12 '18 at 16:06 • @Viesturs MakeUppercase is defined in the latex format, and textcase redefines it to be the same as MakeTeXUppercase if you use the overload option – David Carlisle Oct 12 '18 at 23:21	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.895480751991272, "perplexity": 2240.5228447115874}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318375.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823104239-20190823130239-00329.warc.gz"}
https://forum.math.toronto.edu/index.php?PHPSESSID=leh2t11sa1fsaqnrj9984nq1m6&topic=1383.msg4896	### Author Topic: TT1 Problem 2 (noon) (Read 2729 times) #### Victor Ivrii • Elder Member • Posts: 2599 • Karma: 0 ##### TT1 Problem 2 (noon) « on: October 16, 2018, 05:31:45 AM » (a) Find Wronskian $W(y_1,y_2)(x)$ of a fundamental set of solutions $y_1(x) , y_2(x)$ for ODE \begin{equation} (x^2+1)y''-2xy'+2y=0. \end{equation} (b) Check that $y_1(x)=x$ is a solution and find another linearly independent solution. (c) Write the general solution. Find solution such that ${y(0)=1, y'(0)=1}$. #### Yulin WANG • Full Member • Posts: 17 • Karma: 25 • MAT244H1 2018F ##### Re: TT1 Problem 2 (noon) « Reply #1 on: October 16, 2018, 09:46:21 AM » (a) Rewrite the equation: $y'' -(2x/x^{2} +1)y' + 2/(x^{2} + 1)y = 0$ Then p(x) = $-2x/(x^{2} +1)$ By Abel's Thereom, we have: $W(y_1,y_2)(x) = ce^{\lmoustache-p(x)dx} = ce^{\lmoustache(2x/(x^{2} +1))dx} = c(x^2 + 1)$ (b) Since $y_1(x) = x$, so $y'_1(x) = 1 , y''_1(x) = 0$ Then plug in: $0 - 2x/(x^{2} +1) + 2x/(x^{2} +1) = 0$ Thus, $y_1(x)$ is a solution. Take c = 1, then $W(y_1,y_2)(x) = x^{2} + 1$ By Reduction of Oder, we can have: $y_2 = y_1\lmoustache(e^{\lmoustache-p(x)dx}/y_1^{2})dx = x\lmoustache(1 + 1/x^{2})dx = x(x - 1/x) x^{2} -1$ Thus, $y_2(x) = x^{2} -1$ (c) By (b), we know $y = c_1x + c_2(x^{2} -1)$ Since y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 1 So $-c_2 = 1, c_1 = 1, then c_1 = 1, c_2 = -1$ Therefore, y = x- x^2 +1 is the solution to the IVP. « Last Edit: October 18, 2018, 03:47:29 AM by Victor Ivrii » #### Xiaoyuan Wang • Jr. Member • Posts: 8 • Karma: 9 ##### Re: TT1 Problem 2 (noon) « Reply #2 on: October 16, 2018, 09:47:11 AM » #### Monika Dydynski • Full Member • Posts: 26 • Karma: 30 ##### Re: TT1 Problem 2 (noon) « Reply #3 on: October 16, 2018, 10:12:42 AM » (a) Find Wronskian $W(y_1,y_2)(x)$ of a fundamental set of solutions $y_1(x)$, $y_2(x)$ for ODE $$(x^{2}+1)y''-2xy'+2y=0.$$ Dividing but sides by $(x^{2}+1)$, we get $$L[y]=y''-\frac{2x}{(x^{2}+1)}y'+\frac{2}{(x^{2}+1)}y=0,$$ where $p(x)=\frac{2x}{(x^{2}+1)}$, and $q(t)=\frac{2}{(x^{2}+1)}$. By Abel's Theorem, \begin{align}W(y_1,y_2)(x)&=c\exp(\int-{p(x)dx})\\&=c\exp(\int\frac{2x}{(x^{2}+1)}dx)\\&=ce^{\ln(x^{2}+1)}\\&=c(x^{2}+1).\end{align} Let $c=1 \Rightarrow W(y_1,y_2)(x)=x^{2}+1$. b) Check that $y_1(x)=x$ is a solution and find another linearly independent solution. Since $y_1(x)=x \Rightarrow y_1 '(x)=1$, and $y_1 ''(x)=0$ Plugging $y_1$, $y_1 '$, and $y_1 ''$ into the ODE, we have \begin{align}(x^{2}+1)\cdot 0-2x\cdot 1+2\cdot x&=0\\{-2x+2x}&={0}\end{align} $y_1(x)$ satisfies the ODE $\Rightarrow$ $y_1(x)$ is a solution. Given $y_1(x)$, we can find another linearly independent solution. We know from the definition of the Wronskian that $$W(y_1,y_2)(x)=y_1y_2 '-y_1 'y_2=xy_2 '-y_2$$ Equating the two expressions for the Wronskian, we get $$xy_2 '-y_2=x^{2}+1$$ Dividing both sides by $x$, and multiplying by integrating factor $\mu=\frac{1}{x}$, $$(\frac{1}{x}y_2)'=1+\frac{1}{x^2}$$ $$\frac{1}{x}y_2=\int{(1+\frac{1}{x^2})}dx+C$$ $$y_2(x)=x^{2}-1+Cx$$ $$y_2(x)=x^{2}-1$$ c)Write the general solution. Find solution such that $y(0)=1$, $y'(0)=1$ The general solution to the ODE is $$y(x)=c_1 x+c_2(x^{2}-1).$$ $\Rightarrow y'(x)=c_1+2c_2 x$ $$1=c_1 \cdot 0+c_2(0^{2}-1)$$ $$1=c_1+2c_2 \cdot 0$$ $$\cases{c_1=1\\c_2=-1}$$ Thus, the solution that satisfies $y(0)=1$, $y'(0)=1$ is $$y(x)=x-x^{2}+1.$$ « Last Edit: October 16, 2018, 10:26:19 AM by Monika Dydynski » #### Victor Ivrii Yulin did everything right (but then why do you need to add scan? And please, no \lmoustache $\lmoustache$ next time, there is \int $\int$ !!)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9822845458984375, "perplexity": 5848.870495299584}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337906.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007014029-20221007044029-00775.warc.gz"}
http://snap.stanford.edu/distance-encoding/	# Distance Encoding: Design Provably More Powerful Neural Networks for Graph Representation Learning Distance Encoding is a general class of graph-structure-related features that can be utilized by graph neural networks to improve the structural representation power. Given a node set whose structural representation is to be learnt, DE for a node over the graph is defined as a mapping of a set of landing probabilities of random walks from each node of the node set of interest to this node. Distance encoding generally includes measures such as shortest-path-distances and generalized PageRank scores. Distance encoding can be merged into the design of graph neural networks in simple but effective ways: First, we propose DEGNN that utilizes distance encoding as extra node features. We further enhance DEGNN by allowing distance encoding to control the aggregation procedure of traditional GNNs, which yields another model DEAGNN. Since distance encoding purely depends on the graph structure and is independent from node identifiers, it has inductive and generalization ability. The power for structural representation learning based on distance encoding can be rigorously characterized. Specifically, we may prove that both DEGNN and DEAGNN are able to distinguish two non-isomorphic equal-sized node sets (including nodes, node-pairs, ..., entire-graphs) that are embedded in almost all regular graphs where traditional GNNs always fail if no discriminatory node/edge attributes are available. We also prove that these two models are not more powerful than traditional GNNs without discriminatory node/edge attributes to learn the structural representations of nodes over distance regular graphs, which implies the limitation of distance encoding. However, we may show that both models have extra power to learn the structural representations of node-pairs over distance regular graphs. Both DEGNN and DEAGNN are evaluated on three levels of tasks including roles of node-role classification (node-level), link prediction (node-pair-level), triangle prediction (node-triad-level). Note that triangle prediction is to predict higher-order network motifs that are known to be challenging and very few works have been proposed before for this task. Both models significantly outperform traditional GNNs on all three tasks by up-to 15% improvement in prediction average accuracy. Both methods also outperform other state-of-the-art baselines specifically designed for these tasks. ## Motivation Structural representation learning of a node set has many applications such as node-role prediction based on a single node representation, link prediction based on node-pair representation, molecule prediction based on entire-graph representation. Graph neural networks (GNNs), have recently become almost the default choice to learn structural representations. Despite their great success, recent works proved that the structural representation power of most GNNs, such as GCN, GAT, GraphSAGE, GIN, MPNN and many well-known GNNs, is bounded by 1-Weisfeiler-Lehman test (Weisfeiler & Lehman, 1968). We refer these GNNs as WLGNN. The figure below shows a case for this. The graph is a 3-regular graph with 8 nodes and no attributes. The nodes with same colors are structurally equivalent because of the horizontal reflexivity and the node permutation shown in the right subfigure. The nodes with different colors are not structurally equivalent. However, WLGNN will assign all nodes with same representations. Furthermore, WLGNN cannot distinguish all the node-pairs highlighted by the dashed circles no matter whether these node-pairs correspond to edges or not. Using shortest-path-distances between nodes as features, we may distinguish these three types of nodes. To distinguish blue nodes from the red or green ones, we may use the fact that there is another node that has shortest path distance 3 to each blue node (a pair of nodes with such distance are highlighted by red boxes), while all shortest-path-distances between nodes and red or green nodes are less than 3. Our distance encoding provides a principled way to leverage this type of structural features. To distinguish the green nodes and the red nodes, one needs more careful analysis. Here we span the computation graphs (actually trees) of GNNs to compute the representations of a green node and a red node. We draw two graphs below with one black node in each to denote the green node and the red node of interest respectively. Other nodes are colored according to their shortest-path-distances (one type of distance encoding), denoted as D(istance)E(ncoding)-1, to the black nodes. Check the spanning computation graphs and we may find that difference between two computation graphs amazingly appears (highlighted by the red boxes), which means that GNNs plus distance encoding (DE-1) may distinguish the green nodes from the red nodes with 2 layers. If the node set of interest contains multiple nodes, the distance encoding of any node in the graph is defined as a set of the distance encodings between each node in the node set and this node. The distance encoding can establish the correlation between the representations of nodes within the node set of interest, which further yields a more powerful representation of this node set. To illustrate this, consider two node-pairs that correspond to two edges of these two graphs below respectively. The left is Shrikhande graph while the right is $4\times4$ Rook's graph. We use GNNs to learn the representations of the node-pairs colored by black. Each node is colored with distance encoding denoted by D(istance)E(ncoding)-2 that is a set of shortest-path-distances to either node in the node-pairs of interest. Note the neighbors of nodes with DE-2$=\{1,1\}$ (covered by dashed boxes) that are highlighted by red ellipses. As these neighbors have different DE-2's, after one layer of DEGNN, the intermediate representations of nodes with DE-2$=\{1,1\}$ are different between these two graphs. Using another layer, DEGNN can distinguish the representations of the two node-pairs of interest. Note that distinguishing the node-pairs of the above two graphs is really hard, because these two graphs are strongly regular graphs and even the 2-WL test will fail in this case, which means the recently proposed provably more powerful GNNs, Ring-GNN and PPGN, by mimicking the 2-WL test, will fail as well. The formal definition of distance encoding and relevant theoretical analysis and empirical evaluation can be found in our paper. ## Code A reference implementation of DEGNN and DEAGNN in Python is available on GitHub. ## Datasets The datasets used by Distance Encoding project are included in the code repository. ## Contributors The following people contributed to Distance Encoding project: Pan Li Yanbang Wang Hongwei Wang Jure Leskovec ## References Distance Encoding: Design Provably More Powerful Neural Networks for Graph Representation Learning. Pan Li, Yanbang Wang, Jure Leskovec. NeurIPS , 2020.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7588757276535034, "perplexity": 1362.092544535444}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519843.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119232006-20210120022006-00047.warc.gz"}
http://www.calcul.com/show/calculator/limit?variable=x&value=3&func=x/3&from=null	# Limit Calculator The limit calculator is a convenient way to learn what limit an expression has. Input: Result:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9726101160049438, "perplexity": 3655.4800009501455}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00606.warc.gz"}
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-012-0431-y	, Volume 38, Issue 11, pp 3125-3132 Date: 28 Nov 2012 # A New 0.25–12.5 GHz High Quality Factor Low-Power Active Inductor Using Local RC Feedback to Cancel Series-Loss Resistance Rent the article at a discount Rent now * Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT. ## Abstract In this paper, the analysis and design of a new active inductor (AI) with a very high quality factor (QF) in 90 nm CMOS technology and frequency range of 0.25–12.5 GHz are presented. Using local resistive-capacitive (RC) shunt feedback, the QF of this AI could be improved more than what has been achieved in previous reports. The proposed circuit structure allows independent adjustment of the QF and self-resonance frequency (SRF). A very high QF of 13,159 is obtained at the frequency of 6.6 GHz with a 2.2 nHinductance; while noise voltage and power dissipation are less than 4.6 nv/$${\sqrt{H\rm {z}}}$$ and 4 mW, respectively. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that an RC shunt feedback is used to cancel the series-loss resistance of an AI.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4792434275150299, "perplexity": 1972.3402864753461}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988399.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00004-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/81128/when-is-it-appropriate-to-entitle-a-paper-a-note-on-or-on-the	# When is it appropriate to entitle a paper “A note on…” or “On the …”? [closed] I rarely find modern research papers (on mathematics) that are less than 5 pages long. However, recently I came across a couple of mathematical research papers from the 1960/1970's that were very short (only 2-4 pages long). The authors of both papers solved very specific problems, and stopped writing (I guess) as soon as they were done. This made me realize that I very much like short papers! When possible, I will strive to do the same with my own future papers. Sometimes one finds short papers that are entitled "A note on...". Since I am first of all not a native English speaker and also only a junior mathematician, I would like to know what you think about my questions/thoughts: 1) Is it a good (or bad?) idea to try to let the title of the paper reflect the fact that it is short? Are there any standard ways of doing this? 2) A paper which is entitled "A note on...", is it expected to be short? How short? Can a 50-pages long paper be "A note on..." or would that not be customary? 3) At least to me "A note on..." could give the impression that the paper is a survey article where no new material is presented, but I guess this need not be the case. When is it appropriate to entitle a paper "A note on..."? 4) When is it appropriate to entitle a paper "On the ..."? - ## closed as not a real question by Mark Sapir, Felipe Voloch, Andres Caicedo, Daniel Moskovich, SuvritNov 17 '11 at 23:04 It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question. "A note" does suggest it is short (in principle you could have a 50 page note, but that would be an eccentric title). People may assume a note is not very important, so I'd hesitate to use that title unless either experts will consider the paper obviously important or you have other, better papers and don't care if this one sounds less important. It doesn't suggest a survey paper to me. Overall, I'd use "A note on..." or "On the..." only if that is the clearest title you can think of (and I think it often won't be). – Henry Cohn Nov 17 '11 at 0:49 @David: I would say it implies that the author(s) thought it was not 'very important', which is something different entirely. – quid Nov 17 '11 at 1:00 I tend to entitle my papers "(a note/remark) on (whatever problem)" when I cannot really solve the problem but think that what I can say is directly related to it and interesting enough to be published. A typical example is "A remark on the Mahler conjecture: local minimality of the unit cube ". The title says it all: we could not prove the actual conjecture but we still did something not completely trivial, which somewhat justified our going public with it. The length of the paper has nothing whatsoever to do with my choice of such titles. – fedja Nov 17 '11 at 2:07 Regarding question 4, I would advise never starting a paper with the word "On." Just omit the word entirely and the title will be fine, and probably better, without it. (The only exception I can think of is D. E. Evans's paper "On $\cal O_n$.") – Timothy Chow Nov 17 '11 at 3:29 I would start the title of a paper with "On [something]" if the [something] is already known. For example, a paper introducing generalized choral sequences would be titled "Generalized Choral Sequences" but a paper on some of its properties would be titled "On Generalized Choral Sequences." – Joel Reyes Noche Nov 17 '11 at 3:49 I feel the answer is NEVER. You must describe the content of the article, not the length. Some journals publish notes separately from regular papers, and often even encourage their submission by offering speedy refereeing and publication (even the Annals encourages "short", i.e. under 20 pp. papers). Anyhow, if your paper is published as a note it will have "Note" written on it anyway, so no need to be redundant. More generally, you should emphasize not the length but the content. If you prove that all tennis balls are white make the title "All tennis balls are white". If you prove that some tennis balls are white, title your note "On white tennis balls", or "New examples of white tennis balls" or whatever. If your note is a new simple proof, and this is what you want to emphasize, make the title "Short proof that all tennis balls are white". If there was a conjecture that all tennis balls were white and you found a counterexample, use "Not all tennis balls are white". If you study further color properties of white tennis balls, use "A remark on white tennis balls". You see the idea. On the other hand, if you wrote a survey, it important to emphasize that, regardless whether it's long or short. That's because this is a property of the content and style of presentation. For example, "A survey on white tennis balls" or "White tennis balls, a survey in colored pictures", etc. In fact, if your title is "A short survey on tennis balls colors", that would mean that your survey is short in content, as in "brief, incomplete", rather than in length - an important info for the reader to know. - I love your examples! Except that tennis balls are usually lime green or yellow ;-). – Greg Graviton Nov 17 '11 at 12:59 Greg, it sounds like you need to write “On Pak’s tennis-ball conjecture”. – L Spice Nov 17 '11 at 14:54 But, if he write it with his lime green/yellow slant he needs to hope for a 'modern' referee; the classical color for a tennis ball is white! – quid Nov 17 '11 at 16:38 Some journals explicitly frown upon titles of that form. For example, the AMS Bulletin (strangely enough, I only found this information in the back matter of the printed/PDF version of the journal, but not directly on the website) states (emphasis original): The first page must consist of a short descriptive title ... The descriptive title should be short but informative: useless or vague phrases such as "some remarks about" or "concerning" should be avoided. - Historically, it was quite common to start titles with "on," much more so than it is today. Many classic works of science have such titles, such as "On the Origin of Species," by Charles Darwin; "On Growth and Form," by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson; "De rerum natura," by Lucretius; "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium," by Nicolaus Copernicus. - Kudos on citing Lucretius! There's an excellent new translation by David Slavitt. – Barry Cipra Nov 17 '11 at 23:08 If you are writing it for online distribution and otherwise don't care, name it as you wish. If you think it will be read and used by others, then a couple of common sense rules apply: 1) Don't leave anything very important out of the title. 2) Anything important you leave out of the title must be put in the abstract or introductory summary. 3) Anything left out of the title or the abstract or the introductory summary, you must put in the article. 4) Anything left out of the above should have a reference clearly mentioned in the bibliography. 5) Whenever possible, use common sense to tell you what to leave out. Otherwise, this will probably undergo some sort of editorial and peer review, in which case your choice of title may not be used. Regarding your suggestions, I think you should take pity on the researchers to come and have a descriptive but not over lengthy title. There may be reasons to start a title with "On" or "A Note". One reason against it is that your paper will be hard to find in an alphabetic listing of titles. I am writing an article for public distribution with a working title beginning "Adventures in". Join now and (try to) beat the rush.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8075804710388184, "perplexity": 1205.4583301126236}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646313806.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033153-00085-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://support.hfm.io/1.6/api/transformers-0.5.2.0/Control-Monad-Trans-State-Lazy.html	transformers-0.5.2.0: Concrete functor and monad transformers Copyright (c) Andy Gill 2001(c) Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology 2001 BSD-style (see the file LICENSE) R.Paterson@city.ac.uk experimental portable Safe Haskell98 Description Lazy state monads, passing an updatable state through a computation. See below for examples. Some computations may not require the full power of state transformers: In this version, sequencing of computations is lazy, so that for example the following produces a usable result: evalState (sequence $repeat$ do { n <- get; put (n*2); return n }) 1 For a strict version with the same interface, see Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict. Synopsis type State s = StateT s Identity Source # A state monad parameterized by the type s of the state to carry. The return function leaves the state unchanged, while >>= uses the final state of the first computation as the initial state of the second. Arguments :: Monad m => (s -> (a, s)) pure state transformer -> StateT s m a equivalent state-passing computation Construct a state monad computation from a function. (The inverse of runState.) Arguments :: State s a state-passing computation to execute -> s initial state -> (a, s) return value and final state Unwrap a state monad computation as a function. (The inverse of state.) Arguments :: State s a state-passing computation to execute -> s initial value -> a return value of the state computation Evaluate a state computation with the given initial state and return the final value, discarding the final state. Arguments :: State s a state-passing computation to execute -> s initial value -> s final state Evaluate a state computation with the given initial state and return the final state, discarding the final value. mapState :: ((a, s) -> (b, s)) -> State s a -> State s b Source # Map both the return value and final state of a computation using the given function. withState :: (s -> s) -> State s a -> State s a Source # withState f m executes action m on a state modified by applying f. newtype StateT s m a Source # A state transformer monad parameterized by: • s - The state. • m - The inner monad. The return function leaves the state unchanged, while >>= uses the final state of the first computation as the initial state of the second. Constructors StateT FieldsrunStateT :: s -> m (a, s) Instances ## Labelling trees An example from The Craft of Functional Programming, Simon Thompson (http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/sjt/), Addison-Wesley 1999: "Given an arbitrary tree, transform it to a tree of integers in which the original elements are replaced by natural numbers, starting from 0. The same element has to be replaced by the same number at every occurrence, and when we meet an as-yet-unvisited element we have to find a 'new' number to match it with:" data Tree a = Nil \| Node a (Tree a) (Tree a) deriving (Show, Eq) type Table a = [a] numberTree :: Eq a => Tree a -> State (Table a) (Tree Int) numberTree Nil = return Nil numberTree (Node x t1 t2) = do num <- numberNode x nt1 <- numberTree t1 nt2 <- numberTree t2 return (Node num nt1 nt2) where numberNode :: Eq a => a -> State (Table a) Int numberNode x = do table <- get case elemIndex x table of Nothing -> do put (table ++ [x]) return (length table) Just i -> return i numTree applies numberTree with an initial state: numTree :: (Eq a) => Tree a -> Tree Int numTree t = evalState (numberTree t) [] testTree = Node "Zero" (Node "One" (Node "Two" Nil Nil) (Node "One" (Node "Zero" Nil Nil) Nil)) Nil numTree testTree => Node 0 (Node 1 (Node 2 Nil Nil) (Node 1 (Node 0 Nil Nil) Nil)) Nil	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5874432921409607, "perplexity": 7682.3455469425135}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103334753.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627134424-20220627164424-00182.warc.gz"}
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04301-9?utm_source=webtekno&error=cookies_not_supported&code=fc7dcce2-14da-4556-93cc-57c7a9294fba	Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. # Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning ## Abstract Nuclear fusion using magnetic confinement, in particular in the tokamak configuration, is a promising path towards sustainable energy. A core challenge is to shape and maintain a high-temperature plasma within the tokamak vessel. This requires high-dimensional, high-frequency, closed-loop control using magnetic actuator coils, further complicated by the diverse requirements across a wide range of plasma configurations. In this work, we introduce a previously undescribed architecture for tokamak magnetic controller design that autonomously learns to command the full set of control coils. This architecture meets control objectives specified at a high level, at the same time satisfying physical and operational constraints. This approach has unprecedented flexibility and generality in problem specification and yields a notable reduction in design effort to produce new plasma configurations. We successfully produce and control a diverse set of plasma configurations on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable1,2, including elongated, conventional shapes, as well as advanced configurations, such as negative triangularity and ‘snowflake’ configurations. Our approach achieves accurate tracking of the location, current and shape for these configurations. We also demonstrate sustained ‘droplets’ on TCV, in which two separate plasmas are maintained simultaneously within the vessel. This represents a notable advance for tokamak feedback control, showing the potential of reinforcement learning to accelerate research in the fusion domain, and is one of the most challenging real-world systems to which reinforcement learning has been applied. ## Main Tokamaks are torus-shaped devices for nuclear fusion research and are a leading candidate for the generation of sustainable electric power. A main direction of research is to study the effects of shaping the distribution of the plasma into different configurations3,4,5 to optimize the stability, confinement and energy exhaust, and, in particular, to inform the first burning-plasma experiment, ITER. Confining each configuration within the tokamak requires designing a feedback controller that can manipulate the magnetic field6 through precise control of several coils that are magnetically coupled to the plasma to achieve the desired plasma current, position and shape, a problem known as the tokamak magnetic control problem. The conventional approach to this time-varying, non-linear, multivariate control problem is to first solve an inverse problem to precompute a set of feedforward coil currents and voltages7,8. Then, a set of independent, single-input single-output PID controllers is designed to stabilize the plasma vertical position and control the radial position and plasma current, all of which must be designed to not mutually interfere6. Most control architectures are further augmented by an outer control loop for the plasma shape, which involves implementing a real-time estimate of the plasma equilibrium9,10 to modulate the feedforward coil currents8. The controllers are designed on the basis of linearized model dynamics, and gain scheduling is required to track time-varying control targets. Although these controllers are usually effective, they require substantial engineering effort, design effort and expertise whenever the target plasma configuration is changed, together with complex, real-time calculations for equilibrium estimation. A radically new approach to controller design is made possible by using reinforcement learning (RL) to generate non-linear feedback controllers. The RL approach, already used successfully in several challenging applications in other domains11,12,13, enables intuitive setting of performance objectives, shifting the focus towards what should be achieved, rather than how. Furthermore, RL greatly simplifies the control system. A single computationally inexpensive controller replaces the nested control architecture, and an internalized state reconstruction removes the requirement for independent equilibrium reconstruction. These combined benefits reduce the controller development cycle and accelerate the study of alternative plasma configurations. Indeed, artificial intelligence has recently been identified as a ‘Priority Research Opportunity’ for fusion control14, building on demonstrated successes in reconstructing plasma-shape parameters15,16, accelerating simulations using surrogate models17,18 and detecting impending plasma disruptions19. RL has not, however, been used for magnetic controller design, which is challenging due to high-dimensional measurements and actuation, long time horizons, rapid instability growth rates and the need to infer the plasma shape through indirect measurements. In this work, we present an RL-designed magnetic controller and experimentally verify its performance on a tokamak. The control policies are learned through interaction with a tokamak simulator and are shown to be directly capable of tokamak magnetic control on hardware, successfully bridging the ‘sim-to-real’ gap. This enables a fundamental shift from engineering-driven control of a pre-designed state to artificial-intelligence-driven optimization of objectives specified by an operator. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our controllers in experiments carried out on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV)1,2, in which we demonstrate control of a variety of plasma shapes, including elongated ones, such as those foreseen in ITER, as well as advanced configurations, such as negative triangularity and ‘snowflake’ plasmas. Additionally, we demonstrate a sustained configuration in which two separate plasma ‘droplets’ are simultaneously maintained within the vessel. Tokamak magnetic control is one of the most complex real-world systems to which RL has been applied. This is a promising new direction for plasma controller design, with the potential to accelerate fusion science, explore new configurations and aid in future tokamak development. ## Learning control and training architecture Our architecture, depicted in Fig. 1, is a flexible approach for designing tokamak magnetic confinement controllers. The approach has three main phases. First, a designer specifies objectives for the experiment, potentially accompanied by time-varying control targets. Second, a deep RL algorithm interacts with a tokamak simulator to find a near-optimal control policy to meet the specified goals. Third, the control policy, represented as a neural network, is run directly (‘zero shot’) on tokamak hardware in real time. In the first phase, the experimental goal is specified by a set of objectives that can contain a wide variety of desired properties (Extended Data Table 4). These properties range from basic stabilization of position and plasma current to sophisticated combinations of several time-varying targets, including a precise shape outline with specified elongation, triangularity and X-point location. These objectives are then combined into a ‘reward function’ that assigns a scalar quality measure to the state at each time step. This function also penalizes the control policy for reaching undesired terminal states, as discussed below. Crucially, a well-designed reward function will be minimally specified, giving the learning algorithm maximum flexibility to attain the desired outcome. In the second phase, a high-performance RL algorithm collects data and finds a control policy through interaction with an environment, as depicted in Fig. 1a, b. We use a simulator that has enough physical fidelity to describe the evolution of plasma shape and current, while remaining sufficiently computationally cheap for learning. Specifically, we model the dynamics governing the evolution of the plasma state under the influence of the poloidal field coil voltages using a free-boundary plasma-evolution model20. In this model, the currents in the coils and passive conductors evolve under the influence of externally applied voltages from the power supplies, as well as induced voltages from time-varying currents in other conductors and in the plasma itself. The plasma is, in turn, modelled by the Grad–Shafranov equation21, which results from the balance between the Lorentz force and the pressure gradient inside the plasma on the timescales of interest. The evolution of total plasma current Ip is modelled using a lumped-circuit equation. This set of equations is solved numerically by the FGE software package22. The RL algorithm uses the collected simulator data to find a near-optimal policy with respect to the specified reward function. The data rate of our simulator is markedly slower than that of a typical RL environment due to the computational requirements of evolving the plasma state. We overcome the paucity of data by optimizing the policy using maximum a posteriori policy optimization (MPO)23, an actor-critic algorithm. MPO supports data collection across distributed parallel streams and learns in a data-efficient way. We additionally exploit the asymmetry inherent to the actor-critic design of MPO to overcome the constraints of magnetic control. In actor-critic algorithms, the ‘critic’ learns the discounted expected future reward for various actions using the available data and the ‘actor’ uses the predictions of the critic to set the control policy. The representation of the control policy of the actor is restricted, as it must run on TCV with real-time guarantees, whereas the critic is unrestricted, as it is only used during training. We therefore use a fast, four-layer feedforward neural network in the actor (Fig. 1c) and a much larger recurrent neural network in the critic. This asymmetry enables the critic to infer the underlying state from measurements, deal with complex state-transition dynamics over different timescales and assess the influence of system measurement and action delays. The information from the coupled dynamics is then distilled into a real-time-capable controller. In the third phase, the control policy is bundled with the associated experiment control targets into an executable using a compiler tailored towards real-time control at 10 kHz that minimizes dependencies and eliminates unnecessary computations. This executable is loaded by the TCV control framework24 (Fig. 1d). Each experiment begins with standard plasma-formation procedures, in which a traditional controller maintains the location of the plasma and total current. At a prespecified time, termed the ‘handover’, control is switched to our control policy, which then actuates the 19 TCV control coils to transform the plasma shape and current to the desired targets. Experiments are executed without further tuning of the control-policy network weights after training, in other words, there is ‘zero-shot’ transfer from simulation to hardware. The control policies reliably transfer onto TCV through several key attributes of the learning procedure, depicted in Fig. 1b. We identified an actuator and sensor model that incorporates properties affecting control stability, such as delays, measurement noise and control-voltage offsets. We applied targeted parameter variation during training across an appropriate range for the plasma pressure, current density profile and plasma resistivity through analysis of experiment data, to account for varying, uncontrolled experimental conditions. This provides robustness while ensuring performance. Although the simulator is generally accurate, there are known regions where the dynamics are known to be poorly represented. We built ‘learned-region avoidance’ into the training loop to avoid these regimes through the use of rewards and termination conditions (Extended Data Table 5), which halt the simulation when specified conditions are encountered. Termination conditions are also used to enforce operational limits. The control policies learn to stay within the specified limits, for example, on maximum coil current or the edge safety factor25. The controllers designed by our architecture are greatly structurally simplified compared with conventional designs, as depicted in Fig. 1e, f. Instead of a series of controllers, RL-driven design creates a single network controller. ## Fundamental capability demonstration We demonstrate the capability of our architecture on control targets in real-world experiments on TCV. We first show accurate control of the fundamental qualities of plasma equilibria. We then control a wide range of equilibria with complex, time-varying objectives and physically relevant plasma configurations. Finally, we demonstrate control of a configuration with several plasma ‘droplets’ in the vessel simultaneously. We first test the fundamental tasks of plasma control through a series of changes representative of those required for a full plasma discharge. First, from the handover at 0.0872 s, take over and stabilize Ip at −110 kA. Next, ramp the plasma current to −150 kA and then elongate the plasma from 1.24 to 1.44, thereby increasing the vertical instability growth rate to 150 Hz. Next, demonstrate position control through shifting the vertical plasma position by 10 cm and then divert the plasma with control of the active X-point location (see Fig. 1h). Finally, return the plasma to the handover condition and ramp down Ip to −70 kA to shut down safely. Although accuracy requirements will generally depend on the exact experiment, a reasonable aim is to control Ip to within 5 kA (3% of the final 150-kA target) and the shape to within 2 cm (8% of the vessel radial half width of 26 cm). Note that the equilibrium reconstruction used matches a visually reconstructed boundary with a typical accuracy26 of 1 cm. The performance of the control policy is depicted in Fig. 2. All tasks are performed successfully, with a tracking accuracy below the desired thresholds. In the initial limited phase (0.1 s to 0.45 s), the Ip root-mean-square error (RMSE) is 0.71 kA (0.59% of the target) and the shape RMSE is 0.78 cm (3% of the vessel half width). In the diverted phase (0.55 s to 0.8 s), the Ip and shape RMSE are 0.28 kA and 0.53 cm, respectively (0.2% and 2.1%), yielding RMSE across the full window (0.1 s to 1.0 s) of 0.62 kA and 0.75 cm (0.47% and 2.9%). This demonstrates that our RL architecture is capable of accurate plasma control across all relevant phases of a discharge experiment. ## Control demonstrations We next demonstrate the capability of our architecture to produce complex configurations for scientific study. Each demonstration has its own time-varying targets but, otherwise, uses the same architectural setup to generate a control policy, including the training and environment configuration, with only minor adjustments to the reward function (shown in Extended Data Table 3). Recall that, in each experiment, the plasma has low elongation before the handover, and the control policy actively modulates the plasma to the configuration of interest. Selected time slices from these experiments are shown in Fig. 3, with further detail in Extended Data Fig. 1 and error metrics in Extended Data Table 1. Elongating plasmas improves their thermal confinement properties, but their increased vertical-instability growth rate complicates control. We targeted a high elongation of 1.9 with a considerable growth rate. The controller was able to produce and stabilize this elongation, as shown in Fig. 3a. We obtained a good match between the targeted and the desired elongation, with an RMSE of 0.018. We also controlled shape and plasma current to their target values, with an Ip RMSE of 1.2 kA and shape RMSE of 1.6 cm. This demonstrates the capability to stabilize a high vertical-instability growth rate of more than 1.4 kHz, despite acting at only 10 kHz. We next tested applying auxiliary heating through neutral beam injection to enter ‘H-mode’, which is desirable for having higher energy confinement time, but causes notable changes to the plasma properties. We were provided a time-varying trajectory on the basis of the proposed ITER configuration that uses such auxiliary heating. As the normalized pressure βp increases to 1.12, seen in Fig. 3b, the plasma position and current were maintained accurately, with an Ip RMSE of 2.6 kA and shape RMSE of 1.4 cm. This shows that our controller can robustly adapt to a changing plasma state and can work with heated H-mode plasma under externally specified configurations. Negative triangularity plasmas are attractive as they have favourable confinement properties without the strong edge pressure gradient typical of H-modes. We targeted a diverted configuration with triangularity of −0.8, and with X-points at both corners. We successfully achieved this configuration, shown in Fig. 3c. The triangularity was accurately matched, with an RMSE of 0.070, as were the plasma current and shape, with RMSE values of 3.5 kA and 1.3 cm, respectively. This demonstrates the ability to rapidly and directly create a configuration under active study27. Snowflake configurations are researched28,29, as they distribute the particle exhaust across several strike points. A crucial parameter is the distance between the two X-points that form the divertor legs. We demonstrated our ability to control this distance, shown in Fig. 3d. The control policy first established a snowflake configuration with X-points separated by 34 cm. It then manipulated the far X-point to approach the limiting X-point, ending with a separation of 6.6 cm. The time-varying X-point targets were tracked with a combined RMSE of 3.7 cm. The plasma current and shape were maintained to high accuracy during this transition, with RMSE values of 0.50 kA and 0.65 cm, respectively. This demonstrates accurate control of a complex time-varying target with several coupled objectives. In aggregate, these experiments demonstrate the ease with which new configurations can be explored, prove the ability of our architecture to operate in high-performance discharges and confirm the breadth of its capability. In the Methods section, we further investigate the control-policy behaviours. ## New multi-domain plasma demonstration Lastly, we demonstrate the power of our architecture to explore new plasma configurations. We test control of ‘droplets’, a configuration in which two separate plasmas exist within the vessel simultaneously. It is probably possible that existing approaches could stabilize such droplets. Nonetheless, great investment would be required to develop feedforward coil-current programming, implement real-time estimators, tune controller gains and successfully take control after plasma creation. By contrast, with our approach, we simply adjust the simulated handover state to account for the different handover condition from single-axis plasmas and define a reward function to keep the position of each droplet component steady while ramping up the domain plasma currents. This loose specification gives the architecture the freedom to choose how to best adapt the droplet shapes as Ip increases to maintain stability. The architecture was able to successfully stabilize droplets over the entire 200 ms control window and ramp the current within each domain, as shown in Fig. 4. This highlights the advantage of a general, learning-based control architecture to adapt control for previously unknown configurations. ## Discussion We present a new paradigm for plasma magnetic confinement on tokamaks. Our control design fulfils many of the hopes of the community for a machine-learning-based control approach14, including high performance, robustness to uncertain operating conditions, intuitive target specification and unprecedented versatility. This achievement required overcoming gaps in capability and infrastructure through scientific and engineering advances: an accurate, numerically robust simulator; an informed trade-off between simulation accuracy and computational complexity; a sensor and actuator model tuned to specific hardware control; realistic variation of operating conditions during training; a highly data-efficient RL algorithm that scales to high-dimensional problems; an asymmetric learning setup with an expressive critic but fast-to-evaluate policy; a process for compiling neural networks into real-time-capable code and deployment on a tokamak digital control system. This resulted in successful hardware experiments that demonstrate fundamental capability alongside advanced shape control without requiring fine-tuning on the plant. It additionally shows that a free-boundary equilibrium evolution model has sufficient fidelity to develop transferable controllers, offering a justification for using this approach to test control of future devices. Efforts could further develop our architecture to quantify its robustness through analysis of the non-linear dynamics30,31,32 and reduce training time through increased reuse of data and multi-fidelity learning33. Additionally, the set of control targets can be expanded, for example, to reduce target heat loads through flux expansion5, aided by the use ofprivileged information in the critic to avoid requiring real-time observers. The architecture can be coupled to a more capable simulator, for example, incorporating plasma pressure and current-density-evolution physics, to optimize the global plasma performance. Our learning framework has the potential to shape future fusion research and tokamak development. Underspecified objectives can find configurations that maximize a desired performance objective or even maximize power production. Our architecture can be rapidly deployed on a new tokamak without the need to design and commission the complex system of controllers deployed today, and evaluate proposed designs before they are constructed. More broadly, our approach may enable the discovery of new reactor designs by jointly optimizing the plasma shape, sensing, actuation, wall design, heat load and magnetic controller to maximize overall performance. ## Methods ### Tokamak à Configuration Variable The TCV 1,34, shown in Fig. 1, is a research tokamak at the Swiss Plasma Center, with a major radius of 0.88 m and vessel height and width of 1.50 m and 0.512 m, respectively. TCV has a flexible set of magnetic coils that enable the creation of a wide range of plasma configurations. Electron cyclotron resonance heating and neutral beam injection35 systems provide external heating and current drive, as used in the experiment in Fig. 3b. TCV is equipped with several real-time sensors and our control policies use a subset of these sensors. In particular, we use 34 of the wire loops that measure magnetic flux, 38 probes that measure the local magnetic field and 19 measurements of the current in active control coils (augmented with an explicit measure of the difference in current between the ohmic coils). In addition to the magnetic sensors, TCV is equipped with other sensors that are not available in real time, such as the cameras shown in Figs. 2 and 4. Our control policy consumes the magnetic and current sensors of TCV at a 10-kHz control rate. The control policy produces a reference voltage command at each time step for the active control coils. ### Tokamak simulator The coupled dynamics of the plasma and external active and passiveconductors are modelled with a free-boundary simulator, FGE22. The conductors are described by a circuit model in which the resistivity is considered known and constant, and the mutual inductance is computed analytically. The plasma is assumed to be in a state of toroidally symmetric equilibrium force balance (Grad–Shafranov equation21), in which the Lorentz force J × B generated from the interaction of the plasma current density, J, and the magnetic field, B, balances the plasma pressure gradient p. The transport of radial pressure and current density caused by heat and current drive sources is not modelled. Instead, the plasma radial profiles are modelled as polynomials whose coefficients are constrained by the plasma current Ip plus two free parameters: the normalized plasma pressure βp, which is the ratio of kinetic pressure to the magnetic pressure, and the safety factor at the plasma axis qA, which controls the current density peakedness. The evolution of the total plasma current Ip, is described as a lumped-parameter equation on the basis of the generalized Ohm’s law for the magnetohydrodynamics model. For this model, the total plasma resistance, Rp, and the total plasma self-inductance, Lp, are free parameters. Finally, FGE produces the synthetic magnetic measurements that simulate the TCV sensors, which are used to learn the control policies, as discussed below. ### Specific settings for the droplets In the experiment with the droplets (Fig. 4), the plasma is considered pressureless, which simplifies the numerical solution of the force balance equation. Moreover, the G coil was disabled in simulation, as it was placed in open circuit during experiments (the fast radial fields it generates were deemed unnecessary for these plasmas). This experiment used an earlier model for the Ip evolution designed for stationary-state plasma operation. This model has one free parameter, the radial profile of the neoclassical parallel plasma conductivity $${\sigma }_{\parallel }$$ (ref. 22). This model was replaced with the one described above for the single-domain plasma experiment, as it better describes the evolution of Ip, especially when it is changing rapidly. ### Plasma parameter variation We vary the plasma-evolution parameters introduced above during training to provide robust performance across the true but unknown condition of the plasma. The amount of variation is set within ranges identified from experimental data as shown in Extended Data Table 2. In the single-plasma experiments, we vary the plasma resistivity Rp, as well as the profile parameters βp and qA. Lp is not varied, as it can be computed from a simple relation36. These are all independently sampled from a parameter-specific log-uniform distribution. In the experiment with droplets, we vary the initial ohmic coil current values according to a uniform distribution. We set two different values for the droplet $${\sigma }_{\parallel }$$ components. We sample the log of the difference between them from a scaled beta distribution and the overall shift in the combined geometric mean from a log-uniform distribution, and then solve for the individual $${\sigma }_{\parallel }$$. Parameter values are sampled at the beginning of each episode and kept constant for the duration of the simulation. The sampled value is deliberately not exposed to the learning architecture because it is not directly measureable. Therefore, the agent is forced to learn a controller that can robustly handle all combinations of these parameters. This informed and targeted domain-randomization technique proved to be effective to find policies that track time targets for shape and Ip while being robust to the injection of external heating and the edge-localized mode perturbations during high confinement mode. ### Sensing and actuation The raw sensor data on TCV go through a low-pass filtering and signal-conditioning stage37. We model this stage in simulation by a time delay and a Gaussian noise model, identified from data during a stationary-plasma operation phase (Extended Data Table 2). This sensor model (shown in Fig. 1b) captures the relevant dynamics affecting control stability. The power-supply dynamics (also shown in Fig. 1b) are modelled with a fixed bias and a fixed time delay identified from data, as well as a further offset varied randomly at the beginning of each episode. The values for these modifications can be found in Extended Data Table 2. This is a conservative approximation of the true thyristor-based power supplies37, but captures the essential dynamics for control purposes. The control policy can learn to be robust against very non-linear hardware-specific phenomena. For example, when the current in the active coils changes polarity and the controller requests a too low voltage, the power supplies can get ‘stuck’, erroneously providing zero output current over an extended period of time (Extended Data Fig. 4b). This phenomenon might affect both the controller stability and the precision. To demonstrate the capability of our controller to deal with this issue, we applied ‘learned-region avoidance’ in the advanced control demonstration to indicate that currents near zero are undesirable. As a result, the control policy effectively learns to increase the voltages when changing the current polarity to avoid stuck coils on the plant (Extended Data Fig. 4c). ### Neural-network architecture MPO23 uses two neural-network architectures to design and optimize the policy: the critic network and the policy network. Both networks are adapted during training, but only the policy network is deployed on the plant. For the critic network, the inputs are combined with the hyperbolic tangent function value of the last commanded action and fed to a long short-term memory (LSTM) layer 256 units wide. The outputs of the LSTM layer are then concatenated with its inputs and fed to a multilayer perceptron (MLP), that is, a stack of two densely connected hidden layers with 256 latents each. Each of the MLP layers uses an exponential linear unit non-linearity. Finally, we use a last linear layer to output the Q-value. The policy network is restricted to a network architecture that can be evaluated on the target hardware within 50 μs to obtain the necessary 10-kHz control rate. Additionally, the network needs to perform this inference to sufficient numerical accuracy on the control system, which uses a different processor architecture from the hardware used for training. Therefore, the policy network is built as follows. We feed the inputs to a stack of a linear layer with 256 outputs. The outputs of this linear layer are normalized with a LayerNorm38 and bounded using a hyperbolic tangent function. After this, the output is fed through a three-layer MLP using exponential linear unit non-linearity and 256 latents each. The output of this stack is fed through a final linear layer that outputs two parameters per action: one mean of the Gaussian distribution and one standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution. The standard deviation uses a softplus non-linearity to make sure it is always positive. The parameters of this Gaussian distribution over actions are the output of the neural network. Note that, for assessing the policy in simulation and executing on TCV, only the mean of the distribution is used. With this small neural network, we can perform inference within the L2 cache of the CPU on the control system. These neural networks are initialized with the weights of a truncated normal distribution scaled with the number of inputs and a bias of zero. The exception is the last layer of the policy network, which is initialized the same way but scaled with 0.0001 (ref. 39). These networks are trained with an unroll length of 64 steps. For training, we used a batch size of 256 and a discount of 0.99. Extended Data Figure 5a shows the importance of an asymmetric design between the actor network and the critic network. We compare the standard setup with a symmetric setup in which the critic is also limited by the control rate on the plant. In the standard setup, the critic network is much larger than the policy network (718,337 parameters compared with 266,280 parameters) and also uses a recurrent LSTM. In the symmetric setup, the critic is also an MLP that is about the same size as the policy (266,497 parameters). We see that the symmetric design notably underperforms the asymmetric design in learning an effective policy. We additionally find that the main benefit comes from the recurrent design in the critic to handle the non-Markovian properties of this environment. When we scale up the critic keeping the feedforward structure of the policy, we find that widening its width to 512 units (926,209 parameters) or even 1,024 units (3,425,281 parameters) still does not match the performance of the setup with the smaller but recurrent critic. ### Learning loop Our approach uses an episodic training approach in which data are collected by running the simulator with a control policy in the loop, as shown in Fig. 1a. The data from these interactions are collected in a finite-capacity first-in-first-out buffer40. The interaction trajectories are sampled at random from the buffer by a ‘learner’, which executes the MPO algorithm to update the control-policy parameters. During training, the executed control policy is stochastic to explore successful control options. This stochastic policy is represented by a diagonal Gaussian distribution over coil actions. Each episode corresponds to a single simulation run that terminates either when a termination condition is hit, which we will discuss below, or when a fixed simulation time has passed in the episode. This fixed time was 0.2 s for the droplets, 0.5 s in the case of Extended Data Fig. 2a, c, and 1 s otherwise. Each episode is initialized from an equilibrium state at the preprogrammed handover time, which was reconstructed from a previous experiment on TCV. Our training loop emulates the control frequency of 10 kHz. At each step, the policy is evaluated using the observation from the previous step. The resulting action is then applied to the simulator, which is then stepped. Observations and rewards are also collected at the 10-kHz control frequency, resulting in training data collected at 0.1 ms intervals. For our simulation, we chose a time step of 50 kHz. Hence, for each evaluation of the policy, five simulation time steps are computed. The action, that is, the desired coil voltage, is kept constant during these substeps. Data from intermediate steps are only used for checking termination conditions and are discarded afterwards. This enables choosing the control rate and simulator time step independently and, hence, setting the latter on the basis of numerical considerations. We use a distributed architecture41 with a single learner instance on a tensor processing unit and several actors each running an independent instance of the simulator. We used 5,000 actors in parallel for our experiments, generally resulting in training times of 1-3 days, although sometimes longer for complex target specifications. We ran a sweep on the number of actors required to stabilize a basic plasma and the results can be seen in Extended Data Fig. 5. We see that a similar level of performance can be achieved with a large reduction in the number of actors for a moderate cost in training time. As RL only interacts sample-wise with the environment, the policy could be fine-tuned further with data from interacting with the plant. Alternatively, one might imagine leveraging the database of past experiments performed on TCV to improve the policy. However, it is unclear if the data are sufficiently diverse, given the versatility of TCV and the fact that the same plasma configuration can be achieved by various coil-voltage configurations. Especially for previously unknown plasma shapes, no data or only very limited data are available, rendering this approach ineffective. Conversely, the simulator can directly model the dynamics for the configurations of interest. This issue in which data collection requires a good policy becomes even more pronounced if one wants to optimize a policy de novo from data, without relying on a simulator model. ### Rewards and terminations All of our experiments have several objectives that must be satisfied simultaneously. These objectives are specified as individual reward components that track an aspect of the simulation — typically, a physical quantity — and these individual components are combined into a single scalar reward value. Descriptions of the targets used are listed in Extended Data Table 4. The target values of the objectives are often time-varying (for example, the plasma current and boundary target points), and are sent to the policy as part of the observations. This time-varying trace of targets is defined by a sequence of values at points in time, which are linearly interpolated for all time steps in between. Shape targets for each experiment were generated using the shape generator42 or specified manually. These points are then canonicalized to 32 equally spaced points along a spline, which are the targets that are fed to the policy. The spline is periodic for closed shapes but non-periodic for diverted shapes, ending at the X-points. The process for combining these multiple objectives into a single scalar is as follows. First, for each objective, the difference between the actual and target values is computed, and then transformed with a non-linear function to a quality measure between 0 and 1. In the case of a vector-valued objective (for example, distance to each target-shape point), the individual differences are first merged into a single scalar through a ‘combiner’, a weighted non-linear function. Finally, a weighted combination of the individual objective-specific quality measures is computed into a single scalar reward value between 0 and 1 using a combiner as above. This (stepwise) reward is then normalized so that the maximum cumulative reward is 100 for 1 s of control. In cases in which the control policy has triggered a termination, a large negative reward is given. See Extended Data Table 5 for more details. We typically compute the quality measure from the error using a softplus or sigmoid, which provides a non-zero learning signal early in training when the errors are large, while simultaneously encouraging precision as the policy improves. Similarly, we combine the rewards using a (weighted) smooth max or geometric mean, which gives a larger gradient to improving the worst reward, while still encouraging improving all objectives. The precise reward definitions used in each of our experiments are listed in Extended Data Table 3 and the implementations are available in the supplementary material. ### Further findings Some controllers exhibited several interesting behaviours, which are briefly mentioned here. These control behaviours hint at further potential capabilities of learned-control approaches. External heating was applied during the experiment shown in Fig. 3b. We first ran a test experiment without heating, but with the exact same controller and objectives. This provides a simple repeatability test in the control window before heating was applied. A performance comparison is depicted in Extended Data Fig. 3 and shows that, in these two experiments, the controller performed similarly. When given the goal to maintain only the plasma position and current, our architecture autonomously constructed a low-elongation plasma that eliminates the vertical instability mode (Extended Data Fig. 4a), without being explicitly told to do so. Our control architecture can naturally choose to use a varying combination of poloidal field and ohmic coils to drive the inductive voltage required for sustaining the plasma current (Extended Data Fig. 4b), in contrast to existing control architectures that typically assume a strict separation. Our architecture can learn to include non-linear physical and control requests by adding objectives to the goal specification. It can, for example, avoid limitations in the power supplies that occasionally cause ‘stuck’ control-coil currents when reversing polarity (Extended Data Fig. 4c) and avoid X-points in the vessel but outside the plasma (Extended Data Fig. 4d) when requested with high-level rewards. We see that, for some quantities, there is a steady-state error in the target value (for example, κ in Extended Data Fig. 3). Future development will be towards removing such errors, for example, by making the control policy recurrent rather than feedforward. Care must be taken to ensure that these more powerful recurrent policies do not overspecialize to the specific dynamics of the simulator and continue to transfer to TCV successfully. ### Deployment As the stochastic nature of the training policy is only useful for exploration, the final control policy is taken to be the mean of the Gaussian policy at the conclusion of training. This gives a deterministic policy to execute on the plant. During training, we monitor the quality of this deterministic policy before deployment. The control loop of TCV runs at 10 kHz, although only half of the cycle time, that is, 50 μs, is available for the control algorithm due to other signal processing and logging. Therefore we created a deployment system that compiles our neural network into real-time-capable code that is guaranteed to run within this time window. To achieve this, we remove superfluous weights and computations (such as the exploration variance) and then use tfcompile43 to compile it into binary code, carefully avoiding unnecessary dependencies. We tailored the neural network structure to optimize the use of the processor’s cache and enable vectorized instructions for optimal performance. The table of time-varying control targets is also compiled into the binary for ease of deployment. In future work, targets could easily be supplied at runtime to dynamically adjust the behaviour of the control policy. We then test all compiled policies in an automated, extensive benchmark before deployment to ensure that timings are met consistently. ### Post-experiment analysis The plasma shape and position are not directly observed and need to be inferred from the available magnetic measurements. This is done with magnetic-equilibrium reconstruction, which solves an inverse problem to find the plasma-current distribution that respects the force balance (Grad–Shafranov equation) and best matches the given experimental magnetic measurements at a specific time in a least-squares sense. In a conventional magnetic control design, a real-time-capable magnetic-equilibrium reconstruction is needed as a plasma-shape observer to close the shape-control feedback loop (shown as the ‘Plasma shape’ observer in Fig. 1f). In our approach, instead, we only make use of equilibrium reconstruction with LIUQE code10 during post-discharge analysis to validate the plasma-shape controller performances and compute the physical initial conditions for the simulation during training. After running the experiment, we use this equilibrium-reconstruction code to obtain an estimate of the plasma state and magnetic flux field. Using this approach is consistent with previous literature for evaluating performance9,10. The plasma boundary is defined by the last closed-flux surface (LCFS) in the domain. We extract the LCFS as 32 equiangular points around the plasma axis and then canonicalize with splines to 128 equidistant points. The error distance is computed using the shortest distance between each of the points that defined the target shape and the polygon defined by the 128 points on the LCFS. The shape RMSE is computed across these 32 error distances over all time steps in the time range of interest. Errors on scalar quantities, such as Ip or elongation, are computed from the error between the reference and the respective estimation from the equilibrium reconstruction over the time period of interest. The estimate of the growth rate of the vertical displacement instability6 is computed from a spectral decomposition of the linearized system of equations of the simulator around the reconstructed equilibrium. ### Comparison with previous work In recent years, advanced control techniques have been applied to magnetic confinement control. De Tommasi et al.44 describe a model-based control approach for plasma-position control using a linear model and a cascaded feedback-control structure. Gerkšič and De Tommasi45 propose a model predictive control approach, demonstrating linear model predictive control for plasma position and shape control in simulation, including a feasibility estimate for hardware deployment. Boncagni et al.46 have proposed a switching controller, improving on plasma-current tracking on hardware but without demonstrating further capabilities. There has been other previous work in which RL has learned on plasma models, for example, to control the safety factor47 or to control the ion-temperature gradient48. Recently, Seo et al.49 have developed feedforward signals for beta control using RL, which have then been verified on the KSTAR tokamak. More generally, machine-learning-based approaches are being developed for magnetic-confinement control and fusion in general, not limited to control. A survey of this area is provided by Humphreys et al.14, who categorized approaches into seven Priority Research Opportunities, including accelerating science, diagnostics, model extraction, control, large data, prediction and platform development. Early use of neural networks in a control loop for plasma control is presented by Bishop et al.15, who used a small-scale neural network to estimate the plasma position and low-dimensional shape parameters, which were subsequently used as error signals for feedback control. Our architecture constitutes an important step forward in terms of generality, in which a single framework is used to solve a broad variety of fusion-control challenges, satisfying several of the key promises of machine learning and artificial intelligence for fusion set out in ref. 14. ### Application to alternative tokamaks Our approach has been successfully demonstrated on TCV, and we are confident that, with a few basic modifications, our approach is directly applicable to other tokamaks that meet some assumptions and technical requirements laid out below. All present-day tokamaks have been confirmed to respect, from the magnetic control point of view, the coupled equations solved by free-boundary simulators. Equilibrium controllers have routinely been designed on the basis of these models, and — for future tokamaks — there is no reason as of yet to believe this model will no longer be valid. Naturally, we cannot predict the performance of our approach on other kinds of devices. To simulate a different device, the free-boundary simulator parameters will need to be set appropriately. This includes the machine description with the locations and electrical properties of coils, vessel and limiter, the actuator and sensor characteristics, such as current and voltage ranges, noise and delay. Operational conditions such as the expected range of variation of profile parameters also need to be determined. Finally, rewards and targets need to be updated to match the geometry and desired shapes. The aforementioned characteristics should be readily available, as these are typically part of the design process for a given tokamak. Indeed, Grad–Shafranov equilibrium calculations are routinely carried out for the general design and analysis of a new tokamak, and these include all required parameters. These variations in vessel geometry and the number, placement and range of sensors and coils should not require changes to the learning algorithm beyond adjusting design bounds. The learning algorithm will automatically adjust input and output layer dimensions for the neural network and will automatically learn a policy suited to the new vessel and control system. Further considerations are required for deployment. Our approach requires a centralized control system with sufficient computational power to evaluate a neural network at the desired control frequency, although a desktop-grade CPU is sufficient to meet this requirement. Also, an existing magnetic controller is needed to perform plasma breakdown and early ramp-up before handing over to the learned controller. Although our controllers are trained to avoid terminations in simulation corresponding to disruption criteria, they are not guaranteed to avoid plasma disruptions. Hence, if the target tokamak cannot tolerate certain kinds of disruptions, a machine-protection layer such as a simpler fallback controller or interlock system should be in place during experiments. ## Data availability TCV experimental data from the images in this paper are available in the Supplementary information. Source data are provided with this paper. ## Code availability The learning algorithm used in the actor-critic RL method is MPO23, a reference implementation of which is available under an open-source license41. Additionally, the software libraries launchpad50, dm_env51, sonnet52, tensorflow53 and reverb40 were used, which are also available as open source. The code to compute the control targets, rewards and terminations is available in the Supplementary information. FGE and LIUQE are available subject to license agreement from the Swiss Plasma Center at EPFL (Antoine Merle antoine.merle@epfl.ch, Federico Felici federico.felici@epfl.ch). ## References 1. Hofmann, F. et al. Creation and control of variably shaped plasmas in TCV. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 36, B277 (1994). 2. Coda, S. et al. Physics research on the TCV tokamak facility: from conventional to alternative scenarios and beyond. Nucl. Fusion 59, 112023 (2019). 3. Anand, H., Coda, S., Felici, F., Galperti, C. & Moret, J.-M. A novel plasma position and shape controller for advanced configuration development on the TCV tokamak. Nucl. Fusion 57, 126026 (2017). 4. Mele, A. et al. MIMO shape control at the EAST tokamak: simulations and experiments. Fusion Eng. Des. 146, 1282–1285 (2019). 5. Anand, H. et al. Plasma flux expansion control on the DIII-D tokamak. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 63, 015006 (2020). 6. De Tommasi, G. Plasma magnetic control in tokamak devices. J. Fusion Energy 38, 406–436 (2019). 7. Walker, M. L. & Humphreys, D. A. Valid coordinate systems for linearized plasma shape response models in tokamaks. Fusion Sci. Technol. 50, 473–489 (2006). 8. Blum, J., Heumann, H., Nardon, E. & Song, X. Automating the design of tokamak experiment scenarios. J. Comput. Phys. 394, 594–614 (2019). 9. Ferron, J. R. et al. Real time equilibrium reconstruction for tokamak discharge control. Nucl. Fusion 38, 1055 (1998). 10. Moret, J.-M. et al. Tokamak equilibrium reconstruction code LIUQE and its real time implementation. Fusion Eng. Des. 91, 1–15 (2015). 11. Xie, Z., Berseth, G., Clary, P., Hurst, J. & van de Panne, M. Feedback control for Cassie with deep reinforcement learning. In 2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 1241–1246 (IEEE, 2018). 12. Akkaya, I. et al. Solving Rubik’s cube with a robot hand. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07113 (2019). 13. Bellemare, M. G. et al. Autonomous navigation of stratospheric balloons using reinforcement learning. Nature 588, 77–82 (2020). 14. Humphreys, D. et al. Advancing fusion with machine learning research needs workshop report. J. Fusion Energy 39, 123–155 (2020). 15. Bishop, C. M., Haynes, P. S., Smith, M. E., Todd, T. N. & Trotman, D. L. Real time control of a tokamak plasma using neural networks. Neural Comput. 7, 206–217 (1995). 16. Joung, S. et al. Deep neural network Grad-Shafranov solver constrained with measured magnetic signals. Nucl. Fusion 60, 16034 (2019). 17. van de Plassche, K. L. et al. Fast modeling of turbulent transport in fusion plasmas using neural networks. Phys. Plasmas 27, 022310 (2020). 18. Abbate, J., Conlin, R. & Kolemen, E. Data-driven profile prediction for DIII-D. Nucl. Fusion 61, 046027 (2021). 19. Kates-Harbeck, J., Svyatkovskiy, A. & Tang, W. Predicting disruptive instabilities in controlled fusion plasmas through deep learning. Nature 568, 526–531 (2019). 20. Jardin, S. Computational Methods in Plasma Physics (CRC Press, 2010). 21. Grad, H. & Rubin, H. Hydromagnetic equilibria and force-free fields. J. Nucl. Energy (1954) 7, 284–285 (1958). 22. Carpanese, F. Development of Free-boundary Equilibrium and Transport Solvers for Simulation and Real-time Interpretation of Tokamak Experiments. PhD thesis, EPFL (2021). 23. Abdolmaleki, A. et al. Relative entropy regularized policy iteration. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02256 (2018). 24. Paley, J. I., Coda, S., Duval, B., Felici, F. & Moret, J.-M. Architecture and commissioning of the TCV distributed feedback control system. In 2010 17th IEEE-NPSS Real Time Conference 1–6 (IEEE, 2010). 25. Freidberg, J. P. Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008). 26. Hommen, G. D. et al. Real-time optical plasma boundary reconstruction for plasma position control at the TCV Tokamak. Nucl. Fusion 54, 073018 (2014). 27. Austin, M. E. et al. Achievement of reactor-relevant performance in negative triangularity shape in the DIII-D tokamak. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 115001 (2019). 28. Kolemen, E. et al. Initial development of the DIII–D snowflake divertor control. Nucl. Fusion 58, 066007 (2018). 29. Anand, H. et al. Real time magnetic control of the snowflake plasma configuration in the TCV tokamak. Nucl. Fusion 59, 126032 (2019). 30. Wigbers, M. & Riedmiller, M. A new method for the analysis of neural reference model control. In Proc. International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN’97) Vol. 2, 739–743 (IEEE, 1997). 31. Berkenkamp, F., Turchetta, M., Schoellig, A. & Krause, A. Safe model-based reinforcement learning with stability guarantees. In 2017 Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 908–919 (ACM, 2017). 32. Wabersich, K. P., Hewing, L., Carron, A. & Zeilinger, M. N. Probabilistic model predictive safety certification for learning-based control. IEEE Tran. Automat. Control 67, 176–188 (2021). 33. Abdolmaleki, A. et al. On multi-objective policy optimization as a tool for reinforcement learning. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08199 (2021). 34. Coda, S. et al. Overview of the TCV tokamak program: scientific progress and facility upgrades. Nucl. Fusion 57, 102011 (2017). 35. Karpushov, A. N. et al. Neutral beam heating on the TCV tokamak. Fusion Eng. Des. 123, 468–472 (2017). 36. Lister, J. B. et al. Plasma equilibrium response modelling and validation on JT-60U. Nucl. Fusion 42, 708 (2002). 37. Lister, J. B. et al. The control of tokamak configuration variable plasmas. Fusion Technol. 32, 321–373 (1997). 38. Ulyanov, D., Vedaldi, A. & Lempitsky, V. Instance normalization: the missing ingredient for fast stylization. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.08022 (2016). 39. Andrychowicz, M. et al. What matters in on-policy reinforcement learning? A large-scale empirical study. In ICLR 2021 Ninth International Conference on Learning Representations (2021). 40. Cassirer, A. et al. Reverb: a framework for experience replay. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.04736 (2021). 41. Hoffman, M. et al. Acme: a research framework for distributed reinforcement learning. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00979 (2020). 42. Hofmann, F. FBT-a free-boundary tokamak equilibrium code for highly elongated and shaped plasmas. Comput. Phys. Commun. 48, 207–221 (1988). 43. Abadi, M. et al. TensorFlow: a system for large-scale machine learning. In Proc. 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI ’16) 265–283 (2016). 44. De Tommasi, G. et al. Model-based plasma vertical stabilization and position control at EAST. Fusion Eng. Des. 129, 152–157 (2018). 45. Gerkšič, S. & De Tommasi, G. ITER plasma current and shape control using MPC. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA) 599–604 (IEEE, 2016). 46. Boncagni, L. et al. Performance-based controller switching: an application to plasma current control at FTU. In 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) 2319–2324 (IEEE, 2015). 47. Wakatsuki, T., Suzuki, T., Hayashi, N., Oyama, N. & Ide, S. Safety factor profile control with reduced central solenoid flux consumption during plasma current ramp-up phase using a reinforcement learning technique. Nucl. Fusion 59, 066022 (2019). 48. Wakatsuki, T., Suzuki, T., Oyama, N. & Hayashi, N. Ion temperature gradient control using reinforcement learning technique. Nucl. Fusion 61, 046036 (2021). 49. Seo, J. et al. Feedforward beta control in the KSTAR tokamak by deep reinforcement learning. Nucl. Fusion 61, 106010 (2021). 50. Yang, F. et al. Launchpad: a programming model for distributed machine learning research. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.04516 (2021). 51. Muldal, A. et al. dm_env: a Python interface for reinforcement learning environments. http://github.com/deepmind/dm_env (2019). 52. Reynolds, M. et al. Sonnet: TensorFlow-based neural network library. http://github.com/deepmind/sonnet (2017). 53. Martín A. et al. TensorFlow: large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems. Software available from https://www.tensorflow.org/ 2015. 54. Hender, T. C. et al. Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions. Nucl. Fusion 47, S128–S202 (2007). ## Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the work and support of the TCV team (see the author list of Coda et al.2) in enabling these experimental results. We thank C. Wüthrich and Y. Andrebe for support with the diagnostics. We thank C. Jones and E. Smith for strategic help and inspiration at the start of the project. We thank R. Ahamed, P. Komarek, V. Panneershelvam and F. Song for their support in the preparation and during this research. This work was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation. ## Author information Authors ### Contributions B.T., F.C., F.F., J.B., J.D., M.N., M.R., R.H. and T.E. contributed equally. D.P., F.F., J.B., J.D., M.R. and R.H. conceived the project. A.H., B.T., F.F., J.B., J.D., L.F., M.N. and M.R. led the project. A.M., B.T., C.D., C.S., F.C., F.F., F.P., J.B., J.-M.M., M.N. and O.S. developed the physics simulations. B.T., C.D., D.C., F.F., J.D., J. Kay, M.N., M.T. and T.E. integrated the physics simulations with the learning framework. A.A., B.T., J.D., J. Keeling, R.H. and T.E. developed the learning framework and performed learning experiments. C.G., D.C., F.F., J.B., J.D., M.N., S.N. and T.E. developed the real-time neural network interface. C.G., F.C., F.F., J.D. and S.C. integrated the real-time neural network with the control system and ran tokamak experiments. C.D., D.C., F.C., F.F., J.B., J. Keeling, M.N. and T.E. developed data-curation tools. B.T., C.G., F.C., F.F., J.B., J. Keeling, M.N., R.H. and T.E. developed and ran the data analysis. A.F., B.D., D.H., S.C., K.K. and P.K. consulted for the project. B.T., F.C., F.F., J.B., J.D., M.N., M.R., R.H. and T.E. wrote the manuscript. ### Corresponding authors Correspondence to Federico Felici, Jonas Buchli or Brendan Tracey. ## Ethics declarations ### Competing interests B.T., F.C., F.F., J.B., J.D., M.N., R.H. and T.E. have filed a provisional patent application about the contents of this manuscript. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. ## Peer review ### Peer review information Nature thanks Takuma Wakatsuki and the other, anonymous, reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ## Extended data figures and tables ### Extended Data Fig. 1 Pictures and illustration of the TCV. a, b Photographs showing the part of the TCV inside the bioshield. c CAD drawing of the vessel and coils of the TCV. d View inside the TCV (Alain Herzog/EPFL), showing the limiter tiling, baffles and central column. ### Extended Data Fig. 2 A larger overview of the shots in Fig. 3. We plotted the reconstructed values for the normalized pressure βp and safety factor qA, along with the range of domain randomization these variables saw during training (in green), which can be found in Extended Data Table 2. We also plot the growth rate, γ, and the plasma current, Ip, along with the associated target value. Where relevant, we plot the elongation κ, the neutral beam heating, the triangularity δ and the vertical position of the bottom X-point ZX and its target. ### Extended Data Fig. 3 Control variability. To illustrate the variability of the performance that our deterministic controller achieves on the environment, we have plotted the trajectories of one policy that was used twice on the plant: in shot 70599 (in blue) and shot 70600 (in orange). The dotted line shows where the cross sections of the vessel are illustrated. The trajectories are shown from the handover at 0.0872 s until 0.65 s after the breakdown, after which, on shot 70600, the neutral beam heating was turned on and the two shots diverge. The green line shows the RMSE distance between the LCFS in the two experiments, providing a direct measure of the shape similarity between the two shots. This illustrates the repeatability of experiments both in shape parameters such as elongation κ and triangularity δ and in the error achieved with respect to the targets in plasma current Ip and the shape of the last closed-flux surface. ### Extended Data Fig. 4 Further observations. a, When asked to stabilize the plasma without further specifications, the agent creates a round shape. The agent is in control from t = 0.45 and changes the shape while trying to attain Ra and Za targets. This discovered behaviour is indeed a good solution, as this round plasma is intrinsically stable with a growth rate γ < 0. b, When not given a reward to have similar current on both ohmic coils, the algorithm tended to use the E coils to obtain the same effect as the OH001 coil. This is indeed possible, as can be seen by the coil positions in Fig. 1g, but causes electromagnetic forces on the machine structures. Therefore, in later shots, a reward was added to keep the current in both ohmic coils close together. c, Voltage requests by the policy to avoid the E3 coil from sticking when crossing 0 A. As can be seen in, for example, Extended Data Fig. 4b, the currents can get stuck on 0 A for low voltage requests, a consequence of how these requests are handled by the power system. As this behaviour was hard to model, we introduced a reward to keep the coil currents away from 0 A. The control policy produces a high voltage request to move through this region quickly. d, An illustration of the difference in cross sections between two different shots, in which the only difference is that the policy on the right was trained with a further reward for avoiding X-points in vacuum. ### Extended Data Fig. 5 Training progress. Episodic reward for the deterministic policy smoothed across 20 episodes with parameter variations enabled, in which 100 means that all objectives are perfectly met. a comparison of the learning curve for the capability benchmark (as shown in Fig. 2) using our asymmetric actor-critic versus a symmetric actor-critic, in which the critic is using the same real-time-capable feedforward network as the actor. In blue is the performance with the default critic of 718,337 parameters. In orange, we show the symmetric version, in which the critic has the same feedforward structure and size (266,497 parameters) as the policy (266,280 parameters). When we keep the feedforward structure of the symmetric critic and scale up the critic, we find that widening its width to 512 units (in green, 926,209 parameters) or even 1,024 units (in red, 3,425,281 parameters) does not bridge the performance gap with the smaller recurrent critic. b comparison between using various amounts of actors for stabilizing a mildly elongated plasma. Although the policies in this paper were trained with 5,000 actors, this comparison shows that, at least for simpler cases, the same level of performance can be achieved with much lower computational resources. ## Supplementary information ### Supplementary Information This file contains an overview of the files located in the accompanying zipped Supplementary Data folder. ## Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions Degrave, J., Felici, F., Buchli, J. et al. Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 602, 414–419 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9 • Accepted: • Published: • Issue Date: • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9 • ### Machine learning helps control tokamak plasmas • Iulia Georgescu Nature Reviews Physics (2022) • ### Major Breakthrough in Nuclear Fusion Reactor Technology • Kavila Indulekha Resonance (2022) By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6171662211418152, "perplexity": 2031.518143604486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00631.warc.gz"}
http://www.ams.org/cgi-bin/bookstore/booksearch?fn=100&pg1=CN&s1=Gallardo-Gutierrez_Eva_A&arg9=Eva_A._Gallardo-Guti%E9rrez	New Titles \| FAQ \| Keep Informed \| Review Cart \| Contact Us Quick Search (Advanced Search ) Browse by Subject General Interest Logic & Foundations Number Theory Algebra & Algebraic Geometry Discrete Math & Combinatorics Analysis Differential Equations Geometry & Topology Probability & Statistics Applications Mathematical Physics Math Education The Role of the Spectrum in the Cyclic Behavior of Composition Operators Eva A. Gallardo-Gutiérrez, University of Zaragoza, Spain, and Alfonso Montes-Rodríguez, University of Seville, Spain SEARCH THIS BOOK: Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 2004; 81 pp; softcover Volume: 167 ISBN-10: 0-8218-3432-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-8218-3432-9 List Price: US$57 Individual Members: US$34.20 Institutional Members: US\$45.60 Order Code: MEMO/167/791 A bounded operator $$T$$ acting on a Hilbert space $$\mathcal H$$ is called cyclic if there is a vector $$x$$ such that the linear span of the orbit $$\{T^n x : n \geq 0 \}$$ is dense in $$\mathcal H$$. If the scalar multiples of the orbit are dense, then $$T$$ is called supercyclic. Finally, if the orbit itself is dense, then $$T$$ is called hypercyclic. We completely characterize the cyclicity, the supercyclicity and the hypercyclicity of scalar multiples of composition operators, whose symbols are linear fractional maps, acting on weighted Dirichlet spaces. Particular instances of these spaces are the Bergman space, the Hardy space, and the Dirichlet space. Thus, we complete earlier work on cyclicity of linear fractional composition operators on these spaces. In this way, we find exactly the spaces in which these composition operators fail to be cyclic, supercyclic or hypercyclic. Consequently, we answer some open questions posed by Zorboska. In almost all the cases, the cut-off of cyclicity, supercyclicity or hypercyclicity of scalar multiples is determined by the spectrum. We will find that the Dirichlet space plays a critical role in the cut-off. Graduate students and research mathematicians interested in operator theory.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7789678573608398, "perplexity": 1189.8242926770326}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775221.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00028-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14661028?dopt=Abstract	Format Choose Destination Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Jan;22(1):53-4. Epub 2003 Dec 7. # Recurrent gain of chromosomes 17q and 12 in cultured human embryonic stem cells. ### Author information 1 Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. ### Abstract We have observed karyotypic changes involving the gain of chromosome 17q in three independent human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines on five independent occasions. A gain of chromosome 12 was seen occasionally. This implies that increased dosage of chromosome 17q and 12 gene(s) provides a selective advantage for the propagation of undifferentiated hES cells. These observations are instructive for the future application of hES cells in transplantation therapies in which the use of aneuploid cells could be detrimental. PMID: 14661028 DOI: 10.1038/nbt922 [Indexed for MEDLINE]	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8157944083213806, "perplexity": 20818.97512946742}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00189.warc.gz"}
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/physics/physics-for-scientists-and-engineers-a-strategic-approach-with-modern-physics-3rd-edition/chapter-10-energy-exercises-and-problems-page-273/40	Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics (3rd Edition) When there are two springs, the block's speed is $1.4~v_0$ When there is one spring, the kinetic energy of the block when it leaves the spring is equal to the initial energy stored in the spring. When there are two springs, the kinetic energy of the block when it leaves the springs is equal to the sum of the initial energy stored in each spring. The block's kinetic energy in this case will be double the block's kinetic energy when there was just one spring. We can find the speed of the block when there are two springs. $KE_2 = 2KE_1$ $\frac{1}{2}mv_2^2 = 2~(\frac{1}{2}mv_0^2)$ $v_2^2 = 2~v_0^2$ $v_2 = \sqrt{2~v_0^2}$ $v_2 = 1.4~v_0$ When there are two springs, the block's speed is $1.4~v_0$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9753195643424988, "perplexity": 150.49582206730545}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948126.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426105552-20180426125552-00264.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/news/scientists-expect-slightly-below-average-chesapeake-bay-%E2%80%99dead-zone%E2%80%99-summer	# Scientists Expect Slightly Below Average Chesapeake Bay ’Dead Zone’ this Summer Release Date: Scientists are expecting that this year’s Chesapeake Bay hypoxic low-oxygen zone, also called the “dead zone,” will be approximately 1.37 cubic miles – about the volume of 2.3 million Olympic-size swimming pools. While still large, this is 10 percent lower than the long-term average as measured since 1950.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8631792068481445, "perplexity": 11560.851086104833}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371883359.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410012405-20200410042905-00460.warc.gz"}
https://pure.pucv.cl/en/publications/l-moments-of-the-birnbaumsaunders-distribution-and-its-extreme-va	# L-moments of the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution and its extreme value version: estimation, goodness of fit and application to earthquake data Camilo Lillo, Víctor Leiva, Orietta Nicolis, Robert G. Aykroyd Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review 21 Scopus citations ## Abstract Understanding patterns in the frequency of extreme natural events, such as earthquakes, is important as it helps in the prediction of their future occurrence and hence provides better civil protection. Distributions describing these events are known to be heavy tailed and positive skew making standard distributions unsuitable for modelling the frequency of such events. The Birnbaum–Saunders distribution and its extreme value version have been widely studied and applied due to their attractive properties. We derive L-moment equations for these distributions and propose novel methods for parameter estimation, goodness-of-fit assessment and model selection. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the L-moment estimators, which is compared to that of the maximum likelihood estimators, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed methods. To illustrate these methods in a practical application, a data analysis of real-world earthquake magnitudes, obtained from the global centroid moment tensor catalogue during 1962–2015, is carried out. This application identifies the extreme value Birnbaum–Saunders distribution as a better model than classic extreme value distributions for describing seismic events. Original language English 187-209 23 Journal of Applied Statistics 45 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2016.1269729 Published - 25 Jan 2018 Yes ## Keywords • GCMT catalogue • Generalized extreme value distributions • Monte Carlo simulation • R software • goodness-of-fit methods • maximum likelihood and moment estimation ## Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'L-moments of the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution and its extreme value version: estimation, goodness of fit and application to earthquake data'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8394076228141785, "perplexity": 2466.7254245601653}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500356.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206145603-20230206175603-00261.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/115005-triangle-optimization.html	1. ## Triangle optimization An isoceles triangle has its vertex at the origin and its base parallel to the x-axis with the vertices above the axis on the curve y = -x^2 + 27. What is the largest area the triangle can have? I know what the picture looks like, but that's about it.. 2. We may use the triangle area formula $A=\frac{1}{2}bh=\frac{1}{2}\cdot 2x\cdot (27-x^2)\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; 0\le x\le 3\sqrt{3}$ together with the symmetry of the graph of $y=27-x^2$.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3547109365463257, "perplexity": 181.8411059023984}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982976866.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200936-00198-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://mersenneforum.org/showthread.php?s=652f10e21fcacf2e4d8bba9010c1b3a0&p=185020	Register FAQ Search Today's Posts Mark Forums Read 2009-08-11, 14:47 #221 pschoefer Jan 2007 .de 2·32 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by Ken_g6 I was wondering when someone would ask about Windows. I'll look at making a 32-bit Windows .exe tomorrow. But I don't have a 64-bit Windows. Is there a gcc for 32-bit Windows or 32 or 64-bit Linux that will compile a 64-bit Windows binary? Or does someone want to compile it for me? There's MinGW-w64 for Windows and Linux. I have it running on a Win64 host, so I could try to compile it, too. 2009-08-11, 16:19 #222 biwema Mar 2004 1011111012 Posts I see you intend to sieve 20000 n parallel, but only upt to 10000000. (a total range of 200G). According to this thred this would take 20000 times as long as one individual n. Did you (or the sieving tool) taks this property into consideration: Group for example 10 .. 20 n together by moving the exponent to the mantissa. For example: mantissa exponent 1000001 480000 1000001 480001 1000001 480002 ... 1000001 480015 1000001 480016 convert to: 1000001 480000 2000002 480000 4000004 480000 8000008 480000 ... 32768032768 480000 65536065536 480000 In that case you need to sieve up to 20 times less N, depending how large the mantissa can be. So the sieving is onlz 1000 times slower instead of 20000 times. Sieving would neither take longer nor take more memory in case you use hashtables (recommended anyway because of the large ranges) Of course, for LLR you can convert back the candidtes that you can still benefit of small mantissa. 2009-08-11, 16:35 #223 kar_bon Mar 2006 Germany 2×1,433 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by biwema Of course, for LLR you can convert back the candidtes that you can still benefit of small mantissa. no need for that, LLR will reduce automatically from 655360655362^480000-1 to 10000012^480016-1! Attached Thumbnails Last fiddled with by kar_bon on 2009-08-11 at 16:40 2009-08-11, 20:43 #224 Ken_g6 Jan 2005 Caught in a sieve 5×79 Posts OK, it's time for the good, the bad, and the ugly! First, the slightly bad news: I haven't figured out how to compile a 64-bit Windows version. Anyone's welcome to try; but I don't know if Geoff would prefer to do it himself? Second, the really good news, for 32-bit users on processors with SSE2. I made an SSE2-enabled 32-bit app that's about 75% as fast as the 64-bit app, for many-N sieves. That's about three times as fast as the regular 32-bit app! (I haven't checked which is faster for single-N sieves; but there shouldn't be much difference.) My zipfile now includes both 32-bit versions for both Windows and Linux, and a 64-bit Linux version. Finally, the ugly - which is what coding biwema's suggestion would be. Right now, checking the second N is about 60-80 times as fast as the first N, because all one has to do is divide the result for the first N by 2 (mod P). This takes two short lines of code. To do what biwema suggests would first require checking whether even K's between kmax and, say, 65536*kmax, have enough 0's on the right that shifting right would put the K between kmin and kmax. This is unlikely, so it would probably require counting the 0's individually. This is pretty much as slow as doing the above divide, unless there's a processor-specific instruction to count right 0's (there may be in SSE4 or something.) Even assuming you get that working quickly, you still have to divide by 2^16 (mod P). Of course the way to do this is to multiply by 2^-16 (mod P). I'm sure this would never be faster than the new SSE2 code in 32 bits, and it's not all that fast even with 64 bits. - Edit: strike that, that's a multiply, not an exponentiation. It's still slow, but not that slow. Still, I'm not planning to try this soon. But if anyone's willing to try it, please, be my guest. Last fiddled with by Ken_g6 on 2009-08-11 at 21:14 2009-08-11, 21:00 #225 axn Jun 2003 3·5·17·19 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by Ken_g6 Second, the really good news, for 32-bit users on processors with SSE2. I made an SSE2-enabled 32-bit app that's about 75% as fast as the 64-bit app, for many-N sieves. That's about three times as fast as the regular 32-bit app! (I haven't checked which is faster for single-N sieves; but there shouldn't be much difference.) My zipfile now includes both 32-bit versions for both Windows and Linux, and a 64-bit Linux version. Yay I am testing this one as soon as I get back from work. Quote: Originally Posted by Ken_g6 Finally, the ugly - which is what coding biwema's suggestion would be. Biwema assumed that sieving 20000n in parallel is 20000x slower. But we know that that is not true. So the evaluation needs to be adjusted accordingly. 2009-08-11, 21:27 #226 pschoefer Jan 2007 .de 2·32 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by Ken_g6 First, the slightly bad news: I haven't figured out how to compile a 64-bit Windows version. Anyone's welcome to try; but I don't know if Geoff would prefer to do it himself? I think I got it. It's running very fast (more than twice as fast as the 0.2.3 I used before) and finding the same factors, so I think it's OK, although I got those warnings: Code: gcc -Wall -O3 -DNDEBUG -D_REENTRANT -m64 -I. -I.. -s -o tpsieve-x86_64-windows.exe ..\main.c ..\sieve.c ..\clock.c ..\util.c app.c -lm -lpthread ..\main.c:529: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size ..\main.c:653: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size ..\main.c: In function 'main': ..\main.c:755: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size 2009-08-11, 21:35 #227 Skligmund Dec 2006 Anchorage, Alaska 4E16 Posts I'm not savvy with the tpseive as of yet (never even used it), but which is quickest? I would assume linux x64 is faster than win32? 2009-08-11, 22:07 #228 Mini-Geek Account Deleted "Tim Sorbera" Aug 2006 San Antonio, TX USA 17×251 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by Ken_g6 Second, the really good news, for 32-bit users on processors with SSE2. I made an SSE2-enabled 32-bit app that's about 75% as fast as the 64-bit app, for many-N sieves. That's about three times as fast as the regular 32-bit app! (I haven't checked which is faster for single-N sieves; but there shouldn't be much difference.) My zipfile now includes both 32-bit versions for both Windows and Linux, and a 64-bit Linux version. So the 32-bit version was only 25% the speed of the 64-bit version? (from: "75% as fast as the 64-bit app" and "three times as fast as the regular 32-bit app") I thought 32-bit versions of math programs, in general, were at worst 50% the speed of the 64-bit versions? 2009-08-11, 23:28 #229 Ken_g6 Jan 2005 Caught in a sieve 18B16 Posts pschoefer: I get those warnings every time too, compiling for 64-bit Linux. It doesn't seem to be a problem. You can expect to find the same factors, but occasionally they'll be in a different order. Skligmund: Linux vs. Windows shouldn't matter. (In theory, that is; no guarantees.) x64 > SSE2 > 32 bit. Quote: Originally Posted by Mini-Geek So the 32-bit version was only 25% the speed of the 64-bit version? (from: "75% as fast as the 64-bit app" and "three times as fast as the regular 32-bit app") I thought 32-bit versions of math programs, in general, were at worst 50% the speed of the 64-bit versions? That's the way it is. I don't think there's really a hard and fast rule. Maybe that only applies to 32-bit apps with SSE2? 2009-08-12, 00:41 #230 axn Jun 2003 3·5·17·19 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by axn Yay I am testing this one as soon as I get back from work. Something's wrong :surprised I'm getting 7 times the speed from the 0.2.3 client!!! (190k to 1.3M) 2009-08-12, 01:02 #231 Mini-Geek Account Deleted "Tim Sorbera" Aug 2006 San Antonio, TX USA 17·251 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by axn Something's wrong :surprised I'm getting 7 times the speed from the 0.2.3 client!!! (190k to 1.3M) I'm getting an extreme speedup too: 2.481 MPsec up from something like 300 KPsec (this is both cores of my Athlon), which is around 8 times faster! However, this isn't quite comparable, since I was sieving 10G-15G, and am now sieving 55G-80G. (and if it matters, n=485k-490k now instead of 480k-485k) Anyone know what sort of speed up I should expect based on that alone and how much is based on the SSE2 speed up? I'm certainly not complaining, just wanted to check that nothing's going wrong. Similar Threads Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post Lennart Conjectures 'R Us 31 2014-09-14 15:14 philmoore Five or Bust - The Dual Sierpinski Problem 66 2010-02-10 14:34 ltd Prime Sierpinski Project 76 2008-07-25 11:44 ltd Prime Sierpinski Project 26 2005-11-01 07:45 R.D. Silverman Factoring 7 2005-09-30 12:57 All times are UTC. The time now is 22:55. Sat Jan 23 22:55:23 UTC 2021 up 51 days, 19:06, 1 user, load averages: 1.49, 1.60, 1.64	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.48685896396636963, "perplexity": 3575.0917941100743}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538741.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123222657-20210124012657-00535.warc.gz"}
http://medalplus.com/?tag=hash	# Codeforces Round#274 Div.2 ## A. Expression Petya studies in a school and he adores Maths. His class has been studying arithmetic expressions. On the last class the teacher wrote three positive integers a, b, c on the blackboard. The task was to insert signs of operations '+' and '', and probably brackets between the numbers so that the value of the resulting expression is as large as possible. Let's consider an example: assume that the teacher wrote numbers 1, 2 and 3 on the blackboard. Here are some ways of placing signs and brackets: • 1+23=7 • 1(2+3)=5 • 123=6 • (1+2)3=9 Note that you can insert operation signs only between a and b, and between b and c, that is, you cannot swap integers. For instance, in the given sample you cannot get expression (1+3)*2. It's easy to see that the maximum value that you can obtain is 9. Your task is: given a, b and c print the maximum value that you can get. 继续阅读 # [Codeforces 113B] Petr ## Description Long ago, when Petya was a schoolboy, he was very much interested in the Petr# language grammar. During one lesson Petya got interested in the following question: how many different continuous substrings starting with the sbegin and ending with the send (it is possible sbegin = send), the given string t has. Substrings are different if and only if their contents aren't equal, their positions of occurence don't matter. Petya wasn't quite good at math, that's why he couldn't count this number. Help him!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8210991621017456, "perplexity": 819.5809109402168}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947421.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424221730-20180425001730-00116.warc.gz"}
http://somesaba.github.io/posts/robot-foosball-pt2-mechanics-and-hardware/	# Introduction I need to warn you that I have a very limited set of tools at my disposal. Namely, a drill, a hand saw, pliers, and screw drivers. One day I will build CAD models of my designs and machine them to perfection, but for now, I need to improvise so don’t judge my handy-work! I already had an Arduino Uno from a different project, so to save money, I decided to reuse it for this one. The big decision now was selecting the right servos to control the players. The most important factor for me was speed. After browsing through all the servos at servo city, I selected a few based on their speed and price. To my disappointment I had discovered that many servos (especially the fast ones) were limited to 90 degrees of rotation as opposed to 180. Servo city charges $10 to reprogram the servos for 180 degree rotation, or I can buy a programmer myself. Among the three available programmers priced at$25, $50, and$70, I would only be able to use the latter one because the cheaper ones must be connected to a computer running software that’s only available for Windows. Fortunately, I soon discovered that the rotation limits were only applicable to the digital servos so I selected the Hitec HS-225MG, an analog servo capable of rotating 60 degrees in 110ms and priced at $25. I followed up that purchase with more aluminum from the hardware store and began the fun! # Setup To control the players’ positional movement, I initially thought I’d use a some sort of rack and pinion to transform the servo’s rotational movement to linear movement. After some research, the prices ($50+ each) seemed too high for the size I needed. With some brainstorming, I realized I could accomplish the same thing by simply having an arm extend from the positional servo and attach to the angular servo with a hinge. However, that arm needs to somehow be able to freely change length while remaining rigid in the plane of movement. I drove to the hardware store to see what I could find. I was fortunate enough to find some square aluminum tubing where one size fits perfectly inside another. I cut the tubes to length, drilled the holes for mounting, attached an aluminum L-bracket to the side of foosball table and secured the first servo with its arm. For the angular servo I mounted a small brass hinge onto the servo then I used a single bolt and zip tie to secure the other square tube onto the hinge. Next, I experimented with different ways of attaching the servo to the player rod. First, I tried drilling a hole into the plastic end cap that came with the foosball table. Then attached the end cap onto the servo as I would a regular servo arm. The end cap was secured to the rod with duck tape but that is not shown in the image below. As excepted, this did not work too well. After a few hits the player angles shifted within the end cap and servo neutral was no longer player neutral. Luckily, further experimentation lead to an awesome discovery. The plastic handles that came with the foosball table had a perfectly sized crevice for the circular plastic servo arm. I dissected the plastic handle and mounted the servo to the rod with a screw. It wasn’t long before I constructed the mount for the other player rod, attached the arduino onto the table, and connected all the servos to the bread board. # Control The foosball agent is expected to send servo angle commands to the arduino in 4-byte packets where each byte maps to a particular servo. The arduino simply reads data from the serial port and sets the servo angles. #include <Servo.h> int rowZeroYPositionPin = 3; int rowZeroAnglePin = 5; int rowOneYPositionPin = 6; int rowOneAnglePin = 9; Servo rowZeroYPositionServo; Servo rowZeroAngleServo; Servo rowOneYPositionServo; Servo rowOneAngleServo; int data = 0; void setup(){ //Serial Serial.begin(9600); //Attach Servos rowZeroYPositionServo.attach(rowZeroYPositionPin); rowZeroAngleServo.attach(rowZeroAnglePin); rowOneYPositionServo.attach(rowOneYPositionPin); rowOneAngleServo.attach(rowOneAnglePin); rowZeroYPositionServo.write(90); rowZeroAngleServo.write(90); rowOneYPositionServo.write(90); rowOneAngleServo.write(90); } void loop() { if (Serial.available() >= 1) { rowZeroYPositionServo.write(data); } else if(bytesRead == 1) { rowZeroAngleServo.write(data); } else if(bytesRead == 2) { rowOneYPositionServo.write(data); } else { rowOneAngleServo.write(data); } } } } The angular servos are free to move 0 to 180 degrees, however you may realize the positional servos cannot have such freedom. They are in fact limited to about 45 degrees of motion. I manually determined the specific angles for the start and end points of the positional servos and added these offsets to the output of the java program so that the arduino would perform minimal computation. The java foosball agent has to determine an absolute position it wants the player to be in, but then it has to be converted to the proper servo angle. For instance, if the agent decides it wants the player in row 1 to be in position 0 then I have to eventually convert that to a servo angle. If the range of player positions is [0, 240] and the range of servo positions for row 1 is [65, 110], then I must output 65. These conversion are performed in the USBWriter class which wraps the RxTx Java Library (a library for serial I/O). # Demo The following video will demonstrate how the servos control the players. The MirrorAgent in the demo will match what the opposing player does. public class MirrorAgent extends AbstractFoosballAgent { public void performAction() { if (gameState.getPlayerThatScored() == null) { List<Integer> intendedYPositions = new ArrayList<Integer>(2); List<PlayerAngle> intendedPlayerAngles = new ArrayList<PlayerAngle>(2); }	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.211328387260437, "perplexity": 2325.9835822899927}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00588.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/70415/keep-listings-caption-together-with-listing	# keep listing's caption together with listing I'm using the tips found in here to show a code listing with a caption. Sometimes the caption is put at the end of the page and the listing on the next page. How can I keep them together? - declare it as a float, see documentation of listings – Herbert Sep 6 '12 at 12:10 thanks, easier than I thought – Seagull Sep 6 '12 at 13:41 ## 1 Answer listings provides the means to create a caption using the caption={[<short/LoL caption>]<long caption>} key-value interface: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{listings}% http://ctan.org/pkg/listings \begin{document} \begin{lstlisting}[caption={[My listing]My awesome listing}] for i:=maxint to 0 do begin { do nothing } end; \end{lstlisting} \end{document} For a "captionless" caption, use the title key-value. However, these all parse the listing as-is, allowing for page-breaking where needed and causing a possible break in the (top) caption and subsequent listing. Boxing the entire contents avoids this using the float key is encouraged, since a captioned item should be allowed to move and can be adequately referenced: \begin{lstlisting}[caption={[My listing]My awesome listing},float] -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8145537376403809, "perplexity": 7513.784610721438}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099758.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00004-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/joseph-fourier-1768-1830	Paperback \| \$60.00 Short \| £41.95 \| ISBN: 9780262571784\| March 2003 # Joseph Fourier, 1768-1830 A Survey of His Life and Work ## Overview Beyond being the first substantial publication on Fourier, this work contains the text of Fourier's seminal paper of 1807 on the propagation of heat, marking the first time it has ever appeared in print. This paper incorporates many of the mathematical creations on which Fourier's fame rests, including derivation of the diffusion equation, the separation of the treatment of surface phenomena from internal phenomena, the use of boundary values and initial conditions, and the development of "Fourier series" and the so-called "Bessel functions." When submitted to the examiners of the Institut de France, the originality of the paper and the surprising nature of some of its mathematical revelations caused great controversy, and it was denied publication both in 1807 and in later years. Fourier had the support, among the examiners, of Laplace and Monge, but Lagrange was adamantly in opposition, so that Fourier's work did not appear in print until 1822, reworked into book form. Fourier's mathematical discoveries are intimately related to his interest in the solution of physical problems and their experimental verification. The mathematical methods he developed in connection with heat diffusion apply to physical situations far beyond the boundaries of this area. Generally, Fourier may be credited with one of the first major extensions of mathematical physics beyond the applications of Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation. The opening biographical chapter of this book follows Fourier's career up to the submission of the 1807 paper, and the two closing chapters take up his life and work from that point on. Fourier had strong political motivations and spent much of his life in the public service. These chapters trace his political difficulties, both before and after 1807, when he was the prefect of a department of France and was subjected to the dislocations of Napoleon's ups and downs. These chapters also describe aspects of the turbulent but productive development of French science from the Revolution to 1830. The core of the book presents the paper of 1807 in its original French and with the original notation. Grattan-Guinness has divided the paper into sections by the sequence of the problems taken up, and he introduces and, where necessary, closes each section with commentary relevant to Fourier's later work in these areas. The paper itself follows the chronology of Fourier's discoveries, and among the topics treated are, in this order: heat diffusion between disjoint bodies and in continuous bodies; the appearance of partial differential equations; the special solution for the lamina; sine and cosine series for an arbitrary function; reflections on the vibrating string problem; solution for the annulus; the full Fourier series for an arbitrary function; reflections on n-body analysis; solution for the sphere; solution for the cylinder; steady-state diffusion in the rectangular prism; time-dependent diffusion in the cube; and Fourier's experimental work.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8351737260818481, "perplexity": 1274.311551757487}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010557037/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090917-00020-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://brilliant.org/problems/think-logic-1/	# Think logic 1 If $$\sqrt[3]{abc} = 2$$, where $$a,b,c$$ are distinct positive integers, then what is the value of $$a+b+c$$? ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.88398277759552, "perplexity": 321.1039341039444}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867666.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625111632-20180625131632-00113.warc.gz"}
https://rjlipton.wordpress.com/2009/06/01/some-highlights-from-stoc/	Quick post on first day of STOC 2009 Shafi Goldwasser just won the 2009 ACM Athena Award at STOC. What a great choice, she is one of the leaders in theory and in particular cryptography. Congratulations Shafi. She was introduced, for her talk, by Cynthia Dwork, who gave one best introductions I have ever heard. It was well thought out and well delivered. Shafi’s lecture was on cryptography, of course. She raised a number of problems in the basic models that are used in most crypto-results. In particular, Shafi talked about side-channel attacks. Since modern crypto-systems seem to be hard to break head-on, they are sometimes defeatable by breaking the model. This always reminds me of one of my favorite Far-Side cartoons: The indians are attacking the cowboys, who are in a wooden fort–the kind used in the wild west in the 1880’s. The arrows of the indians are flaming arrows, which are starting the fort to burn. One of the cowboy asks another one, “are they allowed to do that?” Side channel attacks fall into two main types: memory attacks and computation attacks. The first are attacks that use physical means to recover parts of the secret keys; the second are attacks that leak bits as the protocols are executed. Shafi outlined the known results, and presented some new results that show that it may be possible to defend against many types of side channel attacks. I am sure that there will be many more results on this in the future. Some Highlights I have been to a number of talks, and would like to share some initial thoughts on the conference. I also have been Twittering about the talks too–so you can follow me there. The conference is two-way parallel, except for the “big” talks like Shafi’s. Albert Meyer once told me that the advantage of a two-way parallel conference was that when he stayed in the hall to talk to friends, he only missed ${1/2}$ of the conference. I pointed out that, from this point of view, the optimal conference would have all ${n}$ of the papers at once. That way if you stayed in the hall, you would only miss ${1/n}$ of the conference. Albert thought that this was a great idea. One of my early unpublished results. ${\bullet}$ Linda Sellie gave a great talk on a beautiful result on exact learning of DNF. She showed that if a DNF formula was selected from a reasonable random distribution, she could almost always exactly learn it in polynomial time from uniform samples. ${\bullet}$ László Babai gave a terrific talk on the latest results on matrix groups. The short answer is that for such groups over finite fields of odd characteristic he can give tight bounds on the computational cost of the basic questions about such groups. An exciting point he made in his talk is that that group theorists are now getting involved in complexity related results. This is joint work with Robert Beals and Ákos Seress. ${\bullet}$ Swastik Kopparty gave a wonderful talk on dispersers. He made the problem clear, gave us an idea of the solution, and in general gave a very good talk. The results seem extremely interesting and have connections to many other problems in theory, in my opinion. This is joint work with Eli Ben-Sasson. ${\bullet}$ Constantinos Daskalakis gave a clear talk on what he calls “oblivious” strategies for games. The key insight is that many results in this area are oblivious to the structure of the game, and only need to know the strategies. With this restriction he could prove some new upper and lower bounds. A very nice set of results. This is joint work with Christos Papadimitriou. ${\bullet}$ Valentine Kabanets gave a masterful presentation of new results on testing of direct product codes. The great aspect of this work is that there are applications to PCP and other problems. The proofs, while non-trivial, are clearly simpler than previous proofs. At one point he had a diagram on the screen that looked like the famous “flower” lemma from combinatorics. I was sitting next to Alexander Razborov, and I said “that looks familiar”–the flower lemma is key in one of his famous lower bound results. He was puzzled and only after the talk did he get my point. This is joint work with Russell Impagliazzo and Avi Wigderson. ${\bullet}$ Eric Blais gave a property testing talk on Juntas. At the beginning he said that the Junta was size ${k}$ and ${n}$ was the total number of variables. I asked, could ${k}$ be larger than ${n}$? He looked at me like I was out of it. It was a joke: you know, five academics can have ten opinions on anything. Cynthia Dwork told me later, she liked the joke. Oh well. There is a comedy club at the Hyatt, I think I’ll not be trying out there anytime soon. Open Problems I guess the main open problem for me is to get to more talks, and stop writing this post. I plan a normal post that should be out soon.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 13, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5431438684463501, "perplexity": 890.0100171033324}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661905.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00296-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://clinica.run/doc/IO/	# Data handling tools¶ This page describes data handling tools provided by Clinica for BIDS and CAPS compliant datasets. These tools provide easy interaction mechanisms with datasets, including generating subjects list or merging all tabular data into a single TSV for analysis with external statistical software. ## create-subjects-visits - Generate the list all subjects and visits of a given dataset¶ Create a TSV file with two columns (participant_id and session_id) that contains the list of visits for each subject. clinica iotools create-subjects-visits bids_directory out_tsv where: • bids_directory: input folder of a BIDS compliant dataset • out_tsv: output TSV file containing the subjects with their sessions. Here is an example of the file generated by this tool: participant_id session_id sub-01 ses-M00 sub-02 ses-M24 sub-03 ses-M24 ... NB: the format of the participant ID and the session ID follows the BIDS standard. Example: clinica iotools create-subjects-visits /home/ADNI_BIDS/ adni_participants.tsv ## check-missing-modalities - Check missing modalities for each subject¶ Starting from a BIDS compliant dataset, this command creates: 1. One TSV file for each session available with the list of the modalities found for each subject. The name of the files produced will be <prefix>_ses-<session_label>.tsv. 2. One text file containing the number and the percentage of modalities missing for each session. The name of the files produced will be <prefix>_summary.txt. If no value for <prefix> is specified by the user, the default will be missing_mods. clinica iotools check-missing-modalities bids_directory output_directory [-op] where: • bids_directory: input folder of a BIDS compliant dataset • output_directory: output folder • -op / --output_prefix (Optional): prefix used for the name of the output files. If not specified the default value will be missing_mods If, for example, only the session M00 is available and the parameter -op is not specified, the command will create the files: • missing_mods_ses-M00.tsv • missing_mods_summary.txt. The content of missing_mods_ses-M00.tsv will look like: participant_id FLAIR T1w sub-01 1 1 sub-02 1 0 sub-03 1 0 Where the column participant_id contains all the subjects found and the following columns correspond to the list of all the modalities available for the given dataset. The availability is expressed by a boolean value. The nomenclature of the modalities tries to follow, as much as possible, the one proposed by the BIDS standard. Examples: clinica iotools check-missing-modalities /Home/ADNI_BIDS/ /Home/ clinica iotools check-missing-modalities /Home/ADNI_BIDS/ /Home/ -op new_name ## merge-tsv - Gather BIDS and CAPS data into a single TSV file¶ BIDS and CAPS datasets are composed of multiple TSV files for the different subjects and sessions. While this has some advantages, it may not be convenient when performing statistical analyses (with external statistical software for instance). This command merges all the TSV files into a single larger TSV file and can be run with the following command line: clinica iotools merge-tsv bids_directory output_tsv where: • bids_directory is the input folder containing the dataset in a BIDS hierarchy. • output_tsv is the path of the output tsv. If a directory is specified instead of a file name, the default name for the file created will be merge-tsv.tsv. The optional arguments allow the user to also merge data from a CAPS directory, which will be concatenated to the BIDS summary. The main optional arguments are the following: • -caps: input folder of a CAPS compliant dataset If a CAPS folder is given, data generated by the pipelines of CLINICA will be merged to the output file, and a summary file containing the names of the atlases merged will be generated in the same folder. • -tsv: input list of subjects and sessions If an input list of subjects and sessions is given, the merged file will only gather information from the pairs of subjects and sessions specified. Example: clinica iotools merge-tsv /Home/ADNI_BIDS /Home/merge-tsv.tsv -caps /Home/ADNI_CAPS -tsv /Home/list_subjects.tsv The output file will contain one row for each visit: participant_id session_id date_of_birth ... ..._ROI-0 ..._ROI-1 ... sub-01 ses-M00 25/04/41 ... 9.824750 0.023562 sub-01 ses-M18 25/04/41 ... 8.865353 0.012349 sub-02 ses-M00 09/01/91 ... 9.586342 0.027254 ...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2875349521636963, "perplexity": 7647.676087049027}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217901.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820234831-20180821014831-00520.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/122013/search-for-latex-in-pdf/122017	# Search for LaTeX in PDF Is it possible to search for LaTeX characters like \alpha in a PDF file? Perhaps there's some PDF reader that can do that? - Just search for α. If you want to make equations copyable and searchable in PDF see tex.stackexchange.com/a/119718/31416 – giordano Jul 1 '13 at 21:26 @giordano That is a great feature! Are you sure those ActualTexts are searchable as well? (too lazy to test right now) – MHaaZ Jul 1 '13 at 23:21 @MHaaZ yes, I tried before posting ;-) – giordano Jul 2 '13 at 7:41 Of course this only works with single symbols and not if you want to search for bigger parts of formulas (for example something like \frac{\alpha}{8 \times d_{k}^{3.17}}. Still, better than nothing... For me, this works with the PDF Viewer evince to find the small character "α" (\alpha). It works for pretty much every Unicode character you want to look for.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9578243494033813, "perplexity": 3335.009657437896}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00001-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/linear-congruential-generator.430360/	# Linear congruential generator 1. Sep 19, 2010 ### mebigp Linear congruential generator x_n (equivalence) k x_{n-1} (mod 100)where k is some fixed positive integer. Is this a good random number generator (that generates from 0 to 99). for which k is this particularly bad and are are there any k for which this is better than other k? How many such better k are there ? You can not determine the initial seed, x_0. I think any k that is 10,20,30.. gives a 0. 2. Sep 22, 2010 ### Eynstone Select a number coprime with 100.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9446403980255127, "perplexity": 2996.4016883988315}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864191.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621153153-20180621173153-00340.warc.gz"}
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=221101	# Partical Fractions by krnhseya Tags: fractions, partical P: 104 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Turn this into partial fraction. k1b1/[((k1+b1s)(k2+b2s))-b1$$^{2}$$s$$^{2}$$] 2. Relevant equations n/a 3. The attempt at a solution original question was to find the transfer function with springs and a damper and I reduced it to this far but I cant get the partial fraction. once i get that partical fractions, i take the inverse laplace transform and get the answer. P: 1,757 I'm getting dizzy reading it ... $$\frac{k_1b_1}{(k_1+b_1s)(k_2+b_2s)-b_1^2s^2}$$ Yes? P: 104 yeap :) P: 104 ## Partical Fractions well is this impossible to separate? i did other problems but i am just stuck on this one. let me know if you need the actual problem statement... Math Emeritus Sci Advisor Thanks PF Gold P: 38,900 you want, of course, to factor the denominator. I think I would be inclined to multiply out that first part and combine coefficients of like powers. It will be, of course, a quadratic. At worst, you could set the denominator equal to 0 and solve the equation by the quadratic formula. Sci Advisor HW Helper Thanks P: 26,167 $$\frac{k_1b_1}{(k_1+b_1s)(k_2+b_2s)-b_1^2s^2}$$ krnhseya, just expand the bottom line into the form $$as^2\,+\,bs\,+\,c$$, and then factor it using the good ol' (-b ±√b^2 - 4ac)/2a. P: 104 Quote by tiny-tim $$\frac{k_1b_1}{(k_1+b_1s)(k_2+b_2s)-b_1^2s^2}$$ krnhseya, just expand the bottom line into the form $$as^2\,+\,bs\,+\,c$$, and then factor it using the good ol' (-b ±√b^2 - 4ac)/2a. well that b1 squared and s squared at the end...it cancells the expansion of the squared part... Sci Advisor HW Helper Thanks P: 26,167 No, it doesn't … It's $$k_1k_2\,+\,(b_1k_2\,+\,b_2k_1)s\,+\,b_1(b_2\,-\,b_1)s^2$$ Related Discussions General Math 17 Introductory Physics Homework 10 Introductory Physics Homework 5 General Physics 5	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9391996264457703, "perplexity": 1394.9446383573295}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00269-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.studyadda.com/sample-papers/neet-sample-test-paper-32_q21/221/279530	• # question_answer A torque of SON m is acted on a 5kg wheel of moment of inertia $2\text{ }kg\text{ }{{m}^{2}}$for 10 second. Then the angle rotated by wheel in 10 second A) 750 radB) 1500 rad C) 3000 rad D) 6000 rad $\alpha =\frac{\tau }{I}=\frac{30}{2}=15rad/{{\sec }^{2}}$ Now $\theta =0+\frac{1}{2}\alpha {{t}^{2}}$ $=\frac{1}{2}\times 15\times {{(10)}^{2}}=750\,\,rad$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9066944122314453, "perplexity": 10586.376326817708}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655554.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014223147-20191015010647-00250.warc.gz"}
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http://www.ams.org/joursearch/servlet/DoSearch?f1=msc&v1=57D20	# American Mathematical Society My Account · My Cart · Customer Services · FAQ Publications Meetings The Profession Membership Programs Math Samplings Policy and Advocacy In the News About the AMS You are here: Home > Publications AMS eContent Search Results Matches for: msc=(57D20) AND publication=(all) Sort order: Date Format: Standard display Results: 1 to 30 of 35 found Go to page: 1 2 [1] Richard Mandelbaum. Four-dimensional topology: an introduction. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 2 (1980) 1-159. MR 551752. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [2] Franz W. Kamber and Philippe Tondeur. $G$-foliations and their characteristic classes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 84 (1978) 1086-1124. MR 508449. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [3] Arunas Liulevicius. Homotopy rigidity of linear actions: characters tell all. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 84 (1978) 213-221. MR 475124. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [4] Sin Leng Tan. Nullity and generalized characteristic classes of differential manifolds . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 243 (1978) 75-88. MR 0515728. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [5] Norman Levitt and Colin Rourke. The existence of combinatorial formulae for characteristic classes . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 239 (1978) 391-397. MR 0494134. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [6] Stavros Papastavridis. Relations among characteristic classes . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 237 (1978) 175-187. MR 0470967. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [7] Stavros Papastavridis. Imbeddings, immersions, and characteristic classes of differentiable manifolds . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 69 (1978) 177-180. MR 0488078. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [8] Daniel Baker. On a class of foliations and the evaluation of their characteristic classes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 83 (1977) 394-396. MR 0438351. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [9] James L. Heitsch. Residues and characteristic classes of foliations. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 83 (1977) 397-399. MR 0438355. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [10] Richard Goldstein and Edward C. Turner. Stiefel-Whitney homology classes of quasi-regular cell complexes . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 64 (1977) 157-162. MR 0467765. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [11] Stavros Papastavridis. Killing characteristic classes by surgery . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 63 (1977) 353-358. MR 0440568. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [12] Harold Donnelly. Chern-Simons invariants of reductive homogeneous spaces . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 227 (1977) 141-164. MR 0448364. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [13] Czes Kosniowski. Generators of the unitary ${Z \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {Z p}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} p}$ bordism ring. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 82 (1976) 344-346. MR 0397753. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [14] Clint McCrory. Cobordism operations and singularities of maps. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 82 (1976) 281-283. MR 0415637. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [15] Edgar H. Brown and Franklin P. Peterson. Some remarks about symmetric functions . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 60 (1976) 349-352. MR 0433465. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [16] Richard Z. Goldstein and Edward C. Turner. A formula for Stiefel-Whitney homology classes . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 58 (1976) 339-342. MR 0415643. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [17] F. Thomas Farrell. The signature and arithmetic genus of certain aspherical manifolds . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 57 (1976) 165-168. MR 0407855. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [18] B. Kostant and D. Sullivan. The Euler characteristic of an affine space form is zero. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 81 (1975) 937-938. MR 0375341. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [19] Bang-yen Chen and Koichi Ogiue. Complete intersection manifolds with extremal Euler-Poincar\'e characteristics . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 50 (1975) 121-126. MR 0404275. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [20] Stephen Halperin and Domingo Toledo. The product formula for Stiefel-Whitney homology classes . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 48 (1975) 239-244. MR 0365584. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [21] Kee Yuen Lam. A formula for the tangent bundle of flag manifolds and related manifolds . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 213 (1975) 305-314. MR 0431194. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [22] Donald M. Davis and Mark E. Mahowald. The geometric dimension of some vector bundles over projective spaces . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 205 (1975) 295-315. MR 0372854. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [23] Sylvain E. Cappell. Manifolds with fundamental group a generalized free product. I. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 80 (1974) 1193-1198. MR 0356091. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [24] Sylvain E. Cappell. Unitary nilpotent groups and Hermitian $K$-theory. I. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 80 (1974) 1117-1122. MR 0358815. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [25] Lowell E. Jones. Topological invariance of certain combinatorial characteristic classes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 981-983. MR 0346799. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [26] Lowell Jones. Combinatorial symmetries of the $m$-disc. I. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 167-169. MR 0309104. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [27] Howard Osborn. Pontrjagin classes of PL sheaves. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 119-121. MR 0442949. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [28] Lowell Edwin Jones. Three characteristic classes measuring the obstruction to ${\text{PL}}$ local unknotedness. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 78 (1972) 979-980. MR 0307248. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [29] Howard Osborn. ${\text{PL}}$ sheaves and their characteristic classes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 78 (1972) 787-791. MR 0391113. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [30] Howard Osborn. Representations of Euler classes . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 31 (1972) 340-346. MR 0300303. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge Results: 1 to 30 of 35 found Go to page: 1 2	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9583096504211426, "perplexity": 2277.1407719649155}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656168.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00044-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/225605/operator-product-expansion	Operator Product Expansion I wonder why in OPE in CFT terms like $$\frac{:O(z) O(w):}{(z-w)^2}$$ occur, for example in the OPE of Energy-momentum tensor with itself: $$T(z) T(w) = \frac{c/2}{(z-w)^4} + \frac{T(z)}{(z-w)^2} + \frac{\partial T}{z-w}$$ Here we have term $:\frac{T(z)}{(z-w)^2}:$, where for free scalar field $T(z) = :J(z)^2:$. So my question is why such term $:J(z)^2:$ occurs, because all field operators are considered as correlation functions, so: $$< T(z) T(w) > = < : J(z)^2: :J(w)^2: >$$ And with help of Wick's theorem we can decompose this correlator of 4 field operators to product of correlators like $<J(z) J(w)> <J(z) J(w)>$ and no terms with "bare" operators and one correlator ($:J(z) J(w): <J(z) J(w)>$) occurs here. EDIT: I think that when we write OPE we don't consider field operators as operators under correlation function. And when we evaluate this correlation, only correlation functions remain and no operators. But then the question turns to be: Why do we need such OPE in terms of another operators? While evaluating correlation function of $T(z) T(w)$ all we need is the first term of OPE. EDIT: Well, the answer is that we need OPE when we are interested in correlation functions with another operators, which are located far away from operators OPE is constructed for. • I don't understand your question. Can you try to explain more clearly what exactly about the $O(z)O(w)/(z-w)^2$ is worrying you? I'm not seeing a real question here currently. – ACuriousMind Dec 23 '15 at 18:04 • Yes. Correlation function is a function, so it returns a number, not an operator such as $O(z)O(w)$ – newt Dec 23 '15 at 18:07 • I added some edits to the question. – newt Dec 23 '15 at 18:22 • OPEs are supposed to tell you not only the correlation functions of $O(z)O(w)$, but also $\langle O(z)O(w) A(z')B(z'')\dots\rangle$ when $z', z'', \dots$ are far away from $z$ and $w$, namely in evaluating such correlations one can replace $O(z)O(w)$ with the OPE when $z\rightarrow w$. That's why you need to have the other terms as well. – Meng Cheng Dec 23 '15 at 19:03 1. In CFT, an OPE is calculated via a Wick-like theorem changing an (implicitly written, operator-valued) radial order ${\cal R}(\hat{A}_1\ldots\hat{A}_n)$ into combinations of c-number-valued contractions and operator-valued normal order $:\ldots:$. Wick's theorem is e.g. explained in this Phys.SE post. 2. Such calculations are organized into zero contractions, single-contractions, double-contractions, and so forth. E.g. in string theory, the central charge in the $TT$ OPE is a result of double-contractions.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7792598605155945, "perplexity": 549.7598403519174}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118182116-20191118210116-00343.warc.gz"}
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1790&page=143	PAPERBACK \$29.00 • #### Appendix II: List of Presentations 292-294 The National Academies \| 500 Fifth St. N.W. \| Washington, D.C. 20001 Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines. OCR for page 143 Late Stages of Accumulation and Early Evolution of the Planets ANDREY V. VITYAZEV AND G.V. PECHERNIKOVA Schmidt Institute of the Physics of the Earth ABSTRACT This article briefly discusses recently developed solutions of problems that were traditionally considered fundamental in classical solar system cosmogony: determination of planetary orbit distribution patterns, values for mean eccentricity and orbital inclinations of the planets, and rotation periods and rotation axis inclinations of the planets. We will examine two important cosmochemical aspects of accumulation: the time scale for gas loss from the terrestrial planet zone, and the composition of the planets in terms of isotope data. We conclude that the early beginning of planet differentiation is a function of the heating of protoplanets during collisions with large (thousands of kilometers) bodies. This paper considers energetics, heat mass transfer processes, and characteristic time scales of these processes at the early stage of planet evolution. INTRODUCTION Using the theory of preplanetary cloud evolution and planet forma- tion, which is based on the ideas of Schmidt, Gurevich, and Lebedinskiy, and which was developed in the works of Safronov (1969, 1982), we can estimate a number of significant parameters for the dynamics of bodies which accumulate in the planets. However, it long proved impossible to solve a number of problems in classical solar system cosmogony which were traditionally considered fundamental. Such problems include the the- oretical derivation of patterns of planetary and satellite orbit distributions (the so-called Titius-Bode law), theoretical estimations of the value for 143 OCR for page 143 144 PLANETARY SCIENCES mean orbital eccentricities and inclinations, planet rotation periods and rotation axis inclinations, and other characteristics of the present structure of the Sun's planetary system. In addition, certain consequences of the theory and, most importantly, a conclusion on the relatively cold initial Earth and the late beginning of its evolution, clashed with data on geo- and cosmochemistry. These data are evidence of the existence of planet heating during the process of growth and very early differentiation. This paper briefly discusses a modified version of the theory which the authors developed in the 1970's and 1980's. Using this new version we were able to provide a fundamental solution to several key problems of planetary cosmogony and generate a number of new findings. The most significant of these appear to be an estimate of the composition of an accumulating Earth with data incorporated on oxygen isotopy and a conclusion on the early beginning of differentiation in growing planets. FORMATION OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEM Despite promising data on the existence of circumstellar disks, we have yet to discover an analogue to a circumsolar gas-dust disk. Nor have calculations (Ruzmaikina and Maeva 1986; Cassen and Summers 1983) produced a satisfactory picture of circumsolar disk formation, or a reliable estimate of its mass M and characteristic initial dimensions R. Nevertheless, a model of a low-mass disk (M < 0.1 Mod, with moderate turbulence, a hot circumsolar zone and cold periphery, has received the widest recognition in the works of a majority of authors. STANDARD ANI) MK DISK MODELS A reconstruction of surface density distribution a(R) according to Weidenshilling (1977) is shown in Figure 1. Mass of the disk generated by adding on to produce the cosmic (solar) composition of present-day planet matter, is (0.01 - 0.07)M,with FIR > Ro = lAU) of (R/Ro)~312 . It is usually supposed that by the time the Sun achieved main sequence, its luminosity L did not greatly differ from the present Lo, and the temperature in the disk's central plane (z = 0) was on the order of a black body T ~ 300(Ro/R)~/2K Estimations of the degree of ionization (Ne/N ~ 10-~) and gas conductivity ~ < 103CGSE) in the central plane are insignificant, and the impact of the magnetic field is usually neglected in considering subsequent disk evolution. Using the hydrostatic equations OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH c;,2/cm2 105 _ 104 103 1o2 10 / i' ;^ —~10 / ~ BY 1J / / / 7 ,' 1 ~ // / V~\\ ~ `\\ 1 145 100 R. ate. FIGURE 1 Surface density distribution a(R) in low-mass, circumstellar gaseous disks. The solid line indicates models of disks near FS class stem: 1: m/k = 1; 2: m/k = 1/2; 3: m/1: = 1/4; the dashed line indicates models of disks near GO class stem: 4: m/k = 1; 5: m/k =1/2; 6: m/k =1/4; the dotted and dashed line shows disks near GS class stars: 7: m/k = 1; 8: m/k = 1/2; 9: my = 1/4; the straight lines are critical density distributions for the corresponding classes of stars: 10: °.Cr(FS); 11: ~Cr(GO); 12: ~Cr(G5~. Disk mass in models 1-12 is equal to M = 510 EM. 13 is the standard model. OCR for page 143 146 PLANETARY SCIENCES and the equation of the state of ideal gas at a temperature which is not dependent on z, we yield a density distribution for z: p(z) ~ pO(R)exp(—z2/h2), h2 = 2kTR3/GMep, (1) where p(= 2.3) is the mean molecular mass, and k is the Boltsman constant. The model which has been termed standard is derived, by taking into account cr(R) ~ ~ po(R)h(R) po(R) Cal R~-§,P(R) ~ R-',T(R) ~ R-~,~ < 1,)~ 3. (2) Flattening of the disk is high: ~ = h/R ax (R~/2, ~ < 0.1. Disk rotation is differential and differs little from Kepler's: = ~)k(1 + C) /, Ok = Vk/R = iGMe/R3, (3) ~ ~ (c2/Vk )(d in P/d in R) < 0.1, C2 = kit/. Here C5 is the speed of sound. In the standard model Vk2 ~ c,2 ~ VA2, VA is the Alfven velocity. Quasiequilibrium disk models are constructed by Vityazev and Pechernikova (1982) which do not use the contemporary distribution cr(R). TheY were called MK-models since they are only defined ~ ~ _ _ , ~ _ _ ~ ~ _ ~ A ~ ~ by a mass M and a moment K of a disk which is rotating around a star with mass M* and luminosity L. Expressions for densities p(R'z) and a(R) were obtained by resolving the system of hydrodynamic equations with additional conditions (low level of viscous impulse transport and minimum level of dissipative function). The distribution of surface density in disks was found to be: a(R) ~ 1 55 lO5m ( k ) (M ) . 3 Rl75exp[—2.8 — — R]g/cm2 (k) (Me) (4) where M is m.10-2M~, K is k 1O5lg cm2s~l, and R is in AU. By varying m and k, star mass M, and luminosity L, we can generate a set of models of quasiequilibrium circumstellar disks (see Figure 1~. We will note that the distributions of ~ (R) in the standard and MK-models are qualitatively similar. However, there is a noticeable excess of matter in the remote zone in the first model in comparison to the latter ones. This excess may be related to diffusion spread of the planetesimal swarm during planet accumulation. Therefore, present planetary system dimensions may OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH Be.. .' An,' , . . . i' I-.. ~ ~—- _ . . !—Jajce '' , ~ ' _'. ~ IF' ,~ 147 ( ~ ~~\ i) ) ( i-> ) FIGURE 2 Evolution of the preplanetary disk. The left side shows flattening of the dust subdisk and the formation of the swarm of planetesimals. The right side illustrates plantesimals joining together to form planets (Levin 1964~. primary stages of its evolution and of planet formation (Figure 2) within the framework of the aforementioned low-mass disk models. PI^NETESIMAL MASS SPECTRUM N(M,T) AND MATTER REDISTRIBUTION After dust settles on the central plane and dust clusters are formed due to gravitational instability, there occurs the growth and compacting of some clusters, and the breakdown and absorption of others. This process is described in detail by Pechernikova and Vi~razev (1988~. We later briefly touch upon the specific features of the final stages of accumulation of sufficiently large bodies, when a stabilization effect develops for the orbits of the largest bodies (Vityazev et al. 1990~. In the coagulation equation at = 2 A; A(m , m—ml )n(ml)n(m—ml )dm1—n(m t) Am ) AmaX (m, ml )n(m1 )d o (5) OCR for page 143 148 PLANETARY SCIENCES the subintegral kernel A(m,mV), describing collision efficiency, must take into account the less efficient diffusion of large bodies. Let us write A(m,mV) = AB/(A + B), where A* = (or + ri)2~1 + 2G(`m + mi)/(`r + ri)V2jV = vikrik' is the usual coefficient which characterizes the collision frequency of gravi- tating bodies m and me with good mixing, B = [D(m) + D(mV)~/`R(m) + AR(mV)] = DikA]?~tk, is the coefficient accounting for diffusion, D(m) = e2(m)R2/TE(m), e is the eccentricity, rE is the characteristic Chandrasekhar relaxation time scale, AR = eR. Estimates demonstrate that at the initial stages (m << 0.1 met B ~ A* and A ~ A, while at the later stages (m > 0.1m~) we have B(i ~ k) < A (i ~ k) and in the limit A(i ~ k) ~ B(i ~ k). Pechernikova (1987) showed that if A oc Imp + many _ mike then the coagulation formula has an asymptotic solution that can be expressed as n(`m) cx m~q, q = 1 + a/2. (6) For the initial stages ~ = 2/3 - 4/3 and q* = 4/3 - 5/3. For the later stages B(i ~ k) or mik-513 and q* ~ 1/6, q* < q < q, that is, the gently sloping power law spectrum for large bodies. With this finding we can understand the relative regularity of mass distribution in the planetary system. Unlike the findings of numerical experiments (Isaacman and Sagan 1977), only the low mass in the asteroid belt and a small Mars is an example of significant fluctuation. The authors, using numerical integration of equations, such as ad = ~ ~ tRvR ad] Jr 3 (3 [my (3 Adams ~ (7) also examined the overall process of solid matter surface density redistri- bution a`(R,t) (a,` ~ 10-2~) resulting from planetesimal diffusion. The spread effect of a disk of preplanet bodies proved significant for the later stages and was primarily manifested for the outer areas (Vityazev e! al. 1990~. The effect is less appreciable for the zone of the terrestrial planet group, and we shall forego detailed discussion of it here. RELATIVE VELOCIlY SPECTRUM Wetherill's numerical calculations for the terrestrial planet zone (1980) confirmed the order of value of relative velocities that had been estimated earlier by Safronov (1969~. Similar calculations for the zone of outer planets OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH 149 are preliminary. In particular, there is vagueness in the growth time scales for the outer planets. By simplifying the problem for an analytical approach, we can look separately at the problem of mean relative velocities v (i.e. e, of the planetesimals and the problem of eccentricities e and inclination ~ of the orbits of accreting planets. The second problem is considered below. We will discuss here an effect which is important in the area of giant planets. As planetesimal masses (m) grow, their relative velocities (v) also increases. At a sufficiently high mean relative velocity (v ~ 1/3 · Vk) part of the bodies from the "high velocity Maxwell tail" may depart the system, carrying away a certain amount of energy and momentum. With this scenario, the formula for the mean relative velocity (Vityazev et al. 1990; Safronov 1969) must appear as follows: ~2 (8) where Te, Tg and Ts are correspondingly the characteristic Chandrasekhar relaxation time scales, gas deceleration and the characteristic time scale between collisions, ,0~1 = 0.05 - 0.13 (Safronov 1969; Stewart and Kaula 1980), p2 = 0.5 (Safronov 1~9) and HE iS part of the amount of energy removed by the "rapid particles" `,E ~ -/ v2n(v)dv/ / v2n(v)dv = I`(5/2,b)/6~(5/2) ~ (9) 6 Vcr O A. (b1/2 + Vat + b1/2 + 3 b312) /3~/;7, b = 3 Vc2r ~ 3 (I—1) Vk For now e ~ i ~ v/Vk << 1, the usual expressions for v follow from (8), in particular, with Tg ~ Te, TS in a system of bodies of equal mass m we have v = x/Gm/Or~where ~ ~ 1. (10) Despite continuing growth of the mass, as e approaches ecr ~ 0.3 - 0.4, HE becomes comparable to ,0~, the relative velocity v in the system of remaining bodies discontinues growth. In other words, with e ~ ecr, the parameter ~ in expression (10) grows with m proportionally to m2/3, reaching in the outer zone values ~ 102. This effect gives us acceptable time scales for outer planet growth. Because of low surface density, accreting planets in the terrestrial group zone cannot attain a mass sufficient with a build up of e to ecr Therefore the mean eccentricities do not exceed the values emus = 0.2 - 0.25. OCR for page 143 150 PLANETARY SCIENCES MASSES OF THE LARGEST BODIES IN A PLANETS FEEDING ZONE Studies on accumulation theory previously assumed that in terms of mass a significant runaway of planet embryos from the remaining bodies in the future planet's feeding zone occured at an extremely early stage. According to Safronov's well-known estimates (1969), the mass of the largest body (after the embryo) me was 10-2 - 1o-3 of the mass m of the Secreting planet. Pechernikova and Vityazev (1979) proposed a model for expanding and overlapping feeding zones, and they considered growth of the largest bodies. The half-width of a body's feeding zone is determined by mean eccentricity e of orbits of the bulk of bodies at a given distance from the Sun: AR(`t`) ~ e(t`)R ~ v(`t~JR/vk, (11) The characteristic mixing time scale for R in this zone virtually coincides with the characteristic time scale for the transfer of regular energy motion to chaotic energy motion, and the characteristic time scale for energy exchange between bodies. It is clear from (10) and (11) that veto oc rote, eft) ot rote, /`R(t) oc rote. The mass of matter in the expanding feeding zone tR+^R QfR, t) = Or / OR d R. (12) (13) ~ R—~ R will also grow with a time scale or rate, while disregarding the difference in matter diffusion fluxes across zone boundaries. When the mass of a larger body myth begins to equal an appreciable amount Q(t) with the flow of time (see Figure 3), the growth of the feeding zone decelerates. At this stage the larger bodies of bordering zones begin to leave behind, in terms of their mass, the remaining bodies in their zones. However, (as seen in Figure 3), this runaway by mass is much less than was supposed in earlier studies. MASSES, RELATIVE DISTANCES, AND THE NUMBER OF PLANETS Mass increase of the largest body in a feeding zone is represented by the well-known formula: dm/dt = ~rr2(1 + 2e))pdv = 2(1 ~ 20)r2Wk~d, (14) where the surface density of condensed matter ad can be considered a sufficiently smooth function R and it can be assumed that ad~t=0) = OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH mom MA o 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 o 151 <\~° it\\ 8 out \oONT 2\: 'at 'at\ . 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.01 0.05 0.1 l l l l l l l l 0.10.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 m/Q 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 m/M l 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 5 0.9 ~~e FIGURE 3 The region of determination and model distributions for ml/m as the ratio of the mass, m1, of the largest body in the feeding zone of a growing planet to the mass of a planet m: 1: ml/m = 1 - 0.62 (m/Q)0 3, which corresponds to the growth of bodies in the expanding feeding zone; 2: m2/m; 3: m3/m; 4: m/m = 1 - m/Q; 5: m/m = (1 - m/Q)~. The circles and dots indicate the results of numerical simulation of the process of terrestrial planet accumulation (Ipatov 1987; Wetherill 1985~. OCR for page 143 152 PLANETARY SCIENCES aO(RO/R)~ with its values JO and v in each zone. As bodies precipitate to the largest body in a given zone m, a growing portion of matter is concentrated in m and the corresponding decrease in surface density is written as: act(t) = Bitt = 0~1—m~t)/Q(t)~. (15) From (103 through (15) for the growth rate of a planet's radius we have (with ~ ~ 23: dr (1 + 2~3)~oWt (Rote 21rb tRJ it - 26(2+v)r3(t)(R/R )u ~ 3~oR2 [1 + e)2+V _ (1 _ e)2+v] J It follows from (16) that the largest ooay wn~cn Is not ansornea Dy tne other bodies (a planet) ceases growing when it reaches a certain maximum radius (mass). The value of this radius is only determined by the parameters of the preplanetary disk If we put a zero value in the bracket in (16), in the first approximation for e, we can yield max r, max m, max e, and max /`R. In particular, ~ ~ ~ . ~ . . ~ . .. .. (16) 1 Or ~ I t~e~~Mc3 ) 2 ~ 5~tR >` 1/2 max e = - ~—J · aft (R. O)r5/4, cm; · max r. (17) The growth time scale is an integration (16~. It is close to the one generated by Safronov (1969) and Wetherill (1980) and is on the order of 65-90 million years for Secreting 80-90% of the mass. One can state the following for distances between two Secreting planets: Rn+~—Rn ~ AnR + An+l R = enRn + en+l Rn+l ~ (~18~) hence Rn+~/Rn ~ (~1 + en)/(l—en+~) = b (19) In view of (17) the following theoretical estimate can be made for terrestrial planets: borax e = 0.2 - 0.25) = 1.5-1.67. For the zone of outer planets bitmap e = ecr = 0.32 - 0.35) = 1.85 - 2.3. The real values b in the present solar system are cited in Table 1. The theory that was developed not only explains the physical meaning of the Titius-Bode law, but also provides a satisfactory estimate of parameter b. The partial overlapping of zones, OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH TABLE 1 The real values b in the present solar system . 153 Venus- Earth- Mars- Asteroids Jupiter- Satum- Uranus- Nep~ne- (Ceres)- Merwry Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Satwn Uranus b 1.87 1.38 1.52 1.77 1.88 1.83 2.01 1.57 embryo drift, and the effects of radial redistribution of matter (Vityazev et al. 1990) complicates the formulae, but this does not greatly influence the numerical values max m, max e, and b. An estimate of the number of forming planets can easily be generated from (19) for a preplanetary disk with moderate mass and distribution BARD according to the standard or MK-models with pre-assigned outer and inner boundaries: N— l n(R /R* ~ l n[( 1 + max e)/( 1 - max e)] (20) With low values of max e from (20) we have N ~ ln(R/R~/2 max e and yield a natural explanation of the results of the numerical experiment (Isaacman and Sagan 1977~: N or 1/e. For a circumsolar disk with initial mass ~ 0.1Me, the theory offers a satisfactory estimate of the number of planets which formed: N(R* 10-iAU, max e ~ ecr = 1/3) < 10. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMING PLANETS Workers were long unsuccessful in developing estimates of planet eccentricities, orbital inclinations, and mean periods of axis rotation, which were formed during the planets' growth process. In other words, estimates that fit well with observational data. Perchernikova and Vityazev (1980, 1981) demonstrated that by taking into account the input of large bodies, the existing discrepancy between theory and observations could be resolved. When Secreting planets approach and collide with large bodies at the earliest stages e increases. A rounding off of orbit takes place at the final stage: by the time accumulation is completed estimated values for e are close to present "mean" values (Laska 1988~. The same can be said for orbital inclinations. Vib~razev and Pechernikova (1981) and Vityazev et at (1990) developed a theory for determining mean axial spin periods and axis OCR for page 143 154 PLANETARY SCIENCES inclinations. The angular momentum vector for the axial spin of a planet K, inclined at an angle ~ to axis z (z is perpendicular to the orbital plane), is equal to the sum of the regular component Kit, which is directed along axis z and the random component K2, which is inclined at an angle ~ to z. For Kit in a modified Giuli-Harris approximation (for terrestrial planets) the following was generated: K 48 ~/~ t2M ~ i14 ~ 3 ~ 5/~2 mpl3F~ (`m/Qj, Fat (`m/Q = 1') = 9.6 10-2 Dispersion K2 is (q = 11/6~: DI(2 ~ 4.18 . 1o-2p- i/3Gmt0/3 (21) · F2(m/Qj, F2(m/Q = 1) = 0.123. (22) The authors demonstrated that as planets accumulate what takes place is essentially direct rotation (< ~ ~ ~ 90°~. Large axis rotation inclinations and reverse rotation of individual planets are a natural outcome of the accumulation of bodies of comparable size. It is clear from (21) and (22) that the theoretical dependence of the specific axis rotation momentum (or m2/3) approaches what has been observed. It is worth recalling that this theory does not allow us to determine the direction and velocity at which a planet, forming at a given distance, will rotate. It only gives us the corresponding probability (Figure 4~. COSMOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION Vityazev and Pechernikova (1985) and ViWazev et al. (1989) have repeatedly discussed the problem of fusing physico-mechanical and physico- chemical approaches in planetary cosmogony. We will only mention two important findings here. Vityazev and Pechernikova (1985, 1987) proposed a method for estimating the time scale for gas removal from the terrestrial planet zone. They compared the theory of accumulation and data on ancient irradiation by solar cosmic rays of the olivine grains and chondrules of meteorite matter with an absolute age of 4.5 to 4.6 billion years. TIME SCALE FOR THE REMOVAL OF GAS FROM THE TERRESTRIAL PLANET ZONE It is easy to demonstrate that if gas with a density of at least 10-2 of the original amount remains during the formation of meteorite parent bodies in the preplanetary disk between the asteroid belt and the Sun, then OCR for page 143 A1UERICAN AND SOYIET RESEARCH K1 + K6Z 20t / 155 K1 + K6Z _ ~ 10 K1 5 ~K \ W/K6X . K ~ ~/ K OCR for page 143 l 156 PLANETARY SCIENCES solar cosmic rays (high-energy nuclei of iron and other elements) could not have irradiated meteorite matter grains. Vityazev and Pechernikova (1985, 1987) showed that irradiation occurred when 100- to 1000-kilometer bodies appeared. The reasoning was that prior to that time nontransparency of the swarm of bodies was still sufficiently high, while less matter would have been irradiated at a later stage than the 5-10% that has been discovered experimentally,. The conclusion then follows that there was virtually no gas as early as the primary stage of terrestrial planet accumulation. This conclusion is important for Earth science and comparative planetology because it is evidence in favor of the view of gas-free accumulation of the terrestrial planets at the later stages and repudiates the hypothesis of an accretion-induced atmosphere (see, for example the works of the Hayashi school). ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS According to current thinking, the Earth (and other planets) was formed from bodies of differing mass and composition. It is supposed that the composition of these bodies is, at least partially, similar to meteorites. Several constraints on the possible model composition of primordial Earth (generated by the conventional mixing procedure) can be obtained from a comparison of data on the location of meteorite groups and mafic bedrock on Earth on the diagram cri70—~80 and density data. Pechernikova and Vityazev (1989) found constraints from above on Earth's initial composi- tion with various combinations of different meteorite groups: the portion of carbonaceous chondrite-type matter for Earth was < 10%, chondrite (H. L' L`L, EH, EL) < 70~O and achondrite (Euc) ~ iron < 80%. They proposed a method which can be used to determine multicomponent m~x- tures of Earth's model composition. The composition of Mars can also be determined from the hypothesis of the Martian origin of shergottites. Confirmation of the authors' hypothesis on the removal of the silicate shell from prot~Mercu~y (Vityazev and Pechernikova 1985; Pechernikova and Vityazev 1987) would mean that there is an approximately homogeneous composition for primary rock-forming elements in the entire zone 0.5-1.5 AU. EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE PLANETS Vityazev (1982) and Safronov and Vityazev (1983) showed that by the stage where 1000-kilometer bodies are formed, there commences a moder- ate, and subsequently, increasingly intensive process of impact processing, heating metamorphism, melting, and degassing of the matter of colliding bodies. It has been concluded that > 90% of the matter of bodies which OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH Tim 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 o 157 i' \ ~ ~ ,,// jI ~ A- , f '' i,' ~/ .- - - " fit,: - - X ~ , - , , , , , 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 R/Re FIGURE 5 Estimates of the Earth's initial temperature: 1 is heating by small bodies (Safronov 1959~; 2 is heating by large bodies (Safronov 1969~; 3 is heating by large bodies (Safronov 1982~; and 4 is heating by large bodies (Kaula 1980~. The arrow indicates modifications in the estimates of Tim since the 1950s, including the authors' latest estimates. went into forming the terrestrial planets had already passed the swarm through repeated metamorphism and melting, both at the surface and in the cores of bodies analogous to parent bodies of meteorites. INITIAL EARTH TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY SOURCES If we take into account the collisions of accreting planets with 1000- kilometer bodies, we conclude that there were extremely heated interiors, beginning with protoplanetary masses ~ 10-M. The ratio of the earliest and current estimates for primordial Earth are given in Figure 5. The latest temperature estimates indicate the possibility that differentiation began in the planet cores long before they attained their current dimensions. The primary energy sources in the planets are known to us. In addition to energy released during the impact processes of accumulation, the most significant sources for Earth are: energy from gravitational differentiation released during stratification into the core and mantle ~ ~1.5 1038ergs) and energy from radioactive decay ~ ~ 11038ergs). It is important for specific zones to account for the energy of rotation released during tidal evolution of the Earth-Moon system (A 1037ergs) and the energy of chemical trans- formations ~ 1037ergs). However, these factors are not usually taken into OCR for page 143 158 PLANETARY SCIENCES account in global models. The energy from radioactive decay at the initial stages plays a subordinate role. However, the power of this source may locally exceed by several times the mean value cr(U,Th,K) ~ 10~6erg/cm3s (in the case of early differentiation and concentration of U. Th, and K in near-surface shells). The power of the shock mechanism is significantly greater even on the average: limp ~ 10-4 - 10~5erg/cm3s. Intermediate values are generated for the energy of gravitational differentiation EGD ~ 10-5 - 10~6erg/cm3s (the time scale for core formation is 0.1 to one billion years) and the source of equivalent adiabatic heating during collapse of ~ 10~6erg/cm3s. HEAT MASS TRANSFER PROCESSES Heat-mass transfer calculations in planetary evolution models are cur- rent~ made using various procedures to parameterize the entire system of viscous liquid hydrodynamic equations for a binary or even single- component medium. This issue was explored (Safronov and Vityazev 1986; Vityazev et al. 1990) in relation to primordial Earth. We will merely note here the order of values for effective temperature conductivities, which were used for thermal computations in spherically symmetrical models with a heat conductivity equations such as: .~ = 1/R2~'R(R2EKj .'R) + E6i/PCp. (23) The value which is normally assumed for aggregate temperature conduc- tivity is a function of molecular mechanisms Km = 10~2cm2/s. For shock mixing during crater formation, the effective mean is K.mp ~ 1-10 cm2/s. Similar values have effective values for thermal convection (K~ ~ 10-~-10 cm2/s) and gravitational differentiation (~D ~ 1-lO cm2/s). It is clear from these estimates that the energy processes in primordial Earth exceeded by two orders and more contemporary values in terms of intensity. INITIAL COMPOSITION INHOMOGENEITIES The planets were formed from bodies with slightly differing compo- sitions, and which accumulated at various distances. Variations in their composition and density were, on the average, on the same order as the adjacent planets: l5Col/-C=lipol/p OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH I5POI ~ I[CI = I5COI /< ~ 10-3 - 10-4 159 t (25) where (~~102 - 103) is the ratio of mass removed from the crater to the mass of the fallen body. Using the distribution of bodies by mass (6), we can estimate the distribution of composition and density fluctuations both for a value (§p) and for linear scales (l). For a fixed lip, spaces occupied by small-scale and large-scale fluctuations are comparable. It can be demonstrated that during planet growth, relaxation of inhomogeneities already begins (floating of light objects and sinking of heavy ones). In the order of magnitude, velocity v, relaxation time scale T. effective temperature conductivity K and energy release rates ~ for one scale inhomogeneities occupying a part of the volume c, are obtained from the expressions: Ivy = ~[p~gl/5n, T it- R~/vl K cx cv 1, e ~ ~ [p~gc~v ~1/R~, (~26~) where g is the acceleration of gravity, and ~ is the viscosity coefficient. Where g ~ 103cm/s2, ,7 ~ 102° poise, [pip ~ 10-3 - 10-4, c ~ 0.1, we have hi/ ~ 1O-s _ 10~6cm/s, K 1 - 102cm2/s, T ~ (1 - 1O)-106 years, e ~ Or (U,Th,K). Estimates show that, owing to intensive heat transfer during relaxation of such inhomogeneities, the Secreting planet establishes a positive temperature gradient (central areas are hotter than the external). This runs contrary to previous assessments (Safronov, 1959, 1969, 1982; Kaula 1980~. The second important conclusion is that heavy component enrichment may occur towards the center, which is sufficient for closing off large-scale thermal convection. This is due to relaxation of the composition fluctuations during planet growth. Both of these conclusions require further verification in more detailed computations. ``THERMAL EXPLOSIONS" IN PRIMORDIAL EARTH Peak heat releases, as these relatively large bodies fall, exceed by many orders the values for (imp which are listed above. Entombed melt sites seek to cool, giving off heat to the enclosing medium. However, density-based differentiation, triggering a separation of the heavy (Fe-rich) component from silicates, may deliver enough energy for the melt area to expand. Foregoing the details (Vityazev et al. 1990), let us determine the critical dimensions of such an area. Let us write (23) in nondimensional form: .~ = .~1 + PeOe0/n),~~ ~3+ I' ee +rr, where OCR for page 143 160 PLANETARY SCIENCES a= (T—Tm)E'r _ /\pgch2~0E r _ ~rh2E p _ ~ ,,0,.- RT2 4>R~2 ~ r—4ART2 ' °— ~ K J ' is the difference between heavy and light component densities, c is the heavy component portion in terms of volume, h is the characteristic size of the area (layer here), E is the energy for activation in the expression for the viscosity coefficient, ~ is the heat conductivity coefficient, veto = 0) is the Stokes' velocity, or filtration rate, whose numerical value is found from the condition fir = (GD. It can be demonstrated that for ~ > Per (Ec = 0.88 for the layer and Car = 3.22 for the sphere) and ~ > (3cr (0cr = 1.2 for the layer and (3cr = 1.6 for the sphere) with ~ = 0 at the area boundaries, conditions are maintained which promote a "thermal explosion." The emerging differentiation process can release enough energy to develop the process in space and accelerate it in time. For /\p = 4.5 g/cm3, pc = 0.2, pep = 108erg/cm3 K, RT2 /E = 50K, ae= 10~2cm2/s, and a Peclet number ~ 1, critical dimensions of the area (her) are on the order of several hundred kilometers. CHARACTERISTIC TIME SCALES FOR THE EARLY DIFFERENTIATION OF INTERIORS Experimental data on meteorite material melt is too meager to make reliable judgements as to the composition of phases which are seeking to divide in the field of gravitational pull. Classical views, hypothesizing that the heavy (Fe-rich) component separates from silicates and sinks, via the filtration mechanism or as a large diapiere structures in the convecting shell, have only recently been expressed as hydrodynamic models. Complications with an estimate of the characteristic time scales for separation are, first of all, related to highly ambiguous data on numerical viscosity values for matter in the interiors. Variations in the temperature and content of fluids on the order of several percent, close to liquidus-solidus curves, alter viscosity numerical values by orders of magnitude. It is clear from this that even for Stokes' (slowed) flows, velocity v or n~i and characteristic time scales r or n are uncertain. Secondly, existing laboratory data point to the coexistence of several phases (components) with sharply varied rheology. This further complicates the separation picture. Nevertheless, a certain overall mechanism which is weakly dependent on concrete viscosity values and density differences, was clearly functioning with interiors differentiation. A number of indirect signs are evidence of this; they indicate the veIy early and concurrent differentiation of all terrestrial planets, including the Moon. The following are time scale estimates of the formation of the Earth's core: OCR for page 143 AMERICAN AND SOVIET RESEARCH 161 1) From paleomagnetic data, the core existed 2.8 to 3.5 billion years ago; 2) Based on uranium-lead data, it was formed in the first 100 to 300 million years. Me following do not clash with items 1 and 2 listed above). 3) Data on the formation of a protective, ionosphere or magne- tosphere screen for 20Ne and 36Ar prior to the first 700 million years, and 4) Data on intensive degassing in the first 100 million years for I-Xe. CONCLUSION The solution (generated in the 1970's-80's at least in principle) to the primary problems of classical planetary cosmogony has made it possible to move towards a synthesis of the dynamic and cosmochemical approaches. The initial findings appear to be promising. However, they require con- firmation. Clearly, there is no longer any doubt that intensive processes which promoted the formation of their initial shells occurred at the later stages of planet formation. At the same time, if we are to make significant progress in this area, we will need to conduct experimental studies on localized matter separation and labor-intensive numerical modeling to sim- ulate large-scale processes of fractioning and differentiation of the matter of planetary cores. REFERENCES Cassen, P.M., and A. Summers. 1983. Models of the formation of the solar nebula. Icarus 53(1):2640. Ipatov, S.I. 1987. Solid-state accumulation of the terrestrial planets. Astron. vestn. 21(3):207-215. Isaacman, R., and C. Sagan. 1977. Computer simulations of planetary accretion dynamics: sensitivity to initial conditions. Icarus 31: 510-533. Kaula, W.M. 1980. The beginning of the Earth's thermal evolution. The continental crust and its mineral deposits. N.Y. pp. 25-31. Laskar, J. 1988. Secular evolution of the Solar System over ten million years. Astron. Astrophys. 198(1/2):341-362. Levin, B.Yu. 1964. The origin of the Earth and the planets. Nauka, Moscow. Pechernikova, G.V. 1987. On the interim asymptotics of mass spectrum in the system of coagulating particles. Kinematics and Physics of Heavenly Bodies 3~5~:85-87. Pechernikova, G.V., and ~V. V'tyazev. 1979. Masses of the largest bodies and velocity dispersion during planet accumulation. Lettem to Astron. J. 5~1~:54-59; Sov. Astron. Lett. 5:31-34. Pechernikova, G.V, and A V. V'tyazev. 1980. The evolution of planetary orbit eccentricities in the process of planet formation. Astron. J. 57~4~:799-811; Sov. Astron. 27:460467. Pechernikova, G.V., and A.V. Vityazov. 1987. Erosion of Mercury silicate shell during its accumulation. Pages 770-771. In: XVIII Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf., Houston. Pechernikova, G.V., and A.V. V~tyazov. 1988. The evolution of dust clustem in the preplaneta~y disk. Astron. J. 65~1~:58-72. OCR for page 143 162 PLANETARY SCIENCES Pechernikova, G.V., and AV. V~tyazov. 1989. ~170-trl8O - p constraints on the composi- tion of planetesimals forming the Earth. Theses XII of the National Symposium on stable isotopes in geochemistry. Moscow. Ruzmaikina, T.V., and S.V. Maeva. 1986. Study of the process of protoplanetaty disk formation. Astron. vestn. 20~3~:212-2Z7. Safronov, V.S. 1959. On Earth's initial temperature. AS USSR Publ., Geophys. Series 1:139-143. Safronov, V.S. 1969. The evolution of the preplaneta~y cloud and the formation of the Earth and the planets. Nauka, Moscow. Safronov, V.S. 1982. Ike current state of the theory of the origin of the Earth. AS USSR Publ. Earth Physics 6:5-24. Safronov, V.S., and AV. Vityazov. 1983. The origin of the solar system. Conclusions of science and technology. Pages 5-93. In: Astronomiya, vol. 24. VINITI, Moscow. Safronov, V.S., and A.V. Vityazev 1986. The origin and early evolution of the terrestrial planets. Adv. Ph. Geochem. 6:1-29. Stewart, G.R., and W.M. Kaula. 1980. A gravitational kinetic theory for planetesimals. Icarus 44:154-171. Vityazev, A-V. 1gS2. Fractioning of matter during the formation and evolution of the Earth. AS USSR Publ. Earth Physics 6:52~8. Vityazev, A.V., and G.V. Pechernikova. 1981. A solution to the problem of planet rotation within the framework of the statistical theory of accumulation. Astron. J. 58(4~:869-878. Vityazov, AV., and G.V. Pechernikova. 198Z Models of protoplaneta~y disks near F - G stars Letters to Astron. J. 6:371-377; Sov. Astron. Lett. 8:201-208. Vityazov, AU, and G.V. Pechernikova. 1985. Towards a synthesis of cosmochemical and dynamic approaches in planetary cosmogony. Meteoritika 44:3-20. Vityazev, A.V., and Pechernikova G.V., 1987. When the gas was removed from the zone of terrestrial planets? Pages 1044-1045. In: XVIII Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf., Houston. Vityazev, TV., G.V. Pechernikova and V.S. Safronov. 1990. The Terrestrial Planets Origin and Early evolution. Nauka, Moscow. Weidenschilling, SJ. 19T7. Ike distribution of mass in the protoplaneta~y system and solar nebula. Astron. Space Sci. 51:153-158. Wetherill, G.W. 1980. Formation of the terrestrial planets. Numerical calculations. Pages 3-24. In: The Continent, Crust and Its Mineral Deposits. Geol. Assoc. of Canada. Wetherill, G.W. 1985. Occurence of Giant Impacts during the growth of the terrestrial planets. 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https://anyessayhelp.com/direct-and-indirect-cash-flow-models-accounting-homework-help-business-finance-assignment-help/	# Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help. Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help. The Carpet Company’s 20X2 and 20X3 balance sheets included the following items: December 31 2010 2009 Debits Cash $10,500$ 4,000 Accounts receivable 8,000 9,000 Merchandise inventory 21,000 18,000 Equipment 18,000 15,000 Totals $57,500$46,000 Credits Accumulated depreciation, equipment $4,000$3,000 Accounts payable 7,000 5,000 Taxes payable 1,000 2,000 Dividends payable 1,500 0 Common stock, $10 par value 27,000 25,000 Contributed capital in excess of par, common stock 6,000 5,000 Retained earnings 11,000 6,000 Totals$57,500 $46,000 The Carpet Company’s income statement was as follows: CARPET COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Sales$61,000 Cost of goods sold $40,000 Wages and other operating expenses 6,300 Income taxes expense 4,200 Depreciation expense 1,500 52,000 Net income 9,000 Additional information includes the following: • Equipment costing$3,500 was purchased during the year. • Fully depreciated equipment that cost $500 was discarded and its cost and accumulated depreciation were removed from the accounts. • Two hundred shares of stock were sold and issued at$15 per share. • The company declared $4,000 of cash dividends and paid$2,500. Required: 1. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the direct method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 2. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the indirect method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 3. Provide a statement between 200 and 300 words in length for senior management. The topic is the status of the company based on cash flow. Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process, Probability homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI, assignment help Mathematics Assignment Help A consultant is interested in seeing how accurately a new job performance index measures what is important for a corporation. The consultant is interested in the relationship between the annual employee salary or SALARY (Y in $1,000s) and the job performance index or JPI (X). A random sample of 14 employees is selected, yielding the following. JPI SALARY PREDICT 9 66 6 7 55 10 8 63 4 45 7 58 5 49 5 50 6 52 4 46 7 56 7 60 7 54 8 60 6 52 Correlations: JPI, SALARY Pearson correlation of JPI and SALARY = 0.966 P-Value = 0.000 Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI The regression equation is SALARY = 29.0 + 4.00 JPI Predictor Coef SE Coef T P Constant 29.000 2.045 14.18 0.000 JPI 4.0000 0.3103 12.89 0.000 S = 1.68325 R-Sq = 93.3% R-Sq(adj) = 92.7% Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Regression 1 470.86 470.86 166.18 0.000 Residual Error 12 34.00 2.83 Total 13 504.86 Predicted Values for New Observations New Obs Fit SE Fit 95% CI 95% PI 1 53.000 0.469 (51.978, 54.022) (49.193, 56.807) 2 69.000 1.196 (66.394, 71.606) (64.501, 73.499)X X denotes a point that is an extreme outlier in the predictors. Values of Predictors for New Observations New Obs JPI 1 6.0 2 10.0 a. Analyze the above output to determine the regression equation. b. Find and interpret in the context of this problem. c. Find and interpret the coefficient of determination (r-squared). d. Find and interpret coefficient of correlation. e. Does the data provide significant evidence (a = .05) that JPI can be used to predict Salary? Test the utility of this model using a two-tailed test. Find the observed p-value and interpret. f. Find the 95% confidence interval for mean salary when the JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. g. Find the 95% prediction interval for the salary of an individual whose JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. h. What can we say about the salary for a person with a JPI of 10? [supanova_question] ## Probability of prescriptions, statistics homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## The Qur’an Muslim Culture 3-400 WORDS EACH QUESTION, history homework help Humanities Assignment Help There are 3 questions below each needs to be 400 words long. So I will need 3 separate files 400 words each. 1. Consider the assigned reading from the Qur’an and explain how it reveal something important about the significanceof women within early Islamic society. How does this compare or contrast with the role of women within the othercultures we have studied? 2. Considering the assigned reading from the Qur’an, what do we learn about the relationship early Muslim people had with the divine? What practices and beliefs characterized their religious life? How does this compare or contrast with the ways other cultures we have studies understood themselves to be existing in relation to their god(s)? 3. What are your overall thoughts on this reading and on the Early Muslim Culture? [supanova_question] [supanova_question] ## Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help As an information officer for the Office of the Mayor, you have been assigned the responsibility to write a short report for the city council describing the key provisions of a piece of U.S. law that has ramifications for your city. It outlines what the nation’s current social policy is in a specific policy area and therefore, affects people who live in this jurisdiction. Your report needs to provide the mayor and the city council members with an overview and it should respond to the questions below. This assignment allows you to choose a piece of legislation from the list below that is of particular interest to you: • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act • The Equal Opportunity Act • The Fair Housing Act • Immigration and Nationality Act • USA Patriot Act • Homeland Security Act • Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Assignment Guidelines • Select one of the above pieces of legislation. • Address the following in 2–4 pages: 1. What is the name of the law, and when was it enacted? Identify and describe it. 2. Has this law been amended since its enactment? Explain. 3. What was the intended purpose of the law when it was enacted? • Have those purposes changed because of any amendments and if so, in what ways? 4. What are the main topics covered in the law? Explain. 5. What are the key provisions of the law? Explain. 6. What are your conclusions about what interests are served by this law for the promotion of the welfare of people in U.S. society in general? • Include in your conclusion any ideas you have about how this law could impact your city and therefore, how it is relevant to the city council members. • Be sure to reference all sources using APA style. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Scavenger Hunt: PSU Abington Culture, homework help Assignment Help Go on a scavenger hunt around campus, alone or in groups, and take pictures of organizational rites, rituals, myths, or metaphors. While some of them might be hard to get,such as myths, be creative and find a representation of a myth and then explain your picture. Choose one or two to post in this forum, and talk about how they contribute to organizational culture here at Abington. If you do the Lion Shrine, you must post at least one additional picture/explanation of a different myth, metaphor, etc. Be sure to quote the reading and respond to 2 classmates. classmate 1. Before you ask, I worked overnight security at the University Park Football Stadium. Nice sunset, huh? When I think of organizational rituals and metaphors, I think of Penn State Football and its stadium. Each year, hundreds of Penn State fans and alumni flock to State College and harbor around the stadium to watch their lions play. Each year, they bring their families, meet old friends, and tailgate till kickoff. The stadium, and the tailgate fields around it, stands as a hub that everyone can get together for those few times a year. Outside of football season, the stadium is used for weddings, camps, tours, and high-end gatherings for its alumni, community, and PSU prospects. Classmate2: chose this picture because I don’t know anyone who doesn’t like the duck pond on campus. When I transferred back to Abington the biggest thing I remembered about campus was the duck pond. It is at the heart of the Abington Campus and gives it some of the character it has. Everyone likes the duck pond, and everyone knows the duck pond. To me the duck pond is what separates the Abington campus from others. It’s unique and interesting. The way it freezes in the cold winters is hauntingly beautiful. In the fall and spring its great to relax near it. Most of all it’s a piece of campus anyone can relax by. [supanova_question] ## abstract intro conclusion, writing homework help Writing Assignment Help i have done summaries on my research paper, but my paper is very light in contents, you will need to get deeper in the concepts. 1) i need you to write more deep in the concepts. 2) i have done phase1 and 2. i want you to combined them into one paper. 3) phase 1 i need to proceed with the recapitulation table, i will provide it to you. I have done presentation too i want you to add info to it. phase 1 has intro abstract conclusion and phase 2 also has intro abstract conclusion i want you to combined them into one has intro abstract conclusion phase 2 i need you to read the article and add one page more deep on the concepts then fill this attached templet [supanova_question] ## Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus Humanities Assignment Help 1. Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus from earlier hominins, including increased brain capacity and what changes in the ratio of arm to leg length? Arms are larger in relation to the legs. Arms are the same length as the legs. Arms are shorter in relation to the legs. Arms are longer on the dominant side only. 5 points ### QUESTION 2 1. According to the Code of Manu, a woman’s dharma, regardless of jati, always included ability to weave and cook. loyalty to her husband. beauty education. 1. Pharaohs claimed to be descended from what god? Osiris Amon Horus Set ### QUESTION 14 1. Which of the following regions was the last to present evidence of hominin migration? Japan Java Spain India ### QUESTION 16 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 5 points ### QUESTION 18 1. Clovis points are used as evidence to date the presence of humans in what area? America Siberia Europe Australia 5 points ### QUESTION 19 1. Which of the following best describes the changes in weather patterns in the Middle East during the Younger Dryas period? hotter and dryer hotter and wetter colder and dryer colder and more humid 5 points ### QUESTION 20 1. What artifact, discovered at Longshan sites and dating from the mid-third millennium BCE., indicates interaction between Neolithic China and peoples further westward? a kang copper spearheads black pottery potter’s wheel 5 points ### QUESTION 21 1. The “wheel of dharma” was an early representation of jati the Buddha Krishna the soul 5 points ### QUESTION 22 1. Tensions between Rome and the Parthians often broke over because of what region they both wanted as a client state? Greece Sicily Palatine Armenia 5 points ### QUESTION 23 1. The Gupta Dynasty began somewhere near Nepal Magadha Bactria Kalinga 5 points ### QUESTION 24 1. One of the key debates about Meroë is whether it acquired the ability to smelt iron from the Middle East or from sub-Saharan Africa Dhar Tichitt Yemen Egypt 5 points ### QUESTION 25 1. The kingdom of Menander in Bactria, which controlled some of northern India after the collapse of the Mauryans, spoke what language? Greek Sanskrit Prakit Aramaic 5 points ### QUESTION 26 1. Rome had its own patron god in Jupiter but later also adopted the pantheon of gods from Persia Babylon Greece Phoenicia 5 points ### QUESTION 27 1. Beginning around c. 600 C.E. there was a massive migration of what people into the Great Lakes? Bantu Nubians Pygmies Ghanains 5 points ### QUESTION 28 1. For Confucius, the Duke of Zhao was an excellent example of fuzi. a junzi Dao lunyu. 5 points ### QUESTION 29 1. Sparta was able to defeat Athens in 404 B.C.E. in part because the Spartans invaded Attica with an all-mercenary army used Persian money to build a navy built a large fort in Anatolia to isolate Athenian trade armed the Helots and doubled their army’s size 5 points ### QUESTION 30 1. Alvars and nayanars offered what approach to worshipping Vishnu and Shiva? animal sacrifice fasting poetry scholarship 5 points ### QUESTION 31 1. One of the most ambitious construction projects undertaken by the Sui Dynasty was the completion of the Grand Canal, which linked what two bodies of water in China? Yellow River and the Yangzi River Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan East China Sea and South China Sea Yellow River and the South China Sea 5 points ### QUESTION 32 1. Wealth at Dhar Tichitt and Dhar Oualata, c. 2000 B.C.E. was probably measured in gold wives livestock land 5 points ### QUESTION 33 1. In the practice of sati, a wife shows her loyalty to her husband by committing ritual suicide by self-immolation taking poison starvation jumping off a cliff 5 points ### QUESTION 34 1. The Red Eyebrow revolt against Wang Mang was led by a secretsociety. Confucianist Legalist Buddhist Daoist 5 points ### QUESTION 35 1. Under Achaemenid rule, the traditional Mesopotamian urban assembly was empowered to serve in what capacity? military judicial fiscal religious 5 points ### QUESTION 36 1. In Sparta, the most important occupation of Spartan men was as a soldier magistrate farmer merchant ### QUESTION 40 1. Among the four calendars used by the Maya, the Long Count measured time in what way? A nine-month divination cycle Solar calendar season. From the beginning of the universe By measuring the growth of trees [supanova_question] ## Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants?, Critique Essay Humanities Assignment Help i prefer to write the title here so it will be hidden . Title : Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? • It is a critique essay . • My Professor guidance : In International Law, a distinction is made between human trafficking, involving the ‘exploitation for forced labour, sexual exploitation or other forms of exploitation’ and the smuggling of migrants which connotes ‘procurement, for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry into a country of which that individual is neither a citizen nor permanent resident’. However, this distinction is being increasingly challenged in the scholarly literature. You should write a short academic essay in response to the question: Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? Your analysis should be a sustained reflection on the key elements of this scholarly debate drawing extensively on the academic literature, evaluating the detractions, merits and implications of the respective divergent arguments. As well as undertaking your own research, you should read and refer to the recommended and suggested reading outlined in the worksheets for Workshops One & Two in the module guide. • Required Reading will be attached for yourself + other academic books as sources (my professor dislike online resources) . • 2000 words only ! • Harvard style of referencing . • 30 list of references (including what I have attached ). It must be based on a good piece of research , to show the professor that I understood what I have read. • I don’t want a factual answer explaining what is human trafficking and what’s smuggling .the lecturer repeated many times and explained that I should build a strong argument . off course describing a bit ,what they are (add one summarized case law for each) ? and the main question is there a distinction between them ?? why do I think there is a distinction ??Illustrate different arguments between academics among who think there is a distinction and who don’t? and My opinion should be backed up with citations which support my opinion! • please follow my instructions . if anything you didnt understand write back to me . [supanova_question] https://anyessayhelp.com/ The Carpet Company’s 20X2 and 20X3 balance sheets included the following items: December 31 2010 2009 Debits Cash$10,500 $4,000 Accounts receivable 8,000 9,000 Merchandise inventory 21,000 18,000 Equipment 18,000 15,000 Totals$57,500 $46,000 Credits Accumulated depreciation, equipment$4,000 $3,000 Accounts payable 7,000 5,000 Taxes payable 1,000 2,000 Dividends payable 1,500 0 Common stock,$10 par value 27,000 25,000 Contributed capital in excess of par, common stock 6,000 5,000 Retained earnings 11,000 6,000 Totals $57,500$46,000 The Carpet Company’s income statement was as follows: CARPET COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Sales $61,000 Cost of goods sold$40,000 Wages and other operating expenses 6,300 Income taxes expense 4,200 Depreciation expense 1,500 52,000 Net income 9,000 • Equipment costing $3,500 was purchased during the year. • Fully depreciated equipment that cost$500 was discarded and its cost and accumulated depreciation were removed from the accounts. • Two hundred shares of stock were sold and issued at $15 per share. • The company declared$4,000 of cash dividends and paid $2,500. Required: 1. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the direct method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 2. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the indirect method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 3. Provide a statement between 200 and 300 words in length for senior management. The topic is the status of the company based on cash flow. Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process, Probability homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI, assignment help Mathematics Assignment Help A consultant is interested in seeing how accurately a new job performance index measures what is important for a corporation. The consultant is interested in the relationship between the annual employee salary or SALARY (Y in$1,000s) and the job performance index or JPI (X). A random sample of 14 employees is selected, yielding the following. JPI SALARY PREDICT 9 66 6 7 55 10 8 63 4 45 7 58 5 49 5 50 6 52 4 46 7 56 7 60 7 54 8 60 6 52 Correlations: JPI, SALARY Pearson correlation of JPI and SALARY = 0.966 P-Value = 0.000 Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI The regression equation is SALARY = 29.0 + 4.00 JPI Predictor Coef SE Coef T P Constant 29.000 2.045 14.18 0.000 JPI 4.0000 0.3103 12.89 0.000 S = 1.68325 R-Sq = 93.3% R-Sq(adj) = 92.7% Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Regression 1 470.86 470.86 166.18 0.000 Residual Error 12 34.00 2.83 Total 13 504.86 Predicted Values for New Observations New Obs Fit SE Fit 95% CI 95% PI 1 53.000 0.469 (51.978, 54.022) (49.193, 56.807) 2 69.000 1.196 (66.394, 71.606) (64.501, 73.499)X X denotes a point that is an extreme outlier in the predictors. Values of Predictors for New Observations New Obs JPI 1 6.0 2 10.0 a. Analyze the above output to determine the regression equation. b. Find and interpret in the context of this problem. c. Find and interpret the coefficient of determination (r-squared). d. Find and interpret coefficient of correlation. e. Does the data provide significant evidence (a = .05) that JPI can be used to predict Salary? Test the utility of this model using a two-tailed test. Find the observed p-value and interpret. f. Find the 95% confidence interval for mean salary when the JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. g. Find the 95% prediction interval for the salary of an individual whose JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. h. What can we say about the salary for a person with a JPI of 10? [supanova_question] ## Probability of prescriptions, statistics homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## The Qur’an Muslim Culture 3-400 WORDS EACH QUESTION, history homework help Humanities Assignment Help There are 3 questions below each needs to be 400 words long. So I will need 3 separate files 400 words each. 1. Consider the assigned reading from the Qur’an and explain how it reveal something important about the significanceof women within early Islamic society. How does this compare or contrast with the role of women within the othercultures we have studied? 2. Considering the assigned reading from the Qur’an, what do we learn about the relationship early Muslim people had with the divine? What practices and beliefs characterized their religious life? How does this compare or contrast with the ways other cultures we have studies understood themselves to be existing in relation to their god(s)? 3. What are your overall thoughts on this reading and on the Early Muslim Culture? [supanova_question] [supanova_question] ## Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help As an information officer for the Office of the Mayor, you have been assigned the responsibility to write a short report for the city council describing the key provisions of a piece of U.S. law that has ramifications for your city. It outlines what the nation’s current social policy is in a specific policy area and therefore, affects people who live in this jurisdiction. Your report needs to provide the mayor and the city council members with an overview and it should respond to the questions below. This assignment allows you to choose a piece of legislation from the list below that is of particular interest to you: • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act • The Equal Opportunity Act • The Fair Housing Act • Immigration and Nationality Act • USA Patriot Act • Homeland Security Act • Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Assignment Guidelines • Select one of the above pieces of legislation. • Address the following in 2–4 pages: 1. What is the name of the law, and when was it enacted? Identify and describe it. 2. Has this law been amended since its enactment? Explain. 3. What was the intended purpose of the law when it was enacted? • Have those purposes changed because of any amendments and if so, in what ways? 4. What are the main topics covered in the law? Explain. 5. What are the key provisions of the law? Explain. 6. What are your conclusions about what interests are served by this law for the promotion of the welfare of people in U.S. society in general? • Include in your conclusion any ideas you have about how this law could impact your city and therefore, how it is relevant to the city council members. • Be sure to reference all sources using APA style. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Scavenger Hunt: PSU Abington Culture, homework help Assignment Help Go on a scavenger hunt around campus, alone or in groups, and take pictures of organizational rites, rituals, myths, or metaphors. While some of them might be hard to get,such as myths, be creative and find a representation of a myth and then explain your picture. Choose one or two to post in this forum, and talk about how they contribute to organizational culture here at Abington. If you do the Lion Shrine, you must post at least one additional picture/explanation of a different myth, metaphor, etc. Be sure to quote the reading and respond to 2 classmates. classmate 1. Before you ask, I worked overnight security at the University Park Football Stadium. Nice sunset, huh? When I think of organizational rituals and metaphors, I think of Penn State Football and its stadium. Each year, hundreds of Penn State fans and alumni flock to State College and harbor around the stadium to watch their lions play. Each year, they bring their families, meet old friends, and tailgate till kickoff. The stadium, and the tailgate fields around it, stands as a hub that everyone can get together for those few times a year. Outside of football season, the stadium is used for weddings, camps, tours, and high-end gatherings for its alumni, community, and PSU prospects. Classmate2: chose this picture because I don’t know anyone who doesn’t like the duck pond on campus. When I transferred back to Abington the biggest thing I remembered about campus was the duck pond. It is at the heart of the Abington Campus and gives it some of the character it has. Everyone likes the duck pond, and everyone knows the duck pond. To me the duck pond is what separates the Abington campus from others. It’s unique and interesting. The way it freezes in the cold winters is hauntingly beautiful. In the fall and spring its great to relax near it. Most of all it’s a piece of campus anyone can relax by. [supanova_question] ## abstract intro conclusion, writing homework help Writing Assignment Help i have done summaries on my research paper, but my paper is very light in contents, you will need to get deeper in the concepts. 1) i need you to write more deep in the concepts. 2) i have done phase1 and 2. i want you to combined them into one paper. 3) phase 1 i need to proceed with the recapitulation table, i will provide it to you. I have done presentation too i want you to add info to it. phase 1 has intro abstract conclusion and phase 2 also has intro abstract conclusion i want you to combined them into one has intro abstract conclusion phase 2 i need you to read the article and add one page more deep on the concepts then fill this attached templet [supanova_question] ## Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus Humanities Assignment Help 1. Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus from earlier hominins, including increased brain capacity and what changes in the ratio of arm to leg length? Arms are larger in relation to the legs. Arms are the same length as the legs. Arms are shorter in relation to the legs. Arms are longer on the dominant side only. 5 points ### QUESTION 2 1. According to the Code of Manu, a woman’s dharma, regardless of jati, always included ability to weave and cook. loyalty to her husband. beauty education. 1. Pharaohs claimed to be descended from what god? Osiris Amon Horus Set ### QUESTION 14 1. Which of the following regions was the last to present evidence of hominin migration? Japan Java Spain India ### QUESTION 16 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 5 points ### QUESTION 18 1. Clovis points are used as evidence to date the presence of humans in what area? America Siberia Europe Australia 5 points ### QUESTION 19 1. Which of the following best describes the changes in weather patterns in the Middle East during the Younger Dryas period? hotter and dryer hotter and wetter colder and dryer colder and more humid 5 points ### QUESTION 20 1. What artifact, discovered at Longshan sites and dating from the mid-third millennium BCE., indicates interaction between Neolithic China and peoples further westward? a kang copper spearheads black pottery potter’s wheel 5 points ### QUESTION 21 1. The “wheel of dharma” was an early representation of jati the Buddha Krishna the soul 5 points ### QUESTION 22 1. Tensions between Rome and the Parthians often broke over because of what region they both wanted as a client state? Greece Sicily Palatine Armenia 5 points ### QUESTION 23 1. The Gupta Dynasty began somewhere near 5 points ### QUESTION 24 1. One of the key debates about Meroë is whether it acquired the ability to smelt iron from the Middle East or from sub-Saharan Africa Dhar Tichitt Yemen Egypt 5 points ### QUESTION 25 1. The kingdom of Menander in Bactria, which controlled some of northern India after the collapse of the Mauryans, spoke what language? Greek Sanskrit Prakit Aramaic 5 points ### QUESTION 26 1. Rome had its own patron god in Jupiter but later also adopted the pantheon of gods from Persia Babylon Greece Phoenicia 5 points ### QUESTION 27 1. Beginning around c. 600 C.E. there was a massive migration of what people into the Great Lakes? Bantu Nubians Pygmies Ghanains 5 points ### QUESTION 28 1. For Confucius, the Duke of Zhao was an excellent example of fuzi. a junzi Dao lunyu. 5 points ### QUESTION 29 1. Sparta was able to defeat Athens in 404 B.C.E. in part because the Spartans invaded Attica with an all-mercenary army used Persian money to build a navy built a large fort in Anatolia to isolate Athenian trade armed the Helots and doubled their army’s size 5 points ### QUESTION 30 1. Alvars and nayanars offered what approach to worshipping Vishnu and Shiva? animal sacrifice fasting poetry scholarship 5 points ### QUESTION 31 1. One of the most ambitious construction projects undertaken by the Sui Dynasty was the completion of the Grand Canal, which linked what two bodies of water in China? Yellow River and the Yangzi River Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan East China Sea and South China Sea Yellow River and the South China Sea 5 points ### QUESTION 32 1. Wealth at Dhar Tichitt and Dhar Oualata, c. 2000 B.C.E. was probably measured in gold wives livestock land 5 points ### QUESTION 33 1. In the practice of sati, a wife shows her loyalty to her husband by committing ritual suicide by self-immolation taking poison starvation jumping off a cliff 5 points ### QUESTION 34 1. The Red Eyebrow revolt against Wang Mang was led by a secretsociety. Confucianist Legalist Buddhist Daoist 5 points ### QUESTION 35 1. Under Achaemenid rule, the traditional Mesopotamian urban assembly was empowered to serve in what capacity? military judicial fiscal religious 5 points ### QUESTION 36 1. In Sparta, the most important occupation of Spartan men was as a soldier magistrate farmer merchant ### QUESTION 40 1. Among the four calendars used by the Maya, the Long Count measured time in what way? A nine-month divination cycle Solar calendar season. From the beginning of the universe By measuring the growth of trees [supanova_question] ## Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants?, Critique Essay Humanities Assignment Help i prefer to write the title here so it will be hidden . Title : Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? • It is a critique essay . • My Professor guidance : In International Law, a distinction is made between human trafficking, involving the ‘exploitation for forced labour, sexual exploitation or other forms of exploitation’ and the smuggling of migrants which connotes ‘procurement, for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry into a country of which that individual is neither a citizen nor permanent resident’. However, this distinction is being increasingly challenged in the scholarly literature. You should write a short academic essay in response to the question: Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? Your analysis should be a sustained reflection on the key elements of this scholarly debate drawing extensively on the academic literature, evaluating the detractions, merits and implications of the respective divergent arguments. As well as undertaking your own research, you should read and refer to the recommended and suggested reading outlined in the worksheets for Workshops One & Two in the module guide. • Required Reading will be attached for yourself + other academic books as sources (my professor dislike online resources) . • 2000 words only ! • Harvard style of referencing . • 30 list of references (including what I have attached ). It must be based on a good piece of research , to show the professor that I understood what I have read. • I don’t want a factual answer explaining what is human trafficking and what’s smuggling .the lecturer repeated many times and explained that I should build a strong argument . off course describing a bit ,what they are (add one summarized case law for each) ? and the main question is there a distinction between them ?? why do I think there is a distinction ??Illustrate different arguments between academics among who think there is a distinction and who don’t? and My opinion should be backed up with citations which support my opinion! • please follow my instructions . if anything you didnt understand write back to me . [supanova_question] https://anyessayhelp.com/ The Carpet Company’s 20X2 and 20X3 balance sheets included the following items: December 31 2010 2009 Debits Cash $10,500$ 4,000 Accounts receivable 8,000 9,000 Merchandise inventory 21,000 18,000 Equipment 18,000 15,000 Totals $57,500$46,000 Credits Accumulated depreciation, equipment $4,000$3,000 Accounts payable 7,000 5,000 Taxes payable 1,000 2,000 Dividends payable 1,500 0 Common stock, $10 par value 27,000 25,000 Contributed capital in excess of par, common stock 6,000 5,000 Retained earnings 11,000 6,000 Totals$57,500 $46,000 The Carpet Company’s income statement was as follows: CARPET COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Sales$61,000 Cost of goods sold $40,000 Wages and other operating expenses 6,300 Income taxes expense 4,200 Depreciation expense 1,500 52,000 Net income 9,000 Additional information includes the following: • Equipment costing$3,500 was purchased during the year. • Fully depreciated equipment that cost $500 was discarded and its cost and accumulated depreciation were removed from the accounts. • Two hundred shares of stock were sold and issued at$15 per share. • The company declared $4,000 of cash dividends and paid$2,500. Required: 1. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the direct method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 2. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the indirect method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 3. Provide a statement between 200 and 300 words in length for senior management. The topic is the status of the company based on cash flow. Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process, Probability homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI, assignment help Mathematics Assignment Help A consultant is interested in seeing how accurately a new job performance index measures what is important for a corporation. The consultant is interested in the relationship between the annual employee salary or SALARY (Y in $1,000s) and the job performance index or JPI (X). A random sample of 14 employees is selected, yielding the following. JPI SALARY PREDICT 9 66 6 7 55 10 8 63 4 45 7 58 5 49 5 50 6 52 4 46 7 56 7 60 7 54 8 60 6 52 Correlations: JPI, SALARY Pearson correlation of JPI and SALARY = 0.966 P-Value = 0.000 Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI The regression equation is SALARY = 29.0 + 4.00 JPI Predictor Coef SE Coef T P Constant 29.000 2.045 14.18 0.000 JPI 4.0000 0.3103 12.89 0.000 S = 1.68325 R-Sq = 93.3% R-Sq(adj) = 92.7% Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Regression 1 470.86 470.86 166.18 0.000 Residual Error 12 34.00 2.83 Total 13 504.86 Predicted Values for New Observations New Obs Fit SE Fit 95% CI 95% PI 1 53.000 0.469 (51.978, 54.022) (49.193, 56.807) 2 69.000 1.196 (66.394, 71.606) (64.501, 73.499)X X denotes a point that is an extreme outlier in the predictors. Values of Predictors for New Observations New Obs JPI 1 6.0 2 10.0 a. Analyze the above output to determine the regression equation. b. Find and interpret in the context of this problem. c. Find and interpret the coefficient of determination (r-squared). d. Find and interpret coefficient of correlation. e. Does the data provide significant evidence (a = .05) that JPI can be used to predict Salary? Test the utility of this model using a two-tailed test. Find the observed p-value and interpret. f. Find the 95% confidence interval for mean salary when the JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. g. Find the 95% prediction interval for the salary of an individual whose JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. h. What can we say about the salary for a person with a JPI of 10? [supanova_question] ## Probability of prescriptions, statistics homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## The Qur’an Muslim Culture 3-400 WORDS EACH QUESTION, history homework help Humanities Assignment Help There are 3 questions below each needs to be 400 words long. So I will need 3 separate files 400 words each. 1. Consider the assigned reading from the Qur’an and explain how it reveal something important about the significanceof women within early Islamic society. How does this compare or contrast with the role of women within the othercultures we have studied? 2. Considering the assigned reading from the Qur’an, what do we learn about the relationship early Muslim people had with the divine? What practices and beliefs characterized their religious life? How does this compare or contrast with the ways other cultures we have studies understood themselves to be existing in relation to their god(s)? 3. What are your overall thoughts on this reading and on the Early Muslim Culture? [supanova_question] [supanova_question] ## Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help As an information officer for the Office of the Mayor, you have been assigned the responsibility to write a short report for the city council describing the key provisions of a piece of U.S. law that has ramifications for your city. It outlines what the nation’s current social policy is in a specific policy area and therefore, affects people who live in this jurisdiction. Your report needs to provide the mayor and the city council members with an overview and it should respond to the questions below. This assignment allows you to choose a piece of legislation from the list below that is of particular interest to you: • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act • The Equal Opportunity Act • The Fair Housing Act • Immigration and Nationality Act • USA Patriot Act • Homeland Security Act • Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Assignment Guidelines • Select one of the above pieces of legislation. • Address the following in 2–4 pages: 1. What is the name of the law, and when was it enacted? Identify and describe it. 2. Has this law been amended since its enactment? Explain. 3. What was the intended purpose of the law when it was enacted? • Have those purposes changed because of any amendments and if so, in what ways? 4. What are the main topics covered in the law? Explain. 5. What are the key provisions of the law? Explain. 6. What are your conclusions about what interests are served by this law for the promotion of the welfare of people in U.S. society in general? • Include in your conclusion any ideas you have about how this law could impact your city and therefore, how it is relevant to the city council members. • Be sure to reference all sources using APA style. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Scavenger Hunt: PSU Abington Culture, homework help Assignment Help Go on a scavenger hunt around campus, alone or in groups, and take pictures of organizational rites, rituals, myths, or metaphors. While some of them might be hard to get,such as myths, be creative and find a representation of a myth and then explain your picture. Choose one or two to post in this forum, and talk about how they contribute to organizational culture here at Abington. If you do the Lion Shrine, you must post at least one additional picture/explanation of a different myth, metaphor, etc. Be sure to quote the reading and respond to 2 classmates. classmate 1. Before you ask, I worked overnight security at the University Park Football Stadium. Nice sunset, huh? When I think of organizational rituals and metaphors, I think of Penn State Football and its stadium. Each year, hundreds of Penn State fans and alumni flock to State College and harbor around the stadium to watch their lions play. Each year, they bring their families, meet old friends, and tailgate till kickoff. The stadium, and the tailgate fields around it, stands as a hub that everyone can get together for those few times a year. Outside of football season, the stadium is used for weddings, camps, tours, and high-end gatherings for its alumni, community, and PSU prospects. Classmate2: chose this picture because I don’t know anyone who doesn’t like the duck pond on campus. When I transferred back to Abington the biggest thing I remembered about campus was the duck pond. It is at the heart of the Abington Campus and gives it some of the character it has. Everyone likes the duck pond, and everyone knows the duck pond. To me the duck pond is what separates the Abington campus from others. It’s unique and interesting. The way it freezes in the cold winters is hauntingly beautiful. In the fall and spring its great to relax near it. Most of all it’s a piece of campus anyone can relax by. [supanova_question] ## abstract intro conclusion, writing homework help Writing Assignment Help i have done summaries on my research paper, but my paper is very light in contents, you will need to get deeper in the concepts. 1) i need you to write more deep in the concepts. 2) i have done phase1 and 2. i want you to combined them into one paper. 3) phase 1 i need to proceed with the recapitulation table, i will provide it to you. I have done presentation too i want you to add info to it. phase 1 has intro abstract conclusion and phase 2 also has intro abstract conclusion i want you to combined them into one has intro abstract conclusion phase 2 i need you to read the article and add one page more deep on the concepts then fill this attached templet [supanova_question] ## Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus Humanities Assignment Help 1. Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus from earlier hominins, including increased brain capacity and what changes in the ratio of arm to leg length? Arms are larger in relation to the legs. Arms are the same length as the legs. Arms are shorter in relation to the legs. Arms are longer on the dominant side only. 5 points ### QUESTION 2 1. According to the Code of Manu, a woman’s dharma, regardless of jati, always included ability to weave and cook. loyalty to her husband. beauty education. 1. Pharaohs claimed to be descended from what god? Osiris Amon Horus Set ### QUESTION 14 1. Which of the following regions was the last to present evidence of hominin migration? Japan Java Spain India ### QUESTION 16 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 5 points ### QUESTION 18 1. Clovis points are used as evidence to date the presence of humans in what area? America Siberia Europe Australia 5 points ### QUESTION 19 1. Which of the following best describes the changes in weather patterns in the Middle East during the Younger Dryas period? hotter and dryer hotter and wetter colder and dryer colder and more humid 5 points ### QUESTION 20 1. What artifact, discovered at Longshan sites and dating from the mid-third millennium BCE., indicates interaction between Neolithic China and peoples further westward? a kang copper spearheads black pottery potter’s wheel 5 points ### QUESTION 21 1. The “wheel of dharma” was an early representation of jati the Buddha Krishna the soul 5 points ### QUESTION 22 1. Tensions between Rome and the Parthians often broke over because of what region they both wanted as a client state? Greece Sicily Palatine Armenia 5 points ### QUESTION 23 1. The Gupta Dynasty began somewhere near Nepal Magadha Bactria Kalinga 5 points ### QUESTION 24 1. One of the key debates about Meroë is whether it acquired the ability to smelt iron from the Middle East or from sub-Saharan Africa Dhar Tichitt Yemen Egypt 5 points ### QUESTION 25 1. The kingdom of Menander in Bactria, which controlled some of northern India after the collapse of the Mauryans, spoke what language? Greek Sanskrit Prakit Aramaic 5 points ### QUESTION 26 1. Rome had its own patron god in Jupiter but later also adopted the pantheon of gods from Persia Babylon Greece Phoenicia 5 points ### QUESTION 27 1. Beginning around c. 600 C.E. there was a massive migration of what people into the Great Lakes? Bantu Nubians Pygmies Ghanains 5 points ### QUESTION 28 1. For Confucius, the Duke of Zhao was an excellent example of fuzi. a junzi Dao lunyu. 5 points ### QUESTION 29 1. Sparta was able to defeat Athens in 404 B.C.E. in part because the Spartans invaded Attica with an all-mercenary army used Persian money to build a navy built a large fort in Anatolia to isolate Athenian trade armed the Helots and doubled their army’s size 5 points ### QUESTION 30 1. Alvars and nayanars offered what approach to worshipping Vishnu and Shiva? animal sacrifice fasting poetry scholarship 5 points ### QUESTION 31 1. One of the most ambitious construction projects undertaken by the Sui Dynasty was the completion of the Grand Canal, which linked what two bodies of water in China? Yellow River and the Yangzi River Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan East China Sea and South China Sea Yellow River and the South China Sea 5 points ### QUESTION 32 1. Wealth at Dhar Tichitt and Dhar Oualata, c. 2000 B.C.E. was probably measured in gold wives livestock land 5 points ### QUESTION 33 1. In the practice of sati, a wife shows her loyalty to her husband by committing ritual suicide by self-immolation taking poison starvation jumping off a cliff 5 points ### QUESTION 34 1. The Red Eyebrow revolt against Wang Mang was led by a secretsociety. Confucianist Legalist Buddhist Daoist 5 points ### QUESTION 35 1. Under Achaemenid rule, the traditional Mesopotamian urban assembly was empowered to serve in what capacity? military judicial fiscal religious 5 points ### QUESTION 36 1. In Sparta, the most important occupation of Spartan men was as a soldier magistrate farmer merchant ### QUESTION 40 1. Among the four calendars used by the Maya, the Long Count measured time in what way? A nine-month divination cycle Solar calendar season. From the beginning of the universe By measuring the growth of trees [supanova_question] ## Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants?, Critique Essay Humanities Assignment Help i prefer to write the title here so it will be hidden . Title : Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? • It is a critique essay . • My Professor guidance : In International Law, a distinction is made between human trafficking, involving the ‘exploitation for forced labour, sexual exploitation or other forms of exploitation’ and the smuggling of migrants which connotes ‘procurement, for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry into a country of which that individual is neither a citizen nor permanent resident’. However, this distinction is being increasingly challenged in the scholarly literature. You should write a short academic essay in response to the question: Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? Your analysis should be a sustained reflection on the key elements of this scholarly debate drawing extensively on the academic literature, evaluating the detractions, merits and implications of the respective divergent arguments. As well as undertaking your own research, you should read and refer to the recommended and suggested reading outlined in the worksheets for Workshops One & Two in the module guide. • Required Reading will be attached for yourself + other academic books as sources (my professor dislike online resources) . • 2000 words only ! • Harvard style of referencing . • 30 list of references (including what I have attached ). It must be based on a good piece of research , to show the professor that I understood what I have read. • I don’t want a factual answer explaining what is human trafficking and what’s smuggling .the lecturer repeated many times and explained that I should build a strong argument . off course describing a bit ,what they are (add one summarized case law for each) ? and the main question is there a distinction between them ?? why do I think there is a distinction ??Illustrate different arguments between academics among who think there is a distinction and who don’t? and My opinion should be backed up with citations which support my opinion! • please follow my instructions . if anything you didnt understand write back to me . [supanova_question] https://anyessayhelp.com/ The Carpet Company’s 20X2 and 20X3 balance sheets included the following items: December 31 2010 2009 Debits Cash$10,500 $4,000 Accounts receivable 8,000 9,000 Merchandise inventory 21,000 18,000 Equipment 18,000 15,000 Totals$57,500 $46,000 Credits Accumulated depreciation, equipment$4,000 $3,000 Accounts payable 7,000 5,000 Taxes payable 1,000 2,000 Dividends payable 1,500 0 Common stock,$10 par value 27,000 25,000 Contributed capital in excess of par, common stock 6,000 5,000 Retained earnings 11,000 6,000 Totals $57,500$46,000 The Carpet Company’s income statement was as follows: CARPET COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Sales $61,000 Cost of goods sold$40,000 Wages and other operating expenses 6,300 Income taxes expense 4,200 Depreciation expense 1,500 52,000 Net income 9,000 • Equipment costing $3,500 was purchased during the year. • Fully depreciated equipment that cost$500 was discarded and its cost and accumulated depreciation were removed from the accounts. • Two hundred shares of stock were sold and issued at $15 per share. • The company declared$4,000 of cash dividends and paid $2,500. Required: 1. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the direct method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 2. Prepare the statement of cash flow under the indirect method for the year ended December 31, 20X3. 3. Provide a statement between 200 and 300 words in length for senior management. The topic is the status of the company based on cash flow. Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process, Probability homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI, assignment help Mathematics Assignment Help A consultant is interested in seeing how accurately a new job performance index measures what is important for a corporation. The consultant is interested in the relationship between the annual employee salary or SALARY (Y in$1,000s) and the job performance index or JPI (X). A random sample of 14 employees is selected, yielding the following. JPI SALARY PREDICT 9 66 6 7 55 10 8 63 4 45 7 58 5 49 5 50 6 52 4 46 7 56 7 60 7 54 8 60 6 52 Correlations: JPI, SALARY Pearson correlation of JPI and SALARY = 0.966 P-Value = 0.000 Regression Analysis: SALARY versus JPI The regression equation is SALARY = 29.0 + 4.00 JPI Predictor Coef SE Coef T P Constant 29.000 2.045 14.18 0.000 JPI 4.0000 0.3103 12.89 0.000 S = 1.68325 R-Sq = 93.3% R-Sq(adj) = 92.7% Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Regression 1 470.86 470.86 166.18 0.000 Residual Error 12 34.00 2.83 Total 13 504.86 Predicted Values for New Observations New Obs Fit SE Fit 95% CI 95% PI 1 53.000 0.469 (51.978, 54.022) (49.193, 56.807) 2 69.000 1.196 (66.394, 71.606) (64.501, 73.499)X X denotes a point that is an extreme outlier in the predictors. Values of Predictors for New Observations New Obs JPI 1 6.0 2 10.0 a. Analyze the above output to determine the regression equation. b. Find and interpret in the context of this problem. c. Find and interpret the coefficient of determination (r-squared). d. Find and interpret coefficient of correlation. e. Does the data provide significant evidence (a = .05) that JPI can be used to predict Salary? Test the utility of this model using a two-tailed test. Find the observed p-value and interpret. f. Find the 95% confidence interval for mean salary when the JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. g. Find the 95% prediction interval for the salary of an individual whose JPI is 6. Interpret this interval. h. What can we say about the salary for a person with a JPI of 10? [supanova_question] ## Probability of prescriptions, statistics homework help Mathematics Assignment Help Pharmacies continually monitor their prescription filling process. A local pharmacy has noted that the time to fill a prescription for a generic antibiotic is normally distributed, with a mean of 13.3 minutes and a standard deviation of 2.8 minutes. a. Find the probability that a prescription for a generic antibiotic takes at least 10 minutes to fill. b. Find the probability that the prescription for a generic antibiotic takes between 12 and 15 minutes to fill. c. The slowest 20% of prescription fills result in a special discount to the customer. How long must a prescription fill for a generic antibiotic take in order to qualify for this discount? [supanova_question] ## The Qur’an Muslim Culture 3-400 WORDS EACH QUESTION, history homework help Humanities Assignment Help There are 3 questions below each needs to be 400 words long. So I will need 3 separate files 400 words each. 1. Consider the assigned reading from the Qur’an and explain how it reveal something important about the significanceof women within early Islamic society. How does this compare or contrast with the role of women within the othercultures we have studied? 2. Considering the assigned reading from the Qur’an, what do we learn about the relationship early Muslim people had with the divine? What practices and beliefs characterized their religious life? How does this compare or contrast with the ways other cultures we have studies understood themselves to be existing in relation to their god(s)? 3. What are your overall thoughts on this reading and on the Early Muslim Culture? [supanova_question] [supanova_question] ## Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help As an information officer for the Office of the Mayor, you have been assigned the responsibility to write a short report for the city council describing the key provisions of a piece of U.S. law that has ramifications for your city. It outlines what the nation’s current social policy is in a specific policy area and therefore, affects people who live in this jurisdiction. Your report needs to provide the mayor and the city council members with an overview and it should respond to the questions below. This assignment allows you to choose a piece of legislation from the list below that is of particular interest to you: • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act • The Equal Opportunity Act • The Fair Housing Act • Immigration and Nationality Act • USA Patriot Act • Homeland Security Act • Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Assignment Guidelines • Select one of the above pieces of legislation. • Address the following in 2–4 pages: 1. What is the name of the law, and when was it enacted? Identify and describe it. 2. Has this law been amended since its enactment? Explain. 3. What was the intended purpose of the law when it was enacted? • Have those purposes changed because of any amendments and if so, in what ways? 4. What are the main topics covered in the law? Explain. 5. What are the key provisions of the law? Explain. 6. What are your conclusions about what interests are served by this law for the promotion of the welfare of people in U.S. society in general? • Include in your conclusion any ideas you have about how this law could impact your city and therefore, how it is relevant to the city council members. • Be sure to reference all sources using APA style. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Individual Project 3, law homework help Business Finance Assignment Help[supanova_question] ## Scavenger Hunt: PSU Abington Culture, homework help Assignment Help Go on a scavenger hunt around campus, alone or in groups, and take pictures of organizational rites, rituals, myths, or metaphors. While some of them might be hard to get,such as myths, be creative and find a representation of a myth and then explain your picture. Choose one or two to post in this forum, and talk about how they contribute to organizational culture here at Abington. If you do the Lion Shrine, you must post at least one additional picture/explanation of a different myth, metaphor, etc. Be sure to quote the reading and respond to 2 classmates. classmate 1. Before you ask, I worked overnight security at the University Park Football Stadium. Nice sunset, huh? When I think of organizational rituals and metaphors, I think of Penn State Football and its stadium. Each year, hundreds of Penn State fans and alumni flock to State College and harbor around the stadium to watch their lions play. Each year, they bring their families, meet old friends, and tailgate till kickoff. The stadium, and the tailgate fields around it, stands as a hub that everyone can get together for those few times a year. Outside of football season, the stadium is used for weddings, camps, tours, and high-end gatherings for its alumni, community, and PSU prospects. Classmate2: chose this picture because I don’t know anyone who doesn’t like the duck pond on campus. When I transferred back to Abington the biggest thing I remembered about campus was the duck pond. It is at the heart of the Abington Campus and gives it some of the character it has. Everyone likes the duck pond, and everyone knows the duck pond. To me the duck pond is what separates the Abington campus from others. It’s unique and interesting. The way it freezes in the cold winters is hauntingly beautiful. In the fall and spring its great to relax near it. Most of all it’s a piece of campus anyone can relax by. [supanova_question] ## abstract intro conclusion, writing homework help Writing Assignment Help i have done summaries on my research paper, but my paper is very light in contents, you will need to get deeper in the concepts. 1) i need you to write more deep in the concepts. 2) i have done phase1 and 2. i want you to combined them into one paper. 3) phase 1 i need to proceed with the recapitulation table, i will provide it to you. I have done presentation too i want you to add info to it. phase 1 has intro abstract conclusion and phase 2 also has intro abstract conclusion i want you to combined them into one has intro abstract conclusion phase 2 i need you to read the article and add one page more deep on the concepts then fill this attached templet [supanova_question] ## Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus Humanities Assignment Help 1. Paleoanthropologist use various measurements to distinguish Homo erectus from earlier hominins, including increased brain capacity and what changes in the ratio of arm to leg length? Arms are larger in relation to the legs. Arms are the same length as the legs. Arms are shorter in relation to the legs. Arms are longer on the dominant side only. 5 points ### QUESTION 2 1. According to the Code of Manu, a woman’s dharma, regardless of jati, always included ability to weave and cook. loyalty to her husband. beauty education. 1. Pharaohs claimed to be descended from what god? Osiris Amon Horus Set ### QUESTION 14 1. Which of the following regions was the last to present evidence of hominin migration? Japan Java Spain India ### QUESTION 16 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 1. Vajjian differed from Magadha, in that Vajjian did not have the Vedas walls trade a king 1. In Enuma Elish, the goddess Tiamat is killed and her dismembere body divided into heaven and oceans heaven and earth earth and oceans heaven and hell 5 points ### QUESTION 18 1. Clovis points are used as evidence to date the presence of humans in what area? America Siberia Europe Australia 5 points ### QUESTION 19 1. Which of the following best describes the changes in weather patterns in the Middle East during the Younger Dryas period? hotter and dryer hotter and wetter colder and dryer colder and more humid 5 points ### QUESTION 20 1. What artifact, discovered at Longshan sites and dating from the mid-third millennium BCE., indicates interaction between Neolithic China and peoples further westward? a kang copper spearheads black pottery potter’s wheel 5 points ### QUESTION 21 1. The “wheel of dharma” was an early representation of jati the Buddha Krishna the soul 5 points ### QUESTION 22 1. Tensions between Rome and the Parthians often broke over because of what region they both wanted as a client state? Greece Sicily Palatine Armenia 5 points ### QUESTION 23 1. The Gupta Dynasty began somewhere near 5 points ### QUESTION 24 1. One of the key debates about Meroë is whether it acquired the ability to smelt iron from the Middle East or from sub-Saharan Africa Dhar Tichitt Yemen Egypt 5 points ### QUESTION 25 1. The kingdom of Menander in Bactria, which controlled some of northern India after the collapse of the Mauryans, spoke what language? Greek Sanskrit Prakit Aramaic 5 points ### QUESTION 26 1. Rome had its own patron god in Jupiter but later also adopted the pantheon of gods from Persia Babylon Greece Phoenicia 5 points ### QUESTION 27 1. Beginning around c. 600 C.E. there was a massive migration of what people into the Great Lakes? Bantu Nubians Pygmies Ghanains 5 points ### QUESTION 28 1. For Confucius, the Duke of Zhao was an excellent example of fuzi. a junzi Dao lunyu. 5 points ### QUESTION 29 1. Sparta was able to defeat Athens in 404 B.C.E. in part because the Spartans invaded Attica with an all-mercenary army used Persian money to build a navy built a large fort in Anatolia to isolate Athenian trade armed the Helots and doubled their army’s size 5 points ### QUESTION 30 1. Alvars and nayanars offered what approach to worshipping Vishnu and Shiva? animal sacrifice fasting poetry scholarship 5 points ### QUESTION 31 1. One of the most ambitious construction projects undertaken by the Sui Dynasty was the completion of the Grand Canal, which linked what two bodies of water in China? Yellow River and the Yangzi River Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan East China Sea and South China Sea Yellow River and the South China Sea 5 points ### QUESTION 32 1. Wealth at Dhar Tichitt and Dhar Oualata, c. 2000 B.C.E. was probably measured in gold wives livestock land 5 points ### QUESTION 33 1. In the practice of sati, a wife shows her loyalty to her husband by committing ritual suicide by self-immolation taking poison starvation jumping off a cliff 5 points ### QUESTION 34 1. The Red Eyebrow revolt against Wang Mang was led by a secretsociety. Confucianist Legalist Buddhist Daoist 5 points ### QUESTION 35 1. Under Achaemenid rule, the traditional Mesopotamian urban assembly was empowered to serve in what capacity? military judicial fiscal religious 5 points ### QUESTION 36 1. In Sparta, the most important occupation of Spartan men was as a soldier magistrate farmer merchant ### QUESTION 40 1. Among the four calendars used by the Maya, the Long Count measured time in what way? A nine-month divination cycle Solar calendar season. From the beginning of the universe By measuring the growth of trees [supanova_question] ## Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants?, Critique Essay Humanities Assignment Help i prefer to write the title here so it will be hidden . Title : Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? • It is a critique essay . • My Professor guidance : In International Law, a distinction is made between human trafficking, involving the ‘exploitation for forced labour, sexual exploitation or other forms of exploitation’ and the smuggling of migrants which connotes ‘procurement, for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry into a country of which that individual is neither a citizen nor permanent resident’. However, this distinction is being increasingly challenged in the scholarly literature. You should write a short academic essay in response to the question: Is there a distinction between human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants? Your analysis should be a sustained reflection on the key elements of this scholarly debate drawing extensively on the academic literature, evaluating the detractions, merits and implications of the respective divergent arguments. As well as undertaking your own research, you should read and refer to the recommended and suggested reading outlined in the worksheets for Workshops One & Two in the module guide. • Required Reading will be attached for yourself + other academic books as sources (my professor dislike online resources) . • 2000 words only ! • Harvard style of referencing . • 30 list of references (including what I have attached ). It must be based on a good piece of research , to show the professor that I understood what I have read. • I don’t want a factual answer explaining what is human trafficking and what’s smuggling .the lecturer repeated many times and explained that I should build a strong argument . off course describing a bit ,what they are (add one summarized case law for each) ? and the main question is there a distinction between them ?? why do I think there is a distinction ??Illustrate different arguments between academics among who think there is a distinction and who don’t? and My opinion should be backed up with citations which support my opinion! • please follow my instructions . if anything you didnt understand write back to me . [supanova_question] Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Models, accounting homework help Business Finance Assignment Help	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15253007411956787, "perplexity": 6281.959643489407}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337339.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002181356-20221002211356-00294.warc.gz"}
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3496017/existence-of-a-non-compact-riemannian-manifold-with-infinite-injective-radius/3498231	# Existence of a non-compact Riemannian manifold with infinite injective radius Let $$M$$ be a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold with non-negative sectional curvature. Please tell is it possible that $$M$$ has infinite injective radius expect Euclidean space? Thank you • How about the hyperbolic spaces? Jan 3 '20 at 13:51 • But hyperbolic space has negative sectional curvature. Jan 3 '20 at 14:37 EDIT: I'm not sure this answer is correct - I said $$\|J\|^2\|J'\|^2 \le g(J',J)^2$$ when of course the inequality goes the other way. Don't have time to think about it again right now, but if someone else could check if there's a fix or if this is just wrong, that'd be nice. No, this is not possible - if the curvature is everywhere non-negative, then any small pocket of positive curvature will lense some geodesics together. We can prove this using Jacobi fields: If $$M$$ is non-negatively curved and not Euclidean, then there must be some $$u,v \in T_pM$$ with $$R(u,v,u,v) > 0.$$ By completeness there is a geodesic $$\gamma : \mathbb R \to M$$ with $$\gamma(0) = p$$ and $$\gamma'(0) = u.$$ Let $$J$$ be the Jacobi field along $$\gamma$$ with $$J(0) = v$$ and $$J'(0) = 0,$$ so that $$J$$ generates a family of geodesics that are roughly parallel near $$p.$$ Let $$f = \|J\|$$. Differentiating, we find $$f' = \frac1fg(J',J)$$ and thus $$f'' = -\frac1{f^3}g(J',J)^2 + \frac1f(g(J'',J)+\|J'\|^2), \tag1$$ and the initial conditions for $$J$$ tell us that $$f'(0)=0.$$ Substituting the Jacobi equation $$J'' = R(\gamma', J)\gamma'$$ into $$(1)$$ we obtain $$f'' = -\frac1{f^3}g(J',J)^2 + \frac1f(-R(\gamma', J, \gamma', J)+\|J'\|^2).$$ Our curvature assumption then tells us that $$f'' \le \frac1{f^3}\left(\|J\|^2\|J'\|^2-g(J',J)^2\right) \le 0,$$ with this inequality being strict at $$t=0$$ (where the given curvature is exactly the one we assumed was positive). Thus we have established that $$f$$ is strictly concave-down at $$t=0$$ and weakly concave-down everywhere; so $$f$$ must have zeroes on both sides of the origin, which correspond to conjugate points on $$\gamma$$. Take the paraboloid of revolution in $$R^3$$ with the induced Riemannian metric. Since the paraboloid is strictly convex, the metric is positively curved. The exponential map from the tip of the paraboloid is a diffeomorphism. Edit. It is possible that I misunderstood the question and you were asking about a manifold where at every point the injectivity radius is infinite. In this case, the answer is that the manifold has to be flat, see Jason's answer here.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 30, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9743550419807434, "perplexity": 161.03269547176905}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058552.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927211955-20210928001955-00560.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/86646/what-is-the-fastest-growing-total-computable-function-you-can-describe-in-a-few	# What is the fastest growing total computable function you can describe in a few lines? What is the fastest growing total computable function you can describe in a few lines? Well, not necessarily the fastest - I just would like to know how far an ingenious mathematician can go using only a few lines, and what systematic approaches exist for this purpose. How farther you can go if we the restriction of computability is lifted? - Here is a question you might want to see. – J. M. Nov 29 '11 at 6:41 Your question is not well posed, given a function you can always produce one that is a lot faster growing while staying within a "few lines". – Listing Nov 29 '11 at 7:50 "Take the best answer in this thread and add a factorial at the end"... Is this a good description? :) – N. S. Dec 19 '11 at 0:26 For a nice fast-growing function, consider the following: Given rooted trees $S$ and $T$ whose vertices are labeled from $\{1,2,\cdots,k\}$, define a gap embedding as a label preserving embedding $h$ from $S$ into $T$ that satisfies the following: given $u$, $v$ vertices of $S$ such that $v$ is the child of $u$. For any vertex $w$ of $T$ that lies in between $h(u)$ and $h(v)$, $l(w) \ge l(h(v))$. Given this definition, define $ETree(k)$ to be the longest sequence $T_i$ of rooted trees labeled from $\{1,2,\cdots,k\}$ such that $T_i$ has no more than $i$ vertices, and for no $i < j$ is there a gap embedding from $T_i$ into $T_j$. The above construction is due to Harvey Friedman. He showed that no such sequence could be infinite (i.e. that rooted labeled trees are well-quasi-ordered under gap embedding), and it follows from Koenig's Tree Lemma that there is a longest such sequence. The function $ETree(k)$ grows extremely fast. It grows at the rate of $F_{\psi_{\Omega_1} (\Omega_\omega)} (k)$. (Look up the fast-growing hierarchy.) One can also get extremely fast growing functions using ordinal hierarchies. Let $I(a)$ be the $a$'th weakly inacessible cardinal. Consider the following: (here $a,b,c,d,e$ are ordinals, $\phi$ is the Veblen function, $C_n(a,b)$ are sets of ordinals, $\psi$ and $f$ are functions on ordinals.) $C_0(a,b) = b \cup {0}$ $C_{n+1}(a,b) = \{c+d, \phi(c,d), \aleph_c, I(c), \psi(e,d), f(e,c,d) \| c,d,e \in C_n(a,b), e < a\}$ $C(a,b) = \cup C_n(a,b)$ $f(a,n,b) =$ largest finite ordinal in $C_n(a,b)$ $\psi(a,b) = b$'th ordinal such that $b \notin C(a,b)$ Then, for example, $f(I(I(I(I(0)))),x,x)$ is an extremely fast growing function, much faster than $ETree$. To help understand this construction, see "Ordinal collapsing function" on wikipedia. If that is still confusing, look at http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week236.html for an introduction to ordinals, and for a description of how ordinals can be used to define large numbers. EDIT: Perhaps some more explanation is needed. $C(a,b)$ is the smallest set of ordinals containing all ordinals less than $b$ and $0$ and closed under the operations listed in the second line. The definition may appear circular, but it is well-defined by induction on $a$; given $f(c,n,b)$ and $\psi(c,b)$ for $c < a$, we define $C_n(a,b)$, and given $C_n(a,b)$, we define $f(a,n,b)$ and $\psi(a,b)$. Some analysis of $f(a,n,b)$: $f(0,0,b)$ is the largest finite ordinal in $C_0(0,b) = b$, which is $b-1$. $f(0,1,b)$ is $2(b-1)$ if $b \ge 2$, otherwise it is $\phi(0,0) = 1$. $f(0,n,b)$ is $2^{b-1}$ if $b \ge 2$, otherwise it is $2^{n-1}$ $f(1,0,b)$ is again $b-1$ if $b \ge 1$, $0$ if $b = 0$ $f(1,1,b)$ is $2^{b-1} (b-1)$ if $b \ge 2$ otherwise it is $1$ $f(1,n,b) > Tower_n (b-1) > 2\uparrow\uparrow n$ for $b \ge 2$ $f(2,n,b) > 2\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow n$ for $b \ge 2$ $f(m,n,b) > 2 \uparrow^{m+1} n$ for $b \ge 2$ $f(\omega,0,b) = b-1$ for $b \ge 2$ $f(\omega,1,b) = f(b-1,b-1,b-1) \ge 2 \uparrow^{b}(b-1)$ for $b \ge 2$ $f(\omega,2,b) = f(f(\omega,1,b),f(\omega,1,b),f(\omega,1,b)) \ge 2 \uparrow^{2 \uparrow^b (b-1)}(2 \uparrow^b (b-1))$ $f(\omega,n,b)$ is the function $f(x,x,x)$ applied $n$ times starting from $b-1$, which is greater than $F_{\omega+1}(n)$ where $F$ is the fast-growing hierarchy. $F(\omega+1,n,b)$ is the function $f(\omega,x,x)$ applied $n$ times starting from $b-1$, which is greater than $F_{\omega+2}(n)$. Each time we add $1$ to $a$, we go to a function which iterates the previous one $n$ times; each time we increase a to a limit ordinal, we diagonalize over previous functions. So the task becomes defining very large countable ordinals. - I hope you don't mind that I edited your math expressions into MathJaX format and added a couple of WP links. I tried to get everything right, but please check. – r.e.s. Dec 19 '11 at 14:05 Thank you very much, r.e.s.! Just found a few errors, which I will correct. – Deedlit Dec 22 '11 at 7:22 Most fast-growing functions are constructed by a recursive scheme analogous to the well-known Ackermann function - namely one repeatedly iterates a function and then diagonalizes. Thus iterating addition yields multiplication, which iterated yields exponentiation, which iterated yields tetration, etc. Diagonalizing the resulting sequence of functions yields a faster-growing Ackermann function - which itself may be successively iterated, diagonalized, etc. Paul du Bois-Reymond discovered such diagonalization on growth rates of functions ("orders of infinity") in 1875, long before Cantor's better-known rediscovery (1891), employed to show $\|2^S\| > \|S\|$. Proof-theorists use analogous recursive schemes to construct notation systems for ordinals - which they employ to measure the strength of logical systems. Functions and numbers notated by such means (whether finite or infinite) tremendously dwarf those that occur in most all other branches of mathematics. Thus I highly recommend that you consult the literature on ordinal notation systems. Below are some expository references on related topics (from an old sci.math post). [Ruc] Rucker, Rudy. Infinity and The Mind, 1995, 342 pp. Princeton U. Pr. [Spe] Spencer, Joel. Large numbers and unprovable theorems, Amer. Math. Monthly, Dec 1983, 669-675. [Smo] Smorynski, Craig (all three papers are reprinted in [HFR]) Some rapidly growing functions, Math. Intelligencer, 2 1980, 149-154. The Varieties of Arboreal Experience, Math. Intelligencer, 4 1982, 182-188. "Big" News from Archimedes to Friedman, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 30 1983, 251-256. [Kol] Kolata, Gina. Does Godel's theorem matter to mathematics? Science 218 11/19/1982, 779-780; reprinted in [HFR] [Sim] Simpson, Stephen G. Unprovable theorems and fast-growing functions, Contemp. Math. 65 1987, 359-394. [HFR] Harrington, L.A. et.al. (editors) Harvey Friedman's Research on the Foundations of Mathematics, Elsevier 1985. - The fast-growing hierarchy article at WP might also be of interest. – r.e.s. Nov 29 '11 at 18:34 @r.e.s. Yes, thanks. Wikipedia didn't exist when I originally wrote the above. But it's growing fast. – Bill Dubuque Nov 29 '11 at 19:29 Another expository article to add to the list Who Can Name the Bigger Number? by Scott Aaronson – user18325 Dec 19 '11 at 4:40 I do not know wether it is the fastest, but historically the Ackermann function was the first (afaik): $\qquad A(m, n) =\begin{cases}n+1 & \mbox{if } m = 0 \\A(m-1, 1) & \mbox{if } m > 0 \mbox{ and } n = 0 \\A(m-1, A(m, n-1)) & \mbox{if } m > 0 \mbox{ and } n > 0.\end{cases}$ It generalises the idea that $+$, $\cdot$, $\exp$ and so on form a natural series of operators; $A$ excedes them all by controlling the stacking level in the second parameter. It has been proven that $A$ (or rather $A(n,n)$) is not primitive recursive by showing that it grows faster than any primitive recursive function, including all exponential functions. - $A(A(n,n),A(n,n))$ is probably faster growing ;) – Listing Nov 29 '11 at 7:43 @Listing: Have you considered $A(A(A(n,n),A(n,n)),A(A(n,n),A(n,n)))$? – Isaac Solomon Dec 19 '11 at 4:44 All you need to do is pass it Graham's number in both arguments. – Cole Johnson Feb 7 '14 at 2:21 @ColeJohnson: But then the function would be constant. – Raphael Feb 7 '14 at 7:24 An example which grows faster than any computable function (for obvious reasons): Let BB(n) denote the time it takes for the longest halting Turing machine with n symbols to halt. edit perhaps "obvious" was an exaggeration: Was BB computable then you could write a program to check whether any input program halts or not by seeing if it stops before BB(length(program)) steps, but this is not computable by Turing's argument so BB is not computable. Also let f be any computable function, then you can see that BB grows faster than f, since there is a program that takes f steps to halt. - Well, for example: Rule 1 (only 2 entries): {a,b} = a^b Rule 2 (2nd entry is 1): {a,1 #} = a Rule 3 (last entry is 1): {#,1} = {#} Rule 4 (string of 1's from the 3rd entry to nth): {a,b,1,1,...,1,1,c #} = {a,a,a,a,...,a,{a,b-1,1,1,...,1,1,c #},c-1 #} Rule 5 (otherwise): {a,b,c #} = {a,{a,b-1,c #},c-1 #} Here # denotes the unchanged remainder of array. Then my function is f(n) = {n,n,n,...,n,n,n}. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9215896129608154, "perplexity": 683.8137554286325}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.math.uri.edu/~dobrush/mth215/sage/chapter-V.html	We have worked extensively in the last chapter with matrices, and some with vectors. In this chapter we will develop the properties of vectors, while preparing to study vector spaces (Chapter VS). Initially we will depart from our study of systems of linear equations, but in Section LC we will forge a connection between linear combinations and systems of linear equations in Theorem SLSLC. This connection will allow us to understand systems of linear equations at a higher level, while consequently discussing them less frequently. Section VO Vector Operations Section LC Linear Combinations Section SS Spanning Sets Section LI Linear Independence Section LDS Linear Dependence and Spans Section O Orthogonality	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8276171684265137, "perplexity": 1240.2395199800346}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816138.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225051024-20180225071024-00113.warc.gz"}
https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Noam_Elkies	# Noam Elkies Noam Elkies 2005 Noam Elkies 2007 Noam David Elkies (born August 25, 1966 in New York City ) is an American mathematician who deals with number theory and combinatorics. ## Life In 1981 he won a gold medal at the 22nd International Mathematical Olympiad , with the maximum possible score of 42, one of the youngest participants to have done that. Elkies won the Putnam Fellowship three times as an undergraduate student, first in 1982 at the age of 16. He did his PhD in 1987 at Harvard with Barry Mazur and Benedict Gross with Supersingular primes of a given elliptic curve over a number field . In 1990 he became an assistant professor at Harvard, where he was given a full professorship in 1993 (at age 26, setting the previous record set by lawyer Alan Dershowitz ). In 1991 Elkies received the NAS Award for Initiatives in Research . In 2017 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . ## mathematics In his dissertation he proved that for every elliptic curve E over the rational numbers there are infinitely many supersingular prime numbers ("supersingular" means in this case that the E modulo p considered is a supersingular elliptic curve over the finite field , i.e. one elliptic curve with an unusually large number of endomorphisms). ${\ displaystyle \ mathbb {F} _ {p}}$ In 1988 he gave a counterexample for Euler's conjecture about power sums of integers. He claimed that if ${\ displaystyle \ sum _ {i = 1} ^ {n} a_ {i} ^ {k} = b ^ {k}}$ ${\ displaystyle n \ geq k}$should be. LJ Lander and TR Parkin had already given a counterexample for k = 5 in 1966, Elkies gave one for k = 4 (in 1988 Roger Frye found a smaller solution using computer methods based on Elkie's work). At about the same time as Tetsuji Shioda , he developed the theory of the Mordell-Weil lattice in 1990, which the Mordell-Weil group (group of rational points of an elliptic curve or Abelian variety over a global body) treats as a lattice. Elkies also worked on numerical / algorithmic problems in number theory of elliptic curves, particularly important for cryptographic applications. With AOL Atkin , he improved Schoof's algorithm for determining the number of rational points on elliptic curves. Elkies is a fan of puzzle games and has also worked in the field of combinatorial games. He is also known for discovering many new and interesting configurations in John Conway's game Life . In the field of combinatorics he worked a. a. via grids, spherical packings and codes. In 1994 he was invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich ( Linearized algebra ). In 2004 he received the Levi L. Conant Prize . In 2003, together with Henry Cohn , he developed upper bounds for the closest packing of spheres in different dimensions through families of auxiliary functions, which showed, in particular for d = 8 (E8 lattice) and d = 24 (Leech lattice), that the lattices in question came very close to the closest packing of spheres. Proof of this was published in 2016 by Maryna Viazovska . ## chess Elkies is an active student composer and a great master in solving chess compositions. He has composed more than 40 chess studies. In 1996 he became world champion in solving chess problems and studies in Tel Aviv . He retired from tournament chess in his early twenties, after having fulfilled the standard for a National Master (2200 Elo points) of the US Federation with around 2260 Elo points . Noam Elkie's Internet Mailing List, 2004 a b c d e f G H 8th 8th 7th 7th 6th 6th 5 5 4th 4th 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f G H Who wins? Solution: In order to be able to answer the question below the diagram, the history of the development of the position shown must be clarified with a retro analysis . White is in check and apparently it is checkmate . In that case Black would have won. Since the black pawn offers check and the white king cannot escape, this check can only be countered by capturing the pawn. This pawn, however, could only be captured en passant by the white pawn f5. In this case, black would be mated and white would have won. A necessary prerequisite for capturing en passant is the double step of the pawn to be captured in the immediately preceding move. Because of the chess rule, the g-pawn must have moved last. The outcome of the game depends on whether the pawn moved from g7 or from g6 to g5. This question can be decided unambiguously by finding the last move by White. ## music Elkies has been composing music and playing the piano since he was three years old. He is interested in the applications of mathematics in music. Some of his plays have been broadcast on radio stations in Israel and the United States. 2. Elkies: On . In: Math. Comput. Volume 51, 1988, pp. 825-835.${\ displaystyle A ^ {4} + B ^ {4} + C ^ {4} = D ^ {4}}$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 4, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6032904386520386, "perplexity": 976.0629189780187}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710968.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204072040-20221204102040-00047.warc.gz"}
https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/28827/reputation-change-doesnt-appear-in-the-feed	# Reputation change doesn't appear in the “feed” So the election for a new moderator are at the last phase and after reading what the candidates have to say I voted, and so I got Constituent. From the moment I got that badge the site does not show me reputation change at the top: But the reputation does change in number and the change appear at the reputation tab at my profile: It is the first time I see this, so maybe there is connection between the two but I really have no idea. • Yes, I've noticed this same issue. In this screenshot, for example, you can see that I've received 50 points in upvotes today that are not reflected in the 'recent achievements' menu that I've pressed. – Mark McClure Aug 7 '18 at 2:53 • @MarkMcClure I see, so it is probably have nothing to do with the Constituent badge. – Holo Aug 7 '18 at 11:12 • The same issue on Über-meta. – Daniel Fischer Aug 7 '18 at 13:47 • I witnessed the same issue, but it seems to be fixed now - the system gradually caught up. – Arnaud Mortier Aug 7 '18 at 15:30 • @DanielFischer it seems like it got fixed, should you add the tag [status-complete]? – Holo Aug 7 '18 at 16:01 Copying this answer from Nick Craver♦ on SO: Our aggregation queue got jammed up with a bad item here (and we'd rather stall that discard data since it's terribly expensive to analyze and fill gaps after the fact). The bad entry has been handled (data wider than the column in 1 path) and we're now draining. Since we were at 2.25 million items it'll take 10-20 minutes or so to drain out. Once that happens, everything should be back in place. • I don't understand a single thing Nick said (and I'm a CS professor!!) but... glad it's being handled? – user7530 Aug 7 '18 at 17:37 I often do not see reputation changes around the time of a User was removed message. As I also had reputation changes this week which did not show up, and had a User was removed with -85 reputation, I think this may be the explanation. I believe the site is programmed to suppress reputation change notifications if the total change is negative. For example, I sometimes see a $+8$ notification when there was a downvote, followed by an upvote, but the initial $-2$ does not generate a notification. For your case, however, it looks like the total change was positive, so maybe the conditions for notification are more complicated than I thought. • While this a relevant piece of information in that context, I am not convinced by this explanation for the current scenario for two reasons. First, the numbers don't add up. OP did not take a larger point penalty recently, or also @MarkMcClure only lost 30 yet gained 50, thus it should show at least the last +20. Second, and more importantly, while the notification might not be shown, in the sense that no green +10 will appear in the top-bar upon the vote, the record is not suppressed in the tally one sees when expanding. – quid Aug 7 '18 at 8:33 • Concerning the suppression of notifications when a negative reputation event happened, it's worth noting that a) that suppression considers network-wide reputation changes (so if you lose say 20 points on SO because of a user/post deletion, downvotes, whatever, you don't get a notification until you earned more than 20 points on all sites combined), and b) notifications begin again regardless of overall change when one opens the achievements dropdown. But in line with quid's second point, I think this one has a different cause. – Daniel Fischer Aug 7 '18 at 9:17 • While I appreciate the reply, just like quid and D.Fischer said, you are probably talking about different matter all together. About the reputation change you had, a pretty 'big' user delete his account and there were a big rep change because of that(luckily I didn't got too effected from this) – Holo Aug 7 '18 at 11:11 • Agree with quid and Daniel Fischer. This answer is just speculation. – 6005 Aug 7 '18 at 15:39 • I disagree; I too have witnessed notification irregularities near “user removed” events and wouldn’t be surprised if that’s part of the story. – user7530 Aug 7 '18 at 16:01	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.475410133600235, "perplexity": 1571.3266250013378}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529839.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420140859-20190420162859-00401.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-eruptions-and-fires	# Volcano Watch - Eruptions and fires Release Date: Lava is not fire. People sometimes talk about lava as fire, as in "fire fountain," "curtain of fire," and "river of fire." Most realize that these and similar terms are misleading and confusing metaphors, but bad habits are hard to break. Volcanologists are weaning themselves away from using the terms, and they are no longer used by HVO scientists in their publications. Lava is liquid rock, nothing else. Lava can, however, cause fire. In that sense, the two words are sometimes intertwined. The fire caused by the Mother's Day lava flow at Kilauea is an example. The fire owes its start to hot lava igniting vegetation. The lava didn't need a fire to get going, but the fire needed the lava's heat. The Puu Oo eruption has caused many fires in the past 19 years, some fairly large but most of them small. The Kupukupu Fire, the name given by Hawaii Volcanoes National Park to the fire ignited by the Mother's Day lava flow, is the largest of the eruption, burning more than 1,480 hectares (3,660 acres) by June 4. But it is only the latest fire of the eruption. Each time lava enters even the tiniest vegetated kipuka, a fire is generated. Old-timers will recall the heroic efforts of the park to save the Naulu Forest and picnic area during the Mauna Ulu eruption in 1970-1972. Most of this forest, consisting almost entirely of native vegetation, eventually succumbed to the lava flows that spread downslope near and east of the Kealakomo shelter and overlook. The largest fire burned 1,300 hectares (3,200 acres) in 1972, but an earlier fire in 1970 took the real jewels. It was a sad day, indeed, when a large ulu (breadfruit) tree, a landmark to those driving down the new Chain of Craters Road, was caught by the fire near the base of Holei Pali in 1970. Sad, perhaps, but perfectly natural. Lava has been starting fires since there was vegetation to light. Recent investigation into the past 1,500 years of Kilauea's eruptive history has uncovered evidence for a number of fires in the relatively dry area between the Hilina Pali Road and the Mauna Ulu lava flows. Some of these fires were almost certainly caused by lava flows, because charcoal is found directly under a flow or in a tree mold formed in a flow. Other old fires, however, have no certain cause, yet circumstantial evidence suggests a lava origin. For example, lots of charcoal in alluvial debris has radiocarbon ages from the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries. This was a time when lava flows were frequently erupting from the summit and upper east rift zone of Kilauea. The charcoal is found in deposits on top of, or beyond the ends of, these flows, so we can't really relate it to a particular flow or even to any eruption at all. Nonetheless, it is a logical inference that lava started the fires. There is even 1,300-year-old charcoal sitting near the ground surface and indicating an old fire possibly ignited by an explosive eruption of about that age. Fire is just one of many indirect consequences of eruptions. There are others that don't involve fire. For example, many readers will remember the problems at Kilauea 10-15 years ago with acid rain from vog leaching lead out of paint and solder. On a similar note, the upper part of the Kau Desert is largely an acid rain desert, caused indirectly by sulfur dioxide emitted in Halemaumau. At other volcanoes, mudflows are commonly disastrous indirect results of an eruption, although they can be direct as well. Volcanic ash can down high-flying jetliners that enter nearly invisible ash concentrations before they know it. On a larger scale, crop failures and short-term weather change can be consequences of very large eruptions. The Kupukupu Fire reminds us again that eruptions may pose significant problems above and beyond the area actually covered by lava or ash. The earth is a complex system, and even minor natural perturbations in that system can have indirect, often unexpected results. ### Volcano Activity Update Eruptive activity of Kilauea Volcano continued unabated at the Puu O`o vent during the past week. The "Mother's Day" lava flow is slowly advancing in the flats between Pulama pali and Paliuli with the distal end of the flow located 1.6 km (1 mi) above the Chain of Craters road. The two flows emanating from the "rootless" shields continue to be active. The lower flow along the National Park-Royal Gardens boundary is inflating and spreading on the coastal flats with only minimal movement toward the ocean. The higher flow that entered the top of Royal Gardens subdivision last week has one lobe moving down Prince past Pakalana and another between Prince and Royal approaching Pikake. At least four houses are in the probable path of the flow. There were no earthquakes reported felt during the week ending on June 6.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3257136046886444, "perplexity": 5111.449590174885}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668561.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115015509-20191115043509-00358.warc.gz"}
https://cran-r.c3sl.ufpr.br/web/packages/TreeDist/vignettes/using-distances.html	# Contextualizing tree distances Once you understand how to use “TreeDist” to calculate tree distances, the next step is to provide some context for the calculated distances. ## Normalizing The maximum value of most tree distance metrics scales with the size of the trees being compared. Typically, the resolution of the trees also impacts the range of possible values. As such, it can be difficult to interpret the tree distance value without suitable context. Normalizing a distance metric is one way to render its meaning more obvious. Selecting an appropriate normalizing constant may require careful consideration of the purpose to which a tree distance metric is being put. The default normalization behaviour of each function when normalize = TRUE is listed in the function reference, or can be viewed by typing ?FunctionName in the R terminal. ### Nye et al. tree similarity Let’s work through a simple example using the Nye et al. (2006) similarity metric to compare two imperfectly-resolved trees. library("TreeDist") tree1 <- ape::read.tree(text = '(A, ((B, ((C, D), (E, F))), (G, (H, (I, J, K)))));') tree2 <- ape::read.tree(text = '(A, (B, (C, D, E, (J, K)), (F, (G, H, I))));') VisualizeMatching(NyeSimilarity, tree1, tree2, Plot = TreeDistPlot, matchZeros = FALSE) This is a nice metric to start with, because the maximum similarity between each pair of splits is defined as one. (Astute readers might worry that the minimum similarity is greater than zero – that’s a harder problem to overcome.) As such, the maximum similarity possible between two 11-leaf trees is NSplits(11) = 8. Normalizing against this value tells us how similar the two trees are, compared to two identical eleven-leaf binary trees. NyeSimilarity(tree1, tree2, normalize = FALSE) / 8 ## [1] 0.2744048 NyeSimilarity(tree1, tree2, normalize = 8) ## [1] 0.2744048 This approach will result in a similarity score less than one if two trees are identical, but not fully resolved (i.e. binary). As such, we might prefer to compare the tree similarity to the maximum score possible for two trees of the specified resolution. This value is given by the number of splits in the least resolved of the two trees: NyeSimilarity(tree1, tree2, normalize = min(TreeTools::NSplits(list(tree1, tree2)))) ## [1] 0.5488095 More concisely, we can provide a normalizing function: NyeSimilarity(tree1, tree2, normalize = min) ## [1] 0.2744048 This approach will produce a similarity of one if one tree is a less-resolved version of another (and thus not identical). If we are comparing lists of trees, this best value will depend on the number of splits in each pair of trees. We can use the function pmin() to select the less resolved of each pair of trees: NyeSimilarity(list(tree1, tree2), list(tree1, tree2), normalize = pmin) ## [,1] [,2] ## [1,] 0.8750000 0.2744048 ## [2,] 0.2744048 0.5000000 To avoid these limitations, we may instead opt to normalize against the average number of splits in the two trees. This is the default normalization method for NyeSimilarity(): NyeSimilarity(tree1, tree2, normalize = TRUE) ## [1] 0.3991342 Finally, if tree1 is a “target” tree – perhaps one that has been used to simulate data from, or which is independently known to be true or virtuous – we may wish to normalize against the best possible match to that tree. In that case, the best possible score is TreeTools::NSplits(tree1) ## [1] 7 and our normalized score will be NyeSimilarity(tree1, tree2, normalize = TreeTools::NSplits(tree1)) ## [1] 0.3136054 ### Normalizing to random similarity The diameter (maximum possible distance) of the Nye et al. tree similarity metric is easy to calculate, but this is not the case for all metrics. For example, the clustering information distance metric (Smith, 2020) ranges in principle from zero to the total clustering entropy present in a pair of trees. But with even a modest number of leaves, no pairs of trees exist in which every split in one tree is perfectly contradicted by every other split in the other; as such, any pair of trees will necessarily have some degree of similarity. In such a context, it can be relevant to normalize tree similarity against the expected distance between a pair of random trees, rather than a maximum value (see Vinh, Epps, & Bailey, 2010). On this measure, distances greater than one denote trees that are more different than expected by chance, whereas a distance of zero denotes identity. With the quartet divergence, the expected tree distance is readily calculated: any given quartet has a one in three chance of matching by chance. library("Quartet", exclude = "RobinsonFoulds") expectedQD <- 2 / 3 normalizedQD <- QuartetDivergence(QuartetStatus(tree1, tree2), similarity = FALSE) / expectedQD The expected distance is more difficult to calculate for other metrics, but can be approximated by sampling random pairs of trees. Measured distances between 10 000 pairs of random bifurcating trees with up to 200 leaves are available in the data package ‘TreeDistData’. We can view (normalized) distances for a selection of methods: if (requireNamespace("TreeDistData", quietly = TRUE)) { library("TreeDistData", exclude = "PairwiseDistances") data("randomTreeDistances", package = "TreeDistData") methods <- c("pid", "cid", "nye", "qd") methodCol <- c(pid = "#e15659", cid = "#58a14e", nye = "#edc949", qd = "#af7aa1") oldPar <- par(cex = 0.7, mar = c(5, 5, 0.01, 0.01)) nLeaves <- as.integer(dimnames(randomTreeDistances)[[3]]) plot(nLeaves, type = "n", randomTreeDistances["pid", "mean", ], ylim = c(0.54, 1), xlab = "Number of leaves", ylab = "Normalized distance between random tree pairs") for (method in methods) { dat <- randomTreeDistances[method, , ] lines(nLeaves, dat["50%", ], pch = 1, col = methodCol[method]) polygon(c(nLeaves, rev(nLeaves)), c(dat["25%", ], rev(dat["75%", ])), border = NA, col = paste0(methodCol[method], "55")) } text(202, randomTreeDistances[methods, "50%", "200"] + 0.02, c("Different phylogenetic information", "Clustering information distance", expression(paste(plain("Nye "), italic("et al."))), "Quartet divergence" ), col = methodCol[methods], pos = 2) par(oldPar) } ## Warning in rm(list = exclude, envir = env): object 'PairwiseDistances' not ## found or use these calculated values to normalize our tree distance: expectedCID <- randomTreeDistances["cid", "mean", "9"] ClusteringInfoDistance(tree1, tree2, normalize = TRUE) / expectedCID ## Testing similarity to a known tree Similarity has two components: precision and accuracy (Smith, 2019). A tree can be 80% similar to a target tree because it contains 80% of the splits in the target tree, and no incorrect splits – or because it is a binary tree in which 10% of the splits present are resolved incorrectly and are thus positively misleading. In such a comparison, of course, it is more sensible to talk about split information than just the number of splits: an even split may contain more information than two very uneven splits, so the absence of two information-poor splits may be preferable to the absence of one information-rich split. As such, it is most instructive to think of the proportion of information that has been correctly resolved: the goal is to find a tree that is as informative as possible about the true tree. Ternary diagrams allow us to visualise the quality of a reconstructed tree with reference to a known “true” tree: testTrees <- list( trueTree = ape::read.tree(text = '(a, (b, (c, (d, (e, (f, (g, h)))))));'), lackRes = ape::read.tree(text = '(a, (b, c, (d, e, (f, g, h))));'), smallErr = ape::read.tree(text = '(a, (c, (b, (d, (f, (e, (g, h)))))));'), bigErr = ape::read.tree(text = '(a, (c, (((b, d), (f, h)), (e, g))));') ) VisualizeMatching(MutualClusteringInfo, testTrees$trueTree, testTrees$lackRes) points(4, 7.5, pch = 2, cex = 3, col = "#E69F00") VisualizeMatching(MutualClusteringInfo, testTrees$trueTree, testTrees$smallErr) points(4, 7.5, pch = 3, cex = 3, col = "#56B4E9") VisualizeMatching(MutualClusteringInfo, testTrees$trueTree, testTrees$bigErr) points(4, 7.5, pch = 4, cex = 3, col = "#009E73") Better trees plot vertically towards the “100% shared information” vertex. Resolution of trees increases towards the right; trees that are more resolved may be no better than less-resolved trees if the addition of resolution introduces error. if (requireNamespace("Ternary", quietly = TRUE)) { library("Ternary") oldPar <- par(mar = rep(0.1, 4)) TernaryPlot(alab = "Absent information", blab = "Shared information", clab = "Misinformation", lab.cex = 0.8, lab.offset = 0.18, point = "left", clockwise = FALSE, grid.col = "#dedede", grid.minor.lines = 0, axis.labels = 0:10 / 10, axis.col = "#aaaaaa") HorizontalGrid() correct <- MutualClusteringInfo(testTrees\$trueTree, testTrees) resolved <- ClusteringEntropy(testTrees) unresolved <- resolved["trueTree"] - resolved incorrect <- resolved - correct TernaryPoints(cbind(unresolved, correct, incorrect), pch = 1:4, cex = 2, col = Ternary::cbPalette8[1:4]) par(oldPar) } ### Example Here’s a noddy real-world example applying this to a simulation-style study. First, let’s generate a starting tree, which will represent our reference topology: set.seed(0) trueTree <- TreeTools::RandomTree(20, root = TRUE) Then, let’s generate 200 degraded trees. We’ll move away from the true tree by making a TBR move, then reduce resolution by taking the consensus of this tree and three trees from its immediate neighbourhood (one NNI move away). treeSearchInstalled <- requireNamespace("TreeSearch", quietly = TRUE) if (treeSearchInstalled) { library("TreeSearch", quietly = TRUE) # for TBR, NNI oneAway <- structure(lapply(seq_len(200), function(x) { tbrTree <- TBR(trueTree) ape::consensus(list(tbrTree, NNI(tbrTree), NNI(tbrTree), NNI(tbrTree))) }), class = "multiPhylo") } else { message("Install \"TreeSearch\" to run this example") } And let’s generate 200 more trees that are even more degraded. This time we’ll move further (three TBR moves) from the true tree, and reduce resolution by taking a consensus with three trees from its wider neighbourhood (each two NNI moves away). if (treeSearchInstalled) { threeAway <- structure(lapply(seq_len(200), function(x) { tbrTree <- TBR(TBR(TBR(trueTree))) ape::consensus(list(tbrTree, NNI(NNI(tbrTree)), NNI(NNI(tbrTree)), NNI(NNI(tbrTree)))) }), class = "multiPhylo") } Now let’s calculate their tree similarity scores. We need to calculate the amount of information each tree has in common with the true tree: if (treeSearchInstalled) { correct1 <- MutualClusteringInfo(trueTree, oneAway) correct3 <- MutualClusteringInfo(trueTree, threeAway) } The amount of information in each degraded tree: if (treeSearchInstalled) { infoInTree1 <- ClusteringEntropy(oneAway) infoInTree3 <- ClusteringEntropy(threeAway) } The amount of information that could have been resolved, but was not: if (treeSearchInstalled) { unresolved1 <- ClusteringEntropy(trueTree) - infoInTree1 unresolved3 <- ClusteringEntropy(trueTree) - infoInTree3 } And the amount of information incorrectly resolved: if (treeSearchInstalled) { incorrect1 <- infoInTree1 - correct1 incorrect3 <- infoInTree3 - correct3 } In preparation for our plot, let’s colour our one-away trees orange , and our three-away trees blue : col1 <- hcl(200, alpha = 0.9) col3 <- hcl(40, alpha = 0.9) spec1 <- matrix(col2rgb(col1, alpha = TRUE), nrow = 4, ncol = 181) spec3 <- matrix(col2rgb(col3, alpha = TRUE), nrow = 4, ncol = 181) spec1[4, ] <- spec3[4, ] <- 0:180 ColToHex <- function(x) rgb(x[1], x[2], x[3], x[4], maxColorValue = 255) spec1 <- apply(spec1, 2, ColToHex) spec3 <- apply(spec3, 2, ColToHex) Now we can plot this information on a ternary diagram. if (treeSearchInstalled && requireNamespace("Ternary", quietly = TRUE)) { layout(matrix(c(1, 2), ncol = 2), widths = c(5, 2)) oldPar <- par(mar = rep(0, 4)) TernaryPlot(alab = "Information absent in degraded tree", blab = "\n\nCorrect information in degraded tree", clab = "Misinformation in degraded tree", point = "left", clockwise = FALSE, grid.minor.lines = 0, axis.labels = 0:10 / 10) HorizontalGrid() coords1 <- cbind(unresolved1, correct1, incorrect1) coords3 <- cbind(unresolved3, correct3, incorrect3) ColourTernary(TernaryDensity(coords1, resolution = 20), spectrum = spec1) ColourTernary(TernaryDensity(coords3, resolution = 20), spectrum = spec3) TernaryDensityContour(coords3, col = col3, nlevels = 4) TernaryDensityContour(coords1, col = col1, nlevels = 4) if (requireNamespace("kdensity", quietly = TRUE)) { library("kdensity") HorizontalKDE <- function(dat, col, add = FALSE) { lty <- 1 lwd <- 2 kde <- kdensity(dat) kdeRange <- kdensity:::get_range(kde) lines(kde(kdeRange), kdeRange, col = col, lty = lty, lwd = lwd) } else { plot(kde(kdeRange), kdeRange, col = col, lty = lty, lwd = lwd, ylim = c(0, 1), main = "", axes = FALSE, type = "l") } # abline(h = 0:10 / 10) # Useful for confirming alignment } par(mar = c(1.8, 0, 1.8, 0)) # align plot limits with ternary plot HorizontalKDE(correct1 / infoInTree1, col1, add = FALSE) HorizontalKDE(correct3 / infoInTree3, col3, add = TRUE) mtext("\u2192 Normalized tree quality \u2192", 2) } par(oldPar) } else { message("Install \"TreeSearch\" and \"Ternary\" to generate this plot") } In the ternary plot, the vertical direction corresponds to the normalized tree quality, as depicted in the accompanying histogram. You may wish to: ## References Nye, T. M. W., Liò, P., & Gilks, W. R. (2006). A novel algorithm and web-based tool for comparing two alternative phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 22(1), 117–119. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti720 Smith, M. R. (2019). Bayesian and parsimony approaches reconstruct informative trees from simulated morphological datasets. Biology Letters, 15(2), 20180632. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0632 Smith, M. R. (2020). Information theoretic Generalized Robinson-Foulds metrics for comparing phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 36(20), 5007–5013. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa614 Vinh, N. X., Epps, J., & Bailey, J. (2010). Information theoretic measures for clusterings comparison: variants, properties, normalization and correction for chance. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 11, 2837–2854. doi:10.1145/1553374.1553511	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5827560424804688, "perplexity": 7935.688331632923}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943484.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320144934-20230320174934-00394.warc.gz"}
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/235780/define-random-variable-distribution-given-standard-normal-random-variable	# Define random variable distribution given standard normal random variable I have a homework but I don't know how to solve it or what should I do. Kindly help me or guide me. Let a constant $a$ satisfy that $\int_{0}^{a}{x^2 e^{-\frac{x^2}{2} }dx} = \int_{a}^{\infty}{x^2 e^{-\frac{x^2}{2} }dx}$ Suppose $X$ is a standard normal random variable. Define $Y$ as follows $$Y = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} X & \quad if\|X\|\geq a \\ -X & \quad if\|X\| < a \end{array} \right.$$ (a) What is the distribution of $Y$? (b) Show that $X$ and $Y$ are uncorrelated. (c) Show that $X$ and $Y$ are not independent. Actually I don't understand the purpose of given integration function, like how or what can I do with the function. What I understand so far (maybe true or false), I consider when $\|X\| \geq a$ that's mean $Y = \int_{a}^{\infty}{x^2 e^{-\frac{x^2}{2} }dx}$ and the opposite when $\|X\| < a$. If I consider this, that's mean Y is uniform distribution because nothing different when \|X\| is greater or less than $a$. Then to show X and Y are uncorrelated, $Cov(X,Y)=E[XY]-E[X]E[Y]=0$ that means $E[XY]=E[X]E[Y]$. But this understanding is the opposite of (c) question, since this apply when X and Y are independent. Thank you so much for your help. • Please add the [self-study] tag & read its wiki. Then tell us what you understand thus far, what you've tried & where you're stuck. We'll provide hints to help you get unstuck. – gung - Reinstate Monica Sep 19 '16 at 16:41 • Thank you so much for your guidance. What I understand is, because the integration value is given I consider when $\|X\| \geq a$ that's mean $Y = \int_{a}^{\infty}{x^2 e^{-\frac{x^2}{2} }dx}$ and the opposite when $\|X\| < a$. If I consider this, that's mean Y is uniform distribution because nothing different when \|X\| is greater or less than a – Jyanto Sep 20 '16 at 12:56 • Independence and correlation are different things. Independence has to do with mutual information, and correlation has to do with a specific linear relationship. Draw a scatter-plot of $X$ and $Y$, and that may give you some intuition as to how the correlation might be balanced at 0, while there still is a lot of mutual information. – Matthew Graves Sep 20 '16 at 15:39 • (To be clearer, "mutual information" is a measure of how well I could predict $X$ given $Y$, and how well I could predict $Y$ given $X$. Independence is the statement that there's no mutual information, that is, my ability to predict $Y$ or $X$ is the same as it was before you told me the other one.) – Matthew Graves Sep 20 '16 at 15:40 (a) What happens when you multiply a symmetric distribution by -1? That is, what's the difference between the distribution of $X$ and $-X$? (b) If two random variables are uncorrelated, then that implies that their covariance is 0. Covariance is $E[(X-E[X])(Y-E[Y])]$, which is made simpler by the fact that $E[X]=E[Y]=0$. What happens when you integrate that across the domain of the function? (The definition of $a$ should come in handy.) (c) Independence implies that $P(X=x, Y=y)$ factorizes to $P(X=x)P(Y=y)$. Can you exhibit a pair $(x, y)$ where that doesn't hold? • Jyanto, it's because whenever $x$ is used, it's always $x^2$, which is symmetric around 0. (All polynomials with only even powers are.) – Matthew Graves Sep 20 '16 at 15:34 • Jyanto, sorry, that was a little misleading. $X$'s distribution is a standard normal, which is proportional to $e^{-x^2}$, which is what makes $X$ symmetric. $Y$, viewed by itself, is also a standard normal distribution, but it's worth stepping through how the partial reflection of a symmetric distribution works. – Matthew Graves Sep 20 '16 at 17:44	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9067553877830505, "perplexity": 260.6813267560802}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366969.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303134756-20210303164756-00078.warc.gz"}
http://electricalacademia.com/instrumentation-and-measurements/wheatstone-bridge-circuit-and-working-principle/	Home / Instrumentation / Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Theory and Working Principle # Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Theory and Working Principle Want create site? Find Free WordPress Themes and plugins. Wheatstone bridge is used to measure unknown resistance and is defined by the circuit of the following figure. In above Figure, R1, R2, and R3 are known resistances and Rx is the resistance whose value is to be determined. At least one of the known resistances is variable. The variable resistance is adjusted until no current flows through the galvanometer. When no current flows through the galvanometer, the circuit is in a null or balanced condition. For the bridge to be balanced, point B and D must be at the same potential; for this to be true, the voltage from A to D must equal the voltage from A to B. It follows that ${{I}_{1}}{{R}_{1}}={{I}_{3}}{{R}_{3}}$ Similarly, ${{I}_{2}}{{R}_{2}}={{I}_{X}}{{R}_{X}}$ Dividing one equation by the other, we obtain $\frac{{{I}_{1}}{{R}_{1}}}{{{I}_{2}}{{R}_{2}}}=\frac{{{I}_{3}}{{R}_{3}}}{{{I}_{X}}{{R}_{X}}}~~~~~~~\cdots ~~~~~~~~\left( 1 \right)$ When no current in the galvanometer, ${{I}_{1}}={{I}_{2}}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~{{I}_{3}}={{I}_{X}}$ So eq. (1) reduces to $\frac{{{R}_{1}}}{{{R}_{2}}}=\frac{{{R}_{3}}}{{{R}_{X}}}$ Or ${{R}_{X}}=\frac{{{R}_{2}}}{{{R}_{1}}}*{{R}_{3}}$ Notice that bridge balance and the determination of Rx are completely independent of the magnitude of the source voltage. One must no use the bridge in an energized circuit. Also, lead resistance should be found and subtracted from subsequent resistance. Did you find apk for android? You can find new Free Android Games and apps.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6128848791122437, "perplexity": 1083.0502729403247}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805114.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118225302-20171119005302-00323.warc.gz"}
https://www.birs.ca/events/2016/5-day-workshops/16w5010	# Flat Surfaces and Dynamics of Moduli Space (16w5010) Arriving in Oaxaca, Mexico Sunday, May 8 and departing Friday May 13, 2016 ## Organizers (University of Washington) (Goethe Universität Frankfurt Am Main) ## Description The Casa Matemática Oaxaca (CMO) will host the "Flat Surfaces and Dynamics of Moduli Space" workshop from May 8th to May 13th, 2016. The long-term behavior of trajectories of a single ball on a polygonal billiard table is a very interesting dynamical system. The first results date back to Fagnano in the 16th century and many central questions are still open. If the angles of the table are rational multiples of $\pi$, an unfolding construction yields a flat Riemann surface and the dynamics on the billiard table is closely tied with a renormalization dynamics given by a Lie group action on the moduli space of these flat Riemann surfaces. \par The purpose of this workshop is to push further the fruitful concept of adapting methods from dynamics on homogeneous spaces to dynamics on the moduli space of flat Riemann surfaces, although this is not a homogeneous space. Recently, major progress has been made on orbit closures, but the classification problem is far from solved and steps in this direction will be discussed at the workshop. Deeper understanding of flat surfaces, and in particular infinite area flat surfaces are making it possible to also tackle problems on billiard tables without rationality conditions. The Casa Matemática Oaxaca (CMO) in Mexico, and the Banff International Research Station for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery (BIRS) in Banff, are collaborative Canada-US-Mexico ventures that provide an environment for creative interaction as well as the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and methods within the Mathematical Sciences, with related disciplines and with industry. The research station in Banff is supported by Canada's Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Alberta's Advanced Education and Technology, and Mexico's Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). The research station in Oaxaca is funded by CONACYT.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29915282130241394, "perplexity": 2330.1400523663333}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741219.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113041552-20181113063552-00312.warc.gz"}
https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-geography-weathering/	# NCERT Notes: Geography- Weathering Subject: Geography Category: The Fundamentals of Physical Geography Topic: Weathering NCERT notes on important topics for the UPSC civil services exam. These notes will also be useful for other competitive exams like banking PO, SSC, state civil services exams and so on. This article talks about Weathering. Weathering (UPSC Notes):- Weathering • Weathering is the action of components of weather and climate materials over Earth. • There are several processes within weathering which act either independently or together to affect the materials of the earth in order to cut them to fragmental state. • This process causes the disintegration of rocks near the surface of the Earth. • It loosens and breaks down the surface minerals of rocks so they can be carried away by agents of erosion such as wind, water, and ice. • As very little or no motion of materials takes place in weathering, it is an in-situ or on-site process. • Flora and fauna life, water and atmosphere are the main reasons for weathering. • Weathering processes are determined by many climatic, topographic, vegetative factors and complex geological factors. • Climate has a significant role in weathering. • The weathering processes not only differ from climate to climate but also with the depth of the weathering mantle. • The degree of weathering that happens depends upon the resistance to weathering of the minerals in the rock and the degree of the biological, physical, and chemical stresses. • The minerals in rocks that are formed under high pressure and temperature inclined to be less resistant to weathering, whereas minerals formed at low pressure and temperature are more resistant to weathering. Three major groups of weathering processes • There are three major groups of weathering processes: • Biological Weathering • Chemical Weathering • Physical or Mechanical Weathering • Biological weathering is the wearying and subsequent fragmentation of rocks by animals, plants, and microbes. • Physical or mechanical weathering is the weakening and consequent disintegration of rocks by physical forces. • Chemical weathering is the weakening and subsequent breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions. Weathering (UPSC Notes):- Tune into byjus.com/free-ias-prep for more strategy articles and news on UPSC Civil Services IAS Exam. UPSC Preparation	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.39060115814208984, "perplexity": 4756.230236438291}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271864.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626192142-20220626222142-00747.warc.gz"}
http://www.zazzle.com/liberals+chubby+businesscards	Showing All Results 46 results Related Searches: democrats, liberalism, democratic Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo Got it! We won't show you this product again! Undo No matches for Showing All Results 46 results	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8198509216308594, "perplexity": 4595.861921141814}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345776833/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054936-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://edoc.unibas.ch/20119/	# Conserved generation of short products at piRNA loci Berninger, P. and Jaskiewicz, L. and Khorshid, M. and Zavolan, M.. (2011) Conserved generation of short products at piRNA loci. BMC Genomics, Vol. 12, H. 1 , 46. Full text not available from this repository. Official URL: http://edoc.unibas.ch/dok/A5844198 ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The piRNA pathway operates in animal germ lines to ensure genome integrity through retrotransposon silencing. The Piwi protein-associated small RNAs (piRNAs) guide Piwi proteins to retrotransposon transcripts, which are degraded and thereby post-transcriptionally silenced through a ping-pong amplification process. Cleavage of the retrotransposon transcript defines at the same time the 5 end of a secondary piRNA that will in turn guide a Piwi protein to a primary piRNA precursor, thereby amplifying primary piRNAs. Although several studies provided evidence that this mechanism is conserved among metazoa, how the process is initiated and what enzymatic activities are responsible for generating the primary and secondary piRNAs are not entirely clear. RESULTS: Here we analyzed small RNAs from three mammalian species, seeking to gain further insight into the mechanisms responsible for the piRNA amplification loop. We found that in all these species piRNA-directed targeting is accompanied by the generation of short sequences that have a very precisely defined length, 19 nucleotides, and a specific spatial relationship with the guide piRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: This suggests that the processing of the 5 product of piRNA-guided cleavage occurs while the piRNA target is engaged by the Piwi protein. Although they are not stabilized through methylation of their 3` ends, the 19-mers are abundant not only in testes lysates but also in immunoprecipitates of Miwi and Mili proteins. They will enable more accurate identification of piRNA loci in deep sequencing data sets.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20290330052375793, "perplexity": 8552.980652093365}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176922.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124170142-20201124200142-00703.warc.gz"}
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/71013/	# Next-to-leading order QCD corrections to W^{+}W^{+}jj production in vector-boson fusion at the LHC Denner, A; Hošeková, L; Kallweit, S (2012). Next-to-leading order QCD corrections to W^{+}W^{+}jj production in vector-boson fusion at the LHC. Physical Review D (Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology), 86(11):1-30. ## Abstract We present a next-to-leading order QCD calculation for e+νeμ+νμjj production in vector-boson fusion, i.e., the scattering of two positively charged W bosons at the LHC. We include the complete set of electroweak leading order diagrams for the six-particle final state and quantitatively assess the size of the s-channel and interference contributions in vector-boson fusion kinematics. The calculation uses the complex-mass scheme to describe the W-boson resonances and is implemented into a flexible Monte Carlo generator. Using a dynamical scale based on the transverse momenta of the jets, the QCD corrections stay below about 10% for all considered observables, while the residual scale dependence is at the level of 1%. ## Abstract We present a next-to-leading order QCD calculation for e+νeμ+νμjj production in vector-boson fusion, i.e., the scattering of two positively charged W bosons at the LHC. We include the complete set of electroweak leading order diagrams for the six-particle final state and quantitatively assess the size of the s-channel and interference contributions in vector-boson fusion kinematics. The calculation uses the complex-mass scheme to describe the W-boson resonances and is implemented into a flexible Monte Carlo generator. Using a dynamical scale based on the transverse momenta of the jets, the QCD corrections stay below about 10% for all considered observables, while the residual scale dependence is at the level of 1%. ## Statistics ### Citations Dimensions.ai Metrics 28 citations in Web of Science® 37 citations in Scopus®	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9111379384994507, "perplexity": 3324.4735736159346}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358153.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127073536-20211127103536-00614.warc.gz"}
http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00311390	Structure Functions Abstract : Recent progress in the understanding of the nucleon is presented. The unpolarised structure functions are obtained with unprecedented precision from the combined H1 and ZEUS data and are used to extract proton parton distribution functions via NLO QCD fits. The obtained parametrisation displays an improved precision, in particular at low Bjorken x, and leads to precise predictions of cross sections for LHC phenomena. Recent data from proton-antiproton collisions at Tevatron indicate further precise constraints at large Bjorken x. The flavour content of the proton is further studied using final states with charm and beauty in DIS ep and pp collisions. Data from polarised DIS or proton-proton collisions are used to test the spin structure of the proton and to constrain the polarised parton distributions. Document type : Conference papers http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00311390 Contributor : Danielle Cristofol <> Submitted on : Tuesday, January 6, 2009 - 8:24:59 AM Last modification on : Tuesday, March 30, 2021 - 3:18:32 AM Citation C. Diaconu. Structure Functions. 34 th International Conference on High-Energy Physics, ICHEP 08, Jul 2008, Philadelphie, United States. pp.1069-1086, ⟨10.1142/S0217751X0904333X⟩. ⟨in2p3-00311390⟩ Record views	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.906352162361145, "perplexity": 6130.500483082058}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487600396.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613041713-20210613071713-00397.warc.gz"}
https://openborders.info/blog/tag/cost-benefit-analysis/	Why I’m sticking with open borders, or, plucking the not-so-low-hanging fruit I started Open Borders: The Case about 2.5 years ago, in March 2012 (you can read the site story, my personal statement for the site, and some general background for my involvement with open borders). My active involvement with the site has reduced a lot since summer 2013, but it’s still the biggest single topic on which I semi-regularly write stuff for the general public. I have considered switching my attention to other topics such as drug policy (both recreational and medical), organ trading, economic freedom broadly construed, existential risks, cause prioritization in effective altruism, and animal welfare. However, I’ve decided to stick with open borders. This includes participation at the Open Borders Action Group, more blogging here, and other miscellaneous work. In this post, I’ll describe my reasons. TL; DR My reasons in summary form: 1. My estimates for the value of open borders, or the extent to which we can realistically move to open borders, haven’t changed much. 2. There are two countervailing, roughly canceling effects in terms of the extent of marginal impact of open borders advocacy, so on net that hasn’t changed much either. 3. I am still well-positioned to help take Open Borders: The Case to the next level. 4. Other causes, including the most promising ones, seem less promising than open borders. 5. There is value to personal specialization. I’ve already acquired experience with thinking and writing about open borders, so I can do more by sticking to it. Cartoon showing the importance of not giving up. Source Moving Forwards Seminars A quick review of the Drake equation Before delving into the reasons, I’ll recall a framework I developed a while back in my Drake equation post. I wrote there: $latex \text{Utility of a particular form of open borders advocacy} = Wxyz$ Here: • $latex W$ is the naive estimate of the gains from complete open borders (using, for instance, the double world GDP ballpark). • $latex x$ is a fudge factor to represent the idea that “things rarely turn out as well as we expect them to.” If we set $latex x = 0.1$, for instance, that’s tantamount to saying that, due to all the numerous problems that our naive models fail to account for, the actual gains from open borders would be only 10% of the advertised gains. The product so far, namely $latex Wx$, describes what we really expect the gains from open borders to be. • $latex y$ is the fraction to which the world can realistically move in the direction of open borders. The product $latex Wxy$ is total expected gain from however far one can realistically move in the open borders direction. • $latex z$ is the extent to which a particular effort at advocacy or discussions moves the world toward open borders, as a fraction of what is realistically possible. For instance, setting $latex z = 10^{-4}$ for Open Borders the website would mean that the creation of the website, and work on the website, has moved the world 1/10,000 of the way it feasibly could in the direction of open borders. #1: My estimates for $latex W, x, y$ haven’t changed much After a few years of reading, thinking about, and discussing open borders, my broad estimates of the gains from complete open borders, the fudge factor, and the extent to which we can realistically move in the direction haven’t changed. To some extent, my estimate for $latex W$ has fallen somewhat, but this is compensated for by an increase in $latex x$. I’ve moved in the direction of embracing lower estimates of the GDP gains from open borders, but also reduced my probability estimate of open borders being a total dud or having net negative consequences, so the fudge factor $latex x$ improves correspondingly. Open borders feels like a somewhat more known quantity. Moreover, the degree of uncertainty regarding consequences reduces further considering that we aren’t going to have complete open borders. Overall, I continue to believe that the product $latex Wxy$ falls somewhere between 500 million and 500 billion dollars, as I’d stated in my Drake equation post. For a different take on the numbers, see Alexander Berger’s back-of-the-envelope calculations (that I excerpted in an Open Borders Action Group post). Berger’s summary estimate for the gains from open borders (included in an earlier table in that doc) offer the range $300 million –$3 trillion per year (middle estimate $150 billion) for what seems like the analogue of$latex Wxy$. This closely accords with my numbers, though Berger’s methodology is a little different and arguably more concrete and object-level. #2: Two countervailing effects on$latex z$approximately cancel each other How has the$latex z$value for Open Borders: The Case, and affiliated efforts, changed over time? There are two countervailing considerations: • Open Borders: The Case has exhausted some of the very low-hanging fruit. We now play a defining role on the subject: since at least the middle of 2014, and possibly earlier, we’ve topped web searches for open borders. In some ways, we’ve reached our asymptotic potential, and in many other ways, we’re at diminishing returns: even if additional effort yields positive returns, they’re not as high as the initial returns. One could argue that my very first 25 hours of work on the site, which led to this, had the highest return per unit time. • On the other hand, now that we’ve done the basic work of building out the case and collecting a community interested in debating the issue, each new post generates more discussion and can more quickly lead to better ideas. When I started blogging, there were only a couple other bloggers and a few commenters with whom we’d go back and forth. Just a year ago, we had about 900 likes on Facebook. Now we have over 1800, or about twice that number. The Open Borders Action Group launched in February 2014, and now has over 600 members and 20+ fairly active participants. Thus, we can quickly have discussions with 5-10 active participants without somebody needing to spend a couple of hours researching a post. And both our active participants and our readers include a fair number of people who might be able to influence the implementation of actual migration policies in different places in the world. #3: Open Borders: The Case will survive without me, but I can still contribute a lot to taking it to the next level I was very active in the first 1.5 years of the site, and my job back then was to help grow the community and build the site and blog to the point where it could continue to run and grow without me. I worked hard to recruit people to the site who’d be willing and able to write great stuff (I’ve written a very long Quora answer on this). I think I’ve succeeded. I can have a busy week where I barely check in on the site, and there are still new blog posts and new draft posts, many new discussions on OBAG, and lots of site visitors. I could completely stop my involvement with the site and it wouldn’t collapse. At the same time, there is so much more to do on this front. The world is still very far from open borders (this circles back to #2). Open Borders: The Case has established a niche that, while close to pre-existing libertarian-leaning blogging on the issue, is sufficiently distinctive. As John Lee wrote in an interview with Lis Wiehl: The main thing which I think differentiates Open Borders from many other immigration advocacy groups is that we are the only ones who really take global freedom of movement seriously. It’s not merely that we champion it; it’s that we honestly ponder the question of how the world might be different — both for better and for worse — if people could freely choose where to travel, where to settle, and where to work or study. […] Our mission is to offer a rational assessment of what the world would look like under open borders, and to articulate the case of why our governments and societies must respect the right to migrate (except in those extreme cases where infringement might be justified — just the same as with any other right). The way things are going, we are establishing and solidifying our position as the premier place for philosophical analysis of the case for freedom of movement. Continued growth on this front would not be a laughing matter. But to actually get the world to open borders, so much more needs to be done. If we just keep posting and publishing stuff similar to what we’ve been publishing, we might continue to gain more adherents and grow traffic, but at the core, there won’t be progress. Co-blogger Michelangelo recently asked about next steps for the open borders movement, and suggested we move in the direction of coming up with concrete actionable policy proposals, perhaps setting up a think tank to do so. In another recent post, I talked of the distinction between philosophers, wonks, and entrepreneurs and reframed Michelangelo’s suggestion as moving from a philosopher focus to a wonk focus. Personally, I think a move in the wonk/entrepreneur direction is warranted, though I think of it a little differently. I think Open Borders: The Case should offer something so unique, so distinctive, that people feel wowed by it, and inspired to consider and work towards a world of open borders. We need to break new ground content-wise, combining in-depth exploration of the current realities of the world with our pro-open borders ideals, and coming up with stuff that’s captivating to read, whether it’s co-blogger Nathan’s lessons from slavery, co-blogger John’s takedown of the international refugee system, or my recent post on snakeheads as high-impact entrepreneurs. But there’s a lot more to do. It’s possible that such an evolution would occur even without me (some of my co-bloggers have done a great job with writing compelling material that breaks new ground, with no prompting on my part). But I do think that I could significantly accelerate the process, simply by being focused on it and pushing harder for it. #4: The relative value of other causes An affirmative decision to continue with open borders is also a decision against pursuing other causes, at least in the short term. A full evaluation would compare open borders with these other causes. And indeed, I think that open borders offers a lot more value than the other top contenders (this comports with Alexander Berger’s back-of-the-envelope calculations, where open borders has the largest upside by a huge margin and also the largest median case gain, though it’s tied for that status with other options). I think the case for focusing on open borders over drug policy liberalization, free organ trading, economic freedom, and free trade is relatively clear. One might argue that now that a site on open borders has been created, there’s more low-hanging fruit in the other domains. This circles back to my point #2 and (to a lesser extent) point #1, so I won’t go in depth here. Moreover, I also think that, given its high potential, open borders continues to be relatively neglected (relative to drug policy, for instance). For instance, it’s relatively neglected among libertarians, as I’d discussed in these two posts. The one economic freedom-related cause that I think offers high value and is relatively neglected is the economic freedom-related cause of allowing freer foreign direct investment. I’m mainly going by Bryan Caplan’s assessment of this cause as the most promising after open borders (see also this blog post by him). This is something I hope to investigate at greater depth. If its tractability proves extremely high, I might switch attention to it (i.e., it might have higher$latex x, y,z$values to compensate for the lower$latex W$value). Until then, I’ll stick to open borders. #5: The value of personal specialization When I first started Open Borders: The Case, my knowledge of migration-related matters was fairly shallow. Over the last few years, I’ve learned many things. Nonetheless, there still remains a lot to learn. If I start a website on a new topic, I’ll have to learn a lot about that topic. If, on the other hand, I continue working on Open Borders: The Case, I can build on the knowledge I’ve already acquired and be even more effective. Open borders advocacy: a Drake equation The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy. The idea is to express the number of such civilizations as a product of quantities in a manner that’s true by definition, but also such that one can talk somewhat more intelligently about estimating the individual factors than one can talk about directly estimating the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations. XKCD has poked fun at the Drake equation in at least two comics. Viewed as an exercise aimed at obtaining precise actionable estimates, the Drake equation is probably futile. But viewed as a way to start thinking about the problem, it is arguably useful. The main reason it’s bad for estimation is that the multiplicative nature of the model means that the huge uncertainty in measurement for each of the factors is also multiplicative, leading to a gigantic uncertainty in the overall estimation. Here’s my Drake-like attempt:$latex \text{Utility of a particular form of open borders advocacy} = Wxyz$Here: •$latex W$is the naive estimate of the gains from complete open borders (using, for instance, the double world GDP ballpark). •$latex x$is a fudge factor to represent the idea that “things rarely turn out as well as we expect them to.” If we set$latex x = 0.1$, for instance, that’s tantamount to saying that, due to all the numerous problems that our naive models fail to account for, the actual gains from open borders would be only 10% of the advertised gains. The product so far, namely$latex Wx$, describes what we really expect the gains from open borders to be. •$latex y$is the fraction to which the world can realistically move in the direction of open borders. The product$latex Wxy$is total expected gain from however far one can realistically move in the open borders direction. •$latex z$is the extent to which a particular effort at advocacy or discussions moves the world toward open borders, as a fraction of what is realistically possible. For instance, setting$latex z = 10^{-4}$for Open Borders the website would mean that the creation of the website, and work on the website, has moved the world 1/10,000 of the way it feasibly could in the direction of open borders. The restrictionist or pessimist might well view$latex x$as a negative number, making open borders advocacy a great disservice to humanity. For our purposes, however, we’ll consider estimates where the values are positive, yet sufficiently small as to account for considerable uncertainty. Let’s say that, for the Open Borders website, the numbers look as follows, with the numbers in US dollars (note that of the four numbers,$latex z$is the only one that requires particular knowledge of the Open Borders website):$latex W = \$50 \text{ trillion}, x = 0.01, y = 0.001, z = 0.0001$ The 50 trillion figure can be calculated as just one year’s gain based on the double world GDP estimates. Note that there are some complications when considering potential delays in opening borders, as well as discount rates for the future and economic growth in the future. But since the starting numbers are anyway very rough guesses, there’s not much point in trying to do a very elaborate estimation exercise to calculate $latex W$ (for what it’s worth, I did some estimates based on assumptions about discount rates and economic growth, and I got a figure of about twice that much in expected value even if open borders are delayed by several years and the gains are slow to arrive and temporary). Note also that the fudge factor $latex x$ of 0.01 is essentially taking a very pessimistic view of the estimation exercise, by claiming that 99% of the claimed gains will not in fact materialize, or will be canceled by other losses. With these numbers, the value of the website comes out to 50,000 US dollars. That’s not huge, but it’s about the same order of magnitude as the cost of time spent on the website (about 1500-2000 hours). With these numbers, therefore, the site just about breaks even in terms of social value generated versus time spent. Here’s an optimistic version of the numbers: $latex W = \$ 50 \text{ trillion}, x = 0.1, y = 0.1, z = 0.0001$With this view, the naive estimate overstates the gains, but only ten-fold, it’s also possible for the world to realistically move 10% of the way toward open borders, and Open Borders the website has moved the world 1/10,000 of the way toward the theoretically possible limit. With these numbers, the expected value of Open Borders comes to about$50 million. Obviously, the above estimation exercises are very naive, and there’s a sense in which this might feel like Pascal’s mugging. The key point that emerges here, though, is that the position yes, open borders would have gains, but the gains from what’s realistically possible in that direction are too small to be worthwhile isn’t a very tenable position. Open borders is a radical proposal — for better or worse. To arrive at such a position, you’d need to have $latex x,y,z$ all very small — but still positive. If you’re coming that close to zero, then you might as well offer some good reason why you don’t go all the way to zero — or beyond, to the negative territory. If the restrictionist position were right, then, it would entail showing at least one of these (or more precisely, an odd number of these, but never mind that): • $latex x$ is zero or negative: Economists have badly estimated not just the magnitude, but rather, the sign of the effect of open borders. The best attempts in the direction of demonstrating that the expected sign is negative is the killing the goose that lays the golden eggs argument. And while I think there’s considerable plausibility to that argument, and it may well point toward certain keyhole solutions being desirable, I am not convinced that these come anywhere near toggling the expected sign of the gains from open borders. • $latex y$ is zero or negative: It’s impossible to move in the direction of open borders at all. • $latex z$ is zero or negative: Open borders advocacy (or at any rate, the specific advocacy effort being considered) hurts the move toward open borders more than it helps. Tyler Cowen took this sort of approach in his recent blog post that generated considerable response (including from Nathan and John). An alternative position is that we just don’t know enough to even estimate the signs of the quantities, and that more research is needed. I certainly agree about the need for more research, and I think a strong case could be made for an agenda that focuses extensively on research before clearly coming down on one side or another, while favoring continued experimentation with liberalization and keyhole solutions at the margin. But what’s not justifiable is the absolute certainty that many people seem to have that the status quo is approximately optimal, or that radical liberalization of movement simply isn’t a paradigm worth investigating because the gains are too small. Taking our humanitarian impulses seriously Post by Paul Crider (regular blogger for the site, joined June 2013 as an occasional blogger, promoted to regular blogger July 2013). See: The clamoring for intervention in the Syrian bloodbath has given Matt Yglesias an excuse to discuss the impressive cost-effectiveness of distributing mosquito-proof bed nets as a form of humanitarian foreign aid. He argues that if the unfortunate plight of foreigners really tugs on our heartstrings, the bed nets are a better deal than bombs by a couple orders of magnitude. Ivo Daalder, America’s ambassador to NATO at the time, and James Stavridis, NATO’s top military officer at the time, bragged in Foreign Affairs about the extraordinary success of [the Libya] operation: By any measure, NATO succeeded in Libya. It saved tens of thousands of lives from almost certain destruction. It conducted an air campaign of unparalleled precision, which, although not perfect, greatly minimized collateral damage. It enabled the Libyan opposition to overthrow one of the world’s longest-ruling dictators. And it accomplished all of this without a single allied casualty and at a cost—$1.1 billion for the United States and several billion dollars overall—that was a fraction of that spent on previous interventions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq. That is extremely impressive. What about the Against Malaria Foundation? What they do is provide long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets in order to protect defenseless civilians from a form of biological warfare known as the Plasmodium parasite which spreads via bites from insects of the Anopheles genus. According to The Life You Can Save, handing out these bed nets saves about one life for every$1,865 spent. That’s to say that if the United States was able to spend the $1.1 billion we spent on the Libya operation on long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets we could have saved almost 590,000 lives from almost certain destruction. America’s other allies in Libya spent about$3 billion in total together. That’s something to think about. A similar argument can be made in favor of facilitating voluntary migration of refugees from the Syrian conflict to destinations of their choice in areas of the world where the risk of death or dismemberment by military violence is less, such as developed countries. (The more general argument has been made on this blog before.) This would be approximately free if the refugees were allowed to work and pay taxes in their newly chosen countries. While it probably wouldn’t be as cost-effective as insecticidal bed nets in terms of lives saved, those lives would be potentially radically improved in terms of expanded human capabilities. Of course bed nets and open borders don’t have to compete. It’s possible that open borders could even magnify the beneficial effects of bed nets in terms of quality-adjusted life-years. This may seem like a facetious argument, or an impolitic way of roping a serious humanitarian crisis into the service of yet another argument for open borders. But just as my esteemed co-blogger recently argued with the case of sweatshops, if we want to take our humanitarian concerns seriously, liberalizing the immigration policies of the rich world needs to be part of the discussion. Collapsing factories and wars, like natural disasters, act as rare reminders that foreigners are human beings just like us, so these tragic events are the perfect time to press for policies that can do significant good in the world. A couple years ago on my personal blog, I suggested that another thing these events have in common is that their victims have done nothing to deserve their fates aside from running afoul of luck. I claim that natural disasters and catastrophic misgovernance are morally indistinguishable. If a disaster strikes your country or you happen to be born in North Korea, both events are best described by luck. Unless you’re a Calvinist, you probably agree that bad luck has nothing to do with culpability or just deserts. Then if you accept the premise (perhaps a big if) that we in rich countries owe some kind of aid to people in nations struck by disaster and that emigration is an optimal kind of aid, then I think it follows that we also owe similar aid to people fleeing grossly incompetent or malevolent governments. It’s a big if that a reader will accept the premise, but it’s interesting to note that natural disasters do tend to tug our heartstrings, empirically. You see this in the sudden, worldwide spike in donations to aid organizations and relief efforts when big tsunamis or earthquakes occur. My asterisked comment is important. We humans seem to be a jumble of contradictions when it comes to recognizing the humanity of others living far away. We are often completely numb to the fates of foreigners when they even partially seem to obstruct our goals. Consider the bored way we skim over collateral damage reports, or the stubborn way we cling to our agricultural subsidies which directly harm the world’s poor. Yet we do appreciate the tragedies of natural disasters and atrocities of war. And it should be noted that even in as militarily adventurous a nation as the USA, wars and bombing campaigns are always presented to the public at least partially as acts of liberation or prevention of even greater violence. I have argued that the world’s poorest individuals are constantly in the equivalent of a state of disaster and that open borders could help to ease that ongoing disaster. But it seems to be inconsistent with human nature to keep this fixed in the foregrounds of our minds. This is unfortunate but there isn’t much to be done about human nature. Perhaps another approach worth considering is advocating the voluntary immigration of refugees as an effective policy option for those times when we are already psychologically primed for humanitarian action. Every time some bloody dictator catches the world’s attention afresh, there are people who oppose military intervention out of the (quite reasonable) fear that the unpredictable consequences of interference may prove to be worse than non-interference. It’s time for skeptics to start offering the concerned public an alternative policy response: open borders for victims of foreign wars. Is citizenism a commonly held belief system? Here at Open Borders: The Case, we have devoted a large number of blog posts to critiquing citizenism. Some others on the open borders side have been critical of this resource allocation decision. One criticism is that by devoting so much attention to citizenism, we’re giving it more serious consideration than it deserves. This sentiment was echoed in a comment by Andy Hallman for instance. Citizenism would deserve consideration if it were either plausible or popular. As Bryan Caplan writes: As a rule, I do not respond to positions that are neither plausible nor popular. So, is citizenism either plausible or popular? If we look at the explicit origins of citizenism, we might be tempted to think otherwise. The term “citizenism” has been coined by Steve Sailer, who, while doubtless considerably more widely read than Open Borders, is quite controversial himself, and hardly mainstream. The use of the term hasn’t caught on much outside a few select circles: Sailer’s ideological fellow travelers on the one hand, and a few other blogs such as Open Borders and EconLog on the other. Even among Sailer’s ideological fellow travelers, consent to the term is far from unanimous. For instance, the very first commenter on one of Sailer’s posts on citizenism begins with “Citizenism deserves all the scorn it gets, no doubt about that.” I believe that even though few people explicitly subscribe to the tenets of citizenism as formulated by Sailer, most restrictionist arguments, particularly those that refer to the harms to immigrant-receiving countries, implicitly make their normative claims using citizenist reasoning — they weigh the interests of natives/citizens much higher than that of non-citizens, and view this as a legitimate basis for immigration restrictions. Citizenism is an important undercurrent in the majority of restrictionist thinking and perhaps even in some mainstream pro-immigration circles. A more general framing it is that a lot of people subscribe to the moral relevance of countries. But, the mere assertion that countries have considerable moral relevance could be interpreted and made more concrete through a number of different normative ethical perspective such as: • Citizenism, the idea that national governments and citizens should give primacy to the interests of current citizens (and their descendants). Citizenism may be justified by neocameralism or some variant thereof. • Territorialism, the idea that national governments should give primacy to the interests of people within the geographic area of the nation-state, regardless of their citizenship status. • Local inequality aversion, the idea that local inequality within national boundaries is an evil in and of itself, independent of global inequality. • Nation as family, a variant of citizenism which asserts that the family is a useful metaphor for the nation, and that the head of family is the nation-state’s government. • “Maximize the average” type views, where the goal is to maximize the average indicators of the nation as it is constituted in the future, through appropriate migration, deportation, and extermination policies. • Love for the physical land or specific cultural capital of the nation-state as a motivator for national government policy, independent of whether people are willing to pay to preserve these. • “Proposition nation” theories: Here, the goal is to preserve specific values or institutions associated with the nation, such as slavery, ethnic strife, democracy, free markets, or a large welfare state. All of these are important and they interact in interesting ways, but I contend that citizenism is one of the more important formalizations of the moral relevance of countries. Later in the post, I will return to the question of why it isn’t more explicitly embraced or discussed in mainstream circles, and why it took a relatively heterodox figure like Steve Sailer to articulate it clearly. Sophisticated citizenism among policy wonks and social scientists A passage from a recent op-ed by Tyler Cowen (which has been praised by David Henderson on EconLog and many of my Facebook friends) notes and critiques the citizenistic underpinnings of many policy analyses relating to immigration: “Imagine that it is your professional duty to report a cost-benefit analysis of liberalizing immigration policy. You wouldn’t dream of producing a study that counted “men only” or “whites only,” at least not without specific, clearly stated reasons for dividing the data. So why report cost-benefit results only for United States citizens or residents, as is sometimes done in analyses of both international trade and migration?” For some other examples of citizenistic arguments from an unexpected quarter — leftists in the UK — see here and here (HT: co-blogger John Lee for both links). Here’s a relevant quote from the latter (emphasis added, not in original): I would guess that it remains the common sense assumption of 90 per cent of British citizens that public policy should give preference to the interests of citizens before non-citizens should the two conflict: that does not mean you cannot be an internationalist, or believe that it is a valuable part of our tradition to offer a haven to refugees, or believe that all humans are of equal moral worth and if they are in British space are entitled to certain basic rights. But it does mean that the first call on our resources and sense of obligation begins with our fellow citizens. And this should be a central principle underlying immigration policy that the authors do not spell out robustly enough: immigration policy must be designed to serve the interests of existing British citizens, especially poorer ones. [see also our master race page] It is true that it is not always easy to work out what those interests are. It is also true that Matt and Sarah do accept discrimination on grounds of nationality (and reject post-national arguments in favour of global social mobility) and understand that immigrants do not necessarily have the same entitlements as the settled population, but this is all rather tentative and overshadowed by a far more robust and often repeated commitment to a human rights ideology that too often overtly seeks to dissolve the precious distinction between citizen and non-citizen. In a Facebook post, I posited three possible explanations for the implicit citizenism in policy analyses and policy wonk discussions. Continue reading Is citizenism a commonly held belief system?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27093881368637085, "perplexity": 2482.4491563455995}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00719.warc.gz"}
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00073402/00007	UFDC Home myUFDC Home \| Help \| RSS <%BANNER%> HIDE Front Cover Acts of the legislative council... Index Acts of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida ALL VOLUMES CITATION SEARCH THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Material Information Title: Acts of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida Uniform Title: Laws, etc. (Session laws 1822-1833) Physical Description: 23 v. : ; 25 cm. Language: English Creator: Florida Publisher: Printed at the Office of the Florida Intelligencer Place of Publication: Tallahassee Creation Date: 1828 Publication Date: 1822-1833 Subjects Subjects / Keywords: Law -- Florida ( lcsh ) Genre: government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent) ( marcgt )serial ( sobekcm ) Notes Dates or Sequential Designation: 1st (1822)-11th sessions (1833). General Note: Imprint varies. 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Resource Identifier: oclc - 18494349 System ID: UF00073402:00007 Related Items Succeeded by: Laws of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida Front Cover Front Cover 1 Front Cover 2 Acts of the legislative council of the Territory of Florida, passed at their seventh session, 1828 Page A-1 Page A-2 Page A-3 Page A-4 Page A-5 Page A-6 Page A-7 Page A-8 Page A-9 Page A-10 Page A-11 Page A-12 Page A-13 Page A-14 Page A-15 Page B-1 Page B-2 Page B-3 Page B-4 Page B-5 Page B-6 Page B-7 Page B-8 Page B-9 Page B-10 Page B-11 Page B-12 Page B-13 Page B-14 Page B-15 Page B-16 Page B-17 Page B-18 Page B-19 Page B-20 Page B-21 Page B-22 Page B-23 Page B-24 Page B-25 Page B-26 Page B-27 Page B-28 Page B-29 Page B-30 Page B-31 Page B-32 Page B-33 Page B-34 Page B-35 Page B-36 Page B-37 Page B-38 Page B-39 Page B-40 Page B-41 Page B-42 Page B-43 Page B-44 Page B-45 Page B-46 Page B-47 Page B-48 Page B-49 Page B-50 Page B-51 Page B-52 Page B-53 Page B-54 Page B-55 Page B-56 Page B-57 Page B-58 Page B-59 Page B-60 Page B-61 Page B-62 Page B-63 Page B-64 Page B-65 Page B-66 Page B-67 Page B-68 Page B-69 Page B-70 Page B-71 Page B-72 Page B-73 Page B-74 Page B-75 Page B-76 Page B-77 Page B-78 Page B-79 Page B-80 Page B-81 Page B-82 Page B-83 Page B-84 Page B-85 Page B-86 Page B-87 Page B-88 Page B-89 Page B-90 Page B-91 Page B-92 Page B-93 Page B-94 Page B-95 Page B-96 Page B-97 Page B-98 Page B-99 Page B-100 Page B-101 Page B-102 Page B-103 Page B-104 Page B-105 Page B-106 Page B-107 Page B-108 Page B-109 Page B-110 Page B-111 Page B-112 Page B-113 Page B-114 Page B-115 Page B-116 Page B-117 Page B-118 Page B-119 Page B-120 Page B-121 Page B-122 Page B-123 Page B-124 Page B-125 Page B-126 Page B-127 Page B-128 Page B-129 Page B-130 Page B-131 Page B-132 Page B-133 Page B-134 Page B-135 Page B-136 Page B-137 Page B-138 Page B-139 Page B-140 Page B-141 Page B-142 Page B-143 Page B-144 Page B-145 Page B-146 Page B-147 Page B-148 Page B-149 Page B-150 Page B-151 Page B-152 Page B-153 Page B-154 Page B-155 Page B-156 Page B-157 Page B-158 Page B-159 Page B-160 Page B-161 Page B-162 Page B-163 Page B-164 Page B-165 Page B-166 Page B-167 Page B-168 Page B-169 Page B-170 Page B-171 Page B-172 Page B-173 Page B-174 Page B-175 Page B-176 Page B-177 Page B-178 Page B-179 Page B-180 Page B-181 Page B-182 Page B-183 Page B-184 Page B-185 Page B-186 Page B-187 Page B-188 Page B-189 Page B-190 Page B-191 Page B-192 Page B-193 Page B-194 Page B-195 Page B-196 Page B-197 Page B-198 Page B-199 Page B-200 Page B-201 Page B-202 Page B-203 Page B-204 Page B-205 Page B-206 Page B-207 Page B-208 Page B-209 Page B-210 Page B-211 Page B-212 Page B-213 Page B-214 Page B-215 Page B-216 Page B-217 Page B-218 Page B-219 Page B-220 Page B-221 Page B-222 Page B-223 Page B-224 Page B-225 Page B-226 Page B-227 Page B-228 Page B-229 Page B-230 Page B-231 Page B-232 Page B-233 Page B-234 Page B-235 Page B-236 Page B-237 Page B-238 Page B-239 Page B-240 Page B-241 Page B-242 Page B-243 Page B-244 Page B-245 Page B-246 Page B-247 Page B-248 Page B-249 Page B-250 Page B-251 Page B-252 Page B-253 Page B-254 Page B-255 Page B-256 Page B-257 Page B-258 Page B-259 Page B-260 Page B-261 Page B-262 Page B-263 Page B-264 Page B-265 Page B-266 Page B-267 Page B-268 Page B-269 Page B-270 Page B-271 Page B-272 Page B-273 Page B-274 Page B-275 Page B-276 Page B-277 Page B-278 Page B-279 Page B-280 Page B-281 Page B-282 Page B-283 Page B-284 Page B-285 Page B-286 Page B-287 Page B-288 Page B-289 Page B-290 Page B-291 Page B-292 Page B-293 Page B-294 Page B-295 Page B-296 Page B-297 Page B-298 Page B-299 Page B-300 Page B-301 Index Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 Index 4 Index 5 Index 6 Index 7 Index 8 Index 9 Index 10 Index 11 Index 12 Index 13 Index 14 Index 15 Index 16 Index 17 Index 18 Index 19 Index 20 Index 21 Index 22 Index 23 Index 24 Index 25 Index 26 Index 27 Index 28 Index 29 Index 30 Index 31 Index 32 Index 33 Index 34 Index 35 Index 36 Index 37 Index 38 Index 39 Index 40 Index 41 Index 42 Index 43 Index 44 Index 45 Index 46 Index 47 Index 48 Index 49 Index 50 Index 51 Index 52 Index 53 Index 54 Index 55 Index 56 Index 57 Index 58 Index 59 Index 60 Index 61 Index 62 Index 63 Index 64 Index 65 Index 66 Index 67 Index 68 Index 69 Index 70 Full Text ACTS OF THE L LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF THE Territory of Florida, PASSED AT THEIR SEVENTH SESSION MB AUTHORITY. PRINTED BY WLIJAM WILSON, TALLAHASSEE ] 2.o. RULES OF PRACTICE FOR THE COURT OF APPEALS OFTHE TERRITORY OF FLORIDA. RULE 1st. It shall be required of an applicant ftr admission as an Attorney and Counseilor in this Court. that he should have practiced as such, in a Superior Court of this Territory, and have sustained a fair private and professional character. RULE 2d. The practice of the Supreme Court of the United States, so far as the same is consistent with the Organic Law, and with the acts of the Leaislative Council, shall be the out-line of the practice of this Court, to be altered from time to time as circumstances may render the same necessary. RULE 3d. Previous to the argument of any cause in this Court. It 11ll be expected that the Counsel engaged in such causee furnish the Court with the material points, in writing. RULE 4th. No Record of the Court shall be suffered by :he Clerk, to be taken out of his office but by consent of Court. RPI.LE 5th. In every cause in which the defendant shall fail to appear, the plaintiff may proceed "ex parte" RiLE 6thl. If the defendant shall refuse to plead to issue, and the cause shall be called for trial, tie Court may proceed io hear an argument on the part of the plaintiff, and give judgment according to the rights of the cause. RULE 7th. When it shall be made to appear to this Court, that an appeal has been prayed and allowed in a Court be- low, and that the same has not been brought up and placed upon the docket as the law requires, the same shall be an- nulled on motion, and the judgment of the Court below, shall proceed to execution as if no such appeal had been allowed. RULE 8th. Whenever, pending a suit in this Court, either party sliall lie, the proper representatives in the personalty or really if the party decedent, may voluntarily come in and be made party to the suit, and thereupon, such suit shall be determined as other suits; and if such representatives shall not voluntarily become party, then the other party may ( 2 suggest the death on record: whereupon, on motion in writ- ingr, he may obtain an order that, unless such representatives shall not voluntarily become party, then the other party may suggest the death on record : whereupon, on motion in writ. ing,, he may obtain an order that, unless such representatives shall become party within the first three days of the ensuing term, he shall, if defendant, be admitted to have the suit dis- missed, and if the plaintiff [a hearing being had] to have the judgment reversed if erroneous; provided, that a copy of every such order shall be printed in some newspaper at the seat of Government, for three successive weeks, beginning at least sixty days before the first day of the term of the Court of Appeals, then next ensuing. RULE 9th. No cause shall be heard, until a complete re- cord shall he filed with the Clerk of this Court, containing in itself, without reference aliunde," all the papers, exhibits, depositions and other proceedings, which are necessary to a hearing: in this Court. RULE 10th. In all cases in which a writ of error, or ap- peal, shall appear to have been sued out, merely for delay, damages shall be awarded under the statute, not exceeding twenty per cent.: but in cases where there exists a real con- troversy, the damages shall be only at the legal rate ofinterest Rt-LE 11. All parties in this Court not being residents of the territory shall -ive security for the costs accruing in this Court to be entered of record. tRULE 12th. If the Clerk of this Court shall produce satis- factory evidence by affidavit, or the acknowledgment of the parties, or their sureties, of his having served a copy of the bill of costs due by them respectively in this Court, on such parties or sureties, an attachment may issue against such par- ties or their sureties, to compel payment of such costs. RULE 13th. Only two Counsel shall be heard on either side of a cause, unless by special permission of the Court. RULE 14th. Whenever it shall be necessary or proper, in the opinion of any Judge of a Superior Court, that original papers of any kind, should be inspected by this Court on ap- peal, such judge may make such rule or order, for the safe keeping, transporting, or return of such original papers, a to him may seem proper, and this Court will receive and consider such original papers in connection with the trans- crint of the proceedinc- IRULE 15th. No certiorari unon a sue-aestion or a diminu- 'ion ot the record, shall be ordered in any cause, unless a -iouon snall be maue therefor in wxritiiz., -ettine forti tie 'Icts upon wnich the same is found. which. itfnot admitted by ::e omier party, siall be verified by nicidavit: aid ::ii icn i:otions shall be made at the terms at which the cause is sent -) to this Court. otherwise they shall not be granted. unless ipon special cause snown to the Court accounting tor the .elav. RULE 16th. la ail causes broui-ht up to this Court, it .,ail be the duty of the plaintiff's Counsel to assign errors, or rile exceptions, as the case may be, and he shall not bp ner- mitted in argument to discuss any otrier matters on the re- -ord. save those included in the bill of errors, or exceptions, filed. RPULE 17th. Immediately after the opening" of Court on each ;iay and before argument, the Court will entertain motions. RULE 18th. [Adopted by the Court of Appeals, January Term, 1837.] That in all cases brought into this Court. by appeal, writ of error, or otherwise, either party shall be ad- mitted to apply for and receive from the clerk of this court, a copy of the record, the costs of which, shall abide the event ot -he suit, and be taxed as other costs in the case. RULES DOPTE.D !8Y THE COTI-T OF APPEALS "'OR THi iOVERNMIENT OF THE PRACTICE iN TIir. SUPERIOR COURTS OF FLORIDA, JA'LNU'ARY TIERMI. 1S;!3. SSec. Be it it:,hcer enacted, That the said Court of Appeals shall .ave power. nnd it shall be iis duty. to mai; e all necessary rules for tile :egulation oi the Superior Courts, as w, it : or tbrhe Court of Appeals."- ict oi the Lcgiylative Council. qoprirve Feb. 10, 1632. TERRITORY OF FLORIDA: CoURT OF APPEALS: IT.:i OF T'ALLAHA1 SEE : JanULary Term, 1I3S. Present: The Hon. THOIRATs RANDALL, Judge of Middle Florida, and President of the Court. The Hon. JOHN A. CAMERON, Judle of West Florida. Judec of East Florida. Tro. ESTON RANDOLPH, Marshal. JAMES S. LINN. Clerk. Judge WEBn. of the Southern District, was prevented from at- tending the Court by unavoidable circumstances. LAW DEPARTMENT. I. ALL Inquisitions and Recognizances shall be return- ed as soon as practicable after they are taken, to the Clerk of the Superior Court, where they are properly returnable ; and the Clerk of the Court shall transmit the same by the first safe conveyance (the mail excepted) to the District Attorney. II. All Recognizances by order of Court, shall be'taken and entered of record by the Cleik, under the direction of the District Attorney. III. The usual forms of receiving bills and arraigning prisoners, shall be observed in the Courts. IV. IVhe right of concluding a criminal case belongs at the District Attorney. bu: cannot be delegated by him tc another person. V. If defendants utider recognizance fail to appear when the Criminal Docket is under consideration and their cases called in order, their recognizances shall be estreated and forfeited. ATTORNEYS AT LAV. VI. Persons making application for admission to the Bar. shall apply by petition to one of the Judges of the Superior Courts, presenting with the said petition, evidence of having attained the age of twenty-one, and olf ood moral charae- ter ; if the application be made in vacation, the Judge shall at a convenient season, thoroughly examine, at his chamber, the said applicant, and if found qualified, the Judge shall cause him to be duly sworn in, and shall issue to him a Li- cense, in the following form : At Chambers. cav o;' 1- To A. 1. Esquire THESE are to permit vou to practice. as an Attorney, Counsellor and Solicitor, in the several: Courts of the Territory of Florida. C. D. Judge S. C. D. Florida." Which said license shall be recorded by the Clerk upon tht minutes of the Court, and then delivered to tme Attorney and the said Clerk may, i' required, issue to said Attorney at Law, the following commission, for which he may charig and receive the sum of five dollars. "TERRITORY OF FLORIDA. KNOW ALL MEN by these presents, that tice in the several Courts of this Territory, and the said A. B. Esquire, having given satisfactory evidence of good moral character, as the law directs, and having been duly examined touching his knowledge of the Law, and found well qualified and skilled therein: He was admitted to all the privileges of an Attorney, Solicitor and Counsellor at Law in the several Courts of this Territory. IN WITNESS whereof, tile residing Judgf hath hereunto set his iand, with tie seal of tra- Court annexed, thi aav o: the year IS C. -. E. F, 'Clerk; Judge S. C. Din. Florida ( 7 ) If the application be in Term, the Court shall appoint two members of the Bar to examine the applicant, and shall ad- minister to them the following oath: You and each of you, do solemnly swear that you will, well and truly, examine J. B. touching his qualifications as an Attorney and Counsellor at Lati and Solicitor in Equity, aud that you will faithfully report the result of such examination to the Court. So help Jyou God !" And the said examination may proceed in open Court, or be conducted in private, at the election of the exam- ining Committee; if the report of the Committee be favora- ble to the applicant, the License and Commission shall issue, as aforesaid. Though the above shall be the usual course of proceeding, nothing herein contained, shall prevent the Judge from alone conducting the examination in open Court, or ap- pointing a committee to examine in vacation, should the said Judge think proper to do so. VII. A license such as is described in the foregoing rule, or a certificate under the hand and seal of the clerk of one of the circuit courts of the United States of admission to prac- tice in said circuit court, shall be sufficient to admit the party applying, to appear in any Superior court of the Territory, as Attorney or Solicitor-but the license or certificate must be first recorded as the law directs. VIII. The oath of the applicant for admission to the bar, shall be as follows: I, A. B. do solemnly swear, that I will support the Constitution of the United States. I do further swear, that I will honestly demean myself in my profession, and exercise the duties thereof to the best of my skill and abilities, so help me God !" IX. No Attorney or other officer of court shall be taken, as bail in any criminal case, or as security in any appeal, writ of error, or other proceeding. X. It shall be the duty of every Attorney to address the court from his place at the bar. XI. No consent between counsel can be enforced by the court, unless reduced to writing and signed by the parties to the consent. XII. There shall be hut one Attorney on record for each party in a cause (except in the case of a law-partnership), but there may be as many associate counsel as either party may .N B. The rules for the admission of Atttornyt, have no relation to applioa. i ons of tttormeys ]rom Alaboma and Georgia, under the act of the twentieth of Jvember, 1829. ( 8 ) see fit to employ; and the Attorney on record shall in all the pleadings and proceedings sigh his name to the same, or au- thorise some person to sign for him. CLERKS. XIII. Every clerk shall keep a separate book, to be called " The Memorandum Book," in which he shall carefully trans- cribe every precise or memorandum, or other direction to issue process, or writs of attachment. XIV. The clerk shall keep the following dockets, full copies of which shall be furnished by him to the bar, which shall be called "bar dockets" in contradiction to "bench dockets"-and the bench dockets shall not be subject to the inspection of the members of the bar, or other person, while the court is in session, viz : 1. THE COMMON LAW APPEARANCE DOCKET: Contain- ing the cases brought to each term. 2. THE COMMON LAW TRIAL DOCKET: containing all the cases standing for trial, and the entries made therein upon the appearance docket. 3. A MOTION DOCKET: upon which shall be placed all motions which are not of course and which are litigated-and no such motion shall be heard, unless in its order upon said docket. 4. A SHERIFF'S REPORT DOCKET: containing all illegal- ities and claims. 5. A CRIMINAL DOCKET. 6. A DOCKET OF APPEALS AND WRITS OF CERTIORARI. 7. AN EQUITY DOCKET. 8. A DOCKET OF LAND-CLAIMS, 9. A SUBPOENA DOCKET. 10. A JUDGMENT AND EXECUTION DOCKET. 11. A DEAD DOCKET: on which shall be placed all cases wherein the plaintiff or defendant or both are dead. XV. The clerk shall also keep a book of fines, in which he shall enter the amount of fines-the time at which it was im- posed-the amount paid and iwhen, and the disbursement of the same. XVI. The clerk will strictly observe the regulations con- tained in the 59th section of the act regulating judicial pro- ceedings, approved 23d November, 1828 ; and in addition to the provisions of the said 59th section, it shall be the duty of the clerk, on receipt of any deposition to be read in evidence -n tile trial of any cause, whether said deposition have been _"ken under a commission or otherwise, immediately, if depos- 'ed in due form, to break the seal of the envelope and endorse ,)n the said envelope, tile title of the cause, and the names oi -he witnesses whose depositions have been taken, together vith the date of the time when the commission issued, and when it was returned to the clerk's office-which packet so endorsed, it shall then be the duty of the clerk to place on iile, among the pleadings of the cause. XVII. The clerk shall make upon his minutes, a note or statementt of all documentary evidence read on any trial: if leeds or other instruments ofwriting-rhe names of the par- ties and date ; if depositions-the names of deponents and late of their depositions :-and shall endorse upon every plea, or exhibit in a cause, the time of filing the same. INTERROGATORIES. XVIII. All objections to the execution of the commission for taking interrogatories, or to the manner in which deposi- tions are taken, shall be made and disposed of, before the parties go into the trial of the cause. XIX. All objections to interrogatories or the form in which they are conceived, must be assigned in writing by the v'ross examinant before tile depositions are taken. MOTIONS AND NOTICES. XX. All notices require by the law or by these rules, shall be in writing [unless when otherwise directed] and affidavits of the service thereof, will be required by the court, if said service be denied by the opposite party-and not otherwise. XXI. All motions arising in cases upon the appearance docket, and all demurrers shall be argued when the cases are called on the said docket, but the court may in its discretion, continue said motions and demurrer for advisement, and order them to be placed on the motion docket. XXII. The first hour of the session of the court on each day, after the first day of the term, shall be occupied in the consideration of the motion docket; unless the court shall think fit to direct otherwise. XXIII. Notices to produce books and papers must be given ten days at least, before the case is called for trial; but the court must be satisfied that such books and papers are ( 10 ) material in the cause; and that the notice was not given for delay. If a nonsuit be ordered because the plaintiff does not comply with the notice, or a judgment by default be entered in case of non-compliance by defendant-the said nonsuit may be set aside, and the case reinstated, in the event of the production of said books or papers during the term ; and the said judgment by default may be set aside at any time during the trial; provided, the defendant has complied with the no- tice. All such notices shall be made known to the court and insisted upon, before the parties go into the trial of the cause; otherwise, they shall be considered as waived and dispens- ed with. XXIV. Upon all motions and rules to show cause, the party showing cause or objecting to the motion, shall com- mence and conclude. And no motion, not in its nature expar- te. except those made for the continuance of causes when called bfr trial, shall be made in any cause, without reasona- ble notice served on the Attorney for tile opposite party. NEW TRIALS. XXV. Ifno motion be made for a new trial, or in arrest of judgment, within four days after a verdict rendered, final judgment thereon shall be entered; but if the court should days, such motion must be made and submitted for argument, before the adjournment of the court. And when the court shall aajourn alter any jury trial, before the lapse of the said four days, the judgment shall be entered as of the same term, at which the cause was tried, and in no case, unless for spe- cial reason, delayed until the next term. XXVI. No motion for a new trial shall be made, unless due notice thereof shall be served on the opposite party, with a statement of the grounds on which it is intended to make the motion. XXVII. The court will grant new trials in all cases tried by a jury, wherein the verdict is against law or evidence, or against the manifest weight of the evidence, or where there has been any material mistake, or misconduct of the ju- ry; or where the damages awarded by the Jury, are grossly excessive, and in the opinion of the court are unrea- sonable; or where the party applying for a new trial, alledges and shewn by affidavits the discovery of new and material evidence, which he was not aware of. and could not produce at the trial. i1 XXVIII. In all cases of new trials granted, except where the verdict is alamnst law or evidence, the costs of the former trial shall be paid instanter by the party obtaining the new trial. XXIX. The court shall call its Dockets of cases for trials twice at each term, if time allow thereof. XXX. When a case is called in its order, the same must be tried, continued or dismissed, but by consent, the cause mav be placed at the foot of the docket to be again called : if there be time for the second calling of the docket, and if there be not, to be continued. [CI The second calling must be peremptory. XXXI. Parties must be prepared to proceed within five minutes after the case is called in its order, otherwise, the court may dismiss the case, or rule the defendant to a trial, as sound discretion may direct. XXXII. In all cases where application is made for con- tinuance, [unless on the ground of a sudden and unexpected emergency] the party making the application must have his the cause. XXXIII. The plaintiff shall, in no case, be compelled to submit to a non suit-if he be in a condition to demand and proceed to trial; but if he desire to submit to a non suit, he must do so before the jury retire or commence their t. 2libera- tions on their verdict. XXXIV. The plaintiff may at any time discontinue his cause, on entering such discontinuance in the clerk's office, and paying all costs. XXXV. The time for calling the criminal docket shall be announced at the opening of the court, on the second day of the term, and the said docket shall be called at the time ap- pointed, in the same manner and order as the civil trial doc- et is called. XXXVI. All Declarations must be filed on or before the first day of the term; and all Pleas, Answers or Demurrers, on or before the calling of the Appearance Docket, on the- last day of the term. XXXVII. All issues may be made up when the cases are called for trial, but when a demurrer is filed, notice thereof must be given in time, for joinder therein, before the appear, unce docket shall be called. ( 12 ) XXXVIII. The mere entry of the name of the Attorney for the defendant, shall be equivalent to the filing of the gen- eral issue, at the first term-but if no plun be filed on or be- fore the first day of the second term, with notice thereof to the plaintiff's attorney-the plaintiff may enter his judgment by default, for want of a plea. XXXIX. If the plaintiff fail to file his declaration on or before the first day of the term, the next shall be considered the appearance term, and if the declaration be not filed on or before the first day of the next or second term, the case shall, on the calling of the appearance docket, be dismissed. XL. No default shall be opened, without the payment of all costs that have accrued, and pleading instanter to the merits of the action. XLI. No amendment of the pleadings shall be allowed af- ter the case has been submitted to the jury. The case shall be considered as submitted, after the plaintiff shall have read the declaration in the cause. XLII. All amendments of mere orm shall be ordered in- stanter and without prejudice to either party. Amendments affecting the merits of a cause, may be ordered at the discre- tion of the court, upon payment of costs, and on such terms as the court may think proper to impose; but where a sub- stantial amendment is made, the opposite party may continue on motion. XLIII. In all actions where the general issue may be writing of any special matter which he intends to give in evi- dence on the trial, subjoining such notice to the plea of the general issue, and to which notice no replication shall be ne- cessary; and the said notice shall form a part of the record in the cause, but the defendant in all cases, may plead as many special pleas, though inconsistent with each other, as he may deem fit. XLIV. If a demurrer to any declaration, or any count in a declaration be over-ruled, or the prayer for leave to plead further by the defendant, such leave will be granted, only on payment of costs, and on terms of pleading issuably instanter, and going to trial at the same term of the court, if the cause by due course of law be triable at that term, if not, at the en- suing term. If the demurrer be sustained, the plaintiff shall have leave to amend, on payment of all costs, but in that case ( 13 ) the defendant shall not be compelled to go to trial until the next term of the court. In the case of a demurrer to any other pleading in a cause, on the decision thereof, the court will make such order, or give such judgment as law and jus- tice shall require. XLV. Suits may be brought by a plaintiff for the use of another person named in the process or the pleadings. XLVI. Where documentary evidence is introduced in a cause it shall be forthwith filed with the clerk, and considered in the custody of the court. Such papers as belong of right to the party may be withdrawn upon cause shown in the pro- gress of the suit, or after the case is at an end, on motion and by order of court, upon such terms as the court may prescribe. XLVII. In all examinations of witnesses, the party intro- ducing the witness shall first examine him, and after the cross examination by the opposite party, and a re-examination by him taking the witness, the examination shall cease, unless by special permission of the court. Only one counsel on each side, shall conduct the examination of witnesses, but the court, on application, may allow counsel to relieve each other, in the course of a protracted examination. XLVI1I. Only one counsel shall be heard in conclusion. When the defendant introduces no evidence he is entitled to the conclusion. In cases of claim, the plaintiff in execution is entitled to the commencement and conclusion, except where the claimant introduces no evidence. XLIX. Where a party applies for a continuance on the ground of the absence of a witness, it must be shown by affi- davit, that the witness has been duly served with a subpoena, or a satisfactory reason assigned for the omission; that he is absent without the consent of the party directly or indirectly given; that he resides in the county where the suit is pending, or if out of the county, good cause must be shown for not taking his deposition; that the testimony is material; that the applicant expects to procure said testimony at the next term; that the application is not made for delay only; and the party must further state the facts expected to be proved by said witness. L. The court will in all cases, in its discretion, for good cause shown on a trial, order a juror to be withdrawn-and in such a case the cause shall be continued until the next term, unless the parties agree, with consent of the court, to a trial at the same term. LI. The counsel on either side may except to any decision ( r i made by; the court during the trial, on tile admission or re- jection of evidence, or on any point of law, and may also ex- cept to any opinion riven in the judge's charge to til jury. and may request the judge to charge the jury in any particu- lar manner on a point of law, and if the request be refused or neglected, an exception may also be taken to such refusal or neglect. LII. Whenever any exception is taken to any decision made, or opinion given by the judge, or to his refusal or neglect to charge the jury as requested, the counsel taking the exception, shall hand to the judge a note thereof, and pray the same to be entered on the minutes ; after which, before the adjournment of the court, if there be time, the bill of ex- ceptions shall be drawn up in form, and the original or a copy thereof delivered to the counsel of the opposite party, who shall have reasonable time to suggest amendments to the same, and if the counsel on both sides cannot agree on th- amendments su rested, both the bill and the amendments shall be submitted to the judge for Iis correction, and when com- pleted, it will be signed and sealed by the judge and delivered to the party obtailini it, and by him filed in the clerk's office, where it shall bfrm a part of tle record in the case, in the event of writ of error or appeal; but no bill of exceptioni- shall be filed if not drawn up, completed and signed within thirty days after the adjournment of the court. LIII. Previous to the entry of final judgment in any cause, the clerk shall make out a bill of thygosts, or the attorney for the party entitled to the judgment, may make out the bill. with the aid of the clerk, and the bill or a copy thereof, before taxation, shall be shown to the attorney for the opposite par- ty, and if any objection to it be made, it shall be submitted to the court for correction, and be finally taxed, when the amount of it shall he entered of judgment, either as ibrming a part of the judgment in the cause, or for the costs alone an the case may require. LIV. Whenever costs are awarded on any proceeding in a case, whether setting-aside defaults, over-ruling demurrers, or motions, or granting continuances, they shall be paid in- stanter, or if not paid, judgment shall be entered for them, on motion, and execution may issue on such judgments. as in other cases. LV. Whenever anv cause is discontinued by order of iir court, for want of due prosecutionl. judgment thereon a;s i. k 15 ) case of non-suit or non-pros, as the case may require, shall be immediately entered by the clerk for the costs after being taxed. The Judges of the Court of Appeals have adopted the foregoing rules for the government of the practice in the sev- eral districts of Flordia. They do not believe the system presented to their brethren of the bar is a perfect one, but they entertain the opinion, notwithstanding, that it is better than no system at all. It will be their duty hereafter to re- vise these rules-to expunge such as may prove inconvenient in practice, and to add others which their own experience, ind the learning and intelligence of the bar, may from time to time suggest. AN ACT For the relief of James M. McIntosh. WHEREAS it has been satisfactorily proved to this Legislative Council, that Elizabeth Mclntosh who before her intermarriage with James M. Mcintosh, was named Preamble Elizabeth Aikin, has violated her conjugal fidelity to her said husband, then being a resident of Monroe county Sin the Territory of Florida, in a most public and shame- ful manner ; and whereas the said James M. McIntosh has'petitioned to be divorced from his aforesaid wife. Therefore for the relief of the said James, M. Mcintosh. Be it enacted by the Governor and Legislative Council if the Territory of Florida, That the marriage contract f the said James M. McIntosh and Elizabeth McIn- tosh formerly Elizabeth Aikin, be, and the same is, James M.Ae. SInt,,sh, & wifb hereby dissolved and annulled; and the said James M. divr,.ced, a\in Mclutosh and Elizabeth McIntosh formerly Elizabeth c"0o matrim- Aikin, are hereby absolutely divorced from the bonds """ !of Matrimony as fully, absolutely and entirely, as if they, the said James M. McIntosh and Elizabeth McIntosh, formerly Elizabeth Aikin had never been married. Passed October 16th, 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council TIIOS. MUNROE, Clerk. A!;:rov'rd Ociol,-r St/, 1829. VWM. P. DUVAL, C-ovroi-ri of thi Tcrritoy- of Florida. AN ACT. To establish the scat of Justice for the County of' Jaclson. it bJaekson Sc. 1. BC it claclcd by the Gmcrnor and Lgislatire county esitr- Cauncil of the Terrilory of Florida, That from and af- lished at Marl- ter the passage of this act, that the Town of Marianna in tle County of Jackson shall be and is hereby establish- ed as the seat of Justice for said County, and that the Court House of said County shall be erected upon the public square of said town, and until the said Court House shall be erected, the Superior and County Courts for said County shall be held at such place in the said town of Marianna, as the respective Ministerial Officers of Proviso. said Courts shall deem most convenient : Provided that the owner or owners of the public square, and lots num- bers ninety one and ninety two in the said Town of Mari anna shall relinquish and convey on or before the first day of January next the said square and lots to the herein after designated Commissioners for the use of the said County. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That John G. Smith, CoimmisFion- James W. Exum, Geo. Portress, John P. Lockhart and ersf public Joseph Russ, be and they are hereby appointed Commis- buildings In a- med. sioncrs to contract for and superintend the building of a Court House for said County, on the public square of the said Town of Marianna, and a Jail in such lot in said town as shall seem to them most convenient, and to locate a the said Commissioners are hereby further authorised quarter see- to locate and enter the quarter section of land to which tinn oflanl the County of Jackson is entitled by law, end to sell and and iell the s!meite dispose of the same, at public auction on the first Mon- day of Ji:!t:arv next, on the public square of said town, to the highest Lidde:, giving four weeks public notice of said sale by Advcrtise:-c.t ini one of ;he public News- papers printed at the City of Tailahascec, and apply the ftund arising from the s.le of the said land, towards the e:-'ctioli cf the pubhie buildings. ,'c. 3. Be it further cna(Ied, That the said Commis- ,inr(sC, be and thev are hereby vested with full power (3) .ct (1 monieis due their predecessors, to wvit, James toreeive ai L.1t all C.C.. n1es due \\e,, C. C. Nichols, William Patterson, Arthur Foster fi, nr cin. Imi Corc .lJackson by subscription or otherwise, and missioners. the ilallne to be applpropriated to the sole use of crecting ::id publlic )uildinuA Sec. 4. Ie i further nactled, That the said Commis- sloners siall on the firm-t monday in January next, give Time& mrn ,,ut the said public building t to te lowest bidder at pub- nrofle"ting u-C onout public l'c out-cry on the l linlrc of the said town and to do all buildings: cthlir act or acts, deed or deeds, that may be required inl otlcr tooc anrry il oand (rect said public buildingg, to illa :w otll tlie plan or plans themselves and pursue the ,,,,'t econmical course towards finishing said buildings, :iil to have the same finished and completed as early iind in such manner as to them shall seem most conven- ient and just. Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the said Coin- in issioners shall give bond to be approved of by the Judge e alal iv uf'lhe County court of said County with security in the bond penal sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful discharge of the duties imposed upon them by i Itis act, and the said commissioners shall account to the said county court for the disbursements of all monies, and shall be allowed such compensation for their servi- ces as the said Court shall deem just and reasonable. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That the act entitled shallaceouct "an act to establish the site for the Court house and oth- to the county er public buildings for Jackson County, passed January court, 16th 1827, and approved 20th January 1827 and also the act entitled "an act to amend an act entitled an act to establish the site for the court house and other public buildings for JacksonCounty," passed January 18th, 1828, Repealing and approved January 19th 1828, and allother actsand sect parts of acts, inconsistent with the provisions of this act be and the same are hereby repealed. Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That this act shall Time of oper be in full force from the passing and approval of the action. SRline, Passed 20th October 1828. PETER ALBA. President of the Legislative Council. THOMAS MUNROE, Clerk. Alpproved, 20/h October, 1Q28. WM. P. DIUVAL. Governor of the Territory of Floridla. (.1) AN ACT To amend an act, entitled, an act concerning Divorces and Alimony. Be it enactcd by the Governor and Lcli.::ative Council of the Tcrritory of florida, That so muchl of the act, to No statld p which this is an amendment, as requires a residence of iod of i-sa twelve months in this Territory to entitle the party up- rv to entitle a plying for the same to the benefit of said act, be and the arty to the same is hereby repealed, and that from and after the benefit of thiB . nx passage of this act, no particular period of residence shall be required, provided the party or parties petition- ing for the same shall be actual residents of this Ter- ritory. Passed 21st October, 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council. TIIOS. MiUNROL, Clerk. Approved October 22d, 1828. WM P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT To declare the Chipola River a navigable stream, and for other purposes. Ci.ipoa river Be it enacted by the Governor and Lecislative Council a navigable ofthe Territory of Florida, That the Chipola River is tr'L"m hereby declared, and hereafter to le recognized in law as a navigable stream as far up as the natural bridge on said river. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That Henry L. Revier, Commission- Robert Beveridge, James S. Murphy, Thomas Russ, ers appointed. Their dutis Jacob Robinson, Isaac llort and John .Hopson be and r--d powers they are hereby appointed commissioners, who, or a ma- jority of them shall have full power to direct and super- intend the opening of the Chipola River, as far up as to them shall seem necessary, and thev are hereby declar- ed to have full power and authority to do and perform all acts and doings that shall become necessary to effect own name jointly as comiiission:er- of the said Chipola is5) River, all sums of money that may become due and owina to said commissioners, whether by subscription Jr otherwise, and appropriate the same to the sole use of e!earinz out the said River. ec. 3. Be itfurther enacted, That every person sub- ject by law to work on public roads, who lives within five miles of said River on either side from the natural bridge down, shall by the commissioners aforesaid be jet bylaw to made subject under their direction to work six days in work on the cach and every year, in opening and clearing out said road, sahaj -. .. work on the' river, and every person being within five miles of the ri- river in clesr- ver aforesaid, made subject to work on the same by this ing out the act, shall incur the same fine, to be recovered in the same same. manner by the commissioners, as, persons subject to work on roads failing therein, and -subject to and to be applied when collected to the purpose of opening and clearing out the said River Chiola. Sec. 4- Be it further enacted, fiat _he commission- ers, or a majority ofthem are hereby authorised to raise by way of lottery, the sum offive thdiala'dollars for the Commission-;- era authorize purpose of improving the navigatiorilf river on such to raise fiu clhe.me, as they may deem most expediet which shail by lottery.,. be applied to the purpose aforesaid, in such ~alauner, as the said commissioners rdaj,deem most,advigable, or as ihe commissioners, or a majority ofthem may adopt. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted. That the said commis- sioners shall on the first dayf offanuary in each and ev- commission ers to maki;, cry year make a correct return to the county court of retmtrn t, all the funds arising in the manner as aforesaid, or in a- county ..-0 ny manner received by them for the purpose aforesaid, as well as all the monies paid out and expenses incurred for the use aforesaid, . Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That the said commis- sioners before they enter on the duties aforesaid shall Sll take an take an oath before some magistrate, or judge.' 6f the. county court, honestly and faithfully to discharge qb du- And pay over ties required of them by this act, and tp pay over to the all monies that county Treasurer all sums of money that may not be may not be appropriated to the use aforesaid after the opening an disbursed clearing out of the said creek, if there be any, to be hereafter appropriated to the use of the said navigation, when called for by the said commissioners, or their sue- :essors in office. Sec. 7. Be itfjrther ciacted, That the said commia- sioneOrs before( they enter upon their respecting dit, ies 0 To ric bond commissioners, shall give bond and security to tll inii he sum of county court of Jackson county, to be approved of hy \$1I.Uu0. tie said court in the penal sum of ten thousand dollar-, Condition. conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties re- quired of them by this act. See. S. And be it further enacted, That this act -hali Time of opc- be in fill force from and after its passage. "'o- IPassed 25th October, 1&28. PETER ALBA, President ofthe Legislative Council. TIIOS. MUNROE, Clerk. 4pptrored 27th October 1 28, WM. P. DUVAL. Governor, oFt'- T-';r:itory oflFlorida. AN ACT To amend an ael ecitled an act to define the bomuliar lines of Eisc:imbhi Walton and Jackson Countie-_. Be it enactdd bi t1h Governo; and LegisJaiir. Couni of the Territorq of Florida, That Jackson County shua be comprelended within a line on the ,West, correslspoi- l;nma,:larif of ding with the Eastern )iundary life of W\ashin-gto:r .I,, on, c,,,;- county, and on the North by the boundary line of tht. State of Alabama, to where the same intersects t li Chatahoochy River, thence down the channel of said River, and that of the Apalachicola to where Ilh basi- parallel line crosses the same, thence WVest a;ong said line to where the same is intersected by the Ranre line. diividing the tenth and eleventh Ranges, thence north . along said Range line to where it is crossed by the town- ship line dividing the first and second townships, thecnll West along said township line to where the same i- c'ossed by the Range lie l dividing the t-welfth and tenth! Ranges, thence Northwardly the most direct coneu-sc t: Oaky Hill leaving the settlements at the sanme. in1 Wash- i!)ntona county from thence along the Eastern iouind:i I a. of % a: iliin2'ton county t h the !ine of the statI. oi' A:- a m' Sep. 2. ,l i it h if r rna't! ,. T anut ;Ii ta; rt trnt . 'ch rt. -vi p!'P p::'1 ."': s-cO li \"-' "x ;ic -''n.itf, .rnd w,-tern boundary lines of Jackson county and Fast th: e Eiistern boundary line of Washington county that IouIndaries or' -E not b elcni' to the said cnlintv, shall from the passin \w:"m!-,an ,:; is act he attached and belong to the said county of c"""'y. IVa;ihiington any tbrmer law to the contrary notwith- -ran ind '. :eec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the third sec- "zon of the act to which this is an amendment, be andi ,",g I;e s-iame is hereby repealed. Passed 25th October 182S. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council. TIIOS. MUNROE, Clerk. Approved October 29th 1S28. WM. P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT. To incorporate a Company to be e&itlcd the Madison Hr it enacted by the Governor and Le,.ishttire Covnceil O. the 7'trritory of Florida, That Wilitam Buiiv, Will- i in Iiollin'sworth, John Bellamy, Daniel Bell, William .Madison Bellamy, William Hollingsworth, and Abraham Bellamy ,,n, igaiou and such other persons as they my receive iito their company m- comupany, their heirs, successors and assigns shall forever curpo~ated be a body. corporate, and politic by the name and style of bv such corporate name shall be capable in law to buy, purchase, hold and sell real and personal estate, to re- :en ie donations and make contracts, sue and be sued, Prov-io. Provided, the same are not contrary to the laws of the Territory and of the United States, to have a common real, and alter and renew the same when they may deem it necessary nnd to do all lawful acts incident to a corpo- ration, and which uiay be necessary and proper for the convenient tram-action of its aftairs. See "2. Be it rtflher enacted, That the said company "Oio, t an't hall annually hold an election at such times and under ;t aDi- -nuch regulations and restrictions ais thev may in their bye rector :a'- vpr''crib, for a iPre'ident and ;.s many director:: as (V) shall be required for the management of their business, the number of which Directors to be previously deter- mined on, and declared in their bye laws. And the said President and Directors when elected shall have the Their powcr. power to appoint such subordinate officers and agents aF may be necessary, and at any time to dismiss them from office for improper conduct and be capable of exercising such other powers and authorities for the well govern- ing and ordering the affairs of the company as to them shall appear conducive to its interest. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the stock of said Stock sha be company shall be laid out into as many shares as they laid off into may think proper, and the votes of each stockholder shall shares. be according to the number of shares he may hold to be regulated and agreed upon by said company, and made known in its by laws. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the said company shall have the right to make and establish a road suffi- The companyP cient for the transportation of produce, goods and all oth- ha1I have thei rightto m"" er articles whatsoever, from the Withlacoochee river to a road ac. the head or fork of a, creek called by Vignoles, Hatchv lollawaggy, and now known as Cabbage creek, and t, this end may commence said road at any point upon il said Withlacoochee river or on the Georgia line near said river, which.may be b@st suited to the accomplish- ment of their object, and pursue such courses and direc- tions with the same as may be deemed most advantage- ous by the President and DireCtors of said company.- The said company shall also have the right to clear out and make said creek sufficiently navigable for the trans- portation of produce, goods and all other articles what- soever, in small crafts or boats in ordinary seasons from the point where said road intersects said creek to the Gulf of Mexico. President ai. Sec. 5. Be it fusther enacted, That in constructing l)lrectus au- said road, or making navigable said creek it shall and h~or .s'd to e2- t'rlads 1 i nay be lawful for the President and Directors of said comp imy or any other person appointed by them, to en- ter upon and take possession of any lands whatsoever, whether covAlerd with water or not, which may be ne- cessary ibr -ih. pro!-nctii;:.n ad coiplu:1tin the woril.- contemnplate'! i,, thil- aCt. or whheretlpoli it amy be iwno-- Fary to straigntoc saiid creek by a canal from point to pr.uilt. or io con trutt, and en.z an, luckl. dke- e;m- 'ai nk r'nts, dams and other works intended or implied by thiis act. Scc. 6. Be it frrthcr enacted, That it shall be lawful for To make ire i6e President and Directors of said Company, or any of timber &e. ether person appointed by them to take from any lands most convenient to said works at all times -:Ai- timbers, stones and other materials, as may be necessary for the cfrcting and repairing the same: Pr-vil, .1, that, in all P'rviso. ci::es due compensation sAhll'be made by said corpora- tion for any such land, timber and other materials taken as aforesaid if required by the owners of the same.which shall be adjudged by a court c competent jurisdiction if not agreed upon by the parties. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the du- Company ty of said company t -commence their works for the sha!!com- making said rand and clearii:i oat said creek within the wnlk within term oftwo xv ars from t!it'. I-.sage of this act, and if two vea s. said company IhalFT'ail I ir ..nmence said works within the time aforesaid, or,, after having began the same shall Ca;, wc abandon or neglect it for the term of twelve months at this company. any one time, or if ani said works have Ieen comple- ted they shall permit the same to go down and remain so for twelve mnonthla'i j ot .mv attempt to repair the same, then and in 'itherr of s.i1 vents% the sahd Oorpo- ratijo shall be disaolid4 onit--, the operations on:the same have be: n suspende:l Vnii high or low water or any other uinai ,iable.cat.-.., Sec. 8. he it jfrther enacted, That the said cic mpa- shall have the 1:v shall have a right to demand and receive tolls and r:0, 1'- fees for the transporting produce, goods or other articles upon said road and creek, or for permitting carts and v .' r'lin- to pass sid road, or i)oatrr other craft to na- I iaate said creek, at surh rates ns rri y be agreed upon and determined ty a majority of the share holders, which toils and fees shall be expressed and made knoiA'id the bye laws of said company, but may be changed wheaev- <: circumstances may render it necessary in the opiniort (J:' tlh Pirciluent and Directors ofe aid company : Provi- Proviso did, that said tolls or fees shall not be increased without p;:'v ious public no ice of such increase. And the said company y sail continue to receive said toils and fees, so loin as the said road or creek shall be ko!,t in .ni-irVIt. nrder by said company, their successor'., hiri l.r assigns en on pow,-;i Zr :e trc rr....1.t... at nt,,2.-- and aHl .oduce good:. 11 (10) boat,, crafts, ,~.i:,l-i or other articles or things tran- ported or conveyed, on said road or through said creek, shall be liable for said tolls and fees and may be retained until tile same are paid. Ifsaidroad SeC. 9. Be it.further enacted, That if at any time said should be out of road or creek should need repairs, and in consequence of repair. which, transportation over the same should be suspei.ded until the same are made, nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent said company fiom demanding and receiving tolls and fees as aforesaid when the same shall be put into operation. Shareholder ec 10. Be it further enacted, That any share hold- bay transfer ae. cr in said company shall have the right to transfer his interest in the same or any part thereof to any other per- son, under such rules, regulations and restrictions as may be prescribed in the bye laws of said company, but the interest of any one or more members in the joint stock, and property of said company shall not be severed from the interest and property of the others so as to im- pair the value of said works, without the consent of u majority of said company. The Unit I Sec 11. Be it further enacted, That whenever tih rt o'ryhl- Congress of the U: States or the Territory or State (a. have iLe right the case may be) of Florida shall think proper to pur- to purclase chase said road and canal for the purpose of making the said Canal and road. same free of toll, the same shall be disposed of at a rea- sonable compensation to either of the said Governments, which compensation shall be adjudged by arbitrator:; chosen by both parties, and their decision confirmed by the Superior Court of the County or State (as the case may be;) Provided, also, that nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent the crossing of any road or rightofthe bridge over said canal or road under the authority of the Territory to laws of this Territory, and the same shall be kept in re- regu!ate toll pair by said corporation arid provided also that nothin0,'1 it reserved, said act shall be so construed a.s to pircvetIt aln futiii; Legislature of this T'erritory or State (as the cale( 1c m1 hI)) to regulate the toll of said road and canal when thec jll'v think proper. ,ac. 1T2. Be it f'ur/icr cntar(d, That this act slha: S1're!ctro L; hcbleiaiil construed fiw thl" Ibene:lit of said cofni;- atrued lN ny i to crryi into co pitt ( 'icc tle objects heIriii c.)nteminnl'tc'l. and the said com,!I sna- -hall be governed (11) :,i all its operations not herein provided for, by its ow n .aws; Provided, the same are Ino repugnant to the iaws ,f ti:is Territory or of the United States. Pased 25th October, 182S. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislati e Council. THOMAS 3MUNROE, Clerk. Approved, 2AuIcimber 1~St2at. VWM. P. DTUVAL,, Governor of the Teritory of Florida. AN ACT Concerning Divorces and Alimony. Be it enacted by the Gorvrnor and Lc'islaftive C(i'uncil Superior(rc:u (!i'the Territory oJ'Florida, That the Suipcrior courtst s ihail lie i:- S, r diuction oF uf this Territory shall have jurisdiction of all causes of Divorc>. divorce by this act directed and allowed: Provided, the party applying for such divorce be an actual resident of this Territory at the time of flingz his or her bill for such divorce. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the like process "voae ofproz and course of practice and proceedings saill be had and ceding. pursued in causes of divorce as is usually had and pur- sued in other causes in Chancery, except, that the an- swer of defendant shall not be under oath. Sec. 3. He it further enacted, That Divorces from the Causes of Di I ,ond of Matrimony shall be decreed in case the parties vorce. are within the degrees prohibited by law, in cases where either party is naturally impotent and in case of adultery in either of the parties and also for wilful, continued and obstinate desertion tor the term of three years, but the decree or sentence of Divorce in such cases shall not render illegitimate the issue born during such marriage. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That divorces from the Fonner hu- ionds of Matrimiony shall also be decreed where cith!er of lbind"' 'r' the parties had another wife or husband living; at the " ime of such second or other marriage, and inarriiues vihere either of the parties shall have a former wife or husband living at the time of such marriage shall he in- valid from the beginning and absolutely xoi,, :i td the issue thereof shall be deemed to be illegitimate and sub- ject to all the ieg:al disabihties ofsuchiissue. Adultery, ifby Sec. 5. Be itfurther enacted, That if it shall appear coliusl. toon to.e court that the adultery complained of, is occasion- ed by collusion of the parties and done with intenti! to procure a divorce, or, thlt both parties have been guilty of, adulery, then no Divorce shall b' decreed. Divorce a 'Soc. 6. Be it fur'thr enactc./, That divorce from bed viensa et tlloro andtboard shall be decreed for extreme cruelty in ei- i'bycollusion. their of the parties, but if it appear that the cruelty complained .of was occasioned by the collusion ofthe parties and done \wiih intent to obtain such divorce, then no divorce shall be decreed. Maintenance Sec. 7. Be it furtherr enaci,'l, That when a divorce the wif and shall b- decreed on account of the parties being within rh;,-en, if'n a the prohibited de,'rees or fir the cause ofadultery or ex- !,eree fbr a - liovrce. tremce cruelty, the C(ourt hali and may in every case take such order touclhiinL the case and maintenance of the children of that marriage, and also touching the main- tenance and alimony of the w ifi, or, any allowance to be made to her aid if any, the security to be given for the same as from the, circumstances of the parties and nature of the case maY e i th. .equiitable and jut. Persons with- 'ec. 8. Bc it fij th .'r enacted, That iif any pcr-sos who, :nt e levitiej shall be divorced on acounit of their being wil:in t ii- dancsst coa- degrees prohibited by law sh.ll after such divorce (c.lai!)- biting after di- - varcs. it together, such persons so offending shall be lhaiui to all the pains and penalties provided by law, a.a-i;i: in- cest. Person cnhal, See. P. .fe i jurtrer en f', That if -ny p(.'so- 'vor after di- shall cohabit or live together in the .aine house aiunr a divorce for the cause of prior narriae' or adultery o c hi persons oflending shall be liable to all the pains and pen- alties provided by law against adults ,y. Where a party Sec. 10. And be it further entered, That in all cases defendant re- of divorce, if the party against whionti tle comph;laint is sles outofthis made shall reside out of this Territory or have rcimuve\ Juoritory. or shall after the cause of compnlaiilt has arisen, remove out ofthe Territory, so that process cannot be served, or, if served, the party cannot he coImpelled to appear, and answer or plead, ii shal anl Inr;y iw iill for the Court, on bill filed anl die proof that the defendant re- side.s out of tile Territor'., or, ihatll proved as aforc- snid, to order ;: l:arin': e in i fi';ci c!; h r el in thei said .hill and thereunon to nass a decree :i.it same inanner. as if the dofoindant had appeared and were pre~ei in C'f:rt : P rovidud always, ithit a copy of tihe 'aid order larJiearinz be published in one of the public new;--.i- pers of this Territory for the space of three months at least betfre the day appointed for the said hearing. ?;:0o0so Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, Tbat the County County Court Courts shall have jurisdiction on application of wives for- my grant ali alimony against their husbands., o', the husbands desiet-i ing his wife for one year, or, on ins liviUg in open 'or avowed adultery with another woman for three months, and in cases of cruel, inhuman and barbarous treat- Inent. Sec. 12. Be it farther enacted, That such application Manner of pro- slhall be by bill in Chancery, alleging the cause why ali- cedre. money is claimed, and the proceedinm shall be'as in other - cases in Chancery, and the facts arising upon the mat- ter in issue shall be determined by a jury; either of the aforementioned causes.being found to exist, the Court shall decree alimony out of defendants estate : Provided, Proviso. however that alimony shall not be granted in ease of o- Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, That, a decree of Ali- mony shall release the wife from the control of her Hus- band and she may use her alimony and acquire .e. rand disosei of other property uncontroced by her hiuband, anId where the husband is about to remove himself or his property out of the Territory, or fraudulently convey or conccal it, the court may award a nc excal or injunc- tion against him, or his property, and make such order or decree, as will secure the wife her alimony. Passed 29th October 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council. THOSE. MUNROE, Clerk. Approved October 31.s 18'28. WM. P. DI)VAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. Effect of a de- cree for aulnuo- ny. If the husband is abont to reI ,movc. (1i) AN ACT To prescribe the mode by which attorneys and counsel- lors at law may be admitted to practice in the courts of the Territory. Be it enacted by the Governor and Legislative Council Atornies of tle Territory of Florida, That from and after the first i'. ho1w ii- day of March next, no person shall be permitted to ap- censed. pear as an attorney and counsellor at law in any cause in the courts of this Territory, until he shall have pro- duced to the court in which he proposes to practice, a liccnce signedbyone of the judges of the Superior courts, or a certificate under the hand and seal ofa clerk of some one of the Circuit courts of the United States, of his hav- ing been admitted to practice inl said Circuit court, which license or certificate shall be entered upon the minutes of the court, in which the said attorney wishes to prac- tice and the original returned by the clerk to said attor- Qualtifntiion Scc. 2. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the du- otman applicant ty of any person, wishing to obtain a license to practice forlicensc. law in tlhe courts of this Territory, to present to one of the judges of said Superior courts, satisfactory evidence of goodt moral character, and that he is twenty one years; of age, whereupon the judge shall examine into the qualifications of the applicant and, iffound qualified, he shall grant him a license to practice ih the several courts of this territory, which license shall be entered upon the .minutes of the courts, as is prescribed in the preceding section. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That if an application Judge may ap- shall be made to any of the judges of said Superior poI)t exaium- Courtsin term time, by any person for a license to prac- rs. tice in said courts, or if from any other cause, it shall be inconvenient for said judge personally to examine into the qualifications ofthe applicant, he may require the Wo shal examination to be made by two members of the bar, on.hb who shall be previously sworn, faithfully to examine and report as to the qualifications of the applicant, and if they shall report to him that the said applicant is qual- iiled to practice in said courts, such examination shall be as effectual a, though it hiLcd bcen tmadc 1,y said jirud ill i)f'rSO0.'!, Sec. 4- Be it further enacted, That no person shall be pc:rm.-ted to practice many of said coirtsr uitil he shali ;aofan :- have taken anoathto support the constitution of tie Uni- torney. ied Statfs, and honestly, todemean hi msI lf in his pro- itJs-ion, and exercise the duties thereof, to the best of his skill and abilities. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That Marshals, Sher-. Wio are dis- iffs, clerks of courts, and :ieir deputies shall not be per- qpuailn, i101 emitted to practice law in any of said courts, nor shall any person convicted of an infamous crime be permitted to practice therein. Sec. 6. Be it farther enacted, That nothing herein Suitr,, may contained shall be construed to prevent any person appear in per. from managing his own cause, in any of the courts son" of this Territory. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That if any attorney shall collect money for his employers, and refuse to pmy Defittinz At- it over on demand, he shall be stricken from the list of torneys t, be stricken from attorneys, and shall not be allowed to practice within the roll this Territory, until he shall pay jver the money to his client or legal representative, rand he shall also be lia- ble to a-suit for the same, and subject to a penalty often per cent for every month he shall detain the same after a Passed 6th November, 1828. PETER LLBA, President of the Legislative Council. THOS. IMUNROE, Clerk. Approved 10th November 1828, WM. P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory.of Florida. AN ACT. Concerning Dower, Be it enacted by the Governor and Legislative Council dow v of the Territory of Florida, That when any person shall entitled to die intestate, or shall make his last will and testament, Dower. and not therein make any express provision for his wife by giving and devising unto her such part or parcel of real ani personal estate as shall be fully satisfact6or to her, I witdown may gnify her disnt thereto in theI .Sperior or county courts of the county wherein Fihn re- sides (and, if their e b no court in the cotmty, then to ei- ther of said co'ur't ii the next adjoining county,) at any line within one year after the probate of such will, and then a!!i in that case: she shall be entitled to dow(er in the follow in manner, to wit : one third part of all the iands, tenement., and hereditaments of which her hus- be 1,,-hC,!I band died, seized and possessed, or had before conveyed, ofithe real es- whereof said widow Ihd not relinquished her right of te. dower as heretofore provided for by. law, which third part shall be and inure to her proper use and behoof-in and during the teflm of her natural life: 4n which said thirdpart halll be comprehended, the dwelling house in which her husband shall have been accustomed most general to dwell next before his death, together with the offices, cut houses, buildings, and other improve- mcil:ts tiheretuto belonging or :Il.:. iii.iI i O : Provided, that if it should appear to the jiiil. or justices of the courts to whom application.is made, that the whole of the said dwelling house, out houses, buildings, and oth- cr improvements thereunto appertaining cannot be ap- plied: to the use of the widow withbut manifest injustice to the children or other heirs, then and in that case such widow shall be entitled to such part, not less than one third part as the court may deem reasonable and just. S;,c. PF it furft'hr enacted, That when a husband IIow thne ul- shna tic i nt..stIt. or shall nmae his last will and tesa- oC" ishalX be ,. endowed ofthi 11enCit, iand not mn ke provision therein for his wile as ex- personal es- pr c.: ed in the first section of this act, she shall li enti- late. ti'd to a share in the personal estate in the following manner, to wit : If there be no children, or if there be but one child, in that case she shall be entitled to one half : but if there be more t han c,;e child, in tiiit c; (- she shall be entitled to one third part in fee simple, ex- cept slaves, in which she shall have a lifi estate, and such claiii shall have preference over all others. Sec. 3. Be it furtlrri cnicudl, That ;t -hall he lawf1l ftter the passingpf this act., fIr aniy widow clai..i: iMan:;r r (lower, to file her pctitton in the Superior or co(nt poc~ cd :n in court, ill the county v, ite l ir hi -, tind sihal h voe a:-- vDower. aliv dwelL next biiifrt hi: dth (it' there be neitihr o( sF ,l! courts in, said cOtm y, tihen .d i'. th t ca-e it ih, (17) next adjoining county) setting forth the nature of li claim and particularly .' -i!%\ I,. : tiie taids, telnements and hereditaments of which she claiiii dower, and pray- ing that her dower may be allotted to her, Whereupon said court shall issue their writ to the sheriff command- ing him to summon five discreet freeholders as Comn- milssioners, connected with the parties, neither by con- sanguinity or affinity, and entirely disinterested, who up- on oath (which oath the sheriff is hereby authorized to administer) shall allot and set offby metes and bounds to the said widow, one third part according to quantity and quality of all the lands, tenements and hereditanment. in said county, and shall put her in possession'of the same, which possession shall vest in her an estate for her natu- ral life ; and when she has claim to dower to lands ly- ing in different counties, she may proceed in thie Supe- rior or county Courts, of the County where such lands may lie, and mahe recovery in manner as is hereby di- rected, and the sheriff and Commissioners shall also at the same time allot and set of' io such widow her por- tion of the personal estate of which her husband died possessed, and to which by this law she siall ue entitled, which part or portion shall be, and inure to such widow her heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns flr- ever, with the exception herein before expressed. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, Tuat the proceeding Petition to b upon such petitions for dower, shli be in a suminml y 'eard thefir way, and the Court shall at their first term when such petition is filed, proceed to hear and determine as tu them shall seem just and right, Provided, that the party Proviso petitioning for dower shall give ten days previous notice to the executors or administrators, by serving them with a copy ofsaid petition ; and where there are no ex- crutors or administrators, or wiiere they do not reside in the county the residence of such w idow, o, where the widow shall be executrix or administratrix, then she ;hall ~ive said notice by advertisenmeit, in one of the Newspapers published in the Territory, nearest to the residence of such widow, to be published ifobu. times in Succession. Suc. 5. Bc if. friwr t'nact'd, Th:it it 4halil be z lawful C idow"1-- re-tam r posse ' for the widow to retain tlie fuli tmossesion of the dw'cliii; io o i-., l, in which her wsich e band most ustuillv dweit iex;t be- in:- hi- :I1re his deiitdii, tog-:nher with lth outhiousesi, oniit:: or ower !improve. :e,- thi,!-:+, !,n^in). free from molutti, f., (18) or rent until she shell have her dower assigned her, also on" years .nrovisio:!. fir her-;elt and fitiilv to be set a- parit k three persons appointed by the court for that pur;osee. Passed 1st November 1828. PETER ALBA. President of the Legislative Council. TIOMAS M3UNROE, Clerk. Appro red, November 7th 1828. WM. P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT Be it enacted by the Governor and Legislalire Council ofthc 'Territory of Florida, That no Miniister shall join any persons together as man and wife without lawful li- 31mitiers nny cense asby this act required, under pain of imprison- out licensesn meant for one year, without bail or mainprise for every of- fence and a fine of five hundred dollars. Sec 2. Be it further enacted, That any ordained min- ister ofthe Gospei, or in regular communion with any Ministers may religious society o' Christians, may so:emnize the rites jomn persons of mnatrinony, according to the formni of the Church to Ielly licen- which he'belongs between any persons within the Territo- ry, who shall produce a license pursuant to this act di- rected to any authorized minister of the Gospel. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the County Court Conty court shall gri;nt licenses to all minister of tile (ospel as a- to gra t licen- foresa<,i lwho silhaii appli for tile san e to miarry in any ses. L --n)'l ty; wl'ere there is inot a suttfi. :;,t nubiter ofordain- ed MillliSters, Justices shall be utliitr 1t:e saime rllest and r1''ii..tioiis1, p.iiis and pentities au 32niisters of the Go,- '". 4. L' it fiun /;'r en(acl/l,. '1 ia;t to prs erve a Re- "'-- '" f" it! i Ilr.i e. ; ( t'-t',ih ";.' (,f livy nTh;'- Certificate of .:uc ; i,, '. : Il 3iil ilarriage to te r n ter or Justice of the Feace C.1i'c.ratiJg tile same, (!9) ,hill be transmitted to the Clerk of the Coucrv wherein registered ty the -udrri-i2e is sIo-le:i1 izeid, with: th;lree llnoutii s tliereai'- Cou ntv rt. ter, to ;e entered on record by t!e Clerk, in a uook i b hhiin rt: be k(ept ii.it pi r'o.-e, which h-iai 'ie evidence of ail such narri:[es. Sc. 5. !? ; f0i,'r enacted. That c ve-i Minister or ';iser or Justice of the Peace (as the case ,'!; be) i'filitgr to Jia:ice ailing transmit such certificate to the Clerk of the court t in due tI' give certifi. time shall tforfeit th sumf of sixty dollars; and if the Clcrk cae. of'anv Court shall fail to record such certificate, li shaii Clerk Iailing forfeit the sum of sixty dollars to be recovered with costs t, record tie of suit by the informer in any court of competent juris- same. diction. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That every license for marriage shall be issued by tie Clerk ,f the County Court of the County wherein the woman usually resides tV leur to iv in manner following, that is to say, the Cieri shail take licence. bond in the penalty of two hundred dollars payable to the Governor and his successors, for the use of.the Territory, halli take S buoid &C. with condition that there is no lawful cause to ob).truct thl inmrriage for which the licence is required, and every Clerk failing herein shall forfeit one hundred dollars, if either of the parties intending to inarrv be under age, the Iti, parties license shall not be issued without tile consent of tie le under ie. Pa rent or Giiardian, made verbally to the Clerk, or proof of s'ichi consent by the oath of one credible witness ; and thereupon tile Clerk shall issue said licence and certify the .ond is a'iven, and if either of the parties be under ale, he shall also certify the consent of the parent or guardian, which shall be a lawful license to any Minister or Justice ofthe Peace authorized as aforesaid to solenmn- ize matrimony. Sec. 7. BW it further enarted, That if any person shall marry within the leviticai degrees, lie shall be subject to a iine of one thousand dollars, oie half to the informer, Pe'"lty for marrying whin the other half to the Territory, and the said marriage the levitical shall be annulled and set aside by any court of compe- degrees. tent Jurisdiction in the Territory, and' the Court may re, ire the parties to give bond and security that they wil1 not in future cohabit with each other, and commit them in case of non-compliance : Provided that nothiiin Proviso. herein contained shall be construed to render illegitimate the issue of the marriage thus annulled. Sec. B( it further enaclte, That the Clerk of the Ferorthe Comuty Court ;hall receive the suml oftl:ree ldoullr m all i (20) cases in which he shall perform the duties prescribed by this act. Passed 5th November, 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council. THOSE. MUNROE, Clerk. Approved November 7th, 1828. W P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT. Authorisiug Francis Richard to cut a Canal from his raMich. ill to the main Creck of Pottsbourgh. uracid Rialh - ard ut hor Sec. 1. Be it enacted b/ the Governor and Lcgislatifr Canal. Council of the. Territory of 7Forida, That Francis Rich- ard of the county of Duval, be and he is hereby autho- ay enter on raised and empowered to cut a Canal from his Mill on a branch leading to the main creek of Pottsbourgh, and shall enter upon, and take possession of any lands w\ith- in two miles of his said Mill, that he may deem ncces- rovided he sary for the completion of said Canal, and said Canal make compen- when completed shall be a public highway: Provided, stion. that due compensation shall be paid by the said Richard, for any lands that he may enter upon, and take po;-ses- sion of agreeable to the above section, which comipensa- tion shall be adjudged by three disinterested house hol- ders ofDuval County, two of whom shall be chosen by the two parties, and the third by the two so chosen, and their award of compensation aforesaid so made shall be final. Passed 8th, November 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council THOSE. MUNROE, Clerk. Approved November 121h, 1828. W31. P. DUVAL, q3-overnor of the Territory of Florida, (21) AN ACT To incorporate the Town of Marianna. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Goernor ani: L-:'ctive Tlown otILf Council ofthe Territory of Florida, That all the free rii:ana mor- vhite male inhabitants over the a'e of twenty one years, p'rated. comprehended withiii the South West quarter of' Sction number three, in Township number four, Range nuiii- ber ten, North and West, lying and being in the county of Jackson, in the Territory of Florida, and their suc- cessors be and remain for the term of'ivo years from the Term ofineoar Sporation. passage of this act a body corporate, by the name and style of the Town of Marianna, and by their corporate and do all other acts as natural persons, and may pur- chase and hold real, personal and mixed property, Qr dis- pose of the same for the benefit of the said Town. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the government of said Town shall be vested in a Town Council, compos- Government ed of an Intendant and six Councilmen, each of whom .shall have the qualification of being the proprietor of a lot or the occupant of a house, and shall have resided three months within the limits aforesaid, in order to fill either of said offices. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the Intendant Powersofthp. shall have the power and exercise all the duties, and Intendant. may receive the fees of a justice of the peace within the said corporation. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the said Town Council shall have full power and authority to prevent Powers ofthe and remove nuisances, to license and regulate auction- Town Cou- eers and auctions, retailers of goods and liquors, and ta- c verns, to restrain or prohibit all sorts of gaming, to li- cense and regulate theatrical and other public amuse- ments, to establish and regulate markets, to direct the safe, keeping of the standard of weights and measures, appointed by Congress, to provide and regulate burial grounds for the use of the said Town, to sink wells and erect and repair pumps in the streets and public squares, to erect and repair Market houses and public scales within the aforesaid limits, excepting the pleasure squares, to establishand regulate patrols, to regulate the storing of gunipowd'cr, to tax and license i h;wker and pedlars, to restrain and prohibit tipling houses and lotteric5, to provide for the establishment of public sch,-ois and :ui)erintendance of tie same, torestrain and pu:i-i ih iL~,lo.l an I diso-rderly persons and the lior- de'r! condnu't of negroes and persons of color, and 2ene- rally to provi;le oir the interior police and good govern- mnent.of said town. Sec. 5). Be it fiiurtlr enacted, That the said Town Council shall liive p',ower to levy a tax for the purposes Power oftho recieitle in the preclii:n section of this act, in such Council to le- i- vy tax. mnainnir and iuder su'h: circumstances as the said Coun- cil shall coiccive leastfburthensome to the citizens and Proviso. to provide for the collection thereof; Provided that no tax shall be imposed on real property at any higher rate than one quarter of one per cent on the assessed value of the same, and shall have power to inake and pass all To pass ordi- such ordinances, and to impose such fines and penalties nuances. for infringement thereof, or non compliance therewith, as shAll to the said Town Council seem necessary, to give effTct and operation to the powers and regulations to the duties herein, and hereby given and imposed to and upon the said Corporation or Town Council, any law of this Territory to the contrary notwithstanding: Provi- ded further, that no capitation tax be levied on persons Ordinances not entitled to vote for Intendant and Councilmen, and shi,] be stoned h Ieued- Provided that the said ordinances and rules shall be dant anu attes- igniecd by the Intendant and attested by the Clerk, and te. !y) the that no ordinance shall be passed granting any salary, Clerk. pay or allowance to the said Intendant or Councilmen, or either oftlhem. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That the Town Coun- Power othere cil shall have power to compel the attendance of its Town Con.- melimheri,, and to judge of the election returns and qual- eil to cmpeel itications of the Intendant, and its own members, and embers&c. the yeas ana itays on any question shall at the request of any two members be placed on the record. Sec. 7. Be iffurther enacted, That the said Town Council shall have power to elect a Treasurer, Clerk Pow-r of elec- and such other officers as to the said Town Council may tin:. j!-;crs seem necessary to give effect tothe powers and regula- an i...'' 'tion, 0othe duties by this act given to, or imposed unon the s :id Town Council, and to determine te he sAlaries of thlie sid o.i.,,r-'s and the same to dismiss at pleasure, an.d! ii tlti,ids of slid Town Council may expel a meim- be-- i- te said Council for disorderly behaviour or mal- coniiuct in police. See. 8. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the du- tv of the said town Council to cause to be kept regular shI:l publi]i records of their proceedings arid of their ordinances, the law. rules and regulations, and they shad ipromnnulgaLe their ordinances without unnecessary delay by posting the same at the common market place, or on the court house, or in any news-paper in said town so that that the same be exposed to public view at least four wvcelks. Sec. 9. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the du- ty the said Town Council to hold their meetings in pub- Their mee- lie, and at such times and places as to the said Council tins to be may seem fit, and the Intendant shall be President of Public. the board, and in the absence or disability of the Inten- dant, a majority of the Council may oni any occasion up- May appoint point from among their number; an Intendant who shall an Intendant have power pro tempore to do all the duties of Intendant: protein. Provided, however that a majority of the to, n council then present, may sit with closed doors whenever they may deem the public interest requires it. Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, That five of the said Quorum. said town council shall form a quorum for the transac- Sec. 11. Beit further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said town corceil to exact from the Treasuer t Treasurer to least four times in e h calendar year, a statement of the make report. receipts and of the expenditures of money and of the sums of money due to and from the corporation and to certify the same to be correct if on examination, suth statemeni!t is found to admit of such certificate, and require a report of o- ther stock & property of said town comn mittcd to his charge. Sec 12. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said Intendant to see that the ordinaiices of Dutyof the the said Council are duly executed, and to call a meeting Intendant. of the Councilmen when in his opinion the public good may require it, and he shall lay before the council from time to time in writing, such propositions as he may deem advisable'for the welfare of the said corporation, and the said town council shall have power to adjourn from time to time. Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, That the said Inten- dant shall within five davs after his election take an oath Oath ofthe I1itcndiant and or solemn affirmation before any Judge or Justice of the Councilmn Peace of this Territory. "That he will t tthe utmost of his power, support, adv;;ce ; ld ; !eli t. (. in(itre-t, ic e and good order of the Town of MiArianna and fitl:iully and diligently discharge the duties of Intendant of the said town during his continuance in office, and that he will support the constitution of the United States. And he shall within the aforesaid time of five days after the election, convene the council men elect, and administer to each of them an oath or afirmation similar to that ta- ken by himself. Sec. 14. Be it further enacted, That the Treasurer Dut of the shall receive all monies due and owing to the said corpo- ration, ain he shall keep an accurateccount of the same and all money paid out for and on account of said Corpo- ration shall be paid by the Treasurer on an order of the Council attested by the Cicrk and countersigned by the Intendant. Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, That the first election for Intendant and Council-men under this act, shall take nTime a, lice on the first Monday in January 1829, and each election of In- ''.cceediug election shall be held on the first Monday of tendant and January every year, and the said election shall be held Councilmen. I under the inspection and superiutendance of three inspec- tors, who shall be judicious and discreet persons, and the votes shall be given by ballot, but no judge of the election shall he qualified to run for the office of Intendant or Town council-men or shall he eligible to said offices, or either of them at the time he is s judge of the elec- tion. SeX "' BeTi it farlher enacted,, that it shall be the duty Duty of the of said t,. ;tors, or any two of their to receive the votes, Lnsipectors of - ciection. and to cause tIhe name of every voter to be taken down and inserted in a book to be kept for that purpose, and to cause the poll to be held at such place as they or any two of them may deem proper, and to be opened and con- tinued open from nine o'clock in the morning until five in the evening, when the ballots shall be told, and the name of the person having the greatest number of votes for Intendant shall be declared, and the names of the persons having the greatest number of votes for Council men shall lie declared, and the name of the said Inten- di;t cnd Councihmen elect shill be recorded and notice of their election given to each of them. Sec. 17. I, ,it furiher enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said Tovw-n Council at least two weekss pir(: i- ilappct-ors ouislv to tihe d,'. appointed fi( r election to appoi:l' the howappuiuted inspectors election by this ui t required, and to notiiy then of such appoiinti t.t, and tlim said inspectors shall :ive pIblic notice within three days thereafter by post- miii uii at the itmarket aid three other places, of the iiine .nil place of such eicition. :';cc. 1S. Be it fu.irther enacted, Thal if hy reason o 'the refusal, absence or other unavoidable ca;ualtv, the in- tn S1f Inftindant tecidant elect shall be prevented trom performing tile elect shal be orrgnizing duties by this act required, it shall in such tnlaie to per- hiorm Is duts-. case be tie duty of the Intendant ; office, to cause a new or s uty. election to be held by the sam:e ii.mpectors, who shall forthwith give at icast tne vweekas notice 'iithe .same, and 1 old another election for Intendant conforniably to this ire idlation. ecc. 19. Be it further enacted, Thlit Miles Simmns, Allen Gattis and Benjamin Holden, be and they are here- by appointed inspectors to superintend the election for Inspectors 'or 1i t10 election on Intendant and Councib,,n for said town, on the first the IstAlon- Mol.day in January, one thousand eight hundred and day in Janua- twenty-ninc, and they or any two of them may do the ry i-)9. duties of superintending required.by this act, and in the event of the occurrence of any of the casualties contemn- plated by this act to prevent the organization of the said Town council, they or any two of them are hereby author- ized to hold a re-election for Intendant. Sec. 20. Be it further enacted, That the said inton- dant and town Coun'cil-men, shall have power to iill va- vacancies cancies in their own body by causing an election, to be 'owlilled held in the same manner as is provided for :'i "-s act. out of the citizens qualified to till tne same, i... that the :said Intendant and town Council-men sail in all cases continue their respective functions, until their successors be; elected and qualified into office. Sec. 21. And be it further enacted, That every white male inhabitant of the age of twenty one years or up- Qualification wards, who shall have resided three months within the otvoters- limits above described, and every white male person who shall have resided six months within the County of Jack- -on, and one month in the Town of Marianna, shall be entitled to vote for Intendant and council-men, for the said corporation. Passed 2Sth October, 1828. PETER ALBA. President of the Legislative Council. TIIOS. Mi[UNROE, Clerk. S/r~or cd z:ccmbr 5th, 1-28. WIT. P. DICVAL. x e;,rVf'r : Ti C 'i t ,irorv oi' lor'idI i) AN ACT Authorising Georace Fisher Senior to build a Bridge ove: the Ocklocknee River at or near his ferry. Be it enac'td bY ftei Governor and Legislative Council qo the iTerritory of Florida, That George Fisher Senior bc and he is hereby vested with the right and tower of bail- Ln. athori- ding a bridge, and charged with the duties of keeping to build a the same in repair across the Ocklocknee river at or bridge acos within two hundre( vards of the place where the road the Ocklock- neoeriver. leacill fIroim aliahassee to Georgia crosses said River, and shali continue in the enjoyment of the same so long as the said 'ilshcr, his heirs or assigns, shall keep the same in good repair, unavoidable accidents excepted, for tie safe crossing of such vehicles &c. as travel tie road, To"' and shall be allowed to receive the prices of toll allowed bv law to be received at the ferries on said river : Pro- Proviso, that vided Nevertheless. that nothing in this act shall be so the lbrd -haHl not be obstruc- construed as to aulhorise said Fsher to obstruct or pre- ted. vent any person frcm a free access in crossing the ford of said river, N here the road shall lead to or near said bridge. No bri oe ao Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That no person shall ied within have the right to build a Bridge or establish a ferry one mile. within one mile of said bridge, for the purpose of gather- ing toll. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That all laws milita- !e ting against this act, be and the same are hereby re- pealed. Passed 7th November, 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislati e Council THOMAS MIUNROE, Clerk. Approrved, Xormnbcr 10th, 1829. WM3. P.D I AL. Governor of the Territeo') of iiori& AN ACT Regulating Judicial Proceoeina3. Be it enacted by the governor and Legida!ive Council p er :,d " 4f the Territory of Florida, That the Superior and coun- risdiction of ty courts shall be courts ofrecord, and have full power ;nd i "he Suri and Cottn,- juthority to hear and determine all causes, both civil and court. criminall, of which they shall severally have jurisdiction according to the laws of the United States and of this Territory, to administer oaths, make rules, pass orders aud decrees, and give such judgments as may be neces- sary to support their authority, to punish for contempts by tine or imprisonment, and not otherwise; the fine in. anv case, not to exceed one hundred dollars, or the im-. prisonment thirty days: and shall exercise all the neces- sary powers appertaining to their jurisdictions respec- tively according to law. Sec. 2. Be itfurther enacted, That a refusal to obey any legal order, mandate or decree, made or given by hat shall b considered a any Judge ofthe Superior or county court, either in term, contempt of titme or in vacation, relative to any of the business of said Court. O'ourt, after due notice thereof, shall be considered a con- tempt, and punished accordingly. Provided, that any thing said or written or published in vacation, to or of any Judge, or of any decision made by a Judge, shall not in any case be construed to be a contempt. Sec. 3 Be it further enacted, That when any Judge failure of tudre to at s-hallnot attend on the first day of any term, the court te:ndcourt. shall stand adjourned until 12 o'clock on the second day, audif said Judge shall not thenattend, it shall be the du- ty of the clerk at that time to continue all causes, and ad- journ the court to such time as the Judge may appoint, or to the next regular term by law established. Sec. 4 Be it further enacted, That when any person Process may wishes to commence an action in any of said courts, lie be sued out a- shall have the right to sue out his process either against gainstthe per- the person, or the estate of the defendant, according to tate. the rules prescribed by law; and when the same is in- tended to be sued out against the person of the defend- Againstthe person how ant, it shall be the duty of the plaintiff, or his attorney to gintituted. deliver to the clerk of the court in which the suit is to be commenced, a praecipe or memorandum, stating the names ofthe parties, the nature of the action and the a- mount ef the debt or damages fir which he sues; which prmccipe shall be signed by the plaintiff or his attorney; Caps orsumn and it shall bethe duty of the clerk, upon the receipt of inonsadre- such prrcipe or memorandum, to mairc out therefromn a when.l onn. ,writ of capias or a sulllons ad respondtndendm, which served. shall be called the original ; and which shall be served by the Marshal, Sheriff or other officer, as tha case may be, at least ten days before the first day of the term ttiwhich Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the clerk to deliver to the Marshal, Sheriff or other A copy to be officer with the original writ, or summnons, a copy for defendant. each defendant therein named, and the service of the same shall be effected by reading the writ or sumn ons to the defendant, or delivering him a -copy thereof, or Service. leaving such copy at his usual place of abode, with some .person of the family, above the age of fifteen years, and No bail allow- 'informing such person of the contents thereof, and no ed. person shall be required to give bail for his, or her ap- pearance to any original writ or summons emaal:ti!ng from a court of law. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty Clerks to of the Clerks of said courts to transcribe into their me- transcribe morandum books any praecipe filed with them previous to their issuing tbe original writ or sutmmons, and to ;make in said books a similar memorandum of every .cause commenced by attachment as aforesaid ; which Date thereof. precipe or memorandum shall bear date on the day when the said p ricipe'is received by the clerk, or when the affidavit is filed with him, to obtain a process against the estate of the defendant; and the said dates shall, for all legal purposes, be considered the true time at which said suits were actually brought. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That all process shall run in the nar', and by the authority ofthe territory of Process how Florida, and shall bear test in the name of the presiding andsigned. judge of the court, and be signed by the clerk, and bear date when issued. And when not otherwise provided for by law, all process shall be returnable to the next en- suing term of the court, fiom which it issued. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That wblnever a plain- Non-resident tiffor complainant, who is a non-resident, shall conm- plaintiffsto on- mence a suit in any of the courts of this Territory, it shall ter secinrit;" tor cbsts be the duty of himself, or his agent, or attorney, previ- ons to suing out the original process, to file, with the cleri of the court i', which daid s-lii is to' b brought, bond ,Itii approved security in the sum o one hundred iol- : rs1, conditioned tfo the payment of all costs and charges : n thiilre ai tilich may he adjudged against him it said slit: and up- tri"ey lit'L' Sal a failure to tile .;sch bond ani seeturity as alit.resaid, ;Iec attorney bringing or prosecuting said suit, shall be a~: blo tor said costs and charges; and if adjudged against -uaid plaintiff, an execution may issue against -aid attor- 'icy for the same. Sec. 9. Be it fiirther enacted, That when any original process is placed in the hands of the Maurshal, :hierifi or Piocp~sronrrn other officer tbr service, and he shall from any cause '"not exec- f:ili to execute the same, at least ten days before the .iisliunm term of the court to which the same is returna- ble, it siall be his duty to return the same "not execu- red," with the reasons for such failure : and if such rea- -ons be insitticient, such officer .-iiail be liable to a fine, not exceeding fifty dollars, at the discretion of the court, and shall also be liableto the party injured tbr all costs and damages thereby incurred and sustained ; and ifanv original process shall be suited out within ten days of the then ensuing term of the court, the same shall be made irturnable to the term next ensuing after the expiration (,f the said ten days, and not otherwise. Sec. 10. Be it furtherenacted, That no suit shall be brought to any of the Superior courts of this territory a- ,itt be against any person residing therein, unless the same be in- brought in the titutcd in the judicial district and county, in which the c(:ouy and District where defendant resides : Provided, there be a Superior court the Defiedant established d by law in the county in which the defendant resides. resides; except in cases brought against two or more de- 'endants residing in different judicial districts, then, and in that case, it shall be lawful for the plaintiff or com- plainant to commence his action in either district; and he Exception may instruct the clerk to issue an additional original and copies, to be directed to the Marshal of the district in which the other defendants reside ; and it shall be the duty of the said Marshal, upon the receipt of said origin- al and copies, (provided his fees are previously paid by the plaintiff,) to serve the same and to return the origi- nal with the proper entries thereon to the office whence it issued. Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That no suit shall be County courts suits to be brought to any of the county courts of this Territory a- brought in .laist any person residing therein, unless the same be County wvlher instituted in the county in which the defendant resides, ndatefnar except in cases brought naainst two or more defendants Exc'eption. residing in different counties, then, and in that case, it shall be lawful for the plaintiff to commence his action in either county, and lie may instruct the clerk to issue an additional original and copies, to be directed to the sher- iff of the county in which the otherAefendants reside; and it shall be the duty of said sheriff, upon the receipt of said original and copies, (his eecs being previously paid by the plaintiff.) to serve the said copies and to return the original with the proper entries thereon' to the office whence it issued: Provided, that nothing herein con- tained shall be construed to prevent any coplaiinant from commencing his suit in an adjoining county iu the same district, when there shall be no court of competent jurisdiction organized in the county in which the defin- dant resides. Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, That when an oriLin- Processan al writ or summons, has been sued out against two or gaint two and more detiendants, and returned by the Marshal, Sheriff or other officer served upon one or more of the defend- IHow plaintiff ants, and that the other defendants do not reside in said may proceed. district or county, as the case may be, it shall be lawful for the plaintiff, at his option, to proceed to judgement against those upon whom, process has been served, or to obtain from the court time to perfect service, riid to or- der additional originals and copies to be directed to the Marshals or Sheriffs of the districts or counties in w;>ic;, the other defendants reside, to be served and returned as is directed in this act. Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, That when any origi- Service on nai process is sued out against several persons compo- nlerc:anule sing a mercantile or other firm, the service of said pro- cess on any one member of said firm, shall be as valid as if served upon each individual member thcreof ; and the plaintiff may, after service upon any one member as a- foresaid, proceed to judgment and execution against them all. rocca- Sec. 14. Be it further enacted, That when any pro- Proces a- g :intnh cess returnable to a Superior court, shall issue against 'ar^l.l how the Marshal of said court, the same shall be directed to, ser.d c and executed by, the sheriff of the county in which the said court shlll be held. Sc-. 1. 1Bi it further enacted, That when any Mar- :shIl or Sherii' of any District, or County in this Territo- 7 ;. !-I! die, lis executors, administrators or other rep- ti1) :esentativc shall hand over to his successors in office, kingg a receipt for the same, all the papers in the pos- I.i caseofdea-th :-ession of, and belonging to such decedant, as Marshal ot ire M:r.iii or Sheriff. And if in any case, a successor should not or c!ftl"l. be qualified in due time to serve or execute the process of the Court, the deputy of such deceased Marshal or Sheriff, if there should be one, or some other person, shall be employed by an order from the Judge of the Su- perior or County Court, to receive from the representa- tives of the decedant and execute all process, which re- imained in his possession at the time of his decease. Sec. 16. Be it further -enacted, That the Marshals of "utv of each district, and the Sheriffs of each county, shall at frills oande- tie expiration of their respective terms of office, turn oirationof over to their successors, by schedule, (taking their re- 'leir office. ceipts for the same) all such writs and processes as shall mainn in their hands unexecuted and their successors in office shall duly execute and return the same.-And in case any Marshal or Sheriffshall neglect or refuse to turn -Penalty for re, zfousal or io. over such process in manner aforesaid, every such Mar- !cct. slial or Sheriff so neglecting or refusing, and their secu- rities, shall be liable to make such satisfaction, by damage and costs, to the party aggrieved, as he, she or they shall sustain by reason of such neglect or refusal ; and every Marshal or Sheriff, at the expiration of his said appoint- ment, shall also deliver up to his successor the bodies of,. all persons which he holds in confinement by legal pro- cess, with the precepts, warrants or causes of such con- fimenent ; and the succeeding Marshal or Sheriff shall be empowered, and is hereby required, to sell and carry. into effect any levy made by his predecessor in office, Successor to carry into ef- in like manner as the former Marshal or Sheriff could fict all levies have done, had he continued therein; and shall make ti- &c. ties to the purchasers for all the property sold under ex- ecution or other process, and aot conveyed by his pre- decessor. Sec. 17. Be ii further enacted, That if from any cause the Marshal or Sheriff of a Superior or County court shall Marshal or tiil to attend any term of the same, either in person or tl failing by deputy, the said court shall direct the coroner of the county to attend and perform the duties of the Marshal or Sheriff of said court; and the said coroner shall be Coroner to act entitled to receive for his services five dollars for each a:ld how paid. day lie shall attend during the continuance of the term, , be paid. by the Mu.arshal o ..: t failing to nttend( a (32) aforesaid, and which may be recovered in any court hav- inlgjurisdiction of the same; and shall, moreover, also be entitled to the fees allowed by law for any services per- forined by him, while acting as aforesaid ; and the acts of the spid coroner, done as aforesaid, shall be as legal, and valid, as if the sam;i had been performed by the said Marshal or .Sheriff in person, or by deputy duly ap- pointed. Sec. 18. Br it fvriter enacted, That the Marsshals, Officers ser- Sheriffs and other officers in this Territory, shall in all ving profess to note time cases, note iupnil process issuing from the offices of the &c. clerks of the superior and county courts, the time when the same came to hand, the time when it was executed Sand si.-n the same, and on failure thereof, shall be sub- ject lo a fine not exceeding ten dollars. See. 1). H!' i1 furlthr enacted, That it shall be the Appparamnce (dty of the so id superior and county courts at each term ,iockct. thereof. after the other business of the term shall have li'w !! disposed of, to call over all the causes returnable to that term and standing upon the appearance docket, and to make such orders and entries therein as shall be found 'necevssarv in relation thereto. Sec. ')t. Be it fir:ther enacted, That in all actions brought to any of the Superior or County courts of tin- l)e(i;ara'ion Territory, whether the same be commenced by original l to L" process airainst the person, or against the estate of the defendant, it shall be the duty of the plaintiff or his attor- ney, to file with the clerk his declaration on or before the first day of the term to which his action is made re- T.me for pie< t:i'rnable; and it shall be the duty of the defendant or his the calling of the appearance docket at the same term: if a demurrerf e filed to said plaintiffs declaration, it shall be the duty of the defendant or his attorney to give notice thereofto the plaintiff or his attorney, in time to take issue thereon before the calling of the appearance. docket; and the said demurrer shall be argued when thI - Ifmnm'rerrC cause is called up on the appearance dociet as aforesaid, Iotire1t I): andI dccidel at the same term. unless the c,;irt shall v0cl thiii~k 'rope' r to continue it until the ensuin, telii. and l,1 other issues shall be made up by the tine ihe ca te i called in its order for trial. mec. 21. Be it 'tirtihcr enachJd, That in all cia-' standing upoi tihe ai 'an'':i c(' it docket at i eI callii': : .h; s:mnw. t, which thier., i nio pona. an.iwer or dthuairr. (S) field the court s.hal, upon motion of the plaioAiiT or hi. attomr;,v, give a j'ldl-ment by default, andi.may imimedii- Judrmntl ntrlv refer the srme to a jury to assess the damag..s ; default. but ifithe said action be found upon. any liquidated de- mnld not roqririnm the introduction of a witness or wit- nesses to establish the same, tie court may direct the clerk to asse-'s the damages and to issue execinion accor- dingly. Sec. 22. B" if Fr ';', nac.tc.l, That when the name ofan atrtornev oftilh court is placed upon the appear- Appea nee. -an!c docket a; counsel fir the delf danlt, it shall be con- by - sidered so ihr equivalent to filing the general issue, as to L- prevcnt a jzinTment i.y default, though no plea or answer be in faut filed in sail cause. S.c. 2.i. tBe it fiurher enacted, That no plea in abate- 'pin b'l I 11-11t v' be on, merit or oh'ir diintorv plea or any plea denying" the sig- oau'. n.'ture 'of" d:'fenda:it to an\y bomdi, n!oe or otlimr instri- meni ot' writing shall be received qy ciiher of said courts, uiles- the same be put in on oath, and im'ed before the cause is called upon the appearant-- docket. Sc%. 2-1. i3c i.i ftrtiecr enacdl', That ll promissory Fo.rr and ef notEC and other inlstru'll eins cv;':'itin_ not under seal, fi t promis- EhaU iha-ve the same foree and effect as bonds and instru- sory nltes & mncits iundr sci ; and it sha:l not be necessary for the paiittff t!o pruave the executioni of ;: ,1, note o- 01.:- cr initruinont of writing, purpi);orti::, to have ibeeni signed by the defenda:t, .no: the con-:id:1:ria:i: fior wiCil the samei was given unless the same shall be denied ly piea p:at in and til-d as aforesaid: Provided, 'hat nolhini ivn tils act shall prevent an executor or adtiinistr:-tor from deyin igt tlhe execution atfresAid, or f:ron pleading a want or failure of consideration, if he sih:il gi'vc in wri- ting reasonable noTrie of such intention to the plaintiff, hLis agent or attorney. Sec. 25. Be it furfter enr: ':!1, That no declaration or! other pleading shall be abated or quashed for any de- No pleadingto fe(t in matter of form, nor for any clerical mistake or o- be !o.abdrefor ti i'sion inot afr c ti,;n the real merits of the causc ; but defect fiibrm the samni, upon motion, tmny Ie amendcJid without deiay nr o.;t, if there ii, a -,rind -vnd sufficient- cause of action, or ofdeftcnee substUantialiv set forth in the dcciaration, or i/i ii r jpii.:;! S(:- ,'2 1: -' further c/.;",ct: '\ha~ in ani e ,s h efndan' h,'oll,.. .r d." c "' n ts may plead no' t a4 i ;i," trrs of n "' v or m d m -- tr(l t( ;" i:;w 0" {%,", { c, ... [_o 0:" ~: ?. i11!:- dc:."l !!r,os. 'iyx :,, D1Fn:: (34) his, her or their defence ; and it.shall be no objection to any plea that it is contradictory to any other plea filed by the same party in the same cause. Sec. 27. Be itfurther enacted, That no demurrer, ci- Demurrer, ef- their at law or in equiNy, shall be considered as an admis- feet of &c. sion of the facts set forth in the Tleadings demurred to, so as to bar the person dernurrirn from any substantial claim or defence which he mig -Kave urged if said de- Sec. 28. Be itfurther enacted, That no suit in any suigiren of said courts shall abate by the death of either party, abated. where the cause of action would in any case survive to tic executor or administrator ; but the same shall pro- ~eed as if such party had not died, under the following regulations and restrictions : when a plaintiff shall die, How to pro- "the executor or administrator of such plaintiff shall with- eeed after death party. in three months after probate ofthe willor taking out let- ters of administration give notice to the defendants by suing out a scire facial, to be issued by the clerk and ex- ecuted in the manner hereinbefore pointed out for the service of process ; and in cases where the defendant shall die, it shall be lawful for the plaintiff to sue out a scire facias in manner aforesaid, immediately after the expiration of six months, requiring such executor or ad- ministrator to appear and answer to the said cause. Sec. 29. Bc it further enacted, That when any copart- ner of a mercantile or other firm shall die during the One Copart- pendency of any suit, either in favour of or against said her dying cause topro- firm, the same shall be ,uggettcd of record, and the cause ceed. shall proceed in the name ofthe survivor or survivors. Sec. 30. Be itfurther enacted,- That hereafter, all ac- W at ;ns tions for personal injuries, shall die with the person, to abate by death wit, assault and batteries, slander false imprisonment of parties. and malicious prosecutions' ll Wt oleactions shall and may be maintained in the name of the representatives of the deceased. Sec. 31. Be it further enacted, That if any female Fe;ale plair- plaintiff shall marry pending a suit, her marriage shall Stmfifoanryi:g be noticed on the record, and her husband made a p: r- pening suit. t thereto, and the cause shall;proceed according to law. Infants how to S'.. 32. Be it further enacted, That infants may sue sue. by their next friends in all cases whatsoever, and idiots andm iunatic~ by their guardians: Provided, that before Proviso. an. suit be brought by the next friend, it shall be his or her duty to file bond and security with the cklrk, condi- tioned to appropriate the amount which may be recov- ered in said suit, (after the expenses of recovering the ,anec are paid) to the i!ae and benefit of said infiat. S'c. 33. Be it further e.acted, That it shall not be Fxerution of !ni'c r tlry for any person who suies upon any bond, note, d .,ere & covenant, deed, bill oflexchange, or other writing, where- ,"'ln to be by money is promised (-,secured to be paid, to prove ihe execution of such bond, note covenant, deed, bill of ex- change, or other writing unless the same shall be denied by the defendant under oath. Sec. 34. Be it further rnactd, That the assignment iecto a or enOlorsemncit ofany of the foreinentioned instruments 1igniments. of writing shall vest the assignee or endorse thereof with the same rights, powers and capacities as might have been possessed by the assignor or endorser. And the assignee or endorse may bring suit in his own name, When n c(s- nor shall it be necessary for the assignce or endorsee of sary to prove any instrument assignable by law to set forth in the de- o"sl'ro claration the consideration, uponi which smlch assignment or endorsement was made, nor to prove such consider tion, unless the same sail be impeached by the defend- ant under oath. Sec. 35. Be iffurther enacted, That all bonds, notes, Bons, &cor bills of exchange, covenants and accounts, upon which copyt' b otfiled suit may be brought, or a copy thereof shall be tiled with the declaration. Sec. 36. Be itfurther enacted, That a scrawl afixed selawl, asa sea to any instrument shall be as effectual as a Sec. 37. Be it further enacted, That in all suits cogniz- able in the Superior Courts, when either of the parties Change ofe. shall fear that he will not receive a fair trial, in the court allowed. where it is depending on count of the judge of the Court where the suit is depending being interested or prejudiced, or that the adverse party has an undue influ- ence over the minds of the inhabitants ofthe County, where the suit is depending, or that the petitioner is so odious that he cannot expl.i a fair trial, the said part may petition thejudgffoftthe Superior Court tor ia cii ia'e ot the vt,,~; of such cause, distinctly setting fhrth ic ,tin and cause of such fear, and suppul ,I by his affidavit or af- dii!o,,it firnation, previous notatce ofsuch application, and the .. time and place of hearing the same, being given-to the I':verse parrty, or his attorney, on M.!:;i i, t! il the (36) judge may under his hand award a change of renzc, an~d order the clerk of the Court ihere tie suit is depending Duty of ler'rk to send forwardtlhe paper,- in the suit, by some fit person wI;en suit is to the Superior Court of the next convenient county or c"lilg." district, as the jude may direct, and the clerkk of s'uch court shfalteceive them, and give a reiccipt therefor, and docket the suit in order, anu .tl court shall have full authority and jurisdiction %ia'rd subpoenas for wit- messes, and.to enforce their attentunce to grant rules and commissions for the taking of depsitios ; to hear and determine Yle said controversy, tp awara executioii, and to do every thing relating therettl,-which the Court, from which the suit was removed .ighlt have done : Prov:is. Provided, that no change of venue shall take place, so as to have the cause snct to either of the Counties where the parties or either of them Rside, nor hall there be mere than one removal of the same cause. Sec. .3. Be if further euiacted, That when the atten- Cl'irk to I'ue dance of any person shall be e quired as a witnUes in any writs of sub- roe;:. of the courts aforesaid in any cause depending &herchi, it shail be the duty of the le.rk of the said courts reIspect- ively on application, to issue writs of sulbpna, directed to ite-persons whose attendance shall be required, w~ei Pormnthereof. such persons reside wtithnl'the county in which such cause may Le depending ; which writ of subpoena shall contain the names of the partie'i in the causeand state it whose ips-tance it is issued,and shall be served on such witnesss at least three days before the court to which it shall be retutr:nable ; which writ shall 1! served-h' tire marshal, sheriffrr other officer, as the case may be. Defaulting Sec 39. Bce t further enacted, That when it shlil ap- witness, reme- pear in manner afoesaid, that a wFitness in any cause ly against. has been duly summoned, acid such witness shall fail to appear, it shall be -the duty ofthe couit, on motion, to or- der an attachment against such. defaulting witness, re- turnable at such time as the Court may direct-; ani, up- on the return of such attachment, the said Court may fine such witness in any sun not exceeding one iinmdred dollars, unless he or she shalfiemke a suificient excu., for such nol-attendance, to bL djudzed of by the court ; and the said witness iall also be sulject to tle aciioit of the person at whose suit he or she shall have iei> sumiToneld for any amdir a e li wC:I ic h, sih- r they mliin-; liav.e gtained h'- rea?? f su o!'tt attcndam:ce. (87) Sec. 40. T'- it uterther enacted, That when a subpoena shail be serve! on any witness in coumfir:r-ity to this act, Duty ofwitf it hall ht the duty of the person so si uiinonred to attend i .n from day to day, until the cause in which such witilnes gou. has been summoned; is tried or dKirirwise disposed of, uldless he shall sooner be discharged from fkatlher atten- dance. Sec. 41. Be it further enacted, That on the last day Pva ofa wit- of the attendance ofany witness in each term, it shull ,,a. be lawful for such witness to exhibit his account on o.'lh against the person or persons at whose instance he or she may have been summoned, and the clerk of the court shall examine- and sign the same, and administer tle Clerk shall said oath, and such account so signed, shall have the examine and Ssign account. force and effect of an execution, and may be levied upon- the goods and chattels of the-party in like manner as in Effect thereof. cases of other executions Provided, nevertheless, that such w witness shill have the right, at his option, to defer making out his account, until the suit in which he shall. be sumnimoed af afoxesaid is determined and have the Proviso same taWd in the bi!l of cost ; and Provided, also, that where any witness shall Jiarge and levy more than is really due, such riiness shaii forfeit and pay to the par- ty injured, four times the amount so unjustly claimed. Sbc 42. Be it further enacted, That when any party shall have paid the accounts of his, her or theirwittness. Amount peid for attendance, previous to the determination of any suit, ,i cess by he may, if he succeed said slt, have the same tax- .urces'il par- ed in the Iill of costs against the unsuccessful party : i liblirfcst.d Provided, that no party cast in tny .uit, hall be taxed for more than the costs of two v. ILnsse-s to any material point in the c..u-e, nqid ihe' unsucge.f'il- prity may re- quire the court to cert i. ic' number ofwitnesses sworn Proviso. to each inateijal point inthe cause at the instance of his Sec. 43. Be ift ,ritr/R tO, d, That no officer, for any civil case, shall arre r .at6 minister of religion licensed ministerspri- accoruini to the r is'sect, while such minister veged from shall ie publicly pe' g, or p'r':,l'frli' religious wor- hie ,lip in any church ii house oirlthc-r pace of re- service.i ligious worship ; i.ncTJi'y officer ,o ~~iTnding and he- i:.:g thcreofconvicted, hall )e f:el ;ni; iini-risoned at the discretion ofthc coui t, t!ec fine in no case to receed one hulnirecl dihlArs, or thle imlprironueHit ten days, and (38) shall, moreover, be liable to the action of the party nm- rested. Civil process Sec. 44. Be it further enacted, That no person or not to be ex- persons, upon the first day of the week called Sunday, ecuted on Sunday. shall serve or execute, or cause to be served or executed, any writ, process or warrant, order, judgment or decree, except in criminal cases, or for a breach of the peace ; but the service of every such process, order, warrant, judgment or decree, shall be void to all intents and pur- poses whatsoever ; and the person or persons so serving or executing the same, shall be liable to the suit of the party angrieved, and to answer damages to hin for so Proviso i doing thereof, as if he or they had done the same with- cise ofbsocon- out any writ, process, warrant, order, judgment or de- dingdebtor. cree ; Provided, that if information shall be made by the oaths of two respectable persons to any justice ofthe peace or magistrate of any corporate town, that they have good reason to believe that any person liable to have any such process, warrant, order, judgment or de- cree served upon him, intends to withdraw himself and escape from this territory under cover of protection 'of the said first day of the week called Sunday, in thut case, it shall be lawful for any officer duly authorized, being furnished with a certificate of such information up- on oath as aforesaid, under the hand of tlejustice of the peace or magistrate as aforesaid, to serve or execute such process, warrant, order, judgment or decree on the said first day of the week called Sunday, which shall be as valid and effectually done to aHl legal intents and 1pur- poses, as if the same had been done on any other day of the week. set ofi, how See. 45. Be it further enacted, That in all actions to adwheid' to be which the defendant or defendants may intend to plead a set off, he siie or they shall at the time o' filing the pica, file therewith a true copy or copies of the subject matter of such set off. and upon the trial ofthe cause, iu case the jury shall find a balance for the defendant or defendants, such defendant or defendants nrll. claim : judgment for the same, and take out execution accord- in y. Sec. 4G. Bc il furi',cr enacted, That all dcht'- or d.; Subjects of set rnmalnis mtLutuaily existing between the parties at tiie coni- mlencmentt oft iie action, whether the same lie iiqtid,- ted or not, sihali le proper suleictt ,f set (2f awl Ianiy be p'cl d.:d acror< ii'.ngl-. (39) S'ec. 47. Be it further enacted, That all cnses brought -ithier to the Superior or County Courts of this Terri- Time oftrial 0.orv. shall island for trial at the term next succeeding: the causes. uiie to which they are made returnable, provided the pro- ;csses therein have been duly executed, and not before, x\celpt in such cases as judgments by default are herein authorised to be taken. Sec. 48. P' it further rnarted, That at the trial of all Peremptory causes brought to the superior or county courts, either cihallueges. party shall have the rihlit to'challenge peremptorily bour jurors,and as many more as he can shew good cause for. Sec. 49. Be it further enacted, Tiht the courts may direct the summoning ot'jurors de mediaatue ling'uae both Jrie.de me- in civil and criminal cases, and appoint interpreters when necessary who shall be sworn to interpret truly. Sec. .50. Be it further enacted, That the court may in its discretion give leave to a party to amend his declara- Deratin, tion or other pleading in a cause at any time before the & nhen a- case is submitted to the jury : Provided, that the party mendable. asking the priviledge shall be required to make his or her amendment instanter; and provided als6, that if the pro- posed amendment be in matter of substance and not of form, the other party shall have the right to claim a con- tinuance. Sec. 51. Be it further enacted, That all judgmentsnteret shall have interest, from the rendition thereof until paid, judgniets. at the rate of six per cent per annumn. Sec. 52. Be it further enacted, That no motion for a new trial, or in arrest of judgment, shall be made unless the party intending to make the same shall lite his rca- Motions for sons with the clerk in writing, and cause his motion to new trial&c. be placed upon the motion docket, within four days aftcr the verdict shall have been rendered, and during the same term. nor shall any motion for a new trial, or in arrest of judgment standing over from one term to ano- When asu- ther, operate as a supersedeas, unless so ordered by the persedeas. court. Sec. 53. Be it further enacted, That in no case shall a capias ad satisfaciendum be issued by the clerk upon judgment ofthe court, nor shall the body of any defend- No Cai Sa. allowed in any ant be subject to arrest or conticnement for the payment chil ause. of money, except it be for fines imposed by la;ful au- thority. (40) Sec. 54. Be i fur!her enacted, Tha:t un judgment, af- Jongment af- ter the verdict of a jury, or an award of a bitrator-, "-ter verdict shall be stayed or reversed for any defect or default in - when to be starved or re- the original writ, or 0or a variance between the writ aniid or misjoini)g of the issue, or'for any faulty count in a declaration, where the same declaration contains one count or more which is or are good, or for any informali- .ffeet o an ar- ty in entering up the judgment by the clerk; and when a rent orf11ag judliment is arrested, thoplaintiff shall not be conmelled to bring a new suit, provided the first writ or summons shall be sufficient, but the court may order new pleadings to c.Ioiiience, vhic(re i '. error causing the arrest began, and die ptrL cohmImitig it shall be liable to the costs occaio ned thereby.,,: Sec. 55.. Be itfurther tautIed, That all cases brought to a superior court upon wrTs of error, or to a superior 1i oa -fro or county court'by Certiorari, shull be tried upon the re- cord sent lup) from the court below; and ia all such cases it shall be the duty of tie plaintiff in error pr certiorari to assign hiscrrors, and file them with the cl'rh of the As.r"nlcent of court on or before the first day of the term, to which the errors. case is made returnable; and cvery case brought up as aforesaid, shall stand for trial at the term to which it is r neinrid. S M:. 56. Be it ffvrthir enacted, That no appeal nor Whien.,) oper- writ of error, nor certiorari shimll olpc tc, as a stnperse- W'e a super- deas until the costs of the first trial are paid, dait tie ap- isepe;l:t, or plaintitiin error or, ertiorari shail Lave gir- en bond and security for,the ~tceltlial costs and condem- natiuio money, but in all cases where the appellant shall succeed on the trial ofbis appeal, or the plaintiff in error or ce;rtiorari shall succeed in his cause, he shall recover back the costs paid as ifoireSfTd, to be.taxed in the bill with the other costs of t; e case. . Sec. 57. Be it further enacted, That all motie5l made one upon executions in this territory, shall be paid to the at- u, be paid tornme of the party, it w-hose favour execution si-ill the attorn, luave issued. And the reeei~t of said attorney shall idl- iy, and altogether release and acquit the oiicer so paying over the money as aforesaid, from all claims or dcn.a::;,' whatsoever which may be made upon him in right or try virtue of said execution. And in any cape wlhen ti(, name of more than ono attoracy sh-all appear upon the rec.o!;'d of tii court, thc)qoney slall be paid to lthe at- (41) ,orncv, who originally commenced the suit, or to him ;'ec. 58. Be it firtti'r ena( tl, That whenever security r,,,,i. is required by this ;ac to be taken, ani tile person taking :'"' t' 4ime is not acqtu.'inted with the situation of the se- '-:ritv tendered, it shali be his duty to require him or th1em to justify on oath, and such justification shall exon- :rate the person taking the security t'.iii all liability for any insufficiency in security. Sec. 59. Be it further enacted, Tliat it shall be the duty of the clerks of the several courts of record in thiL DutyvoClerkj territory resp;eetively, to keep all papers filpo in their re- i" keeping p.. .spect;ve offices with tile utmost care auu security, ar- pe. ranged iji h~i :lpo;in inte tiles, (endorsing upon each =the time when ,hie' -a Ii- 'ts filed) and all the pleadings in each cause shall be-attached together with tape or rib- band, and kept distinct from the- other papers in- fte case ; and papers of different kinds shall not'be mixed and folded up loosely toitether, but .each description of papers shall.be kept on file with other papers of tl4e sanle I. wv they 1v c;:ss, and no clw'k of ary:oftiie said courts, shail permit any attorney or other person to take papers once filed out of the office of said clerk without the leave of the court, Sec. GO. Be it further enacted, That the clerks of iLe erkso several courts of tnis territory siail keep regular and c. 'n.okeep. fair minutes of all the proceedings of said cou its, winch ni':uis iopro: -hali be signed by the judge before tLe adjournientl f -tit mg. Ihei term. The said clerks shall also keep a coininc;n law appearance docket, upon which sliall be enter cl ail the causes brought to each term, and a coiiiiConl law tri- al docket, upon which ishll be entered, all tile causes standing over for trial at each term, together with the names of the attorneys employed in each cause and the entries made by the court upon the appearance do, iet ; And doc -,. and a motion docket upon which slall be entered, by the attorney, all motions wflich are intended to be-subnAtted to the court, and whiehb'-dckets shall be cahied over at each term in their regular order. Sec. 61. Be it further enacted, That it shall also be the duty of said clerks to keep a sheriff report docket, shltries report upon which shall be entered all cases of illegality, and do"t"et. claims to Iroperty returned to c,:urt i3y :ie iu;it rsihal, sheriff or other officer ; and an execution tit i.tt, LtUl tiou indother w Ilhichil s llt bhe entered nll elecu'tionis isc.t leld -'i' I ., ; . (42) 'ind the return ;nti-ie thereon; also appeal and certiorari dockets, upon which shali be placed all appeals and cwr- tioraris returnable to said courts respectively: a1mi an! - quitydocket, upon wu-hich shall be entered all causes brought to said courts ih ile sittmn' as courts of ch;!i:.."" . and a subpacna docket, and a dccket fur criminal cases ; all of.vhich dockets shall be regularly kept, and sh;:l Le in court during every term thereof, while in session. Sec. 20. Be it ftrtllr rn/r'entd, That if any marshal .'~i:;alh.Cler or clerk of a superior, or sheriifor clerk of a county court, tyo imalprac- t their deputies, shall be guilty of extortion or other twice m ontice. ijal practice in the execution of his office, upon complaint made on oath to the attorney prosecuting for the territo- ry, it shall be the duty of such attorney to exhibit to the grand jury a bill of indictment against the person so offending, and if the said bill of indictment be found true. and upon the traverse the person so indicted be fou:d guilty, it shall be the duty of the court to impose a fiec upon him in treble the amount of his extortion, and re- move said sheriff, or clerk from office, and his couniin- sioi. shall from thenceforth be null and void. Sec. 63 Be it further enacted, "'1It in all actions ot Lce!i,. n q(uare clausum fregit hereafter to be brought, where the ,, .K' Tr- defendant or defendants shall disclaim, in his or ler ple:, p, -. nV -. any title or cluai: to the land in \w which the ti espass i sjup- uMn ttle W c' posed to be done by the declaration, and the trespass be by neI'ligence, or involuntary, the defendant or defend- trespass u vas by neg1'ligence or imoiiunt 0 r), ain a tended or other oflir of satlicient amends, fur such tresj)ass, be- fore tile action brought, whlereIIj on or upon soloe of them thel plainmiit' or plaintiis shall be coilnpelieI to join issue, and it' lie said issue be found for tlie defendant or defendants-, the plai tiff'or plaintiii; ::hall be noi -suited, and no suit shall ever be maintained ior the same. Sec. (.I. IR! i/t /flrlher enanre'I. Ti.;, in L ; a;, every 1L ,n )\al oi' sp 'Ci i 'e t a 'tils ( !of llill('o(i' I Llany < ;l' d"- nta : ri' -. havin- im i !diction thcircoi'; if tIh" l4I',C'Jnd!it tei b:li CnIv- "ca,:d- c na iit all remove Gut of the countiiiy V ,: lii ;u cti': w. conaneit;''t. aundl the anice shail Le certiith d : riti' or o!i r P i to; ', the roc(':- 0 ;,- it "'.', '!, Ai Sii of i;;\ic r m o n i i.'u ;! im i aS V"ih m or tlli- (43) to the sheriff or other proper officer of any county in this Terrritory. Sec. 65. iBLeit further enactd, Thaf hereafter, every Slandler, v ord charge of incest, fornication and dtaterysifade by any "actionble "" ..- qr ,-" 2. r7 SO. citizen of this.Territory against one of the- female sex, shall be placed upon the same rfeaig as other.'harges of a criminal nature, for which an action wiilf lie vcord- ing to the principlesof the common law ; andLthat all and every person or'persons, for whom an action woulR, lie, for the speaking of scandaloiis words, may have ald4 maintainan action of slsnder.foi trhe speaking of w6rtl 6ontainirgj~ charge of the commission of the offences a- fore anid, of gr of them, subject to the like principal), rTlll, a5 r iou-s as are observed in tier actionso'o la ;:,nlerous ivotsQ.' See. 66.' Ble it fi'cther enacted, Thtitif an a ction-at Plaiintifffi oiin 'aw, the plaintiff onit to tlakjpdrg,.aglintla tdefeni- to talkcAu,. djint or defefdnntitr, for failin- to pled, W hen by the fore- aut. going provisions he might so take jud gient, the defend- ant or 4.efet0lrit may at any time hi6fnoi a wrjt of en- pleas, the filing of which is not by this cti-imited to the sPlv lue: Crest term,'but where such ploa or ts' are filed, the term. plaintiff may waive his right 'of trial at that term, and h.tve a general continuance of t'fi cause. Sec. 67. Be itfurther enacted, That all powers of at- torney for confessing or suffering judgment to pass by rowers of;: defiult o' otlrerwi'e, and all general relcisec of error, t"rnev ti., cc Sfess udgnrc male or to be made Iy any. person or persons whatsoever, Ac. witlip this territory, before action brought, shall be and are hereby, declared to be absolutely null and void. Sec. G6. Be it further enacted, That if any court re- fuse to sign a bill of exceptions, when the same is Billorexcept tendered to them for that purpose, it shall be lawful for tions, the tlree'persons to sign the same, in the presence of the courtrefus : said judge, and also that the same was presented to the judge, and hle refused to sign it, which bill shall be as va- lid, and hawe the same force, as though it were signed by the judge of said court ; and the court shall permit the same to be filcd, and become a part of the recoird.-And if the Judge iefiues to let the same be filed as afores-aid, the court of appeals may, when such cause is brought be- fore them, by writ of crror or appeal, upon affidavit of of isuch refusal, admit such bill of exceptions as a part of the record. (44) Sec. G9. Be it further enacted, That in all actions Judgment on wlii.ch, shall be brought upon any bond or bonds, for pay- bonds. nreit of money, v.1herein tec plaiatiff!hall recover, judg- ment sh4ll be entered for the penalty of such bond, to be discharged by paynirit of the principal and interest due there,on, and the other costs of suit,, and execution shall isue thereon accordingly. Sec. 70. Be it further enacted, That every person de- Non-suit sirous.of suffering a non-suit on trial, shall be barred therefrom, unless he do so before the jury retire from the ar. - Sec. 71. Be it further enal'c'd, That in all cases the C'cstu party recovering the judgment shall recover also6, all his legal costs and charges, and shall ha~ e xcotrtlin &or the Parpe, provided this section shall not beoQnstrued to re- lat4 to exgcutors.- i administrators in cases wherein by ]lawheyare not Ird 1. to costs of suit. Sec. 7'2: .e irtiutier enacted, That.no person being convicted 6f p'erjury, although he be pardoned or punish- Vhoanot c' for the same, i;altbe a witness in atiy Quit, bill, ac- Vc a Aitness. lion, or indicncimct in any of the Courts of this Territo- Passed 21st"Ndivrycbr, 1828. PETER ALBA. President of the Legislative Council. THOSE. MUNROE, Clerk. .Approvid oremnber 23rd. 1828. WM. P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT Regulating the mode of suing out of writs of errol' and prosecuting appeals in the court of Appeals ofthe Territory of Florida. 3e it enacted tly the Governor and Legislative C(ouMli! ofthe Territo;r/q 'of For/ida, That ifa part i i eitlhr of Sr te Superior Courts of this Territory shall fee! aggrimved Appeal from thp, Superior by a final judgilent, sentence or decree mnide or pro- ou'rt. nounced by any or either ot' said court, it shall and may be lawfid for such Im'riv t the tlimt \wi:cl siiuch jiugd] enit. sentence or decree is rendered or pronounced, or within (45) ten lays days thereafter to obtain in cou.lt if the appeal be made in term time, or in the clerks office, ifit be made in vacation his,:h or their agpeal to the court of appeals authorised andenacted and create ;y the act of Con- gress, entitled "an act to antend IVrAt," entitled "an act for the establishment of the Ter"trijal" 13overnmentl of Florida, and for other purposes i' d an appeal duly ob- tainedshallin all cases operate a supersedes. Sec. 2. B&it further enacted, That it shall be the dn- Py apeal. ty of-tle sag~ Superior Courtsto reqtiire of the -party ap- bond. peulingk:i'4aintifft a bond.with one or more se.cmities in a sum sufficientto cover all the costs which have accru- ed or may agcrue, and if defendant, a bond with one or more sgojtiesh i a sum sufficient to cover the amount for which judgmient'has been given, decree being' render- Condition ed or a sentence pronounced together with all costs, con- ditionedt; that the appellant shall pay the cost ifplain- tiffor ifdefendant,tbe debt lthtinu or condemnation, and costs in cast the judgment sentence or decree of the Superior Cpurt stall be confined by the said court of ap- peals." cSc. 3. Be it further enacted, That if the said appeal Ien ,oi, be applied for in term time the aplpttion shall be made be appr ..' in open court and it shall (i so ittated by the clerk of fy;i .,hi'U said Superior Court, upon the recorl, and the appeal cle". bon( shall be approved of by thc judge; but if the ap- peal be applied for in vacation, the said appeal bond shall be approved of by the clerk and at least twenty five days notice of such appeal shall be given to the appellee before the term of the said court of appeals at which said appeal is to be tried. . Sec. 4. 1B it further enacted, That it shall be the duty AppelIan ti. of the party appellant to demand from the clerk a-trite o ,jroce',. copy of all proceedings in such cause in the said Superi- and to i;e ai or Court, and to file with the clerk of the court of A same in t peals, on or before the first day of the next succeeding peals. term thereof unless the said next succeeding term shall commence within thirty day~ after the obtaining of said appeal. and then the said appeal shall be entered as soon after the firstday of the next succeeding term thereafter of said Court of AppeJals, as will admit of twenty days Certificate notice thereof being given. and in either case, if tie said appI'e: party appellant faiil to file ti.' proceedings is a foresaid, it shall and may be l;h\ful for the adverse partv on pro- ducing a certificate from the clerk of the court below. that an appeal has been obtained,'and ti Jond given n. aforesaid, ton ove the said court of Appeals that the said appeal be annulled,'and fof tif.-said court of ap- peals there pon, unless satisfactory cause be immedi- ately shewn for su'h default, to order and adjudge that the same be annulled and made entirely.void, and upon the receipts of the said order-and judgment, certified by the clerk of the said clerk of the court below shall proceed to issue execution as well for the costs and damages which rMy have ac- trued in said court of Appeals, as for the debit'r dama- ges or condemnation, and costs for which a judgment, sentence or decree was originally pronounced. Sec. 5. Be itffurther enacted, That when "an appeal Duty of the shall have been duly filed with the clerk of the Court of Cmuir ofApr Appeals in manner aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the na,'5 in exam- Judges-of the said court to exaininethe record to reverse tig record &.c. Record or aCtirm, the judgment, sentence or decree of the Court below, to award a new trial in the Court below, or to give such judgment, sentence or decrFe as the Court be- low otught to have given, or as to them may appear ac- cording to law. Sec. 6 Be it..further enacted, That the said court of Appeals may upon the payment of the costs in the Coour orAp- equrt of Appeals, order the record- of the judgment, sen- ,I:; lil, CsLe tence or decree appealed from, with their decision and itio ,-. determination therceon,-in writing duly certified, to be re- mitted tothe said Superior Court, and the said decision and diitermination shall be duly carried into execution ,"~nd e' by tie officers of said Superior Courts or the said Court ofLappeals may itself award execution to carry into efiect its decision and determination. . Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That all writs of error Vrits of error, in the final judgment or decision of any of the Superior how. i-ucdaud Courts of this Territory, shall be tested in the name of tested. the presiding judge of said court of appeals, and shall issue on demand as a matterof right from the office of the clerk of the said court of Appeals, but no writ of er- ror shall operate as a supersedeas unless by a special or- Viw'e the der of said Court, or some judge thereof, made upon in- sFA)e Shall op- rate s s'ctin a copy of the record i-nd the plaintiff in error by p-:edas. himnsellf'und a resonsible person in his behalf, entering in tlie clerks oficc ofeither lhe court of Appeals, or the Sa:!n''ior Court into a bond in double the sum recovered iti tie court below, or double the amount of the costs if (47) the plaintiff below be the plaintiffin error, also with one .r more sufficient sureties to he approved oif thle jiige ., clerk of said court, conditioned for thedue proste't:ilon ' i be i:uit in error rand in case of the atifr!ru' iiice otf t Ie judgment, topuyi the defendant in error the condeiiua- tion and costs, whtn such order is made and security giv- en us aforesaid, the.said clerk shall endorse on such writ of error that it shall be a supersedeas and the said writ and an endorsement shall be obeyed as such, sus- pending all further proceeding in relation to said judg- ment, inand by the officers of the said Superior Court. Sec. :.'Be itfurther enacted, That the plaintiii'n r- Asignmennt ror shall file in the said court ofAppeals his assiguii-. t It e'ors to be of errors within three days after the return of the writ. Ifthis beomiited, except for good cause thereon, the raid writ of error shall on motion of the defendant in er- ror be non pressed, unless the said court siill allow fur- ther time. Sec. 9. Be it further ,'ti n,/,. That the said c!erk of the court of Appets~ shall at the time of issuing the said writ of error, also issue to the idefndant in error a; s e cir e- irone facias to hear errors which shall be i.ade returnaile cias rwiththe said writ ofei ror, and no judgment shallbe rendered by the said court ofAppeals, unlets it shaii ap- pear by the return ofthe proper otlicer upon the said scirefacias, that the same was served on the dcfenduat in errr r r if said defendant be a non resident, or be not Service. in the Territory, then upon his legally authorized uglent or his attorney in the court below, at-least twenty live days previous to the first day of the term of the said court of Appeals. ., Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, That all writs of Limitaion of error on judgments in cihii actions shall be sued cut and writs ofenor. taken within two years from the date of said judgments: Provided, that where any iYont, feme covert or person Proviso. non coitpos mentis shall be a party i jd et in any udg t rov civil action, two years shall bh allowed to such intent,. Le- nie covert or person non compos mentis after the respec- tive disabilities are removed in which to sue out his, her or their writ of eror on any judgment as aifreu:;id. Sec. 11. Be itfurlh r natctcd, That the said court of Crtf 0 Appeals shall have power to iss-ue wi its of an;damniaus, pai's. quo warranto, prohilitiol, a;lid t q:tfilai htabeas general superintcndirg coutro! cvt th!e 'pcericr coiurt4 (48) and the official acts ofthe officers of the Superior Court- an d i'tiie sheriff of the respective counties in this Ter- ritory, in serving process and notices, @hall have the same authenticity in the court of appeals as in their own courts respectively. To, r Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, Thtq-the said court of To m=>ke rules ....... or appeals shall have power, and it shall be its dutv to S wperri-r make all necessary rules for the regulation of the prac- C:ou''. tice of the Superior and County Courts, as yell as for the s;ihi court ofappeals, which said rulesso pade, shall be suibmiitted to the Lezislative Council at tht session there- of next after the making of such rules, and the said rules if approved of by the Legislative Council, shall after such approval, have the force effect and authority of laws. Passed 6th November, 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council TIIO;. 3IL IAROE, Cierk. Approved Aovembcr 121h, 1,28. WM. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT. Relating to Crimes and Mlisdenmanors. Be if ci(aacrl bI' lthe Gorernor alid Lrgisla/ire Council Crime or mis- f f the Tcrritory/ of Florida, That a Crime or lM isdemean demeanor. or shall he ldee(-iid to consist in a violation of a puillic law, in the commission ofCh.ih there shall be an union orjoint operation ofact and intention, or criminal ne- gligence, the intention being manifested by the circum- st;ices connected, with the perpetration of the orltene, and the sound mind and digretion of the person accus- ed. See. 2. Be it furlther enacted, That a person shall bo Sound mind. co!l.iicire. ofsouird mind, who is-neither an idiot, a lI- natic or electedd Iy insanity, or who hath arrived to the age o ibtiiteii yearns, or before that age, if such person know the disiiiction between good and evil. bc.e. :t. ;c i! f;irth ci e:cted, That neither an id-iot ILom". Juinaic-:, r I ch iii' iiier -:r. 'e of niinie ye.'tr sh.ll be foiiid , inc.qpaiie 't'ii v' olfnii criiiQ v.-ii ii viwich lie o(r she 1 t:I io ch(ii ed, noi crime.t or lnor d:: ll at f ti c of p(,I-ol i,1snleL without lucid ilter-- (49) nals be found guilty, if the act charged as criminal shall have been committed in the condition of such such luna- cy or insanity. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That any person coun- Advising in- selling, advising or encouraging an infant under the age rant to commit of nine years, lunatic or idiot to commit an offence, a me. shall be prosecuted for such offence when committed as principal, and if found guilty suffer the same punish- ment as if he or she had been the perpetrator. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That a feme covert or married woman acting under the threats, command or acting uder coercion of her husband shall not be found guilty of any the coercion of crime or misdemeanor not punished by death, but the husband. husband shall be prosecuted as principal and receive the same punishment which otherwise would have been in- flicted on the wife, if she had been found guilty: Provi- ded, it shall appear from all the facts and circumstan- stances of the case, that violent threats, commands and coercion were used. Sec. 6 Be it further exacted, That drunkenness shall Drunkenness. not be an excuse for any crime or misdemeanor, unless such drunkenness was occasioned by the fraud, artifice or contrivance of other person or persons for the purpose of having a crime perpetrated, and then the person or per- sons so causing such drunkenness for such malignant purpose shall be considered a principal or principals, and suffer the same punishment as would have been inflicted on the person or persons committing the offence, if he, she or they had been possessed of sound reason and dis- cretion. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted,, That no person shall be found guilty of any crime or misdemeanor committed by accident. misfortune or accident, and where it satisfactorily ap- pears, that there was no evil design or intention, or cul- pable neglect, and no person committing a crime or mis- demeanor under threats or'menaces, which sufficiently Threatsor shew that his or her life or member was in danger, or menaces. that he or she had reasonable cause to believe, and did actually believe, that his or her life or member was in danger, shall be found guilty, and such threats and me- naces being proved and established, the person or per- sons compelling by said threats and menaces, the com- mission of the offence shall be considered a principal or principals, and suffer the same punishment as if he, she or they had perpetrated the offence. (50) Sec. R. Be it further enacted, That a slave commni- Slave acting ting a crime, (wh'ih if committed by a free white per- undercoercion son would not be punishable by this act with death) by Owner to be e ththreats, command or co ercoeu cf his or her owner or punished. any person exercising or assuming authority over such slave shall not be found guilty, and it appearing from all the facts and circumstances of the case that the crime was committed by the threats, commands and coercion of the owner or the person exercising or assuming au- thority over such-slave, he or she, the said owner or the person shall be prosecuted for, and if found guilty of the crime, shall suffer the same punishment, as he cr she, the said owner or other person would have incurred, if he or she or otler person had actually committed the of- fence with which the same is charged. Sec. 9. eB it flurlh'r enacted, That an accessary shall Accessary. be deemed to be a person who stands by, aids and assists, or who ;not being preset aiding, abetting or assisting, hath advised and encouraged the perpetration of a crime, or the person who after full knowledge that the crime has been committed, conceals it from the magistrate, and harbours and protects the person charged with or found guilty of the same. Sec. 10. Ee it further enacted, That if any person or Exciting an persons shall excite an Insurection, or revolt of slaves, or isurrecion of shall attempt by writing, speaking or otherwise to excite an insurrection or revolt of slaves, he, she or they so of- fending, shall on conviction thereof suffer death, and every accessary thereof, shall pay a fine not ex- ceeding one thousand dollar, be imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year and whipped not exceeding thir- ty nine strip eS. Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That murder shall be Murder. deemed the unlawful killing of a human being, in the peace of the Territory, with malice a fore-thought, ei- ther express or implied, the punishment of murder shall be death. Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, That manslauzihtei Man-slaughteri shalll 1e deemed to be the killingg of a human creaturc, without malice express or implied, and without any mix- tntre of dehil'eration whatever, it must be voluntary upon a suhdtdin heat of p!assioln, or involuntary in the coiiii-- oi]un~ r in of' fan unlawvfi l act or a lawful act without due cau- ii ;i or circ1LinspTcCtion. In ail cases of violutary nian- s't lllhtc', there inust be sor:e actual assault upon tlh jil) person killing, or an attempt by the person killed, to commit a serious personal injury on the person killing: provocation by words, threats, menaces or contemptuous gestures, shall be in no case sufficient to tree the person killing, from the guilt and crime of murder ; The kil- ling must be the result of that sudden violent impulse of passion, supposed to be irresistablc, for if there should appear to have been an interval between the assault or provocation given and the homicide, sufficient for the voice of reason and humanity to be heard, the killing shall be attributed to deliberate revenge and punished us murder; voluntary man-slaughter shall be punished by a How punished line not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes and imprisonment not exceeding twelve months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, That involuntary man- Inv1ountary slaughter shaal be deemed to consist in the killing of a n"an"-iaughet" human being without an intention to do so but in the commission of an unlawful act, or a lawful act, which probably might produce such a consequence, in an un- lawful manner: Provided always, that where such invol- untary killing shall happen in the commission of an un- l;wful act, which in its consequences not usually tends to destroy the life of a human being, or is committed in the prosecution of a felonious or riotous intent, the of- fence shall be deemed and adjudged as murder ; Invol- untary man-slaughter in the commission of an unlawful Howpunished act, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding eight hun- diecd dollars, or by whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, at tile discretion of the court. Involuntary man-slaughter in the commission or performance of a lawful act where there has not been observed necessary discretion and caution, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding four hundred dollars, or by whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment not exceeding six months at the discretion of the court. Sec. 14. Be itfurther enacted, That justifiable hom- icide shall be deemed to consist in killing a human heing Justifiable in self defence, or in defence of habitation, property or person against one who manifestly intends or endeavours by violence or surpriseto commit a known felony, such as murder, rape, robbery, burglary and the like, upon ei- ther or against any person, .who manifestly intends or endeavours in a riotous and tumultuous manner, to enter (52) the habitation of another for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person dwelling or being therein: Provided, that a bare fear of any of those offences, to prevent which, the homicide is alleged to have been committed, shall not be sufficient to justify the killing; it must appear that the circumstances were sufficient to excite the fears of n reasonable man, and that the party killing really acted under the influence of those fears, and not in the spirit of revenge. Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, That if any person invades, or trespasses on the property or habitation of Killing tres- another not with an intention to commit felony, the kil- passer, when ling shall be murder, man-slaughter, or justifiable homi- Justifiable. cide, according to the circumstances of the case, and if any person in his defence kill another, it must appear that the danger was so urgent and pressing that in order to save his own life, the killing hlie other was absolutely necessary, and it must appear also, that the person kil- led was the assailant, or that the slayer had really, and in good faith endeavoured to decline any further struggle before the mortal blow was given, and in no case shall a person be justified for the killing of another under the pretence of necessity, unless he were wlolly without fault imputable by law, in bringing that necessity upon himself. Sec. 16. Be it further enacted, That the killing of a Killing slave slave in the act of revolt, shall be deemed justifiable in theactof homicide, and in cases wherein by persuasion, remon-- revolt. stance or other gentle measures used, a forcible attack and invasion on the property or habitation of another cannot be prevented, it shall be justifiable homicide to kill the person so forcibly attacking and invading the Killing inne- property or habitation of another; but it must appear cessar protec- tion ofhouse. that such killing was absolutely necessary to prevent such attack and invasion, and that a serious injury was intended or might accrue to the person, property or fim- ily of the person killing, and all other instances whihL stand upon the same footing of reason and justice as those enumerated, shall be juititiiable homicide, and the homicide appearing to be so justifiable, the person indicted shall, upon his trial be fully acquitted and dis- charged. Sec. 17. Be it further enact:d, Tlit if any person shall be charged with voluntary or involuntary man- slaughter, it shall be lawful for the attorney or solicitor (53) prosecuting, to charge the felony and misdemeanor in the same indictment, and thejuiry by whom tle said per- son shall be tried may find said person guilty of either charge. Sec. 18. Be it further enacted, That mayhem shall be a;yhem deemed to consist, in unlawfully depriving a human be- ing of a member of his body, or disfiguring or rendering it useless, and if any person shall unlawfully cut or disa- ble the tongue, pull out a tooth, put out an eye, slit the nose, ear, or lip or cut off, or disfigure any other limb, or member of another, with an intention in so doing to nmai or disfigure such person, X whether in the act of figzlitin. or otherwise, the person so offending shall be deemed guilty of mayhem, and on a conviction thereof, shall suffer a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or How punished whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes or imprison- ment not exceeding six months at the discretion of the court. Sec. 19. Bc it further enacted, That rape shall be Rape. deemed to consist, in the carnal knowledge of a female How punished forcibly, and against her will, and the offender shall on conviction be punished with death. An assault with in- Assault with tent to commit a rape, shall be punished by a fine not ex- intent tocom- mit a rape. cceding one thousand dollars, or whipping not exceeding Punisment. thirty nine stripes, and standing on a pillory one hour at the discretion of-the court. Sec 20. Be it further enacted, That an assault shall Assault. be deemed to consist, in an attempt to commit a violent injury on the person of another ; a bare assault shall How punished be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dol- lars at the discretion of the jury; an assault with in- tent to murder, by shooting or stabbing, or using any intettomur weapon likely to produce death, shall be punished by a. der. fine not-exceeding one thousand dollars, at the discre- tion of the jury; all other assaults upon, or attempts a- How punised against persons, not mentioned or enumerated in this Other assaults. code, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hun- dred dollars at the discretion of the jury. Sec. 21. Be it further enacted, That battery shall Battery be deemed to consist, in a person unlawfully beating an- other, and any person thereof convicted shall be punish- Iowpunished od by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, at the discretion of the jury. Sec. 22. Be it further enacted, That false imprison- jneut shall be deemed to consist, in the violation of the aonmntpris (54) personal iiberiy of a free person, Pnd any person being convicted ofarresting, confining o;' de'aenii)g, iny other free person, without having some process, warrant or legal authority to jilutify such arrest, confinement or de- Ilow punislIcd tention, shall be piuisihed with a fine not excceding one thousand dollars ;it the discretion of the jury. Sec. 23. Be it further enacted, That arson shall be deemed, to be malicious burning of the dwelling house Arson or outhouse of ano her, and any person being Convicted of wilfully and maliciously burning or setting ii;e to, or In a ci-r how attempting to burn a house in a city. town or vil!Lge, punialed. shall be punished with death ; and any person b!ei:ig con- victed of wilfully and maliciously setting firt; to, ( at- tempting to burn, any house or out hoise, in any other Not inaciy, place than in a city, town or village, shall be punished how pnisd by a fine not exceeding five hundred dolbUnr and whip- ping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, at the discretion which produ- f the Court : and arson committed Ce:sCw h3re tiani in a ces death, city, town or village, which produces the death of any person, shall be punished with death h. Sec 24. Be if further ciacctd, That burglary shall be deemed to be the entering with intent to commit a Burglary. felony, into a dwelling or mansion house, or into any out house contiguous to, rnd within the curtilege or pro- fcction of the same, or into a hired room or apartment in a public tavern, inn, or boarding house, and any per- flow punished son convicted thereof shall be punished by standing on the pillory for one hour, and a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars or whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, at the discretion of the court. , Sec. 25. le it further enacted, That robbery shall be Robbery. deemed to consist, in feloniously and violently taking of money, goods or other property from the person of ano- ther, by force or intimidation, and any person being thereof convicted shall be punished by a fine not excecd- IIowpunished ing five hundred dollars, and whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 26. Be ip further enacted, That larceny shall be deemed to consist, in feloniously taking and carrying a- Larceny. wav, or stealing the property of another, or the neans or muniments, wvherchv the right and title to property may be ascertained; and ,ny person convicted of steal- IHorse stealing inZ a horse or other ani.a:;l, whose feet are not cloven, Punishment sh l "ay a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and be whipped not cxcecding thirty uine -crips, at the di'- (55) Sretion of the court ; and the indictment for such offence shall charge horse stealing, and shall designate the sex olr other !escripton of the animal, whereby its identity Cow stealing. may be ascertained : any person convicted of stealing a cow or other horned animal, having its hoofs cloven,. ex- cept hogs, shall pay a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars, and be whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes, PunisLment. at the discretion of the court, and the indictment for such offence shall charge cattle stealing, and shall con- tain such description of the animal stolen as shalli- dentify it to thc owner or owners thereof: any person Hogstealing. convicted of stealing a hog or hogs, or any other domes- tid animal or animals, creature or creatures, shall pay a fine not exceeding twenty dollars or he whipped not ex- ceedinPthirty nine stripes, or be imprisoned not exceed- Punishment. in; two months, at the discretion of the court. If any person shall alter or change, the mark or brand of any Alteringmarks animal, with an intent to claim the same, or to prevent or brands &c. identification by the true owner or owners thereof, the Punishment. person so offending shall suffer the same punishment, the court exercise the same discretion as is inflicted and given, for the theft of such animal. Sec. 27. Be it further enacted, That if any person Stealing mnn. shall be convicted of stealing ny paper or papers, deeds imets of title or other writings, relating to real or personal estate, with &c. an intention to impair, prevent or render difficult the Cancelling or establishment of t title to real or personal estate, or mu- burning &o tilate, cancel burn or otherwise destroy said papers, docu- the same. ments, deeds or writings with the same intention, such person shall be deemed guilty of larceny, and shall suf- fer, by being fined in a sum not exceeding two thousand dollars, and imprisonment for a time not exceeding six Punishment months; and if any person shall be convicted of steal- ing any bond or bonds, note or notes, Bill or Bills of Ex- Stealingbonds change, bank note or bank notes, or a note or notes issu- ed by any corporation, or other paper or papers securing the payment of money, or other thing,-or any legal me- dium of exchange, or-ifa receipt or receipts, or any pa- Howpunished per or papers, operating as a discharge for the payment of mohey, or other thing, such offender shall be punish- ed in the same manner as he would have been, if h had stolen the money or other thing or things, which the t Stealing a said documents or any of them s. stolen, were meant to slave. secure; any person being committed of stealing a slave or of enticing or of giving a pass, or of using any other (56) means of inducement to any slave to runaway, or of aid- )-aaishment, il ', assisting or abetting aly save to runaN\\ o-r Cther- wise causing a loss of labour of such slave to his or her owner or owners shall be fined ani punished not exceed- ing one thousand dollars, and imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, for each and every slave, at tile discretion of the court. Sec. 28. Be it further enacted, That if any person Larceny from shall be convicted of entering or breaking any house, the house, other than a dwelling honse, or its appurtenances, with an intent to steal, or after entering or breaking said house, stealing therefrom any money, goods, chattels, wares, merchandize or any other thing or things of value what- ever, such offender shall be punished by a fine not ex- ceeding five hundred dollars, or whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprisoned not exceeding six Puni ,nent. months, at the discretion of the court: and any person convicted of entering or breaking, a house or building, as before described with intent to steal, but who is de- tected and prevented from so doing, shall be punished by a whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, or im- prisonment not exceeding four months, at the discre- tion of the court. Sec. 29. Be it further enacted, That if any servant, Pubiic officers officer or person employed in any public department of or servants, destroying or this Territory, or any county thereof, or in any office of SI.-, a corporate body shall embezzle, steal, secrete or frau- n I dulently take and carry away, or burn, tear or destroy any money, goods, chattels, effects, bond or bonds, note or notes, or any other security for the payment of money of whatever description it may be, being the property of the Territory, county or corporate body, such offender shall on conviction be punished by a fine not exceeding uniment. one thousand dollars, or thirty nine stripes, or imprison- Other thefts. Inmet not exceeding twelve months, at the discretion of the court : and any person convicted of the theft of any other thin or things; not herein specified, shall be fined and punished not exceeding five hundred dollars, or Hownunihed thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court. -;,c. 30. Be it furlicbr enacted, That if any person shall know ingrl, maliciously or fraudulently cut, fell, al- .\Alteringand ter, or remove, any certain boundary tree, or other allo - mar.s ed land mark, to the wroun ofilis neighbour, or any oth(r person he or she shall, on conviction be punished by a iue not exceeding five hundred dollars, or thirty nine Howpunitshe stripes, or imprisonment not exceeding six months, at the discretion ofthe court. Sec. 31. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall falsely make, forge, alter or counterfeit, or willing- Counterfeiting lv act or assist, in falsely making, forging or counter- reasurycer citing any order or warrant, issued or purporting to have been issued, by the Governor, or by any officer of the government or authorised person, on the Treasury of this Territory, for any money or other thing, or any certificate, draft, warrant or order from any of the pub- lic officers of this Territory, issued or purporting to have been issued, under or by virtue of any act or resolution of the Legislative Council, or any certificate, draft, or- der or warrant issued, or purporting to have been issu- ed, by any court, officer or person authorised to draw on the Treasury of this Territory, or for public money Oranydeed wherever the same may be deposited, or any deed, will, boad &c. testament, bond, writing obligatory, bills of exchange, promissory note, or order for money, or goods or acouit- tance or receipt or indorsment, or assignment of any bond, writing obligatory, bill of exchange, promissory note or order for money or goods, with intent to defraud the said Territory, public officer or officers, courts or any persons authorised, or any person or persons what- ever; or shall utter or publish as true, any false, forged, Orshall uter true, such altered, counterfeited audited certificate, Governor's or counerfeit other public officer' s, court's or person's duly authorised certificate &c: certificate, drafts, warrant or order so as aforesaid issu- ed, or purporting to have been issued, or any deed, will, testament, bond, writing obligatory, bill of exchange, promissory note, or order for money, or goods or acquit- tance and receipt for money, or goods or any endorse- ment or assignment of any bond, writing obligatory, bill of' exchange, promissory note, or order for money or goods, with intent to defraud this Territory, or the pub- lic officers, Court or persons authorised, or any person or persons whatsoever, knowing the same to be so false- ly made, forged, altered or counterfeited, every such per- son or person so offending, and being convicted thereof, Howpuuished shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or imprisonment not exceeding twelve months, and stripes not exceeding thirty nine, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 32. Be it further enacted, That if any person (58) shnll f-lsely or fraudulently make, forge or counterfeit, Porgins or or e co.!:erned in tile false, fraudulent making, forging ioouI:e:-.eimn :., ccumrifeitin- of any gold, silver or copper coin, '. .. :,now is, or shua be nassins, or in circulation with- Ors.n ts:ier In this Territory, or shall false!v and fraudulently make, said coin. or be concerned in the false and fraudulent making, of any base coin, of the !ikeness or similitude of any gold, silver ;r coijper coin, which now is or shall be passing, or in :irculation within this Territory, or shall falsely and frauduieiitly utter, publish, pay or tender in payment, any such counterfeit and base coin ofgold, silver or cop- per, or any base coin, knowing the same to be forged and Or aid abet counterfeited, or base; or shall aid or abet, counsel or com- &c. mand, the perpetration of either of the said crimes, such person shall, on conviction, be punished by exposure on owpunihed a pillory four hours and a fine of one thousand dollars; or whipping" not exceeding thirty nine stripes and imprison- ment not exceeding twelve months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 33. Be it further enacted, That if any person Co ..nt shn:l] falsely and fraudulently make, sign or print; or be bank notes. concerned in the false and fraudulent making, signing or printing, any counterfeit note or bill of a Bank of this Territory, or bill of any incorporated bank, whose notes or bills are in circulation in this Territory, or falsely and Or causing it fraudulently cause, or procure the same to be done, such tobe done. person on conviction, shall be punished by exposure on a pillory for three hours, and a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or whipping L.ot exceeding thirty nine Howpunished stripes, and imprisonment not exceeding twelve months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 34. Be it farther enacted, That if any person shall falsely and fraudulently make, sign or print, or be Counterfeiting concerned in the false and fraudulent making, signing or draftson bnks printing of any check or draft, upon any bank of the Orcausing it Territory, or bank as aforesaid, or falsely or fraudulent- tobedone. ly cause, or procure the same to be done, such per- son on conviction shall suffer tie same punishment, Iow uunsheld as is mentioned for the crime in the preceding sec- tion. Alterin. en- Sec. 35. Bc it further enacted, That if any person ume banak shall fals ei and trauduleltly aiter, or be concerned i1i nites, ,. the fial.t i, nd fr:.udulent alteration. of aly genuine note, bill, check, or drafi n ais ulrcai;u, or dil-siy and fraudu- lently cause or procure thi same to be done, the person ske (k59) irfendina shall suffer the same punishment as is nreutri- I')w pnnisheii ied for tne crime of falselyv ind friu.iulently making, signingg and printing any bank hil'ori note. Sec. 36. Be it further enacrtid, That if any person hall falsely and fraudulently pass, pay or tender in pay- -soing con. ment, utter, or publish, any false, forged, counterfeit or &c. altered Bank Note or notes, or bill of any incorporated or company, or any note, bill, check, or draft as afore- -'nid, knowing the same to have been falsely, and fraud- ulently forged, counterfeited or altered, the person so Ilowpunished4 offending, shall upon conviction, be pmiisled by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or whipping not ex- ceeeing thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment not exceed- ing twelve months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 37. Be it further enacted, That if any person Having sueh shall have in his or her possession any such false, forged, oibrad notes i counterfeit or altered note, or notes, bill or bills, draft or n-'s - drafts, check or checks, with intention, fraudulently to leut intent. pass the same, such person or persons, on conviction, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes, and How punished imprisonment not exceeding six months at the discretion of the court. Sec. 38. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall have in his or her possession, any bank paper, types, session tpes, plates or machinery, for the purpose of falsely or fraud- machineryv& ulently forging and counterfeiting, any notes bills, checks with flra"da- or drafts as aforesaid, the person so offending, shall be lent intent. punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, Itow punished or whipping not exceeding thirty-nine stripes, or impris- onment not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 39. Be it further enacted, That if any person Counterfeiting shall falsely and fraudulently make, forge, counterfeit or noiej, draft alter, any note, bill, draft or check of, or on any person, duals "di body corporate, company or mercantile firm or house, or purporting to be so, or fraudulently and falsely utter, publish, pass, pay or tender the same in payment, or de- mand payment of the same, knowing the said bill, note, draft or check, to be forged and counterfeit, or falsely and fraudulently altered, such person so offending, shall How punished be punished by exposure two hours on a pilory, and a fine not exceeding seven hundred dollars, or whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment not (60) exceeding twelve months, at the discretion of tht C illrt. Sec. 40. Be if further enacted, That if any person Forging other shall fraudulently make, sign or alter, or be concerned in Writings, the fraudulent making, signing or altering any other writing, with intent to defraud any person or persons, or body corporate; or shall fraudulently cause or procure the same to be done, the person or persons so offending, Howpunished shall on conviction, be punished by exposure two hours on the pillory, and a tine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripe, or imprisonment not exceeding six months, at the the dis- cretion of the court. Sec. 41. Be it further enacted, That if any person Counterfeiting shall falsely and fraudulently forge or counterfeit, or theseal ol" the Territory. falsely be concerned in the forging, and counterfeiting the great seal of this Territory, or any seal used for the Government purposcv, the public and common seal of any court, office, county, or corporation, or any other Or causing it seal authorized by law; or, shall falsely and fraudulent- tobe done. ly cause, or procure the same to be forged and counter- feited; or shall falsely and fraudulently, and knowingly impress, or cause to be impressed, any instrument what- ever, whether the same be written or printed, or partly written and printed, or partly written and partly printed with such forged and counterfeit seal; or shall talsely, fraudulently and knowingly annex, or affix, or cause to be annexed or affixed, to any such instrument, such for- ged and counterfeit seal, or, shall falsely and fraudulent- ly utter, or publish any instrument, or writing whatever, impressed with such forged and counterfeit seal, know- ing the same to be forged and counterfeit, the person offending shall be punished, by exposure two hours on IIowpunished the pillory, and a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding six months, or whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 42. Be it further enacted, That any person who shall draw or make a bill of exeha~lie, or promissory Dexchare &e note, or indorse or accept of the same in a fictitious In 'ictitous name, shall be guilty of forgery, and on conviction, b(: name. punished by exposure in the pillory two hours, and a tine w p d not exceeding five hundred dollkos, or imprisonment ino owpuned exceeding s-ix month:', or w hippi. ct exceeding thirt' nine stripes, at the discretion of tlu court. :See. 43. Be it farther ennaeld, That if any person shall ,ut il. own name to any instrilnment, representing False repre; hlimnsii to oe a different person of that name, such per- 'senta"ton. 0on s;Iali be zalilt of forgery ; ani it' any person sail desit-nediy, by colour of any counterfeit letter or writing, made in any other persons name or ti iitious name, ob- tain from any person, money, goods, chattels or other valuable thing, with intent to defraud any person, mer- cantile house, or body corporate of the same, the person so offending as specified in this section, shall be punish- How punisheii ed, by exposure on a pillory two hours, and a line not exceeding five hundred dollars, or wliipping not exceed- ing thirty line stripes, and imprisonment not exceeding twelve months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 44. Be it further enacted, That if any person Purjury. shall wilfully and corruptly, commit perjury, or shall by any means procure, or suborn any person to commit Subornation a wiliul and corrupt perjury, on his or her oath or alfirmia- pjury. tion, legally administered, in any judicial proceeding, matter or cause, which may be depending in any of the courts of this Territory, or before any Judge, Justice, Mayor, Alderman or other magistrate, or before any Notary public, Arbitrator or Clerk, or in any deposition, or affidavit taken for any purpose whatever, or in any deposition taken pursuant to the laws of this Territory, or of the rules, orders and directions, ofany court, judge or arbitration, or if any person in taking any other oath or affirmation required by law, shall be guilty of wilfully and corruptly making t false oath or affirmation; or if any person shall procure or suborn any person, to make any such false oath or affirmation, every person so of- fending shall on conviction, be punished by exposure on How punisiled the pillory two hours, and a fine not exceeding five hun- dred dollars, or whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes, and imprisoned not exceding twelve months, at the dis- cretion of the court. Sec 45. Be il further enacted, That if any person, by wilful and corrupt perjury, shall cause the life of another crinaase. to be taken away, or by such wilful and corrupt pceijury, convict anot'- r of any offence, which by law is or may be punishable, such person shall on conviction be pun- ished with the same infliction or punishment, which shall How pnnish.d or might have resulted to such other person, from sdch perjury. Sec. 46. Be it further enacted, That if any person (6'2) Bribin. Legit- shall, directly or indirectly; give or offer to give, any me- oaiv, Jcdicial ney, goods or other bribe, present or reward, or give. or ,i c.i c make any promise, contract or agreement for the pay- ment, delivery or alienation of any money, goods or other bribe, or use any promise, threats, persuasions, or oth- er like sinister or unfairorfraudulent practices, in order to obtain or influence the opinion,judgment, decree or behaviour, of any member of the Legislative Council, or any officer of the Territory, judge, juror, justice, referee or arbitrators, in any discussion, debate, action, suit, complaint, indictment, controversy, matter or cause de- pending, or which shall depend, before him or them, such person shall on conviction, be punished by a fine t1w punisie not exceeding one thousand dollars, or whipping not cexceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment not ex- ceeding twelve months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 47. Be it farther enac ed, That if any judge, jus- alteing record twice, Mayor, Alderman, Clerk, Sheriff, Coroner, or other &c. public officer, or any person whatever, shall steal, em- bezzle, alter, corruptly withdraw, falsify, or avoid any record, process, charter, gift, grant, conveyance, or con- tract, or shall knowingly and willingly, take off, dis- charge, or conceal, any issue, forfeited recognizance, or other forfeiture, or shall forge, deface, or falsify any document, or instrument recorded, or any registry, ac- knowledgment or certificate, or shall alter, deface or falsify any minutes, document book, or any proceeding whatever, of, or belonging to any public office within this Territory, or if any person shall cause, or procure any of the offences aforesaid to be committed, or be, in any wise concerned therein, the person so offending, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand Howpunished dollars, or whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment not exceeding twelve months, at the dis- cretion of the court. Sec. 46. Be it further enacted, That if any jailor, by Duress any too great a duress of imprisonment, or other cruel treat- crjuet by ment, make or induce a prisoner to accuse and give evi- dence arainist some other person; or be guilty of wilful inhumanity or oppression, to any prisoner under his care and custody, such jailor shall be punished by remo- How unishcd val from office, and six months imprisonment, and by a S tine not exce'eing three hun ired dollars, at the discre- tion oft' i' couiT. Soc. 49. Bi i further enacth:d, That if any officer aftec (638) The expiration of time for which he may have been ap- pointed or elected, shall willfully and unlawfully, with- offer with hold or detain from his successor, the records, papers, loldinagdocu- documents or other writings appertaining and belonging m"ent's&c. to his office, or mutilate, destroy, take away or otherwise prevent the complete possession by his said successor of said records, documents, papers or other writings, such person sooffending, shall be punished by a fine or by im- Howpunisher prisonment, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 50. Be it further enacted, That if any person r:lselv ac- shall acknowledge, or procure to be acknowledged, in knowledging any the Courts of this Territory, any recognisance, bail bail. or judgment, in the name of any other person not privy or consenting thereto, such person on conviction, shall be How punished punished by a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars at the discretion of the court. Sec. 51. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall knowingly and willfully resist or oppose any sheriff, Resitingleg1l coroner, or other officer of this Territory, or other per- son duly authorised, in serving or attempting to serve or execute, any lawful process or .order of any court, Judge, Justice or arbitrator, or any other legal process whatever; or shall assault or beat any Sheriff, Coroner, Constable or other otlicer, or person duly authorised, in serving or executing any proce l& order aforesaid, or having served or executed the : W, every person so of- How punished fending, shall on conviction he punished by a fine not ex- ceeding three hundred dollars, at the discretion of the Proviso, as- court: Provided, that any officer whatever that may or sault by officer shall assault, or beat any individual, under colour of his undercolor. commission, without a lawful necessity to do so, shall on conviction, be fined not exceeding three hundred dollars at the discretion of the court. Sec. 52. Be it further enacted, That if any person or persons, shall rescue another in legal custody on crimi- Reseues'ro perons criminal pro. nal process, such person shall receive the same punish- ces.si pr ment as the person rescued would, on conviction be sen- tenced to receive, and if the person so rescued shall not have been tried, or shall have been acquitted, it shall be lawful to charge the person rescuing as for a misdemea- nor, and upon conviction, such person shall be punished How punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars at the discretion of the court. Sec. 53. Be it further enacted, That if any person Aiding prison er in jail to es- zhall aid or assist a prisoner lawfully committed, or de- icape (634) tainted in Jail for nny offence against this Territory, or who sinahi e luiwftuly confined by any civil process, to make his or her csc pe frolmn jail, although io escape he ac- tually made, or if any person shaii convey or cause to be ow p d delivered to such pri-oner, ann lisguisc, instrument or llow pu:;ishea- inme.i-u, or an! s proper to facilitate the cscu pe of such prisoner, any such person although no escape, or attempt to escape e be actuiily made, shall on conviction, be pun- ished by a fine not exceeding four hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court. In custody of (See. 54. B' it further enacted, That if any person oilicer, shall aid or assist any prisoner to attempt to escape from the custody of any sheriff, constable, officer or oth- er person, whIo shall have the lawful charge of such prisoner, every person so ofiinding, shall be fined in a How punished sum not e(c:ce(diniig four hundred dollars, at the discretion of tie conut. Sec.. 1. B it fi:rlir enacted, That if any person Escape from confined in Jail sla .-caie t hercfromn. and be thereafter ja. taken, such person siaih hie indicted for an escape, and being convicted, siJc di be fiined not exceeding one hun- How punished (lred dollar-, or winji!e:l not exceeding twenty stripes, at the discretion of the court. See. 56 Be it fituri'rr eiaclcd, That if any Marshal, Officer permit deputy Miarshal, She ir- otr her otiiccr, or person emi- ting an escape ployed, havi ng any osecr guilty, or accused of, or con- fined for any crime, in his cu-tody, shall voluntarily per- mit such offender to escape, or gret at large, every such sleriff or otiir oliic.r or person so employed, so offend- How punished inif, shall on conviction be disiised fromi office, and shall be fined not exceeiing three hundieJ dollars at the dis- cretion of the court. Sec. 57. Be il fiirther enacted, That if any Marshal, Officer rein- deputy Marshal, Sheriif, Coroner, Jailer or other officer, otiender. shall wiillftly refuse to receive any offender charged with, or guilty of any indctable offence, or committed as a witne-s on the part of this Territorv. or having such offer.deir or witness in his custody, shall voluntarily per- mit or suffer him or her to escape and go at large, then every such U.i rshal, deputy Marsihal, Sheriff, Coroner, Jailer, (Consti!e or i ier otiier, or person so offeuding, sihal on conviction:, be fined in a sum not exceeding How punisi.e three h-. dre, ,i,rs. at thie di-cretioi of the court. Receiving Sec. 5. i tite en.crcd, That if any person or stolen goods. peri'ons shall luy or receive stolen goodi, or chattel (65Y that shallbe feloniously stolen or taken-from another person, knowing the same to be stolen, he, she or they, shall be taken, and deemed an accessasy or accessaries after the fact, and shall incur the same punishment as How punished would be incurred and inflicted on the person or persons convicted of having stolen the said goods or chattles so bought or received, knowing the same to be stolen. Sec. 59. Be it further enacted, That if any person Harboring or shall conceal, receive or harbor any burglars, felons or oncea"lig f thieves, kncwiig them to be so, lie she or they shall'be taken as accessary or accessaries after the fact, and be- ing convicted, shall be punished by a fine, not exceeding two hundred dollars, or whipping not exceeding thirty How punished nine stripes, or imprisonment not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court., And the' escape of the felon before trial shall not operate to excuse the person harboring. Sec. 60. Be -itfurther enacted, That if any person Compo ding shall take money, goods or other valuable consideration, felony. or reward or promise thereof to compound auy treason, exciting or attempting to excite, and stir up an insur- rection or revolt of slates, murder, iian-glaughter, rape, arson, forgery, burglary, house-breakig, robbery larce- ny, receiving stolen goods or other profIEty, escape., re- scue, breach of prison, bribery, y ufLkboriiut.cq of perjury, of any other offence hereltforedetiurinated fe- lony, or any offence punishable by liw with d ,th, or fine of five hundreds udolars, or, whlipirrg of 'th.rtl u stripes, or expt the pillory, or imlprizo t it.it , any time specit .limited, or left to the diJ- re a of the court, as in thisfact recited, every per-on So i. ding, shall be punished by afine not excreeniiarr out Ithous- and dollars, or whipping not exeeedinglhirty nirdf -iipesl or imprisonment- not exceeding twelve mouths, at th discretion of the court. - Sec. 61. Be itf jrther enacted, That if any persoJg - forming, or prosecuting under any pretence of an lfl Informer or law, shall compound with the offender, or direct the ~rit noseCine or information to be discontinued, unless it be by the leave of the court when the same is brought, every person so How punished offending, shall be punished with a- fine not exmeeding one hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court. - Sec. 62. Be it further enacted, That if any two or'mnore persons shall conspire or agree, falsely and maliciously Conspiracy. to charge, or indict, or cause or procure to be charged, (66) How punished and indicted, .an' person, he she or they so offending, shall on conviction,;be se ilenced to a fine not exceeding seven hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 63. Be- it further enacted, That if any person Barrator. shall be found and adjudged a comtiobn barrator, vexing o'thei's with unjust dnd vexatious suiti, such persons shall How punished be fined in a s.uin not exceeding ode'thousand dollars, at the discretion of the court ; and if the offender beionl's Ia lawyer. to the profession of.the law, he shall also be disqualified from practising'fot the future.' Sec. W14. Be it further enacted, That embracery shall be deemed to consist, in attempting' to intlu'ence a jury Embracery. corruptly to one side, by promises, persuasions, entrea- tics, money, entertainments or other means; an3 every embracer who shall procure'any juror to take money, gain or profit, or shall corruptly influence a juror by per- How punished fitasions, intreaties or by any other means, shail be pun- ished by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars, atthe discretion of the court. Sec. 65. Be it furtrh, r enacted, That if any justice of Pesce ,l the peace charge iiith mal practice in office, by using practice of. oppression, tyranical partiality, or any other conduct un- becop inz his character as an upright Magistrate, in the 'alministratioq, and under colour of his office, on convic- How punished tion, shall bd'n6nl;W xceedin.g five hundred dollars at the discretion of the court, and he shall also be removed from office. Sec. 66. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall Threatening khowviglv send oil deliver, any letter or writing threat- 'ening to accuse another person ofpa crime with intent to extort money, goods or chattles, or other valuable thing, or threatening to maim, wound, kill or mur- der or to burn his or her house,- or other property, (though no money, goods, chattles or other valuable thing be demanded,) any such person so offending, shall on conviction, be sentenced to a fine not exceeding five How punished hundred dollars at the discretion of the court. Sec. 67. Be it fi/rfihr enacted, That any other offen- aaiOthe cr a i-s t the o iut ice, wo\ieIh inyv occur, shall be justice. punished by imipriso:neint not exceeding six months, or How punished a fii e not ex.cediuf- six hundred dollars at the discretion oi ilh court. Sc(. 6. Be it fur!/:!r enacted, That if any tWo or seblie as- more persons assiemb;l fr' the purpose of disturbing the public peace, or coamnittinlm any unlawful act, and do not (67) diJ oerse on beiin desired or commanded so to do l)v a J3:;,i f'e, J ,ii ., S: !riti' Constatbie or other civil officer of this t, '.r .. ', :'t "hall proceed to any breach ol' the peace. the ,?,-r-on so offending shall ;e punished by a fine not ex':e .!'g one hundred dollars at the discretion of the . :;. 9. Be it ft4?t!ier e:lacfe', That if any three or In ',A -e;'i.ons, e ;r i hor without it coiaimon cause of qui .r;l, do an a iliwftul a U i violence, or any other act in i violeit and tmu(i.itiaous ma nier, such person s so of- fendi;dz, sialil i0e gui'ty a riot, and on conviction Shall i)e punisii- y Ua tim' ot exceeding two hundred dollars at the discrcti;oi of 1iie J ry.. Sec. 7;. f1 it further enacted That if any two or more person, z3iili fight in a public place to the terror of the citii' -, .;ad distiirhance of the puii'ic tranquility, the pei rsos so offending shall he punished by a fine not ex- ceeding one lhudred dollars, at the discretion of the Ju- ry. -, See. 71. R it ftrthber enacted That if any person or persons shall in any news-paper or -and bill, written or priiited, piuiished or proclaim any other" person a cow- ard, or a-e any other opirobious and .uafisive language, for not accepiing a clMhlltage, or fighting a duel, such person or persons so offering, sh'. on conviction, be fin- edl noi exceeding five hundred dollars, at the discretion of the Jury; and on the trial of such offenders the prin- ters evidence shall be taken, and if the printer shall refuse to give up the auttier or writers name or names, he shall be punished for contempt at the discretion of the courl. . Sec. 72. Be it further enacted. That a libel shall be by irij1ting or writing, or 4ignI., pictures and the like, tendiii-; either to blacken the nieiory of one who is dead, or the honesty, virtue, integrity or reptitation of one who is aliv6, and thereby exposing him or her, to ;public iitred, conotmpt or ridicule, every person convic- ted of Ihis offence shl:i be liu4.i in a sum not exceeding, o:je t:iousaiil dollars, at the discretion of the court ; and in Ail. cases ofi adictiniit for a lhoi, the pjersoi pirosccu- ted shali be allowed to give the truth in evidence. Sec. 2. ,'? it farther enarted, Thit ail other offences ag-, .:,t t i. :i. ;.c Peacr s.'all le pro-ecuntd ;anid inidict- ed, aud the puinishinient in every case l all be a line not Iow puuisheji Riot. Iow punished Affray How punished Placarding or publishing aa- other. How punishe.i Libel. How punished Truth may be given ovi. dence. Other offencer against public peace. (68) aow punished exceeding five hundred dollars, at the discretion of thl S:'c. 74. Be t' further enacted, That if any person Bigamy. shall have two wives, or two husbands at one and the fowpunished same time, knowing of the living'and existence of such wives or husbands, he or she shah, on conviction, be sen- tenced to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, at the discretion of the Jury ; and the second marriage Issueofsecond shali be void,+ut long absence of the wife or huslan.l, or marriage. no information of the fate of such husband or wn shall be cause of acquittal of the person indicted, and in every case, the issue of such second marriage born before the when legiti- commencement of any prosect.toni tor bigamy, or within the ordinary time of stationn thereafter, shall notwith- standing the ir validity of such marriage, be considered as legitimate. Marrying hus- Sec. 75. Le it further ene t ., That if any man or wo- band or wife man, being unmarried, shall knowingly marry the hus- efanother. band or wife of another person, such man or woman shall on conviction, be fined not exceeding one thousand dollars, at the discreion of the jury. Sec. 76. Be it further enacted, That if any person Incestuous shall commit incestuous fornication or adultery, or inter- dultery. marry within the degrees ofconsanguinity or affinity es- tablished by law,.her she shall, on conviction, be sen- iHwpunished tenced t a' fine not exceeding one thousand dollars at the discretion of the jury. Sec. 77. Be it further enacted, That if any man Adultery and and woman shall live together in an open state of adul- rficatiaon. tery, fornication, or adultery and fornication which vili be sufficiently established by any circumstances which raise the presumption of cohabitation, and unlawful intimacy, or who shall otherwise commit adultery, or fornication, or adultery and fornication, shall be severally inuictcd, Jowpunished and on conviction, such man and woman shall be sever- ally sentenced to pay a fini not exceeding five hundred dollars, at the discretion of the jury : and on convictionc a second time, a fine not exceeding seven iiindrio, dol- Second of- lars, and for every repetition of tle O:;ml'e a fine not rence. exceeding eight hundred dollars; but it shill at any tmne be in the power of the parties to ;prevent or suspend the prosecution by marriage, it .-Iii mi.riiag e be iegaly sol- emnized. f lewd- Sec. 7T. B' it fur/ter em:'nartc. That if aiiy person "c- shall be guilty of open l'wdness, or any notorious act of pnhlic iiidecencyr, ten,!ln to :delmich the morals ofsocie- yi, or 1'f keo :. lI-rderl tippi)ini" houses on the sabiath How puniAhe. davy Or night, :-: ,' sie silii oe idricred, ;id on convic- tion, ee tined 1not1 ceeding one hundred dollars, or whii;,ping not exceeding thirty nine stripes at the discre- tion of the court. S,,c. 7)J. Be it frJi.lrer enacted, That if any person Keeping lewd shaU f ;r his or her emolumient or ivelihood, maintain and houses. kece, a ,ewd hou e, or police for the practice of fornica- tioi, either by ti.ens.elves or others, nie or she, shall on Howpunishe' conviction, be sentenced to a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars, at the discretion oftlie court. Sec '6. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall keep and maintain a common, ill governed and Keeping'lso'- dery hIouse. disorderiv house, to the encouragement of idleness, ga- ining, drin. ing, or other mnisbehav;our, to the common disturlwance of the neighoourhood or orderly citizens, he or she shall, onconviction, be sentenced to a fine not Hopunishe exceieii.,g three hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 81. Be it further enacted, That if any person Keeping a- shall by himself, servant or other agent, for his gain or "ing houS, ii ,r&c. living, keep, have exercise or manltin a common ga- ming house, table or room, or in any house or place occupied by him, procure or permit, any persons to fre- quent or come together to play for money or other valua- bie thing at any game, he or she, on conviction, shall be How punished sentenced to a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, for every such otfeuce, at the discretion of the court: Proviso Provided, that nothing herein contained shall extend to any gaming house licensed by law. Sec. b-. Be it further enacted, That if any person or persons, who may be found playing and betting in a- Gamblinu. ny pi-ce not hccncedl according to the proviso of the section next immediately l preceding, at any game ,with cards, dice, checKs or at bliiards, or any other in- striumients, article or articles, thimig or things whatsoc- ver, hei-tofore used or which uwil hereafter be used, for the purpose of betting uponi or wining, or losing money, or any other thing or liin-,, article or articles of value, or any property, or Iny other articlee or articles, thing or thinirs of value, may be indicted, and on conviction theret't, shall be fined in a sum not exceeding two hun- drc ..:,nil.ars, at thi, di-cretioin f the court : And itiany owner or occupant of any house, out house or other (7o) building, not licensed as aforesaid, shall permit or sui- Iow punished i'er any of the bei'ore mentioned games to be carried on or exhibited in their said houses, out houses or other buildings, on conviction thereof, they shall be fined in a like sun, subject to the discretion of the court. Prori- Proviso. as to dl'd, that this act shall not be cornstrued to exicli to hor.e racing e rac racing, shooting with guns of any description, used against an ceney, wrestling, jumping, foot racing, five playing, pitching with quoits or dollars, or any other peaceable and civil athletic exercise of man or men, not herein particularly enumerated. Sc,. 83. Be it further cuactcJ, That it shall be lawful, brewkn for any lawful officer with legal authority to break open gaming houses any suspected rooms or houses, where it is conlmoiiy known that gaming is carried on, and to take any per- sons found .ii.l; i-. and to bind them over to tile next Proviso. court ; Provided, that any oiiicer cnrcmring the dwchil house of any individual without having suiiicieut caine for suspicion, and without a legal warrant, shall be fii- ed not exceeding one hunidrd dollars, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 84. Be if fiirlther cnarled, That all nuisances isalanice~ not not herein mentioned, n\hich tend to annoy th:econmmIu- enunuerated. nity or injure the health of the citizens in generaL, or to corrupt the public morals shall be indictable and punish- able by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars, at the ow pund discretion of the Court : and any nluiance which tends How punished to the immediate annoyance of the citizens in general, And removed, or is nianifestly injurious to the public health and s..iey, or tends greatly to corrupt the manners and morl.is of the people, may be removed and suppressed by tie or- der of any two or imare justices of the eacae ofcthli coan- ty, founded upon the opinion and verdict oftwelve iouse holders of the same, who shall be su;ifioneoid, sivorn and impannelled for that purpose, whici order shiail be directed to, and executed by the .Siheti'or any cuilta- ble of the county. Sa. Seec. 85. lie it fiurher ena.;c/cd, That if any butcher, Seliil un-, wlhieo:na or person sellnr the flesh of any diseased ani i.tli, or - provisioun-. their unwholesome provisions, shall !~ iindict'd, and l)r so doing shall be sentenced to a rine in, t ex;'cedii:N two jow punished hundred dollars, at the discrer.oa of ti-' court. SSec. 86. (n c il f'ur/t r i(lcl'.ii 'I'IT i any bWi er, UInwhol'Lie distiller, inerch:i nt or ot01er perlo i, 0e;i s e :- .. o: un- (1) liquors, knowing them to be so. he shall be indicted, ITow puish. nud on conviction, shall be fined in a sum inot less than one humnred dollars, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 87. Be it further enacted, That if any physi- cian, surgeon or other person, shall wilfullv endeavour Physician to spread the small pox without inoculation, or by in- ;, noculntion, with matter of the small pox, or shall use a- ny other inoculation, than that called vaccination, un- less by special permission from the county courts, when How punished the small pox shall make its appearance, he or she so of- fending shall be fined in a sum not exceeding three hun- dred dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding three months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 88. Be it further enacted, That if any person Breach of coming in this territory by land or water, from any quarantine. place infected with a contagious disease, and in viola- tion of quarantine regulations, shall be indicted in any county in this Territory where lie may be found, and on conviction, shall be imprisoned not exceeding two months, How punished or fined not exceeding three hundred dollars, at the dis- cretion of the court. Sec. 89. Be it further enacted, That any person wandering or strolling about, able to work or otherwise, Vagrants&c: support himself in a respectable way, or leading an idle, i mnioral or profligate course oflife, or keeping or exhibit- ing, or causing to be kept or exhibited, either of the games or gaining tables conmmouly called A. B. C. or E. O. ta- bles or Faro Bank, or any other gaming table or bank, un- der whatever denomination, except he be licensed, shall be arrested by a warrant issued Iy any juItice ofthe peace, mayor or alderman, or intendant ot police, and bound in sufficient security for his good behaviour, and future industryfor one year, and upon refusing or failing to How pu..ishei give such security, he shall be conlmiitted, and indicted as a vagrant, and on conviction, shall be punMihed by whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, at the dis- cretion of the court: and all other ofienccs against the Offencesa- public morals, health, police or economy, shail be fine d ainst ;ulic in a sumn not exceeding two hundred dollars at tie discre- morails tion of the court. Sec. 90 Be it. further enacted, That if any person, cheatinry by false' representation of his own respectability, wealth swmdling. or connections, shall obtain a credit, and thereby defraud any ;,crson or persons of money, goods, or other valua- ble thing, or if any person shall cause or procure others (72) -to report falsely of his honesty, respectability, wealth or character, and by thus imposing on the credulity of any person or per-.on.s, obtain a credit, and thereby fraudu- lently get into tile possession of goods, wares, nerchan- .Iow punished dize or other vaiua:ie tiing, he or she, shail be deemed a cheat and swindler, and on conviction, shall be ;ied not exceeding two hundred dollars or whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes or imprisonment not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court. Other cases of Sec. 91. Be it fur/lter enacted, That if any person heating &c. shall use any difficult means, (other than those mentioned in ths act,) or practices in matters of fraud, shall be deemed a cheat an a a swindler, and on convic- tion shall be sentenced to make restitution to the party Howpunished defrauded and cheated, and shail be punished by a fine not exceeding two thuinred dollars or whipping not ex- ceeding thiirt niiie stripes, or imprisonment not exceed- ing six months, at,the disctretlion of the court. Sec. 92. Be it fiurl .r enacted, That if any Baker or Baker selling other person, shall sell bread inder the assize established bread under by the corporation of any City or the regulations ofany assize. Village or the rules laid down by any ila, shall be deem- ed a cheat, and on convicti on, shall be tpunisrihed bl ua fine How pushed not less than one hundreds dollars, or .imprisonment not less than three, nor more than six months at the discre- tion of the court. Sec. 93. Bc ilft iiIrth.r enacted, That if any person Selling by shall sell by faise weight or lieLuriires, he or she siitll be false weights deemed a cohilmmion heat and on conU1iction thereoi shall or measures be sentenced to a fine not less than one huintlred dollars How punished or imprisonment not more than six nor less thin three months at the discretion oi the court. And any person Other artful guilty of any other deceitful or artful p)rictlces by wnich practices. individuals or the public art difrauli'd or cheated, ow uid shall be punished by a "iije not less than one hundred dollars, or imprisonment not less tiian three or morethau six months at the discretion of tie court. Sec. 94. 1B' it jfrtIe'r enacitid, '1 hat if any person 1or persons shali nialiciousiv, or without authority cut )estroving beacuis C. O down, remove or destroy anY hbeacoi or beacon-, I;uoy or hlnovs, created bv anyv coimiission of pilotage-, (or (her personor plersois dulVy I titci -ed l for aIlit puri .-. he sile or thev shall, on conic t.y ,i. be plnihci:(d ib a Iti:i npt I fmv punished exceeding one hiiidred (itai ,o: ; r wi ihj .. ot xceed. ing thirty niie ttrip)es. at the discretion of tihe court- i 3) SRc 95. Be it further enacted, That any person who 'Prudiin pa - shall put into any hale or bales of cotton, cask or casks or "g cotton &. other packages oftsugar, rice or pork, or any other articles of provisions, any dirt, rubbish or other thing, for the purpose of adding to, or increasing the weight of the Ho .- Howpunuihed same, shall be deemed a common cheat, and on convic- tion shall be fined in a sum not exceeding two hundred dollars at the discretion of the court. Sec. 96. Be it further enacted, T'it all other offen- other cases f res committed by cheating and deceit or against the pub- cheating. lie trade not herein enumerated, but which may occur, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred IIow punished and fifty dollars, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 97. Be it further enacted, That any person or sacks ori persons who shall wilfully and maliciously set tire to, or fodder &c. burn, any stack or stacks of corn, fodder, grain, straw or hay, shall on conviction, be lined not exceeding three Howpunishe4 hundred dollars or whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 98. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall wilfully and maliciously set on fire any woods, Burning lands or marshes, within this Territory, so as thereby to occasion loss, damage or injury to any other person, he or hie on conviction, shall be sentenced to a fine not ex- e,.:ding two huudred dollars or whipping not exceeding Howpnnish thirty nine stripes, at the discretion ot the court: Provi- ded, that it shall be lawful for any person. upon giving Proviso, when notice to all persons residing within two miles of the woods nay b. place intended to be tired, to set on fire, any woods ;1 burnt. this Territory, during the months of February, March and April. Sec. 99. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall wilfully and maliciously set fire to any fentce or fen- cern"" ier. ces, enclosure or enclosures, or cause and procure the same to be done, he or she shall, oirconviction, be sen- tenced to a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars or whipping not exceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprison- Howpuished ment not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 100. Be it further enacted, That if any person, shall unlawfully and maliciously break down, open, cut Destroying through, injure or destroy, any bridge, river or meadow bridges &e.. bank, rice dam, mill danm, or any other dams or banks, every such person so offending shall on conviction, e sentenced to a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or LiOWpRni' K (74) whipping not exceeding thiitr nine stripes, or imprisoar ment not exceeding six mcntls, at tile discretion of the court. Staimingor Sec. 101. ;te it further enacted, That if any person killing horaea shall muiheiciusiv main or kill an,, horse, -bull, steer or cow or any other animal fidiing ..der the description as before given, or shall maliciously ki!i a hog or hogs, any such person so offending, shall on co~ fiction, be senten- S to !)v a fine ict exceedin0 two hundred dollars. or whip- HIow punished c ie pin it, eet:eding thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment in: I-_ceedini- siv mi-nth-,at "he Oiscretion of the court. 102. i it jurticr rnactia T':at if any person Destroying h-'i. ,:iciouiSl irnjur'e or destroy any turn-pike gate or turn-pi'c t:.e :, or any post or pe'ts,, raiil or Sails, wail or walls, or gates, post&c ciaii'i, bar or fence, i,( lnging to any turn-pike gate, or ,i. house o:. houses to ue erected for the use of any such turn-piiie -ate or gates, or shall maliciously and wilfully :;;:r ij.l (!c.:trov locks, guide posts, or other works ereo- _(d( i : i.T cc Iand secure the navigation of rivers, every such person so i'ltcnding, shall on conviction, be fined in How punished a sum not exceeding two hundred dollars, or whipping not exceeding thirty inme stripes, or imprisonment not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 103. Be it further enacted, That if any person Burnincorde. shall wilfully and maliciously burn, or set fire to a ship, boating hps," boat or other vessel, above the value of two hundred dol- lars, within any of the waters of this Territory, or if any person, shall wilfdlly and mali,.iously make, or be assist- ing in making any hole in the bottom, side or any other part of a ship, boat or vessie, above the value aforesaid, or do any other act tending toj the loss or destruction of such ship, boat or vessel, every person so offending shall on conviction, be fined in a sum not exceeding five hun- How punished dred dollars or whipping ncot exceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprisoned not less tban six, nor more than twelve months, at the discretion of the court. bSOb. 104. Be it further enacted, That all other acts malicious mis- of .mlicious and fraudulent mischief, not here enumera- clief. t-ed, but standing upon the so me footing of reason aidjus- tice, shall be punished by fines, not exceeding two hun- dred dollars, or whipping not exceeding thirty nine How punished strips, or iml.risonmont not exceeding twelve months, at the discretion of the court. Driv:.u away Sec. 105. Le it further enacted, That if any person cattle, shall drive, entice away or remove any cattle, from a (75) pasturage or range, without leave of the owner of such cattle, sach person so d.-. V.g :,r ,n:tiC.: or remov;in, Howpunishoi shall be fined in a sum n : ..ediin~ rwv, five .oltars, at the discretion of ti,: colt : and if such ioffnder sh:il be a slave, he or she -hai!, unless said fine be :;aid, :e Ifa la, punished not exceeding twenty lashes, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 1:6. Be it fu: ir r et/.fl, Ti at i' any person -e::un'ing shal! hunt by fire ligh; :, the ;lizht timn, with a gun or otihr fire arms beyond his own enciosire, such person p sha'i on conviction, hie fined in a sun not exceeding twenty five dollars, or i.nurisonment not exceeding one month, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 107. Be it further ari'fed, That if any person Disturbing shall be engaged or concerned in vnciferation, noise, sell- divineworshipi ing spirituous liquors, or any other act, having an imme- diate tendency to disturb, or cause a disturbance, of a congregation of white persons assen'ied for the purpose of divine worship, at a church, chapel, synagogue, camp meeting or other piihlic place, with mtent s1 to disturb, or cause a disturbance, such person shall be fined not ex- ceeding one hundrm d dollars, or, whipped not exceeding thirty nine stripes, or imprisonment not exceeding six nish months, at the discretion of the court: Provided, that Proviso. this -rohibition, shall not be construed to prevent any per- son in a city, town or village from pursuing his usual av- ocations except on Sunday. Sec. 108. Be it further enacted, That if any person sufferingslave having the legal control of a slave shall suffer him or her totrade. to go at large, and trade as a free person, such person so offeiling', siall be fined in a su:n not exceeding thirty Howpunished dollars, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 109. 1"1 i,' further ena.''vd, That jf any person Givingticke shall give a ticket or license to a slave, who is under the to slave. control or charge of another. withoutt the con-ent of such person hav'.lg the control or c.,arge, he or s! ..hall be fined in a sin not exceeding twenty dollars, .t the dis- cretion of fhe court. Sec. 110. !e if further en,;,wd, T' it if a iy person Buvingirom shall buy, accept or receive, fro'l' au n -'ave .!v mo. ey, slave. grain, produce or thing of value, exceeding t:. value of one dollar, except brooms, b'lskets, .iats or ';ngs c 1- n:only r',l', i'.ic: Ired hby lives willtou- a tick",, tf.Im tie master. r r owner or c:verer of i, h slave, Initrsligllg .such-slave to dispose of suclh thing of value, the person P-'puniahed so buvinL. accepting or receiving, shall be fined in a sui, r:in exceeding fifty dollars, at the discretion of the court. Sec. 111. Be if further enacted, That if any person at "nfair practi- or before any public iand sales that mzay, by order of the ces at the land isa. General government, take pace in this Territory, shall use any means by threats, persuasion or propositions to compel or induce any person xwishinga' o purchase for set- tlement, or that may have settled and previously made improvements on public lands, to give him directly or indirectly, any sum of money or to promise io give the same or any species of property in lieu thereof, as a bribe Siwpunished fee, premium or consideration for such person not to hid for said la.d, lie shall on conviction thereof be fined in a suin not exceeding two hundred dollars, and imprisou- ed not exceediing six months at the discretion of the court. Pbli ronad or Sec. 112. Bc itffurther enacted, That a public road highway de- or established highway, shall he construed to be any kmed. rr:d made by authority ofan act of congress of the Uni- ted States, by any law of this Territory, or by any order of the county courts (if this Territory, See. 11:. Be it jurlber enacted, That if any person or o 'i.ri,-:I persons within this Territory shall olh-truct any public the same, every such person or iersois, who shall build any fence or wilfully cause any other obstruction in sucli road or highway, or any part thereof, shall be liabe to be indicted, and on conviction thereof, shall be fined in a low punished sum not exceeding fifty dollars at the discretion of the court. See. 114. Be it further enacted, That if any person on the sabbath day called sunday, shall employ his ap- serva; in la- prentices, servants or slaves in labour or other business, boron sunday. except it be in the ordinary household business of daily necessity, or other work of necessity or charity, he shall forfeit and pay the sumi of two dollars for every such of- How punished f'nc-, deeminiii' every apprentice, servant or slave so nm- iio ed as constitution' a distinct ,tcf :c t. Sec. 115 Ih il 'tr f,:r I 'r!i.', That no merchant or shop keeper. or other persons-, still keep open store Keeping open o ioe r dispoe l' anv warts or le(re n(lldisC, o'oods or chl:- 'tore & tel, n toe first du-v o the wetel cdlcd Sunday, afrte 10 o'clock' A. M. of that day, or sell or barter the same, upon Iain,that every person so oli I.lin;. shall bforlfk anid pay the sum of twenty dollars for every such of Howpunisk teince. Sec. 116. Be itfurther enacted, That if any person Exhibiting er personss whatsoever, shall shew forth, exhibit, act, plays or shwo represent or perform, or cause to be shewn forth, acted, &c on sunday: represented, or performed any interludes, farces or plays of any kind, or any games, tricks, juggling, slight of hand or feats of dexterity, and agility of body or any bear baitinr, or bull baitiig, or any such like shew or exhibi- Exceptio. tions whatsoever, exce';t in the Cities of Pensacola, St. Augustine and Fernandina, on the said first day of the week called Sunday, every person so offending and being thereof convicted, before any justice of the peace of the Hewpunishea county where the offence shall have been committed, shall for every such offence, forfeit and pay the sum of fifteen dollars. Sc. 117. Be itfurther enacted, That it shall be the Dutyofthe duty ofthe justices before whom such conviction shall be ustieconvi. may become due by virtue of the three preceding sec- tions, and pay the same to the Treasurer of the county wherein the crime was committed, for county purpo- ses. Sec. 118. Be it further enacted, That no person irosmition. shall be prosecuted for any offence against these three sections, unless the prosecution be commenced within three days after the commission of such offence. Sec. 119. Be it further enacted, That if any person Obstructing shall erect or fix on any navigable water course any dam, navigation ot bridge, hedge, seine, drag or other stoppage, whereby rivers &c the navigation of bouts drawing three feet water, or the passage of fish may be obstructed, such person shall be liable to indictment, and on conviction thereof, be fined at the discretion of the court, not exceedingone hundred dollars, and the same obstruction shall be removed as a nuisance. Sec. 120. Be it further enacted, That if any person Felling trees or persons shall fell any tree or trees, or cause the same into any nav. to be felled, into any iavig:ible stream within this Ter- ritory, and shall not remove the same within twenty four hours after such.feliing, every such person or persons shall be liable to be indicted and on conviction thereof, shall be fined at the discretion of the court, in any sum not exceeding fifty dollars. (i8) PaniAhment of See. 121. Be it further enacted, That the punish- det atlvi meit of death, shall be inflicted by hanging by the neck, wliipp, higno'. -1 inflicted. in oome rouiie Ylace until the cul;;'ii he detc( a'l the pui'isiinent of whipping shall be infticted on t':e bare bac" of th. cu!wit with a cow skin or other in:-rument of hke flexibility. Sec. 122. Be it further enacted, That when tlle nuin- Punishment or ishmenit of exios!ur' on:' the :iiiorv shali be :niite.d, the iillory. pillory shall be placed in a square, street, road or other public and exposed :)lace. Sec. 123. Be it ftrther enacted, That tihe doctrine of iergyt the benefit ofclergy shall have no operation, ,fi.aence in staying, and modifying the legal proceedings against criminals. Sec. 124. Be it further enacted. That if any person Furnishing or persons, without the consent of Marshal of the dis- pison.e:in trict, the Sheriff of the county, or the keeper of the jail, .ailwith liquor shall furnish or supply any prisoner or prisoners, with a- ny intoxicating liquor, he or she, if a white person, shall upon conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not exceeding fifty dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days, at the discretion of the court. Passed 14th November 1828. PETER ALBA. President of the Legislative Council. THOMAS MUNROE, Clerk. Approved, November 22, 1828, WM. P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT To provide for changing the venue in criminal cases. Be it enacted by the Governor and Legislative Council ofthe Territory ff Florida, That the Judges of the Su- Venue how prior Courts of law in this Territory, in all trials had changed. before then, upon indictments for felonies or misde- meanors, shall have power oin the application of a pris- oner anl for good cause sheiwn, u')on oath, to order the venue to le changed, and the trial to be had a; the next convenient court of law having jurisdiction of such ca- SL'5. SRe. 2. Be it further enacted, That in all cases whet the application aforesaid shall be granted, it shall be pntv ofJudg duty of the Judge granting the same, to recognise the granting. witnesses in the case to be and appear before the court hue of to which the cause may be transferred, on some certain day of the term of said court ; if the offence with which the person stands charged be bailable, the Judge upon his entering into an approved recognisance, shall bind the prisoner to be and appear at the same day aud place, PDty of the with the witnesses as aforesaid ; if the prisoner fail to en- marshal i.. ter into the requisite recognisance, or the offence shall not be bailable, in either case, the prisoner shall be re- manded into the custody of the proper officer, who shall convey him to, and have him imprisoned in the jail of the county where he is to be tried; in all such cases a certified copy of the recognisance taken, and of the re- cord of the case, and the proceedings therein, with all other necessary papers, shall be transmitted to the clerk of the court in which the trial is to be had, who upon re- ceipt thereof shall issue a venire facias, directed to the ministerial officer of his court, and any and all the pro- ceedings which may be had in the trial of such criminal, shall be the same as though the case had originated in that court. Sec. 3 Be itfurthei enacted, That in all cases when a prisoner may be removed from one county to another under the provisions of this act, the Marshal or other officer removing the same, shall, if he deem it necessary, employ a sufficient guard for that purpose, and the offi- cer shall be allowed his expenses in transferring such prisoner to be paid him by the Territorial Treasurer up- on presenting his account for the same, certified to be correct by the Judge granting the change of venue. Passed 15th November, 1828. PETER ALBA, President of the Legislative Council, THOSE. MUNROE, Clerk. Approved 19th November 1828, WM. P. DUVAL, Governor of the Territory of Florida. AN ACT To regulate proceedings in Chancery. Be it enacted by the Governor and Legislative Council ?f the Territory of Florida, That a writ of ne exeat shall. not be granted, but upon a bill filed and affidavit madetc WMt of nr the truly h oil' e aii egations. which being iproduced to the excnt when court r:i!i titml, or tv :lcw jdlire in vacation, ul may a grant or refuse such writ, as to him snaila seem just, and if granted, he si:ail endorse thereon in what penalty bond and security shaii be required of the defendant; and a writ of ne exeat may issue in any case where the court of Chancery shail have concurrent jurisdiction with a couit ofcommon law, and he shall also endorse the name of the securities, and in what sum bond shall be re- quired of the complainant, and no writ of ne exeat shall issue until such bond shall be given by the complainant in the clerks office from whence the writ is to issue, and in case any person stayed by said writ ofne e.ceat shall think himself or herself aggrieved, he or she may bring suit on such bond and shall recover the damages sustain- ed by such writ of tie excat. Temporary Sec 2. Be fit flurher enacted, That if the defend- Temporary , absence. no ant shall go out of the Territory and snall return Defore breach ofbond a personal appearance shall be necessary by any decree of the court, or it shall be necessary to perform any or- der of the court, such his or her temporary departure shall not be considered a breach of the condition of the bond. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That whenever the de- fendant or defendants to tle bill shall give security Powerofsecu- that he or they will not depart the Territory, the securi- rityover prin- ty personally or by attorney shall have power at any time (before the bond shall be forfeited) to take the io- dy of his principal, and surrender hliii in open court, or deliver him to the ministerial officer of the court in which the suit is depending, who shall detain said principal as in cases of the surrender of the principal by specim bail, and at the time of such delivery to the aforesaid oificer he shall take his receipt for the body, and hie it n itlh the clerk of the court, either ofwhich, if done before the bond is forfeited, shall discharge-the security frol his under- ta'ing. 4 ec. R4. it further enacted, That no subploena il, Iniunctionand chancery shall issue until a bill of complaint slhll ai ave Subpoecra. been filed in the clerk office, nor sail any writ of ii, when issued. junction or ne exeat be granted until a l be ill be d pray ing for such writ. except in the special cse;s and for tihe special causes in which such writs are authorized by tlh. nractiec of the courts of the Unmtd States. exercisinu equity jurisdiction, and no writ of injunction to stay proceedings at law, shall issue except on motion to the court or Judge, and reasonable notice of such motion pre- viously served on the opposite party or his attorney, and the defendant after injunction granted, may either before or after answer filed, on due-notice being previously given to the opposite party or his solicitor, move the court or the Judge for the dissolution of any injunction which may have been granted. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That it shall rest in jacuty io the sound discretion of the Judge, under the circum- stances of the case, on granting a writ of injunction to stay proceedings at law, either before or after verdict, or on granting a writ of injunction for any 4ier cause, to require security for damages or costs from the party Judgment a applying for such injunction ; Provided, that in all cases against surety where a bill of injunction shall be dissolved either in part on dissoltie(- or the whole, the court shall award judgment as well of. against the surety or sureties, as the principal in such bill, and execution shall issue accordingly. Sec. 6. Be itfurther enacted, That in all cases in chancery the testimony shall be taken in writing on in- how take. terrogatories out of court, except testimony to prove the execution of any instrument of writing, which testimony may be taken orally in court, or by deposition out of court on interrogatories, that the testimony of witnesses who reside in this territory shall be taken as aforesaid by deposition on interrogatories before any Judge or Justice of the peace in this Territory, and in all cases the party desiring to take testimony by interrogatories shall pursue the same course as is pointed out for taking testimony by interrogatories in the courts of law of this Territory. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That the Superior and court ofehari- County courts of Florida, shall always be open for the penal issuing and return of process, making, hearing and de- ciding motions, presenting, -arguing and deciding upon petitions, granting injunctions, and passing interlocuto- ry orders and decrees. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That the form of a sub- rorm of r- poena to answer, shall be as follows :-Territory oi'lor- .ens. ida, to Greeting, you are hereby commanded and strictly enjoined, that laying all other- business aside and notwithstanding any excuse, you per- sonally be and appear, before the Judge of our - court for the di-trct or coer tv of- (as tht case m';y 7i ) o i;- d-;.v i;' - w!Ji ever tie e'o.irt n; i' il Pi to i r to I, jl of coImph'ai!,- exh'ievd ::'ainsIt yoI in o(,ur said ctr:t by t a:1i to do fuitihrl and receive what our said court shall inve considered in th.t halfl; and this -ou are not to omit under a pelii tv of five 1hun- dred dollars. Witness the Ilonourab - Judge of said court the d;v ,, in the year of A. B. --- Sec. 9. .J'o iI furlthr ctacIt',, That the names of the Subpoena how defendant orgelendants, however numerous, mn',y be in- served. serted in ondelbpoena and that the service thereof may either be by n delivery of a copy thereof to such defend- ant, shewing the original at the time of such delivery, or to the wife of such defendant, or any white person above the age of fifteen ye.irs residing in his or her family, at the time of such delivery, at the dwelling house or us'ial pl;ce of abode ofsuch defendant, and such ser'rf:ro -hall be made before or on the day to which the process is ,:ade returnable, that the court from which the subpoeint nas issued, the title of thle cause, and tie words "copy of subpoena," together with the name of tile plaintins soli- citor, shall be inserted on the back of the copy of the subpoena, which may be so served, and when such ser- y ofoffer vice shall be made by the ministerial officer of the court S v officer i I serving same. from which the sub oena issued, it shahl Ie his duti to note in writinoL on the original' subpoena, tihe tii at which it came to his hands and when served, lihe inio and inner of the service tlereol, which note shaii be subscribed with his name and it iice; when service of;,ro- cess is miadt by anny person other than tile swo'ri otli- cer of the court whence it issued, ratida~it ol thii ilne and manner of the service shall !b nladie aind returned in the oriffinal subpoena, and it sial! ie tih duty of the minist'eial' or executive ohlii .rs I it 4 i s(vra;il courts of this Territlo '- 1o 1ia', c return oft ai! .i(ce. s placed in tlhiir hianti-, ;en A.i '. ir pIlt)toc' :In(!t litIcron inlijm edi- ateiv aflt i' thi f (, or0 exec ti C 0th i, . Sec. 1:;' i! it th ,c, h!. Iliat ti.,: first day or Return dyvs evci terill. a ii.d t h il-i !1i,, i: Ill 'very il ntl sli a I 1> ,or proccus t d( it :icOc ....i. l- i I ,e ...! .dt- re lurnabie, and wiheefih e:l ,'s- l I t ie oli'ti.!' ouit (t- term and shall have been served, the deciudunt or defendants shall' (S3) atise his, her or their annearance to the iinhnoena to be entered in the ,o.ice ft'the clerk of the court iromi which it is issued, on or owfore the first monday in the month next succeeding the month in which the process was re- turnable, and when the process is returnable to a term of the court and shall have been returned served, the defendant or defendants shall cause his, her or their ap- pearance to be. entered on or before the first monday of the month next after that in which the process was re- turnable: Provided, three weeks shall have elapsed from the return day thereof, and if not, then on the first monday of the following month. Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That if process shall Ifprocess I not be returned, it shall'be.the duty of the clerk of the notserved. court from which it issued, to issue similar process, if the same shall be required by the party at whose instance it originally issued. Sec. 12.' Be it further enacted, That whenever, it shall be made to appear by affidavit to any of the Judges Serice by of the aforesaid courts, process has been issued against when defend. any defendant and has been returned "not executed," and antlives in the that the said defendant is within the district of the Ter- territory. ritory in which the court issuing the process is held, but that the said defendant cannot be found, or will not suf- fer service of process to be made on him or her, it shall and may be lawfuitfor the said Judge from whose court the process issued to grant an order, requiring the said defendant to appear and answer the complainants bill within four weeks; which order shall be published once a week during the' said four weeks in some newspaper prin- ted in the district, in which the court which grants the order is held, or if there be no newspaper published, then a copy of the said order shall be posted up at the court house of the district or county in which it was granted, for the above space of four weeks, and at the expiration of two months from the termination of the above four weeks, if the defendant shall not have ap- peared and answered the complainants bill, the said com- plainant may enter in the common rule book at the clerks office, an order that the complainants bill be ta- ken pro confesso, having first obtained the said order from the Judge, upon proof of the publication -or posting, up as aforesaid of the order for appearance and an- swer.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5518955588340759, "perplexity": 28236.20486075334}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825366.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00069-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-02418714	# An assessment of the low-lying excitation energies and triplet instabilities of organic molecules with an $ab\ initio$ Bethe-Salpeter equation approach and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation Abstract : The accurate prediction of singlet and triplet excitation energies is an area of intense research of significant fundamental interest and critical for many applications. Most calculations of singlet and triplet energies use time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) in conjunction with an approximate exchange-correlation functional. In this work, we examine and critically assess an alternative method for predicting low-lying neutral excitations with similar computational cost, the $ab\ initio$ Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) approach, and compare results against high-accuracy wavefunction-based methods. We consider singlet and triplet excitations of 27 prototypical organic molecules, including members of Thiel’s set, the acene series, and several aromatic hydrocarbons exhibiting charge-transfer-like excitations. Analogous to its impact in TDDFT, we find that the Tamm-Dancoff approximation (TDA) overcomes triplet instabilities in the BSE approach, improving both triplet and singlet energetics relative to higher level theories. Finally, we find that BSE-TDA calculations built on effective DFT starting points, such as those utilizing optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals, can yield accurate singlet and triplet excitation energies for gas-phase organic molecules. Keywords : Document type : Journal articles Domain : Cited literature [76 references] https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-02418714 Contributor : Amplexor Amplexor <> Submitted on : Thursday, December 19, 2019 - 9:47:25 AM Last modification on : Thursday, June 25, 2020 - 2:54:03 PM Long-term archiving on: : Friday, March 20, 2020 - 2:13:11 PM ### File 1.4983126.pdf Files produced by the author(s) ### Citation Tonatiuh Rangel, Samia Hamed, Fabien Bruneval, Jeffrey Neaton. An assessment of the low-lying excitation energies and triplet instabilities of organic molecules with an $ab\ initio$ Bethe-Salpeter equation approach and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. Journal of Chemical Physics, American Institute of Physics, 2017, 146, pp.194108. ⟨10.1063/1.4983126⟩. ⟨cea-02418714⟩ Record views	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5931107401847839, "perplexity": 6910.280166230502}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874637.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021010156-20201021040156-00620.warc.gz"}
https://indico.cern.ch/event/218030/contributions/450763/	# EPS HEP 2013 Stockholm 17-24 July 2013 KTH and Stockholm University Campus Europe/Stockholm timezone ## Searches for rare and forbidden kaon decays at the NA62 experiment at CERN 19 Jul 2013, 18:30 15m D1 (KTH Campus) ### D1 #### KTH Campus Talk presentation Flavour Physics and Fundamental Symmetries ### Speaker Gianluca Lamanna (Sezione di Pisa (IT)) ### Description The sensitivity of the NA62 experiment at CERN to charged kaon decays violating lepton number conservation, neutral pion decays forbidden in the Standard Model and heavy sterile neutrinos is discussed. These tests would probe new physics scenarios involving heavy Majorana neutrinos or R-parity violating SUSY. An upper limit on the lepton number violating K+- to pi-+ mu+- mu+- decay rate from the NA48/2 experiment is presented, which probes the resonant enhancement of the rate in the presence of heavy Majorana neutrinos in the ~100 MeV range. ### Primary author Cristina Lazzeroni (University of Birmingham (GB)) Slides	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9801098704338074, "perplexity": 13720.305784721235}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922746.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201101001251-20201101031251-00282.warc.gz"}
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_time	# Time complexity Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations N as the result of input size n for each function In computer science, the time complexity is the computational complexity that describes the amount of computer time it takes to run an algorithm. Time complexity is commonly estimated by counting the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm, supposing that each elementary operation takes a fixed amount of time to perform. Thus, the amount of time taken and the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm are taken to be related by a constant factor. Since an algorithm's running time may vary among different inputs of the same size, one commonly considers the worst-case time complexity, which is the maximum amount of time required for inputs of a given size. Less common, and usually specified explicitly, is the average-case complexity, which is the average of the time taken on inputs of a given size (this makes sense because there are only a finite number of possible inputs of a given size). In both cases, the time complexity is generally expressed as a function of the size of the input.[1]: 226 Since this function is generally difficult to compute exactly, and the running time for small inputs is usually not consequential, one commonly focuses on the behavior of the complexity when the input size increases—that is, the asymptotic behavior of the complexity. Therefore, the time complexity is commonly expressed using big O notation, typically ${\displaystyle O(n)}$, ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$, ${\displaystyle O(n^{\alpha })}$, ${\displaystyle O(2^{n})}$, etc., where n is the size in units of bits needed to represent the input. Algorithmic complexities are classified according to the type of function appearing in the big O notation. For example, an algorithm with time complexity ${\displaystyle O(n)}$ is a linear time algorithm and an algorithm with time complexity ${\displaystyle O(n^{\alpha })}$ for some constant ${\displaystyle \alpha >1}$ is a polynomial time algorithm. ## Table of common time complexities The following table summarizes some classes of commonly encountered time complexities. In the table, poly(x) = xO(1), i.e., polynomial in x. Name Complexity class Running time (T(n)) Examples of running times Example algorithms constant time ${\displaystyle O(1)}$ 10 Finding the median value in a sorted array of numbers Calculating (−1)n inverse Ackermann time ${\displaystyle O{\bigl (}\alpha (n){\bigr )}}$ Amortized time per operation using a disjoint set iterated logarithmic time ${\displaystyle O(\log ^{}n)}$ Distributed coloring of cycles log-logarithmic ${\displaystyle O(\log \log n)}$ Amortized time per operation using a bounded priority queue[2] logarithmic time DLOGTIME ${\displaystyle O(\log n)}$ ${\displaystyle \log n}$, ${\displaystyle \log(n^{2})}$ Binary search polylogarithmic time ${\displaystyle {\text{poly}}(\log n)}$ ${\displaystyle (\log n)^{2}}$ fractional power ${\displaystyle O(n^{c})}$ where ${\displaystyle 0 ${\displaystyle n^{\frac {1}{2}}}$, ${\displaystyle n^{\frac {2}{3}}}$ Searching in a kd-tree linear time ${\displaystyle O(n)}$ n, ${\displaystyle 2n+5}$ Finding the smallest or largest item in an unsorted array, Kadane's algorithm, linear search "n log-star n" time ${\displaystyle O(n\log ^{}n)}$ Seidel's polygon triangulation algorithm. linearithmic time ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$ ${\displaystyle n\log n}$, ${\displaystyle \log n!}$ Fastest possible comparison sort; Fast Fourier transform. quasilinear time ${\displaystyle n{\text{poly}}(\log n)}$ quadratic time ${\displaystyle O(n^{2})}$ ${\displaystyle n^{2}}$ Bubble sort; Insertion sort; Direct convolution cubic time ${\displaystyle O(n^{3})}$ ${\displaystyle n^{3}}$ Naive multiplication of two ${\displaystyle n\times n}$ matrices. Calculating partial correlation. polynomial time P ${\displaystyle 2^{O(\log n)}={\text{poly}}(n)}$ ${\displaystyle n^{2}+n}$, ${\displaystyle n^{10}}$ Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming; AKS primality test[3][4] quasi-polynomial time QP ${\displaystyle 2^{{\text{poly}}(\log n)}}$ ${\displaystyle n^{\log \log n}}$, ${\displaystyle n^{\log n}}$ Best-known O(log2n)-approximation algorithm for the directed Steiner tree problem. sub-exponential time (first definition) SUBEXP ${\displaystyle O(2^{n^{\epsilon }})}$ for all ${\displaystyle \epsilon >0}$ Contains BPP unless EXPTIME (see below) equals MA.[5] sub-exponential time (second definition) ${\displaystyle 2^{o(n)}}$ ${\displaystyle {\sqrt[{3}]{2^{n}}}}$ Best-known algorithm for integer factorization; formerly-best algorithm for graph isomorphism exponential time (with linear exponent) E ${\displaystyle 2^{O(n)}}$ ${\displaystyle 1.1^{n}}$, ${\displaystyle 10^{n}}$ Solving the traveling salesman problem using dynamic programming exponential time EXPTIME ${\displaystyle 2^{{\text{poly}}(n)}}$ ${\displaystyle 2^{n}}$, ${\displaystyle 2^{n^{2}}}$ Solving matrix chain multiplication via brute-force search factorial time ${\displaystyle O(n!)}$ ${\displaystyle n!}$ Solving the traveling salesman problem via brute-force search double exponential time 2-EXPTIME ${\displaystyle 2^{2^{{\text{poly}}(n)}}}$ ${\displaystyle 2^{2^{n}}}$ Deciding the truth of a given statement in Presburger arithmetic ## Constant time An algorithm is said to be constant time (also written as ${\textstyle O(1)}$ time) if the value of ${\textstyle T(n)}$ is bounded by a value that does not depend on the size of the input. For example, accessing any single element in an array takes constant time as only one operation has to be performed to locate it. In a similar manner, finding the minimal value in an array sorted in ascending order; it is the first element. However, finding the minimal value in an unordered array is not a constant time operation as scanning over each element in the array is needed in order to determine the minimal value. Hence it is a linear time operation, taking ${\textstyle O(n)}$ time. If the number of elements is known in advance and does not change, however, such an algorithm can still be said to run in constant time. Despite the name "constant time", the running time does not have to be independent of the problem size, but an upper bound for the running time has to be independent of the problem size. For example, the task "exchange the values of a and b if necessary so that ${\textstyle a\leq b}$ is called constant time even though the time may depend on whether or not it is already true that ${\textstyle a\leq b}$. However, there is some constant t such that the time required is always at most t. Here are some examples of code fragments that run in constant time: int index = 5; int item = list[index]; if (condition true) then perform some operation that runs in constant time else perform some other operation that runs in constant time for i = 1 to 100 for j = 1 to 200 perform some operation that runs in constant time If ${\displaystyle T(n)}$ is ${\displaystyle O(a)}$, where a is any constant value, this is equivalent to and stated in standard notation as ${\displaystyle T(n)}$ being ${\displaystyle O(1)}$. ## Logarithmic time An algorithm is said to take logarithmic time when ${\displaystyle T(n)=O(\log n)}$. Since ${\displaystyle \log _{a}n}$ and ${\displaystyle log_{b}n}$ are related by a constant multiplier, and such a multiplier is irrelevant to big O classification, the standard usage for logarithmic-time algorithms is ${\displaystyle O(\log n)}$ regardless of the base of the logarithm appearing in the expression of T. Algorithms taking logarithmic time are commonly found in operations on binary trees or when using binary search. An ${\displaystyle O(\log n)}$ algorithm is considered highly efficient, as the ratio of the number of operations to the size of the input decreases and tends to zero when n increases. An algorithm that must access all elements of its input cannot take logarithmic time, as the time taken for reading an input of size n is of the order of n. An example of logarithmic time is given by dictionary search. Consider a dictionary D which contains n entries, sorted by alphabetical order. We suppose that, for ${\displaystyle 1\leq k\leq n}$, one may access the kth entry of the dictionary in a constant time. Let ${\displaystyle D(k)}$ denote this kth entry. Under these hypotheses, the test to see if a word w is in the dictionary may be done in logarithmic time: consider ${\displaystyle D\left(\left\lfloor {\frac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor \right)}$, where ${\displaystyle \lfloor \;\rfloor }$ denotes the floor function. If ${\displaystyle w=D\left(\left\lfloor {\frac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor \right)}$, then we are done. Else, if ${\displaystyle w, continue the search in the same way in the left half of the dictionary, otherwise continue similarly with the right half of the dictionary. This algorithm is similar to the method often used to find an entry in a paper dictionary. ## Polylogarithmic time An algorithm is said to run in polylogarithmic time if its time ${\displaystyle T(n)}$ is ${\displaystyle O{\bigl (}(\log n)^{k}{\bigr )}}$ for some constant k. Another way to write this is ${\displaystyle O(\log ^{k}n)}$. For example, matrix chain ordering can be solved in polylogarithmic time on a parallel random-access machine,[6] and a graph can be determined to be planar in a fully dynamic way in ${\displaystyle O(\log ^{3}n)}$ time per insert/delete operation.[7] ## Sub-linear time An algorithm is said to run in sub-linear time (often spelled sublinear time) if ${\displaystyle T(n)=o(n)}$. In particular this includes algorithms with the time complexities defined above. Typical algorithms that are exact and yet run in sub-linear time use parallel processing (as the NC1 matrix determinant calculation does), or alternatively have guaranteed assumptions on the input structure (as the logarithmic time binary search and many tree maintenance algorithms do). However, formal languages such as the set of all strings that have a 1-bit in the position indicated by the first ${\displaystyle \log n}$ bits of the string may depend on every bit of the input and yet be computable in sub-linear time. The specific term sublinear time algorithm is usually reserved to algorithms that are unlike the above in that they are run over classical serial machine models and are not allowed prior assumptions on the input.[8] They are however allowed to be randomized, and indeed must be randomized for all but the most trivial of tasks. As such an algorithm must provide an answer without reading the entire input, its particulars heavily depend on the access allowed to the input. Usually for an input that is represented as a binary string ${\displaystyle b_{1},...,b_{k}}$ it is assumed that the algorithm can in time ${\displaystyle O(1)}$ request and obtain the value of ${\displaystyle b_{i}}$ for any i. Sub-linear time algorithms are typically randomized, and provide only approximate solutions. In fact, the property of a binary string having only zeros (and no ones) can be easily proved not to be decidable by a (non-approximate) sub-linear time algorithm. Sub-linear time algorithms arise naturally in the investigation of property testing. ## Linear time An algorithm is said to take linear time, or ${\displaystyle O(n)}$ time, if its time complexity is ${\displaystyle O(n)}$. Informally, this means that the running time increases at most linearly with the size of the input. More precisely, this means that there is a constant c such that the running time is at most ${\displaystyle cn}$ for every input of size n. For example, a procedure that adds up all elements of a list requires time proportional to the length of the list, if the adding time is constant, or, at least, bounded by a constant. Linear time is the best possible time complexity in situations where the algorithm has to sequentially read its entire input. Therefore, much research has been invested into discovering algorithms exhibiting linear time or, at least, nearly linear time. This research includes both software and hardware methods. There are several hardware technologies which exploit parallelism to provide this. An example is content-addressable memory. This concept of linear time is used in string matching algorithms such as the Boyer–Moore algorithm and Ukkonen's algorithm. ## Quasilinear time An algorithm is said to run in quasilinear time (also referred to as log-linear time) if ${\displaystyle T(n)=O(n\log ^{k}n)}$ for some positive constant k;[9] linearithmic time is the case ${\displaystyle k=1}$.[10] Using soft O notation these algorithms are ${\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(n)}$. Quasilinear time algorithms are also ${\displaystyle O(n^{1+\epsilon })}$ for every constant ${\displaystyle \epsilon >0}$ and thus run faster than any polynomial time algorithm whose time bound includes a term ${\displaystyle n^{c}}$ for any ${\displaystyle c>1}$. Algorithms which run in quasilinear time include: • In-place merge sort, ${\displaystyle O(n\log ^{2}n)}$ • Quicksort, ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$, in its randomized version, has a running time that is ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$ in expectation on the worst-case input. Its non-randomized version has an ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$ running time only when considering average case complexity. • Heapsort, ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$, merge sort, introsort, binary tree sort, smoothsort, patience sorting, etc. in the worst case • Fast Fourier transforms, ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$ • Monge array calculation, ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$ In many cases, the ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$ running time is simply the result of performing a ${\displaystyle \Theta (\log n)}$ operation n times (for the notation, see Big O notation § Family of Bachmann–Landau notations). For example, binary tree sort creates a binary tree by inserting each element of the n-sized array one by one. Since the insert operation on a self-balancing binary search tree takes ${\displaystyle O(\log n)}$ time, the entire algorithm takes ${\displaystyle O(n\log n)}$ time. Comparison sorts require at least ${\displaystyle \Omega (n\log n)}$ comparisons in the worst case because ${\displaystyle \log(n!)=\Theta (n\log n)}$, by Stirling's approximation. They also frequently arise from the recurrence relation ${\textstyle T(n)=2T\left({\frac {n}{2}}\right)+O(n)}$. An algorithm is said to be subquadratic time if ${\displaystyle T(n)=o(n^{2})}$. For example, simple, comparison-based sorting algorithms are quadratic (e.g. insertion sort), but more advanced algorithms can be found that are subquadratic (e.g. shell sort). No general-purpose sorts run in linear time, but the change from quadratic to sub-quadratic is of great practical importance. ## Polynomial time An algorithm is said to be of polynomial time if its running time is upper bounded by a polynomial expression in the size of the input for the algorithm, that is, T(n) = O(nk) for some positive constant k.[1][11] Problems for which a deterministic polynomial time algorithm exists belong to the complexity class P, which is central in the field of computational complexity theory. Cobham's thesis states that polynomial time is a synonym for "tractable", "feasible", "efficient", or "fast".[12] Some examples of polynomial time algorithms: • The selection sort sorting algorithm on n integers performs ${\displaystyle An^{2}}$ operations for some constant A. Thus it runs in time ${\displaystyle O(n^{2})}$ and is a polynomial time algorithm. • All the basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and comparison) can be done in polynomial time. • Maximum matchings in graphs can be found in polynomial time. ### Strongly and weakly polynomial time In some contexts, especially in optimization, one differentiates between strongly polynomial time and weakly polynomial time algorithms. These two concepts are only relevant if the inputs to the algorithms consist of integers. Strongly polynomial time is defined in the arithmetic model of computation. In this model of computation the basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and comparison) take a unit time step to perform, regardless of the sizes of the operands. The algorithm runs in strongly polynomial time if:[13] 1. the number of operations in the arithmetic model of computation is bounded by a polynomial in the number of integers in the input instance; and 2. the space used by the algorithm is bounded by a polynomial in the size of the input. Any algorithm with these two properties can be converted to a polynomial time algorithm by replacing the arithmetic operations by suitable algorithms for performing the arithmetic operations on a Turing machine. The second condition is strictly necessary: given the integer ${\displaystyle 2^{n}}$ (which takes up space proportional to n in the Turing machine model), it is possible to compute ${\displaystyle 2^{2^{n}}}$ with n multiplications using repeated squaring. However, the space used to represent ${\displaystyle 2^{2^{n}}}$ is proportional to ${\displaystyle 2^{n}}$, and thus exponential rather than polynomial in the space used to represent the input. Hence, it is not possible to carry out this computation in polynomial time on a Turing machine, but it is possible to compute it by polynomially many arithmetic operations. However, for the first condition, there are algorithms that run in a number of Turing machine steps bounded by a polynomial in the length of binary-encoded input, but do not take a number of arithmetic operations bounded by a polynomial in the number of input numbers. The Euclidean algorithm for computing the greatest common divisor of two integers is one example. Given two integers ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle b}$, the algorithm performs ${\displaystyle O(\log a+\log b)}$ arithmetic operations on numbers with at most ${\displaystyle O(\log a+\log b)}$ bits. At the same time, the number of arithmetic operations cannot be bounded by the number of integers in the input (which is constant in this case, there are always only two integers in the input). Due to the latter observation, the algorithm does not run in strongly polynomial time. Its real running time depends logarithmically on the magnitudes of ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle b}$ (that is, on their length in bits) and not only on the number of integers in the input. An algorithm that runs in polynomial time but that is not strongly polynomial is said to run in weakly polynomial time.[14] A well-known example of a problem for which a weakly polynomial-time algorithm is known, but is not known to admit a strongly polynomial-time algorithm, is linear programming. Weakly polynomial time should not be confused with pseudo-polynomial time, which depends linearly on the magnitude of values in the problem and is not truly polynomial time. ### Complexity classes The concept of polynomial time leads to several complexity classes in computational complexity theory. Some important classes defined using polynomial time are the following. P is the smallest time-complexity class on a deterministic machine which is robust in terms of machine model changes. (For example, a change from a single-tape Turing machine to a multi-tape machine can lead to a quadratic speedup, but any algorithm that runs in polynomial time under one model also does so on the other.) Any given abstract machine will have a complexity class corresponding to the problems which can be solved in polynomial time on that machine. ## Superpolynomial time An algorithm is defined to take superpolynomial time if T(n) is not bounded above by any polynomial. Using little omega notation, it is ω(nc) time for all constants c, where n is the input parameter, typically the number of bits in the input. For example, an algorithm that runs for 2n steps on an input of size n requires superpolynomial time (more specifically, exponential time). An algorithm that uses exponential resources is clearly superpolynomial, but some algorithms are only very weakly superpolynomial. For example, the Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test runs for nO(log log n) time on n-bit inputs; this grows faster than any polynomial for large enough n, but the input size must become impractically large before it cannot be dominated by a polynomial with small degree. An algorithm that requires superpolynomial time lies outside the complexity class P. Cobham's thesis posits that these algorithms are impractical, and in many cases they are. Since the P versus NP problem is unresolved, it is unknown whether NP-complete problems require superpolynomial time. ## Quasi-polynomial time Quasi-polynomial time algorithms are algorithms that run longer than polynomial time, yet not so long as to be exponential time. The worst case running time of a quasi-polynomial time algorithm is ${\displaystyle 2^{O(\log ^{c}n)}}$ for some fixed ${\displaystyle c>0}$. For ${\displaystyle c=1}$ we get a polynomial time algorithm, for ${\displaystyle c<1}$ we get a sub-linear time algorithm. Quasi-polynomial time algorithms typically arise in reductions from an NP-hard problem to another problem. For example, one can take an instance of an NP hard problem, say 3SAT, and convert it to an instance of another problem B, but the size of the instance becomes ${\displaystyle 2^{O(\log ^{c}n)}}$. In that case, this reduction does not prove that problem B is NP-hard; this reduction only shows that there is no polynomial time algorithm for B unless there is a quasi-polynomial time algorithm for 3SAT (and thus all of NP). Similarly, there are some problems for which we know quasi-polynomial time algorithms, but no polynomial time algorithm is known. Such problems arise in approximation algorithms; a famous example is the directed Steiner tree problem, for which there is a quasi-polynomial time approximation algorithm achieving an approximation factor of ${\displaystyle O(\log ^{3}n)}$ (n being the number of vertices), but showing the existence of such a polynomial time algorithm is an open problem. Other computational problems with quasi-polynomial time solutions but no known polynomial time solution include the planted clique problem in which the goal is to find a large clique in the union of a clique and a random graph. Although quasi-polynomially solvable, it has been conjectured that the planted clique problem has no polynomial time solution; this planted clique conjecture has been used as a computational hardness assumption to prove the difficulty of several other problems in computational game theory, property testing, and machine learning.[15] The complexity class QP consists of all problems that have quasi-polynomial time algorithms. It can be defined in terms of DTIME as follows.[16] ${\displaystyle {\mbox{QP}}=\bigcup _{c\in \mathbb {N} }{\mbox{DTIME}}\left(2^{\log ^{c}n}\right)}$ ### Relation to NP-complete problems In complexity theory, the unsolved P versus NP problem asks if all problems in NP have polynomial-time algorithms. All the best-known algorithms for NP-complete problems like 3SAT etc. take exponential time. Indeed, it is conjectured for many natural NP-complete problems that they do not have sub-exponential time algorithms. Here "sub-exponential time" is taken to mean the second definition presented below. (On the other hand, many graph problems represented in the natural way by adjacency matrices are solvable in subexponential time simply because the size of the input is the square of the number of vertices.) This conjecture (for the k-SAT problem) is known as the exponential time hypothesis.[17] Since it is conjectured that NP-complete problems do not have quasi-polynomial time algorithms, some inapproximability results in the field of approximation algorithms make the assumption that NP-complete problems do not have quasi-polynomial time algorithms. For example, see the known inapproximability results for the set cover problem. ## Sub-exponential time The term sub-exponential time is used to express that the running time of some algorithm may grow faster than any polynomial but is still significantly smaller than an exponential. In this sense, problems that have sub-exponential time algorithms are somewhat more tractable than those that only have exponential algorithms. The precise definition of "sub-exponential" is not generally agreed upon,[18] and we list the two most widely used ones below. ### First definition A problem is said to be sub-exponential time solvable if it can be solved in running times whose logarithms grow smaller than any given polynomial. More precisely, a problem is in sub-exponential time if for every ε > 0 there exists an algorithm which solves the problem in time O(2nε). The set of all such problems is the complexity class SUBEXP which can be defined in terms of DTIME as follows.[5][19][20][21] ${\displaystyle {\text{SUBEXP}}=\bigcap _{\varepsilon >0}{\text{DTIME}}\left(2^{n^{\varepsilon }}\right)}$ This notion of sub-exponential is non-uniform in terms of ε in the sense that ε is not part of the input and each ε may have its own algorithm for the problem. ### Second definition Some authors define sub-exponential time as running times in ${\displaystyle 2^{o(n)}}$.[17][22][23] This definition allows larger running times than the first definition of sub-exponential time. An example of such a sub-exponential time algorithm is the best-known classical algorithm for integer factorization, the general number field sieve, which runs in time about ${\displaystyle 2^{{\tilde {O}}(n^{1/3})}}$, where the length of the input is n. Another example was the graph isomorphism problem, which the best known algorithm from 1982 to 2016 solved in ${\displaystyle 2^{O\left({\sqrt {n\log n}}\right)}}$. However, at STOC 2016 a quasi-polynomial time algorithm was presented.[24] It makes a difference whether the algorithm is allowed to be sub-exponential in the size of the instance, the number of vertices, or the number of edges. In parameterized complexity, this difference is made explicit by considering pairs ${\displaystyle (L,k)}$ of decision problems and parameters k. SUBEPT is the class of all parameterized problems that run in time sub-exponential in k and polynomial in the input size n:[25] ${\displaystyle {\text{SUBEPT}}={\text{DTIME}}\left(2^{o(k)}\cdot {\text{poly}}(n)\right).}$ More precisely, SUBEPT is the class of all parameterized problems ${\displaystyle (L,k)}$ for which there is a computable function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {N} \to \mathbb {N} }$ with ${\displaystyle f\in o(k)}$ and an algorithm that decides L in time ${\displaystyle 2^{f(k)}\cdot {\text{poly}}(n)}$. #### Exponential time hypothesis The exponential time hypothesis (ETH) is that 3SAT, the satisfiability problem of Boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form with, at most, three literals per clause and with n variables, cannot be solved in time 2o(n). More precisely, the hypothesis is that there is some absolute constant c > 0 such that 3SAT cannot be decided in time 2cn by any deterministic Turing machine. With m denoting the number of clauses, ETH is equivalent to the hypothesis that kSAT cannot be solved in time 2o(m) for any integer k ≥ 3.[26] The exponential time hypothesis implies P ≠ NP. ## Exponential time An algorithm is said to be exponential time, if T(n) is upper bounded by 2poly(n), where poly(n) is some polynomial in n. More formally, an algorithm is exponential time if T(n) is bounded by O(2nk) for some constant k. Problems which admit exponential time algorithms on a deterministic Turing machine form the complexity class known as EXP. ${\displaystyle {\text{EXP}}=\bigcup _{c\in \mathbb {N} }{\text{DTIME}}\left(2^{n^{c}}\right)}$ Sometimes, exponential time is used to refer to algorithms that have T(n) = 2O(n), where the exponent is at most a linear function of n. This gives rise to the complexity class E. ${\displaystyle {\text{E}}=\bigcup _{c\in \mathbb {N} }{\text{DTIME}}\left(2^{cn}\right)}$ ## Factorial time An algorithm is said to be factorial time if T(n) is upper bounded by the factorial function n!. Factorial time is a subset of exponential time (EXP) because ${\displaystyle n!=O\left(2^{n^{1+\epsilon }}\right)}$ for all ${\displaystyle \epsilon >0}$. However, it is not a subset of E. An example of an algorithm that runs in factorial time is bogosort, a notoriously inefficient sorting algorithm based on trial and error. Bogosort sorts a list of n items by repeatedly shuffling the list until it is found to be sorted. In the average case, each pass through the bogosort algorithm will examine one of the n! orderings of the n items. If the items are distinct, only one such ordering is sorted. Bogosort shares patrimony with the infinite monkey theorem. ## Double exponential time An algorithm is said to be double exponential time if T(n) is upper bounded by 22poly(n), where poly(n) is some polynomial in n. Such algorithms belong to the complexity class 2-EXPTIME. ${\displaystyle {\mbox{2-EXPTIME}}=\bigcup _{c\in \mathbb {N} }{\mbox{DTIME}}\left(2^{2^{n^{c}}}\right)}$ Well-known double exponential time algorithms include: ## References 1. ^ a b Sipser, Michael (2006). Introduction to the Theory of Computation. Course Technology Inc. ISBN 0-619-21764-2. 2. ^ Mehlhorn, Kurt; Naher, Stefan (1990). "Bounded ordered dictionaries in O(log log N) time and O(n) space". Information Processing Letters. 35 (4): 183–189. doi:10.1016/0020-0190(90)90022-P. 3. ^ Tao, Terence (2010). "1.11 The AKS primality test". An epsilon of room, II: Pages from year three of a mathematical blog. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 117. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. pp. 82–86. doi:10.1090/gsm/117. ISBN 978-0-8218-5280-4. MR 2780010. 4. ^ Lenstra, H. W. Jr.; Pomerance, Carl (2019). "Primality testing with Gaussian periods" (PDF). Journal of the European Mathematical Society. 21 (4): 1229–1269. doi:10.4171/JEMS/861. MR 3941463. S2CID 127807021. 5. ^ a b Babai, László; Fortnow, Lance; Nisan, N.; Wigderson, Avi (1993). "BPP has subexponential time simulations unless EXPTIME has publishable proofs". Computational Complexity. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. 3 (4): 307–318. doi:10.1007/BF01275486. S2CID 14802332. 6. ^ Bradford, Phillip G.; Rawlins, Gregory J. E.; Shannon, Gregory E. (1998). "Efficient matrix chain ordering in polylog time". SIAM Journal on Computing. 27 (2): 466–490. doi:10.1137/S0097539794270698. MR 1616556. 7. ^ Holm, Jacob; Rotenberg, Eva (2020). "Fully-dynamic planarity testing in polylogarithmic time". In Makarychev, Konstantin; Makarychev, Yury; Tulsiani, Madhur; Kamath, Gautam; Chuzhoy, Julia (eds.). Proceedings of the 52nd Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC 2020, Chicago, IL, USA, June 22-26, 2020. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 167–180. arXiv:1911.03449. doi:10.1145/3357713.3384249. 8. ^ Kumar, Ravi; Rubinfeld, Ronitt (2003). "Sublinear time algorithms" (PDF). SIGACT News. 34 (4): 57–67. doi:10.1145/954092.954103. S2CID 65359. 9. ^ Naik, Ashish V.; Regan, Kenneth W.; Sivakumar, D. (1995). "On quasilinear-time complexity theory" (PDF). Theoretical Computer Science. 148 (2): 325–349. doi:10.1016/0304-3975(95)00031-Q. MR 1355592. 10. ^ Sedgewick, Robert; Wayne, Kevin (2011). Algorithms (4th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 186. 12. ^ Cobham, Alan (1965). "The intrinsic computational difficulty of functions". Proc. Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science II. North Holland. 13. ^ Grötschel, Martin; László Lovász; Alexander Schrijver (1988). "Complexity, Oracles, and Numerical Computation". Geometric Algorithms and Combinatorial Optimization. Springer. ISBN 0-387-13624-X. 14. ^ Schrijver, Alexander (2003). "Preliminaries on algorithms and Complexity". Combinatorial Optimization: Polyhedra and Efficiency. Vol. 1. Springer. ISBN 3-540-44389-4. 15. ^ Braverman, Mark; Kun-Ko, Young; Rubinstein, Aviad; Weinstein, Omri (2017). "ETH hardness for densest-k-subgraph with perfect completeness". In Klein, Philip N. (ed.). Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, SODA 2017, Barcelona, Spain, Hotel Porta Fira, January 16-19. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. pp. 1326–1341. arXiv:1504.08352. doi:10.1137/1.9781611974782.86. MR 3627815. 16. ^ 17. ^ a b Impagliazzo, Russell; Paturi, Ramamohan (2001). "On the complexity of k-SAT" (PDF). Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 62 (2): 367–375. doi:10.1006/jcss.2000.1727. MR 1820597. 18. ^ Aaronson, Scott (5 April 2009). "A not-quite-exponential dilemma". Shtetl-Optimized. Retrieved 2 December 2009. 19. ^ 20. ^ Moser, P. (2003). "Baire's Categories on Small Complexity Classes". In Andrzej Lingas; Bengt J. Nilsson (eds.). Fundamentals of Computation Theory: 14th International Symposium, FCT 2003, Malmö, Sweden, August 12-15, 2003, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2751. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 333–342. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45077-1_31. ISBN 978-3-540-40543-6. ISSN 0302-9743. 21. ^ Miltersen, P.B. (2001). "Derandomizing Complexity Classes". Handbook of Randomized Computing. Combinatorial Optimization. Kluwer Academic Pub. 9: 843. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0013-1_19. ISBN 978-1-4613-4886-3. 22. ^ Kuperberg, Greg (2005). "A Subexponential-Time Quantum Algorithm for the Dihedral Hidden Subgroup Problem". SIAM Journal on Computing. Philadelphia. 35 (1): 188. arXiv:quant-ph/0302112. doi:10.1137/s0097539703436345. ISSN 1095-7111. S2CID 15965140. 23. ^ Oded Regev (2004). "A Subexponential Time Algorithm for the Dihedral Hidden Subgroup Problem with Polynomial Space". arXiv:quant-ph/0406151v1. 24. ^ Grohe, Martin; Neuen, Daniel (2021). "Recent Advances on the Graph Isomorphism Problem". arXiv:2011.01366. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 25. ^ Flum, Jörg; Grohe, Martin (2006). Parameterized Complexity Theory. Springer. p. 417. ISBN 978-3-540-29952-3. 26. ^ Impagliazzo, R.; Paturi, R.; Zane, F. (2001). "Which problems have strongly exponential complexity?". Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 63 (4): 512–530. doi:10.1006/jcss.2001.1774. 27. ^ 28. ^ Davenport, James H.; Heintz, Joos (1988). "Real quantifier elimination is doubly exponential". Journal of Symbolic Computation. 5 (1–2): 29–35. doi:10.1016/S0747-7171(88)80004-X. MR 0949111. 29. ^ Collins, George E. (1975). "Quantifier elimination for real closed fields by cylindrical algebraic decomposition". In Brakhage, H. (ed.). Automata Theory and Formal Languages: 2nd GI Conference, Kaiserslautern, May 20–23, 1975. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 33. Springer. pp. 134–183. doi:10.1007/3-540-07407-4_17. MR 0403962.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 140, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8661166429519653, "perplexity": 817.1922113985584}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573145.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818003501-20220818033501-00540.warc.gz"}
https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/11727	# DIODE LASER AND FTS SPECTRA AND ANALYSIS OF THE $\nu_{9}$ BAND OF ETHANE Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/11727 Files Size Format View 1981-WE-03.jpg 76.68Kb JPEG image Title: DIODE LASER AND FTS SPECTRA AND ANALYSIS OF THE $\nu_{9}$ BAND OF ETHANE Creators: Daunt, S. J.; Jennings, D. E.; Brault, J. W.; Susskind, J.; Reuter, D. C.; Blass, W. E. Issue Date: 1981 Publisher: Ohio State University Abstract: New diode laser and interferometric spectra have made possible a refined analysis of the $\nu_{9}$ band of $C_{2}H_{6}$. This band has become the principle tool for modeling ethane in planetary atmospheres. The interferometric data was recorded on the McMath interferometer at Kitt Peak National Observatory at a resolution of $0.005 cm^{-1}$. This spectrum has allowed a wide extension of the line assignments and greatly improved the frequency measurements from those of recently reported work $^{1}$. Diode laser measurements have also been made of selected portions of the band in order to determine absolute line strengths for use in planetary and earth atmospheres studies. Splittings which may be attributed to torsional effects have also been observed in the diode laser spectra. Description: $^{1}S$. J. Daunt, W. E. Blass, C. W. Halsey, K. Fox, R. J. Lovell, H. Flicker and J. B. King, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 85. XXX (1981). Author Institution: URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/11727 Other Identifiers: 1981-WE-3	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6153395771980286, "perplexity": 7074.553258578597}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737875203.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221755-00177-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://papers.neurips.cc/paper/2020/hash/288cd2567953f06e460a33951f55daaf-Abstract.html	#### Authors In many real-world deployments of machine learning systems, data arrive piecemeal. These learning scenarios may be passive, where data arrive incrementally due to structural properties of the problem (e.g., daily financial data) or active, where samples are selected according to a measure of their quality (e.g., experimental design). In both of these cases, we are building a sequence of models that incorporate an increasing amount of data. We would like each of these models in the sequence to be performant and take advantage of all the data that are available to that point. Conventional intuition suggests that when solving a sequence of related optimization problems of this form, it should be possible to initialize using the solution of the previous iterate---to warm start'' the optimization rather than initialize from scratch---and see reductions in wall-clock time. However, in practice this warm-starting seems to yield poorer generalization performance than models that have fresh random initializations, even though the final training losses are similar. While it appears that some hyperparameter settings allow a practitioner to close this generalization gap, they seem to only do so in regimes that damage the wall-clock gains of the warm start. Nevertheless, it is highly desirable to be able to warm-start neural network training, as it would dramatically reduce the resource usage associated with the construction of performant deep learning systems. In this work, we take a closer look at this empirical phenomenon and try to understand when and how it occurs. We also provide a surprisingly simple trick that overcomes this pathology in several important situations, and present experiments that elucidate some of its properties.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7873056530952454, "perplexity": 461.98191675123917}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991982.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511092245-20210511122245-00028.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/96900-fractional-derivatives.html	# Math Help - fractional derivatives 1. ## fractional derivatives My knowledge of fractional calculus is very limited. But from what I understand, the general defintion of the nth derivative of a function f(x) (a defintion that is inexplicably not given in most calculus textbooks) $D^{n}f(x) = \lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac {1}{(\Delta x)^{n}} \sum^{n}_{j=0} \binom{n}{j} f(x-j \Delta x)$ can be extended to derivatives of non-integer order by use of the generalized binomial theorem $D^{\nu}f(x) = \lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac {1}{(\Delta x)^{\nu}} \sum^{\infty}_{j=0} \frac{\Gamma(\nu+1)}{j! \Gamma(\nu -j+1)} f(x-j \Delta x)$ Even though this seems like a logical extension to make, and expected results occurs (e.g., $\frac{d^{1/2}}{dx^{1/2}} \Big(\frac{d^{1/2}}{dx^{1/2}}f(x)\Big) = \frac {d}{dx}f(x)$ ) is there a geometric interpretation of fractional derivatives? Also, is it correct to say that integration is then just a specific type of differentiation? $\frac{d^{-1}}{dx^{-1}} \Big(\frac{d^{1}}{dx^{1}}f(x)\Big) = \frac{d^{0}}{dx^{0}}f(x) = f(x)?$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 4, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9619954228401184, "perplexity": 504.5298887830005}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430448957444.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501025557-00036-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/elementary-and-intermediate-algebra-concepts-and-applications-6th-edition/chapter-14-sequences-series-and-the-binomial-theorem-14-1-sequences-and-series-14-1-exercise-set-page-894/15	# Chapter 14 - Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem - 14.1 Sequences and Series - 14.1 Exercise Set - Page 894: 15 364 #### Work Step by Step If we want to find the 9th term, we have to substitute $n$ by 9: $a_9=(3(9)+1)(2(9)-5)=(27+1)(18-5)=28\times13=364$ After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5784708857536316, "perplexity": 841.864324911939}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825728.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214114739-20181214140239-00070.warc.gz"}
https://gmatclub.com/forum/a-food-truck-sold-burritos-and-tacos-in-a-ratio-of-7-tacos-for-every-261395.html	It is currently 19 Apr 2018, 21:47 ### GMAT Club Daily Prep #### Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email. Customized for You we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History Track every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance Practice Pays we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History # Events & Promotions ###### Events & Promotions in June Open Detailed Calendar # A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 Author Message TAGS: ### Hide Tags Math Expert Joined: 02 Sep 2009 Posts: 44566 A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 [#permalink] ### Show Tags 14 Mar 2018, 21:21 Expert's post 3 This post was BOOKMARKED 00:00 Difficulty: 15% (low) Question Stats: 83% (01:02) correct 17% (02:31) wrong based on 46 sessions ### HideShow timer Statistics A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 burritos. If they sold 84 more tacos than burritos, how many total tacos did they sell? A. 126 B. 147 C. 196 D. 210 E. 252 [Reveal] Spoiler: OA _________________ Intern Joined: 24 Aug 2016 Posts: 45 GMAT 1: 540 Q49 V16 GMAT 2: 640 Q47 V31 Re: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 [#permalink] ### Show Tags 14 Mar 2018, 21:54 Let s assume T=7x & B=3x Hence the diff is 4x now 4x=84 =>x=21 hence 7x=217=147 (B) _________________ Please let me know if I am going in wrong direction. Thanks in appreciation. Intern Joined: 08 Mar 2015 Posts: 2 Re: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 [#permalink] ### Show Tags 20 Mar 2018, 02:36 7x-3x=84 4x=84 x=21 217=147 Board of Directors Status: QA & VA Forum Moderator Joined: 11 Jun 2011 Posts: 3385 Location: India GPA: 3.5 Re: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 [#permalink] ### Show Tags 20 Mar 2018, 09:02 Bunuel wrote: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 burritos. If they sold 84 more tacos than burritos, how many total tacos did they sell? A. 126 B. 147 C. 196 D. 210 E. 252 $$\frac{84}{(7 - 3)}7$$ = 147, Answer must be (B) _________________ Thanks and Regards Abhishek.... PLEASE FOLLOW THE RULES FOR POSTING IN QA AND VA FORUM AND USE SEARCH FUNCTION BEFORE POSTING NEW QUESTIONS How to use Search Function in GMAT Club \| Rules for Posting in QA forum \| Writing Mathematical Formulas \|Rules for Posting in VA forum \| Request Expert's Reply ( VA Forum Only ) Intern Joined: 03 Oct 2016 Posts: 28 Re: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 [#permalink] ### Show Tags 20 Mar 2018, 14:51 Option 1: Given ratio $$\frac{taco}{burrito}$$ = $$\frac{7}{3}$$. If we have to find total tacos or burritos then we will do either total tacos =$$\frac{7}{10}$$ or total burritos = $$\frac{3}{10}$$. Both implies that the total will be a multiple of 10. Looking at the answer choices only 210 is a multiple of 10 hence (D). Option 2: Given ratio $$\frac{taco}{burrito}$$ = $$\frac{7}{3}$$ -> $$\frac{t}{b}$$=$$\frac{7}{3}$$. Given, t=b+84. Substitute 't' in the equation $$\frac{7b}{3}$$=b+84 -> 4b=843 -> b=63. Solve for 't' =$$\frac{7b}{3}$$ -> $$\frac{(7*63)}{3}$$ -> 147. t+b=147+63=210 hence (D). Target Test Prep Representative Affiliations: Target Test Prep Joined: 04 Mar 2011 Posts: 2273 Re: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 [#permalink] ### Show Tags 21 Mar 2018, 16:12 Bunuel wrote: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 burritos. If they sold 84 more tacos than burritos, how many total tacos did they sell? A. 126 B. 147 C. 196 D. 210 E. 252 We can create the ratio burritos : tacos = 3x : 7x, and thus: 7x - 3x = 84 4x = 84 x = 21 Thus, 21 x 7 = 147 tacos were sold. _________________ Jeffery Miller GMAT Quant Self-Study Course 500+ lessons 3000+ practice problems 800+ HD solutions Re: A food truck sold burritos and tacos in a ratio of 7 tacos for every 3 [#permalink] 21 Mar 2018, 16:12 Display posts from previous: Sort by	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5887572169303894, "perplexity": 14631.577911962706}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937114.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420042340-20180420062340-00055.warc.gz"}
https://tech.trailmax.info/author/trailmax/page/2/	# Publish Core XUnit Test Results in VSTS Following my previous post, I’m building Asp.Net Core web application and I’m running my tests in XUnit. Default VSTS template for Asp.Net Core application runs the tests but it does not publish any results of test execution, so going into Tests results panel can be sad: And even if you have a task that publishes test results after dotnet test, you will not get far. As it turns out command dotnet test does not publish any xml files with tests execution results. That was a puzzle for me. Luckily there were good instructions on XUnit page that explained how to do XUnit with Dotnet Core properly. In *test.csproj file you need to add basically the following stuff: <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk"> <PropertyGroup> <TargetFramework>netcoreapp1.1</TargetFramework> </PropertyGroup> <ItemGroup> <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.3.0-beta2-build3683" /> <DotNetCliToolReference Include="dotnet-xunit" Version="2.3.0-beta2-build3683" /> </ItemGroup> </Project> # VSTS Private NuGet Feed and Building Dotnet Core Application Honestly, VSTS private NuGet feeds will be a most blogged topic in this blog! I’ve already mentioned them at least twice. Here goes another post: This time I’m building in VSTS Core application and the build literally goes: • dotnet restore • dotnet build • dotnet test • dotnet publish And this worked really well for the basic application – I had it set up in minutes and got the resuilt I was looking for. But during the life of the application I needed NuGet packages from my private feed and dotnet restore had no idea about my private feeds. Even if supplied with nuget.config file I was getting 401 Unauthenticated – this is because I was not keeping my password(token) in this file. Solution was to add this feed globally on the agent for every build. And this turned out to be easier than I thought. In your build add a new task called Nuget Command: # Working With Attachments in DocumentDB I’m building a prototype for a new project and it was decided to use DocumentDB to store our data. There will be very little data and even less relationship between the data, so document database is a good fit. Also there is a chance for us to use DocumentDB in production. There is a comprehensive documentation about the structure and how it all ties together. Yet not enough coding samples on how to use attachments. And I struggled a bit to come up with the working solution. So I’ll explain it all here for future generations. ## Structure This diagram is from the documentation And this is correct, but incomplete. Store this for a moment, I’ll come back to this point later. # My Git Cheat-Sheet Git can do a lot of things, but I’m lazy remembering all the commands I need – some of them are like 5 words long. So I’ll put this here so next time I don’t have to search for them. Update list of remote branches: git remote update origin --prune Or set automatic pruning globally: git config --global fetch.prune true Delete local and remote branch: git push origin --delete <branch_name> git branch -d <branch_name> Push all branches to remote: git push --all -u Push this new branch to remote: git push origin branchB:branchB Add annotated tag: git tag -a v1.4 -m "my version 1.4" And push tags to remote git push --follow-tags To kill all the local changes do git reset --hard HEAD To reset to a state of a commit git reset --hard SHA To make sure all the extra files are removed do git clean -f -d # CQRS Antipatterns I’ve been using CQRS architecture for about 4 years now on projects of different size and life expectancy and today after another refactoring session I would like to share ideas that seemed good when first done, but turned out to be a maintenance nightmare. # Publish to VSTS NuGet feed from CakeBuild I’m on a roll today – second post in the day! Some time last year I’ve blogged about pushing a NuGet package to VSTS package feed from Cake script. Turns out there is an easier way to do it that does not involve using your own personal access token and storing it in nuget.config file. Turns out that VSTS exposes OAuth Token to build scripts. You just need to make it available to the scripts: In you build definition go to Options and tick checkbox “Allow Sctips To Access OAuth Token”: Then instead of creating a nuget.config in your repository you need to create a new NuGet source on the build agent machine that has this token as a password. And then you can push packages to that feed just by using name of the new feed. Luckily Cake already has all the commands you need to do that: Task("Publish-Nuget") .IsDependentOn("Package") .WithCriteria(() => Context.TFBuild().IsRunningOnVSTS) .Does(() => { var package = ".\path\to\package.nupkg"; // get the access token var accessToken = EnvironmentVariable("SYSTEM_ACCESSTOKEN");; // add the NuGet source into the build agent sources list NuGetAddSource("MyFeedName", "https://mycompany.pkgs.visualstudio.com/_packaging/myfeed/nuget/v2", new NuGetSourcesSettings() { UserName = "MyUsername", Password = accessToken, }); // Push the package. NuGetPush(package, new NuGetPushSettings { Source ="MyFeedName", ApiKey = "VSTS", Verbosity = NuGetVerbosity.Detailed, }); }); I like this a lot better than having to faf-about with personal access token and nuget.config file. Probably the same way you can restore nuget packages from private sources – have not tried it yet. ## Nuget Version If you have noticed I specify url for the feed in format of version 2 – i.e. ending v2. This is because default nuget.exe version provided by VSTS does not yet support v3. Yet packages can take v3. Right now if you try to push to url with “v3” in it you will get error: System.InvalidOperationException: Failed to process request. 'Method Not Allowed'. The remote server returned an error: (405) Method Not Allowed.. ---> System.Net.WebException: The remote server returned an error: (405) Method Not Allowed. So downgrade the url to v2 – as I’ve done int the example above. Most of the time v2 works just fine for pushing packages. But if you really need v3 you can check-in your own copy of nuget.exe and then specify where to find this file like this: NuGetPush(package, new NuGetPushSettings { Source ="AMVSoftware", ApiKey = "VSTS", Verbosity = NuGetVerbosity.Detailed, ToolPath = "./lib/nuget.exe", }); # VSTS vs NuGet vs CakeBuild – again! I keep migrating my build scripts into CakeBuild system. And I keep running them on VSTS. Because mostly VSTS build system is awesome, it is free for small teams and has a lot of good stuff in it. But working with NuGet on VSTS is for some reason a complete PITA. This time I had trouble with restoring NuGet packages: 'AutoMapper' already has a dependency defined for 'NETStandard.Library'. An error occurred when executing task 'Restore-NuGet-Packages'. Error: NuGet: Process returned an error (exit code 1). System.Exception: Unexpected exit code 1 returned from tool Cake.exe This is because Automapper is way ahead of times and VSTS uses older version of nuget.exe. If I run the same code locally, I don’t get this error. So I need to provide my own nuget.exe file and rely on that. This is how it is done in Cake script: Task("Restore-NuGet-Packages") .Does(() => { var settings = new NuGetRestoreSettings() { // VSTS has old version of Nuget.exe and Automapper restore fails because of that ToolPath = "./lib/nuget.exe", Verbosity = NuGetVerbosity.Detailed, }; NuGetRestore(".\MySolution.sln", settings); }); Note the overriding ToolPath – this is how you can tell Cake to use the specific .exe file for the operation. # NSaga – Lightweight Saga Management Framework For .Net Ladies and gentlement, I’m glad to present you NSaga – lightweight saga management framework for .Net. This is something I’ve been working for the last few months and now can happily annonce the first public release. NSaga gives ability to create and manage sagas without having to write any plumbing code yourself. Saga is a multi-step operation or activity that has persisted state and is operated by messages. Saga defines behaviour and state, but keeps them distinctly separated. Saga classes are defined by ISaga<TSagaData> interface and take messages. Messages are directed by a SagaMediator. Comes with an internal DI container, but you can use your own. Comes with SQL server persistence, but others will follow shortly. Basic saga will look like this: public class ShoppingBasketSaga : ISaga<ShoppingBasketData>, InitiatedBy<StartShopping>, ConsumerOf<AddProductIntoBasket>, ConsumerOf<NotifyCustomerAboutBasket> { public Guid CorrelationId { get; set; } public Dictionary<string, string> Headers { get; set; } public ShoppingBasketData SagaData { get; set; } private readonly IEmailService emailService; private readonly ICustomerRepository customerRepository; public ShoppingBasketSaga(IEmailService emailService, ICustomerRepository customerRepository) { this.emailService = emailService; this.customerRepository = customerRepository; } public OperationResult Initiate(StartShopping message) { SagaData.CustomerId = message.CustomerId; return new OperationResult(); // no errors to report } public OperationResult Consume(AddProductIntoBasket message) { SagaData.BasketProducts.Add(new BasketProducts() { ProductId = message.ProductId, ProductName = message.ProductName, ItemCount = message.ItemCount, ItemPrice = message.ItemPrice, }); return new OperationResult(); // no possibility to fail } public OperationResult Consume(NotifyCustomerAboutBasket message) { var customer = customerRepository.Find(SagaData.CustomerId); if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(customer.Email)) { return new OperationResult("No email recorded for the customer - unable to send message"); } try { var emailMessage = $"We see your basket is not checked-out. We offer you a 85% discount if you go ahead with the checkout. Please visit https://www.example.com/ShoppingBasket/{CorrelationId}"; emailService.SendEmail(customer.Email, "Checkout not complete", emailMessage); } catch (Exception exception) { return new OperationResult($"Failed to send email: {exception}"); } return new OperationResult(); // operation successful } } And the saga usage will be var correlationId = Guid.NewGuid(); // start the shopping. mediator.Consume(new StartShopping() { CorrelationId = correlationId, CustomerId = Guid.NewGuid(), }); // add a product into the basket mediator.Consume(new AddProductIntoBasket() { CorrelationId = correlationId, ProductId = 1, ProductName = "Magic Dust", ItemCount = 42, ItemPrice = 42.42M, }); There is some documentation and all hosted on GitHub. Have a look through samples, add a star to the repository and next time you need a multi-step operation, give it a go! # TFS vs Git I’ve been using TFS for most of my professional career. I mean if it is a paid project – it was on TFS. Surely there was a bit of SVN as well, but not too much. In university I did try CVS. For projects where I picked version control, I tried mercurial and git. But anyway, most of the work I’ve done on .Net was with TFS. And I mean TFS was the source control system – never used it for ticketing and task managing, so can’t comment on that. From now on if I say TFS I mean version control system. Recently we had time to move from TFS to git. I mean we moved that big-ass mahusive project with over 200K lines of code that was in active development for over 5 years. That was hard work to move it and preserve the history. And to be honest my team-mate has done most of the migration himself, I stood by and made sure I don’t interfere. And I tell you one thing – moving to git was a good decision. Well worth the time/effort investment. So now I’ll try to explain why I’m so happy with git. ## TFS is Horrible If you don’t believe that TFS as a version control is horrible – Google for it. There will be a lot of articles explaining why you should never touch TFS. Probably most of them are true. I’ll list my reasons why I hate TFS: • Need to be connected all the time. Can’t checkout/modify files if your local connection is down. Or TFS server is down. • Locks files for read-only (no longer the case in latest TFS, but was in v2010). Makes it almost impossible to change files outside of Visual Studio. • Projects need to be mapped to folders on your drive and this is very flaky. Many hours was wasted on this quirk. • Really flaky when trying to work with previous check-ins. One of the things I run into was moving files. You can’t do anything with a file in an old check-in if in later check-ins it was moved/renamed/deleted. I mean you are time machine TFS, I want to meddle with history, I don’t care that this file does not exist 20-check-ins later. Nope. • SLOW. All the file operations need to go over the network. • Workspaces. WTF? • Branching is so bad, it really can be written off the table. More on that later. ## Git is Horrible Same as above, if you Google for this, you will get a number of articles explaining why git is horrible. Most of them are true. Probably. I’ve not tasted most of them, here are my gripes with git: • Different line endings. It is 2016 for fire-sake! Just bloody ignore them by default. All of you: git, merge tools, editors, etc. I don’t care, I don’t want to know that somebody commited file with different line endings. Just work! • Complexity of some commands. Remember your first try of interactive rebase? • Hard to learn. I’m learning a lot of new things every time I get stuck with git. • Hard to remember commands – I google a lot for stuff I need to do. Can never remember all the options. • Git is HARD. But there is always git reset --hard HEAD. ## So? I’ve re-read the description above and seems like we’ve replaced QUIRKY with HARD. I can’t work with quirky – so much wasted time and effort just to overcome the quirkiness. I can deal with hard – I’ve completed BSc and MSc courses in Computer Science after all – that was HARD. But git has soooooo many books/tutorials/articles now that I always found an answer to my problem within the first page of Google search results. ## Branching No the biggest benefit (apart from escaping from quirky system) of moving from TFS to git is branching. In TFS branching is so bad it is a write-off. It takes forever to do branching, it must be literally in the other folder, you need to restart VS to switch to another branch. If you have IIS pointing to a web-site inside of your solution, you’ll have to reconfigure IIS to switch to another branch. Basically branching is TOO EXPENSIVE in TFS. And it is not an issue until you used cheap branching in real life. If you never used git-branded branching, you are used to not doing branching. So if you have any risky development, you tend to be very careful with it, so it does not spoil the rest of the code. You hide it behind a toggle, you don’t really commit it, you comment out your breaking code before checking in. And use a lot of other dirty tricks to not break your existing stuff. That does not always work well and you tend to be shy with potentially breaking changes. This leads to development stagnation because some changes are so global it is impossible to hide them. And you just don’t do them. That leads either to code quality problems or your product suffers from lack of good features. Also lack of experimental space kills a lot of innovation. I’ve gone through that recently: “hm… what if I add a generic parameter here.. that will actually propagate into a lot of places in the codebase.. nope, can’t afford to possibly break everything in case this does not work out. Not going to try that”. But if there was cheap branching available you can just make a new branch and break stuff all you like. If it does not work out – just abandon the branch – you have tried. ## Cheap Branching Git is all about branches and makes them really cheap to implement/use. In fact, git is pointless without branches – you might as well use SVN instead. With availability of cheap branches in git, I found that I’m following through with more risky ideas. A lot of them work out and give me good results. If you have a feature that takes a while to implement, you move the development in a branch and don’t disturb your main release – your customers won’t get half-baked code, you won’t need to hide new stuff behind a feature toggle. You merge it back into the mainstream when it is ready – no magic. This promotes experiments without a risk of them leaking into your production. If experimental code does not work out – it is still there in a branch, just not merged anywhere – you can come back to it later, no need to delete anything. Experiments lead to a better development cycles and in turn gives you a better product. ## Conclusion If git is not making you more money with a resulting better product, it definitely saves you time when you don’t have to maintain a million of toggle for unfinished features. Dump TFS, move to the dark side, use git. # Badly Written Software I see and use badly written software every day. Examples are all over the place. Yesterday I had to login to my pension provider system and they allow to pick your own username, but they HAVE to have it uppercase and prefix 001. Why? Who came up with this crappy restriction? I’ve seen database structures where information about people was stored in table called _job. And information about jobs was in table _jobs. Just because. And don’t get me started on home-grown user/password security solutions where you can only have passwords of maximum 8 characters. You see them everywhere. And plain-text password storage? There is a ton of systems that do that. There is a dedicated shaming site Plain Text Offenders. It’s a poor state of industry when we have such sites. I can go on forever about shitty software written by clue-less developers or pressed for time/requirements by even more clue-less managers. It is everywhere. But I realise the problem is with us. And we can fix it. Next time you write any code – think a bit harder. Next time your manager comes up with some requirement that does not make sense – push against it a bit harder. Next time a clue-less developer comes to you (or on Stack Overflow) for advice – try a bit harder to explain the best practices. Next time you start a new tech-stack – read the docs a bit longer. Next time you hit a bug – write a regression unit test. Next time write better software.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20446501672267914, "perplexity": 3362.27627673245}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578721468.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425134058-20190425160058-00167.warc.gz"}
https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/0CZS	Lemma 75.23.7. Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite presentation. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a finitely presented $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module. Let $x \in \|X\|$ with image $y \in \|Y\|$. If $\mathcal{F}$ is flat at $x$ over $Y$, then the following are equivalent 1. $(\mathcal{F}_{\overline{y}})_{\overline{x}}$ is a flat $\mathcal{O}_{X_{\overline{y}}, \overline{x}}$-module, 2. $(\mathcal{F}_{\overline{y}})_{\overline{x}}$ is a free $\mathcal{O}_{X_{\overline{y}}, \overline{x}}$-module, 3. $\mathcal{F}_{\overline{y}}$ is finite free in an étale neighbourhood of $\overline{x}$ in $X_{\overline{y}}$, and 4. $\mathcal{F}$ is finite free in an étale neighbourhood of $x$ in $X$. Here $\overline{x}$ is a geometric point of $X$ lying over $x$ and $\overline{y} = f \circ \overline{x}$. Proof. Pick a commutative diagram $\xymatrix{ U \ar[d] \ar[r] & V \ar[d] \\ X \ar[r] & Y }$ where $U$ and $V$ are schemes and the vertical arrows are étale such that there is a point $u \in U$ mapping to $x$. Let $v \in V$ be the image of $u$. Applying Lemma 75.23.1 to $\text{id} : X \to X$ over $Y$ we see that (1) translates into the condition “$\mathcal{F}\|_{U_ v}$ is flat over $U_ v$ at $u$”. In other words, (1) is equivalent to $(\mathcal{F}\|_{U_ v})_ u$ being a flat $\mathcal{O}_{U_ v, u}$-module. By the case of schemes (More on Morphisms, Lemma 37.16.7), we find that this implies that $\mathcal{F}\|_ U$ is finite free in an open neighbourhood of $u$. In this way we see that (1) implies (4). The implications (4) $\Rightarrow$ (3) and (2) $\Rightarrow$ (1) are immediate. For the implication (3) $\Rightarrow$ (2) use the description of local rings and stalks in Properties of Spaces, Lemmas 65.22.1 and 65.29.4. $\square$ In your comment you can use Markdown and LaTeX style mathematics (enclose it like $\pi$). A preview option is available if you wish to see how it works out (just click on the eye in the toolbar).	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 2, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9900376200675964, "perplexity": 104.5243761998395}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00083.warc.gz"}
https://knowledge.rachelbrindle.com/cli/shell.html	# Shell Bash shell, Z Shell, etc. ## Basic Math From this stackoverflow answer, to add two numbers and set the result to another, you use $(()) syntax, e.g. BAZ=$(($FOO +$BAR)) # Incrementing a number A=$(($A + 1)) ## Conditionals spaces around the square brackets are important. You can reverse conditionals with !: if [ ! -d "some_directory" ]; then echo "'./some_directory' does not exist!" fi ### Numbers use the -eq (equal), -gt (greater than), -ge (greater than or equal), -lt (less than), -le (less than or equal) operators (amongst others) to compare numbers. if [ 3 -eq 3 ]; then echo "3 is equal to 3" fi ### String use = and != for string equality if [ "$MY_STRING_VARIABLE" = "bar" ]; then echo "MY_STRING_VARIABLE is bar" fi if [ "$MY_STRING_VARIABLE" != "bar" ]; then echo "MY_STRING_VARIABLE is not bar" fi You can also compare whether they are lexicographically greater than or less than (e.g. “aaaa” is lexicographically less than “aaab”) another string with the \< and \> operators. if [ "$MY_STRING_VARIABLE" \< "bar" ]; then echo "MY_STRING_VARIABLE lexicographically greater than bar" fi if [ "$MY_STRING_VARIABLE" \> "bar" ]; then echo "MY_STRING_VARIABLE lexicographically lesser than bar" fi ### Regex Matching Use the =~ operator with a string as the left hand operand and the pattern as the right hand operand. if [ "$MY_STRING_VARIABLE" =~ '.*' ]; then echo "It better have matched, that was wildcard everything." fi ### File/Directories You can check if a file exists with -f. if [ -f "some_file" ]; then echo "file at './some_directory' exists and is not a directory!" fi You can test that a directory exists with -d, e.g.: if [ -d "some_directory" ]; then echo "directory at './some_directory' exists!" fi #### Iterate over Files in a Tree You can iterate over all files in a tree with: while IFS= read -r -d '' -u 9 do [Do something with "$REPLY"] done 9< <( find . -type f -exec printf '%s\0' {} + ) (Thanks stackexchange) ### Number of Arguments The number of arguments is represented as $# if [$# == 1 ]; then echo "There was only one argument passed to $0:$1" fi You can check whether a command exists by checking if command -v ${COMMAND_TO_CHECK} >/dev/null 2>/dev/null returns 0 (it exists) or non-zero (does not exist) if [ ! command -v my_special_script >/dev/null 2>&1 ]; then echo "my_special_script not found" fi ## Checking if a string is a number You can use the -eq operator to verify if something is a number: if ! [ "${some_number}" -eq "${some_number}"] 2>/dev/null; then "${some_number} is not a number"; fi You can similarly use the -ge to determine if something is a positive number. ## Traps You can use the trap command to run code when the shell script exits (or any signal occurs), like so: function on_end { echo "woohoo" } trap on_end exit which will print “woohoo” to stdout when the script exits. Last updated: 2020-04-18 15:07:05 -0700	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2881474196910858, "perplexity": 21434.916875084415}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407289.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530040743-20200530070743-00567.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/31167/gast%C3%B3n-burrull?tab=activity	# Gastón Burrull less info reputation 835 bio website location Santiago, Chile age 23 member for 2 years, 2 months seen yesterday profile views 809 Jul27 comment Can I write $\|x\|$ as $\|-x\|$? Good, you got it. Jul27 comment Can I write $\|x\|$ as $\|-x\|$? Exactly, and $-y=x$ then $\|-x\|=x$ in that case. Jul27 comment Can I write $\|x\|$ as $\|-x\|$? It must be "if $y\geq 0$" Jul27 comment Can I write $\|x\|$ as $\|-x\|$? Yes. You wrote it. And it is wrong. Jul27 answered Can I write $\|x\|$ as $\|-x\|$? Jul24 comment For extension fields, does $[F(a,b):F(a)]=[F(b):F]$? A true statment is $[F(a,b):F(a)]\leq[F(b):F]$. Jul2 awarded Curious Jul2 awarded Inquisitive Jun1 comment Multiplicative Property of the degree of field extension Why exists $f$ monic irreducible such that $K\cong F[x]/(f)$? That is true if $K=F(a)$ where $f$ is the minimal polynomial for $a$ over $K$. Finite extensions must be algebraic but not always simple if the field extension is not separable. May12 awarded Yearling May2 revised Proving $\phi$ is well-defined edited body May2 answered Proving $\phi$ is well-defined May1 comment $g\in G$ maximal order in $G$ abelian then $G=\left\oplus H$ @mezhang I didn't know how to do the $p$-group case, so this is not a duplicate. Apr27 comment Non simplicity of a group of order $p^{100}q$ given some conditions. Nice examples, thanks. Apr27 comment Non simplicity of a group of order $p^{100}q$ given some conditions. Ty(13 more to go) Apr26 comment Non simplicity of a group of order $p^{100}q$ given some conditions. Ty, did you mean is the non trivial normal subgroup of $G$? Apr26 accepted Non simplicity of a group of order $p^{100}q$ given some conditions. Apr21 revised Non simplicity of a group of order $p^{100}q$ given some conditions. added 317 characters in body Apr19 revised Non simplicity of a group of order $p^{100}q$ given some conditions. added 70 characters in body Apr19 comment Non simplicity of a group of order $p^{100}q$ given some conditions. To use 2.- we must prove that there are 2 p sylow subgroups (If exists only one we are done) and for each pair of p Sylow subgroups i want to show that intersection is trivial. I dont believe that is true without abelianity.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8764457106590271, "perplexity": 958.1984963911274}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270577.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00253-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/15933/how-can-we-measure-the-atomic-radius-of-an-atom	# How can we measure the atomic radius of an atom? The definition of atomic radius is half the average internuclear distance of an atom. But many times I've been told that it is not possible to handle a single atom. Thus how can we measure the internuclear distance of an atom? As you told it is not possible to measure the inter nuclear distance of single atom. But here internuclear distance does not mean diameter of a single atom but it means distance between nucleus of two atom of same element. This internuclear distance can be determined by two methods: 1. X-rays method 2. Spectroscopy method Note: Atomic radius is not a set value for a given atom. Eg. $\ce{Fe^{+2}}$ ion have different atomic radius than $\ce{Fe+}$. Moreover, $\ce{Fe^{+2}}$< $\ce{Fe+}$ • I think it is important to note also that atomic radius is not a set value for a given atom. For example, Fe2+ ions have a different atomic radius than Fe3+ or Fe in metal. When we talk about atomic radii in minerals (which are crystalline) then there can be many different radii possible. You can find tables of these radii in mineralogy texts where they've been determined as the spherical size of the atom that fits into its site in the crystal. – ZSG Oct 29 '14 at 22:27 • I think OP what to know the practice method of determining atomic radius, but we can add this as note. :-) – Freddy Oct 30 '14 at 4:32 • Also, I'd rather stress that atoms do not "look" clear-cut as in the picture, but rather blurry, so even the specific atomic radius of an atom in a particular state is somewhat less definite than it might seem. – Ivan Neretin Feb 26 '16 at 6:26 • @ZSG - It is more basic than that. The $\ce{Fe^{3+}}$ ion really has a different sizes in $\ce{FeCl_3}$, $\ce{FeBr_3}$, and $\ce{Fe_2S_3}$ for example. – MaxW Sep 30 '17 at 5:57	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8631092309951782, "perplexity": 602.3329128768642}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922463.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031211812-20201101001812-00429.warc.gz"}
http://www.eggie5.com/91-machine-learning-method-tradeoffs	Machine Learning Models Alex Egg, Logistic Regression • Works well if data is linearly separable and correlated; Low variance algorithm – highly generalizes data • Simple cost function • adaptable for online learning (stochastic GD) • useful output probabilities for each class Regularization Regularization is the process of penalizing model complexity during training. There are two popular techniques: L1 Lasso or L2 Ridge: • L1 attempts remove features w/ low variance by pulling the weight towards 0. L1 is good for sparse datasets. In the end only a few features are relevant. • L2 attempts to create an even distribution of weights which helps dense datasets avoid overfitting b/c noisy terms cannot dominate. In the end few features are more significant than the others. Tradeoff: How do we value more: accuracy vs. complexity? Decision Tree Classifier • Good for non-linearly-seperable data (go to SVM (with a non linear kernel RBF) if not seperable) • Prone to overfitting (high variance / low bias) – obvious if you visualize decision surface. Use bagging to alleviate: see random forrest • lower-dimensional data is better / high dimensional will result in deep tree that is computational expensive • Hard to run on numerical values • Very Interpretable • Easy to visualize decision surface and view outcome probabilities (not a black box) • Tree Visualization Naive Bayes Generative model. Common technique for text classification. Build probability distribution for each word in the corpus relative to the targets. • Good for small training set is small, (high bias/low variance) • Text preprocessing helps: Stemming, pruning etc SVM • Picking/finding the right kernel can be a challenge • Results/output are incomprehensible • No standardized way for dealing with multi-class problems; fundamentally a binary classifier • Can fit non-linear decision surfaces though kernal trick Ensembling In practice, it turns out that instead choosing the best model out of a set of models, if we combine many various, the results are better — often much better — and at little extra effort. Creating such model ensembles is now standard. In the simplest technique, called bagging, we simply generate radom variates of the training set by revamping, learn a classier on each, and combine the results by voting. This works because it greatly reduces variance while only slightly increasing bias. In boosting, training examples have weights, and thse are varied so that each new classifier focus on the exams the previous ones tended to get wrong. In stacking, the outputs of individual classifiers come the inputs of a “higher-level” larger that figure out how best to combine them. Bagging The theory bagging, in a nutshell, is that you have multiple models that you blend together to reduce variance and make your predictions more stable. That’s how a random forest works, it is a combination of n_estimators decision tree models that use majority voting (in the case of Random Forest Classifier) or straight averaging (in the case of Random Forest Regressor). Random Forests are called Bagging Meta-Estimators. Bagging reduces variance by introducing randomness into selection of the best feature to use at a particular split. Bagging estimators work best with when you have very deep levels on the decision trees. The randomness prevents overfitting the model on the training data. In bagging, we use many overfitted classifiers (low bias but high variance) and do a bootstrap to reduce the variance. Bagging is short for Bootstrap Aggregation. It uses several versions of the same model trained on slightly different samples of the training data to reduce variance without any noticeable effect on bias. Bagging could be computationally intensive esp. in terms of memory. The intuition behind bagging is that averaging a set of observations reduces the variance. Given $Z_n$ observations w/ variance $\sigma^2$, the variance of the mean Z is given by $\sigma^2/n$. Hence a natural way to reduce the variance and hence increasing the predicting accuracy of a model is too take many samples of the training set and average the resulting predictions. Examples: Random Forrest Random Forrest Classifier • Averages D-trees to lower variance • fast to train on large datasets compared to SVM Boosting In boosting, we allow many weak classifiers (high bias with low variance) to learn form their mistakes sequentially with the aim that they can correct their high bias problem while maintaining the low-variance property. Boosting relies on training several (simple, usually decision stumps) models successively each trying to learn from the errors of the models preceding it. Boosting differes from other algorithms in that in addition to it gives weights to training examples (as opposed to linear models which apply weights on features). So in essence we can weight the scarcer observations more heavily than the more populous ones. Boosting decreases bias and hardly affects variance (unless you are very sloppy). Depending on your n_estimators paramenter you are adding another inner-loop to your training step, so the the price of AdaBoost is an exensive jump in computational time and memory.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6356993913650513, "perplexity": 2529.0834252332165}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668716.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116005339-20191116033339-00272.warc.gz"}
https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/mesh/mesh/support_and_resources/percentages	# Percentages ## Converting a fraction to a percentage To convert a fraction to a percentage: $\boxed{\text{multiply by 100%}}$ which is the same as $\boxed{\text{multiply by }\frac{100\%}1.}$ ### Examples 1. What is $\frac12$ as a percentage? $\frac12$ as a percentage is $\frac12\times\frac{100\%}1 = \frac{1\times100\%}{2\times1} = \frac{100\%}{2} = 50\%$. 2. What is $\frac34$ as a percentage? $\frac34$ as a percentage is $\frac34\times\frac{100\%}1 = \frac{3\times100\%}{4\times1} = \frac{300\%}{4} = 75\%$. 3. Ali scored $9$ out of $1$5 for a test. What is this as a percentage? It's $\frac9{15}\times\frac{100\%}1 = \frac{9\times100\%}{15\times1} = \frac{900\%}{15} = 60\%$. The quick way to do this on a calculator is to enter $9$ divided by $15$ times $100$. ## Converting a percentage to a fraction To convert a percentage to a fraction: $\boxed{\text{put it over 100}}$ which is the same as $\boxed{\text{divide by 100.}}$ ### Examples 1. What is $60\%$ as a fraction? It is $\frac{60}{100} = \frac{3}{5}$. As a decimal this is $0.6$. 2. What is $50\%$ as a fraction? It is $\frac{50}{100} = \frac{1}{2}$. As a decimal this is $0.5$. ## Finding a percentage of a quantity To find a percentage of a quantity, write the percentage as a fraction and multiply by the quantity: $\boxed{\frac{\text{percentage}}{100}\times \text{quantity}.}$ In this context "of" means "multiply". ### Examples 1. Find $60\% {\color{red}{\text{ of }}} 15$. This is $\frac{60}{100}{\color{red}{\times}}15 = \frac{3}{5}\times15 = \frac{3\times15}{5} = \frac{45}5 = 9$. Note that the "${\color{red}{\text{of}}}$" in the question was replaced by "${\color{red}{\times}}$" in the calculation. 2. A machine is bought for $\$5,660$. GST of$10\%$has to be added to this. How much is the GST? What is the total cost? The GST is$\frac{10}{100}$of \$5,660. This is $\frac{10}{100}\times5660 = \frac{1}{10}\times5660 = \frac{5660}{10} = 566$. It is $\$566$. The total cost is$\$5,660 + \$566 = \$6,226$. 3. Jules scored $40\%$ in a test out of $30$. What mark did Jules get? The mark is $40\%$ of $30$, that is, $\frac{40}{100}\times 30 = 12$. Jules scored $12$ out of $30$. ### Miscellaneous examples 1. Jessie paid $\$6,006$for equipment (including GST of$10\%$). Jessie will get a refund for the GST paid. How much will this refund be? (Be careful, the answer is not$\$600.60$.) Write $n$ for the cost before GST is added. When the GST, which is $10\%$ of $n$, is added we get $\$6,006$. The GST paid is$\frac{10}{100}\times n = \frac{n}{10}$. So the total Jessie paid is$n+\frac{n}{10} = 6006$. 2. We must solve for$n$:$\frac{10n}{10}+\frac{n}{10} = 6006$, so$\frac{10n+n}{10} = 6006$which is$\frac{11n}{10} = 6006$. Therefore$n = \frac{6006\times 10}{11} = \frac{60060}{11} = 5460$. As the GST paid is$\frac{n}{10}$, the GST is$\frac{5460}{10} = \$546$. 3. A project is estimated to be $15\%$ complete and thus far has taken staff $300$ hours. How many staff hours will the whole project take? Two different methods will be given. Method 1. $15\%$ of the project takes $300$ hours, therefore $\phantom{Method 1.}1\%$ of the project takes $\frac{300}{15} = 20$ hours (divide both numbers by $15$), so $\phantom{Method 1.}100\%$ of the project takes $20 \times100 = 2000$ hours (multiply both by $100$). Method 2. Write $n$ for the total number of hours needed by staff for the whole project. That $15\%$ of the total number of hours staff need is $300$ tells us that $\frac{15}{100}\times n = 300$. We must solve for $n$: $\frac{15n}{100} = 300$, so $15n = 100\times 300$ and therefore $n = \frac{100\times 300}{15}= 2000$ hours. 4. ACME Products pays $\$62.50$for each widget they buy from the importer. They sell each widget for$\$80.00$. Finding the percentage profit as a proportion of cost price. The profit for each widget is $\$80.00 - \$62.50 = \$17.50$. The profit as a proportion of cost price is$\frac{17.50}{62.50}$so the percentage profit as a proportion of cost price is$\frac{17.50}{62.50}\times100 = 28\%\$.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9745539426803589, "perplexity": 2875.410174296874}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662538646.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521045616-20220521075616-00019.warc.gz"}
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/a/airplanes+reciprocating+engine-powered.html	#### Sample records for airplanes reciprocating engine-powered 1. 14 CFR 121.181 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... person operating a reciprocating engine powered airplane may take off that airplane at a weight, allowing... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En... OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.181 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered:... 2. 14 CFR 121.181 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En... OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.181 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En... person operating a reciprocating engine powered airplane may take off that airplane at a weight,... 3. 14 CFR 121.175 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ...) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered airplane from an airport located at an...) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered airplane for an airport of intended destination... the reciprocating engine powered airplane concerned. (d) No person may take off a reciprocating... 4. 14 CFR 135.365 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Weight limitations. (a) No person may take off a... may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane for an airport of... may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane at a weight more... 5. 14 CFR 135.367 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes....367 Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off... 6. 14 CFR 135.367 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes....367 Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off... 7. 14 CFR 135.367 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes....367 Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off... 8. 14 CFR 121.187 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.187 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 9. 14 CFR 121.175 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.175 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations.... 10. 14 CFR 121.185 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Destination airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.185 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 11. 14 CFR 121.187 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.187 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 12. 14 CFR 121.185 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Destination airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.185 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 13. 14 CFR 121.175 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.175 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations.... 14. 14 CFR 121.177 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.177 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations.... 15. 14 CFR 121.187 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.187 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 16. 14 CFR 121.177 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.177 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations.... 17. 14 CFR 121.187 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.187 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 18. 14 CFR 121.185 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Destination airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.185 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 19. 14 CFR 121.175 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.175 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations.... 20. 14 CFR 121.177 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.177 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations.... 1. 14 CFR 121.179 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: All engines operating. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.179 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations:... 2. 14 CFR 121.185 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Destination airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.185 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 3. 14 CFR 121.175 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.175 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Weight limitations.... 4. 14 CFR 121.187 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.187 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing... 5. 14 CFR 121.177 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.177 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations.... 6. 14 CFR 23.1047 - Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... engine powered airplanes. 23.1047 Section 23.1047 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1047 Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Compliance with § 23.1041 must be shown for the climb (or, for multiengine airplanes... 7. 14 CFR 23.1047 - Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... engine powered airplanes. 23.1047 Section 23.1047 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1047 Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Compliance with § 23.1041 must be shown for the climb (or, for multiengine airplanes... 8. 14 CFR 23.1047 - Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... engine powered airplanes. 23.1047 Section 23.1047 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1047 Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Compliance with § 23.1041 must be shown for the climb (or, for multiengine airplanes... 9. 14 CFR 23.1047 - Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... engine powered airplanes. 23.1047 Section 23.1047 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1047 Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Compliance with § 23.1041 must be shown for the climb (or, for multiengine airplanes... 10. 14 CFR 121.179 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: All engines operating. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... engines operating. (a) No person operating a reciprocating engine powered airplane may take off that... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS... 11. 14 CFR 135.371 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: One... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight, allowing... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance... 12. 14 CFR 135.365 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.365 Large transport... reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane from an airport located at an elevation... 13. 14 CFR 135.365 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.365 Large transport... reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane from an airport located at an elevation... 14. 14 CFR 135.365 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.365 Large transport... reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane from an airport located at an elevation... 15. 14 CFR 135.367 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... person operating a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations §... 16. 14 CFR 121.185 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Landing limitations: Destination airport. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... reciprocating engine powered airplane may take off that airplane, unless its weight on arrival, allowing for... tailwind component. (b) An airplane that would be prohibited from being taken off because it could not meet the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this section may be taken off if an alternate airport... 17. 14 CFR 135.375 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Landing limitations... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane may take off that airplane, unless its weight on... tailwind component. (b) An airplane that would be prohibited from being taken off because it could not meet paragraph (a)(2) of this section may be taken off if an alternate airport is selected that meets all of... 18. 14 CFR 135.365 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.365 Large transport... reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane from an airport located at an elevation... 19. 14 CFR 135.377 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.377 Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Landing... 20. 14 CFR 135.375 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Landing limitations... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.375 Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Landing... 1. 14 CFR 135.371 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: One... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.371 Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route... 2. 14 CFR 135.369 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: All... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.369 Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route... 3. 14 CFR 121.327 - Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... powered airplanes. 121.327 Section 121.327 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Equipment Requirements § 121.327 Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. (a) General... airplane unless supplemental oxygen is furnished and used as set forth in paragraphs (b) and (c) of... 4. 14 CFR 121.179 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: All engines operating. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... route limitations: All engines operating. 121.179 Section 121.179 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...) This section does not apply to airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. (c... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.179 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations:... 5. 14 CFR 121.179 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: All engines operating. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... route limitations: All engines operating. 121.179 Section 121.179 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...) This section does not apply to airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. (c... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.179 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations:... 6. 14 CFR 121.179 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: All engines operating. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... route limitations: All engines operating. 121.179 Section 121.179 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...) This section does not apply to airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. (c... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.179 Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations:... 7. 14 CFR 121.331 - Supplemental oxygen requirements for pressurized cabin airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen requirements for pressurized cabin airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. 121.331 Section 121.331 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE:... 8. 14 CFR 121.327 - Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine... Equipment Requirements § 121.327 Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. (a) General. Except where supplemental oxygen is provided in accordance with § 121.331, no person may operate... 9. 14 CFR 121.327 - Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine... Equipment Requirements § 121.327 Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. (a) General. Except where supplemental oxygen is provided in accordance with § 121.331, no person may operate... 10. 14 CFR 121.327 - Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine... Equipment Requirements § 121.327 Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. (a) General. Except where supplemental oxygen is provided in accordance with § 121.331, no person may operate... 11. 14 CFR 121.327 - Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine... Equipment Requirements § 121.327 Supplemental oxygen: Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. (a) General. Except where supplemental oxygen is provided in accordance with § 121.331, no person may operate... 12. 14 CFR 135.373 - Part 25 transport category airplanes with four or more engines: Reciprocating engine powered: En... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Part 25 transport category airplanes with four or more engines: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative. 135.373 Section 135.373 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS... 13. 14 CFR 135.369 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: All... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... airplane may take off that airplane at a weight, allowing for normal consumption of fuel and oil, that does... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance... 14. 14 CFR 121.181 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR... the rate of climb for airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations is 0.026 Vso2... part 25 of this chapter and by 0.026 Vso2 for airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil... 15. 14 CFR 121.181 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR... the rate of climb for airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations is 0.026 Vso2... part 25 of this chapter and by 0.026 Vso2 for airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil... 16. 14 CFR 121.181 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR... the rate of climb for airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations is 0.026 Vso2... part 25 of this chapter and by 0.026 Vso2 for airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil... 17. 14 CFR 135.369 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: All... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND... part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. ... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance... 18. 14 CFR 135.369 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: All... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND... part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. ... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance... 19. 14 CFR 135.369 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: All... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND... part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. ... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance... 20. 14 CFR 135.371 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: One... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND... the rate of climb for transport category airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air... under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. (2) The all-engines-operating altitude shall be... 1. 14 CFR 135.371 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: One... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND... the rate of climb for transport category airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air... under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. (2) The all-engines-operating altitude shall be... 2. 14 CFR 135.371 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations: One... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND... the rate of climb for transport category airplanes certificated under part 4a of the Civil Air... under part 4a of the Civil Air Regulations. (2) The all-engines-operating altitude shall be... 3. 14 CFR 135.373 - Part 25 transport category airplanes with four or more engines: Reciprocating engine powered: En... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Part 25 transport category airplanes with... Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.373 Part 25 transport category airplanes with four or more... operate an airplane certificated under part 25 and having four or more engines unless— (1) There is... 4. 14 CFR 121.183 - Part 25 airplanes with four or more engines: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Part 25 airplanes with four or more engines... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.183 Part 25 airplanes with four or... person may operate an airplane certificated under part 25 and having four or more engines unless—... 5. 14 CFR 121.189 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff... Limitations § 121.189 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in... 6. 14 CFR 121.189 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff... Limitations § 121.189 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in... 7. 14 CFR 121.195 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.195 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane... 8. 14 CFR 121.195 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.195 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane... 9. 14 CFR 121.195 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.195 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane... 10. 14 CFR 121.189 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff... Limitations § 121.189 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in... 11. 14 CFR 121.189 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff... Limitations § 121.189 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than that listed in... 12. 14 CFR 121.195 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.195 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that airplane... 13. 14 CFR 121.197 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.197 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... turbine engine powered airplane unless (based on the assumptions in § 121.195 (b)) that airplane at... 14. 14 CFR 121.197 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.197 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... turbine engine powered airplane unless (based on the assumptions in § 121.195 (b)) that airplane at... 15. 14 CFR 121.197 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.197 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... turbine engine powered airplane unless (based on the assumptions in § 121.195 (b)) that airplane at... 16. 14 CFR 121.197 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.197 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... turbine engine powered airplane unless (based on the assumptions in § 121.195 (b)) that airplane at... 17. 14 CFR 121.191 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.191 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that... 18. 14 CFR 121.191 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.191 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that... 19. 14 CFR 121.191 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.191 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that... 20. 14 CFR 121.191 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.191 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered airplane may take off that... 1. 14 CFR 121.193 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.193 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered airplane along an intended route unless he... 2. 14 CFR 121.193 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.193 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered airplane along an intended route unless he... 3. 14 CFR 121.193 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.193 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered airplane along an intended route unless he... 4. 14 CFR 121.193 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route... Performance Operating Limitations § 121.193 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered airplane along an intended route unless he... 5. 14 CFR 121.329 - Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... engine powered airplanes. 121.329 Section 121.329 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... Equipment Requirements § 121.329 Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. (a) General. When operating a turbine engine powered airplane, each certificate holder shall equip... 6. 14 CFR 125.377 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than turbopropeller. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered... AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.377 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than... takeoff a turbine-powered airplane (other than a turbopropeller-powered airplane) unless, considering... 7. 14 CFR 135.385 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....385 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take... 8. 14 CFR 125.377 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than turbopropeller. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered... AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.377 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than... takeoff a turbine-powered airplane (other than a turbopropeller-powered airplane) unless, considering... 9. 14 CFR 125.377 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than turbopropeller. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered... AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.377 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than... takeoff a turbine-powered airplane (other than a turbopropeller-powered airplane) unless, considering... 10. 14 CFR 135.385 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....385 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take... 11. 14 CFR 125.377 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than turbopropeller. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered... AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.377 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than... takeoff a turbine-powered airplane (other than a turbopropeller-powered airplane) unless, considering... 12. 14 CFR 135.385 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....385 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take... 13. 14 CFR 135.385 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....385 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane may take... 14. 14 CFR 135.387 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....387 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... alternate airport for a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane unless (based on... 15. 14 CFR 135.387 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....387 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... alternate airport for a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane unless (based on... 16. 14 CFR 135.387 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....387 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... alternate airport for a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane unless (based on... 17. 14 CFR 135.387 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....387 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate... alternate airport for a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane unless (based on... 18. 14 CFR 121.197 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.197 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations:... 19. 14 CFR 121.193 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.193 Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations:... 20. 14 CFR 135.379 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine... existing at take- off. (b) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 1. 14 CFR 135.379 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine... existing at take- off. (b) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 2. 14 CFR 91.1037 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....1037 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports. (a) No program manager or any other person may permit a turbine engine powered large... 3. 14 CFR 135.379 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine... existing at take- off. (b) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 4. 14 CFR 91.1037 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....1037 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports. (a) No program manager or any other person may permit a turbine engine powered large... 5. 14 CFR 91.1037 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....1037 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports. (a) No program manager or any other person may permit a turbine engine powered large... 6. 14 CFR 91.1037 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....1037 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports. (a) No program manager or any other person may permit a turbine engine powered large... 7. 14 CFR 135.379 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating a turbine engine... existing at take- off. (b) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 8. 14 CFR 91.1037 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine....1037 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports. (a) No program manager or any other person may permit a turbine engine powered large... 9. 14 CFR 121.329 - Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine... Equipment Requirements § 121.329 Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. (a) General. When operating a turbine engine powered airplane, each certificate holder shall equip... 10. 14 CFR 121.329 - Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine... Equipment Requirements § 121.329 Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. (a) General. When operating a turbine engine powered airplane, each certificate holder shall equip... 11. 14 CFR 121.329 - Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine... Equipment Requirements § 121.329 Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. (a) General. When operating a turbine engine powered airplane, each certificate holder shall equip... 12. 14 CFR 121.329 - Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine... Equipment Requirements § 121.329 Supplemental oxygen for sustenance: Turbine engine powered airplanes. (a) General. When operating a turbine engine powered airplane, each certificate holder shall equip... 13. 14 CFR 135.387 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Alternate airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.387 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations:... 14. 14 CFR 23.1045 - Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. 23.1045 Section 23.1045 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1045 Cooling test procedures for turbine engine... 15. 14 CFR 23.1045 - Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. 23.1045 Section 23.1045 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1045 Cooling test procedures for turbine engine... 16. 14 CFR 23.1045 - Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. 23.1045 Section 23.1045 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1045 Cooling test procedures for turbine engine... 17. 14 CFR 23.1045 - Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. 23.1045 Section 23.1045 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1045 Cooling test procedures for turbine engine... 18. 14 CFR 23.1045 - Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. 23.1045 Section 23.1045 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION... CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Cooling § 23.1045 Cooling test procedures for turbine engine... 19. 14 CFR 135.383 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.383 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane along an... 20. 14 CFR 135.383 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.383 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane along an... 1. 14 CFR 135.383 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.383 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane along an... 2. 14 CFR 135.383 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.383 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two...). No person may operate a turbine engine powered large transport category airplane along an... 3. 14 CFR 135.381 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.381 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 4. 14 CFR 135.381 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.381 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 5. 14 CFR 135.381 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.381 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 6. 14 CFR 135.381 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... Limitations § 135.381 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. (a) No person operating a turbine engine powered large transport category... 7. 14 CFR 121.333 - Supplemental oxygen for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. 121.333 Section 121.333... for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. (a... passenger cabin occupants. (3) For first-aid treatment of occupants who for physiological reasons... 8. 14 CFR 121.333 - Supplemental oxygen for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. 121.333 Section 121.333... for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. (a... passenger cabin occupants. (3) For first-aid treatment of occupants who for physiological reasons... 9. 14 CFR 121.333 - Supplemental oxygen for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. 121.333 Section 121.333... for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. (a... passenger cabin occupants. (3) For first-aid treatment of occupants who for physiological reasons... 10. 14 CFR 121.333 - Supplemental oxygen for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. 121.333 Section 121.333... for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. (a... passenger cabin occupants. (3) For first-aid treatment of occupants who for physiological reasons... 11. 14 CFR 121.333 - Supplemental oxygen for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. 121.333 Section 121.333... for emergency descent and for first aid; turbine engine powered airplanes with pressurized cabins. (a... passenger cabin occupants. (3) For first-aid treatment of occupants who for physiological reasons... 12. 14 CFR 121.645 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered airplanes, other than turbo propeller: Flag and supplemental... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.645 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... specifications, no person may release for flight or takeoff a turbine-engine powered airplane (other than a... 13. 14 CFR 121.645 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered airplanes, other than turbo propeller: Flag and supplemental... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.645 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... specifications, no person may release for flight or takeoff a turbine-engine powered airplane (other than a... 14. 14 CFR 121.645 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered airplanes, other than turbo propeller: Flag and supplemental... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.645 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... specifications, no person may release for flight or takeoff a turbine-engine powered airplane (other than a... 15. 14 CFR 121.645 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered airplanes, other than turbo propeller: Flag and supplemental... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.645 Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered... specifications, no person may release for flight or takeoff a turbine-engine powered airplane (other than a... 16. 14 CFR 135.379 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. 135.379 Section 135.379 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS... 17. 14 CFR 121.191 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. 121.191 Section 121.191 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS... 18. 14 CFR 125.377 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than turbopropeller. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine-powered airplanes other than turbopropeller. 125.377 Section 125.377 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS CERTIFICATION... 19. 14 CFR 135.385 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. 135.385 Section 135.385 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION... 20. 14 CFR 121.195 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports. 121.195 Section 121.195 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS... 1. 14 CFR 121.189 - Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations. 121.189 Section 121.189 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS:... 2. 14 CFR 135.383 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: Two engines... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine... DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.383 Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations:... 3. The Direct Measurement of Engine Power on an Airplane in Flight with a Hub Type Dynamometer NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gove, W D; Green, M W 1927-01-01 This report describes tests made to obtain direct measurements of engine power in flight. Tests were made with a Bendemann hub dynamometer installed on a modified DH-4 Airplane, Liberty 12 Engine, to determine the suitability of this apparatus. This dynamometer unit, which was designed specially for use with a liberty 12 engine, is a special propeller hub in which is incorporated a system of pistons and cylinders interposed between the propeller and the engine crankshaft. The torque and thrust forces are balanced by fluid pressures, which are recorded by instruments in the cockpit. These tests have shown the suitability of this type of hub dynamometer for measurement of power in flight and for the determination of the torque and power coefficients of the propeller. (author) 4. 14 CFR 135.381 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered: En route limitations: One engine inoperative. 135.381 Section 135.381 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE:... 5. 14 CFR 121.645 - Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered airplanes, other than turbo propeller: Flag and supplemental... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel supply: Turbine-engine powered airplanes, other than turbo propeller: Flag and supplemental operations. 121.645 Section 121.645 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR... 6. 14 CFR 121.331 - Supplemental oxygen requirements for pressurized cabin airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen requirements for... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Instrument and Equipment Requirements § 121.331 Supplemental oxygen requirements for... oxygen for each crewmember for the entire flight at those altitudes and not less than a two-hour... 7. 14 CFR 121.331 - Supplemental oxygen requirements for pressurized cabin airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen requirements for... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Instrument and Equipment Requirements § 121.331 Supplemental oxygen requirements for... oxygen for each crewmember for the entire flight at those altitudes and not less than a two-hour... 8. 14 CFR 121.331 - Supplemental oxygen requirements for pressurized cabin airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen requirements for... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Instrument and Equipment Requirements § 121.331 Supplemental oxygen requirements for... oxygen for each crewmember for the entire flight at those altitudes and not less than a two-hour... 9. 14 CFR 121.331 - Supplemental oxygen requirements for pressurized cabin airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Supplemental oxygen requirements for... SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Instrument and Equipment Requirements § 121.331 Supplemental oxygen requirements for... oxygen for each crewmember for the entire flight at those altitudes and not less than a two-hour... 10. 14 CFR 121.177 - Airplanes: Reciprocating engine-powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... reach a height of 50 feet, as indicated by the takeoff path data, before passing over the end of the... path data) or 200 feet horizontally within the airport boundaries and 300 feet horizontally beyond the boundaries, without banking before reaching a height of 50 feet (as shown by the takeoff path data)... 11. 14 CFR 135.367 - Large transport category airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... the takeoff and reach a height of 50 feet, as indicated by the takeoff path data, before passing over... by the takeoff path data) or 200 feet horizontally within the airport boundaries and 300 feet... takeoff path data) and after that without banking more than 15 degrees. (b) In applying this... 12. 14 CFR 121.183 - Part 25 airplanes with four or more engines: Reciprocating engine powered: En route limitations... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ...) at an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest ground or obstruction within 10 miles on each side of the intended track, or at an altitude of 5,000 feet, whichever is higher. (b) For the purposes of...) Where the engines are assumed to fail at an altitude above the prescribed minimum altitude,... 13. A flight-test evaluation of a go-around control system for a twin engine powered-lift STOL airplane NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Watson, D. M.; Hardy, G. H. 1983-01-01 An automatic go-around control system was evaluated on the Augmentor Wing Jet Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) Research Airplane (AWJSRA) as part of a study of an automatic landing system for a powered-lift STOL airplane. The results of the evaluation indicate that the go-around control system can successfully transition the airplane to a climb configuration from any initiation point during the glide-slope track or the flare maneuver prior to touchdown. 14. The Way to Increased Airplane Engine Power NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Vohrer, Eugen 1939-01-01 The purpose of this paper is to give an outline of the present state of development and point out the possibilities available for the further increase in the power/displacement ratio, the economy, and the reliability of the engine. Some of the aspects discussed are methods of increasing take-off power, the various methods of preparation of the fuel mixture and their effect on power, economy, and safety. 15. Gordon Bennett Airplane Cup NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Margoulis, W 1921-01-01 The characteristics of the airplanes built for the Gordon Bennet Airplane Cup race that took place on September 28, 1920 are described. The airplanes are discussed from a aerodynamical point of view, with a number of new details concerning the French machines. Also discussed is the regulation of future races. The author argues that there should be no limitations on the power of the aircraft engines. He reasons that in the present state of things, liberty with regard to engine power does not lead to a search for the most powerful engine, but for one which is reliable and light, thus leading to progress. 16. 14 CFR 135.398 - Commuter category airplanes performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... all commuter category airplanes notwithstanding their stated applicability to turbine-engine-powered... used, the elevation of the airport, the effective runway gradient, and ambient temperature, and... 17. 14 CFR 135.398 - Commuter category airplanes performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... all commuter category airplanes notwithstanding their stated applicability to turbine-engine-powered... used, the elevation of the airport, the effective runway gradient, and ambient temperature, and... 18. 14 CFR 135.398 - Commuter category airplanes performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... all commuter category airplanes notwithstanding their stated applicability to turbine-engine-powered... used, the elevation of the airport, the effective runway gradient, and ambient temperature, and... 19. 14 CFR 135.398 - Commuter category airplanes performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... all commuter category airplanes notwithstanding their stated applicability to turbine-engine-powered... used, the elevation of the airport, the effective runway gradient, and ambient temperature, and... 20. 14 CFR 121.161 - Airplane limitations: Type of route. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane limitations: Type of route. 121... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.161 Airplane... specifications, no certificate holder may operate a turbine-engine-powered airplane over a route that contains... 1. 14 CFR 121.161 - Airplane limitations: Type of route. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane limitations: Type of route. 121... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.161 Airplane... specifications, no certificate holder may operate a turbine-engine-powered airplane over a route that contains... 2. 14 CFR 121.161 - Airplane limitations: Type of route. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane limitations: Type of route. 121... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.161 Airplane... specifications, no certificate holder may operate a turbine-engine-powered airplane over a route that contains... 3. 14 CFR 121.161 - Airplane limitations: Type of route. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane limitations: Type of route. 121... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.161 Airplane... specifications, no certificate holder may operate a turbine-engine-powered airplane over a route that contains... 4. 14 CFR 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... than a turbine-engine-powered airplane certificated after September 30, 1958) unless— (1) The takeoff.... (b) No person may operate a turbine-engine-powered transport category airplane certificated after... airport, the runway to be used, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind... 5. 14 CFR 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... than a turbine-engine-powered airplane certificated after September 30, 1958) unless— (1) The takeoff.... (b) No person may operate a turbine-engine-powered transport category airplane certificated after... airport, the runway to be used, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind... 6. 14 CFR 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... than a turbine-engine-powered airplane certificated after September 30, 1958) unless— (1) The takeoff.... (b) No person may operate a turbine-engine-powered transport category airplane certificated after... airport, the runway to be used, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind... 7. 14 CFR 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... than a turbine-engine-powered airplane certificated after September 30, 1958) unless— (1) The takeoff.... (b) No person may operate a turbine-engine-powered transport category airplane certificated after... airport, the runway to be used, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind... 8. 14 CFR 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... than a turbine-engine-powered airplane certificated after September 30, 1958) unless— (1) The takeoff.... (b) No person may operate a turbine-engine-powered transport category airplane certificated after... airport, the runway to be used, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind... 9. On the take-off of heavily loaded airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Breguet, Louis 1928-01-01 This report examines the take-off conditions of airplanes equipped with tractive propellers, and particularly the more difficult take-off of airplanes heavily loaded per unit of wing area (wing loading) or per unit of engine power (power loading). 10. 14 CFR 135.399 - Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Small nontransport category airplane... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.399 Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. (a) No person may operate a reciprocating engine... 11. 14 CFR 135.399 - Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Small nontransport category airplane... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.399 Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. (a) No person may operate a reciprocating engine... 12. 14 CFR 135.399 - Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Small nontransport category airplane... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.399 Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. (a) No person may operate a reciprocating engine... 13. 14 CFR 135.399 - Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small nontransport category airplane... PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 135.399 Small nontransport category airplane performance operating limitations. (a) No person may operate a reciprocating engine... 14. 77 FR 3585 - Airworthiness Directives; Cirrus Design Corporation Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-01-25 ... airplanes. This AD was prompted by reports of partial loss of engine power due to a dislodged rubber gasket... published in the Federal Register on November 2, 2011 (76 FR 67631). That NPRM proposed to require... AD. We received no comments on the NPRM (76 FR 67631, November 2, 2011) or on the determination... 15. Electromagnetic Reciprocity. SciTech Connect Aldridge, David F. 2014-11-01 A reciprocity theorem is an explicit mathematical relationship between two different wavefields that can exist within the same space - time configuration. Reciprocity theorems provi de the theoretical underpinning for mod ern full waveform inversion solutions, and also suggest practical strategies for speed ing up large - scale numerical modeling of geophysical datasets . In the present work, several previously - developed electromagnetic r eciprocity theorems are generalized to accommodate a broader range of medi um, source , and receiver types. Reciprocity relations enabling the interchange of various types of point sources and point receivers within a three - dimensional electromagnetic model are derived. Two numerical modeling algorithms in current use are successfully tested for adherence to reciprocity. Finally, the reciprocity theorem forms the point of departure for a lengthy derivation of electromagnetic Frechet derivatives. These mathe matical objects quantify the sensitivity of geophysical electromagnetic data to variatio ns in medium parameters, and thus constitute indispensable tools for solution of the full waveform inverse problem. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sandia National Labor atories is a multi - program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the US Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE - AC04 - 94AL85000. Signif icant portions of the work reported herein were conducted under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and CARBO Ceramics Incorporated. The author acknowledges Mr. Chad Cannan and Mr. Terry Pa lisch of CARBO Ceramics, and Ms. Amy Halloran, manager of SNL's Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences Department, for their interest in and encouragement of this work. Special thanks are due to Dr . Lewis C. Bartel ( recently retired from Sandia National Labo ratories and now a 16. Reciprocal translocations SciTech Connect 1993-12-31 Chapter 26, describes reciprocal translocations of chromosomes: their occurrence, breakpoints, and multiple rearrangements. In addition, phenotypes of balanced and unbalanced translocation carriers and fetal death are discussed. Examples of translocation families are given. Meiosis and genetic risk in translocation carriers is presented. Finally, sperm chromosomes in meiotic segregation analysis is mentioned. 39 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab. 17. Airplane Superchargers NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Noack, W G 1921-01-01 Discussed here are the principles and operation of aircraft engine superchargers used to maintain and increase engine power as aircraft encounter decreases in the density of air as altitude rises. Details are given on the design and operation of the centrifugal compressors. A method is given for calculating the amount of power needed to drive a compressor. The effects of the use of a compressor on fuel system operation and design are discussed. Several specific superchargers that were in operation are described. 18. Ultra Clean 1.1MW High Efficiency Natural Gas Engine Powered System SciTech Connect Zurlo, James; Lueck, Steve 2011-08-31 Dresser, Inc. (GE Energy, Waukesha gas engines) will develop, test, demonstrate, and commercialize a 1.1 Megawatt (MW) natural gas fueled combined heat and power reciprocating engine powered package. This package will feature a total efficiency > 75% and ultra low CARB permitting emissions. Our modular design will cover the 1 – 6 MW size range, and this scalable technology can be used in both smaller and larger engine powered CHP packages. To further advance one of the key advantages of reciprocating engines, the engine, generator and CHP package will be optimized for low initial and operating costs. Dresser, Inc. will leverage the knowledge gained in the DOE - ARES program. Dresser, Inc. will work with commercial, regulatory, and government entities to help break down barriers to wider deployment of CHP. The outcome of this project will be a commercially successful 1.1 MW CHP package with high electrical and total efficiency that will significantly reduce emissions compared to the current central power plant paradigm. Principal objectives by phases for Budget Period 1 include: • Phase 1 – market study to determine optimum system performance, target first cost, lifecycle cost, and creation of a detailed product specification. • Phase 2 – Refinement of the Waukesha CHP system design concepts, identification of critical characteristics, initial evaluation of technical solutions, and risk mitigation plans. Background 19. 76 FR 67631 - Airworthiness Directives; Cirrus Design Corporation Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-11-02 ...We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Cirrus Design Corporation (Cirrus) Model SR22T airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by reports of partial loss of engine power due to a dislodged rubber gasket/seal being ingested into the turbocharger. This proposed AD would require inspection and modification of the air box flange welds and slots and installation of...... 20. Remarks on building of low-powered airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Langsdorff, Werner V 1924-01-01 If the low-powered airplane is to be used advantageously by private individuals, the most important consideration is a smaller fuel consumption and, hence, a lower engine power. From experiments with gliders, it appears entirely possible, by utilizing ascending winds (on the weather side of mountains and those generated by the heat of the sun) and by employing engine flight intermittently, as required to fly long distances over land. 1. Airplane Balance NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Huguet, L 1921-01-01 The authors argue that the center of gravity has a preponderating influence on the longitudinal stability of an airplane in flight, but that manufacturers, although aware of this influence, are still content to apply empirical rules to the balancing of their airplanes instead of conducting wind tunnel tests. The author examines the following points: 1) longitudinal stability, in flight, of a glider with coinciding centers; 2) the influence exercised on the stability of flight by the position of the axis of thrust with respect to the center of gravity and the whole of the glider; 3) the stability on the ground before taking off, and the influence of the position of the landing gear. 4) the influence of the elements of the glider on the balance, the possibility of sometimes correcting defective balance, and the valuable information given on this point by wind tunnel tests; 5) and a brief examination of the equilibrium of power in horizontal flight, where the conditions of stability peculiar to this kind of flight are added to previously existing conditions of the stability of the glider, and interfere in fixing the safety limits of certain evolutions. 2. Study of small turbofan engines applicable to single-engine light airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Merrill, G. L. 1976-01-01 The design, efficiency and cost factors are investigated for application of turbofan propulsion engines to single engine, general aviation light airplanes. A companion study of a hypothetical engine family of a thrust range suitable to such aircraft and having a high degree of commonality of design features and parts is presented. Future turbofan powered light airplanes can have a lower fuel consumption, lower weight, reduced airframe maintenance requirements and improved engine overhaul periods as compared to current piston engined powered airplanes. Achievement of compliance with noise and chemical emission regulations is expected without impairing performance, operating cost or safety. 3. The Light Airplane NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Driggs, Ivan H. 1925-01-01 This report begins with a review and analysis of the work being done to develop light airplanes in the U.S. and abroad. A technical discussion of the construction and innovations in light airplanes is then presented. 4. β-reciprocal polynomials 2016-07-01 A new class of polynomials pn(x) known as β-reciprocal polynomials is defined. Given a parameter ? that is not a root of -1, we show that the only β-reciprocal polynomials are pn(x) ≡ xn. When β is a root of -1, other polynomials are possible. For example, the Hermite polynomials are i-reciprocal, ?. 5. Reciprocating pellet press DOEpatents Jones, Charles W. 1981-04-07 A machine for pressing loose powder into pellets using a series of reciprocating motions has an interchangeable punch and die as its only accurately machines parts. The machine reciprocates horizontally between powder receiving and pressing positions. It reciprocates vertically to press, strip and release a pellet. 6. General problem of the airplane NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Richard, Maurice; Richard, Paul 1922-01-01 A series of equations relating to airplanes are given and examples listed. Some of the equations listed include: the speed, altitude and carrying capacity of various airplanes; weight of an airplane; weight of various parts of an airplane; the polars of the wings; speeds of airplanes; radius of action. 7. Reciprocity in directed networks Yin, Mei; Zhu, Lingjiong 2016-04-01 Reciprocity is an important characteristic of directed networks and has been widely used in the modeling of World Wide Web, email, social, and other complex networks. In this paper, we take a statistical physics point of view and study the limiting entropy and free energy densities from the microcanonical ensemble, the canonical ensemble, and the grand canonical ensemble whose sufficient statistics are given by edge and reciprocal densities. The sparse case is also studied for the grand canonical ensemble. Extensions to more general reciprocal models including reciprocal triangle and star densities will likewise be discussed. 8. Reciprocal NUT spacetimes Momeni, Davood; Chattopadhyay, Surajit; Myrzakulov, Ratbay 2015-05-01 In this paper, we study the Ehlers' transformation (sometimes called gravitational duality rotation) for reciprocal static metrics. First, we introduce the concept of reciprocal metric. We prove a theorem which shows how we can construct a certain new static solution of Einstein field equations using a seed metric. Later, we investigate the family of stationary spacetimes of such reciprocal metrics. The key here is a theorem from Ehlers', which relates any static vacuum solution to a unique stationary metric. The stationary metric has a magnetic charge. The spacetime represents Newman-Unti-Tamburino (NUT) solutions. Since any stationary spacetime can be decomposed into a 1 + 3 time-space decomposition, Einstein field equations for any stationary spacetime can be written in the form of Maxwell's equations for gravitoelectromagnetic fields. Further, we show that this set of equations is invariant under reciprocal transformations. An additional point is that the NUT charge changes the sign. As an instructive example, by starting from the reciprocal Schwarzschild as a spherically symmetric solution and reciprocal Morgan-Morgan disk model as seed metrics we find their corresponding stationary spacetimes. Starting from any static seed metric, performing the reciprocal transformation and by applying an additional Ehlers' transformation we obtain a family of NUT spaces with negative NUT factor (reciprocal NUT factors). 9. Reciprocating Linear Electric Motor NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Goldowsky, M. P. 1984-01-01 Features include structural simplicity and good force/displacement characteristics. Reciprocating motor has simple, rugged construction, relatively low reciprocating weight, improved power delivery, and improved force control. Wear reduced by use of magnetic bearings. Intended to provide drivers for long-lived Stirling-cycle cryogenic refrigerators, concept has less exotic applications, such as fuel pumps. 10. The Value of Reciprocity ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Molm, Linda D.; Schaefer, David R.; Collett, Jessica L. 2007-01-01 The value of reciprocity in social exchange potentially comprises both instrumental value (the value of the actual benefits received from exchange) and communicative or symbolic value (the expressive and uncertainty reduction value conveyed by features of the act of reciprocity itself). While all forms of exchange provide instrumental value, we… 11. The Structure of Reciprocity ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Molm, Linda D. 2010-01-01 Reciprocity is one of the defining features of social exchange and social life, yet exchange theorists have tended to take it for granted. Drawing on work from a decade-long theoretical research program, I argue that reciprocity is structured and variable across different forms of exchange, that these variations in the structure of reciprocity… 12. Conceptual design of single turbofan engine powered light aircraft NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Snyder, F. S.; Voorhees, C. G.; Heinrich, A. M.; Baisden, D. N. 1977-01-01 The conceptual design of a four place single turbofan engine powered light aircraft was accomplished utilizing contemporary light aircraft conventional design techniques as a means of evaluating the NASA-Ames General Aviation Synthesis Program (GASP) as a preliminary design tool. In certain areas, disagreement or exclusion were found to exist between the results of the conventional design and GASP processes. Detail discussion of these points along with the associated contemporary design methodology are presented. 13. The Airplane Experiment. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Larson, Lee; Grant, Roderick 1991-01-01 Presents an experiment to investigate centripetal force and acceleration that utilizes an airplane suspended on a string from a spring balance. Investigates the possibility that lift on the wings of the airplane accounts for the differences between calculated tension and measured tension on the string. (MDH) 14. Metal Airplane Construction NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1926-01-01 It has long been thought that metal construction of airplanes would involve an increase in weight as compared with wood construction. Recent experience has shown that such is not the case. This report describes the materials used, treatment of, and characteristics of metal airplane construction. 15. 14 CFR 33.8 - Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. 33.8 Section 33.8 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES General § 33.8 Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. (a) Requested engine power... 16. The Effect of Supercharger Capacity on Engine and Airplane Performance NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Schey, O W; Gove, W D 1930-01-01 This report presents the results of an investigation to determine the effect of different supercharger capacities on the performance of an airplane and its engine . The tests were conducted on a DH4-M2 airplane powered with a Liberty 12 engine. In this investigation four supercharger capacities, obtained by driving a roots type supercharger at 1.615, 1.957, 2.4, and 3 time engine speed, were used to maintain sea-level pressure at the carburetor to altitudes of 7,000, 11,500, 17,000, and 22,000 feet, respectively. The performance of the airplane in climb and in level flight was determined for each of the four supercharger drive ratios and for the unsupercharged condition. The engine power was measured during these tests by means of a calibrated propeller. It was found that very little sacrifice in sea-level performance was experienced with the larger supercharger drive ratios as compared with performance obtained when using the smaller drive ratios. The results indicate that further increase in supercharger capacity over that obtained when using 3:1 drive ratio would give a slight increase in ceiling and in high-altitude performance but would considerably impair the performance for an appreciable distance below the critical altitude. As the supercharger capacity was increased, the height at which sea-level high speeds could be equaled or improved became a larger percentage of the maximum height of operation of the airplane. 17. Centrifugal reciprocating compressor NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) High, W. H. 1980-01-01 Efficient compressor uses centrifugal force to compress gas. System incorporates two coupled dc motors, each driving separate centrifugal reciprocating-compressor assembly. Motors are synchronized to accelerate and decelerate alternately. 18. Hidden patterns of reciprocity. PubMed Syi 2014-03-21 Reciprocity can help the evolution of cooperation. To model both types of reciprocity, we need the concept of strategy. In the case of direct reciprocity there are four second-order action rules (Simple Tit-for-tat, Contrite Tit-for-tat, Pavlov, and Grim Trigger), which are able to promote cooperation. In the case of indirect reciprocity the key component of cooperation is the assessment rule. There are, again, four elementary second-order assessment rules (Image Scoring, Simple Standing, Stern Judging, and Shunning). The eight concepts can be formalized in an ontologically thin way we need only an action predicate and a value function, two agent concepts, and the constant of goodness. The formalism helps us to discover that the action and assessment rules can be paired, and that they show the same patterns. The logic of these patterns can be interpreted with the concept of punishment that has an inherent paradoxical nature. PMID:24368125 19. MLS: Airplane system modeling NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thompson, A. D.; Stapleton, B. P.; Walen, D. B.; Rieder, P. F.; Moss, D. G. 1981-01-01 Analysis, modeling, and simulations were conducted as part of a multiyear investigation of the more important airplane-system-related items of the microwave landing system (MLS). Particular emphasis was placed upon the airplane RF system, including the antenna radiation distribution, the cabling options from the antenna to the receiver, and the overall impact of the airborne system gains and losses upon the direct-path signal structure. In addition, effort was expended toward determining the impact of the MLS upon the airplane flight management system and developing the initial stages of a fast-time MLS automatic control system simulation model. Results ot these studies are presented. 20. General airplane performance NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rockfeller, W C 1939-01-01 Equations have been developed for the analysis of the performance of the ideal airplane, leading to an approximate physical interpretation of the performance problem. The basic sea-level airplane parameters have been generalized to altitude parameters and a new parameter has been introduced and physically interpreted. The performance analysis for actual airplanes has been obtained in terms of the equivalent ideal airplane in order that the charts developed for use in practical calculations will for the most part apply to any type of engine-propeller combination and system of control, the only additional material required consisting of the actual engine and propeller curves for propulsion unit. Finally, a more exact method for the calculation of the climb characteristics for the constant-speed controllable propeller is presented in the appendix. 1. English airplane construction NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Schwencke, D 1930-01-01 English airplane construction is presented with a particular emphasis on metal construction techniques. Steel rib and fuselage construction are discussed as well as the use of duralumin in construction. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1926-01-01 The Bristol Badminton, Type 99 airplane has a radial aircooled engine (a Bristol Jupiter 9 cylinder 450 HP.) and three fuel tanks. It is a single seat biplane weighing 1,840 lbs. empty and 2,460 lbs. loaded. 3. Airplane Stress Analysis NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Zahm, A F; Crook, L H 1918-01-01 Report presents stress analysis of individual components of an airplane. Normal and abnormal loads, sudden loads, simple stresses, indirect simple stresses, resultant unit stress, repetitive and equivalent stress, maximum steady load and stress are considered. 4. 75 FR 39804 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Model 757 Airplanes, Model 767 Airplanes, and Model... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-07-13 ... Model 757 Airplanes, Model 767 Airplanes, and Model 777-200 and -300 Series Airplanes AGENCY: Federal... directive (AD) for certain Model 757 airplanes, Model 767 airplanes, and Model 777-200 and -300 series...) that would apply to certain Model 757 airplanes, Model 767 airplanes, and Model 777-200 and -300... 5. Stall-proof Airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Lachmann, G 1927-01-01 My lecture has to do with the following questions. Is the danger of stalling necessarily inherent in the airplane in its present form and structure, or can it be diminished or eliminated by suitable means? Do we possess such means or devices and how must they operate? In this connection I will devote special attention to the exhibition of stall-proof airplanes by Fokker under the auspices of the English Air Ministry, which took place in Croyden last April. 6. Direct reciprocity on graphs PubMed Central Ohtsuki, Hisashi; Nowak, Martin A. 2008-01-01 Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation based on the idea of repeated encounters between the same two individuals. Here we examine direct reciprocity in structured populations, where individuals occupy the vertices of a graph. The edges denote who interacts with whom. The graph represents spatial structure or a social network. For birth-death or pairwise comparison updating, we find that evolutionary stability of direct reciprocity is more restrictive on a graph than in a well-mixed population, but the condition for reciprocators to be advantageous is less restrictive on a graph. For death-birth and imitation updating, in contrast, both conditions are easier to fulfill on a graph. Moreover, for all four update mechanisms, reciprocators can dominate defectors on a graph, which is never possible in a well-mixed population. We also study the effect of an error rate, which increases with the number of links per individual; interacting with more people simultaneously enhances the probability of making mistakes. We provide analytic derivations for all results. PMID:17466339 7. Series of Reciprocal Triangular Numbers ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Bruckman, Paul; Dence, Joseph B.; Dence, Thomas P.; Young, Justin 2013-01-01 Reciprocal triangular numbers have appeared in series since the very first infinite series were summed. Here we attack a number of subseries of the reciprocal triangular numbers by methodically expressing them as integrals. 8. Reciprocal Predicates in Japanese. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Ishii, Yasuo A study of reciprocals in Japanese compares two kinds: (1) a verbal suffix "aw"; and (2) an NP argument "otagai." Although "otagai" appears to be taken care of by syntactic binding theory, it is proposed that there is no evidence for the existence of a syntactic position of the object NP in the case of "aw." The suffix can be characterized as… 9. Terahertz wave reciprocal imaging Xu, Jingzhou; Zhang, X.-C. 2006-04-01 A reciprocal imaging technology with an encoding/decoding image readout method allows a single detector (such as a heterodyne detector) to produce a two dimensional (2D) image simultaneously. Applying it in a pulsed terahertz imaging system could create a 2D terahertz image with 100pixels per frame which produces the same signal to noise ratio as a signal spot measurement. 10. Prototype Rhenium Component for Stirling Engine Power Conversion Leonhardt, Todd; Ritzert, Frank 2005-02-01 The Stirling engine power conversion concept is a candidate to provide electrical power for deep space missions. A key element for qualifying potential flight hardware is the long-term durability assessment for critical hot section components of the power converter. One such critical component is the power converter heater head, which is a high-temperature pressure vessel that transfers heat to the working gas medium of the converter. Rhenium is a candidate material for the heater head application because of its high melting point (3453 K), high elastic modulus (420 GPa), high yield and ultimate tensile strengths at both ambient and elevated temperatures, excellent ductility, and exceptional creep properties. Rhenium is also attractive due to the potential of near-net-shape (NNS) manufacturing techniques that allow components to be produced using less material, which lowers the overall cost of the component. The objective of this research was to demonstrate the manufacturing method using rhenium for this high-temperature power conversion application to provide space power system designers with generally applicable technology for future applications. 11. Reciprocity relations in aerodynamics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Heaslet, Max A; Spreiter, John R 1953-01-01 Reverse flow theorems in aerodynamics are shown to be based on the same general concepts involved in many reciprocity theorems in the physical sciences. Reciprocal theorems for both steady and unsteady motion are found as a logical consequence of this approach. No restrictions on wing plan form or flight Mach number are made beyond those required in linearized compressible-flow analysis. A number of examples are listed, including general integral theorems for lifting, rolling, and pitching wings and for wings in nonuniform downwash fields. Correspondence is also established between the buildup of circulation with time of a wing starting impulsively from rest and the buildup of lift of the same wing moving in the reverse direction into a sharp-edged gust. 12. 40 CFR 1045.140 - What is my engine's maximum engine power? Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-07-01 ... power and engine speed for an engine, using the mapping procedures of 40 CFR part 1065, based on the...) Maximum engine power for an engine family is generally the weighted average value of maximum engine power of each engine configuration within the engine family based on your total U.S.-directed... 13. 40 CFR 1045.140 - What is my engine's maximum engine power? Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-07-01 ... power and engine speed for an engine, using the mapping procedures of 40 CFR part 1065, based on the...) Maximum engine power for an engine family is generally the weighted average value of maximum engine power of each engine configuration within the engine family based on your total U.S.-directed... 14. 40 CFR 1045.140 - What is my engine's maximum engine power? Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-07-01 ... power and engine speed for an engine, using the mapping procedures of 40 CFR part 1065, based on the...) Maximum engine power for an engine family is generally the weighted average value of maximum engine power of each engine configuration within the engine family based on your total U.S.-directed... 15. 40 CFR 1045.140 - What is my engine's maximum engine power? Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-07-01 ... power and engine speed for an engine, using the mapping procedures of 40 CFR part 1065, based on the...) Maximum engine power for an engine family is generally the weighted average value of maximum engine power of each engine configuration within the engine family based on your total U.S.-directed... 16. 14 CFR 33.8 - Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. 33.8 Section 33.8 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES General § 33.8 Selection of engine power... 17. 14 CFR 33.8 - Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. 33.8 Section 33.8 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES General § 33.8 Selection of engine power... 18. 14 CFR 33.8 - Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. 33.8 Section 33.8 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES General § 33.8 Selection of engine power... 19. 14 CFR 33.8 - Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Selection of engine power and thrust ratings. 33.8 Section 33.8 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES General § 33.8 Selection of engine power... 20. The evolution of airplanes Bejan, A.; Charles, J. D.; Lorente, S. 2014-07-01 The prevailing view is that we cannot witness biological evolution because it occurred on a time scale immensely greater than our lifetime. Here, we show that we can witness evolution in our lifetime by watching the evolution of the flying human-and-machine species: the airplane. We document this evolution, and we also predict it based on a physics principle: the constructal law. We show that the airplanes must obey theoretical allometric rules that unite them with the birds and other animals. For example, the larger airplanes are faster, more efficient as vehicles, and have greater range. The engine mass is proportional to the body size: this scaling is analogous to animal design, where the mass of the motive organs (muscle, heart, lung) is proportional to the body size. Large or small, airplanes exhibit a proportionality between wing span and fuselage length, and between fuel load and body size. The animal-design counterparts of these features are evident. The view that emerges is that the evolution phenomenon is broader than biological evolution. The evolution of technology, river basins, and animal design is one phenomenon, and it belongs in physics. 1. 14 CFR 121.335 - Equipment standards. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... Equipment standards. (a) Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rates of oxygen flow, and the supply of oxygen necessary to comply with § 121.327 must meet the standards...) Turbine engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rate of oxygen flow, and the supply... 2. 14 CFR 121.335 - Equipment standards. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... Equipment standards. (a) Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rates of oxygen flow, and the supply of oxygen necessary to comply with § 121.327 must meet the standards...) Turbine engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rate of oxygen flow, and the supply... 3. 14 CFR 121.335 - Equipment standards. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... Equipment standards. (a) Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rates of oxygen flow, and the supply of oxygen necessary to comply with § 121.327 must meet the standards...) Turbine engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rate of oxygen flow, and the supply... 4. 14 CFR 121.335 - Equipment standards. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... Equipment standards. (a) Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rates of oxygen flow, and the supply of oxygen necessary to comply with § 121.327 must meet the standards...) Turbine engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rate of oxygen flow, and the supply... 5. 14 CFR 121.335 - Equipment standards. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... Equipment standards. (a) Reciprocating engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rates of oxygen flow, and the supply of oxygen necessary to comply with § 121.327 must meet the standards...) Turbine engine powered airplanes. The oxygen apparatus, the minimum rate of oxygen flow, and the supply... 6. 14 CFR 25.101 - General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... following relative humidities; (1) For turbine engine powered airplanes, a relative humidity of— (i) 80... 50 °F. Between these two temperatures, the relative humidity must vary linearly. (2) For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, a relative humidity of 80 percent in a standard atmosphere. Engine... 7. 14 CFR 25.101 - General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... following relative humidities; (1) For turbine engine powered airplanes, a relative humidity of— (i) 80... 50 °F. Between these two temperatures, the relative humidity must vary linearly. (2) For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, a relative humidity of 80 percent in a standard atmosphere. Engine... 8. Stirling engine power control and motion conversion mechanism DOEpatents Marks, David T. 1983-01-01 A motion conversion device for converting between the reciprocating motion of the pistons in a Stirling engine and the rotating motion of its output shaft, and for changing the stroke and phase of the pistons, includes a lever pivoted at one end and having a cam follower at the other end. The piston rod engages the lever intermediate its ends and the cam follower engages a cam keyed to the output shaft. The lever pivot can be moved to change the length of the moment arm defined between the cam follower and the piston rod the change the piston stroke and force exerted on the cam, and the levers can be moved in opposite directions to change the phase between pistons. 9. Stirling engine power control and motion conversion mechanism SciTech Connect Marks, D.T. 1983-07-12 A motion conversion device for converting between the reciprocating motion of the pistons in a Stirling engine and the rotating motion of its output shaft, and for changing the stroke and phase of the pistons, includes a lever pivoted at one end and having a cam follower at the other end. The piston rod engages the lever intermediate its ends and the cam follower engages a cam keyed to the output shaft. The lever pivot can be moved to change the length of the moment arm defined between the cam follower and the piston rod the change the piston stroke and force exerted on the cam, and the levers can be moved in opposite directions to change the phase between pistons. 3 figs. 10. High pressure reciprocating pump SciTech Connect Besic, D. 1990-05-01 This patent describes an improvement in a reciprocating pump having a plunger and a pumping chamber. It comprises: the plunger having a bore communicating with an intersection opening and wherein the plunger incudes a central axis; a suction valve and a discharge valve, each having an axis of actuation parallel to a central axis of the plunger; the suction valve comprising a cylindrical core having a central passageway, and the core is slidably received by a seating member and resiliently biased to the seating member. 11. The principle of reciprocity. PubMed Hoult, D I 2011-12-01 The circumstances surrounding the realisation that NMR signal reception could be quantified in a simple fundamental manner using Lorentz's Principle of Reciprocity are described. The poor signal-to-noise ratio of the first European superconducting magnet is identified as a major motivating factor, together with the author's need to understand phenomena at a basic level. A summary is then given of the thought processes leading to the very simple pseudo-static formula that has been the basis of signal-to-noise calculations for over a generation. PMID:21889377 12. Reciprocating magnetic refrigerator NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Johnson, D. L. 1985-01-01 A 4 to 15 K magnetic refrigerator to test as an alternative to the Joule-Thomson circuit as the low temperature stage of a 4 to 300 K closed-cycle refrigerator was developed. The reciprocating magnetic refrigerator consists of two matrices of gadolinium gallium garnet spheres located in tandem on a single piston which alternately moves each matrix into a 7 telsa magnetic field. A separate helium gas circuit is used as the heat exchange mechanism for the low and the high temperature extremes of the magnetic refrigerator. Details of the design and results of the initial refrigerator component tests are presented. 13. Automated airplane surface generation SciTech Connect Smith, R.E.; Cordero, Y.; Jones, W. 1996-12-31 An efficient methodology and software axe presented for defining a class of airplane configurations. A small set of engineering design parameters and grid control parameters govern the process. The general airplane configuration has wing, fuselage, vertical tall, horizontal tail, and canard components. Wing, canard, and tail surface grids axe manifested by solving a fourth-order partial differential equation subject to Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. The design variables are incorporated into the boundary conditions, and the solution is expressed as a Fourier series. The fuselage is described by an algebraic function with four design parameters. The computed surface grids are suitable for a wide range of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation and configuration optimizations. Both batch and interactive software are discussed for applying the methodology. 14. Study of a High Voltage Ion Engine Power Supply NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stuart, Thomas A.; King, Roger J.; Mayer, Eric 1996-01-01 A complete laboratory breadboard version of a ion engine power converter was built and tested. This prototype operated on a line voltage of 80-120 Vdc, and provided output ratings of 1100 V at 1.8 kW, and 250 V at 20 mA. The high-voltage (HV) output voltage rating was revised from the original value of 1350 V at the beginning of the project. The LV output was designed to hold up during a 1-A surge current lasting up to 1 second. The prototype power converter included a internal housekeeping power supply which also operated from the line input. The power consumed in housekeeping was included in the overall energy budget presented for the ion engine converter. HV and LV output voltage setpoints were commanded through potentiometers. The HV converter itself reached its highest power efficiency of slightly over 93% at low line and maximum output. This would dip below 90% at high line. The no-load (rated output voltages, zero load current) power consumption of the entire system was less than 13 W. A careful loss breakdown shows that converter losses are predominately Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) conduction losses and HV rectifier snubbing losses, with the rectifier snubbing losses becoming predominant at high line. This suggests that further improvements in power efficiency could best be obtained by either developing a rectifier that was adequately protected against voltage overshoot with less snubbing, or by developing a pre-regulator to reduced the range of line voltage on the converter. The transient testing showed the converter to be fully protected against load faults, including a direct short-circuit from the HV output to the LV output terminals. Two currents sensors were used: one to directly detect any core ratcheting on the output transformer and re-initiate a soft start, and the other to directly detect a load fault and quickly shut down the converter for load protection. The finished converter has been extensively fault tested 15. Testing airplane fabrics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Proll, A 1924-01-01 The following considerations determine the strength of airplane fabrics: 1. maximum air forces acting on the surfaces (including local stresses); 2. tensions produced in the fabrics, in the directions of both warp and filling; 3. factor of safety required. The question of the permissible depression of the fabric as affecting the aerodynamic requirements in regard to the maintenance of shape of the section, the tenacity and extensibility of the layer of dope, its strength and its permeability to water is almost as important. 16. Internal combustion engine power. A quarter century in review SciTech Connect Kane, J. 1994-04-01 The advancements have been momentous. A review of the past quarter century of progress - including engine efficiencies, power ratings, fuels, emissions and the technological advances associated with these parameters - draws the real and outstanding developments of the period into perspective. Though the shapes of engines appear to be the same, few of the easy product classifications that existed in 1969 have survived to this day. In addition, the pattern of engine development is becoming similar throughout the world. All diesel engine design work, regardless of the country in which it is being carried out, is related to increasing specific output, from the smaller high-speed diesel, gas and gas turbine engines to the very largest stationary and marine power engines. This is being accomplished for the reciprocating engine by, basically, the same design and research techniques: higher speed, larger engine displacement through larger cylinder sizes, more cylinders with V-type configurations, and higher mean effective pressures through intensive use of turbo-charging and charge-air cooling, along with cylinder-head and injection process modifications. 6 figs. 17. Vertically reciprocating auger NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Etheridge, Mark; Morgan, Scott; Fain, Robert; Pearson, Jonathan; Weldi, Kevin; Woodrough, Stephen B., Jr. 1988-01-01 The mathematical model and test results developed for the Vertically Reciprocating Auger (VRA) are summarized. The VRA is a device capable of transporting cuttings that result from below surface drilling. It was developed chiefly for the lunar surface, where conventional fluid flushing while drilling would not be practical. The VRA uses only reciprocating motion and transports material through reflections with the surface above. Particles are reflected forward and land ahead of radially placed fences, which prevent the particles from rolling back down the auger. Three input wave forms are considered to drive the auger. A modified sawtooth wave form was chosen for testing, over a modified square wave or sine wave, due to its simplicity and effectiveness. The three-dimensional mathematical model predicted a sand throughput rate of 0.2667 pounds/stroke, while the actual test setup transported 0.075 pounds/stroke. Based on this result, a correction factor of 0.281 is suggested for a modified sawtooth input. 18. Reciprocal relations in electroacoustics SciTech Connect Chassagne, C.; Bedeaux, D. 2014-07-28 In a colloidal suspension, one can generate sound waves by the application of an alternating electric field (Electrokinetic Sonic Amplitude, i.e., ESA). Another phenomenon is electrophoresis (Electrophoretic Mobility, i.e., EM) where a colloidal particle moves relative to the solvent in an electric field. Vice versa one can generate electric fields or electric currents by sound waves (Colloid Vibration Potential/Current, i.e., CVP/CVI). In 1988 and 1990, O’Brien [J. Fluid Mech. 190, 71–86 (1988) and O’Brien, J. Fluid Mech. 212, 81–93 (1990)] derived a reciprocal relation between the proportionality coefficients of the EM and CVI phenomena. In this paper, we will generalize his proof by constructing the relevant entropy production from which the linear force-flux relations follow. General relations are derived for electrolyte solutions, of which colloidal suspensions are a particular case. The relations between CVI, CVP, EM, and ESA are discussed. O’Brien's reciprocal relation then follows as an Onsager relation. The relation is valid for any applied electric field frequency, particle surface charge and particle concentration (even in the presence of particle-particle interactions) provided the system is isotropic. 19. Airplane dopes and doping NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Smith, W H 1919-01-01 Cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate are the important constituents of airplane dopes in use at the present time, but planes were treated with other materials in the experimental stages of flying. The above compounds belong to the class of colloids and are of value because they produce a shrinking action on the fabric when drying out of solution, rendering it drum tight. Other colloids possessing the same property have been proposed and tried. In the first stages of the development of dope, however, shrinkage was not considered. The fabric was treated merely to render it waterproof. The first airplanes constructed were covered with cotton fabric stretched as tightly as possible over the winds, fuselage, etc., and flying was possible only in fine weather. The necessity of an airplane which would fly under all weather conditions at once became apparent. Then followed experiments with rubberized fabrics, fabrics treated with glue rendered insoluble by formaldehyde or bichromate, fabrics treated with drying and nondrying oils, shellac, casein, etc. It was found that fabrics treated as above lost their tension in damp weather, and the oil from the motor penetrated the proofing material and weakened the fabric. For the most part the film of material lacked durability. Cellulose nitrate lacquers, however were found to be more satisfactory under varying weather conditions, added less weight to the planes, and were easily applied. On the other hand, they were highly inflammable, and oil from the motor penetrated the film of cellulose nitrate, causing the tension of the fabric to be relaxed. 20. 77 FR 50644 - Airworthiness Directives; Cessna Airplane Company Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-08-22 ... 1134104-5 air conditioning (A/C) compressor motor; and (2) are certificated in any category. (d) Subject... certain Cessna Airplane Company Model 525 airplanes equipped with certain part number (P/N) air conditioning (A/C) compressor motors. This proposed AD was prompted by reports of smoke and/or fire in... 1. 21. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 18761889. Simple, singlecylinder, horizontal, reciprocating ... Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey 21. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 1876-1889. Simple, single-cylinder, horizontal, reciprocating steam engine, model no. 1, 5' x 10', 6 hp, 175 rpm. Manufactured by Ames Iron Works, Oswego, New York, 1879. View: Steam engine powered the mill's centrifugals. Steam-feed pipe at top left of engine. Steam exhaust pipe leaves base of engine on right end and projects upwards. The boiler feed and supply pipe running water through the engine's pre-heat system are seen running to the lower left end of the engine. Pulley in the foreground was not used. The centrifugals were powered by a belt running from the flywheel in the background. Ball-type governor and pulley are on left end of the engine. - R. W. Meyer Sugar Mill, State Route 47, Kualapuu, Maui County, HI 2. 10. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 18761889. Simple, singlecylinder, horizontal, reciprocating ... Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey 10. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 1876-1889. Simple, single-cylinder, horizontal, reciprocating steam engine, model No. 1, 5' x 10', 6 hp, 175 rpm. Manufactured by Ames Iron Works, Oswego, New York, 1879. View: Steam engine powered the mill's centrifugals. To the left of the horizontal (fluted) cylinder is the water pump which moved the boiler feed water through the engine's pre-heat system (the exhaust steam heated the boiler feedwater before it was pumped on to the boiler). The steam-feed port, manual throttle valve, and fly-ball governor and pulley and to the right of the cylinder. The drive shaft with flywheel to the left and pulley to the right are seen behind the piston rod, cross-head, wrist pen, connecting rod and the slide valve and eccentric. - R. W. Meyer Sugar Mill, State Route 47, Kualapuu, Maui County, HI 3. 8. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 18761889. Simple, singlecylinder, horizontal, reciprocating ... Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey 8. RW Meyer Sugar Mill: 1876-1889. Simple, single-cylinder, horizontal, reciprocating steam engine, model No. 1, 5' x 10', 6 hp, 175 rpm. Manufactured by Ames Iron Works, Oswego, New York, 1879. View: Steam engine powered the mill's centrifugals. It received steam from the locomotive type, fire-tube portable boiler in the background. The engine's water pump which pumped water from the feed-water clarifying cistern, in between the boiler and engine, through a pre-heat system and on to the boiler, is seen in front of the fluted cylinder. The fly-ball governor, missing its balls, the steam port, and manual throttle valve are above and behind the cylinder. The flywheel, drive shaft, and pulley are on the left side of the engine bed. - R. W. Meyer Sugar Mill, State Route 47, Kualapuu, Maui County, HI 4. Toward a Behavior of Reciprocity PubMed Central Gernsbacher, Morton Ann 2014-01-01 It is frequently believed that autism is characterized by a lack of social or emotional reciprocity. In this article, I question that assumption by demonstrating how many professionals—researchers and clinicians—and likewise many parents, have neglected the true meaning of reciprocity. Reciprocity is “a relation of mutual dependence or action or influence,” or “a mode of exchange in which transactions take place between individuals who are symmetrically placed.” Assumptions by clinicians and researchers suggest that they have forgotten that reciprocity needs to be mutual and symmetrical—that reciprocity is a two-way street. Research is reviewed to illustrate that when professionals, peers, and parents are taught to act reciprocally, autistic children become more responsive. In one randomized clinical trial of “reciprocity training” to parents, their autistic children's language developed rapidly and their social engagement increased markedly. Other demonstrations of how parents and professionals can increase their behavior of reciprocity are provided. PMID:25598865 5. Trend of airplane flight characteristics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Von Koppen, Joachim 1933-01-01 This report describes the development of airplane characteristics since the war and indicates the direction development should take in the immediate future. Some of the major topics include: the behavior of an airplane about its lateral, vertical, and longitudinal axes. Behavior at large angles of attack and landing characteristics are also included. 6. Trust, Respect, and Reciprocity PubMed Central Phong, Tran Viet; Nhan, Le Nguyen Thanh; Dung, Nguyen Thanh; Ngan, Ta Thi Dieu; Kinh, Nguyen Van; Parker, Michael; Bull, Susan 2015-01-01 International science funders and publishers are driving a growing trend in data sharing. There is mounting pressure on researchers in low- and middle-income settings to conform to new sharing policies, despite minimal empirically grounded accounts of the ethical challenges of implementing the policies in these settings. This study used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 48 stakeholders in Vietnam to explore the experiences, attitudes, and expectations that inform ethical and effective approaches to sharing clinical research data. Distinct views on the role of trust, respect, and reciprocity were among those that emerged to inform culturally appropriate best practices. We conclude by discussing the challenges that authors of data-sharing policies should consider in this unique context. PMID:26297747 7. Reciprocating linear motor NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Goldowsky, Michael P. (Inventor) 1987-01-01 A reciprocating linear motor is formed with a pair of ring-shaped permanent magnets having opposite radial polarizations, held axially apart by a nonmagnetic yoke, which serves as an axially displaceable armature assembly. A pair of annularly wound coils having axial lengths which differ from the axial lengths of the permanent magnets are serially coupled together in mutual opposition and positioned with an outer cylindrical core in axial symmetry about the armature assembly. One embodiment includes a second pair of annularly wound coils serially coupled together in mutual opposition and an inner cylindrical core positioned in axial symmetry inside the armature radially opposite to the first pair of coils. Application of a potential difference across a serial connection of the two pairs of coils creates a current flow perpendicular to the magnetic field created by the armature magnets, thereby causing limited linear displacement of the magnets relative to the coils. 8. Reciprocating wind engine SciTech Connect Van Mechelen, B. 1980-12-09 A reciprocating wind engine is described which utilizes plural, movably mounted sets of panels to form pistons. Cooperating first and second pistons may be spaced from each other on either side of a central crankshaft. As the wind strikes the surface of a first set of panels, the first piston is moved toward the crankshaft and the second piston is pulled toward the crankshaft from the opposite side. When both pistons are adjacent the crankshaft, the panels on the first or windward piston open to allow the wind to pass therethrough into contact with the panels of the second piston which are closed to present a uniform surface to the wind. The pistons are forced away from the crankshaft to complete one cycle of operation. The output from the crankshaft may be utilized to generate electricity, or for any other suitable purpose. Plural engine segments may be cooperatively joined together to form a bank of such units. 9. 14 CFR 23.3 - Airplane categories. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane categories. 23.3 Section 23.3... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES General § 23.3 Airplane categories. (a) The normal category is limited to airplanes that have a seating configuration, excluding... 10. 14 CFR 23.3 - Airplane categories. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane categories. 23.3 Section 23.3... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES General § 23.3 Airplane categories. (a) The normal category is limited to airplanes that have a seating configuration, excluding... 11. 14 CFR 23.3 - Airplane categories. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane categories. 23.3 Section 23.3... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES General § 23.3 Airplane categories... airplanes that have a seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, of nine or less, a maximum... 12. 14 CFR 23.3 - Airplane categories. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane categories. 23.3 Section 23.3... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES General § 23.3 Airplane categories. (a) The normal category is limited to airplanes that have a seating configuration, excluding... 13. 14 CFR 23.3 - Airplane categories. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane categories. 23.3 Section 23.3... STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES General § 23.3 Airplane categories. (a) The normal category is limited to airplanes that have a seating configuration, excluding... 14. 77 FR 15291 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-03-15 ... rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not... B4-622R airplanes; Model A300 C4-605R Variant F airplanes; and Model A300 F4-600R series airplanes... B4-603, B4-605R, and B4- 622R airplanes; Model A300 C4-605R Variant F airplanes; and Model A300... 15. 14 CFR 135.363 - General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... direct tests. (g) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane... AND ON DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance... powered large transport category airplane shall comply with §§ 135.365 through 135.377. (b)... 16. 14 CFR 135.363 - General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... direct tests. (g) No person may take off a reciprocating engine powered large transport category airplane... AND ON DEMAND OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Performance... powered large transport category airplane shall comply with §§ 135.365 through 135.377. (b)... 17. Simpler valve for reciprocating engines NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Akkerman, J. W. 1978-01-01 Simpler design eliminating camshafts, cams, and mechanical springs should improve reliability of hydrazine powered reciprocating engines. Valve is expected to improve efficiency, and reduce weight of engines in range up to 50 horsepower. 18. Moral assessment in indirect reciprocity PubMed Central Sigmund, Karl 2012-01-01 Indirect reciprocity is one of the mechanisms for cooperation, and seems to be of particular interest for the evolution of human societies. A large part is based on assessing reputations and acting accordingly. This paper gives a brief overview of different assessment rules for indirect reciprocity, and studies them by using evolutionary game dynamics. Even the simplest binary assessment rules lead to complex outcomes and require considerable cognitive abilities. PMID:21473870 19. Group formation through indirect reciprocity 2013-03-01 The emergence of group structure of cooperative relations is studied in an agent-based model. It is proved that specific types of reciprocity norms lead individuals to split into two groups only inside of which they are cooperative. The condition for the evolutionary stability of the norms is also obtained. This result suggests reciprocity norms, which usually promote cooperation, can cause society's separation into multiple groups. 20. Gamma rays at airplane altitudes SciTech Connect Iwai, J.; Koss, T.; Lord, J.; Strausz, S.; Wilkes, J.; Woosley, J. ) 1990-03-20 An examination of the gamma ray flux above 1 TeV in the atmosphere is needed to better understand the anomalous showers from point sources. Suggestions are made for future experiments on board airplanes. 1. The structure of airplane fabrics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Walen, E Dean 1920-01-01 This report prepared by the Bureau of Standards for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics supplies the necessary information regarding the apparatus and methods of testing and inspecting airplane fabrics. 2. Airplane Upset Training Evaluation Report NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gawron, Valerie J.; Jones, Patricia M. (Technical Monitor) 2002-01-01 Airplane upset accidents are a leading factor in hull losses and fatalities. This study compared five types of airplane-upset training. Each group was composed of eight, non-military pilots flying in their probationary year for airlines operating in the United States. The first group, 'No aero / no upset,' was made up of pilots without any airplane upset training or aerobatic flight experience; the second group, 'Aero/no upset,' of pilots without any airplane-upset training but with aerobatic experience; the third group, 'No aero/upset,' of pilots who had received airplane-upset training in both ground school and in the simulator; the fourth group, 'Aero/upset,' received the same training as Group Three but in addition had aerobatic flight experience; and the fifth group, 'In-flight' received in-flight airplane upset training using an instrumented in-flight simulator. Recovery performance indicated that clearly training works - specifically, all 40 pilots recovered from the windshear upset. However few pilots were trained or understood the use of bank to change the direction of the lift vector to recover from nose high upsets. Further, very few thought of, or used differential thrust to recover from rudder or aileron induced roll upsets. In addition, recovery from icing-induced stalls was inadequate. 3. Airplane design for gusts NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Houbolt, J. C. 1977-01-01 There are two basic approaches used for the structural design of aircraft due to dust encounter. One is a discrete gust approach, the other is based on power spectral techniques. Both of these approaches are explained in this report. Tacit to the above approaches is the assumption that loading on the airplane arises primarily from vertical gusts. A study of atmospheric turbulence was made not only on the vertical component, but on the longitudinal and transverse gust components as well. An analysis was made to establish the loads that develop when explicit consideration is given to both the vertical and head-wind components. The results are reported. Also included in this report are brief comments on gust effects during approach and landing. 4. Advanced Natural Gas Reciprocating Engine(s) SciTech Connect Kwok, Doris; Boucher, Cheryl 2009-09-30 Energy independence and fuel savings are hallmarks of the nation’s energy strategy. The advancement of natural gas reciprocating engine power generation technology is critical to the nation’s future. A new engine platform that meets the efficiency, emissions, fuel flexibility, cost and reliability/maintainability targets will enable American manufacturers to have highly competitive products that provide substantial environmental and economic benefits in the US and in international markets. Along with Cummins and Waukesha, Caterpillar participated in a multiyear cooperative agreement with the Department of Energy to create a 50% efficiency natural gas powered reciprocating engine system with a 95% reduction in NOx emissions by the year 2013. This platform developed under this agreement will be a significant contributor to the US energy strategy and will enable gas engine technology to remain a highly competitive choice, meeting customer cost of electricity targets, and regulatory environmental standard. Engine development under the Advanced Reciprocating Engine System (ARES) program was divided into phases, with the ultimate goal being approached in a series of incremental steps. This incremental approach would promote the commercialization of ARES technologies as soon as they emerged from development and would provide a technical and commercial foundation of later-developing technologies. Demonstrations of the Phase I and Phase II technology were completed in 2004 and 2008, respectively. Program tasks in Phase III included component and system development and testing from 2009-2012. Two advanced ignition technology evaluations were investigated under the ARES program: laser ignition and distributed ignition (DIGN). In collaboration with Colorado State University (CSU), a laser ignition system was developed to provide ignition at lean burn and high boost conditions. Much work has been performed in Caterpillar’s DIGN program under the ARES program. This work 5. 14 CFR 36.7 - Acoustical change: Transport category large airplanes and jet airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Acoustical change: Transport category large... § 36.7 Acoustical change: Transport category large airplanes and jet airplanes. (a) Applicability. This section applies to all transport category large airplanes and jet airplanes for which an acoustical... 6. Indirect Reciprocity; A Field Experiment PubMed Central van Apeldoorn, Jacobien; Schram, Arthur 2016-01-01 Indirect reciprocity involves cooperative acts towards strangers, either in response to their kindness to third parties (downstream) or after receiving kindness from others oneself (upstream). It is considered to be important for the evolution of cooperative behavior amongst humans. Though it has been widely studied theoretically, the empirical evidence of indirect reciprocity has thus far been limited and based solely on behavior in laboratory experiments. We provide evidence from an online environment where members can repeatedly ask and offer services to each other, free of charge. For the purpose of this study we created several new member profiles, which differ only in terms of their serving history. We then sent out a large number of service requests to different members from all over the world. We observe that a service request is more likely to be rewarded for those with a profile history of offering the service (to third parties) in the past. This provides clear evidence of (downstream) indirect reciprocity. We find no support for upstream indirect reciprocity (in this case, rewarding the service request after having previously received the service from third parties), however. Our evidence of downstream indirect reciprocity cannot be attributed to reputational effects concerning one’s trustworthiness as a service user. PMID:27043712 7. Direct reciprocity in structured populations PubMed Central van Veelen, Matthijs; García, Julián; Rand, David G.; Nowak, Martin A. 2012-01-01 Reciprocity and repeated games have been at the center of attention when studying the evolution of human cooperation. Direct reciprocity is considered to be a powerful mechanism for the evolution of cooperation, and it is generally assumed that it can lead to high levels of cooperation. Here we explore an open-ended, infinite strategy space, where every strategy that can be encoded by a finite state automaton is a possible mutant. Surprisingly, we find that direct reciprocity alone does not lead to high levels of cooperation. Instead we observe perpetual oscillations between cooperation and defection, with defection being substantially more frequent than cooperation. The reason for this is that “indirect invasions” remove equilibrium strategies: every strategy has neutral mutants, which in turn can be invaded by other strategies. However, reciprocity is not the only way to promote cooperation. Another mechanism for the evolution of cooperation, which has received as much attention, is assortment because of population structure. Here we develop a theory that allows us to study the synergistic interaction between direct reciprocity and assortment. This framework is particularly well suited for understanding human interactions, which are typically repeated and occur in relatively fluid but not unstructured populations. We show that if repeated games are combined with only a small amount of assortment, then natural selection favors the behavior typically observed among humans: high levels of cooperation implemented using conditional strategies. PMID:22665767 8. Ground noise measurements during static and flyby operations of the Cessna 02-T turbine powered airplane NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hilton, D. A.; Henderson, H. R.; Lawton, B. W. 1975-01-01 The field noise measurements on the Cessna 02-T turbine powered propeller aircraft are presented. The objective of the study was to obtain the basic noise characteristics of the aircraft during static ground runs and flyover tests, to identify the sources of the noise, and to correlate the noises with the aircraft operating conditions. The results are presented in the form of a overall noise levels, radiation patterns, and frequency spectra. The noise characteristics of the turbine powered aircraft are compared with those of the reciprocating engine powered aircraft. 9. 78 FR 78705 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-12-27 ...We are superseding Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2010-24-07 for all Airbus Model A318 series airplanes, Model A319 series airplanes, Model A320 series airplanes, and Model A321 series airplanes. AD 2010- 24-07 required repetitive inspections of the 80VU rack lower lateral fittings for damage, repetitive inspections of the 80VU rack lower central support for cracking, and corrective action if...... 10. 77 FR 12989 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-03-05 ...We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Airbus Model A330-200 series airplanes; Model A330-300 series airplanes; Model A340-200 series airplanes; and Model A340-300 series airplanes. This AD was prompted by a report that three failures of the retraction bracket occurred during fatigue testing before the calculated life limit of the main landing gear (MLG). This AD...... 11. The X-15 airplane - Lessons learned NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dana, William H. 1993-01-01 The X-15 rocket research airplane flew to an altitude of 354,000 ft and reached Mach 6.70. In almost 200 flights, this airplane was used to gather aerodynamic-heating, structural loads, stability and control, and atmospheric-reentry data. This paper describes the origins, design, and operation of the X-15 airplane. In addition, lessons learned from the X-15 airplane that are applicable to designing and testing the National Aero-Space Plane are discussed. 12. 40 CFR 1039.140 - What is my engine's maximum engine power? Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-07-01 ... kilowatt. (b) The nominal power curve of an engine configuration is the relationship between maximum available engine brake power and engine speed for an engine, using the mapping procedures of 40 CFR part... engine configuration's maximum engine power is the maximum brake power point on the nominal power... 13. 40 CFR 91.115 - Certification procedure-determining engine power and engine families. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Certification procedure-determining engine power and engine families. 91.115 Section 91.115 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Emission Standards and... 14. 40 CFR 1054.140 - What is my engine's maximum engine power and displacement? Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What is my engine's maximum engine power and displacement? 1054.140 Section 1054.140 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT Emission Standards... 15. 40 CFR 1039.140 - What is my engine's maximum engine power? Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What is my engine's maximum engine power? 1039.140 Section 1039.140 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Emission Standards and Related Requirements... 16. 40 CFR 1051.140 - What is my vehicle's maximum engine power and displacement? Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What is my vehicle's maximum engine power and displacement? 1051.140 Section 1051.140 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL ENGINES AND VEHICLES Emission Standards and Related Requirements... 17. 14 CFR 121.605 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 121.605 Section 121.605..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.605 Airplane equipment. No person may dispatch or release an airplane unless it is airworthy and is equipped as prescribed in §... 18. 14 CFR 125.93 - Airplane limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane limitations. 125.93 Section 125.93...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Requirements § 125.93... 19. 14 CFR 121.605 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 121.605 Section 121.605..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.605 Airplane equipment. No person may dispatch or release an airplane unless it is airworthy and is equipped as prescribed in §... 20. 14 CFR 125.93 - Airplane limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane limitations. 125.93 Section 125.93...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Requirements § 125.93... 1. 14 CFR 121.605 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 121.605 Section 121.605..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.605 Airplane equipment. No person may dispatch or release an airplane unless it is airworthy and is equipped as prescribed in §... 2. 14 CFR 125.93 - Airplane limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane limitations. 125.93 Section 125.93...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Requirements § 125.93... 3. 14 CFR 121.605 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 121.605 Section 121.605..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.605 Airplane equipment. No person may dispatch or release an airplane unless it is airworthy and is equipped as prescribed in §... 4. 14 CFR 125.93 - Airplane limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane limitations. 125.93 Section 125.93...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Requirements § 125.93... 5. 78 FR 68347 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-11-14 ... (74 FR 7549, February 18, 2009). Airbus also stated that for Model A340-541 and A340-642 airplanes.... Airbus stated that this requirement for Model A330 MRTT airplanes is equivalent to one in the NPRM (78 FR... (f) of AD 2009-04-07, Amendment 39-15813 (74 FR 7549, February 18, 2009). For all airplanes... 6. 78 FR 28152 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-05-14 ..., Amendment 39-16526 (75 FR 75878, December 7, 2010), exempted airplanes on which Airbus Modification 34804..., Amendment 39-16526 (75 FR 75878, December 7, 2010). Except for Model A318-121 and -122 airplanes, and except...) of AD 2010-24-07, Amendment 39-16526 (75 FR 75878, December 7, 2010). Except for airplanes on... 7. 76 FR 77934 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-12-15 ... series airplanes. Since we issued AD 2005-23-02, Amendment 39-14360 (70 FR 69067, November 14, 2005), The... certain ACT equipped airplanes, produced after AD 2005-23-02, Amendment 39-14360 (70 FR 69067, November 14...-14360 (70 FR 69067, November 14, 2005). Applicability (c) This AD applies to Airbus airplanes listed... 8. 77 FR 51717 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-08-27 ... visual inspection of the forward fitting at frame (FR) 40 on both sides of the airplane for cracks, and..., Amendment 39-16229 (75 FR cycles. 11435, March 11, 2010)), whichever occurs later; except, for airplanes... inspection for cracks of the forward fitting at FR 40 without nut removal on both sides of the airplane,... 9. 76 FR 79560 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-12-22 ... significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); and 3... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes... airplanes; Model A330-223F and -243F airplanes; and Model A340-200, -300, -500, and -600 series... 10. 77 FR 75833 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-12-26 ... fitting at frame (FR) 40 on both sides of the airplane for cracks, and repair if necessary. This new AD...-time detailed visual inspection of the forward fitting at FR 40 on both sides of the airplane, in..., Amendment 39- 16229 (75 FR 11435, March 11, 2010)), whichever occurs later; except, for airplanes that,... 11. 77 FR 66772 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-11-07 ... date of AD 96-13-11, Amendment 39-9679 (61 FR 35122, July 5, 1996)). (2) For airplanes that have..., Amendment 39-16698 (76 FR 27875, May 13, 2011). (1) For airplanes identified in paragraph (c)(1) of this AD... FR 27875, May 13, 2011). For airplanes identified in paragraph (c)(3) of this AD: Within 3... 12. 78 FR 70003 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-11-22 ... 12866; 2. Is not a significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034... Directives; Airbus Airplanes AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Notice of proposed... series airplanes; Airbus Model A300 B4-600, B4-600R, and F4-600R series airplanes, and Model A300... 13. 14 CFR 125.93 - Airplane limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane limitations. 125.93 Section 125.93...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane Requirements § 125.93... 14. 14 CFR 121.605 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 121.605 Section 121.605..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Dispatching and Flight Release Rules § 121.605 Airplane equipment. No person may dispatch or release an airplane unless it is airworthy and is equipped as prescribed in §... 15. Hierarchical Classification by Multi-Level Reciprocity ERIC Educational Resources Information Center McQuitty, Louis L. 1970-01-01 A method is developed and illustrated which relaxes the principle of reciprocity in relation to characteristics of data and classifies in terms of successive levels of reciprocity, using two versions: (a) successive linkages, and (b) core assignments. (Author/RF) 16. Influence of reciprocal links in social networks. PubMed Zhu, Yu-Xiao; Zhang, Xiao-Guang; Sun, Gui-Quan; Tang, Ming; Zhou, Tao; Zhang, Zi-Ke 2014-01-01 How does reciprocal links affect the function of real social network? Does reciprocal link and non-reciprocal link play the same role? Previous researches haven't displayed a clear picture to us until now according to the best of our knowledge. Motivated by this, in this paper, we empirically study the influence of reciprocal links in two representative real datasets, Sina Weibo and Douban. Our results demonstrate that the reciprocal links play a more important role than non-reciprocal ones in information diffusion process. In particular, not only coverage but also the speed of the information diffusion can be significantly enhanced by considering the reciprocal effect. We give some possible explanations from the perspectives of network connectivity and efficiency. This work may shed some light on the in-depth understanding and application of the reciprocal effect in directed online social networks. PMID:25072242 17. Influence of Reciprocal Links in Social Networks PubMed Central Zhu, Yu-Xiao; Zhang, Xiao-Guang; Sun, Gui-Quan; Tang, Ming; Zhou, Tao; Zhang, Zi-Ke 2014-01-01 How does reciprocal links affect the function of real social network? Does reciprocal link and non-reciprocal link play the same role? Previous researches haven't displayed a clear picture to us until now according to the best of our knowledge. Motivated by this, in this paper, we empirically study the influence of reciprocal links in two representative real datasets, Sina Weibo and Douban. Our results demonstrate that the reciprocal links play a more important role than non-reciprocal ones in information diffusion process. In particular, not only coverage but also the speed of the information diffusion can be significantly enhanced by considering the reciprocal effect. We give some possible explanations from the perspectives of network connectivity and efficiency. This work may shed some light on the in-depth understanding and application of the reciprocal effect in directed online social networks. PMID:25072242 18. Do infants detect indirect reciprocity? PubMed Meristo, Marek; Surian, Luca 2013-10-01 In social interactions involving indirect reciprocity, agent A acts prosocially towards B and this prompts C to act prosocially towards A. This happens because A's actions enhanced its reputation in the eyes of third parties. Indirect reciprocity may have been of central importance in the evolution of morality as one of the major mechanisms leading to the selection of helping and fair attitudes. Here we show that 10-month-old infants expect third parties to act positively towards fair donors who have distributed attractive resources equally between two recipients, rather than toward unfair donors who made unequal distributions. Infants' responses were dependent on the reciprocator's perceptual exposure to previous relevant events: they expected the reciprocator to reward the fair donor only when it had seen the distributive actions performed by the donors. We propose that infants were able to generate evaluations of agents that were based on the fairness of their distributive actions and to generate expectations about the social preferences of informed third parties. PMID:23887149 19. Reciprocity principle and crack identification Andrieux, Stéphane; Ben Abda, Amel; Duong Bui, Huy 1999-02-01 In this paper we are concerned with the planar crack identification problem defined by a unique complete elastostatic overdetermined boundary datum. Based on the reciprocity gap principle, we give a direct process for locating the host plane and we establish a new constuctive identifiability result for 3D planar cracks. 20. Reciprocating Saw for Silicon Wafers NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Morrison, A. D.; Collins, E. R., Jr. 1985-01-01 Concept increases productivity and wafer quality. Cutting wafers from silicon ingots produces smooth wafers at high rates with reduced blade wear. Involves straight reciprocating saw blade and slight rotation of ingot between cutting strokes. Many parallel blades combined to cut many wafers simultaneously from ingot. 1. Thermal-powered reciprocating pump NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sabelman, E. E. 1972-01-01 Waste heat from radioisotope thermal generators in spacecraft is transported to keep instruments warm by two-cylinder reciprocating pump powered by energy from warm heat exchange fluid. Each cylinder has thermally nonconductive piston, heat exchange coil, and heat sink surface. 2. Air resistance measurements on actual airplane parts NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Weiselsberger, C 1923-01-01 For the calculation of the parasite resistance of an airplane, a knowledge of the resistance of the individual structural and accessory parts is necessary. The most reliable basis for this is given by tests with actual airplane parts at airspeeds which occur in practice. The data given here relate to the landing gear of a Siemanms-Schuckert DI airplane; the landing gear of a 'Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft' airplane (type Roland Dlla); landing gear of a 'Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen' G airplane; a machine gun, and the exhaust manifold of a 269 HP engine. 3. Capuchin Monkeys Judge Third-Party Reciprocity ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Anderson, James R.; Takimoto, Ayaka; Kuroshima, Hika; Fujita, Kazuo 2013-01-01 Increasing interest is being shown in how children develop an understanding of reciprocity in social exchanges and fairness in resource distribution, including social exchanges between third parties. Although there are descriptions of reciprocity on a one-to-one basis in other species, whether nonhumans detect reciprocity and violations of… 4. Reciprocal Teaching: Critical Reflection on Practice ERIC Educational Resources Information Center McAllum, Ruth 2014-01-01 This paper highlights reciprocal teaching as an inclusive instructional strategy that has been shown to improve reading comprehension and metacognitive skills. It provides a conceptual background to reciprocal teaching and examines its purpose, strengths and weaknesses. The notion of reciprocal teaching as an evidence-based practice is also… 5. A review on the aviation piston engine power assembly for the air cushion boat Jianzhang, Zhu 1986-09-01 The aviation piston engine has a suitable power rating. The weight of the air cushion boat developed early was rather small, mostly ranging from 2 to 4 tons. The power rating of the air cushion boat is about 100 to 135 horsepower/ton. According to this, a single engine's power rating ranges from 200 to 500 horsepower. It is well known that this is exactly the most common power rating of an aviation piston engine (and an air-cooled diesel engine). 6. The Testing of Airplane Fabrics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Schraivogel, Karl 1932-01-01 This report considers the determining factors in the choice of airplane fabrics, describes the customary methods of testing and reports some of the experimental results. To sum up briefly the results obtained with the different fabrics, it may be said that increasing the strength of covering fabrics by using coarser yarns ordinarily offers no difficulty, because the weight increment from doping is relatively smaller. 7. Paper Airplanes: A Classroom Activity ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Painter, Richard A. 1976-01-01 A learning experience is described for upper elementary or junior high students involving the manufacture, transportation, and marketing of a product for consumers. Steps are given and roles are assigned for students to convert raw material (paper) to a finished product (paper airplanes) and to sell it. (AV) 8. Testing a Windmill Airplane ("autogiro") NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Seiferth, R 1927-01-01 In order to clear up the matter ( In the Spanish report it was stated that the reference surface for the calculation of the coefficients c(sub a) and c(sub w) was the area of all four wings, instead of a single wing), the model of a windwill airplane was tested in the Gottingen wind tunnel. 9. Glues Used in Airplane Parts NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Allen, S W; Truax, T R 1920-01-01 This report was prepared for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and presents the results of investigations conducted by the Forest Products Laboratory of the United States Forest Service on the manufacture, preparation, application, testing and physical properties of the different types of glues used in wood airplane parts. 10. Vibration Response of Airplane Structures NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Theodorsen, Theodore; Gelalles, A G 1935-01-01 This report presents test results of experiments on the vibration-response characteristics of airplane structures on the ground and in flight. It also gives details regarding the construction and operation of vibration instruments developed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. 11. 78 FR 15112 - Rulemaking Advisory Committee; Transport Airplane Performance and Handling Characteristics-New Task Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-03-08 ... Federal Aviation Administration Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee; Transport Airplane Performance and... guidance material for airplane performance and handling characteristics in new transport category airplanes...: Joe Jacobsen, Airplane & Flight Crew Interface Branch, ANM-111, Transport Airplane... 12. Marmoset monkeys evaluate third-party reciprocity PubMed Central Kawai, Nobuyuki; Yasue, Miyuki; Banno, Taku; Ichinohe, Noritaka 2014-01-01 Many non-human primates have been observed to reciprocate and to understand reciprocity in one-to-one social exchanges. A recent study demonstrated that capuchin monkeys are sensitive to both third-party reciprocity and violation of reciprocity; however, whether this sensitivity is a function of general intelligence, evidenced by their larger brain size relative to other primates, remains unclear. We hypothesized that highly pro-social primates, even with a relatively smaller brain, would be sensitive to others' reciprocity. Here, we show that common marmosets discriminated between human actors who reciprocated in social exchanges with others and those who did not. Monkeys accepted rewards less frequently from non-reciprocators than they did from reciprocators when the non-reciprocators had retained all food items, but they accepted rewards from both actors equally when they had observed reciprocal exchange between the actors. These results suggest that mechanisms to detect unfair reciprocity in third-party social exchanges do not require domain-general higher cognitive ability based on proportionally larger brains, but rather emerge from the cooperative and pro-social tendencies of species, and thereby suggest this ability evolved in multiple primate lineages. PMID:24850892 13. Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat Wilkinson, Gerald S. 1984-03-01 Behavioural reciprocity can be evolutionarily stable1-3. Initial increase in frequency depends, however, on reciprocal altruists interacting predominantly with other reciprocal altruists either by associating within kin groups or by having sufficient memory to recognize and not aid nonreciprocators. Theory thus suggests that reciprocity should evolve more easily among animals which live in kin groups. Data are available separating reciprocity from nepotism only for unrelated nonhuman animals4. Here, I show that food sharing by regurgitation of blood among wild vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) depends equally and independently on degree of relatedness and an index of opportunity for recipro cation. That reciprocity operates within groups containing both kin and nonkin is supported further with data on the availability of blood-sharing occasions, estimates of the economics of shar ing blood, and experiments which show that unrelated bats will reciprocally exchange blood in captivity. 14. Reciprocal uniparental disomy in yeast PubMed Central Andersen, Sabrina L.; Petes, Thomas D. 2012-01-01 In the diploid cells of most organisms, including humans, each chromosome is usually distinguishable from its partner homolog by multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms. One common type of genetic alteration observed in tumor cells is uniparental disomy (UPD), in which a pair of homologous chromosomes are derived from a single parent, resulting in loss of heterozygosity for all single-nucleotide polymorphisms while maintaining diploidy. Somatic UPD events are usually explained as reflecting two consecutive nondisjunction events. Here we report a previously undescribed mode of chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which one cell division produces daughter cells with reciprocal UPD for the same pair of chromosomes without an aneuploid intermediate. One pair of sister chromatids is segregated into one daughter cell and the other pair is segregated into the other daughter cell, mimicking a meiotic chromosome segregation pattern. We term this process “reciprocal uniparental disomy.” PMID:22665764 15. An Autonomously Reciprocating Transmembrane Nanoactuator. PubMed Watson, Matthew A; Cockroft, Scott L 2016-01-22 Biological molecular machines operate far from equilibrium by coupling chemical potential to repeated cycles of dissipative nanomechanical motion. This principle has been exploited in supramolecular systems that exhibit true machine behavior in solution and on surfaces. However, designed membrane-spanning assemblies developed to date have been limited to simple switches or stochastic shuttles, and true machine behavior has remained elusive. Herein, we present a transmembrane nanoactuator that turns over chemical fuel to drive autonomous reciprocating (back-and-forth) nanomechanical motion. Ratcheted reciprocating motion of a DNA/PEG copolymer threaded through a single α-hemolysin pore was induced by a combination of DNA strand displacement processes and enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Ion-current recordings revealed saw-tooth patterns, indicating that the assemblies operated in autonomous, asymmetric cycles of conformational change at rates of up to one cycle per minute. PMID:26661295 16. Piston reciprocating compressed air engine SciTech Connect Cestero, L.G. 1987-03-24 A compressed air engine is described comprising: (a). a reservoir of compressed air, (b). two power cylinders each containing a reciprocating piston connected to a crankshaft and flywheel, (c). a transfer cylinder which communicates with each power cylinder and the reservoir, and contains a reciprocating piston connected to the crankshaft, (d). valve means controlled by rotation of the crankshaft for supplying compressed air from the reservoir to each power cylinder and for exhausting compressed air from each power cylinder to the transfer cylinder, (e). valve means controlled by rotation of the crankshaft for supplying from the transfer cylinder to the reservoir compressed air supplied to the transfer cylinder on the exhaust strokes of the pistons of the power cylinders, and (f). an externally powered fan for assisting the exhaust of compressed air from each power cylinder to the transfer cylinder and from there to the compressed air reservoir. 17. Genetic Architecture of Reciprocal CNVs PubMed Central Golzio, Christelle; Katsanis, Nicholas 2013-01-01 Copy number variants (CNVs) represent a frequent type of lesion in human genetic disorders that typically affects numerous genes simultaneously. This has raised the challenge of understanding which genes within a CNV drive clinical phenotypes. Although CNVs can arise by multiple mechanisms, a subset is driven by local genomic architecture permissive to recombination events that can lead to both deletions and duplications. Phenotypic analyses of patients with such reciprocal CNVs have revealed instances in which the phenotype is either identical or mirrored; strikingly, molecular studies have revealed that such phenotypes are often driven by reciprocal dosage defects of the same transcript. Here we explore how these observations can help the dissection of CNVs and inform the genetic architecture of CNV-induced disorders. PMID:23747035 18. Reciprocal relations between kinetic curves Yablonsky, G. S.; Gorban, A. N.; Constales, D.; Galvita, V. V.; Marin, G. B. 2011-01-01 We study coupled irreversible processes. For linear or linearized kinetics with microreversibility, \\dot{x}=Kx , the kinetic operator K is symmetric in the entropic inner product. This form of Onsager's reciprocal relations implies that the shift in time, exp(Kt), is also a symmetric operator. This generates the reciprocity relations between the kinetic curves. For example, for the Master equation, if we start the process from the i-th pure state and measure the probability pj(t) of the j-th state (j≠i), and, similarly, measure pi(t) for the process, which starts at the j-th pure state, then the ratio of these two probabilities pj(t)/pi(t) is constant in time and coincides with the ratio of the equilibrium probabilities. We study similar and more general reciprocal relations between the kinetic curves. The experimental evidence provided as an example is from the reversible water gas shift reaction over iron oxide catalyst. The experimental data are obtained using Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) pulse-response studies. These offer excellent confirmation within the experimental error. 19. Best compression: Reciprocating or rotary? SciTech Connect Cahill, C. 1997-07-01 A compressor is a device used to increase the pressure of a compressible fluid. The inlet pressure can vary from a deep vacuum to a high positive pressure. The discharge pressure can range from subatmospheric levels to tens of thousands of pounds per square inch. Compressors come in numerous forms, but for oilfield applications there are two primary types, reciprocating and rotary. Both reciprocating and rotary compressors are grouped in the intermittent mode of compression. Intermittent is cyclic in nature, in that a specific quantity of gas is ingested by the compressor, acted upon and discharged before the cycle is repeated. Reciprocating compression is the most common form of compression used for oilfield applications. Rotary screw compressors have a long history but are relative newcomers to oilfield applications. The rotary screw compressor-technically a helical rotor compressor-dates back to 1878. That was when the first rotary screw was manufactured for the purpose of compressing air. Today thousands of rotary screw compression packages are being used throughout the world to compress natural gas. 20. 14 CFR 121.207 - Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Provisionally certificated airplanes... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.207 Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations.... 1. 14 CFR 121.207 - Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Provisionally certificated airplanes... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.207 Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations.... 2. 14 CFR 121.207 - Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Provisionally certificated airplanes... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.207 Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations.... 3. 14 CFR 121.207 - Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Provisionally certificated airplanes... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.207 Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations.... 4. 14 CFR 121.207 - Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Provisionally certificated airplanes... AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.207 Provisionally certificated airplanes: Operating limitations.... 5. Annoyance caused by propeller airplane flyover noise NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Mccurdy, D. A.; Powell, C. A. 1984-01-01 Laboratory experiments were conducted to provide information on quantifying the annoyance response of people to propeller airplane noise. The items of interest were current noise metrics, tone corrections, duration corrections, critical band corrections, and the effects of engine type, operation type, maximum takeoff weight, blade passage frequency, and blade tip speed. In each experiment, 64 subjects judged the annoyance of recordings of propeller and jet airplane operations presented at d-weighted sound pressure levels of 70, 80, and 90 dB in a testing room which simulates the outdoor acoustic environment. The first experiment examined 11 propeller airplanes with maximum takeoff weights greater than or equal to 5700 kg. The second experiment examined 14 propeller airplanes weighting 5700 kg or less. Five jet airplanes were included in each experiment. For both the heavy and light propeller airplanes, perceived noise level and perceived level (Stevens Mark VII procedure) predicted annoyance better than other current noise metrics. 6. Analysis of Stresses in German Airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hoff, Wilhelm 1923-01-01 This report contains an account of the origin of the views and fundamental principles underlying the construction of German airplanes during the war. The report contains a detailed discussion of the aerodynamic principles and their use in determining the strength of airplanes, the analysis of the strength qualities of materials and in the construction, the calculated strength of air flows and a description of tests made in determining the strength of airplanes. 7. 78 FR 29666 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-05-21 ...We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Airbus Model A330-200 and -300 series airplanes; Model A340-200 and -300 series airplanes; and Model A340-541 and -642 airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by reports of wing tip brakes (WTBs) losing their braking function in service due to heavy wear on the brake discs. WTBs are designed to stop and hold the mechanical...... 8. 77 FR 65812 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-10-31 ...We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Airbus Model A330-200 freighter series airplanes; Model A330-200 and - 300 series airplanes; and Model A340-200 and -300 series airplanes. This AD was prompted by reports of ram air turbine (RAT) pump failure. This AD requires inspecting the RAT pump anti-stall valve for correct setting, re-identifying the RAT pump, performing a...... 9. 77 FR 40830 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-07-11 ...We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Airbus Model A330-200 freighter series airplanes; Model A330-200 and - 300 series airplanes; and Model A340-200 and -300 series airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by reports of ram air turbine (RAT) pump failure. This proposed AD would require inspecting the RAT pump anti- stall valve for correct setting, re-identifying the...... 10. Crash Tests of Protective Airplane Floors NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Carden, H. D. 1986-01-01 Energy-absorbing floors reduce structural buckling and impact forces on occupants. 56-page report discusses crash tests of energy-absorbing aircraft floors. Describes test facility and procedures; airplanes, structural modifications, and seats; crash dynamics; floor and seat behavior; and responses of anthropometric dummies seated in airplanes. Also presents plots of accelerations, photographs and diagrams of test facility, and photographs and drawings of airplanes before, during, and after testing. 11. 14 CFR 121.173 - General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ...) of this section, no person may take off a reciprocating-engine-powered airplane at a weight that is... limitations of the operating rules of 14 CFR part 121, subpart I) after taking into account the temperature..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.173 General.... 12. 14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Exhaust System § 25.1125 Exhaust heat exchangers. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust heat exchanger... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Exhaust heat exchangers. 25.1125 Section... 13. 14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Exhaust System § 25.1125 Exhaust heat exchangers. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust heat exchanger... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Exhaust heat exchangers. 25.1125 Section... 14. 14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Exhaust System § 25.1125 Exhaust heat exchangers. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust heat exchanger... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Exhaust heat exchangers. 25.1125 Section... 15. 14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Exhaust System § 25.1125 Exhaust heat exchangers. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust heat exchanger... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Exhaust heat exchangers. 25.1125 Section... 16. 14 CFR 25.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Exhaust System § 25.1125 Exhaust heat exchangers. For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the following apply: (a) Each exhaust heat exchanger... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Exhaust heat exchangers. 25.1125 Section... 17. The variation in engine power with altitude determined from measurements in flight with a hub dynamometer NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gove, W D 1929-01-01 The rate of change in power of aircraft engines with altitude has been the subject of considerable discussion. Only a small amount of data from direct measurements of the power delivered by airplane engines during flight, however, has been published. This report presents the results of direct measurements of the power delivered by a Liberty 12 airplane engine taken with a hub dynamometer at standard altitudes from zero to 13,000 feet. Six flights were made with the engine installed in a modified DH-4 airplane. The experimental relation of brake horsepower to altitude is compared with two theoretical relations and with the experimental results, for a second Liberty 12 engine, given in NACA Technical Report no. 252. The rate of change in power with altitude of a third Liberty engine, measured with a calibrated propeller, is also given for comparison. The data presented substantiate the theoretical relation of brake horsepower to altitude based on the correction of ground level indicated horsepower for change in atmospheric temperature and pressure with the subsequent deduction of friction horsepower corrected for altitude. (author) 18. Supersonic airplane study and design NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Cheung, Samson 1993-01-01 A supersonic airplane creates shocks which coalesce and form a classical N-wave on the ground, forming a double bang noise termed sonic boom. A recent supersonic commercial transport (the Concorde) has a loud sonic boom (over 100 PLdB) and low aerodynamic performance (cruise lift-drag ratio 7). To enhance the U.S. market share in supersonic transport, an airframer's market risk for a low-boom airplane has to be reduced. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to design airplanes to meet the dual constraints of low sonic boom and high aerodynamic performance. During the past year, a research effort was focused on three main topics. The first was to use the existing design tools, developed in past years, to design one of the low-boom wind-tunnel configurations (Ames Model 3) for testing at Ames Research Center in April 1993. The second was to use a Navier-Stokes code (Overflow) to support the Oblique-All-Wing (OAW) study at Ames. The third was to study an optimization technique applied on a Haack-Adams body to reduce aerodynamic drag. 19. Evolution of spite through indirect reciprocity. PubMed Central Johnstone, Rufus A.; Bshary, Redouan 2004-01-01 How can cooperation persist in the face of a temptation to 'cheat'? Several recent papers have suggested that the answer may lie in indirect reciprocity. Altruistic individuals may benefit by eliciting altruism from observers, rather than (as in direct reciprocity) from the recipient of the aid they provide. Here, we point out that indirect reciprocity need not always favour cooperation; by contrast, it may support spiteful behaviour, which is costly for the both actor and recipient. Existing theory suggests spite is unlikely to persist, but we demonstrate that it may do so when spiteful individuals are less likely to incur aggression from observers (a negative form of indirect reciprocity). PMID:15347514 20. Reciprocating motion of active deformable particles Tarama, M.; Ohta, T. 2016-05-01 Reciprocating motion of an active deformable particle in a homogeneous medium is studied theoretically. For generality, we employ a simple model derived from symmetry considerations for the center-of-mass velocity and elliptical and triangular deformations in two dimensions. We carry out, for the first time, a systematic investigation of the reciprocating motion of a self-propelled particle. It is clarified that spontaneous breaking of the front-rear asymmetry is essential for the reciprocating motion. Moreover, two routes are found for the formation of the reciprocating motion. One is a bifurcation from a motionless stationary state. The other is destabilisation of an oscillatory rectilinear motion. 1. Hybrid internal combustion reciprocating engine SciTech Connect Gonzalez, C. 1988-08-23 This patent describes a hybrid type reciprocating internal combustion turbine fuel engine with combined spark ignition, torch-assisted to compression ignition modes comprising: a cylinder; a cylinder head mounted on the cylinder having a substantially planar inner surface; exhaust and inlet valves positioned in the head connected to corresponding exhaust and unthrottled inlet passages; a piston reciprocally mounted within the cylinder having a top surface thereon which surface in the top dead center position of the piston is in close proximity with the inner surface of the cylinder head; a substantially spherical precombustion chamber located in the head; a lineal passage tangentially joining the precombustion chamber with the inner surface of the cylinder head; a pilot fuel injector means and an igniter means both located in the precombustion chamber which inject and ignite a precharge; a main fuel injector means in the cylinder head; a bowl-shaped recess comprising the main combustion chamber located in the top surface of the piston in close proximity with the main injector means in the top dead center position with the lineal passage tangentially aligned with the main combustion chamber, whereby the burning gases exiting the precombustion chamber are directed into the main combustion chamber causing ignition therein. 2. Hybrid internal combustion reciprocating engine SciTech Connect Gonzales, C. 1986-06-17 A hybrid type reciprocating internal combustion engine is described which consists of: a cylinder, a cylinder head mounted on the cylinder having a substantially planar inner surface; exhaust and inlet valves positioned in the head connected to corresponding exhaust and unthrottled inlet passages; a piston reciprocally mounted within the cylinder having a top surface thereon which surface in the top dead center position of the piston is in close proximity with the inner surface of the head; a precombustion chamber located in the head; a lineal passage tangentially joining the precombustion chamber with the inner surface of the cylinder head; a pilot fuel injector means and an igniter means both located in the precombustion chamber which inject and ignite a precharge; a main fuel injector means in the cylinder head; a bowl shaped recess comprising the main combustion chamber non-concentrically located in the top surface of the piston in close proximity with the main injector means in the top dead center position; a first ramp means located in the top surface of the piston tangentially joining the main combustion chamber recess and substantially aligned with the lineal passage, when the piston is approximately at the top dead center position, whereby the burning gases exiting the precombustion chamber are directed into the main combustion recess; and a second ramp means in the top surface of the piston laterally joining the first ramp means. 3. Indirect reciprocity with trinary reputations. PubMed Tanabe, Shoma; Suzuki, Hideyuki; Masuda, Naoki 2013-01-21 Indirect reciprocity is a reputation-based mechanism for cooperation in social dilemma situations when individuals do not repeatedly meet. The conditions under which cooperation based on indirect reciprocity occurs have been examined in great details. Most previous theoretical analysis assumed for mathematical tractability that an individual possesses a binary reputation value, i.e., good or bad, which depends on their past actions and other factors. However, in real situations, reputations of individuals may be multiple valued. Another puzzling discrepancy between the theory and experiments is the status of the so-called image scoring, in which cooperation and defection are judged to be good and bad, respectively, independent of other factors. Such an assessment rule is found in behavioral experiments, whereas it is known to be unstable in theory. In the present study, we fill both gaps by analyzing a trinary reputation model. By an exhaustive search, we identify all the cooperative and stable equilibria composed of a homogeneous population or a heterogeneous population containing two types of players. Some results derived for the trinary reputation model are direct extensions of those for the binary model. However, we find that the trinary model allows cooperation under image scoring under some mild conditions. PMID:23123557 4. Bipropellant propulsion with reciprocating pumps 1993-06-01 A pressure regulated gas generator rocket cycle with alternately pressurized pairs of reciprocating pumps offers thrust-on-demand operation with significantly lower inert mass than conventional spacecraft liquid propulsion systems. The operation of bipropellant feed systems with reciprocating pumps is explained, with consideration for both short and long term missions. There are several methods for startup and shutdown of this self-starting pump-fed system, with preference determined by thrust duty cycle and mission duration. Progress to date includes extensive development testing of components unique to this type of system, and several live tests with monopropellant hydrazine. Pneumatic pump control valves which render pistons and bellows automatically responsive to downstream liquid demand are significantly simpler than those described previously. A compact pumpset mounted to central liquid manifolds has a pair of oxidizer pumps pneumatically slaved to a pair of fuel pumps to reduce vibration. A warm gas pressure reducer for tank expulsion can eliminate any remaining need for inert gas storage. 5. Research on the control of airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jones, B Melvill 1928-01-01 Our task is to endeavor to obtain precise experimental records of the motion of stalled airplanes, both when left to themselves and when the pilot is trying to control them. The apparatus which we use consists of a box containing tree gyroscopes which are slightly deflected against a spring control when the airplane is turning. 6. 77 FR 73343 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-12-10 ... 39-16634 (76 FR 15805, March 22, 2011)] had been accomplished on this seat, but due to seizure, the... rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not... F4-600R series airplanes, and Model A300 C4-605R Variant F airplanes (collectively called Model... 7. 14 CFR 125.355 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 125.355 Section 125.355...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.355... 8. 14 CFR 125.355 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 125.355 Section 125.355...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.355... 9. 14 CFR 125.355 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 125.355 Section 125.355...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.355... 10. 14 CFR 125.355 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 125.355 Section 125.355...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.355... 11. 78 FR 40057 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-07-03 ... Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska; and 4. Will... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes... A321 series airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by reports of certain sliding windows that... 12. 78 FR 37498 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-06-21 ... Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska; and 4. Will... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes... Freighter, and -300 series airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by a report that a certain wire... 13. 76 FR 72350 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-11-23 ..., A319, A320, and A321 airplanes. Since we issued AD 2008-08-04, Amendment 39-15456 (73 FR 19975, April..., Amendment 39-15456 (73 FR 19975, April 14, 2008), With Revised Affected Airplanes Referenced Conditions (j... proposed AD. Discussion On March 31, 2008, we issued AD 2008-08-04, Amendment 39-15456 (73 FR 19975,... 14. 78 FR 72834 - Airworthiness Directives; SOCATA Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-12-04 ... 12866, (2) Is not a significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034... Directives; SOCATA Airplanes AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Transportation (DOT... (AD) for SOCATA Model TBM 700 airplanes. This proposed AD results from mandatory... 15. 77 FR 69391 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-11-19 ... Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska... Directives; Airbus Airplanes AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Notice of proposed... A310-204, -222, -304, -322, and -324 airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by the manufacturer... 16. 77 FR 60331 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-10-03 ...; 2. Is not a significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes... A321 series airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by a report of an uncommanded nose landing... 17. 77 FR 51729 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-08-27 ... rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes..., A340-200 and A340-300 series airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by a report that revealed... 18. 77 FR 66760 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-11-07 ... Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes...-200, A330-300, A340-200, A340- 300, A340-500, and A340-600 series airplanes. This proposed AD... 19. 14 CFR 125.355 - Airplane equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane equipment. 125.355 Section 125.355...: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Flight Release Rules § 125.355... 20. 77 FR 66762 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-11-07 ... 12866; 2. Is not a significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes..., -304, -322, and -324 airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by a design review of the fuel... 1. 14 CFR 91.821 - Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits... Noise Limits § 91.821 Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Except for Concorde airplanes having... airplane that does not comply with Stage 2 noise limits of part 36 in effect on October 13, 1977,... 2. 14 CFR 125.75 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 125.75 Section 125... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved Airplane Flight Manual... 3. 14 CFR 91.853 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes... Noise Limits § 91.853 Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Except as provided in § 91.873, after... airplane subject to § 91.801(c) of this subpart, unless that airplane has been shown to comply with Stage... 4. 14 CFR 91.853 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes... Noise Limits § 91.853 Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Except as provided in § 91.873, after... airplane subject to § 91.801(c) of this subpart, unless that airplane has been shown to comply with Stage... 5. 14 CFR 91.853 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes... Noise Limits § 91.853 Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Except as provided in § 91.873, after... airplane subject to § 91.801(c) of this subpart, unless that airplane has been shown to comply with Stage... 6. 14 CFR 91.821 - Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits... Noise Limits § 91.821 Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Except for Concorde airplanes having... airplane that does not comply with Stage 2 noise limits of part 36 in effect on October 13, 1977,... 7. 14 CFR 91.821 - Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits... Noise Limits § 91.821 Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Except for Concorde airplanes having... airplane that does not comply with Stage 2 noise limits of part 36 in effect on October 13, 1977,... 8. 14 CFR 21.5 - Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual. 21.5... CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCTS AND PARTS General § 21.5 Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual. (a) With each airplane or rotorcraft not type certificated with an Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual... 9. 14 CFR 91.821 - Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits... Noise Limits § 91.821 Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Except for Concorde airplanes having... airplane that does not comply with Stage 2 noise limits of part 36 in effect on October 13, 1977,... 10. 14 CFR 125.75 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 125.75 Section 125... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved Airplane Flight Manual... 11. 14 CFR 91.853 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes... Noise Limits § 91.853 Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Except as provided in § 91.873, after... airplane subject to § 91.801(c) of this subpart, unless that airplane has been shown to comply with Stage... 12. 14 CFR 125.75 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 125.75 Section 125... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved Airplane Flight Manual... 13. 14 CFR 125.75 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 125.75 Section 125... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved Airplane Flight Manual... 14. 14 CFR 91.821 - Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits... Noise Limits § 91.821 Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits. Except for Concorde airplanes having... airplane that does not comply with Stage 2 noise limits of part 36 in effect on October 13, 1977,... 15. 14 CFR 91.853 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes... Noise Limits § 91.853 Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes. Except as provided in § 91.873, after... airplane subject to § 91.801(c) of this subpart, unless that airplane has been shown to comply with Stage... 16. 14 CFR 21.5 - Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual. 21.5... CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCTS AND PARTS General § 21.5 Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual. (a) With each airplane or rotorcraft that was not type certificated with an Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight... 17. Prolonging Microgravity on Parabolic Airplane Flights NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Robinson, David W. 2003-01-01 Three techniques have been proposed to prolong the intervals of time available for microgravity experiments aboard airplanes flown along parabolic trajectories. Typically, a pilot strives to keep an airplane on such a trajectory during a nominal time interval as long as 25 seconds, and an experimental apparatus is released to float freely in the airplane cabin to take advantage of the microgravitational environment of the trajectory for as long as possible. It is usually not possible to maintain effective microgravity during the entire nominal time interval because random aerodynamic forces and fluctuations in pilot control inputs cause the airplane to deviate slightly from a perfect parabolic trajectory, such that the freely floating apparatus bumps into the ceiling, floor, or a wall of the airplane before the completion of the parabola. 18. Implementing Reciprocal Teaching: Was It Effective? ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Al-Hilawani, Yasser A.; And Others This study was conducted to explore the relationship between teaching methods and students' grades at the college level. Subjects, 58 undergraduate students enrolled in 2 introductory education courses, were organized into groups and exposed to one of two teaching methods: the lecture format and reciprocal teaching. Reciprocal teaching engages… 19. Reciprocal Tutoring: Design with Cognitive Load Sharing ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Chou, Chih-Yueh; Chan, Tak-Wai 2016-01-01 "Reciprocal tutoring," as reported in "Exploring the design of computer supports for reciprocal tutoring" (Chan and Chou 1997), has extended the meaning and scope of "intelligent tutoring" originally implemented in stand alone computers. This research is a follow-up to our studies on a "learning companion… 20. An Introduction to the Onsager Reciprocal Relations ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Monroe, Charles W.; Newman, John 2007-01-01 The Onsager reciprocal relations are essential to multicomponent transport theory. A discussion of the principles that should be used to derive flux laws for coupled diffusion is presented here. Fluctuation theory is employed to determine the reciprocal relation for transport coefficients that characterize coupled mass and heat transfer in binary… 1. 78 FR 53792 - Draft Guidance for Reciprocity Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-08-30 ... COMMISSION Draft Guidance for Reciprocity AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Draft NUREG; request... for reciprocity. The NRC is requesting public comment on draft NUREG-1556, Volume 19, Revision 1...@nrc.gov . The draft NUREG-1556, Volume 19, Revision 1, is available under ADAMS Accession... 2. Reciprocal Teaching. Information Capsule. Volume 0609 ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Blazer, Christie 2007-01-01 Reciprocal teaching is an instructional approach designed to increase students' reading comprehension at all grade levels and in all subject areas. Students are taught cognitive strategies that help them construct meaning from text and simultaneously monitor their reading comprehension. This Information Capsule summarizes reciprocal teaching's… 3. Education, Gift and Reciprocity: A Preliminary Discussion ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Sabourin, Eric 2013-01-01 This paper analyzes the importance and role of the reciprocity relationship in education. It presents a review on the mobilization of the principle of reciprocity--in the anthropological but also sociological and economic senses--in educational processes, especially in adult education. The study is divided into three parts. The first part analyzes… 4. Reciprocal Contracting with Families of Adolescents. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Lipinski, Judith M.; Lawrence, P. Scott The use of reciprocal behavior contracts with families of behavior-problem adolescents was investigated. Most family contracting to date has involved one-way contracts; that is, the child agrees to certain responsibilities for which he will be reinforced by the parents. A reciprocal contract requires the parents, in addition to the child, to agree… 5. Investigation of Icing Characteristics of Typical Light Airplane Engine Induction Systems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Coles, W. D. 1949-01-01 The icing characteristics of two typical light-airplane engine induction systems were investigated using the carburetors and manifolds of engines in the horsepower ranges from 65 to 85 and 165 to 185. The smaller system consisted of a float-type carburetor with an unheated manifold and the larger system consisted of a single-barrel pressure-type carburetor with an oil-jacketed manifold. Carburetor-air temperature and humidity limits of visible and serious Icing were determined for various engine power conditions. Several.methods of achieving ice-free induction systems are discussed along with estimates of surface heating requirements of the various induct ion-system components. A study was also made of the icing characteristics of a typical light-airplane air scoop with an exposed filter and a modified system that provided a normal ram inlet with the filter located in a position to Induce inertia separation of the free water from the charge air. The principle of operation of float-type carburetors is proved to make them inherently more susceptible to icing at the throttle plate than pressure-type carburetors.. The results indicated that proper jacketing and heating of all parts exposed to the fuel spray can satisfactorily reduce or eliminate icing in the float-type carburetor and the manifold. Pressure-type carburetors can be protected from serious Icing by proper location of the fuel-discharge nozzle combined with suitable application of heat to critical parts. 6. Landing and Braking of Airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Breguet, Louis 1929-01-01 In the numerical examples, we have considered an airplane landing in calm air in a fixed direction after crossing the border (with its obstacles) at a height of 30 m. Its stopping point is at a distance D from the obstacle, comprising: a distance D(sub 1) in regular gliding flight; a distance D(sub 2) in levelling off; a distance D(sub 3) in taxying on the ground. The calculations enable us to make out the following table, which gives an idea of the improvements to be expected in the use of various possible methods of braking in the air and on the ground. 7. Reciprocity of agonistic support in ravens PubMed Central Fraser, Orlaith N.; Bugnyar, Thomas 2012-01-01 Cooperative behaviour through reciprocation or interchange of valuable services in primates has received considerable attention, especially regarding the timeframe of reciprocation and its ensuing cognitive implications. Much less, however, is known about reciprocity in other animals, particularly birds. We investigated patterns of agonistic support (defined as a third party intervening in an ongoing conflict to attack one of the conflict participants, thus supporting the other) in a group of 13 captive ravens, Corvus corax. We found support for long-term, but not short-term, reciprocation of agonistic support. Ravens were more likely to support individuals who preened them, kin and dominant group members. These results suggest that ravens do not reciprocate on a calculated tit-for-tat basis, but aid individuals from whom reciprocated support would be most useful and those with whom they share a good relationship. Additionally, dyadic levels of agonistic support and consolation (postconflict affiliation from a bystander to the victim) correlated strongly with each other, but we found no evidence to suggest that receiving agonistic support influences the victim’s likelihood of receiving support (consolation) after the conflict ends. Our findings are consistent with an emotionally mediated form of reciprocity in ravens and provide additional support for convergent cognitive evolution in birds and mammals. PMID:22298910 8. Reciprocity and Ethical Tuberculosis Treatment and Control. PubMed Silva, Diego S; Dawson, Angus; Upshur, Ross E G 2016-03-01 This paper explores the notion of reciprocity in the context of active pulmonary and laryngeal tuberculosis (TB) treatment and related control policies and practices. We seek to do three things: First, we sketch the background to contemporary global TB care and suggest that poverty is a key feature when considering the treatment of TB patients. We use two examples from TB care to explore the role of reciprocity: isolation and the use of novel TB drugs. Second, we explore alternative means of justifying the use of reciprocity through appeal to different moral and political theoretical traditions (i.e., virtue ethics, deontology, and consequentialism). We suggest that each theory can be used to provide reasons to take reciprocity seriously as an independent moral concept, despite any other differences. Third, we explore general meanings and uses of the concept of reciprocity, with the primary intention of demonstrating that it cannot be simply reduced to other more frequently invoked moral concepts such as beneficence or justice. We argue that reciprocity can function as a mid-level principle in public health, and generally, captures a core social obligation arising once an individual or group is burdened as a result of acting for the benefit of others (even if they derive a benefit themselves). We conclude that while more needs to be explored in relation to the theoretical justification and application of reciprocity, sufficient arguments can be made for it to be taken more seriously as a key principle within public health ethics and bioethics more generally. PMID:26797512 9. Reciprocity of agonistic support in ravens. PubMed Fraser, Orlaith N; Bugnyar, Thomas 2012-01-01 Cooperative behaviour through reciprocation or interchange of valuable services in primates has received considerable attention, especially regarding the timeframe of reciprocation and its ensuing cognitive implications. Much less, however, is known about reciprocity in other animals, particularly birds. We investigated patterns of agonistic support (defined as a third party intervening in an ongoing conflict to attack one of the conflict participants, thus supporting the other) in a group of 13 captive ravens, Corvus corax. We found support for long-term, but not short-term, reciprocation of agonistic support. Ravens were more likely to support individuals who preened them, kin and dominant group members. These results suggest that ravens do not reciprocate on a calculated tit-for-tat basis, but aid individuals from whom reciprocated support would be most useful and those with whom they share a good relationship. Additionally, dyadic levels of agonistic support and consolation (postconflict affiliation from a bystander to the victim) correlated strongly with each other, but we found no evidence to suggest that receiving agonistic support influences the victim's likelihood of receiving support (consolation) after the conflict ends. Our findings are consistent with an emotionally mediated form of reciprocity in ravens and provide additional support for convergent cognitive evolution in birds and mammals. PMID:22298910 10. Two distinct neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity. PubMed Watanabe, Takamitsu; Takezawa, Masanori; Nakawake, Yo; Kunimatsu, Akira; Yamasue, Hidenori; Nakamura, Mitsuhiro; Miyashita, Yasushi; Masuda, Naoki 2014-03-18 Cooperation is a hallmark of human society. Humans often cooperate with strangers even if they will not meet each other again. This so-called indirect reciprocity enables large-scale cooperation among nonkin and can occur based on a reputation mechanism or as a succession of pay-it-forward behavior. Here, we provide the functional and anatomical neural evidence for two distinct mechanisms governing the two types of indirect reciprocity. Cooperation occurring as reputation-based reciprocity specifically recruited the precuneus, a region associated with self-centered cognition. During such cooperative behavior, the precuneus was functionally connected with the caudate, a region linking rewards to behavior. Furthermore, the precuneus of a cooperative subject had a strong resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) with the caudate and a large gray matter volume. In contrast, pay-it-forward reciprocity recruited the anterior insula (AI), a brain region associated with affective empathy. The AI was functionally connected with the caudate during cooperation occurring as pay-it-forward reciprocity, and its gray matter volume and rsFC with the caudate predicted the tendency of such cooperation. The revealed difference is consistent with the existing results of evolutionary game theory: although reputation-based indirect reciprocity robustly evolves as a self-interested behavior in theory, pay-it-forward indirect reciprocity does not on its own. The present study provides neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity and suggests that pay-it-forward reciprocity may not occur as myopic profit maximization but elicit emotional rewards. PMID:24591599 11. Two distinct neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity PubMed Central Watanabe, Takamitsu; Takezawa, Masanori; Nakawake, Yo; Kunimatsu, Akira; Yamasue, Hidenori; Nakamura, Mitsuhiro; Miyashita, Yasushi; Masuda, Naoki 2014-01-01 Cooperation is a hallmark of human society. Humans often cooperate with strangers even if they will not meet each other again. This so-called indirect reciprocity enables large-scale cooperation among nonkin and can occur based on a reputation mechanism or as a succession of pay-it-forward behavior. Here, we provide the functional and anatomical neural evidence for two distinct mechanisms governing the two types of indirect reciprocity. Cooperation occurring as reputation-based reciprocity specifically recruited the precuneus, a region associated with self-centered cognition. During such cooperative behavior, the precuneus was functionally connected with the caudate, a region linking rewards to behavior. Furthermore, the precuneus of a cooperative subject had a strong resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) with the caudate and a large gray matter volume. In contrast, pay-it-forward reciprocity recruited the anterior insula (AI), a brain region associated with affective empathy. The AI was functionally connected with the caudate during cooperation occurring as pay-it-forward reciprocity, and its gray matter volume and rsFC with the caudate predicted the tendency of such cooperation. The revealed difference is consistent with the existing results of evolutionary game theory: although reputation-based indirect reciprocity robustly evolves as a self-interested behavior in theory, pay-it-forward indirect reciprocity does not on its own. The present study provides neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity and suggests that pay-it-forward reciprocity may not occur as myopic profit maximization but elicit emotional rewards. PMID:24591599 12. Automated visual inspection of an airplane exterior Jovančević, Igor; Orteu, Jean-José; Sentenac, Thierry; Gilblas, Rémi 2015-04-01 This paper deals with the inspection of an airplane using a Pan-Tilt-Zoom camera mounted on a mobile robot moving around the airplane. We present image processing methods for detection and inspection of four different types of items on the airplane exterior. Our detection approach is focused on the regular shapes such as rounded corner rectangles and ellipses, while inspection relies on clues such as uniformity of isolated image regions, convexity of segmented shapes and periodicity of the image intensity signal. The initial results are promising and demonstrate the feasibility of the envisioned robotic system. 13. ADVANCED RECIPROCATING COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY (ARCT) SciTech Connect Danny M. Deffenbaugh; Klaus Brun; Ralph E. Harris; J. Pete Harrell; Robert J. Mckee; J. Jeffrey Moore; Steven J. Svedeman; Anthony J. Smalley; Eugene L. Broerman; Robert A Hart; Marybeth G. Nored; Ryan S. Gernentz; Shane P. Siebenaler 2005-12-01 The U.S. natural gas pipeline industry is facing the twin challenges of increased flexibility and capacity expansion. To meet these challenges, the industry requires improved choices in gas compression to address new construction and enhancement of the currently installed infrastructure. The current fleet of installed reciprocating compression is primarily slow-speed integral machines. Most new reciprocating compression is and will be large, high-speed separable units. The major challenges with the fleet of slow-speed integral machines are: limited flexibility and a large range in performance. In an attempt to increase flexibility, many operators are choosing to single-act cylinders, which are causing reduced reliability and integrity. While the best performing units in the fleet exhibit thermal efficiencies between 90% and 92%, the low performers are running down to 50% with the mean at about 80%. The major cause for this large disparity is due to installation losses in the pulsation control system. In the better performers, the losses are about evenly split between installation losses and valve losses. The major challenges for high-speed machines are: cylinder nozzle pulsations, mechanical vibrations due to cylinder stretch, short valve life, and low thermal performance. To shift nozzle pulsation to higher orders, nozzles are shortened, and to dampen the amplitudes, orifices are added. The shortened nozzles result in mechanical coupling with the cylinder, thereby, causing increased vibration due to the cylinder stretch mode. Valve life is even shorter than for slow speeds and can be on the order of a few months. The thermal efficiency is 10% to 15% lower than slow-speed equipment with the best performance in the 75% to 80% range. The goal of this advanced reciprocating compression program is to develop the technology for both high speed and low speed compression that will expand unit flexibility, increase thermal efficiency, and increase reliability and integrity 14. Shuttle Laser Technology Experiment Facility (LTEF)-to-airplane lasercom experiment: Airplane considerations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kalil, Ford 1990-01-01 NASA is considering the use of various airplanes for a Shuttle Laser Technology Experiment Facility (LTEF)-to-Airplane laser communications experiment. As supporting documentation, pertinent technical details are included about the potential use of airplanes located at Ames Research Center and Wallops Flight Facility. The effects and application of orbital mechanics considerations are also presented, including slant range, azimuth, elevation, and time. The pros and cons of an airplane equipped with a side port with a bubble window versus a top port with a dome are discussed. Li, Hui; Lal, Amit; Blanchard, James; Henderson, Douglass 2002-07-01 A reciprocating cantilever utilizing emitted charges from a millicurie radioisotope thin film is presented. The actuator realizes a direct collected-charge-to-motion conversion. The reciprocation is obtained by self-timed contact between the cantilever and the radioisotope source. A static model balancing the electrostatic and mechanical forces from an equivalent circuit leads to an analytical solution useful for device characterization. Measured reciprocating periods agree with predicted values from the analytical model. A scaling analysis shows that microscale arrays of such cantilevers provide an integrated sensor and actuator platform. 16. Electronic controller for reciprocating rotary crystallizer NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kroes, Roger L.; Reiss, Donald A.; Hester, Howard B. 1988-01-01 An electronic controller for a reciprocating rotary crystallizer is described. The heart of this system is the electronic timer circuit. A schematic along with a detailed description of its operation is given. 17. New Albatross commercial airplane "L 58" NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Meyer, G 1923-01-01 The "L 58" is a monoplane with cantilever wings joined directly to the fuselage. It accordingly belongs to the new school of airplane construction, as founded and developed in Germany. A list of performance characteristics is included. 18. Fire prevention on airplanes. Part I NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sabatier, J 1929-01-01 Various methods for preventing fires in airplanes are presented with most efforts centering around prevention of backfires, new engine and carburetor designs, as well as investigations on different types of fuels. 19. Precision controllability of the F-15 airplane NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sisk, T. R.; Matheny, N. W. 1979-01-01 A flying qualities evaluation conducted on a preproduction F-15 airplane permitted an assessment to be made of its precision controllability in the high subsonic and low transonic flight regime over the allowable angle of attack range. Precision controllability, or gunsight tracking, studies were conducted in windup turn maneuvers with the gunsight in the caged pipper mode and depressed 70 mils. This evaluation showed the F-15 airplane to experience severe buffet and mild-to-moderate wing rock at the higher angles of attack. It showed the F-15 airplane radial tracking precision to vary from approximately 6 to 20 mils over the load factor range tested. Tracking in the presence of wing rock essentially doubled the radial tracking error generated at the lower angles of attack. The stability augmentation system affected the tracking precision of the F-15 airplane more than it did that of previous aircraft studied. 20. The Kiln Drying of Wood for Airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Tiemann, Harry D 1919-01-01 This report is descriptive of various methods used in the kiln drying of woods for airplanes and gives the results of physical tests on different types of woods after being dried by the various kiln-drying methods. 1. Notes on New French Commercial Airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1935-01-01 This document discusses the types of commercial planes ordered by Air France. Characteristics of the Wibault 670, the Dewoitine D.620, Bloch 300, and the Potez 620 airplanes are included. Pictures and diagrams of these aircraft are also included. 2. Development of light and small airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Lachmann, G 1926-01-01 The author has endeavored to select only the most important lines of development and has limited the description of individual airplanes to a few typical examples. Comparisons are presented between German and foreign accomplishments. 3. Structural integrity of future aging airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Mcguire, Jack F.; Goranson, Ulf G. 1992-01-01 A multitude of design considerations is involved in ensuring the structural integrity of Boeing jet transports that have common design concepts validated by extensive analyses, tests, and three decades of service. As airplanes approach their design service objectives, the incidences of fatigue and corrosion may become widespread. Continuing airworthiness of the aging jet fleet requires diligent performance from the manufacturer, the airlines, and airworthiness authorities. Aging fleet support includes timely development of supplemental structural inspection documents applicable to selected older airplanes, teardown inspections of high-time airframes retired from service, fatigue testing of older airframes, and structural surveys of more than 130 airplanes operated throughout the world. Lessons learned from these activities are incorporated in service bulletin recommendations, production line modifications, and design manual updates. An overview of traditional Boeing fleet support activities and the anticipated benefits for future generations of commercial airplanes based on the continuous design improvement process are presented. 4. Structural integrity of future aging airplanes McGuire, Jack F.; Goranson, Ulf G. 1992-07-01 A multitude of design considerations is involved in ensuring the structural integrity of Boeing jet transports that have common design concepts validated by extensive analyses, tests, and three decades of service. As airplanes approach their design service objectives, the incidences of fatigue and corrosion may become widespread. Continuing airworthiness of the aging jet fleet requires diligent performance from the manufacturer, the airlines, and airworthiness authorities. Aging fleet support includes timely development of supplemental structural inspection documents applicable to selected older airplanes, teardown inspections of high-time airframes retired from service, fatigue testing of older airframes, and structural surveys of more than 130 airplanes operated throughout the world. Lessons learned from these activities are incorporated in service bulletin recommendations, production line modifications, and design manual updates. An overview of traditional Boeing fleet support activities and the anticipated benefits for future generations of commercial airplanes based on the continuous design improvement process are presented. 5. 30 CFR 57.13010 - Reciprocating-type air compressors. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-07-01 ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Reciprocating-type air compressors. 57.13010... Air and Boilers § 57.13010 Reciprocating-type air compressors. (a) Reciprocating-type air compressors... than 25 percent. (b) However, this standard does not apply to reciprocating-type air compressors... 6. 30 CFR 57.13010 - Reciprocating-type air compressors. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-07-01 ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reciprocating-type air compressors. 57.13010... Air and Boilers § 57.13010 Reciprocating-type air compressors. (a) Reciprocating-type air compressors... than 25 percent. (b) However, this standard does not apply to reciprocating-type air compressors... 7. 32 CFR 148.1 - Intergency reciprocal acceptance . Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-07-01 ... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Intergency reciprocal acceptance . 148.1 Section... Reciprocity of Use and Inspections of Facilities § 148.1 Intergency reciprocal acceptance . Interagency reciprocal acceptance of security policies and procedures for approving, accrediting, and maintaining... 8. 32 CFR 148.1 - Intergency reciprocal acceptance . Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-07-01 ... 32 National Defense 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Intergency reciprocal acceptance . 148.1 Section... Reciprocity of Use and Inspections of Facilities § 148.1 Intergency reciprocal acceptance . Interagency reciprocal acceptance of security policies and procedures for approving, accrediting, and maintaining... 9. Fittings and Other Structural Parts of Airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Eydam, P 1923-01-01 The strength and reliability of airplanes depend greatly on the careful design and manufacture of fittings, couplings, and other highly stressed parts. The more important parts of the airplane must be occasionally tested for increased loads and in order to avoid the possibility of defects creeping in during subsequent production. Strength tests are discussed for fittings for wing spar joints, fittings for strut connections, internal bracing, control gear, and landing gear. 10. A study of commuter airplane design optimization NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Roskam, J.; Wyatt, R. D.; Griswold, D. A.; Hammer, J. L. 1977-01-01 Problems of commuter airplane configuration design were studied to affect a minimization of direct operating costs. Factors considered were the minimization of fuselage drag, methods of wing design, and the estimated drag of an airplane submerged in a propellor slipstream; all design criteria were studied under a set of fixed performance, mission, and stability constraints. Configuration design data were assembled for application by a computerized design methodology program similar to the NASA-Ames General Aviation Synthesis Program. 11. 78 FR 78294 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-12-26 ...We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Airbus Model A330-200, A330-200 Freighter, and A330-300 series airplanes; and Model A340-200, A340-300, A340-500, and A340-600 series airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by the failure of the generator control unit-constant speed motor/generator (GCU-CSM/G) during a final assembly operational test. This proposed AD would...... 12. 78 FR 64156 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-10-28 ... ADs for Model A340 airplanes. AD 2003-14-11, Amendment 39-13230 (68 FR 41521, July 14, 2003). AD 2004-11-08, Amendment 39-13654 (69 FR 31874, June 8, 2004). AD 2004-13-25, Amendment 39-13707 (69 FR 41394...) through (i)(7) of this AD for Model A340 airplanes only. (1) AD 2003-14-11, Amendment 39-13230 (68... 13. Factors of airplane engine performance NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gage, Victor R 1921-01-01 This report is based upon an analysis of a large number of airplane-engine tests. It contains the results of a search for fundamental relations between many variables of engine operation. The data used came from over 100 groups of tests made upon several engines, primarily for military information. The types of engines were the Liberty 12 and three models of the Hispano-Suiza. The tests were made in the altitude chamber, where conditions simulated altitudes up to about 30,000 feet, with engine speeds ranging from 1,200 to 2,200 r.p.m. The compression ratios of the different engines ranged from under 5 to over 8 to 1. The data taken on the tests were exceptionally complete, including variations of pressure and temperature, besides the brake and friction torques, rates of fuel and air consumption, the jacket and exhaust heat losses. 14. 14 CFR 36.7 - Acoustical change: Transport category large airplanes and jet airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... Stage 1 airplane prior to the change in type design, in addition to the provisions of paragraph (b) of... the change in type design, may not exceed either (A) each Stage 3 noise limit by more than 3 EPNdB, or... bypass ratio of 2 or more before a change in type design— (i) The airplane may not be a Stage 1... 15. 14 CFR 36.7 - Acoustical change: Transport category large airplanes and jet airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... Stage 1 airplane prior to the change in type design, in addition to the provisions of paragraph (b) of... the change in type design, may not exceed either (A) each Stage 3 noise limit by more than 3 EPNdB, or... bypass ratio of 2 or more before a change in type design— (i) The airplane may not be a Stage 1... 16. 14 CFR 36.7 - Acoustical change: Transport category large airplanes and jet airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... Stage 1 airplane prior to the change in type design, in addition to the provisions of paragraph (b) of... the change in type design, may not exceed either (A) each Stage 3 noise limit by more than 3 EPNdB, or... bypass ratio of 2 or more before a change in type design— (i) The airplane may not be a Stage 1... 17. 14 CFR 36.7 - Acoustical change: Transport category large airplanes and jet airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... Stage 1 airplane prior to the change in type design, in addition to the provisions of paragraph (b) of... the change in type design, may not exceed either (A) each Stage 3 noise limit by more than 3 EPNdB, or... bypass ratio of 2 or more before a change in type design— (i) The airplane may not be a Stage 1... 18. Summary of V-G and VGH Data Collected on Lockheed Electra Airplanes During Airplane Operations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jewel, Joseph W., Jr.; Fetner, Mary W. 1961-01-01 Data obtained by NASA VGH and V-G recorders on several Lockheed Electra airplanes operated over three domestic routes have been analyzed to determine the in-flight accelerations, airspeed practices, and landing accelerations experienced by this particular airplane. The results indicate that the accelerations caused by gusts and maneuvers are comparable to corresponding results for piston-engine transport airplanes. Oscillatory accelerations (apparently caused by the autopilot or control system) appear to occur about one-tenth as frequently as accelerations due to gusts. Airspeed operating practices in rough air generally follow the trends shown by piston-engine transports in that there is no significant difference between the average airspeed in rough or smooth air. Placard speeds were exceeded more frequently by the Electra airplane than by piston-engine transport airplanes. Generally, the landing-impact accelerations were higher than those for piston-engine transports. 19. Radioisotope Stirling Engine Powered Airship for Low Altitude Operation on Venus NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Colozza, Anthony J. 2012-01-01 The feasibility of a Stirling engine powered airship for the near surface exploration of Venus was evaluated. The heat source for the Stirling engine was limited to 10 general purpose heat source (GPHS) blocks. The baseline airship utilized hydrogen as the lifting gas and the electronics and payload were enclosed in a cooled insulated pressure vessel to maintain the internal temperature at 320 K and 1 Bar pressure. The propulsion system consisted of an electric motor driving a propeller. An analysis was set up to size the airship that could operate near the Venus surface based on the available thermal power. The atmospheric conditions on Venus were modeled and used in the analysis. The analysis was an iterative process between sizing the airship to carry a specified payload and the power required to operate the electronics, payload and cooling system as well as provide power to the propulsion system to overcome the drag on the airship. A baseline configuration was determined that could meet the power requirements and operate near the Venus surface. From this baseline design additional trades were made to see how other factors affected the design such as the internal temperature of the payload chamber and the flight altitude. In addition other lifting methods were evaluated such as an evacuated chamber, heated atmospheric gas and augmented heated lifting gas. However none of these methods proved viable. 20. The Evaluational Consequences of Topic Reciprocity and Self-Disclosure Reciprocity. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Hosman, Lawrence A. 1987-01-01 Investigates the hypothesis that messages reciprocating both topic and intimacy would be more positively evaluated than those reciprocating neither. Results support the hypothesis for initial low intimacy messages, and partially support it for initial high intimacy messages. Examines results in terms of competing interactional goals in a… 1. 77 FR 52201 - Airworthiness Directives; The Boeing Company Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-08-29 ... installing Aero-Engine database (AEDB) software in the airplane information management system (AIMS) hardware... installing AEDB software in the airplane AIMS hardware. Comments We gave the public the opportunity to... large pieces of the T/R or adjacent components departing the airplane. A separated T/R piece... 2. 14 CFR 121.199 - Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... nontransport category airplane may take off that airplane at a weight greater than the weight that would allow... power off stalling speed in the takeoff configuration, whichever is greater. (b) For the purposes of... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Nontransport category airplanes:... 3. 14 CFR 121.570 - Airplane evacuation capability. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Flight Operations § 121.570 Airplane evacuation capability. (a) No person may cause an airplane carrying passengers to be moved on the surface, take off, or... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane evacuation capability.... 4. 14 CFR 121.159 - Single-engine airplanes prohibited. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Single-engine airplanes prohibited. 121.159... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.159 Single-engine airplanes prohibited. No certificate holder may operate a single-engine airplane under this part.... 5. 14 CFR 121.159 - Single-engine airplanes prohibited. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Single-engine airplanes prohibited. 121.159... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.159 Single-engine airplanes prohibited. No certificate holder may operate a single-engine airplane under this part.... 6. 14 CFR 121.159 - Single-engine airplanes prohibited. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Single-engine airplanes prohibited. 121.159... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.159 Single-engine airplanes prohibited. No certificate holder may operate a single-engine airplane under this part.... 7. 14 CFR 121.570 - Airplane evacuation capability. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane evacuation capability. 121.570... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Flight Operations § 121.570 Airplane evacuation capability. (a) No person may cause an airplane carrying passengers to be moved on the surface, take off,... 8. 14 CFR 121.199 - Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.199 Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating... 9. 14 CFR 125.407 - Maintenance log: Airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Maintenance log: Airplanes. 125.407 Section... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Maintenance log: Airplanes. (a) Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a... 10. 14 CFR 121.141 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 121.141 Section 121... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Manual Requirements § 121.141 Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved airplane flight manual for each type... 11. 14 CFR 121.303 - Airplane instruments and equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane instruments and equipment. 121.303... Airplane instruments and equipment. (a) Unless otherwise specified, the instrument and equipment... airspeed limitation and item of related information in the Airplane Flight Manual and pertinent... 12. 14 CFR 125.91 - Airplane requirements: General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane requirements: General. 125.91... AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane... 13. 14 CFR 125.407 - Maintenance log: Airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Maintenance log: Airplanes. 125.407 Section... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Maintenance log: Airplanes. (a) Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a... 14. 14 CFR 125.91 - Airplane requirements: General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane requirements: General. 125.91... AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane... 15. 14 CFR 125.407 - Maintenance log: Airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Maintenance log: Airplanes. 125.407 Section... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Maintenance log: Airplanes. (a) Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a... 16. 14 CFR 121.303 - Airplane instruments and equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane instruments and equipment. 121.303... Airplane instruments and equipment. (a) Unless otherwise specified, the instrument and equipment... airspeed limitation and item of related information in the Airplane Flight Manual and pertinent... 17. 14 CFR 121.303 - Airplane instruments and equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane instruments and equipment. 121.303... Airplane instruments and equipment. (a) Unless otherwise specified, the instrument and equipment... airspeed limitation and item of related information in the Airplane Flight Manual and pertinent... 18. 14 CFR 23.1437 - Accessories for multiengine airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Accessories for multiengine airplanes. 23... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1437 Accessories for multiengine airplanes. For multiengine... 19. 14 CFR 121.199 - Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.199 Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating... 20. 14 CFR 125.91 - Airplane requirements: General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane requirements: General. 125.91... AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane... 1. 14 CFR 23.71 - Glide: Single-engine airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Glide: Single-engine airplanes. 23.71... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Flight Performance § 23.71 Glide: Single-engine airplanes. The maximum horizontal distance traveled in still air, in nautical... 2. 14 CFR 23.1437 - Accessories for multiengine airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Accessories for multiengine airplanes. 23... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1437 Accessories for multiengine airplanes. For multiengine... 3. 14 CFR 121.570 - Airplane evacuation capability. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane evacuation capability. 121.570... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Flight Operations § 121.570 Airplane evacuation capability. (a) No person may cause an airplane carrying passengers to be moved on the surface, take off,... 4. 14 CFR 23.1437 - Accessories for multiengine airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Accessories for multiengine airplanes. 23... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1437 Accessories for multiengine airplanes. For multiengine... 5. 14 CFR 125.407 - Maintenance log: Airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Maintenance log: Airplanes. 125.407 Section... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Maintenance log: Airplanes. (a) Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a... 6. 14 CFR 121.141 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 121.141 Section 121... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Manual Requirements § 121.141 Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved airplane flight manual for each type... 7. 14 CFR 121.141 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 121.141 Section 121... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Manual Requirements § 121.141 Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved airplane flight manual for each type... 8. 14 CFR 23.1437 - Accessories for multiengine airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Accessories for multiengine airplanes. 23... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1437 Accessories for multiengine airplanes. For multiengine... 9. 14 CFR 121.199 - Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.199 Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating... 10. 14 CFR 121.141 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 121.141 Section 121... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Manual Requirements § 121.141 Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved airplane flight manual for each type... 11. 14 CFR 125.91 - Airplane requirements: General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane requirements: General. 125.91... AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane... 12. 14 CFR 121.570 - Airplane evacuation capability. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Airplane evacuation capability. 121.570... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Flight Operations § 121.570 Airplane evacuation capability. (a) No person may cause an airplane carrying passengers to be moved on the surface, take off,... 13. A study of the factors affecting the range of airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Biermann, David 1937-01-01 A study was made of the most important factors affecting the range of airplanes. Numerical examples are given showing the effects of different variables on the range of a two-engine airplane. The takeoff problems of long-range airplanes are analyzed. 14. 14 CFR 23.1437 - Accessories for multiengine airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Accessories for multiengine airplanes. 23... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1437 Accessories for multiengine airplanes. For multiengine... 15. 14 CFR 61.159 - Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Aeronautical experience: Airplane category... Transport Pilots § 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating. (a) Except as provided in... certificate with an airplane category and class rating must have at least 1,500 hours of total time as a... 16. 78 FR 27310 - Airworthiness Directives; the Boeing Company Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-05-10 ... airplanes: AD 2007-16-12, Amendment 39-15151 (72 FR 44740, August 9, 2007), requires changes to existing... 767-200, -300, and -400ER series airplanes: AD 2008-23-15, Amendment 39-15736 (73 FR 70267, November..., -600, - 700, -700C, -800, and -900 series airplanes: AD 2009-12-06, Amendment 39-15929 (74 FR... 17. 14 CFR 125.75 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 125.75 Section 125...,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Manual Requirements § 125.75 Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved Airplane Flight Manual... 18. 14 CFR 121.141 - Airplane flight manual. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane flight manual. 121.141 Section 121... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Manual Requirements § 121.141 Airplane flight manual. (a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved airplane flight manual for each type... 19. 14 CFR 121.303 - Airplane instruments and equipment. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane instruments and equipment. 121.303... Airplane instruments and equipment. (a) Unless otherwise specified, the instrument and equipment... airspeed limitation and item of related information in the Airplane Flight Manual and pertinent... 20. 14 CFR 121.503 - Flight time limitations: Pilots: airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flight time limitations: Pilots: airplanes... Operations § 121.503 Flight time limitations: Pilots: airplanes. (a) A certificate holder conducting supplemental operations may schedule a pilot to fly in an airplane for eight hours or less during any... 1. 14 CFR 121.199 - Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff... OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Airplane Performance Operating Limitations § 121.199 Nontransport category airplanes: Takeoff limitations. (a) No person operating... 2. 14 CFR 125.205 - Equipment requirements: Airplanes under IFR. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Equipment requirements: Airplanes under IFR... CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD... Equipment Requirements § 125.205 Equipment requirements: Airplanes under IFR. No person may operate... 3. 14 CFR 125.407 - Maintenance log: Airplanes. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Maintenance log: Airplanes. 125.407 Section... OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6... Maintenance log: Airplanes. (a) Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a... 4. 14 CFR 121.570 - Airplane evacuation capability. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane evacuation capability. 121.570... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Flight Operations § 121.570 Airplane evacuation capability. (a) No person may cause an airplane carrying passengers to be moved on the surface, take off,... 5. 78 FR 47527 - Airworthiness Directives; Dassault Aviation Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-08-06 ... and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska; and...-17540; AD 2013-16-02] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Dassault Aviation Airplanes AGENCY... FALCON 7X airplanes. This AD requires incorporation of a new procedure into the airplane flight... 6. 14 CFR 121.159 - Single-engine airplanes prohibited. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Single-engine airplanes prohibited. 121.159 Section 121.159 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... airplanes prohibited. No certificate holder may operate a single-engine airplane under this part.... 7. 14 CFR 125.91 - Airplane requirements: General. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Airplane requirements: General. 125.91... AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD CAPACITY OF 6,000 POUNDS OR MORE; AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT Airplane... 8. 14 CFR 121.159 - Single-engine airplanes prohibited. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Single-engine airplanes prohibited. 121.159... REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Aircraft Requirements § 121.159 Single-engine airplanes prohibited. No certificate holder may operate a single-engine airplane under this part.... 9. Quantifying and scaling airplane performance in turbulence Richardson, Johnhenri R. This dissertation studies the effects of turbulent wind on airplane airspeed and normal load factor, determining how these effects scale with airplane size and developing envelopes to account for them. The results have applications in design and control of aircraft, especially small scale aircraft, for robustness with respect to turbulence. Using linearized airplane dynamics and the Dryden gust model, this dissertation presents analytical and numerical scaling laws for airplane performance in gusts, safety margins that guarantee, with specified probability, that steady flight can be maintained when stochastic wind gusts act upon an airplane, and envelopes to visualize these safety margins. Presented here for the first time are scaling laws for the phugoid natural frequency, phugoid damping ratio, airspeed variance in turbulence, and flight path angle variance in turbulence. The results show that small aircraft are more susceptible to high frequency gusts, that the phugoid damping ratio does not depend directly on airplane size, that the airspeed and flight path angle variances can be parameterized by the ratio of the phugoid natural frequency to a characteristic turbulence frequency, and that the coefficient of variation of the airspeed decreases with increasing airplane size. Accompanying numerical examples validate the results using eleven different airplanes models, focusing on NASA's hypothetical Boeing 757 analog the Generic Transport Model and its operational 5.5% scale model, the NASA T2. Also presented here for the first time are stationary flight, where the flight state is a stationary random process, and the stationary flight envelope, an adjusted steady flight envelope to visualize safety margins for stationary flight. The dissertation shows that driving the linearized airplane equations of motion with stationary, stochastic gusts results in stationary flight. It also shows how feedback control can enlarge the stationary flight envelope by alleviating 10. Airplane takeoff and landing performance monitoring system NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Middleton, David B. (Inventor); Srivatsan, Raghavachari (Inventor); Person, Jr., Lee H. (Inventor) 1996-01-01 The invention is a real-time takeoff and landing performance monitoring system for an aircraft which provides a pilot with graphic and metric information to assist in decisions related to achieving rotation speed (V.sub.R) within the safe zone of a runway, or stopping the aircraft on the runway after landing or take-off abort. The system processes information in two segments: a pretakeoff segment and a real-time segment. One-time inputs of ambient conditions and airplane configuration information are used in the pretakeoff segment to generate scheduled performance data. The real-time segment uses the scheduled performance data, runway length data and transducer measured parameters to monitor the performance of the airplane throughout the takeoff roll. Airplane acceleration and engine-performance anomalies are detected and annunciated. A novel and important feature of this segment is that it updates the estimated runway rolling friction coefficient. Airplane performance predictions also reflect changes in head wind occurring as the takeoff roll progresses. The system provides a head-down display and a head-up display. The head-up display is projected onto a partially reflective transparent surface through which the pilot views the runway. By comparing the present performance of the airplane with a continually predicted nominal performance based upon given conditions, performance deficiencies are detected by the system and conveyed to pilot in form of both elemental information and integrated information. 11. Precision controllability of the YF-17 airplane NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sisk, T. R.; Mataeny, N. W. 1980-01-01 A flying qualities evaluation conducted on the YF-17 airplane permitted assessment of its precision controllability in the transonic flight regime over the allowable angle of attack range. The precision controllability (tailchase tracking) study was conducted in constant-g and windup turn tracking maneuvers with the command augmentation system (CAS) on, automatic maneuver flaps, and the caged pipper gunsight depressed 70 mils. This study showed that the YF-17 airplane tracks essentially as well at 7 g's to 8 g's as earlier fighters did at 4 g's to 5 g's before they encountered wing rock. The pilots considered the YF-17 airplane one of the best tracking airplanes they had flown. Wing rock at the higher angles of attack degraded tracking precision, and lack of control harmony made precision controllability more difficult. The revised automatic maneuver flap schedule incorporated in the airplane at the time of the tests did not appear to be optimum. The largest tracking errors and greatest pilot workload occurred at high normal load factors at low angles of attack. The pilots reported that the high-g maneuvers caused some tunnel vision and that they found it difficult to think clearly after repeated maneuvers. 12. Airplane takeoff and landing performance monitoring system NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Middleton, David B. (Inventor); Srivatsan, Raghavachari (Inventor); Person, Lee H., Jr. (Inventor) 1994-01-01 The invention is a real-time takeoff and landing performance monitoring system for an aircraft which provides a pilot with graphic and metric information to assist in decisions related to achieving rotation speed (VR) within the safe zone of a runway, or stopping the aircraft on the runway after landing or take-off abort. The system processes information in two segments: a pretakeoff segment and a real-time segment. One-time inputs of ambient conditions and airplane configuration information are used in the pretakeoff segment to generate scheduled performance data. The real-time segment uses the scheduled performance data, runway length data and transducer measured parameters to monitor the performance of the airplane throughout the takeoff roll. Airplane acceleration and engine-performance anomalies are detected and annunciated. A novel and important feature of this segment is that it updates the estimated runway rolling friction coefficient. Airplane performance predictions also reflect changes in head wind occurring as the takeoff roll progresses. The system provides a head-down display and a head-up display. The head-up display is projected onto a partially reflective transparent surface through which the pilot views the runway. By comparing the present performance of the airplane with a continually predicted nominal performance based upon given conditions, performance deficiencies are detected by the system and conveyed to pilot in form of both elemental information and integrated information. 13. Airplane takeoff and landing performance monitoring system NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Middleton, David B. (Inventor); Srivatsan, Raghavachari (Inventor); Person, Jr., Lee H. (Inventor) 1991-01-01 The invention is a real-time takeoff and landing performance monitoring system for an aircraft which provides a pilot with graphic and metric information to assist in decisions related to achieving rotation speed (V.sub.R) within the safe zone of a runway, or stopping the aircraft on the runway after landing or take-off abort. The system processes information in two segments: a pretakeoff segment and a real-time segment. One-time inputs of ambient conditions and airplane configuration information are used in the pretakeoff segment to generate scheduled performance data. The real-time segment uses the scheduled performance data, runway length data and transducer measured parameters to monitor the performance of the airplane throughout the takeoff roll. Airplane and engine performance deficiencies are detected and annunciated. A novel and important feature of this segment is that it updates the estimated runway rolling friction coefficient. Airplane performance predictions also reflect changes in head wind occurring as the takeoff roll progresses. The system provides a head-down display and a head-up display. The head-up display is projected onto a partially reflective transparent surface through which the pilot views the runway. By comparing the present performance of the airplane with a predicted nominal performance based upon given conditions, performance deficiencies are detected by the system. 14. Theory of reciprocating contact for viscoelastic solids Putignano, Carmine; Carbone, Giuseppe; Dini, Daniele 2016-04-01 A theory of reciprocating contacts for linear viscoelastic materials is presented. Results are discussed for the case of a rigid sphere sinusoidally driven in sliding contact with a viscoelastic half-space. Depending on the size of the contact, the frequency and amplitude of the reciprocating motion, and on the relaxation time of the viscoelastic body, we establish that the contact behavior may range from the steady-state viscoelastic solution, in which traction forces always oppose the direction of the sliding rigid punch, to a more elaborate trend, which is due to the strong interaction between different regions of the path covered during the reciprocating motion. Practical implications span a number of applications, ranging from seismic engineering to biotechnology. 15. Reciprocation and altruism in social cooperation. PubMed Safin, Vasiliy; Arfer, Kodi B; Rachlin, Howard 2015-07-01 Altruistic behavior benefits other individuals at a cost to oneself. The purpose of the present experiment was to study altruistic behavior by players (P) in 2-person iterated prisoner's dilemma games in which reciprocation by the other player (OP) was impossible, and this impossibility was clear to P. Altruism by P could not therefore be attributed to expectation of reciprocation. The cost to P of altruistic behavior was constant throughout the study, but the benefit to OP from P's cooperation differed between groups and conditions. Rate of cooperation was higher when benefit to OP was higher. Thus altruism (not attributable to expectation of reciprocation) can be a significant factor in interpersonal relationships as studied in iterated prisoner's dilemma games, and needs to be taken into account in their analysis. PMID:25907149 16. Modelling fluid flow in a reciprocating compressor Tuhovcak, Jan; Hejčík, Jiří; Jícha, Miroslav 2015-05-01 Efficiency of reciprocating compressor is strongly dependent on the valves characteristics, which affects the flow through the suction and discharge line. Understanding the phenomenon inside the compressor is necessary step in development process. Commercial CFD tools offer wide capabilities to simulate the flow inside the reciprocating compressor, however they are too complicated in terms of computational time and mesh creation. Several parameters describing compressor could be therefore examined without the CFD analysis, such is valve characteristic, flow through the cycle and heat transfer. The aim of this paper is to show a numerical tool for reciprocating compressor based on the energy balance through the cycle, which provides valve characteristics, flow through the cycle and heat losses from the cylinder. Spring-damping-mass model was used for the valve description. Boundary conditions were extracted from the performance test of 4-cylinder semihermetic compressor and numerical tool validation was performed with indicated p-V diagram comparison. 17. Reciprocating Feed System Development Status NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Trewek, Mary (Technical Monitor); Blackmon, James B.; Eddleman, David E. 2005-01-01 The reciprocating feed system (RFS) is an alternative means of providing high pressure propellant flow at low cost and system mass, with high fail-operational reliability. The RFS functions by storing the liquid propellants in large, low-pressure tanks and then expelling each propellant through two or three small, high-pressure tanks. Each RFS tank is sequentially filled, pressurized, expelled, vented, and refilled so as to provide a constant, or variable, mass flow rate to the engine. This type of system is much lighter than a conventional pressure fed system in part due to the greatly reduced amount of inert tank weight. The delivered payload for an RFS is superior to that of conventional pressure fed systems for conditions of high total impulse and it is competitive with turbopump systems, up to approximately 2000 psi. An advanced version of the RFS uses autogenous pressurization and thrust augmentation to achieve higher performance. In this version, the pressurization gases are combusted in a small engine, thus making the pressurization system, in effect, part of the propulsion system. The RFS appears to be much less expensive than a turbopump system, due to reduced research and development cost and hardware cost, since it is basically composed of small high- pressure tanks, a pressurization system, and control valves. A major benefit is the high reliability fail-operational mode; in the event of a failure in one of the three tank-systems, it can operate on the two remaining tanks. Other benefits include variable pressure and flow rates, ease of engine restart in micro-gravity, and enhanced propellant acquisition and control under adverse acceleration conditions. We present a system mass analysis tool that accepts user inputs for various design and mission parameters and calculates such output values payload and vehicle weights for the conventional pressure fed system, the RFS, the Autogenous Pressurization Thrust Augmentation (APTA) RFS, and turbopump systems 18. 76 FR 61645 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Model A330-200 Series Airplanes; Model A330-300 Series Airplanes... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-10-05 ... Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Model A330-200 Series Airplanes; Model A330-300 Series Airplanes; Model A340-200 Series Airplanes; and Model A340... November 21, 2011. ADDRESSES: You may send comments by any of the following methods: Federal... 19. 76 FR 4219 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Model A330-200 Series Airplanes; Model A330-300 Series Airplanes... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-01-25 ...-279-AD; Amendment 39-16583; AD 2011-02-09] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Model A330-200 Series Airplanes; Model A330-300 Series Airplanes; Model A340-200 Series Airplanes; and Model A340... comments on this AD by March 11, 2011. ADDRESSES: You may send comments by any of the following... 20. 14 CFR 135.422 - Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine airplanes certificated with nine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Aging airplane inspections and records... Maintenance, and Alterations § 135.422 Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine... aging airplane inspection and records review required by this section. During the inspection and... 1. 14 CFR 135.422 - Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine airplanes certificated with nine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Aging airplane inspections and records... Maintenance, and Alterations § 135.422 Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine... aging airplane inspection and records review required by this section. During the inspection and... 2. 14 CFR 135.422 - Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine airplanes certificated with nine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Aging airplane inspections and records... Maintenance, and Alterations § 135.422 Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine... aging airplane inspection and records review required by this section. During the inspection and... 3. 14 CFR 135.422 - Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine airplanes certificated with nine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Aging airplane inspections and records... Maintenance, and Alterations § 135.422 Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine... aging airplane inspection and records review required by this section. During the inspection and... 4. 14 CFR 135.422 - Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine airplanes certificated with nine... Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Aging airplane inspections and records... Maintenance, and Alterations § 135.422 Aging airplane inspections and records reviews for multiengine... aging airplane inspection and records review required by this section. During the inspection and... 5. Feasibility analysis of reciprocating magnetic heat pumps NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Larson, A. V.; Hartley, J. G.; Shelton, Sam V.; Smith, M. M. 1989-01-01 A reciprocating gadolinium core in a regeneration fluid column in the warm bore of a superconducting solenoidal magnet is considered for magnetic refrigeration in 3.517 MW (1000 ton) applications. A procedure is presented to minimize the amount of superconducting cable needed in the magnet design. Estimated system capital costs for an ideal magnetic refrigerator of this type become comparable to conventional chillers as the frequency of reciprocation approaches 10 Hertz. A 1-D finite difference analysis of a regenerator cycling at 0.027 Hertz is presented which exhibits some of the features seen in the experiments of G. V. Brown. 6. [The experience in employing reciprocal gait orthoses]. PubMed Radło, W; Miklaszewski, K; Gasińska, M; Michno, P 1999-01-01 The paper presents the experience of the authors in employing reciprocal gait orthoses in a group of 23 patients age 3-25 years (mean age 7.8 years). The orthoses were indicated in patients with flaccid paresis (17 children with myelodysplasia and 3 patients with traumatic paraplegia) and with arthrogryposis (3 patients). The follow-up period was 6 months to 5 years (mean 2.4 years). The authors discuss the principles of construction and operation of reciprocal gait orthoses and types of patients in whom they are recommended. The principles of learning walking and using the orthosis are also presented. PMID:10367535 7. Analytic prediction of airplane equilibrium spin characteristics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1972-01-01 The nonlinear equations of motion are solved algebraically for conditions for which an airplane is in an equilibrium spin. Constrained minimization techniques are employed in obtaining the solution. Linear characteristics of the airplane about the equilibrium points are also presented and their significance in identifying the stability characteristics of the equilibrium points is discussed. Computer time requirements are small making the method appear potentially applicable in airplane design. Results are obtained for several configurations and are compared with other analytic-numerical methods employed in spin prediction. Correlation with experimental results is discussed for one configuration for which a rather extensive data base was available. A need is indicated for higher Reynolds number data taken under conditions which more accurately simulate a spin. 8. The Development of German Army Airplanes During the War NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Wilhelm, Hoff 1921-01-01 The author, who was a captain of the Reserves in the Technical Department of the Aviation Division (Board of Airplane Experts) during the war, shows what means were taken for the creation of new airplane types and what tests were employed for trying out their flying properties, capacities and structural reliability. The principal representative types of each of the classes of airplanes are described and the characteristics of the important structural parts are discussed. Data regarding the number of airplanes at the front and the flying efficiency of the various classes of airplanes are given. 9. From Born Reciprocity to Reciprocal Relativity: A Paradigm for Space-Time Physics Jarvis, Peter Born's principle of reciprocity -- the exchangeability of relativistic energy-momentum and time-position -- can be seen as a discrete element of a continuous group of symmetry transformations which transcend relativity. Invariance under the semi-direct product of the Weyl-Heisenberg group H(4) of canonical commutation relations with the non-compact unitary group U(3, 1) -- the so-called quaplectic group U(3, 1) ⋉ H(4) -- has been considered by Low as an extension of Born reciprocity to a fundamental symmetry principle of `reciprocal relativity' for the physics of non-inertial frames and high energy processes... 10. Stresses Produced in Airplane Wings by Gusts NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kussner, Hans Georg 1932-01-01 Accurate prediction of gust stress being out of the question because of the multiplicity of the free air movements, the exploration of gust stress is restricted to static method which must be based upon: 1) stress measurements in free flight; 2) check of design specifications of approved type airplanes. With these empirical data the stress must be compared which can be computed for a gust of known intensity and structure. This "maximum gust" then must be so defined as to cover the whole ambit of empiricism and thus serve as prediction for new airplane designs. 11. Simple formula for estimating airplane ceilings NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Diehl, Walter S 1922-01-01 The aeronautical engineer often has occasion to estimate the absolute ceiling of an airplane for which a detailed performance calculation is out of the question. In such cases it is customary to use either empirical performance charts or formulae. The performance charts given in several of the recent works on aeronautics are satisfactory so long as the airplane under consideration does not depart too far from the average in its characteristics. The formulae, with one exception, are no better. Given here is that exception, with indications of which terms of the formula may be neglected without seriously affecting the results, thus simplifying the task. 12. 77 FR 59149 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-09-26 ... rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not..., and F4-600R series airplanes, and Model A300 C4-605R Variant F airplanes (collectively called A300-600... B4-601, B4-603, B4-620, B4- 622, B4-605R, B4-622R, F4-605R, F4-622R, and C4-605R Variant F... 13. Loads and calculations of army airplanes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stelmachowski, Ing 1921-01-01 By comparing airplanes of known strength that have resisted all the usual and even extreme air loads with those that under like conditions were found to be insufficiently strong, the researchers, aided by scientific investigations, developed standards which are satisfactory for the calculation of airplane structures. Given here are standards applicable to loads on wing trusses, load factors for use in stress analysis, load factors required in sand testing, loads on control surfaces, loads on wing ribs, loads on landing gear, and rigidity of materials. 14. Solar-powered airplanes: A historical perspective and future challenges Zhu, Xiongfeng; Guo, Zheng; Hou, Zhongxi 2014-11-01 Solar-powered airplanes are studied in this research. A solar-powered airplane consumes solar energy instead of traditional fossil fuels; thus it has received a significant amount of interest from researchers and the public alike. The historical development of solar-powered airplanes is reviewed. Notable prototypes, particularly those sponsored by the government, are introduced in detail. Possible future applications of solar-powered airplanes in the civilian and military fields are proposed. Finally, the challenges being faced by solar-powered airplanes are discussed. This study proposes that the solar-powered airplanes are potential alternatives to some present technologies and that they complement current satellites, traditional airplanes, airships, and balloons. However, these planes require further development and enormous technical obstacles must be addressed. 15. Tuition Reciprocity in the United States ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Stewart, Gregory; Wright, Dianne Brown; Kennedy, Angelica 2008-01-01 Reciprocity agreements are contracts between two or more parties whereby students pay reduced tuition rates. The rate of reduction is determined by the parameters set forth in each individual state's agreement but may range from a modest reduction in fees to a waiver of full non-resident tuition. In addition to providing tuition relief,… 16. Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite PubMed Central Hauser, Marc; McAuliffe, Katherine; Blake, Peter R. 2009-01-01 Darwin never provided a satisfactory account of altruism, but posed the problem beautifully in light of the logic of natural selection. Hamilton and Williams delivered the necessary satisfaction by appealing to kinship, and Trivers showed that kinship was not necessary as long as the originally altruistic act was conditionally reciprocated. From the late 1970s to the present, the kinship theories in particular have been supported by considerable empirical data and elaborated to explore a number of other social interactions such as cooperation, selfishness and punishment, giving us what is now a rich description of the nature of social relationships among organisms. There are, however, two forms of theoretically possible social interactions—reciprocity and spite—that appear absent or nearly so in non-human vertebrates, despite considerable research efforts on a wide diversity of species. We suggest that the rather weak comparative evidence for these interactions is predicted once we consider the requisite socioecological pressures and psychological mechanisms. That is, a consideration of ultimate demands and proximate prerequisites leads to the prediction that reciprocity and spite should be rare in non-human animals, and common in humans. In particular, reciprocity and spite evolved in humans because of adaptive demands on cooperation among unrelated individuals living in large groups, and the integrative capacities of inequity detection, future-oriented decision-making and inhibitory control. PMID:19805432 17. Reciprocal Teaching. What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report ERIC Educational Resources Information Center What Works Clearinghouse, 2013 2013-01-01 "Reciprocal teaching" is an instructional method designed to help teach reading comprehension skills to students with adequate decoding proficiency. During initial instructional sessions, the teacher introduces four comprehension strategies: summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting. Then, the teacher and student read several… 18. Development of Trust and Reciprocity in Adolescence ERIC Educational Resources Information Center van den Bos, Wouter; Westenberg, Michiel; van Dijk, Eric; Crone, Eveline A. 2010-01-01 We investigate the development of two types of prosocial behavior, trust and reciprocity, as defined using a game-theoretical task that allows investigation of real-time social interaction, among 4 age groups from 9 to 25 years. By manipulating the possible outcome alternatives, we could distinguish among important determinants of trust and… 19. 30 CFR 56.13010 - Reciprocating-type air compressors. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-07-01 ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reciprocating-type air compressors. 56.13010... NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Compressed Air and Boilers § 56.13010 Reciprocating-type air compressors. (a) Reciprocating-type air... 20. 30 CFR 56.13010 - Reciprocating-type air compressors. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-07-01 ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reciprocating-type air compressors. 56.13010... NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Compressed Air and Boilers § 56.13010 Reciprocating-type air compressors. (a) Reciprocating-type air...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.30745264887809753, "perplexity": 12498.86222773065}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00041-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05277	## relative retention, $$r$$ in column chromatography https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05277 The ratio of the adjusted or net retention volume (time) or retention factor of a component relative to that of a standard, obtained under identical conditions: $r=\frac{V_{\text{R}i}^{'}}{V_{\text{R}\left(\text{st}\right)}^{'}}=\frac{V_{\text{N}i}}{V_{\text{N}\left(\text{st}\right)}}=\frac{t_{\text{R}i}^{'}}{t_{\text{R}\left(\text{st}\right)}^{'}}=\frac{k_{i}}{k_{\text{st}}}$ Depending on the relative position of the peak corresponding to the standard compound in the @[email protected], the value of $$r$$ may be smaller, larger or identical to unity. Sources: Orange Book, 2nd ed., p. 105 [Terms] [Book] PAC, 1993, 65, 819. (Nomenclature for chromatography (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)) on page 843 [Terms] [Paper]	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8977940082550049, "perplexity": 3051.618176567468}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00597.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/122279/add-a-page-with-chapter-name-before-every-new-chapter	# Add a page with chapter name before every new chapter I want to add a page with Chapter number and Name before every chapter in like in image 1. I tried the way specified in answer by m0nhawk on this link but I have added few pages using \chapter* like dissimilar, acknowledgement etc. and that code is giving error to this. Also, It adds this page before like TOC, List of Figures etc. which is not useful for me. One more thing, using the answer from above link, it removes chapter number and name from content page also, which is necessary for me. What I want is check below image : - Welcome to TeX.SX! You can have a look on our our starter page to familiarize yourself further with our format. – Claudio Fiandrino Jul 3 '13 at 14:16 The following code gave me this final output: Is it what you were looking for? \documentclass{book} \usepackage{color} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt} \pagestyle{fancy} \lfoot{} \cfoot{} \rfoot{\thepage} \newcommand{\mychapter}[1]{\newpage% \topskip0pt% \vspace{\fill}% \begin{center}% \textbf{\Large{\color{red}{CHAPTER NO. \thechapter \\ \uppercase{#1}}}}% \end{center}% \vspace{\fill}% \newpage% \textbf{\Large{\thechapter. #1}}% } \begin{document} \mychapter{Title of the first chapter} \end{document} Note: You can modify the sizefont or style to your will by modifying the adequate lines in the definition of the new command. EDIT: The following has been added in order to fix some numbering problems occurring with the previous code. The disadvantage is that you need to load the oneside option of the book class in order to avoid to have the red chapter name on an odd page and the "regular" black chapter name on the following odd page (with the even page in between white). To finish the job you just need to check your headers and maybe redefine them using the tips in the documentation. \documentclass[oneside]{book} \usepackage{color} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt} \pagestyle{fancy} \usepackage{titlesec} \titleformat{\chapter}[hang]{\Huge\bfseries}{\thechapter.\hspace{15pt}}{0pt}{\Huge\bfseries} \newcommand{\mychapter}[1]{\newpage% \topskip0pt% \vspace{\fill}% \begin{center}% \textbf{\Large{\color{red}{CHAPTER NO. \thechapter \\ \uppercase{#1}}}}% \end{center}% \vspace{\fill}% \newpage% \chapter{#1} } \begin{document} \mychapter{Title of the first chapter} \end{document} - This is very good solution Ludovic, but my problem is my complete document is ready. So if I am changing to this then it is affecting to all sections and subsections numbers as well as header which contains chapter name added by \fancyhead. Is there any way to redefine \chapter with this style ? – apaleja Jul 3 '13 at 17:33 I don't see what is the problem with the numbers. just add a \hspace{-0.55cm} before \thechapter. # to get a better alignment with the sections and subsections numbers. – Ludovic C. Jul 3 '13 at 17:54 I am getting continuous section numbers from previous chapter like if 1.5 is last section of 1st chapter than in 2nd chapter section is starting from 2.6 – apaleja Jul 3 '13 at 18:15 Ok I would then suggest you to try what is explained in my edit. – Ludovic C. Jul 3 '13 at 21:50 It worked thank you. I not just have to work on header / footers. Is it possible to remove header footers from this page? – apaleja Jul 4 '13 at 13:00	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8467771410942078, "perplexity": 1522.942912081693}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162938.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00103-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/0-9/2d+gel+electrophoresis.html	#### Sample records for 2d gel electrophoresis 1. Simultaneous immunoblotting analysis with activity gel electrophoresis and 2-D gel electrophoresis. PubMed Lee, Der-Yen; Chang, Geen-Dong 2015-01-01 Diffusion blotting method can couple immunoblotting analysis with another biochemical technique in a single polyacrylamide gel, however, with lower transfer efficiency as compared to the conventional electroblotting method. Thus, with diffusion blotting, protein blots can be obtained from an SDS polyacrylamide gel for zymography assay, from a native polyacrylamide gel for electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or from a 2-D polyacrylamide gel for large-scale screening and identification of a protein marker. Thereafter, a particular signal in zymography, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and 2-dimensional gel can be confirmed or identified by simultaneous immunoblotting analysis with a corresponding antiserum. These advantages make diffusion blotting desirable when partial loss of transfer efficiency can be tolerated or be compensated by a more sensitive immunodetection reaction using enhanced chemiluminescence detection. 2. Protein profiling using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). PubMed Feret, Renata; Lilley, Kathryn S 2014-02-03 2-D DIGE relies on pre-electrophoretic labeling of samples with one of three spectrally distinct fluorescent dyes, followed by electrophoresis of all samples in one 2-D gel. The dye-labeled samples are then viewed individually by scanning the gel at different wavelengths, which circumvents problems with gel-to-gel variation and spot matching between gels. Image analysis programs are used to generate volume ratios for each spot, which essentially describe the intensity of a particular spot in each test sample, and thus enable protein abundance level changes to be identified and quantified. This unit describes the 2-D DIGE procedure including sample preparation from various cell types, labeling of proteins, and points to consider in the downstream processing of fluorescently labeled samples. 3. An effective placental cotyledons proteins extraction method for 2D gel electrophoresis. PubMed Tan, Niu J; Daim, Leona D J; Jamil, Amilia A M; Mohtarrudin, Norhafizah; Thilakavathy, Karuppiah 2017-03-01 Effective protein extraction is essential especially in producing a well-resolved proteome on 2D gels. A well-resolved placental cotyledon proteome, with good reproducibility, have allowed researchers to study the proteins underlying the physiology and pathophysiology of pregnancy. The aim of this study is to determine the best protein extraction protocol for the extraction of protein from placental cotyledons tissues for a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). Based on widely used protein extraction strategies, 12 different extraction methodologies were carefully selected, which included one chemical extraction, two mechanical extraction coupled protein precipitations, and nine chemical extraction coupled protein precipitations. Extracted proteins were resolved in a one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and 2D-GE; then, it was compared with set criteria: extraction efficacy, protein resolution, reproducibility, and recovery efficiency. Our results revealed that a better profile was obtained by chemical extraction in comparison to mechanical extraction. We further compared chemical extraction coupled protein precipitation methodologies, where the DNase/lithium chloride-dense sucrose homogenization coupled dichloromethane-methanol precipitation (DNase/LiCl-DSH-D/MPE) method showed good protein extraction efficiency. This, however, was carried out with the best protein resolution and proteome reproducibility on 2D-gels. DNase/LiCl-DSH-D/MPE was efficient in the extraction of proteins from placental cotyledons tissues. In addition, this methodology could hypothetically allow the protein extraction of any tissue that contains highly abundant lipid and glycogen. 4. 2D Gel Electrophoresis of Insulin Secretory Granule Proteins from Biosynthetically Labelled Pancreatic Islets. PubMed Guest, Paul C 2017-01-01 Pulse radiolabelling of cells with radioactive amino acids such is a common method for investigating the biosynthetic rates of proteins. In this way, the abundance of newly synthesized proteins can be determined by several proteomic techniques including 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE). This chapter describes a protocol for labelling pancreatic islets with (35)S-methionine in the presence of low and high concentrations of glucose, followed by subcellular fractionation enrichment of secretory granule proteins and analysis of the granule protein contents by 2DE. This demonstrated that the biosynthetic rates of most of the granule proteins are co-ordinately regulated in the presence of stimulatory glucose concentrations. 5. A Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) Protocol for Studies of Neural Precursor Cells. PubMed Guest, Paul C 2017-01-01 This chapter describes the basics of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) for multiplex analysis of up to distinct proteomes. The example given describes the analysis of undifferentiated and differentiated neural precursor cells labelled with fluorescent Cy3 and Cy5 dyes in comparison to a pooled standard labelled with Cy2. After labelling, the proteomes are mixed together and electrophoresed on the same 2D gels. Scanning the gels at wavelengths specific for each dye allows direct overlay of the two different proteomes and the differences in abundance of specific protein spots can be determined through comparison to the pooled standard. 6. Optimisation of a 2-D gel electrophoresis protocol for the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. PubMed Kniemeyer, Olaf; Lessing, Franziska; Scheibner, Olaf; Hertweck, Christian; Brakhage, Axel A 2006-03-01 Aspergillus fumigatus is the most important airborne fungal pathogen causing life-threatening infections in immunosuppressed patients. One of the important questions concerning A. fumigatus is the identification of pathogenicity determinants. To obtain a comprehensive overview about the proteins produced at different physiological conditions that are related to the infectious process a proteomic approach has been applied. Here, 2-D gel electrophoresis for filamentous fungi was optimised concerning removal of interfering compounds, protein extraction and separation methods. A trichloroacetic acid-based precipitation method of proteins with their subsequent solubilisation by the use of a combination of CHAPS with a second sulfobetaine detergent gave the best results. The optimised protocol was evaluated by the analysis of the proteomes of A. fumigatus grown on two different carbon sources, i.e., glucose and ethanol. Carbon catabolite repression has not been studied in detail at the protein level in A. fumigatus yet. In addition, growth on ethanol leads to activation of the glyoxylate cycle which was shown to be essential for pathogenesis in bacteria and fungi. In A. fumigatus, differential patterns of enzymes of the gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle and ethanol degradation pathway during growth on glucose and ethanol were observed. 7. Introducing Proteomics in the Undergraduate Curriculum: A Simple 2D Gel Electrophoresis Exercise with Serum Proteins ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Kim, Thomas D.; Craig, Paul A. 2010-01-01 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) remains an important tool in the study of biological systems by proteomics. While the use of 2DGE is commonplace in research publications, there are few instructional laboratories that address the use of 2DGE for analyzing complex protein samples. One reason for this lack is the fact that the preparation… 8. Combining high-throughput MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis for virtual 2D gel-based proteomics. PubMed Lohnes, Karen; Quebbemann, Neil R; Liu, Kate; Kobzeff, Fred; Loo, Joseph A; Ogorzalek Loo, Rachel R 2016-07-15 The virtual two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (virtual 2D gel/MS) technology combines the premier, high-resolution capabilities of 2D gel electrophoresis with the sensitivity and high mass accuracy of mass spectrometry (MS). Intact proteins separated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel electrophoresis are imaged from immobilized pH gradient (IPG) polyacrylamide gels (the first dimension of classic 2D-PAGE) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS. Obtaining accurate intact masses from sub-picomole-level proteins embedded in 2D-PAGE gels or in IPG strips is desirable to elucidate how the protein of one spot identified as protein 'A' on a 2D gel differs from the protein of another spot identified as the same protein, whenever tryptic peptide maps fail to resolve the issue. This task, however, has been extremely challenging. Virtual 2D gel/MS provides access to these intact masses. Modifications to our matrix deposition procedure improve the reliability with which IPG gels can be prepared; the new procedure is described. Development of this MALDI MS imaging (MSI) method for high-throughput MS with integrated 'top-down' MS to elucidate protein isoforms from complex biological samples is described and it is demonstrated that a 4-cm IPG gel segment can now be imaged in approximately 5min. Gel-wide chemical and enzymatic methods with further interrogation by MALDI MS/MS provide identifications, sequence-related information, and post-translational/transcriptional modification information. The MSI-based virtual 2D gel/MS platform may potentially link the benefits of 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' proteomics. 9. Optimization of large gel 2D electrophoresis for proteomic studies of skeletal muscle. PubMed Reed, Patrick W; Densmore, Allison; Bloch, Robert J 2012-04-01 We describe improved methods for large format, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) that improve protein solubility and recovery, minimize proteolysis, and reduce the loss of resolution due to contaminants and manipulations of the gels, and thus enhance quantitative analysis of protein spots. Key modifications are: (i) the use of 7 M urea and 2 M thiourea, instead of 9 M urea, in sample preparation and in the tops of the gel tubes; (ii) standardized deionization of all solutions containing urea with a mixed bed ion exchange resin and removal of urea from the electrode solutions; and (iii) use of a new gel tank and cooling device that eliminate the need to run two separating gels in the SDS dimension. These changes make 2DE analysis more reproducible and sensitive, with minimal artifacts. Application of this method to the soluble fraction of muscle tissues reliably resolves ~1800 protein spots in adult human skeletal muscle and over 2800 spots in myotubes. 10. Identification of Methanococcus Jannaschii Proteins in 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Patterns by Mass Spectrometry DOE R&D Accomplishments Database Liang, X. 1998-06-10 The genome of Methanococcus jannaschii has been sequenced completely and has been found to contain approximately 1,770 predicted protein-coding regions. When these coding regions are expressed and how their expression is regulated, however, remain open questions. In this work, mass spectrometry was combined with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify which proteins the genes produce under different growth conditions, and thus investigate the regulation of genes responsible for functions characteristic of this thermophilic representative of the methanogenic Archaea. 11. Analysis of Telomere-Homologous DNA with Different Conformations Using 2D Agarose Electrophoresis and In-Gel Hybridization. PubMed Zhang, Zepeng; Hu, Qian; Zhao, Yong 2017-01-01 In mammalian cells, in addition to double-stranded telomeric DNA at chromosome ends, extra telomere-homologous DNA is present that adopts different conformations, including single-stranded G- or C-rich DNA, extrachromosomal circular DNA (T-circle), and telomeric complex (T-complex) with an unidentified structure. The formation of such telomere-homologous DNA is closely related to telomeric DNA metabolism and chromosome end protection by telomeres. Conventional agarose gel electrophoresis is unable to separate DNA based on conformation. Here, we introduce the method of two-dimensional (2D) agarose electrophoresis in combination with in-gel native/denatured hybridization to determine different conformations formed by telomere-homologous DNA. 12. Development of an open source laboratory information management system for 2-D gel electrophoresis-based proteomics workflow PubMed Central Morisawa, Hiraku; Hirota, Mikako; Toda, Tosifusa 2006-01-01 Background In the post-genome era, most research scientists working in the field of proteomics are confronted with difficulties in management of large volumes of data, which they are required to keep in formats suitable for subsequent data mining. Therefore, a well-developed open source laboratory information management system (LIMS) should be available for their proteomics research studies. Results We developed an open source LIMS appropriately customized for 2-D gel electrophoresis-based proteomics workflow. The main features of its design are compactness, flexibility and connectivity to public databases. It supports the handling of data imported from mass spectrometry software and 2-D gel image analysis software. The LIMS is equipped with the same input interface for 2-D gel information as a clickable map on public 2DPAGE databases. The LIMS allows researchers to follow their own experimental procedures by reviewing the illustrations of 2-D gel maps and well layouts on the digestion plates and MS sample plates. Conclusion Our new open source LIMS is now available as a basic model for proteome informatics, and is accessible for further improvement. We hope that many research scientists working in the field of proteomics will evaluate our LIMS and suggest ways in which it can be improved. PMID:17018156 13. Quality control and stability studies with the monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab: application of 1D- vs. 2D-gel electrophoresis. PubMed Nebija, Dashnor; Noe, Christian R; Urban, Ernst; Lachmann, Bodo 2014-04-15 Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (rmAbs) are medicinal products obtained by rDNA technology. Consequently, like other biopharmaceuticals, they require the extensive and rigorous characterization of the quality attributes, such as identity, structural integrity, purity and stability. The aim of this work was to study the suitability of gel electrophoresis for the assessment of charge heterogeneity, post-translational modifications and the stability of the therapeutic, recombinant monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab. One-dimensional, SDS-PAGE, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were used for the determination of molecular mass (Mr), the isoelectric point (pI), charge-related isoform patterns and the stability of trastuzumab, subjected to stressed degradation and long-term conditions. For the assessment of the influence of glycosylation in the charge heterogeneity pattern of trastuzumab, an enzymatic deglycosylation study has been performed using N-glycosidase F and sialidase, whereas carboxypeptidase B was used for the lysine truncation study. Experimental data documented that 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis represent fast and easy methods to evaluate the quality of biological medicinal products. Important stability parameters, such as the protein aggregation, can be assessed, as well. 14. Analysis of rRNA gene methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana by CHEF-Conventional 2D gel electrophoresis PubMed Central Mohannath, Gireesha; Pikaard, Craig S. 2017-01-01 Summary Contour-clamped homogenous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis, a variant of Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), is a powerful technique for resolving large fragments of DNA (10 kb to 9 Mb). CHEF has many applications including the physical mapping of chromosomes, artificial chromosomes and sub-chromosomal DNA fragments, etc. Here we describe the use of CHEF and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to analyze rRNA gene methylation patterns within the two ~ 4 million base pair nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The method involves CHEF gel electrophoresis of agarose-embedded DNA following restriction endonuclease digestion to cut the NORs into large but resolvable segments, followed by digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases and conventional (or CHEF) gel electrophoresis, in a second dimension. Resulting products are then detected by Southern blotting or PCR analyses capable of discriminating rRNA gene subtypes. PMID:27576719 15. Analysis of rRNA Gene Methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana by CHEF-Conventional 2D Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Mohannath, Gireesha; Pikaard, Craig S 2016-01-01 Contour-clamped homogenous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis, a variant of Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), is a powerful technique for resolving large fragments of DNA (10 kb-9 Mb). CHEF has many applications including the physical mapping of chromosomes, artificial chromosomes, and sub-chromosomal DNA fragments, etc. Here, we describe the use of CHEF and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to analyze rRNA gene methylation patterns within the two ~4 million base pair nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The method involves CHEF gel electrophoresis of agarose-embedded DNA following restriction endonuclease digestion to cut the NORs into large but resolvable segments, followed by digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases and conventional (or CHEF) gel electrophoresis, in a second dimension. Resulting products are then detected by Southern blotting or PCR analyses capable of discriminating rRNA gene subtypes. 16. Wheat quality related differential expressions of albumins and globulins revealed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). PubMed Gao, Liyan; Wang, Aili; Li, Xiaohui; Dong, Kun; Wang, Ke; Appels, Rudi; Ma, Wujun; Yan, Yueming 2009-12-01 Comparative proteomics analysis offers a new approach to identify differential proteins among different wheat genotypes and developmental stages. In this study, the non-prolamin expression profiles during grain development of two common or bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), Jing 411 and Sunstate, with different quality properties were analyzed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Five grain developmental stages during the post-anthesis period were sampled corresponding to the cumulative averages of daily temperatures ( degrees C: 156 degrees C, 250 degrees C, 354 degrees C, 447 degrees C and 749.5 degrees C). More than 400 differential protein spots detected at one or more of the developmental stages of the two cultivars were monitored, among which 230 proteins were identified by MS. Of the identified proteins, more than 85% were enzymes possessing different physiological functions. A total of 36 differential proteins were characterized between the two varieties, which are likely to be related to wheat quality attributes. About one quarter of the proteins identified expressed in multiple spots with different pIs and molecular masses, implying certain post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins such as phosphorylations and glycosylations. The results provide new insights into biochemical mechanisms for grain development and quality. 17. A comparative method for protein extraction and 2-D gel electrophoresis from different tissues of Cajanus cajan PubMed Central Singh, Nisha; Jain, Neha; Kumar, Ram; Jain, Ajay; Singh, Nagendra K.; Rai, Vandna 2015-01-01 Pigeonpea is an important legume crop with high protein content. However, it is often subjected to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Proteomics is a state-of-the-art technique used to analyze the protein profiling of a tissue for deciphering the molecular entities that could be manipulated for developing crops resistant to these stresses. In this context, developing a comprehensive proteome profile from different vegetative and reproductive tissues has become mandatory. Although several protein extraction protocols from different tissues of diverse plant species have been reported, there is no report for pigeonpea. Here, we report tissue-specific protein extraction protocols representing vegetative (young leaves), and reproductive (flowers and seeds) organs and their subsequent analysis on 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The study explicitly demonstrated that the efficacy of a particular protein extraction protocol is dependent on the different tissues, such as leaves, flowers and seeds that differ in their structure and metabolic constituents. For instance, phenol-based protocol showed an efficacy toward higher protein yield, better spot resolution and a minimal streaking on 2-DE gel for both leaves and flowers. Protein extraction from seeds was best achieved by employing phosphate-TCA-acetone protocol. PMID:26300903 18. A comparative method for protein extraction and 2-D gel electrophoresis from different tissues of Cajanus cajan. PubMed Singh, Nisha; Jain, Neha; Kumar, Ram; Jain, Ajay; Singh, Nagendra K; Rai, Vandna 2015-01-01 Pigeonpea is an important legume crop with high protein content. However, it is often subjected to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Proteomics is a state-of-the-art technique used to analyze the protein profiling of a tissue for deciphering the molecular entities that could be manipulated for developing crops resistant to these stresses. In this context, developing a comprehensive proteome profile from different vegetative and reproductive tissues has become mandatory. Although several protein extraction protocols from different tissues of diverse plant species have been reported, there is no report for pigeonpea. Here, we report tissue-specific protein extraction protocols representing vegetative (young leaves), and reproductive (flowers and seeds) organs and their subsequent analysis on 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The study explicitly demonstrated that the efficacy of a particular protein extraction protocol is dependent on the different tissues, such as leaves, flowers and seeds that differ in their structure and metabolic constituents. For instance, phenol-based protocol showed an efficacy toward higher protein yield, better spot resolution and a minimal streaking on 2-DE gel for both leaves and flowers. Protein extraction from seeds was best achieved by employing phosphate-TCA-acetone protocol. 19. Preparative 2D Gel Electrophoresis with Immobilized pH Gradients: IEF of Proteins in an IEF-Dedicated Electrophoresis Unit. PubMed Stochaj, Wayne R; Berkelman, Tom; Laird, Nancy 2006-10-01 INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for separating proteins based on their net charge using the technique of isoelectric focusing (IEF) on immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels, providing the first dimension of the 2D separation. In this protocol, the IPG gels are focused using self-contained instruments for IEF. These high-voltage systems allow fewer manipulations of the IPG gels, resulting in less error, strip mix-up, contamination, air contact, or urea crystallization. Because rehydration and IEF can be performed consecutively within a single unit, these two steps can be performed unattended overnight. Finally, faster separations and sharper focusing are possible due to the higher voltage available in these instruments. 20. Metal imaging in non-denaturating 2D electrophoresis gels by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the detection of metalloproteins. PubMed Becker, J Susanne; Lobinski, Ryszard; Becker, J Sabine 2009-01-01 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was developed as a powerful analytical technique for metal imaging of 2D gels for the detection of metalloproteins in rat kidney after electrophoretic separation. Protein complexes, extracted with water, were separated in their native state in the first and second dimension by blue native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). Essential and toxic metals, such as zinc, copper, iron, manganese and lead, were monitored by LA-ICP-MS after gel ablation by a focused laser beam in a way that the total surface of a selected fragment of the gel was totally ablated. The metal distribution of this part of the gel was then constructed by plotting the metal (isotope) signal intensity as a function of the x,y (isoelectric point, molecular mass) coordinates of the gel. The proteins at locations rich in metals were cut out, digested with trypsin and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). 1. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Sharma-Kuinkel, Batu K.; Rude, Thomas H.; Fowler, Vance G. 2015-01-01 Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful genotyping technique used for the separation of large DNA molecules (entire genomic DNA) after digesting it with unique restriction enzymes and applying to a gel matrix under the electric field that periodically changes direction. PFGE is a variation of agarose gel electrophoresis that permits analysis of bacterial DNA fragments over an order of magnitude larger than that with conventional restriction enzyme analysis. It provides a good representation of the entire bacterial chromosome in a single gel with a highly reproducible restriction profile, providing clearly distinct and well-resolved DNA fragments. PMID:25682374 2. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Sharma-Kuinkel, Batu K; Rude, Thomas H; Fowler, Vance G 2016-01-01 Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful genotyping technique used for the separation of large DNA molecules (entire genomic DNA) after digesting it with unique restriction enzymes and applying to a gel matrix under the electric field that periodically changes direction. PFGE is a variation of agarose gel electrophoresis that permits analysis of bacterial DNA fragments over an order of magnitude larger than that with conventional restriction enzyme analysis. It provides a good representation of the entire bacterial chromosome in a single gel with a highly reproducible restriction profile, providing clearly distinct and well-resolved DNA fragments. 3. Agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Smith, D R 1993-01-01 After digestion of DNA with a restriction enzyme (Chapter 50), it is usually necessary, for both preparative and analytical purposes, to separate and visualize the products. In most cases, where the products are between 200 and 20,000 bp long, this is achieved by agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose is a linear polymer that is extracted from seaweed and sold as a white powder. The powder is melted in buffer and allowed to cool, whereby the agarose forms a gel by hydrogen bonding. The hardened matrix contains pores, the size of which depends on the concentration of agarose. The concentration of agarose is referred to as a percentage of agarose to volume of buffer (w/v), and agarose gels are normally in the range of 0.3 to 3%. Many different apparatus arrangements have been devised to run agarose gels; for example, they can be run horizontally or vertically, and the current can be conducted by wicks or the buffer solution. However, today, the "submarine" gel system is almost universally used. In this method, the agarose gel is formed on a supporting plate, and then the plate is submerged into a tank containing a suitable electrophoresis buffer. Wells are preformed in the agarose gel with the aid of a "comb" that is inserted into the cooling agarose before the agarose has gelled. Into these wells are loaded the sample to be analyzed, which has been mixed with a dense solution (a loading buffer) to ensure that the sample sinks into the wells. 4. Comparison of the urinary protein patterns of athletes by 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry-a pilot study. PubMed Kohler, Maxie; Franz, Stefan; Regeniter, Axel; Ikonen, Anna; Walpurgis, Katja; Thomas, Andreas; Schänzer, Wilhelm; Thevis, Mario 2009-08-01 Urinary proteins and exercise-induced proteinuria have been the subject of much research. Proteinuria has been studied in depth after different running and cycling intensities and durations and the different mechanisms of glomerular filtration and tubular dysfunction have been elucidated. The present study was carried out to compare urinary protein profiles of athletes in different sport categories (endurance sport, team sport, strength sport). Doping-control urine samples obtained from in-competition testing and specimens derived from a control group were analysed by means of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and significantly deviating protein spots were enzymatically hydrolysed and identified by nanoflow liquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry. Endurance sport samples demonstrated a significant increase of mainly medium-sized urinary proteins such as transferrin, zinc alpha-2-glycoprotein and prostaglandin H2 D-isomerase (30-80 kDa) in 2D-PAGE experiments. Proteinuria was evident in all samples after protein concentration measurements (protein/creatinine > 15 mg/mmol). Alterations were also observed in strength sport samples, which showed an increase of low molecular weight proteins or protein fragments (<30 kDa, e.g., transthyretin, CD 59 antigen or an N-terminal transferrin fragment). In contrast, the concentration measurements did not imply proteinuria but total protein excretion was in a normal range. The study provides a first overview on 2D maps of the urinary proteome after different types of exercise. Future studies may lead to the establishment of urinary protein maps that are typical for a certain type of sport or even an individual athlete. These maps may complement the blood passport of athletes in doping control. 5. Interactions by 2D Gel Electrophoresis Overlap (iGEO): a novel high fidelity approach to identify constituents of protein complexes PubMed Central 2013-01-01 Background Here we describe a novel approach used to identify the constituents of protein complexes with high fidelity, using the integrin-associated scaffolding protein PINCH as a test case. PINCH is comprised of five LIM domains, zinc-finger protein interaction modules. In Drosophila melanogaster, PINCH has two known high-affinity binding partners—Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) that binds to LIM1 and Ras Suppressor 1 (RSU1) that binds to LIM5—but has been postulated to bind additional proteins as well. Results To purify PINCH complexes, in parallel we fused different affinity tags (Protein A and Flag) to different locations within the PINCH sequence (N- and C-terminus). We expressed these tagged versions of PINCH both in cell culture (overexpressed in Drosophila S2 cell culture in the presence of endogenous PINCH) and in vivo (at native levels in Drosophila lacking endogenous PINCH). After affinity purification, we analyzed PINCH complexes by a novel 2D-gel electrophoresis analysis, iGEO (interactions by 2D Gel Electrophoresis Overlap), with mass spectrometric identification of individual spots of interest. iGEO allowed the identification of protein partners that associate with PINCH under two independent purification strategies, providing confidence in the significance of the interaction. Proteins identified by iGEO were validated against a highly inclusive list of candidate PINCH interacting proteins identified in previous analyses by MuDPIT mass spectrometry. Conclusions The iGEO strategy confirmed a core complex comprised of PINCH, RSU1, ILK, and ILK binding partner Parvin. Our iGEO method also identified five novel protein partners that specifically interacted with PINCH in Drosophila S2 cell culture. Because of the improved reproducibility of 2D-GE methodology and the increasing affordability of the required labeling reagents, iGEO is a method that is accessible to most moderately well-equipped biological laboratories. The biochemical co 6. 2-D difference gel electrophoresis approach to assess protein expression profiles in Bathymodiolus azoricus from Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents. PubMed Company, Rui; Antúnez, Oreto; Bebianno, Maria João; Cajaraville, Miren P; Torreblanca, Amparo 2011-11-18 Hydrothermal vent mussels Bathymodiolus azoricus are naturally exposed to toxic chemical species originated directly from vent chimneys. The amount of toxic elements varies significantly among vent sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and B. azoricus must be able to adapt to changes in hydrothermal fluid composition, temperature and pressure. The aim of this work was to study changes in the proteome in the "gill-bacteria complex" of mussels B. azoricus from three hydrothermal vent sites with distinct environmental characteristics using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Results showed that 31 proteins had different expression profiles among vent sites and both cluster and principal component analysis confirm a clear separation of mussels between sites. This suggests the existence of specific parameters grouping individuals from the same hydrothermal site. Protein spots of the more abundant differentially expressed proteins were excised, digested with trypsin and identified by mass spectrometry. All identified proteins (actin, ubiquinone, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, cysteine peptidases, chaperonin and catalase) have been related previously with oxidative stress conditions and are known to be affected by ROS inducing stressors, including metals. Results point out to specific adaptations at the proteome level of B. azoricus depending on the level of toxicants present in their environment. 7. Differences in serum protein 2D gel electrophoresis patterns of Przewalski's (Mongolian wild horse) and thoroughbred horses. PubMed Barsuren, Enkhbolor; Namkhai, Bandi; Kong, Hong Sik 2015-04-01 The objective of this study was to assess differences in serum protein expression profiles of Przewalski's (Mongolian wild horse) and thoroughbred horses using proteome analysis. The serum proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and five different gene products were identified. Proteins represented by the five spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)/MS technology. The identities of all proteins were deduced based on their similarity to proteins in the human plasma protein database. Three proteins (a haptoglobin-2 alpha glycoprotein and two haptoglobin-2beta glycoproteins with different accession numbers) were downregulated in Przewalski's horse sera compared to thoroughbred horse sera. Moreover, two proteins (tetraspanin-18 and pM5) were upregulated in Przewalski's horses compared to thoroughbred horses. Haptoglobin-2 alpha and haptoglobin-2beta may serve as candidate molecules in future studies of inflammation, coagulation, immune modulation and pro-oxidant and antioxidant activity with consequential effects on the entire metabolism of the horse. 8. Application of highly sensitive fluorescent dyes (CyDye DIGE Fluor saturation dyes) to laser microdissection and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) for cancer proteomics. PubMed 2006-01-01 Proteome data combined with histopathological information provides important, novel clues for understanding cancer biology and reveals candidates for tumor markers and therapeutic targets. We have established an application of a highly sensitive fluorescent dye (CyDye DIGE Fluor saturation dye), developed for two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), to the labeling of proteins extracted from laser microdissected tissues. The use of the dye dramatically decreases the protein amount and, in turn, the number of cells required for 2D-DIGE; the cells obtained from a 1 mm2 area of an 8-12 microm thick tissue section generate up to 5,000 protein spots in a large-format 2D gel. This protocol allows the execution of large-scale proteomics in a more efficient, accurate and reproducible way. The protocol can be used to examine a single sample in 5 d or to examine hundreds of samples in large-scale proteomics. 9. Copolymers For Capillary Gel Electrophoresis SciTech Connect Liu, Changsheng; Li, Qingbo 2005-08-09 This invention relates to an electrophoresis separation medium having a gel matrix of at least one random, linear copolymer comprising a primary comonomer and at least one secondary comonomer, wherein the comonomers are randomly distributed along the copolymer chain. The primary comonomer is an acrylamide or an acrylamide derivative that provides the primary physical, chemical, and sieving properties of the gel matrix. The at least one secondary comonomer imparts an inherent physical, chemical, or sieving property to the copolymer chain. The primary and secondary comonomers are present in a ratio sufficient to induce desired properties that optimize electrophoresis performance. The invention also relates to a method of separating a mixture of biological molecules using this gel matrix, a method of preparing the novel electrophoresis separation medium, and a capillary tube filled with the electrophoresis separation medium. 10. Development of a non-denaturing 2D gel electrophoresis protocol for screening in vivo uranium-protein targets in Procambarus clarkii with laser ablation ICP MS followed by protein identification by HPLC-Orbitrap MS. PubMed Xu, Ming; Frelon, Sandrine; Simon, Olivier; Lobinski, Ryszard; Mounicou, Sandra 2014-10-01 Limited knowledge about in vivo non-covalent uranium (U)-protein complexes is largely due to the lack of appropriate analytical methodology. Here, a method for screening and identifying the molecular targets of U was developed. The approach was based on non-denaturing 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis (ND-PAGE and ND-2D-PAGE (using ND-IEF as first dimension previously described)) in conjunction with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP MS) for the detection of U-containing proteins. The proteins were then identified by µbore HPLC-Orbitrap MS/MS. The method was applied to the analysis of cytosol of hepatopancreas (HP) of a model U-bioaccumulating organism (Procambarus clarkii). The imaging of uranium in 2D gels revealed the presence of 11 U-containing protein spots. Six protein candidates (i.e. ferritin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione S transferase D1 and H3 histone family protein) were then identified by matching with the data base of crustacea Decapoda species (e.g. crayfish). Among them, ferritin was the most important one. This strategy is expected to provide an insight into U toxicology and metabolism. 11. Normalization and expression changes in predefined sets of proteins using 2D gel electrophoresis: A proteomic study of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia in an animal model of Parkinson's disease using DIGE PubMed Central Kultima, Kim; Scholz, Birger; Alm, Henrik; Sköld, Karl; Svensson, Marcus; Crossman, Alan R; Bezard, Erwan; Andrén, Per E; Lönnstedt, Ingrid 2006-01-01 Background Two-Dimensional Difference In Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) is a powerful tool for measuring differences in protein expression between samples or conditions. However, to remove systematic variability within and between gels the data has to be normalized. In this study we examined the ability of four existing and four novel normalization methods to remove systematic bias in data produced with 2D-DIGE. We also propose a modification of an existing method where the statistical framework determines whether a set of proteins shows an association with the predefined phenotypes of interest. This method was applied to our data generated from a monkey model (Macaca fascicularis) of Parkinson's disease. Results Using 2D-DIGE we analysed the protein content of the striatum from 6 control and 21 MPTP-treated monkeys, with or without de novo or long-term L-DOPA administration. There was an intensity and spatial bias in the data of all the gels examined in this study. Only two of the eight normalization methods evaluated ('2D loess+scale' and 'SC-2D+quantile') successfully removed both the intensity and spatial bias. In 'SC-2D+quantile' we extended the commonly used loess normalization method against dye bias in two-channel microarray systems to suit systems with three or more channels. Further, by using the proposed method, Differential Expression in Predefined Proteins Sets (DEPPS), several sets of proteins associated with the priming effects of L-DOPA in the striatum in parkinsonian animals were identified. Three of these sets are proteins involved in energy metabolism and one set involved proteins which are part of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Conclusion Comparison of the different methods leads to a series of methodological recommendations for the normalization and the analysis of data, depending on the experimental design. Due to the nature of 2D-DIGE data we recommend that the p-values obtained in significance tests should be used as rankings only. Individual 12. Quantitation of protein in samples prepared for 2-D electrophoresis. PubMed Berkelman, Tom 2008-01-01 The concentration of protein in a sample prepared for two dimensional (2-D) electrophoretic analysis is usually determined by protein assay. Reasons for this include the following. (1) Protein quantitation ensures that the amount of protein to be separated is appropriate for the gel size and visualization method. (2) Protein quantitation facilitates comparison among similar samples, as image-based analysis is simplified when equivalent quantities of proteins have been loaded on the gels to be compared. (3) Quantitation is necessary in cases where the protein sample is labeled with dye before separation (1,2). The labeling chemistry is affected by the dye to protein ratio so it is essential to know the protein concentration before setting up the labeling reaction.A primary consideration with quantitating protein in samples prepared for 2-D electrophoresis is interference by nonprotein substances that may be present in the sample. These samples generally contain chaotropic solubilizing agents, detergents, reductants, buffers or carrier ampholytes, all of which potentially interfere with protein quantitation. The most commonly used protein assays in proteomics research are colorimetric assays in which the presence of protein causes a color change that can be measured spectrophotometrically (3). All protein assays utilize standards, a dilution series of a known concentration of a known protein, to create a standard curve. Two methods will be considered that circumvent some of the problems associated with interfering substances and are well suited for samples prepared for 2-D electrophoresis. The first method (4.1.1) relies on a color change that occurs upon binding of a dye to protein and the second (4.1.2) relies on binding and reduction of cupric ion (Cu2+) ion to cuprous ion (Cu+) by proteins. 13. Separation of basic proteins from Leishmania using a combination of Free flow electrophoresis (FFE) and 2D electrophoresis (2-DE) under basic conditions. PubMed Brotherton, Marie-Christine; Racine, Gina; Ouellette, Marc 2015-01-01 Basic proteins, an important class of proteins in intracellular organisms such as Leishmania, are usually underrepresented on 2D gels. This chapter describes a method combining basic proteins fractionation using Free flow electrophoresis in isoelectric focusing mode (IEF-FFE) followed by protein separation using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in basic conditions. The combination of these two techniques represents a great improvement for the visualization of Leishmania proteins with basic pI using 2D gels. 14. Improved method for identification of low abundance proteins using 2D-gel electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF and TOF/TOF EPA Science Inventory Introduction: Differential protein expression studies have been routinely performed in our laboratory to determine the health effects of environmentally-important chemicals. In this abstract, improvements in the in-gel protein digestion, MALDI plate spotting and data acquisition... 15. Analysis of branched DNA replication and recombination intermediates from prokaryotic cells by two-dimensional (2D) native-native agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Robinson, Nicholas P 2013-01-01 Branched DNA molecules are generated by the essential processes of replication and recombination. Owing to their distinctive extended shapes, these intermediates migrate differently from linear double-stranded DNA under certain electrophoretic conditions. However, these branched species exist in the cell at much low abundance than the bulk linear DNA. Consequently, branched molecules cannot be visualized by conventional electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Two-dimensional native-native agarose electrophoresis has therefore been developed as a method to facilitate the separation and visualization of branched replication and recombination intermediates. A wide variety of studies have employed this technique to examine branched molecules in eukaryotic, archaeal, and bacterial cells, providing valuable insights into how DNA is duplicated and repaired in all three domains of life. 16. Conducting polymer electrodes for gel electrophoresis. PubMed Bengtsson, Katarina; Nilsson, Sara; Robinson, Nathaniel D 2014-01-01 In nearly all cases, electrophoresis in gels is driven via the electrolysis of water at the electrodes, where the process consumes water and produces electrochemical by-products. We have previously demonstrated that π-conjugated polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) can be placed between traditional metal electrodes and an electrolyte to mitigate electrolysis in liquid (capillary electroosmosis/electrophoresis) systems. In this report, we extend our previous result to gel electrophoresis, and show that electrodes containing PEDOT can be used with a commercial polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system with minimal impact to the resulting gel image or the ionic transport measured during a separation. 17. Proteome analysis of responses to ascochlorin in a human osteosarcoma cell line by 2-D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS. PubMed Kang, Jeong Han; Park, Kwan-Kyu; Lee, In-Seon; Magae, Junji; Ando, Kunio; Kim, Cheorl-Ho; Chang, Young-Chae 2006-10-01 Ascochlorin is a prenyl-phenol compound that was isolated from the fungus Ascochyta viciae. Ascochlorin reduces serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, suppresses hypertension and tumor development, and ameliorates type I and II diabetes. Here, to better understand the mechanisms by which ascochlorin regulates physiological or pathological events and induces responses in the pharmacological treatment of cancer, we performed differential analysis of the proteome of the human osteosarcoma cells U2OS in response to ascochlorin. In addition, we established the first two-dimensional map of the U2OS proteome. The U2OS cell proteomes with and without treatment with ascochlorin were compared using two-dimensional electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. The largest differences in expression were observed for the epidermal growth factor receptor (4-fold decrease), ribulose-5-phosphate-epimerase (13-fold decrease), ATP-dependent RNA helicase (8-fold decrease), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (6-fold decrease). The abundance of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L and minichromosome maintenance protein 7 increased 12- and 8.2-fold, respectively. In addition, Erk 2 was increased 3-fold in U2OS cells treated with ascochlorin. The expression of some selected proteins was confirmed by western blotting, zymography and RT-PCR analysis. 18. Fluorescence detection for gel and capillary electrophoresis SciTech Connect Hogan, B. 1992-07-21 First, an indirect fluorescence detection system for the separation of proteins via gel electrophoresis. Quantities as low as 50 nanograms of bovine serum albumin and soybean trypsin inhibitor are separated and detected visually without the need for staining of the analytes. This is very similar to levels of protein commonly separated with gel electrophoresis. 19. SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins. PubMed Sambrook, Joseph; Russell, David W 2006-09-01 INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the separation of proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. SDS is used with a reducing agent and heat to dissociate the proteins. SDS-polypeptide complexes form and migrate through the gels according to the size of the polypeptide. By using markers of known molecular weight, the molecular weight of the polypeptide chain(s) can be estimated. 20. A Simple Vertical Slab Gel Electrophoresis Apparatus. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Carter, J. B.; And Others 1983-01-01 Describes an inexpensive, easily constructed, and safe vertical slab gel kit used routinely for sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis research and student experiments. Five kits are run from a single transformer. Because toxic solutions are used, students are given plastic gloves and closely supervised during laboratory… 1. Electrokinetics of nanoparticle gel-electrophoresis. PubMed Hill, Reghan J 2016-09-28 Gel-electrophoresis has been demonstrated in recent decades to successfully sort a great variety of nanoparticles according to their size, charge, surface chemistry, and corona architecture. However, quantitative theoretical interpetations have been limited by the number and complexity of factors that influence particle migration. Theoretical models have been fragmented and incomplete with respect to their counterparts for free-solution electrophoresis. This paper unifies electrokinetic models that address complex nanoparticle corona architectures, corona and gel charge regulation (e.g., by the local pH), multi-component electrolytes, and non-linear electrostatics and relaxation effects. By comprehensively addressing the electrokinetic aspects of the more general gel-electrophoresis problem, in which short-ranged steric interactions are significant, a stage is set to better focus on the physicochemical and steric factors. In this manner, it is envisioned that noparticle gel-electrophoresis may eventually be advanced from a nanoparticle-characterization tool to one that explicitly probes the short-ranged interactions of nanoparticles with soft networks, such as synthetic gels and biological tissues. In this paper, calculations are undertaken that identify a generalized Hückel limit for nanoparticles in low-conductivity gels, and a new Smoluchowski limit for polyelectrolyte-coated particles in high-conductivity gels that is independent of the gel permeability. Also of fundamental interest is a finite, albeit small, electrophoretic mobility for uncharged particles in charged gels. Electrophoretic mobilities and drag coefficients (with electroviscous effects) for nanoparticles bearing non-uniform coronas show that relaxation effects are typically weak for the small nanoparticles (radius ≈3-10 nm) to which gel-electrophoresis has customarily been applied, but are profound for the larger nanoparticles (radius ≳ 40 nm in low conductivity gels) to which passivated gel-electrophoresis 2. DNA DAMAGE QUANTITATION BY ALKALINE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS. SciTech Connect SUTHERLAND,B.M.; BENNETT,P.V.; SUTHERLAND, J.C. 2004-03-24 Physical and chemical agents in the environment, those used in clinical applications, or encountered during recreational exposures to sunlight, induce damages in DNA. Understanding the biological impact of these agents requires quantitation of the levels of such damages in laboratory test systems as well as in field or clinical samples. Alkaline gel electrophoresis provides a sensitive (down to {approx} a few lesions/5Mb), rapid method of direct quantitation of a wide variety of DNA damages in nanogram quantities of non-radioactive DNAs from laboratory, field, or clinical specimens, including higher plants and animals. This method stems from velocity sedimentation studies of DNA populations, and from the simple methods of agarose gel electrophoresis. Our laboratories have developed quantitative agarose gel methods, analytical descriptions of DNA migration during electrophoresis on agarose gels (1-6), and electronic imaging for accurate determinations of DNA mass (7-9). Although all these components improve sensitivity and throughput of large numbers of samples (7,8,10), a simple version using only standard molecular biology equipment allows routine analysis of DNA damages at moderate frequencies. We present here a description of the methods, as well as a brief description of the underlying principles, required for a simplified approach to quantitation of DNA damages by alkaline gel electrophoresis. 3. Nondenaturing agarose gel electrophoresis of RNA. PubMed Rio, Donald C; Ares, Manuel; Hannon, Gregory J; Nilsen, Timothy W 2010-06-01 INTRODUCTION Perhaps the most important and certainly the most often used technique in RNA analysis is gel electrophoresis. Because RNAs are negatively charged, they migrate toward the anode in the presence of electric current. The gel acts as a sieve to selectively impede the migration of the RNA in proportion to its mass, given that its mass is generally proportional to its charge. Because mass is approximately related to chain length, the length of an RNA is more generally determined by its migration. In addition, topology (i.e., circularity) can affect migration, making RNAs appear longer on the gel than they actually are. There are two common types of gel: polyacrylamide and agarose. For most applications involving RNAs of < or =600 nucleotides, denaturing acrylamide gels are most appropriate. In contrast, agarose gels are generally used to analyze RNAs of > or =600 nucleotides, and are especially useful for analysis of mRNAs (e.g., by Northern blotting). RNA analysis on agarose gels is essentially identical to DNA analysis (except that the gel boxes used must be dedicated to RNA work or to other ribonuclease-free work). Here we describe the use of straightforward Tris borate, EDTA (TBE) gels for routine analysis. These gels are appropriate for determining the quantity and integrity of RNA before using it for other applications. This procedure should not be used to determine size with accuracy, because the RNA will not remain in its extended state throughout the run. 4. Nonlinear gel electrophoresis: an analogy with ideal fluid flow. PubMed Dennison, C; Phillips, A M; Nevin, J M 1983-12-01 The behavior of electrolytes undergoing electrophoresis in various shaped gels was investigated using bromphenol blue as a model electrolyte. The results suggest that during gel electrophoresis, small electrolytes behave in a manner analogous to the flow of ideal, irrotational fluids. 5. Comparative proteomics and difference gel electrophoresis. PubMed Minden, Jonathan 2007-12-01 The goal of comparative proteomics is to analyze proteome changes in response to development, disease, or environment. This is a two-step process in which proteins within cellular extracts are first fractionated to reduce sample complexity, and then the proteins are identified by mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) is the long-time standard for protein separation, but it has suffered from poor reproducibility and limited sensitivity. Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE), in which two protein samples are separately labeled with different fluorescent dyes and then co-electrophoresed on the same 2DE gel, was developed to overcome the reproducibility and sensitivity limitations. In this essay, I discuss the principles of comparative proteomics and the development of DIGE. 6. pI-Control in Comparative Fluorescence Gel Electrophoresis (CoFGE) using amphoteric azo dyes PubMed Central Hanneken, Marina; Šlais, Karel; König, Simone 2015-01-01 Amphoteric azo dyes were used for internal control of pI values in Comparative two-dimensional Fluorescence Gel Electrophoresis (CoFGE) [1]. The 2D-gel images of separated Escherichia coli proteins as well as those of colored amphoteric dyes separated by isoelectric focussing are presented. The latter were used to correct for variation in the first electrophoretic dimension and further improve protein coordinate assignment in 2D-gel electrophoresis. Data tables are supplied to demonstrate pI-value calibration and the effect on the assignment of protein spot coordinates. PMID:26217748 7. pI-Control in Comparative Fluorescence Gel Electrophoresis (CoFGE) using amphoteric azo dyes. PubMed Hanneken, Marina; Šlais, Karel; König, Simone 2015-06-01 Amphoteric azo dyes were used for internal control of pI values in Comparative two-dimensional Fluorescence Gel Electrophoresis (CoFGE) [1]. The 2D-gel images of separated Escherichia coli proteins as well as those of colored amphoteric dyes separated by isoelectric focussing are presented. The latter were used to correct for variation in the first electrophoretic dimension and further improve protein coordinate assignment in 2D-gel electrophoresis. Data tables are supplied to demonstrate pI-value calibration and the effect on the assignment of protein spot coordinates. 8. Gel Electrophoresis of Gold-DNA Nanoconjugates DOE PAGES Pellegrino, T.; Sperling, R. A.; Alivisatos, A. P.; ... 2007-01-01 Gold-DNA conjugates were investigated in detail by a comprehensive gel electrophoresis study based on 1200 gels. A controlled number of single-stranded DNA of different length was attached specifically via thiol-Au bonds to phosphine-stabilized colloidal gold nanoparticles. Alternatively, the surface of the gold particles was saturated with single stranded DNA of different length either specifically via thiol-Au bonds or by nonspecific adsorption. From the experimentally determined electrophoretic mobilities, estimates for the effective diameters of the gold-DNA conjugates were derived by applying two different data treatment approaches. The first method is based on making a calibration curve for the relation between effectivemore » diameters and mobilities with gold nanoparticles of known diameter. The second method is based on Ferguson analysis which uses gold nanoparticles of known diameter as reference database. Our study shows that effective diameters derived from gel electrophoresis measurements are affected with a high error bar as the determined values strongly depend on the method of evaluation, though relative changes in size upon binding of molecules can be detected with high precision. Furthermore, in this study, the specific attachment of DNA via gold-thiol bonds to Au nanoparticles is compared to nonspecific adsorption of DNA. Also, the maximum number of DNA molecules that can be bound per particle was determined.« less 9. Hybrid slab-microchannel gel electrophoresis system DOEpatents Balch, Joseph W.; Carrano, Anthony V.; Davidson, James C.; Koo, Jackson C. 1998-01-01 A hybrid slab-microchannel gel electrophoresis system. The hybrid system permits the fabrication of isolated microchannels for biomolecule separations without imposing the constraint of a totally sealed system. The hybrid system is reusable and ultimately much simpler and less costly to manufacture than a closed channel plate system. The hybrid system incorporates a microslab portion of the separation medium above the microchannels, thus at least substantially reducing the possibility of non-uniform field distribution and breakdown due to uncontrollable leakage. A microslab of the sieving matrix is built into the system by using plastic spacer materials and is used to uniformly couple the top plate with the bottom microchannel plate. 10. Increase in local protein concentration by field-inversion gel electrophoresis. PubMed Tsai, Henghang; Leung, Hon-Chiu Eastwood 2012-01-01 Proteins that migrate through cross-linked polyacrylamide gels (PAGs) under the influence of a constant electric field experience negative factors, such as diffusion and nonspecific trapping in the gel matrix. These negative factors reduce protein concentrations within a defined gel volume with increasing migration distance and, therefore, decrease protein recovery efficiency. Here, we describe the enhancement of protein separation efficiency up to twofold in conventional one-dimensional PAG electrophoresis (1D PAGE), two-dimensional (2D) PAGE, and native PAGE by implementing pulses of inverted electric field during gel electrophoresis. 11. Using Gel Electrophoresis To Illustrate Protein Diversity and Isoelectric Point. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Browning, Mark; Vanable, Joseph 2002-01-01 Demonstrates the differences in protein structures by focusing on isoelectric point with an experiment that is observable under certain pH levels in gel electrophoresis. Explains the electrophoresis procedure and reports results of the experiments. (YDS) 12. Plasmid DNA topology assayed by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Schvartzman, Jorge B; Martínez-Robles, María-Luisa; Hernández, Pablo; Krimer, Dora B 2013-01-01 Two-dimensional (2D) agarose gel electrophoresis is nowadays one of the best methods available to analyze DNA molecules with different masses and shapes. The possibility to use nicking enzymes and intercalating agents to change the twist of DNA during only one or in both runs, improves the capacity of 2D gels to discern molecules that apparently may look alike. Here we present protocols where 2D gels are used to understand the structure of DNA molecules and its dynamics in living cells. This knowledge is essential to comprehend how DNA topology affects and is affected by all the essential functions that DNA is involved in: replication, transcription, repair and recombination. 13. Agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for visualization of simple sequence repeats. PubMed Anderson, James; Wright, Drew; Meksem, Khalid 2013-01-01 In the modern age of genetic research there is a constant search for ways to improve the efficiency of plant selection. The most recent technology that can result in a highly efficient means of selection and still be done at a low cost is through plant selection directed by simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellites). The molecular markers are used to select for certain desirable plant traits without relying on ambiguous phenotypic data. The best way to detect these is the use of gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is a common technique in laboratory settings which is used to separate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) by size. Loading DNA and RNA onto gels allows for visualization of the size of fragments through the separation of DNA and RNA fragments. This is achieved through the use of the charge in the particles. As the fragments separate, they form into distinct bands at set sizes. We describe the ability to visualize SSRs on slab gels of agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 14. Hybrid slab-microchannel gel electrophoresis system DOEpatents Balch, J.W.; Carrano, A.V.; Davidson, J.C.; Koo, J.C. 1998-05-05 A hybrid slab-microchannel gel electrophoresis system is described. The hybrid system permits the fabrication of isolated microchannels for biomolecule separations without imposing the constraint of a totally sealed system. The hybrid system is reusable and ultimately much simpler and less costly to manufacture than a closed channel plate system. The hybrid system incorporates a microslab portion of the separation medium above the microchannels, thus at least substantially reducing the possibility of non-uniform field distribution and breakdown due to uncontrollable leakage. A microslab of the sieving matrix is built into the system by using plastic spacer materials and is used to uniformly couple the top plate with the bottom microchannel plate. 4 figs. 15. The gel electrophoresis markup language (GelML) from the Proteomics Standards Initiative. PubMed Gibson, Frank; Hoogland, Christine; Martinez-Bartolomé, Salvador; Medina-Aunon, J Alberto; Albar, Juan Pablo; Babnigg, Gyorgy; Wipat, Anil; Hermjakob, Henning; Almeida, Jonas S; Stanislaus, Romesh; Paton, Norman W; Jones, Andrew R 2010-09-01 The Human Proteome Organisation's Proteomics Standards Initiative has developed the GelML (gel electrophoresis markup language) data exchange format for representing gel electrophoresis experiments performed in proteomics investigations. The format closely follows the reporting guidelines for gel electrophoresis, which are part of the Minimum Information About a Proteomics Experiment (MIAPE) set of modules. GelML supports the capture of metadata (such as experimental protocols) and data (such as gel images) resulting from gel electrophoresis so that laboratories can be compliant with the MIAPE Gel Electrophoresis guidelines, while allowing such data sets to be exchanged or downloaded from public repositories. The format is sufficiently flexible to capture data from a broad range of experimental processes, and complements other PSI formats for MS data and the results of protein and peptide identifications to capture entire gel-based proteome workflows. GelML has resulted from the open standardisation process of PSI consisting of both public consultation and anonymous review of the specifications. 16. Inexpensive and Safe DNA Gel Electrophoresis Using Household Materials ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Ens, S.; Olson, A. B.; Dudley, C.; Ross, N. D., III; Siddiqi, A. A.; Umoh, K. M.; Schneegurt, M. A. 2012-01-01 Gel electrophoresis is the single most important molecular biology technique and it is central to life sciences research, but it is often too expensive for the secondary science classroom or homeschoolers. A simple safe low-cost procedure is described here that uses household materials to construct and run DNA gel electrophoresis. Plastic… 17. A method for horizontal polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. PubMed Bellomy, G R; Record, M T 1989-01-01 We present a simplified method of preparation of polyacrylamide gels which is totally analogous to the procedure now widely used to pour and run horizontal agarose gels. The acrylamide is poured into an open air gel mold consisting of a glass plate with a masking tape border and a comb. It is subsequently run in a submarine horizontal electrophoresis apparatus. The electrophoretic mobility and resolution of DNA fragments obtained in such gels are identical to results obtained with gels poured and run in the vertical configuration. Numerous advantages of horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are discussed. 18. An update on conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis. PubMed Ganguly, Arupa 2002-04-01 Conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) was developed as a method of heteroduplex analysis to screen large multi-exon genes for sequence variation. The novelty of the method was in the use of a non-proprietary acrylamide gel matrix that used 1,4-bis (acrolyl) piperazine (BAP) as a cross linker with ethylene glycol and formamide as mildly denaturing solvents. The denaturing environment enhances the conformation polymorphism present in DNA heteroduplexes containing variations as small as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CSGE has also been adapted for use on a fluorescent platform (F-CSGE) that resulted in higher throughput and sensitivity. Variation in sensitivity of CSGE has been studied extensively. The results demonstrate that the nature of the mismatched base in a defined sequence context has the most profound effect on the conformation of the heteroduplex. Additionally, the size of the PCR product, as well as the location of the mismatch within the PCR product, are two important parameters that determine the resolution of the mismatch-containing heteroduplexes during CSGE. Like any other mutation scanning technique, CSGE can have limited resolution of two closely linked sequence variations. For specific genes, like BRCA1 and BRCA2 where multiple SNPs are present in the coding sequence, each CSGE shift has to be sequenced to define the exact nature of the sequence change. In conclusion, CSGE scanning provides a powerful, cost-efficient way to scan genes with high sensitivity and specificity. 19. Nondenaturing electrophoresis of lipoproteins in agarose and polyacrylamide gradient gels SciTech Connect Shore, V.G. 1989-12-19 The plasma lipoproteins frequently are classified according to density and/or electrophoretic mobility. The lipoprotein classes differ characteristically also in particle size and apolipoprotein composition. Each class is heterogeneous in size and composition as well. Nondenaturing electrophoresis in agarose gels and polyacrylamide gradient gels are complementary analytical methods for classification of lipoproteins and determining distribution profiles of the major classes. In addition, gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) has a high resolving capability for subfractionating each class according to particle size. Combination of gel electrophoresis with immunoblotting yields information on heterogeneity in apolipoprotein distribution. 14 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs. 20. Charge heterogeneity study of a Fc-fusion protein, abatacept, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Nebija, D; Noe, C R; Lachmann, B 2015-08-01 Medicinal products obtained by recombinant DNA technology are complex molecules and demonstrate a high degree of molecular heterogeneity. Charge heterogeneity and isoform pattern of this class of medicines, are parameters important for their quality, safety, and efficacy. In this study we report the application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D electrophoresis) for the quality assessment, identification, charge heterogeneity and isoform pattern study of recombinant protein, CTLA4-Ig (abatacept), which has been selected as an example of the drug class, known as Fc-fusion proteins. In order to achieve an efficient separation of this complex analyte,2-D electrophoresis was optimized employing different experimental conditions regarding the selection of an immobilized pH gradient (IPG), sample pretreatment, presentation and detection procedure. Experimental datadocumented that 2-D electrophoresis is a suitable method for the assessment of identity, purity, structural integrity, isoform pattern and to monitor charge heterogeneity and post-translational glycosylation of the Fc-fusion protein, abatacept. 1. Analysis of soybean embryonic axis proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) A proteomic approach based on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) for protein separation and subsequent mass spectrometry (MS) for protein identification was applied to establish a proteomic reference map for the soybean embryonic axis. Proteins were extracted from dissecte... 2. DNA gel electrophoresis: the reptation model(s). PubMed Slater, Gary W 2009-06-01 DNA gel electrophoresis has been the most important experimental tool to separate DNA fragments for several decades. The introduction of PFGE in the 1980s and capillary gel electrophoresis in the 1990s made it possible to study, map and sequence entire genomes. Explaining how very large DNA molecules move in a gel and why PFGE is needed to separate them has been an active field of research ever since the launch of the journal Electrophoresis. This article presents a personal and historical overview of the development of the theory of gel electrophoresis, focusing on the reptation model, the band broadening mechanisms, and finally the factors that limit the read length and the resolution of electrophoresis-based sequencing systems. I conclude with a short discussion of some of the questions that remain unanswered. 3. A Block-matching based technique for the analysis of 2D gel images. PubMed Freire, Ana; Seoane, José A; Rodríguez, Alvaro; Ruiz-Romero, Cristina; López-Campos, Guillermo; Dorado, Julián 2010-01-01 Research at protein level is a useful practice in personalized medicine. More specifically, 2D gel images obtained after electrophoresis process can lead to an accurate diagnosis. Several computational approaches try to help the clinicians to establish the correspondence between pairs of proteins of multiple 2D gel images. Most of them perform the alignment of a patient image referred to a reference image. In this work, an approach based on block-matching techniques is developed. Its main characteristic is that it does not need to perform the whole alignment between two images considering each protein separately. A comparison with other published methods is presented. It can be concluded that this method works over broad range of proteomic images, although they have a high level of difficulty. 4. RNA conformational changes analyzed by comparative gel electrophoresis. PubMed Eschbach, Sébastien H; Lafontaine, Daniel A 2014-01-01 The study of biologically relevant native RNA structures is important to understand their cellular function(s). Native gel electrophoresis provides information about such native structures in solution as a function of experimental conditions. The application of native gel electrophoresis in a comparative manner allows to obtain precise information on relative angles subtended between given pair of stems in an RNA molecule. By adapting this approach, it is possible to obtain very specific structural information such as the amplitude of dihedral angles and helical rotation. As an example, we will describe how native gel electrophoresis can be used to study the folding of the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) sensing riboswitch. 5. Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA topoisomers. PubMed Roca, Joaquim 2009-01-01 The electrophoretic velocity of a duplex DNA ring is mainly determined by its overall shape. Consequently, DNA topoisomers of opposite supercoiling handedness can have identical gel velocity, and topoisomers highly supercoiled cannot be separated beyond some point. These problems are overcome by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis, which involves two successive electrophoresis steps in one gel slab. The first and second electrophoresis steps are conducted in orthogonal directions with different concentrations of DNA intercalating agents. These compounds alter the overall shape of the DNA and, thereby, change the relative mobility of individual DNA topoisomers. 6. Gel Electrophoresis on a Budget to Dye for ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Yu, Julie H. 2010-01-01 Gel electrophoresis is one of the most important tools used in molecular biology and has facilitated the entire field of genetic engineering by enabling the separation of nucleic acids and proteins. However, commercial electrophoresis kits can cost up to \$800 for each setup, which is cost prohibitive for most classroom budgets. This article… 7. Modified gel preparation for distinct DNA fragment analysis in agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Lee, S V; Bahaman, A R 2010-08-01 Agarose gel electrophoresis is the standard method that is used to separate, identify, and purify DNA fragments. However, this method is time-consuming and capable of separating limited range of fragments. A new technique of gel preparation was developed to improve the DNA fragment analysis via electrophoresis. 8. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of bacterial chromosomes. PubMed Mawer, Julia S P; Leach, David R F 2013-01-01 The separation of fragments of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis is integral to laboratory life. Nevertheless, standard agarose gel electrophoresis cannot resolve fragments bigger than 50 kb. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is a technique that has been developed to overcome the limitations of standard agarose gel electrophoresis. Entire linear eukaryotic chromosomes, or large fragments of a chromosome that have been generated by the action of rare-cutting restriction endonucleases, can be separated using this technique. As a result, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis has many applications, from karyotype analysis of microbial genomes, to the analysis of chromosomal strand breaks and their repair intermediates, to the study of DNA replication and the identification of origins of replication. This chapter presents a detailed protocol for the preparation of Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA that has been embedded in agarose plugs, digested with the rare-cutting endonuclease NotI, and separated by contour-clamped homogeneous field electrophoresis. The principles in this protocol can be applied to the separation of all fragments of DNA whose size range is between 40 kb and 1 Mb. 9. How it all began: a personal history of gel electrophoresis. PubMed Smithies, Oliver 2012-01-01 Arne Tiselius' moving boundary electrophoresis method was still in general use in 1951 when this personal history begins, although zonal electrophoresis with a variety of supporting media (e.g., filter paper or starch grains) was beginning to replace it. This chapter is an account of 10 years of experiments carried out by the author during which molecular sieving gel electrophoresis was developed and common genetic variants of two proteins, haptoglobin and transferrin, were discovered in normal individuals. Most of the figures are images of pages from the author's laboratory notebooks, which are still available, so that some of the excitement of the time and the humorous moments are perhaps apparent. Alkaline gels, acidic gels with and without denaturants, vertical gels, two-dimensional gels, and gels with differences in starch concentration are presented. The subtle details that can be discerned in these various gels played an indispensable role in determining the nature of the change in the haptoglobin gene (Hp) that leads to the polymeric series characteristic of Hp ( 2 ) /Hp ( 2 ) homozygotes. Where possible, the names of scientific friends who made this saga of gel electrophoresis so memorable and enjoyable are gratefully included. 10. Gel Electrophoresis--The Easy Way for Students ERIC Educational Resources Information Center VanRooy, Wilhelmina; Sultana, Khalida 2010-01-01 This article describes a simple, inexpensive, easy to conduct gel-electrophoresis activity using food dyes. It is an alternative to the more expensive counterparts which require agarose gel, DNA samples, purchased chamber and Tris-borate-EDTA buffer. We suggest some learning activities for senior biology students along with comments on several… 11. Purification of radiolabeled RNA products using denaturing gel electrophoresis PubMed Central 2014-01-01 This unit discusses a basic method for purification of radiolabeled RNAs using denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The method consists of a number of experimental procedures, including total RNA preparation from yeast cells, isolation of a specific RNA from total yeast RNA, RNA 3' terminal labeling using nucleotide (5’[32P]pCp) addition (via ligation), denaturing (8 M urea) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and RNA extraction from the gel slice. Key points for achieving good electrophoretic separation of RNA are also discussed. PMID:24510465 12. Gel Electrophoresis of Gold-DNA Nano-Conjugates SciTech Connect Pellegrino, T.; Sperling, R.A.; Alivisatos, A.P.; Parak, W.J. 2006-01-10 Single stranded DNA of different lengths and different amounts was attached to colloidal phosphine stabilized Au nanoparticles. The resulting conjugates were investigated in detail by a gel electrophoresis study based on 1200 gels. We demonstrate how these experiments help to understand the binding of DNA to Au particles. In particular we compare specific attachment of DNA via gold-thiol bonds with nonspecific adsorption of DNA. The maximum number of DNA molecules that can be bound per particle was determined. We also compare several methods to used gel electrophoresis for investigating the effective diameter of DNA-Au conjugates, such as using a calibration curve of particles with known diameters and Ferguson plots. 13. A simple gel electrophoresis method for separating polyhedral gold nanoparticles Kim, Suhee; Lee, Hye Jin 2015-07-01 In this paper, a simple approach to separate differently shaped and sized polyhedral gold nanoparticles (NPs) within colloidal solutions via gel electrophoresis is described. Gel running parameters for separating efficiently gold NPs including gel composition, added surfactant types and applied voltage were investigated. The plasmonic properties and physical structure of the separated NPs extracted from the gel matrix were then investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectrophotometry respectively. Data analysis revealed that gel electrophoresis conditions of a 1.5 % agarose gel with 0.1 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant under an applied voltage of 100 V resulted in the selective isolation of ~ 50 nm polyhedral shaped gold nanoparticles. Further efforts are underway to apply the method to purify biomolecule-conjugated polyhedral Au NPs that can be readily used for NP-enhanced biosensing platforms. 14. Electric birefrigence imaging of DNA in agarose electrophoresis gels SciTech Connect Lanan, M. 1992-01-01 Electric birefringence imaging (EBI) provides sensitive, non-invasive detection of double-stranded DNA in agarose gels. Quasi-monochromatic, visible light is transmitted through an electrophoresis gel which is placed between plastic film polarizers. A slow-scan video camera equipped with a 12 bit A/D converter records the images. Under electrophoresis running conditions, hydrodynamically-induced gel distortion is shown to be the major source of birefringence for fragments smaller than 23 kbp. The birefringence generated approximates the DNA concentration gradient in the electric field direction. The stress-optic coefficient of 1% agarose gel is measured by mechanical compression and used to evaluate the magnitude of the induced stress on the gel during electrophoresis. Multi-linear regression analysis is used to quantitatively test the model for EBI signals. Birefringence attributed to localized electrokinetic gel distortion and to intrinsic DNA birefringence is studied by fitting ethidium bromide fluorescence profiles to EBI results. Fluorescence polarization imaging is used to assess the influence of localized gel distortion on nucleic acid orientation across a fragment band. It is shown that DNA aligns parallel, on average, with an applied electric field independent of its location within a band. Both EBI sensitivity and quantitation are improved through image processing techniques which separate the DNA Kerr effect and induced electrokinetic distortion contributions. Under standard electrophoresis conditions, detection limits of 8 ng DNA per well are obtained in hydroxyethylated agarose without signal averaging. Maintaining constant gel temperature is shown to improve the quality of the images. Stress patterns in agarose gels during DC and field-inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) of nucleic acid fragments of varying sizes are mapped using EBI. In addition, online EBI monitoring during FIGE of megabase pair DNA size standards is demonstrated. 15. Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) using CyDye DIGE fluor minimal dyes. PubMed Chakravarti, Bulbul; Gallagher, Sean R; Chakravarti, Deb N 2005-02-01 One- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1- and 2-D SDS-PAGE) have been widely used for the separation and quantitative estimation of proteins. Following electrophoresis, the gels are stained appropriately to visualize the proteins. Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) is a new technique in which different protein samples, individually labeled with specific CyDyes, are combined together followed by electrophoresis and post electrophoretic co-detection and co-analysis on the same gel. CyDye DIGE fluor minimal dyes, which consist of three different CyDyes with different spectral characteristics, have been widely used for such purposes. The technique is highly sensitive with a wide dynamic range for detection of proteins and compatible with state-of-the-art protein identification techniques using mass spectrometry. Although DIGE is mainly used to compare differential expression of various protein samples using 2-D SDS-PAGE, 1-D DIGE also has important applications in quantitative proteomic studies. 16. Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments. PubMed Lee, Pei Yun; Costumbrado, John; Hsu, Chih-Yuan; Kim, Yong Hoon 2012-04-20 Agarose gel electrophoresis is the most effective way of separating DNA fragments of varying sizes ranging from 100 bp to 25 kb(1). Agarose is isolated from the seaweed genera Gelidium and Gracilaria, and consists of repeated agarobiose (L- and D-galactose) subunits(2). During gelation, agarose polymers associate non-covalently and form a network of bundles whose pore sizes determine a gel's molecular sieving properties. The use of agarose gel electrophoresis revolutionized the separation of DNA. Prior to the adoption of agarose gels, DNA was primarily separated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, which only provided an approximation of size. To separate DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis, the DNA is loaded into pre-cast wells in the gel and a current applied. The phosphate backbone of the DNA (and RNA) molecule is negatively charged, therefore when placed in an electric field, DNA fragments will migrate to the positively charged anode. Because DNA has a uniform mass/charge ratio, DNA molecules are separated by size within an agarose gel in a pattern such that the distance traveled is inversely proportional to the log of its molecular weight(3). The leading model for DNA movement through an agarose gel is "biased reptation", whereby the leading edge moves forward and pulls the rest of the molecule along(4). The rate of migration of a DNA molecule through a gel is determined by the following: 1) size of DNA molecule; 2) agarose concentration; 3) DNA conformation(5); 4) voltage applied, 5) presence of ethidium bromide, 6) type of agarose and 7) electrophoresis buffer. After separation, the DNA molecules can be visualized under uv light after staining with an appropriate dye. By following this protocol, students should be able to: Understand the mechanism by which DNA fragments are separated within a gel matrix Understand how conformation of the DNA molecule will determine its mobility through a gel matrix Identify an agarose solution of appropriate 17. Nanoparticle gel electrophoresis: bare charged spheres in polyelectrolyte hydrogels. PubMed Li, Fei; Hill, Reghan J 2013-03-15 Nanoparticle gel electrophoresis has recently emerged as an attractive means of separating and characterizing nanoparticles. Consequently, a theory that accounts for electroosmotic flow in the gel, and coupling of the nanoparticle and hydrogel electrostatics and hydrodynamics, is required, particularly for gels in which the mesh size is comparable to or smaller than the particle radii. Here, we present an electrokinetic model for charged, spherical colloidal particles undergoing electrophoresis in charged (polyelectrolyte) hydrogels: the gel-electrophoresis analogue of Henry's theory for electrophoresis in Newtonian electrolytes. We compare numerically exact solutions of the model with several independent asymptotic approximations, identifying regions in the parameter space where these approximations are accurate or break down. As previously assumed in the literature, Henry's formula, modified by the addition of a constant electroosmotic flow mobility, is accurate only for nanoparticles that are small compared to the hydrogel mesh size. We derived an exact analytical solution of the full model by judiciously modifying the theory of Allison et al. for uncharged gels, drawing on the superposition methodology of Doane et al. to account for hydrogel charge. This furnishes accurate and economical mobility predictions for the entire parameter space. The present model suggests that nanoparticle size separations (with diameters ≲40 nm) are optimal at low ionic strength, with a gel mesh size that is selected according to the particle charging mechanism. For weakly charged particles, optimal size separation is achieved when the Brinkman screening length is matched to the mean particle size. 18. Inexpensive and safe DNA gel electrophoresis using household materials. PubMed Ens, S; Olson, A B; Dudley, C; Ross, N D; Siddiqi, A A; Umoh, K M; Schneegurt, M A 2012-01-01 Gel electrophoresis is the single most important molecular biology technique and it is central to life sciences research, but it is often too expensive for the secondary science classroom or homeschoolers. A simple safe low-cost procedure is described here that uses household materials to construct and run DNA gel electrophoresis. Plastic containers are fitted with aluminum foil electrodes and 9-V batteries to run food-grade agar-agar gels using aquarium pH buffers and then stained with gentian violet. This activity was tested in a high school biology classroom with significantly positive responses on postactivity reflective surveys. The electrophoresis activity addresses several Life Science Content Standard C criteria, including aspects of cell biology, genetics, and evolution. It also can be used to teach aspects of motion and force in the physical science classroom. 19. THERMAL DETECTION OF DNA AND PROTEINS DURING GEL ELECTROPHORESIS SciTech Connect R. JOHNSTON 2000-08-01 This is the final report of a three-year, Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The goal of this project was to try to detect unstained, untagged, unlabeled DNA bands in real-time during gel electrophoresis using simple thermal measurements. The technical and ES&H advantages to this approach could potentially be quite significant, especially given the extreme importance of gel electrophoresis to a wide variety of practical and research fields. The project was unable to demonstrate sufficient thermal sensitivity to detect DNA bands. It is clear that we still do not understand the gel electrophoresis phenomenon very well. The temperature control techniques developed during the course of this project have other useful applications. 20. Sample collection system for gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Olivares, Jose A.; Stark, Peter C.; Dunbar, John M.; Hill, Karen K.; Kuske, Cheryl R.; Roybal, Gustavo 2004-09-21 An automatic sample collection system for use with an electrophoretic slab gel system is presented. The collection system can be used with a slab gel have one or more lanes. A detector is used to detect particle bands on the slab gel within a detection zone. Such detectors may use a laser to excite fluorescently labeled particles. The fluorescent light emitted from the excited particles is transmitted to low-level light detection electronics. Upon the detection of a particle of interest within the detection zone, a syringe pump is activated, sending a stream of buffer solution across the lane of the slab gel. The buffer solution collects the sample of interest and carries it through a collection port into a sample collection vial. 1. Properties of nucleic acid staining dyes used in gel electrophoresis. PubMed Haines, Alicia M; Tobe, Shanan S; Kobus, Hilton J; Linacre, Adrian 2015-03-01 Nucleic acid staining dyes are used for detecting nucleic acids in electrophoresis gels. Historically, the most common dye used for gel staining is ethidium bromide, however due to its toxicity and mutagenicity other dyes that are safer to the user and the environment are preferred. This Short Communication details the properties of dyes now available and their sensitivity for detection of DNA and their ability to permeate the cell membrane. It was found that GelRed™ was the most sensitive and safest dye to use with UV light excitation, and both GelGreen™ and Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye were sensitive and the safer dyes using blue light excitation. 2. Enhanced detection of gold nanoparticles in agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Hasenoehrl, Carina; Alexander, Colleen M; Azzarelli, Nicholas N; Dabrowiak, James C 2012-04-01 Gel electrophoresis is a powerful tool in gold nanoparticle (AuNP) research. While the technique is sensitive to the size, charge, and shape of particles, its optimal performance requires a relatively large amount of AuNP in the loading wells for visible detection of bands. We here describe a novel and more sensitive method for detecting AuNPs in agarose gels that involves staining the gel with the common organic fluorophore fluorescein, to produce AuNP band intensities that are linear with nanoparticle concentration and almost an order of magnitude larger than those obtained without staining the gel. 3. Topological patterns in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of DNA knots PubMed Central Michieletto, Davide; Marenduzzo, Davide; Orlandini, Enzo 2015-01-01 Gel electrophoresis is a powerful experimental method to probe the topology of DNA and other biopolymers. Although there is a large body of experimental work that allows us to accurately separate different topoisomers of a molecule, a full theoretical understanding of these experiments has not yet been achieved. Here we show that the mobility of DNA knots depends crucially and subtly on the physical properties of the gel and, in particular, on the presence of dangling ends. The topological interactions between these and DNA molecules can be described in terms of an “entanglement number” and yield a nonmonotonic mobility at moderate fields. Consequently, in 2D electrophoresis, gel bands display a characteristic arc pattern; this turns into a straight line when the density of dangling ends vanishes. We also provide a novel framework to accurately predict the shape of such arcs as a function of molecule length and topological complexity, which may be used to inform future experiments. PMID:26351668 4. Topological patterns in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of DNA knots. PubMed Michieletto, Davide; Marenduzzo, Davide; Orlandini, Enzo 2015-10-06 Gel electrophoresis is a powerful experimental method to probe the topology of DNA and other biopolymers. Although there is a large body of experimental work that allows us to accurately separate different topoisomers of a molecule, a full theoretical understanding of these experiments has not yet been achieved. Here we show that the mobility of DNA knots depends crucially and subtly on the physical properties of the gel and, in particular, on the presence of dangling ends. The topological interactions between these and DNA molecules can be described in terms of an "entanglement number" and yield a nonmonotonic mobility at moderate fields. Consequently, in 2D electrophoresis, gel bands display a characteristic arc pattern; this turns into a straight line when the density of dangling ends vanishes. We also provide a novel framework to accurately predict the shape of such arcs as a function of molecule length and topological complexity, which may be used to inform future experiments. 5. Top-down, bottom-up, and side-to-side proteomics with virtual 2-D gels Ogorzalek Loo, Rachel R.; Hayes, Richard; Yang, Yanan; Hung, Frank; Ramachandran, Prasanna; Kim, Nuri; Gunsalus, Robert; Loo, Joseph A. 2005-02-01 Intact protein masses can be measured directly from immobilized pH gradient (IPG) isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels loaded with mammalian and prokaryotic samples, as demonstrated here with murine macrophage and Methanosarcina acetivorans cell lysates. Mass accuracy and resolution is improved by employing instruments which decouple the desorption event from mass measurement; e.g., quadrupole time-of-flight instruments. MALDI in-source dissociation (ISD) is discussed as a means to pursue top-down sequencing for protein identification. Methods have been developed to enzymatically digest all proteins in an IEF gel simultaneously, leaving the polyacrylamide gel attached to its polyester support. By retaining all gel pieces and their placement relative to one another, sample handling and tracking are minimized, and comparison to 2-D gel images is facilitated. MALDI-MS and MS/MS can then be performed directly from dried, matrix-treated IPG strips following whole-gel trypsin digestion, bottom-up methodology. Side-to-side proteomics, highlighting the link between virtual and classical 2-D gel electrophoresis, is introduced to describe a method whereby intact masses are measured from one side (the IEF gel), while proteins are identified based on analyses performed from the other side (the SDS-PAGE gel). 6. Analysis of photoaffinity-labeled aryl hydrocarbon receptor heterogeneity by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Perdew, G.H.; Hollenback, C.E. ) 1990-07-03 The level of charge heterogeneity in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was examined by high-resolution denaturing two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. Hepa 1c1c7 cell cytosolic fraction was photoaffinity-labeled with 2-azido-3-({sup 125}I)-iodo-7,8-dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin and applied to isoelectric focusing (IEF) tube gels. After optimization of focusing conditions a broad peak of radioactivity was detected in the apparent pI range of 5.2-5.7. IEF tube gels were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by visualization of the radiolabeled AhR by autoradiography; three distinct isoforms were detected. The same 2D electrophoretic isoform pattern was obtained when the AhR from Hepa 1c1c7 was photoaffinity-labeled in cell culture. BP{sup r}Cl cells, a mutant line derived from Hepa 1c1c7 cells, contain an AhR that is unable to bind to DNA. Photoaffinity-labeled BP{sup r}Cl cytosolic fractions were subjected to 2D gel electrophoretic analysis resulting in essentially the same molecular weight and isoform pattern as seen in Hepa 1c1c7 cytosol. This result would suggest that if a mutation is present in the BP{sup r}Cl AhR it has not caused a significant change in its IEF pattern, although a small shift in the pI values was observed. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of photoaffinity-labeled cytosolic fractions from HeLa cells, the rat liver tumor cell line McA-RH777, and buffalo rat thymus revealed three isoforms, essentially the same isoform pattern as in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. This would indicate that despite the considerable molecular weight polymorphism between species the level of charge heterogeneity is high conserved. 7. Comparative Skeletal Muscle Proteomics Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Murphy, Sandra; Dowling, Paul; Ohlendieck, Kay 2016-01-01 The pioneering work by Patrick H. O’Farrell established two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as one of the most important high-resolution protein separation techniques of modern biochemistry (Journal of Biological Chemistry 1975, 250, 4007–4021). The application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the systematic identification and detailed characterization of the protein constituents of skeletal muscles. Protein changes during myogenesis, muscle maturation, fibre type specification, physiological muscle adaptations and natural muscle aging were studied in depth by the original O’Farrell method or slightly modified gel electrophoretic techniques. Over the last 40 years, the combined usage of isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis in the second dimension has been successfully employed in several hundred published studies on gel-based skeletal muscle biochemistry. This review focuses on normal and physiologically challenged skeletal muscle tissues and outlines key findings from mass spectrometry-based muscle proteomics, which was instrumental in the identification of several thousand individual protein isoforms following gel electrophoretic separation. These muscle-associated protein species belong to the diverse group of regulatory and contractile proteins of the acto-myosin apparatus that forms the sarcomere, cytoskeletal proteins, metabolic enzymes and transporters, signaling proteins, ion-handling proteins, molecular chaperones and extracellular matrix proteins. PMID:28248237 8. Comparative Skeletal Muscle Proteomics Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Murphy, Sandra; Dowling, Paul; Ohlendieck, Kay 2016-09-09 The pioneering work by Patrick H. O'Farrell established two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as one of the most important high-resolution protein separation techniques of modern biochemistry (Journal of Biological Chemistry1975, 250, 4007-4021). The application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has played a key role in the systematic identification and detailed characterization of the protein constituents of skeletal muscles. Protein changes during myogenesis, muscle maturation, fibre type specification, physiological muscle adaptations and natural muscle aging were studied in depth by the original O'Farrell method or slightly modified gel electrophoretic techniques. Over the last 40 years, the combined usage of isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis in the second dimension has been successfully employed in several hundred published studies on gel-based skeletal muscle biochemistry. This review focuses on normal and physiologically challenged skeletal muscle tissues and outlines key findings from mass spectrometry-based muscle proteomics, which was instrumental in the identification of several thousand individual protein isoforms following gel electrophoretic separation. These muscle-associated protein species belong to the diverse group of regulatory and contractile proteins of the acto-myosin apparatus that forms the sarcomere, cytoskeletal proteins, metabolic enzymes and transporters, signaling proteins, ion-handling proteins, molecular chaperones and extracellular matrix proteins. 9. Acrylamide-agarose copolymers: improved resolution of high molecular mass proteins in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Roncada, Paola; Cretich, Marina; Fortin, Riccardo; Agosti, Susanna; De Franceschi, Lucia; Greppi, Gian Franco; Turrini, Francesco; Carta, Franco; Turri, Stefano; Levi, Marinella; Chiari, Marcella 2005-06-01 A method was developed in order to analyse high molecular mass proteins by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis using a copolymer of acrylamide and allyl agarose instead of Bis cross-linked polyacrylamide (PA) gels in sodium dodecyl sulphate-electrophoresis. In this work, the matrix composition was optimised to improve the resolution of proteins larger than 200 kDa. The new gel type does not entrap large proteins and protein complexes at the application site. Mechanical properties were investigated through rheological measurements, which suggested the formation of a highly entangled elastomeric soft gel. A high 2-D resolution of proteins, extracted from membranes of red blood cells, was obtained in these gels. An example of tryptic digestion, peptide extraction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry was reported. The results demonstrate that the new gel is fully compatible with mass spectrometry protein analysis. 10. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most applied and effective genetic typing method for epidemiological studies and investigation of foodborne outbreaks caused by different pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. The technique relies on analysis of large DNA fragments generated by th... 11. Dynamics of DNA molecules under gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect 1993-12-31 Electrophoretic mobilities {mu} of double stranded linear DNAs were examined in agarose gels subjected to a biased sinusoidal field (BSF) that utilizes a sinusoidal field of strength E{sub s} and frequency f superposed on a steady bias field of strength E{sub b}. Under BSF with E{sub s} {much_gt} E{sub b}. DNA fragments with the size M > 20 kbp exhibited peculiar behavior which the authors called a pin down phenomenon in that the {mu} shows a minimum {mu}{sub p} at a particular f{sub p} (pin down frequency) specific to M, C{sub gel} and the field strengths. The dynamics of DNA molecules under such pin-down conditions were examined by direct observation via fluorescence microscopy as well as dynamic electric birefringence. 12. The new horizon in 2D electrophoresis: new technology to increase resolution and sensitivity. PubMed Moche, Martin; Albrecht, Dirk; Maaß, Sandra; Hecker, Michael; Westermeier, Reiner; Büttner, Knut 2013-06-01 A principally new type of an electrophoresis setup for the second dimension of 2DE named HPE (high performance electrophoresis) has recently become available that provides excellent reproducibility much superior to traditional 2DE. It takes up ideas from early beginnings of 2DE which could not be satisfactory realized at that time. The new HPE system is in contrast to all other established systems a horizontal electrophoresis that employs a new type of precast polyacrylamide gels on film-backing and runs on a multilevel flatbed electrophoresis apparatus. In a systematic approach we compared its features to traditional 2DE for the cytosolic proteome of Bacillus subtilis. Not only the reproducibility is enhanced, but also nearly all qualitative parameters as resolution, sensitivity, the number of protein spots (25% more), and the number of different proteins (also additional 25%) are markedly increased. More than 200 proteins were exclusively found in HPE. This new electrophoresis system does not use buffer tanks. No glass plates are needed. Therefore handling of gels is greatly facilitated and very simple to use even for personnel with low technical skills. The new HPE system is technically at the beginnings and further development with increased performance can be expected. 13. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: vertical isoelectric focusing. PubMed Dorri, Yaser 2012-01-01 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is one of the most powerful tools for separating proteins based on their size and charge. 2-DE is very useful to separate two proteins with identical molecular weights but different charges, which cannot be achieved with just sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Here, a simpler and easier version of 2-DE is presented which is also faster than all the currently available techniques. In this modified version of 2-DE, isoelectric focusing is carried out in the first dimension using a vertical SDS-PAGE apparatus. Following the first-dimensional IEF, each individual lane is excised from the IEF gel and, after a 90° rotation, is inserted into a second-dimensional SDS-PAGE, which can be stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue for protein analysis or immunoblotted for further analysis. This version of IEF can be run in less than 2 h compared to the overnight run required by O'Farrell's method. Difficult tube gel casting and gel extrusion as well as tube gel distortion are eliminated in our method. This method is simpler, faster, and inexpensive. Both dimensions can be done on the same SDS-PAGE apparatus, and up to ten samples can be run simultaneously using one gel. 14. Separation of glutathione transferase subunits from Proteus vulgaris by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Hong, Giaming; Chien, Yi-Chih; Chien, Cheng-I 2003-10-01 Cytosolic glutathione transferases of Proteus vulgaris were purified by affinity chromatography and characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Four different subunits were identified, and each subunit contained a different molecular mass, ranging from 26.2 kDa to 28.5 kDa; a different pI value, ranging from 8.2 to 9.4; and a different amount of protein fraction, ranging from 10% to 56%. All four subunits existed as basic proteins (pI > 7.0). From these results, we concluded that multiple forms of glutathione transferase enzymes existed in Proteus vulgaris, and four different glutathione transferase subunits were separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis. 15. Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA replication. PubMed Villwock, Sandra K; Aparicio, Oscar M 2014-01-01 The initiation, elongation, and termination of DNA replication are each associated with distinct, nonlinear DNA structures that can be resolved and identified by two-dimensional (2D) agarose gel electrophoresis. This method involves: isolation of genomic DNA while preserving fragile replication structures, digestion of the DNA with a restriction enzyme, separation of DNA by size and shape through two distinct stages of agarose gel electrophoresis, and Southern blotting to probe for the specific sequence(s) of interest. The method has been most commonly used to determine the activity level of putative replication origin-containing sequences, and has also been used to analyze replication timing, fork progression, fork pausing, fork stalling and collapse, termination, and recombinational repair. 16. Thermally reversible gels in electrophoresis. I - Matrix characterization NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Righetti, Pier Giorgio; Snyder, Robert S. 1988-01-01 Two series of thermally reversible hydrogen-bonded gels have been characterized: (5 pct) PVA-(4 pct) PEG and (5 pct) PVA-(0.04 pct) borate gels. They both have extremely low melting points (16-17 C) and could be of potential interest for recovery of proteins after preparative electrophoresis. The PVA-borate gels can be exploited in the pH range 7-11 by progressively increasing the borate content in the pH interval 8 to 7 and concomitantly decreasing the borate levels in the pH zone 8 to 11. It is hypothesized that the low melting point of these gels is due to the fact that they are sparingly and sparsely hydrogen bonded along the PVA chain: on the average, 1 OH group out of 3 or 4 OH groups in the PVA polymer should be engaged in H-bond formation. 17. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis on frozen tumour tissue sections. PubMed Central Boultwood, J.; Kaklamanis, L.; Gatter, K. C.; Wainscoat, J. S. 1992-01-01 The application of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to the molecular genetic analysis of solid tumours has been restricted by the requirement for whole single cells as a DNA source. A simple technique which allows for the direct analysis of histologically characterised solid tumour material by pulsed field gel electrophoresis was developed. Single frozen tissue sections obtained from colonic carcinoma specimens were embedded without further manipulation in molten, low melting temperature agarose. The tumour DNA contained within the agarose plug was subjected to restriction enzyme digestion and PFGE. Sufficient high molecular weight DNA is yielded by this method to obtain a hybridisation signal with a single copy probe. Histological examination of adjacent tissue sections may also be carried out, permitting correlation between molecular analysis and tumour histology. Images PMID:1401187 18. Blood grouping based on PCR methods and agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Sell, Ana Maria; Visentainer, Jeane Eliete Laguila 2015-01-01 The study of erythrocyte antigens continues to be an intense field of research, particularly after the development of molecular testing methods. More than 300 specificities have been described by the International Society for Blood Transfusion as belonging to 33 blood group systems. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a central tool for red blood cells (RBC) genotyping. PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis are low cost, easy, and versatile in vitro methods for amplifying defined target DNA (RBC polymorphic region). Multiplex-PCR, AS-PCR (Specific Allele Polymerase Chain Reaction), and RFLP-PCR (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-Polymerase Chain Reaction) techniques are usually to identify RBC polymorphisms. Furthermore, it is an easy methodology to implement. This chapter describes the PCR methodology and agarose gel electrophoresis to identify the polymorphisms of the Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and MNS blood group systems. 19. Separation of long RNA by agarose-formaldehyde gel electrophoresis. PubMed Mansour, Farrah H; Pestov, Dimitri G 2013-10-01 We describe a method to facilitate electrophoretic separation of high-molecular-weight RNA species, such as ribosomal RNAs and their precursors, on agarose-formaldehyde gels. Two alternative "pK-matched" buffer systems were substituted for the traditionally used Mops-based conductive medium. The key advantages include shortened run times, a 5-fold reduction in formaldehyde concentration, a significantly improved resolution of long RNAs, and consistency in separation. The new procedure has a streamlined work flow that helps to minimize errors and is broadly applicable to agarose gel electrophoresis of RNA samples and their subsequent analysis by Northern blotting. 20. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis applied for analytical proteomics: fundamentals and applications to the study of plant proteomics. PubMed Arruda, Sandra Cristina Capaldi; Barbosa, Herbert de Sousa; Azevedo, Ricardo Antunes; Arruda, Marco Aurélio Zezzi 2011-10-21 The present review reports the principles, fundamentals and some applications of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis for analytical proteomics based on plant proteome analysis, also emphasizing some advantages of 2-D DIGE over 2-D PAGE techniques. Some fluorescent protein labeling reagents, methods of protein labeling, models of 2-D DIGE experiments, and some limitations of this technique are presented and discussed in terms of 2-D DIGE plant proteomes. Finally, some practical applications of this technique are pointed out, emphasizing its potentialities in plant proteomics. 1. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of intact bacteriophage T4D particles. PubMed Central Childs, J D; Birnboim, H C 1975-01-01 A method for the electrophoresis of intact bacteriophage T4D particles through polyacrylamide gels has been developed. It was found that phage particles will migrate through dilute polyacrylamide gels (less than 2.1%) in the presence of a low concentration of MgCl2. As few as 5 x 10(9) phage particles can be seen directly as a light-scattering band during the course of electrophoresis. The band can also be detected by scanning gels at 260 to 265 nm or by eluting viable phage particles from gel slices. A new mutant (eph1) has been identified on the basis of its decreased electrophoretic mobility compared with that of the wild type; mutant particles migrated 14% slower than the wild type particles at pH 8.3 and 35% slower at pH 5.0. The isoelectric points of both the wild type and eph1 mutant were found to be between pH 4.0 and 5.0. Particles of T4 with different head lengths were also studied. Petite particles (heads 20% shorter than normal) migrated at the same rate as normal-size particles. Giant particles, heterogenous with respect to head length (two to nine times normal), migrated faster than normal-size particles as a diffuse band. This diffuseness was due to separation within the band of particles having mobilities ranging from 8 to 35% faster than those of normal-size particles. These observations extend the useful range of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to include much larger particles than have previously been studied, including most viruses. Images PMID:240037 2. Molecular transport in collagenous tissues measured by gel electrophoresis. PubMed Hunckler, Michael D; Tilley, Jennifer M R; Roeder, Ryan K 2015-11-26 Molecular transport in tissues is important for drug delivery, nutrient supply, waste removal, cell signaling, and detecting tissue degeneration. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate gel electrophoresis as a simple method to measure molecular transport in collagenous tissues. The electrophoretic mobility of charged molecules in tissue samples was measured from relative differences in the velocity of a cationic dye passing through an agarose gel in the absence and presence of a tissue section embedded within the gel. Differences in electrophoretic mobility were measured for the transport of a molecule through different tissues and tissue anisotropy, or the transport of different sized molecules through the same tissue. Tissue samples included tendon and fibrocartilage from the proximal (tensile) and distal (compressive) regions of the bovine flexor tendon, respectively, and bovine articular cartilage. The measured electrophoretic mobility was greatest in the compressive region of the tendon (fibrocartilage), followed by the tensile region of tendon, and lowest in articular cartilage, reflecting differences in the composition and organization of the tissues. The anisotropy of tendon was measured by greater electrophoretic mobility parallel compared with perpendicular to the predominate collagen fiber orientation. Electrophoretic mobility also decreased with increased molecular size, as expected. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that gel electrophoresis may be a useful method to measure differences in molecular transport within various tissues, including the effects of tissue type, tissue anisotropy, and molecular size. 3. Higher sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis in detecting hemoglobin A2'compared to traditional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Oleske, Deanna Alicia; Huang, Richard Sheng Poe; Dasgupta, Amitava; Nguyen, Andy; Wahed, Amer 2014-01-01 HbA2' (also called Hb B2) is the most common delta-globin chain defect and is reported to occur in 1-2% of the African American population. The major clinical significance of HbA2' is that the failure to detect it might lead to an underestimation of the total HbA2, leading to failure to diagnose β-thalassemia minor. In order to diagnose β-thalassemia minor, both HbA2 and HbA2' levels must be combined.Hb A2' accounts for a small percentage (1-2%) of the total hemoglobin in heterozygotes. It is difficult to detect this small amount by traditional gel electrophoresis. Using HPLC Hb A2' is easily detected as it produces a minor peak in the S window. Other conditions which might interfere with detection of HbA2' by HPLC include Hb S trait or Hb SS disease (Hb A2' hidden in the S peak), transfused Hb SS (Hb S peak may be very small), Hb C trait or Hb CC disease (glycosylated Hb C elutes in the S window), and Hb G (Hb G2 elutes in the S window). All of the above conditions, including Hb A2', occur most commonly in the same ethnic group (African American). We reviewed 654 consecutive cases over a period of three months for the presence of Hb A2' in our laboratory where capillary electrophoresis is used as the primary diagnostic tool. We detected seven cases (1.07 %) of HbA2'. In contrast, we did not detect any HbA2' using conventional gel electrophoresis in the last one year (2,580 cases). Although in none of the seven cases the sum of Hb A2 and Hb A2' exceeded 3.5%, we believe that capillary electrophoresis allows for a better detection of Hb A2' than gel electrophoresis and HPLC. 4. Analysis of Replicating Mitochondrial DNA by In Organello Labeling and Two-Dimensional Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Holt, Ian J; Kazak, Lawrence; Reyes, Aurelio; Wood, Stuart R 2016-01-01 Our understanding of the mechanisms of DNA replication in a broad range of organisms and viruses has benefited from the application of two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis (2D-AGE). The method resolves DNA molecules on the basis of size and shape and is technically straightforward. 2D-AGE sparked controversy in the field of mitochondria when it revealed replicating molecules with lengthy tracts of RNA, a phenomenon never before reported in nature. More recently, radioisotope labeling of the DNA in the mitochondria has been coupled with 2D-AGE. In its first application, this procedure helped to delineate the "bootlace mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication," in which processed mitochondrial transcripts are hybridized to the lagging strand template at the replication fork as the leading DNA strand is synthesized. This chapter provides details of the method, how it has been applied to date and concludes with some potential future applications of the technique. 5. Graphitic carbon nitride embedded hydrogels for enhanced gel electrophoresis. PubMed 2015-08-05 Here, we show, for the first time, the use of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets to improve the resolution and efficiency of protein separation in gel electrophoresis. By loading 0.04% (m/v) g-C3N4 nanosheets into the polyacrylamide gel at 25 °C, the thermal conductivity increased approximately 80% which resulted in 20% reduction in Joule heating and overall increase of separation efficiency. Also, polymerization of acrylamide occurred in the absence of tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) when the polyacrylamide gel contained g-C3N4 nanosheets. Hence, the g-C3N4 act simultaneously as a polymerization catalyst as well as heat sinks to lower Joule heating effect on band broadening. 6. Nanostructured Copolymer Gels for dsDNA Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis PubMed Central Wan, Fen; Zhang, Jun; Lau, Angela; Tan, Sarah; Burger, Christian; Chu, Benjamin 2010-01-01 Pluronics copolymers are triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) and are able to form many different ordered nanostructures at appropriate polymer concentrations and temperatures in selective solvents. These nano-structured ‘gels’ showed desirable criteria when used as DNA separation media, especially in microchip electrophoresis, including dynamic coating ability and viscosity switchable property. A ternary system of F127 (E99P69E99)/TBE buffer/1-butanol was selected as a model system to test the sieving performance of different nanostructures in separating dsDNA by capillary electrophoresis. The lattice structures were determined by small-angle x-ray scattering with quasi-lattice crystal parameters being calculated according to the x-ray scattering data. Viscosity measurements showed the sol-gel transition phenomena. In addition to the cubic structure, successful electrophoretic separation of dsDNA in 2-D hexagonal packed cylinders was achieved. Results showed that without further optimization, ΦX174 DNA-Hae III digest was well separated within 15 minutes in a 7-cm separation channel, by using F127/TBE/1-butanol gel with a 2-D hexagonal structure. A mechanism for DNA separations by those gels with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains is discussed. PMID:19053068 7. Resolution and identification of major peanut allergens using a combination of fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis, western blotting and Q-TOF mass spectrometry. Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) Peanut allergy is triggered by several proteins known as allergens. The matching resolution and identification of major peanut allergens in 2D protein maps, was accomplished by the use of fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE), Western blotting and quadrupole time-of... 8. Gel and free solution electrophoresis of variably charged polymers. PubMed Hoagland, D A; Smisek, D L; Chen, D Y 1996-06-01 To assess the role of charge density on polyelectrolyte mobility, both gel and free solution electrophoresis experiments are performed on poly(acrylic acid) and acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymers. Control of charge density for poly-(acrylic acid) is achieved through solution pH, while control for acrylic acid/ acrylamide copolymers is obtained through chain composition. In either approach, the effective fraction of charged repeat units can be varied from 0 to 100% without a major interruption of solvent quality. Polyelectrolyte mobility in the presence of a monovalent counterion is observed to rise linearly with charge density when this density is low. A transition to charge density independence then occurs over a surprisingly narrow window of charge density. For vinyl polymers of the sort examined here, the transition occurs when 35-40% of the repeat units are charged. These observations are qualitatively consistent with the free solution electrophoresis model proposed by Manning and several previous data sets. An unexpected overlap of normalized gel and free solution data reveals that the charge density exerts a comparable influence in either environment. Results from the present study help define the experimental conditions in which electrophoresis can provide polymer separation by charge density and those in which the method can provide polymer separation by molecular weight. 9. A continuous acetic acid system for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of gliadins and other prolamines. PubMed Clements, R L 1988-02-01 A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system buffered by acetic acid alone was developed for electrophoresis of prolamines. When applied to gliadin electrophoresis, the acetic acid system produces more bands than does a conventional aluminum lactate-lactic acid system (using 12% acrylamide gels). The acetic acid system is relatively simple, requiring a single buffer component that is universally available in high purity. 10. Electrophoresis of DNA in agarose gels, polyacrylamide gels and in free solution. PubMed Stellwagen, Nancy C 2009-06-01 This review describes the electrophoresis of curved and normal DNA molecules in agarose gels, polyacrylamide gels and in free solution. These studies were undertaken to clarify why curved DNA molecules migrate anomalously slowly in polyacrylamide gels but not in agarose gels. Two milestone papers are cited, in which Ferguson plots were used to estimate the effective pore size of agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Subsequent studies on the effect of the electric field on agarose and polyacrylamide gel matrices, DNA interactions with the two gel matrices, and the effect of curvature on the free solution mobility of DNA are also described. The combined results suggest that the anomalously slow mobilities observed for curved DNA molecules in polyacrylamide gels are primarily due to preferential interactions of curved DNAs with the polyacrylamide gel matrix; the restrictive pore size of the matrix is of lesser importance. In free solution, DNA mobilities increase with increasing molecular mass until leveling off at a plateau value of (3.17 +/- 0.01) x 10(-4) cm2/V s in 40 mM Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer at 20 degrees C. Curved DNA molecules migrate anomalously slowly in free solution as well as in polyacrylamide gels, explaining why the Ferguson plots of curved and normal DNAs containing the same number of base pairs extrapolate to different mobilities at zero gel concentration. 11. Superoxide dismutase isozyme detection using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis zymograms. PubMed Niyomploy, Ploypat; Srisomsap, Chantragan; Chokchaichamnankit, Daranee; Vinayavekhin, Nawaporn; Karnchanatat, Aphichart; Sangvanich, Polkit 2014-03-01 Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are ubiquitous antioxidant enzymes involved in cell protection from reactive oxygen species. Their antioxidant activities make them of interest to applied biotechnology industries and are usually sourced from plants. SODs are also involved in stress signaling responses in plants, and can be used as indicators of these responses. In this article, a suitable method for the separation of different SOD isoforms using two-dimensional-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) zymograms is reported. The method was developed with a SOD standard from bovine erythrocytes and later applied to extracts from Stemona tuberosa. The first (non-denaturing isoelectric focusing) and second (denaturing sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) dimensions of duplicate 2D-GE gels were stained with either Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 for total protein visualization, or SOD activity (zymogram) using riboflavin/nitroblue tetrazolium. For confirmation, putative SOD activity positive spots were subject to trypsin digestion and nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, followed by searching the MASCOT database for potential identification. The method could separate different SOD isoforms from a plant extract and at least partially maintain or allow renaturation to the native forms of the enzyme. Peptide sequencing of the 2D-GE suggested that the SODs were resolved correctly, identifying the control CuZn-SOD from bovine erythrocytes. The two SODs from S. tuberosa tubers were found to be likely homologous of a CuZn-SOD. SOD detection and isoform separation by 2D-GE zymograms was efficient and reliable. The method is likely applicable to SOD detection from plants or other organisms. Moreover, a similar approach could be developed for detection of other important enzymes in the future. 12. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in bacterial proteomics. PubMed Curreem, Shirly O T; Watt, Rory M; Lau, Susanna K P; Woo, Patrick C Y 2012-05-01 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is a gel-based technique widely used for analyzing the protein composition of biological samples. It is capable of resolving complex mixtures containing more than a thousand protein components into individual protein spots through the coupling of two orthogonal biophysical separation techniques: isoelectric focusing (first dimension) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (second dimension). 2-DE is ideally suited for analyzing the entire expressed protein complement of a bacterial cell: its proteome. Its relative simplicity and good reproducibility have led to 2-DE being widely used for exploring proteomics within a wide range of environmental and medically-relevant bacteria. Here we give a broad overview of the basic principles and historical development of gel-based proteomics, and how this powerful approach can be applied for studying bacterial biology and physiology. We highlight specific 2-DE applications that can be used to analyze when, where and how much proteins are expressed. The links between proteomics, genomics and mass spectrometry are discussed. We explore how proteomics involving tandem mass spectrometry can be used to analyze (post-translational) protein modifications or to identify proteins of unknown origin by de novo peptide sequencing. The use of proteome fractionation techniques and non-gel-based proteomic approaches are also discussed. We highlight how the analysis of proteins secreted by bacterial cells (secretomes or exoproteomes) can be used to study infection processes or the immune response. This review is aimed at non-specialists who wish to gain a concise, comprehensive and contemporary overview of the nature and applications of bacterial proteomics. DOEpatents Anderson, Norman G.; Anderson, Norman L. 1979-01-01 A slab-gel loading system includes a prismatic chamber for filling a plurality of slab-gel holders simultaneously. Each slab-gel holder comprises a pair of spaced apart plates defining an intermediate volume for gel containment. The holders are vertically positioned in the chamber with their major surfaces parallel to the chamber end walls. A liquid inlet is provided at the corner between the bottom and a side wall of the chamber for distributing a polymerizable monomer solution or a coagulable colloidal solution into each of the holders. The chamber is rotatably supported so that filling can begin with the corner having the liquid inlet directed downwardly such that the solution is gently funneled upwardly, without mixing, along the diverging side and bottom surfaces. As filling proceeds, the chamber is gradually rotated to position the bottom wall in a horizontal mode. The liquid filling means includes a plastic envelope with a septum dividing it into two compartments for intermixing two solutions of different density and thereby providing a liquid flow having a density gradient. The resulting gels have a density gradient between opposite edges for subsequent use in electrophoresis separations. 14. Challenges of glycoprotein analysis by microchip capillary gel electrophoresis. PubMed Engel, Nicole; Weiss, Victor U; Wenz, Christian; Rüfer, Andreas; Kratzmeier, Martin; Glück, Susanne; Marchetti-Deschmann, Martina; Allmaier, Günter 2015-08-01 Glycosylations severely influence a protein's biological and physicochemical properties. Five exemplary proteins with varying glycan moieties were chosen to establish molecular weight (MW) determination (sizing), quantitation, and sensitivity of detection for microchip capillary gel electrophoresis (MCGE). Although sizing showed increasing deviations from literature values (SDS-PAGE or MALDI-MS) with a concomitant higher degree of analyte glycosylation, the reproducibility of MW determination and accuracy of quantitation with high sensitivity and reliability were demonstrated. Additionally, speed of analysis together with the low level of analyte consumption render MCGE attractive as an alternative to conventional SDS-PAGE. 15. Electrophoresis for genotyping: temporal thermal gradient gel electrophoresis for profiling of oligonucleotide dissociation. PubMed Central Day, I N; O'Dell, S D; Cash, I D; Humphries, S E; Weavind, G P 1995-01-01 Traditional use of an oligonucleotide probe to determine genotype depends on perfect base pairing to a single-stranded target which is stable to a higher temperature than when imperfect binding occurs due to a mismatch in the target sequence. Bound oligonucleotide is detected at a predetermined single temperature 'snapshot' of the melting profile, allowing the distinction of perfect from imperfect base pairing. In heterozygotes, the presence of the alternative sequence must be verified with a second oligonucleotide complementary to the variant. Here we describe a system of real-time variable temperature electrophoresis during which the oligonucleotide dissociates from its target. In 20% polyacrylamide the target strand has minimal mobility and released oligonucleotide migrates extremely quickly so that the 'freed' rather than the 'bound' is displayed. The full profile of oligonucleotide dissociation during gel electrophoresis is represented along the gel track, and a single oligonucleotide is sufficient to confirm heterozygosity, since the profile displays two separate peaks. Resolution is great, with use of short track lengths enabling analysis of dense arrays of samples. Each gel track can contain a different target or oligonucleotide and the temperature gradient can accommodate oligonucleotides of different melting temperatures. This provides a convenient system to examine the interaction of many different oligonucleotides and target sequences simultaneously and requires no prior knowledge of the mutant sequence(s) nor of oligonucleotide melting temperatures. The application of the technique is described for screening of a hotspot for mutations in the LDL receptor gene in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Images PMID:7630718 16. GELBANK : A database of annotated two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of biological systems with completed genomes. SciTech Connect Babnigg, G.; Giometti, C. S.; Biosciences Division 2004-01-01 GELBANK is a publicly available database of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) gel patterns of proteomes from organisms with known genome information (available at and ftp://bioinformatics.anl.gov/gelbank/). Currently it includes 131 completed, mostly microbial proteomes available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. A web interface allows the upload of 2D gel patterns and their annotation for registered users. The images are organized by species, tissue type, separation method, sample type and staining method. The database can be queried based on protein or 2DE-pattern attributes. A web interface allows registered users to assign molecular weight and pH gradient profiles to their own 2D gel patterns as well as to link protein identifications to a given spot on the pattern. The website presents all of the submitted 2D gel patterns where the end-user can dynamically display the images or parts of images along with molecular weight, pH profile information and linked protein identification. A collection of images can be selected for the creation of animations from which the user can select sub-regions of interest and unlimited 2D gel patterns for visualization. The website currently presents 233 identifications for 81 gel patterns for Homo sapiens, Methanococcus jannaschii, Pyro coccus furiosus, Shewanella oneidensis, Escherichia coli and Deinococcus radiodurans. 17. Rifaximin-mediated changes to the epithelial cell proteome: 2-D gel analysis. PubMed Schrodt, Caroline; McHugh, Erin E; Gawinowicz, Mary Ann; Dupont, Herbert L; Brown, Eric L 2013-01-01 Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin derivative that is used to treat different conditions including bacterial diarrhea and hepatic encephalopathy. Rifaximin is of particular interest because it is poorly adsorbed in the intestines and has minimal effect on colonic microflora. We previously demonstrated that rifaximin affected epithelial cell physiology by altering infectivity by enteric pathogens and baseline inflammation suggesting that rifaximin conferred cytoprotection against colonization and infection. Effects of rifaximin on epithelial cells were further examined by comparing the protein expression profile of cells pretreated with rifaximin, rifampin (control antibiotic), or media (untreated). Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis identified 36 protein spots that were up- or down-regulated by over 1.7-fold in rifaximin treated cells compared to controls. 15 of these spots were down-regulated, including annexin A5, intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase, histone H4, and histone-binding protein RbbP4. 21 spots were up-regulated, including heat shock protein (HSP) 90α and fascin. Many of the identified proteins are associated with cell structure and cytoskeleton, transcription and translation, and cellular metabolism. These data suggested that in addition to its antimicrobial properties, rifaximin may alter host cell physiology that provides cytoprotective effects against bacterial pathogens. 18. Biochemical Identification of the Two Races of Radopholus similis by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Huettel, R N; Dickson, D W; Kaplan, D T 1983-07-01 Analysis of proteins of the banana and citrus race of Radopholus similis was carried out by several different types of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These included standard slab gel, SDS slab gel, gradient slab gel, and two-ditnensional slab gel electrophoresis. A major band difference was detected between the two races by slab gel electrophoresis. However, several other poorly resolved but consistent hands of high molecular weight proteins near the gel origin also were considered as diagnostic. Resolution of protein bands was greatly improved by SDS and gradient slab gel electrophoresis, but no differences could be detected among the proteins resolved between the two rares with these techniques. Two-dimensional gels revealed a large number of proteins, but background staining obscured them hindering interpretation. When nematode races were reared on three different host plants, no differences in protein patterns were detected between them, indicating host preferences does not play a role in determining the types proteins occurring in these nematodes. 19. Comparison between agarose gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis for variable numbers of tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PubMed Yokoyama, Eiji; Kishida, Kazunori; Uchimura, Masako; Ichinohe, Sadato 2006-06-01 Variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was performed on 54 strains including 23 strains derived from 9 outbreaks. PCR amplicon sizes of 12 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit tandem repeat loci were measured using both agarose gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Similarities using agarose gel electrophoresis of Euclidian distances among the 23 strains derived from the 9 outbreaks were significantly lower than that using capillary electrophoresis (Wilcoxon signed ranks test, P < 0.01). By clustering analysis using unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages, all of the 23 strains derived from the 9 outbreaks were each clustered with more than 90% similarities based on the distance using capillary electrophoresis. In contrast, differential clusters with more than 90% similarity were observed with only 7 strains derived from 3 outbreaks when analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. These results indicated that measurement of PCR amplicon size of tandem repeat loci should be carried out using capillary electrophoresis and that agarose gel electrophoresis is not suitable for clustering analysis of M. tuberculosis VNTR typing. 20. Optimal processing for gel electrophoresis images: Applying Monte Carlo Tree Search in GelApp. PubMed Nguyen, Phi-Vu; Ghezal, Ali; Hsueh, Ya-Chih; Boudier, Thomas; Gan, Samuel Ken-En; Lee, Hwee Kuan 2016-08-01 In biomedical research, gel band size estimation in electrophoresis analysis is a routine process. To facilitate and automate this process, numerous software have been released, notably the GelApp mobile app. However, the band detection accuracy is limited due to a band detection algorithm that cannot adapt to the variations in input images. To address this, we used the Monte Carlo Tree Search with Upper Confidence Bound (MCTS-UCB) method to efficiently search for optimal image processing pipelines for the band detection task, thereby improving the segmentation algorithm. Incorporating this into GelApp, we report a significant enhancement of gel band detection accuracy by 55.9 ± 2.0% for protein polyacrylamide gels, and 35.9 ± 2.5% for DNA SYBR green agarose gels. This implementation is a proof-of-concept in demonstrating MCTS-UCB as a strategy to optimize general image segmentation. The improved version of GelApp-GelApp 2.0-is freely available on both Google Play Store (for Android platform), and Apple App Store (for iOS platform). 1. Red wine proteins: two dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. PubMed Mainente, Federica; Zoccatelli, Gianni; Lorenzini, Marilinda; Cecconi, Daniela; Vincenzi, Simone; Rizzi, Corrado; Simonato, Barbara 2014-12-01 The aim of the present study was to optimize protein extraction from red wine (cv. Cabernet) in order to obtain a separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) compatible with mass spectrometry identification. Proteins were denatured by sodium dodecyl-sulphate (SDS) and precipitated as potassium salts. The potassium-DS (KDS) protein complexes obtained were treated with different solutions in order to remove the detergent. Proteins were solubilized with different buffers and separated by different electrophoretic approaches [native, urea, acid urea PAGEs and isoelectric focusing (IEF)] as the first-dimension (1-DE). The best 2D separation was achieved by using 10% saccharose in the DS removal step, and 6-cyclohexylhexyl β-d-maltoside detergent in the solubilisation buffer combined with the IEF approach. Several well focalized protein spots were obtained and analyzed through mass-spectrometry. 2. Detection of serum proteins by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using Blue Sepharose CL-6B-containing stacking gels. PubMed Muratsubaki, Haruhiro; Satake, Kaoru; Yamamoto, Yasuhisa; Enomoto, Keiichiro 2002-08-15 Analysis of serum proteins by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is difficult because albumin is abundant in serum and interferes with the resolution of other proteins, especially alpha-antitrypsin which has mobility that is very similar to that of albumin. We present here a method in which serum proteins are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using stacking gels containing Blue Sepharose CL-6B, which has a high affinity for albumin, lipoproteins, kinases, and pyridine-nucleotide-dependent oxidoreductases. During electrophoresis, proteins that bind to Blue Sepharose CL-6B stay in the stacking gel and do not migrate into the separating gel. As a consequence, certain proteins, including alpha(1)-antitrypsin, can be detected as clear bands. This method overcomes the requirement for fractionation of serum samples prior to electrophoresis to remove albumin and allows the simultaneous analysis of many samples. 3. Analysis of strains of Campylobacter fetus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Fujita, M; Fujimoto, S; Morooka, T; Amako, K 1995-01-01 Campylobacter fetus chromosomal DNA from 21 strains was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The fingerprint patterns generated with SmaI and SalI were distinctive. Using the profiles obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we established the phylogenetic dendrogram of C. fetus to identify the genetic relationship of the strains. PMID:7650215 4. DNA Length Ranges Exhibiting Distinct Separation Mechanisms in Gel Electrophoresis Beheshti, A.; van Winkle, D. H.; Rill, R. L. 2003-03-01 Electrophoresis was performed on double stranded DNA ranging from 200 to 194,000 bp in agarose gel concentrations from 0.4% - 1.3%. The electric field was varied from 0.62 to 6.21 V/cm. A wide range of electric fields and gel concentrations were used to study how the new interpolation equation, frac1μ(L) = frac1μL - (frac1μL - frac1μ_s)e^-L/γ (where μ_L, μ_s, and γ are independent free fitting parameters), helps to distinguish among different mechanisms of molecular transport. This exponential relation fits well when there is a smooth transition from Ogston sieving to reptation. These transitions are distinguished by so-called reptation plots" (plotting 3μ L/μ_rc vs. L) (J. Rousseau, G. Drouin, and G. W. Slater, Phys Rev Lett. 1997, 79, 1945-1948). Fits deviate from the data more than two characteristic trends are observed in the reptation plots. The failure of the fits to follow the data appears to be a consequence of another separation mechanism, entropic trapping," occurring between the sieving and reptation regimes. The boundaries between length and field ranges where different separation mechanisms dominate are extracted from reptation plots of the best fits and the data. Phase diagrams" expressing these boundaries are derived. 5. Renaturation of enzymes after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate SciTech Connect Lacks, S.A.; Springhorn, S.S. 1980-08-10 A number of enzymes, including amylases, dehydrogenases, and proteases, were shown to be renaturable after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Enzyme activity was detected in situ by action on substrates introduced into the gel and subsequent staining of either the product or unreacted substrate. Enzymes appeared to recover activity as soon as the detergent diffused out of the gel. Renatured enzymes were retained in gels after electrophoresis longer than native enzymes which had been subjected to electrophoresis in the absence of detergent. Re-electrophoresis of the renatured enzymes showed that part of the retained activity was physically anchored to the gel, possibly by the folding of polypeptides around the gel matrix as the enzymes were renatured. 6. Proteomic profiling of the mesenteric lymph after hemorrhagic shock: Differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis PubMed Central 2011-01-01 Experiments show that upon traumatic injury the composition of mesenteric lymph changes such that it initiates an immune response that can ultimately result in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). To identify candidate protein mediators of this process we carried out a quantitative proteomic study on mesenteric lymph from a well characterized rat shock model. We analyzed three animals using analytical 2D differential gel electrophoresis. Intra-animal variation for the majority of protein spots was minor. Functional clustering of proteins revealed changes arising from several global classes that give novel insight into fundamental mechanisms of MODS. Mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis of proteins in mesenteric lymph can effectively be used to identify candidate mediators and loss of protective agents in shock models. PMID:21906351 7. Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis analysis of Listeria monocytogenes submitted to a redox shock. PubMed Ignatova, Maria; Guével, Blandine; Com, Emmanuelle; Haddad, Nabila; Rossero, Albert; Bogard, Philippe; Prévost, Hervé; Guillou, Sandrine 2013-02-21 The influence of redox alteration on the growth and proteomic pattern of Listeria monocytogenes was investigated. A redox shock was induced in cultures by addition of 3mM ferricyanide (FeCN) and 6mM dithiothreitol (DTT) to increase or to decrease respectively the redox potential naturally occurring at the beginning of growth. In both conditions, the reducing and oxidizing redox shock had a strong influence, decreasing the maximum growth rate by half compared to a control culture. The proteomic analysis of L. monocytogenes performed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) exhibited twenty-three proteins differentially expressed (P<0.05), among these, many were oxidoreductases, and proteins involved in cellular metabolism (glycolysis, protein synthesis), detoxification (kat) or adhesion (Lmo1634). 8. Horizontal comparative fluorescence two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for improved spot coordinate detection. PubMed Hanneken, Marina; König, Simone 2014-04-01 Vertical comparative 2D fluorescence gel electrophoresis (CoFGE) has recently been shown to increase the reproducibility of coordinate assignment for protein spots, in particular in singular experiments, which cannot be investigated using DIGE. The method applies a standardized marker grid formed by a set of purified proteins to the sample proteome in a conglomerate of 1DE, 2DE, and DIGE. Here, improvements are demonstrated by transferring CoFGE to horizontal 2DE. These include the elimination of the protein modification by residual acrylamide monomer unavoidable in vertical CoFGE, reduced buffer volumes, and highly efficient laboratory procedures. Spot patterns are well defined and can be easily analyzed using commercially available warping algorithms. With horizontal CoFGE also a correction for changes in pI was introduced using a third fluorescent dye. Horizontal CoFGE holds high promises in comparative proteomics. 9. A gel electrophoresis loading system to prevent laboratory contamination by amplification products. PubMed Adey, Nils B; Emery, Dale B; Bosh, Derek D; Parry, Robert J 2014-10-01 Pipet tip loading of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other amplification products into an electrophoresis gel represents a potential source of laboratory contamination. We have developed a prototype of the gel contamination control system (GelCCS) that enables gel loading by bottom puncture of PCR tubes. Puncture occurs within a sealed gel casing, preventing contamination of the surrounding environment. The system was designed for inexpensive manufacture so that after the results are visualized, the gel casing and PCR tubes are discarded intact with the amplification products sealed inside. We demonstrate that gel loading is reliable and that the resulting bands are equivalent in appearance to manually loaded gels. 10. Serial displacement chromatofocusing and its applications in multidimensional chromatography and gel electrophoresis: II. Experimental results. PubMed Shen, Hong; Li, Xiang; Bieberich, Charles; Frey, Douglas D 2009-02-06 Part I of this study investigated the theory and basic characteristics of "serial displacement chromatofocusing" (SDC). In Part II of this study, SDC is applied to two prototype applications which have potential uses in proteomics and related areas involving the analysis of complex analyte mixtures. In the first application, SDC was used as a prefractionation method prior to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) to separate a human prostate cancer cell lysate. It was observed that the resolution achieved in narrow-pI-range 2D-PAGE was improved when using SDC prefractionation, so that SDC may be useful as a low-cost, high-speed, and highly scalable alternative to electrophoretic prefractionation methods for 2D-PAGE. The second application involves the use of SDC as the first dimension, and reversed-phase chromatography as the second dimension, to produce a novel, fully automated, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography technique. The method was shown to have performance advantages over one-dimensional reversed-phase chromatography for peptide separations. 11. Misincorporation during DNA synthesis, analyzed by gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Hillebrand, G G; McCluskey, A H; Abbott, K A; Revich, G G; Beattie, K L 1984-01-01 A method has been developed for simultaneous comparison of the propensity of a DNA polymerase to misincorporate at different points on a natural template-primer. In this method elongation of a [5'-32P] primer, annealed to a bacteriophage template strand, is carried out in the presence of only three dNTPs (highly purified by HPLC). Under these conditions the rate of primer elongation (monitored by gel electrophoresis/autoradiography) is limited by the rate of misincorporation at template positions complementary to the missing dNTP. Variations in the rate of elongation (revealed by autoradiographic banding patterns) reflect variations in the propensity for misincorporation at different positions along the template. The effect on primer elongation produced by addition of a chemically modified dNTP to 'minus' reactions reveals the mispairing potential of the modified nucleotide during DNA synthesis. By use of this electrophoretic assay of misincorporation we have demonstrated that the fidelity of E. coli DNA polymerase I varies greatly at different positions along a natural template, and that BrdUTP and IodUTP can be incorporated in place of dCTP during chain elongation catalyzed by this enzyme. Images PMID:6326053 12. Isolation, identification and characterisation of starch-interacting proteins by 2-D affinity electrophoresis. PubMed Kosar-Hashemi, Behjat; Irwin, Jennifer A; Higgins, Jody; Rahman, Sadequr; Morell, Matthew K 2006-05-01 A 2-D affinity electrophoretic technique (2-DAE) has been used to isolate proteins that interact with various starch components from total barley endosperm extracts. In the first dimension, proteins are separated by native PAGE. The second-dimensional gel contains polysaccharides such as amylopectin and glycogen. The migration of starch-interacting proteins in this dimension is determined by their affinity towards a particular polysaccharide and these proteins are therefore spatially separated from the bulk of proteins in the crude extract. Four distinct proteins demonstrate significant affinity for amylopectin and have been identified as starch branching enzyme I (SBEI), starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), SBEIIb and starch phosphorylase using polyclonal antibodies and zymogram activity analysis. In the case of starch phosphorylase, a protein spot was excised from a 2-DAE polyacrylamide gel and analysed using Q-TOF MS/MS, resulting in the alignment of three internal peptide sequences with the known sequence of the wheat plastidic starch phosphorylase isoform. This assignment was confirmed by the determination of the enzyme's function using zymogram analysis. Dissociation constants (Kd) were calculated for the three enzymes at 4 degrees C and values of 0.20, 0.21 and 1.3 g/L were determined for SBEI, SBEIIa and starch phosphorylase, respectively. Starch synthase I could also be resolved from the other proteins in the presence of glycogen and its identity was confirmed using a polyclonal antibody and by activity analysis. The 2-DAE method described here is simple, though powerful, enabling protein separation from crude extracts on the basis of function. 13. Resolution of high molecular weight proteins in dependence on electric field strength in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Starita-Geribaldi, M; Houri, A 1997-01-01 Resolution of high molecular weight proteins, in the upper region of polyacrylamide gels, was studied in relation to the type of electric field. Separations by constant field gel electrophoresis (CFGE) were compared to those in pulsed oscillatory high-performance electrophoresis (POPE), a novel technique which allows electrophoresis at high field strengths owing to a novel local field distribution. This distribution contributes to structural and mechanical stability of the gel with resultant well-reproducible separation, enhanced resolution, and higher absolute mobility of proteins in POPE. 14. Analysis of variations in band positions for normalization in across-gel denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Matsushita, Yuko; Yamamura, Kohji; Morimoto, Sho; Bao, Zhihua; Kurose, Daisuke; Sato, Ikuo; Yoshida, Shigenobu; Tsushima, Seiya 2015-05-01 Variation in band position between gels is a well-known problem in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). However, few reports have evaluated the degree of variation in detail. In this study, we investigated the variation in band positions of DNA samples extracted from soil, normalized using reference positions within marker lanes for DGGE in three organismal (bacterial, fungal, and nematode) conditions. For sample lanes, marker DNA (as a control) and sample DNA were used. The test for normality of distribution showed that the position data of a large percentage of bands were normally distributed but not for certain bands. For the normally-distributed data, their variations [standard deviation of marker bands (SDM) and standard deviation of sample bands (SDS), respectively] were assessed. For all organismal conditions, the degree of within-gel variation were similar between SDMs and SDSs, while between-gel variations in SDSs were larger than those in SDMs. Due to the large effect of between-gel variations, the total variations in SDSs were more varied between sample bands, and the mean variations of all sample bands were higher than those in the markers. We found that the total variation in the fungal and nematode SDSs decreased when the intervals between marker bands were narrowed, suggesting that band interval is important for reducing total variation in normalized band positions. For the non-normally distributed data, the distribution was examined in detail. This study provided detailed information on the variation of band positions, which could help to optimize markers for reducing band position variation, and could aid in the accurate identification of bands in across-gel DGGE analyses. 15. Congruence between starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in detecting allozyme variation in pulmonate land slugs. PubMed Geenen, Sofie; Jordaens, Kurt; Castilho, Rita; Backeljau, Thierry 2003-02-01 The predominantly selfing slug species Arion (Carinarion) fasciatus, A. (C.) silvaticus and A. (C.) circumscriptus are native in Europe and have been introduced into North America, where each species consists of a single, homozygous multilocus genotype (strain), as defined by starch gel electrophoresis (SGE) of allozymes. In Europe, the "one strain per species" hypothesis does not hold since polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of allozymes uncovered 46 strains divided over the three species. However, electrophoretic techniques may differ in their ability to detect allozyme variation. Therefore, several Carinarion populations from both continents were screened by applying the two techniques simultaneously on the same individual slugs and enzyme loci. SGE and PAGE yielded exactly the same results, so that the different degree of variation in North American and European populations cannot be attributed to differences in resolving power between SGE and PAGE. We found four A. (C.) silvaticus strains in North America indicating that in this region the "one strain per species" hypothesis also cannot be maintained. Hence, the discrepancies between previous electrophoretic studies on Carinarion are most likely due to sampling artefacts and possible founder effects. 16. Binding of lithium dodecyl sulfate to polyacrylamide gel at 4 degrees C perturbs electrophoresis of proteins. PubMed Kubo, K; Takagi, T 1986-07-01 Although polyacrylamide gel has no affinity to lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS) at 25 degrees C, the gel maximally binds 17 mg of LDS per gram dry weight at 4 degrees C. When polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is carried out at 4 degrees C in the presence of LDS instead of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using a continuous buffer system, migration of proteins with lower molecular weight is accelerated as a result of the deficiency of LDS in the frontal region of the gel. When the gel is saturated with LDS, electrophoresis in the presence of LDS at 4 degrees C shows a resolution higher than that of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 25 degrees C. 17. Analysis of tissue proteomes of the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, by 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. PubMed Abbaraju, Naga V; Boutaghou, Mohamed Nazim; Townley, Ian K; Zhang, Qiang; Wang, Guangdi; Cole, Richard B; Rees, Bernard B 2012-11-01 The Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, is a small teleost fish that inhabits marshes of the Gulf of Mexico and demonstrates high tolerance of environmental variation, making it an excellent subject for the study of physiological and molecular adaptations to environmental stress. In the present study, two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry were used to resolve and identify proteins from five tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, brain, heart, and gill. Of 864 protein features excised from 2D gels, 424 proteins were identified, corresponding to a 49% identification rate. For any given tissue, several protein features were identified as the same protein, resulting in a total of 254 nonredundant proteins. These nonredundant proteins were categorized into a total of 11 molecular functions, including catalytic activity, structural molecule, binding, and transport. In all tissues, catalytic activity and binding were the most highly represented molecular functions. Comparing across the tissues, proteome coverage was lowest in skeletal muscle, due to a combination of a low number of gel spots excised for analysis and a high redundancy of identifications among these spots. Nevertheless, the identification of a substantial number of proteins with high statistical confidence from other tissues suggests that F. grandis may serve as a model fish for future studies of environmental proteomics and ultimately help to elucidate proteomic responses of fish and other vertebrates to environmental stress. 18. Rapid (ten-minute) pore-gradient electrophoresis of proteins and peptides in Micrograd gels. PubMed Wrigley, C W; Margolis, J 1992-01-01 Precast gradient gels of short migration length (25 mm) have been developed to provide rapid electrophoretic separation without loss of resolution. These Micrograd gels have been prepared in gel ranges (conventional and unique) to match pore-gradient electrophoresis conditions to proteins/peptides ranging in size from several hundreds to millions. The Hylinx Micrograd gel combines an extreme gel range (6 to 48% polyacrylamide) with a novel crosslinker to provide sieving of polypeptides, and pore-limit electrophoresis of the smallest proteins (e.g. insulin monomer). All gel ranges (such as 3 to 30%) provide zone sharpening in routine analysis of conventional protein mixtures (e.g. serum) within 10 min electrophoresis at 200 to 300 volts. The gels are thin (1 mm) and thus stain quickly, but the gel cassette is of conventional overall width (83 mm), thus fitting many apparatus designs and accommodating 12 samples. The gels are finding valuable use in screening applications, requiring the electrophoretic analysis of many samples, and in cases where a rapid answer is needed, such as monitoring protein purification. The gels have proved particularly useful, in-house, for the latter application in developing Gradipore's new large-scale preparative electrophoresis system, the Gradiflow. 19. The latest advancements in proteomic two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis applied to biological samples. PubMed Santucci, Laura; Bruschi, Maurizio; Ghiggeri, Gian Marco; Candiano, Giovanni 2015-01-01 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is one of the fundamental approaches in proteomics for the separation and visualization of complex protein mixtures. Proteins can be analyzed by 2DE using isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the first dimension, combined to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in the second dimension, gel staining (silver and Coomassie), image analysis, and 2DE gel database. High-resolution 2DE can resolve up to 5,000 different proteins simultaneously (∼2,000 proteins routinely), and detect and quantify <1 ng of protein per spot. Here, we describe the latest developments for a more complete analysis of biological fluids. 20. Insight of Saffron Proteome by Gel-Electrophoresis. PubMed Paredi, Gianluca; Raboni, Samanta; Marchesani, Francesco; Ordoudi, Stella A; Tsimidou, Maria Z; Mozzarelli, Andrea 2016-01-29 Saffron is a spice comprised of the dried stigmas and styles of Crocus sativus L. flowers and, since it is very expensive, it is frequently adulterated. So far, proteomic tools have never been applied to characterize the proteome of saffron or identify possible cases of fraud. In this study, 1D-Gel Electrophoresis was carried out to characterize the protein profile of (i) fresh stigmas and styles of the plant; (ii) dried stigmas and styles from different geographical origins (Spanish, Italian, Greek and Iranian) that had been stored for various periods of time after their processing; and (iii) two common plant adulterants, dried petals of Carthamus tinctorius L. and dried fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. A selective protein extraction protocol was applied to avoid interference from colored saffron metabolites, such as crocins, during electrophoretic analyses of saffron. We succeeded in separating and assigning the molecular weights to more than 20 proteins. In spite of the unavailability of the genome of saffron, we were able to identify five proteins by Peptide Mass Fingerprinting: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 3, heat shock cognate 70 KDa protein, crocetin glucosyltransferase 2, α-1,4-glucan-protein synthase and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-2. Our findings indicate that (i) few bands are present in all saffron samples independently of origin and storage time, with amounts that significantly vary among samples and (ii) aging during saffron storage is associated with a reduction in the number of detectable bands, suggesting that proteases are still active. The protein pattern of saffron was quite distinct from those of two common adulterants, such as the dried petals of Carthamus tinctorius and the dried fruits of Gardenia jasminoides indicating that proteomic analyses could be exploited for detecting possible frauds. 1. Analysis of Dictyostelium discoideum inositol pyrophosphate metabolism by gel electrophoresis. PubMed Pisani, Francesca; Livermore, Thomas; Rose, Giuseppina; Chubb, Jonathan Robert; Gaspari, Marco; Saiardi, Adolfo 2014-01-01 The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum was instrumental in the discovery and early characterization of inositol pyrophosphates, a class of molecules possessing highly-energetic pyrophosphate bonds. Inositol pyrophosphates regulate diverse biological processes and are attracting attention due to their ability to control energy metabolism and insulin signalling. However, inositol pyrophosphate research has been hampered by the lack of simple experimental procedures to study them. The recent development of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and simple staining to resolve and detect inositol pyrophosphate species has opened new investigative possibilities. This technology is now commonly applied to study in vitro enzymatic reactions. Here we employ PAGE technology to characterize the D. discoideum inositol pyrophosphate metabolism. Surprisingly, only three major bands are detectable after resolving acidic extract on PAGE. We have demonstrated that these three bands correspond to inositol hexakisphosphate (IP₆ or Phytic acid) and its derivative inositol pyrophosphates, IP₇ and IP₈. Biochemical analyses and genetic evidence were used to establish the genuine inositol phosphate nature of these bands. We also identified IP₉ in D. discoideum cells, a molecule so far detected only from in vitro biochemical reactions. Furthermore, we discovered that this amoeba possesses three different inositol pentakisphosphates (IP₅) isomers, which are largely metabolised to inositol pyrophosphates. Comparison of PAGE with traditional Sax-HPLC revealed an underestimation of the cellular abundance of inositol pyrophosphates by traditional methods. In fact our study revealed much higher levels of inositol pyrophosphates in D. discoideum in the vegetative state than previously detected. A three-fold increase in IP₈ was observed during development of D. discoideum a value lower that previously reported. Analysis of inositol pyrophosphate metabolism using ip6k null amoeba 2. Rheological and mechanical behavior of polyacrylamide hydrogels chemically crosslinked with allyl agarose for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Suriano, R; Griffini, G; Chiari, M; Levi, M; Turri, S 2014-02-01 3. Characterization of lactosylated proteins of infant formula powders using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. PubMed Marvin, Laure F; Parisod, Véronique; Fay, Laurent B; Guy, Philippe A 2002-08-01 Infant formula powders were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) to assess the whey proteins quality, which may be altered by the heat treatment used during the processing conditions. Lactosylation was found to be the major chemical modification occurring in whey proteins. In parallel, a two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was performed on the milk sample and the entire protein patterns were analyzed by nano-ESI-MS after cutting the different gel spots and in-gel trypsin digestion. A highly selective and specific tandem MS technique has been developed to characterize and localize up to ten lactosylation sites in beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) and alpha(S2)-casein. alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-La), with five lactosylated peptides, was found to be an interesting protein marker in the milk powder sample to detect chemical modification induced by the processing/storage conditions. 4. [THE USE OF THE COMMERCIAL APPARATUS DUAL GEL MODULE FOR THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS]. PubMed Evteeva, I N; Starkova, T Yu; Artemov, A V; Barlev, N A 2015-01-01 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, continues to be one of the fundamental methods to study the biological protein diversity. This method described by O'Farrell in 1975 includes two following steps: isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic fractionation of proteins according to their molecular weight in the second dimension. In this manuscript we described several technical parameters of the commercial apparatus Dual Gel Module for the gel electrophoresis by means of which it is possible to accomplish the electrophoretic protein fractionation in both dimensions. The distribution of the highly purified commercial proteins used as molecular standards in the detection system of the apparatus Dual Gel Module was identical to the commercial strips of the device GE Healthcare, USA. 5. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Reveals Structural Fluidity of a Phage T3 DNA Packaging Intermediate PubMed Central Serwer, Philip; Wright, Elena T. 2012-01-01 We find a new aspect of DNA packaging-associated structural fluidity for phage T3 capsids. The procedure is (1) glutaraldehyde cross-linking of in vivo DNA packaging intermediates for stabilization of structure and then (2) determining of effective radius by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis (2d-AGE). The intermediates are capsids with incompletely packaged DNA (ipDNA) and without an external DNA segment; these intermediates are called ipDNA-capsids. We initially increase production of ipDNA-capsids by raising NaCl concentration during in vivo DNA packaging. By 2d-AGE, we find a new state of contracted shell for some particles of one previously identified ipDNA-capsid. The contracted shell-state is found when ipDNA length/mature DNA length (F) is above 0.17, but not at lower F. Some contracted-shell ipDNA-capsids have the phage tail; others do not. The contracted-shell ipDNA-capsids are explained by premature DNA maturation cleavage that makes accessible a contracted-shell intermediate of a cycle of the T3 DNA packaging motor. The analysis of ipDNA-capsids, rather than intermediates with uncleaved DNA, provides a simplifying strategy for a complete biochemical analysis of in vivo DNA packaging. PMID:22222979 6. Agarose gel electrophoresis reveals structural fluidity of a phage T3 DNA packaging intermediate. PubMed Serwer, Philip; Wright, Elena T 2012-01-01 We find a new aspect of DNA packaging-associated structural fluidity for phage T3 capsids. The procedure is (i) glutaraldehyde cross-linking of in vivo DNA packaging intermediates for the stabilization of structure and then (ii) determining effective radius by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis (2D-AGE). The intermediates are capsids with incompletely packaged DNA (ipDNA) and without an external DNA segment; these intermediates are called ipDNA-capsids. We initially increase the production of ipDNA-capsids by raising NaCl concentration during in vivo DNA packaging. By 2D-AGE, we find a new state of contracted shell for some particles of one previously identified ipDNA-capsid. The contracted shell-state is found when the ipDNA length/mature DNA length (F) is above 0.17, but not at lower F. Some contracted-shell ipDNA-capsids have the phage tail; others do not. The contracted-shell ipDNA-capsids are explained by premature DNA maturation cleavage that makes accessible a contracted-shell intermediate of a cycle of the T3 DNA packaging motor. The analysis of ipDNA-capsids, rather than intermediates with uncleaved DNA, provides a simplifying strategy for a complete biochemical analysis of in vivo DNA packaging. 7. Proteome profile of zebrafish caudal fin based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis LCMS/MS and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis MALDI MS/MS analysis. PubMed Singh, Sachin K; Lakshmi, Mula G Meena; Saxena, Sandeep; Swamy, Cherukuvada V Brahmendra; Idris, Mohammed M 2011-01-01 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is the widely used vertebrate model animal for understanding the complexity of development and disease process. Zebrafish has been also extensively used in understanding the mechanism of regeneration for its extensive capability of regenerating fins and other tissues. We have analyzed the proteome profile of zebrafish caudal fin in its native state based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis LCMS/MS and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis MS/MS analyses. A total of 417 proteins were identified as zebrafish fin tissue specific, which includes 397 proteins identified based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis LCMS/MS analysis and 101 proteins identified based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis MALDI MS/MS. The proteins mapped to the zebrafish fin tissue were shown to be involved in various biological activities related to development, apoptosis, signaling and metabolic process. Focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, cancer-related pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, antigen processing and presentation, and proteasome are some of the important pathways associated with the identified proteome data set of the zebrafish fin. 8. A wavelet relational fuzzy C-means algorithm for 2D gel image segmentation. PubMed Rashwan, Shaheera; Faheem, Mohamed Talaat; Sarhan, Amany; Youssef, Bayumy A B 2013-01-01 One of the most famous algorithms that appeared in the area of image segmentation is the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm. This algorithm has been used in many applications such as data analysis, pattern recognition, and image segmentation. It has the advantages of producing high quality segmentation compared to the other available algorithms. Many modifications have been made to the algorithm to improve its segmentation quality. The proposed segmentation algorithm in this paper is based on the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm adding the relational fuzzy notion and the wavelet transform to it so as to enhance its performance especially in the area of 2D gel images. Both proposed modifications aim to minimize the oversegmentation error incurred by previous algorithms. The experimental results of comparing both the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) and the Wavelet Fuzzy C-Means (WFCM) to the proposed algorithm on real 2D gel images acquired from human leukemias, HL-60 cell lines, and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) demonstrate the improvement achieved by the proposed algorithm in overcoming the segmentation error. In addition, we investigate the effect of denoising on the three algorithms. This investigation proves that denoising the 2D gel image before segmentation can improve (in most of the cases) the quality of the segmentation. 9. Proteomic study of muscle sarcoplasmic proteins using AUT-PAGE/SDS-PAGE as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Picariello, Gianluca; De Martino, Alessandra; Mamone, Gianfranco; Ferranti, Pasquale; Addeo, Francesco; Faccia, Michele; Spagnamusso, Salvatore; Di Luccia, Aldo 2006-03-20 In the present study, an alternative procedure for two-dimensional (2D) electrophoretic analysis in proteomic investigation of the most represented basic muscle water-soluble proteins is suggested. Our method consists of Acetic acid-Urea-Triton polyacrylamide gel (AUT-PAGE) analysis in the first dimension and standard sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) in the second dimension. Although standard two-dimensional Immobilized pH Gradient-Sodium Dodecyl-Sulphate (2D IPG-SDS) gel electrophoresis has been successfully used to study these proteins, most of the water-soluble proteins are spread on the alkaline part of the 2D map and are poorly focused. Furthermore, the similarity in their molecular weights impairs resolution of the classical approach. The addition of Triton X-100, a non-ionic detergent, into the gel induces a differential electrophoretic mobility of proteins as a result of the formation of mixed micelles between the detergent and the hydrophobic moieties of polypeptides, separating basic proteins with a criterion similar to reversed phase chromatography based on their hydrophobicity. The acid pH induces positive net charges, increasing with the isoelectric point of proteins, thus allowing enhanced resolution in the separation. By using 2D AUT-PAGE/SDS electrophoresis approach to separate water-soluble proteins from fresh pork and from dry-cured products, we could spread proteins over a greater area, achieving a greater resolution than that obtained by IPG in the pH range 3-10 and 6-11. Sarcoplasmic proteins undergoing proteolysis during the ripening of products were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry peptide mass fingerprinting in a easier and more effective way. Two-dimensional AUT-PAGE/SDS electrophoresis has allowed to simplify separation of sarcoplasmic protein mixtures making this technique suitable in the defining of quality of dry-cured pork products by immediate 10. Investigation of the repair of single-strand breaks in human DNA using alkaline gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Kovacs, E.; Langemann, H. ) 1990-11-01 Unstimulated lymphocytes from eight healthy persons were exposed to 10-, 30-, and 100-Gy doses of 60Co gamma radiation. The repair of damaged DNA was measured by (1) alkaline gel electrophoresis (extracted DNA loaded on 0.25% agarose gel, run at 1 V/cm for 39-44 h) at 0, 1, and 2 h after exposure and (2) incorporation of (3H)thymidine into unstimulated lymphocytes in the presence of 2 mM hydroxyurea 1 and 2 h after exposure. Both methods--alkaline gel electrophoresis and thymidine incorporation--showed that repair was completed within 2 h. 11. Analyzing RNA and DNA folding using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) with application to in vitro selections. PubMed 2009-01-01 Gel electrophoresis is a ubiquitous separation technique in nucleic acid biochemistry. Denaturing gel electrophoresis separates nucleic acids on the basis of length, while native gel electrophoresis separates nucleic acids on the basis of both shape and length. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), in which a temperature gradient is present across the gel, combines the advantages of denaturing and native gel electrophoresis by having native gel-like properties at low temperatures and denaturing gel-like properties at high temperatures. We describe here the techniques of perpendicular and parallel TGGE and some of their applications. Isolation of stable and unstable RNA and DNA sequences from combinatorial libraries is accomplished with TGGE-SELEX, while thermodynamic characterization of an RNA tertiary motif is performed by perpendicular TGGE-melts. Specific examples are chosen from the literature to illustrate the methods. TGGE provides a powerful biophysical approach for analyzing RNA and DNA that complements more traditional methodologies. 12. Modification of gel architecture and TBE/TAE buffer composition to minimize heating during agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Sanderson, Brian A; Araki, Naoko; Lilley, Jennifer L; Guerrero, Gilberto; Lewis, L Kevin 2014-06-01 Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA is routinely performed using buffers containing either Tris, acetate, and EDTA (TAE) or Tris, borate, and EDTA (TBE). Gels are run at a low, constant voltage (∼10 V/cm) to minimize current and asymmetric heating effects, which can induce band artifacts and poor resolution. In this study, alterations of gel structure and conductive media composition were analyzed to identify factors causing higher electrical currents during horizontal slab gel electrophoresis. Current was reduced when thinner gels and smaller chamber buffer volumes were used, but was not influenced by agarose concentration or the presence of ethidium bromide. Current was strongly dependent on the amount and type of EDTA used and on the concentrations of the major acid-base components of each buffer. Interestingly, resolution and the mobilities of circular versus linear plasmid DNAs were also affected by the chemical form and amount of EDTA. With appropriate modifications to gel structure and buffer constituents, electrophoresis could be performed at high voltages (20-25 V/cm), reducing run times by up to 3-fold. The most striking improvements were observed with small DNAs and RNAs (10-100 bp): high voltages and short run times produced sharper bands and higher resolution. 13. Phenols content and 2-D electrophoresis protein pattern: a promising tool to monitor Posidonia meadows health state PubMed Central Migliore, Luciana; Rotini, Alice; Randazzo, Davide; Albanese, Nadia N; Giallongo, Agata 2007-01-01 Background The endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile colonizes soft bottoms producing highly productive meadows that play a crucial role in coastal ecosystems dynamics. Human activities and natural events are responsible for a widespread meadows regression; to date the identification of "diagnostic" tools to monitor conservation status is a critical issue. In this study the feasibility of a novel tool to evaluate ecological impacts on Posidonia meadows has been tested. Quantification of a putative stress indicator, i.e. phenols content, has been coupled to 2-D electrophoretic protein analysis of rhizome samples. Results The overall expression pattern from Posidonia rhizome was determined using a preliminary proteomic approach, 437 protein spots were characterized by pI and molecular weight. We found that protein expression differs in samples belonging to sites with high or low phenols: 22 unique protein spots are peculiar of "low phenols" and 27 other spots characterize "high phenols" samples. Conclusion Posidonia showed phenols variations within the meadow, that probably reflect the heterogeneity of environmental pressures. In addition, comparison of the 2-D electrophoresis patterns allowed to highlight qualitative protein expression differences in response to these pressures. These differences may account for changes in metabolic/physiological pathways as adaptation to stress. A combined approach, based on phenols content determination and 2-D electrophoresis protein pattern, seems a promising tool to monitor Posidonia meadows health state. PMID:17663776 14. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis for the detection and isolation of amyloid curli fibers. PubMed Sitaras, Chris; Naghavi, Mahsa; Herrington, Muriel B 2011-01-15 Curli are amyloid-like fibers on the surface of some strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. We tested the use of horizontal sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-agarose gel electrophoresis to detect, isolate, and quantitate curli. Cell extracts fractionated in SDS-agarose gels and stained with Coomassie blue exhibited a soluble fraction that entered the gel and an insoluble fraction that remained in the well. Much more insoluble material was observed with curli-proficient strains than with strains that do not make curli. Both highly purified curli and the insoluble material isolated from an SDS-agarose gel could be dissociated into monomers when treated with formic acid. For quantitation, we immobilized samples in SDS-agarose prior to electrophoresis. This avoids losses during the staining of the gel. Our methods provide a rapid and simple fractionation of curli using equipment that is readily available. 15. Separation and identification of Musa acuminate Colla (banana) leaf proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. PubMed Lu, Y; Qi, Y X; Zhang, H; Zhang, H Q; Pu, J J; Xie, Y X 2013-12-19 To establish a proteomic reference map of Musa acuminate Colla (banana) leaf, we separated and identified leaf proteins using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Tryptic digests of 44 spots were subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS. Three spots that were not identified by MALDI-TOF MS analysis were identified by searching against the NCBInr, SwissProt, and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases. We identified 41 unique proteins. The majority of the identified leaf proteins were found to be involved in energy metabolism. The results indicate that 2D-PAGE is a sensitive and powerful technique for the separation and identification of Musa leaf proteins. A summary of the identified proteins and their putative functions is discussed. 16. Optimized Protocol for Protein Extraction from the Breast Tissue that is Compatible with Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Zakharchenko, Olena; Greenwood, Christina; Alldridge, Louise; Souchelnytskyi, Serhiy 2011-03-10 Proteomics is a highly informative approach to analyze cancer-associated transformation in tissues. The main challenge to use a tissue for proteomics studies is the small sample size and difficulties to extract and preserve proteins. The choice of a buffer compatible with proteomics applications is also a challenge. Here we describe a protocol optimized for the most efficient extraction of proteins from the human breast tissue in a buffer compatible with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). This protocol is based on mechanically assisted disintegration of tissues directly in the 2D-GE buffer. Our method is simple, robust and easy to apply in clinical practice. We demonstrate high quality of separation of proteins prepared according to the reported here protocol. 17. The migration behaviour of DNA replicative intermediates containing an internal bubble analyzed by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Schvartzman, J B; Martínez-Robles, M L; Hernández, P 1993-01-01 Initiation of DNA replication in higher eukaryotes is still a matter of controversy. Some evidence suggests it occurs at specific sites. Data obtained using two-dimensional (2D) agarose gel electrophoresis, however, led to the notion that it may occur at random in broad zones. This hypothesis is primarily based on the observation that several contiguous DNA fragments generate a mixture of the so-called 'bubble' and 'simple Y' patterns in Neutral/neutral 2D gels. The interpretation that this mixture of hybridisation patterns is indicative for random initiation of DNA synthesis relies on the assumption that replicative intermediates (RIs) containing an internal bubble where initiation occurred at different relative positions, generate comigrating signals. The latter, however, is still to be proven. We investigated this problem by analysing together, in the same 2D gel, populations of pBR322 RIs that were digested with different restriction endonucleases that cut the monomer only once at different locations. DNA synthesis begins at a specific site in pBR322 and progresses in a uni-directional manner. Thus, the main difference between these sets of RIs was the relative position of the origin. The results obtained clearly showed that populations of RIs containing an internal bubble where initiation occurred at different relative positions do not generate signals that co-migrate all-the-way in 2D gels. Despite this observation, however, our results support the notion that random initiation is indeed responsible for the peculiar 'bubble' signal observed in the case of several metazoan eukaryotes. Images PMID:8265365 18. Application of multiplexed cysteine-labeled complex protein sample for 2D electrophoretic gel alignment. PubMed Haimi, Perttu; Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene, Sidona; Baniulis, Danas 2015-06-01 The analysis of cellular subproteomes by 2DE is hampered by the difficulty of aligning gel images from samples that have very different protein composition. Here, we present a sensitive and cost-effective fluorescent labeling method for analyzing protein samples that is not dependent on their composition. The alignment is guided by inclusion of a complex mixture of proteins that is co-run with the sample. Maleimide-conjugated fluorescent dyes Dy-560 and Dy-635 are used to label the cysteine residues of the sample of interest and the alignment standard, respectively. The two differently labeled mixtures are then combined and separated on a 2D gel and, after selective fluorescence detection, an unsupervised image registration process is used to align the protein patters. In a pilot study, this protocol significantly improved the accuracy of alignment of nuclear proteins with total cellular proteins. 19. Electrophoretic extraction of proteins from two-dimensional electrophoresis gel spots SciTech Connect Zhang, J.S.; Giometti, C.S.; Tollaksen, S.L. 1989-04-25 After two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins or the like, resulting in a polyacrylamide gel slab having a pattern of protein gel spots thereon, an individual protein gel spot is cored out from the slab, to form a gel spot core which is placed in an extraction tube, with a dialysis membrane across the lower and of the tube. Replicate gel spots can be cored out from replicate gel slabs and placed in the extraction tube. Molten agarose gel is poured into the extraction tube where the agarose gel hardens to form an immobilizing gel, covering the gel spot cores. The upper end portion of the extraction tube is filled with a volume of buffer solution, and the upper end is closed by another dialysis membrane. Upper and lower bodies of a buffer solution are brought into contact with the upper and lower membranes and are provided with electrodes connected to the positive and negative terminals of a DC power supply, thereby producing an electrical current which flows through the upper membrane, the volume of buffer solution, the agarose, the gel spot cores and the lower membrane. The current causes the proteins to be extracted electrophoretically from the gel spot cores, so that the extracted proteins accumulate and are contained in the space between the agarose gel and the upper membrane. A high percentage extraction of proteins is achieved. The extracted proteins can be removed and subjected to partial digestion by trypsin or the like, followed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, resulting in a gel slab having a pattern of peptide gel spots which can be cored out and subjected to electrophoretic extraction to extract individual peptides. 20. Electrophoretic extraction of proteins from two-dimensional electrophoresis gel spots SciTech Connect Zhang, Jian-Shi; Giometti, Carol S.; Tollaksen, Sandra L. 1989-01-01 After two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins or the like, resulting in a polyacrylamide gel slab having a pattern of protein gel spots thereon, an individual protein gel spot is cored out from the slab, to form a gel spot core which is placed in an extraction tube, with a dialysis membrane across the lower end of the tube. Replicate gel spots can be cored out from replicate gel slabs and placed in the extraction tube. Molten agarose gel is poured into the extraction tube where the agarose gel hardens to form an immobilizing gel, covering the gel spot cores. The upper end portion of the extraction tube is filled with a volume of buffer solution, and the upper end is closed by another dialysis membrane. Upper and lower bodies of a buffer solution are brought into contact with the upper and lower membranes and are provided with electrodes connected to the positive and negative terminals of a DC power supply, thereby producing an electrical current which flows through the upper membrane, the volume of buffer solution, the agarose, the gel spot cores and the lower membrane. The current causes the proteins to be extracted electrophoretically from the gel spot cores, so that the extracted proteins accumulate and are contained in the space between the agarose gel and the upper membrane. A high percentage extraction of proteins is achieved. The extracted proteins can be removed and subjected to partial digestion by trypsin or the like, followed by two-dimensional electrophoresis, resulting in a gel slab having a pattern of peptide gel spots which can be cored out and subjected to electrophoretic extraction to extract individual peptides. 1. Automatic DNA Diagnosis for 1D Gel Electrophoresis Images using Bio-image Processing Technique PubMed Central 2015-01-01 Background DNA gel electrophoresis is a molecular biology technique for separating different sizes of DNA fragments. Applications of DNA gel electrophoresis include DNA fingerprinting (genetic diagnosis), size estimation of DNA, and DNA separation for Southern blotting. Accurate interpretation of DNA banding patterns from electrophoretic images can be laborious and error prone when a large number of bands are interrogated manually. Although many bio-imaging techniques have been proposed, none of them can fully automate the typing of DNA owing to the complexities of migration patterns typically obtained. Results We developed an image-processing tool that automatically calls genotypes from DNA gel electrophoresis images. The image processing workflow comprises three main steps: 1) lane segmentation, 2) extraction of DNA bands and 3) band genotyping classification. The tool was originally intended to facilitate large-scale genotyping analysis of sugarcane cultivars. We tested the proposed tool on 10 gel images (433 cultivars) obtained from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of PCR amplicons for detecting intron length polymorphisms (ILP) on one locus of the sugarcanes. These gel images demonstrated many challenges in automated lane/band segmentation in image processing including lane distortion, band deformity, high degree of noise in the background, and bands that are very close together (doublets). Using the proposed bio-imaging workflow, lanes and DNA bands contained within are properly segmented, even for adjacent bands with aberrant migration that cannot be separated by conventional techniques. The software, called GELect, automatically performs genotype calling on each lane by comparing with an all-banding reference, which was created by clustering the existing bands into the non-redundant set of reference bands. The automated genotype calling results were verified by independent manual typing by molecular biologists. Conclusions This work presents an 2. 2-D gel-based proteomic approaches to antibiotic drug discovery. PubMed 2012-08-01 The global analysis of changes in the protein composition of bacterial cells in response to treatment with antibiotic agents grants insights into the physiological response of cells to inhibition of vital cellular functions. This unit gives an overview of how global proteomic studies can impact antibacterial drug discovery by identifying or validating compound mechanism of action and by increasing the confidence in the value of genes with unknown function as potential new targets. It describes the design and function of a reference compendium of proteomic responses to inhibition of vital cellular functions through antibacterial agents or genetic down-regulation of potential target genes. An overview of the workflow for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based experiments is also presented. 3. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (DiGE) analysis of plasmas from dengue fever patients. PubMed Albuquerque, Lidiane M; Trugilho, Monique R O; Chapeaurouge, Alex; Jurgilas, Patrícia B; Bozza, Patrícia T; Bozza, Fernando A; Perales, Jonas; Neves-Ferreira, Ana G C 2009-12-01 Dengue fever is the world's most important arthropod-born viral disease affecting humans. To contribute to a better understanding of its pathogenesis, this study aims to identify proteins differentially expressed in plasmas from severe dengue fever patients relative to healthy donors. The use of 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis to analyze plasmas depleted of six high-abundance proteins (albumin, IgG, antitrypsin, IgA, transferrin and haptoglobin) allowed for the detection of 73 differentially expressed protein spots (n = 13, p < 0.01), of which 37 could be identified by mass spectrometry. These 37 spots comprised a total of 14 proteins, as follows: 7 had increased expression in plasmas from dengue fever patients (C1 inhibitor, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, vitamin D-binding protein, fibrinogen gamma-chain, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, apolipoprotein J and complement component C3c), while 7 others had decreased expression in the same samples (alpha-2 macroglobulin, prothrombin, histidine-rich glycoprotein, apolipoproteins A-IV and A-I, transthyretin and complement component C3b). The possible involvement of these proteins in the inflammatory process triggered by dengue virus infection and in the repair mechanisms of vascular damage occurring in this pathology is discussed in this study. 4. Single-molecule measurements of trapped and migrating circular DNA during electrophoresis in agarose gels. PubMed Cole, Kenneth D; Gaigalas, Adolfas; Akerman, Björn 2006-11-01 The effect of agarose gel concentration and field strength on the electrophoretic trapping of open (relaxed) circular DNA was investigated using microscopic measurements of individual molecules stained with a fluorescent dye. Three open circles with sizes of 52.5, 115, and 220 kbp were trapped by the electric field (6 V/cm) and found to be predominately fixed and stretched at a single point in the gel. The length of the stretched circles did not significantly change with agarose concentration of the gels (mass fractions of 0.0025, 0.01, and 0.02). The relaxation kinetics of the trapped circles was also measured in the gels. The relaxation of the large open circles was found to be a slow process, taking several seconds. The velocity and average length of the 52.5 kbp open circles and 48.5 kbp linear DNA were measured during electrophoresis in the agarose gels. The velocity increased when the agarose concentrations were lowered, but the average length of the open-circle DNA (during electrophoresis) did not significantly change with agarose gel concentrations. The circles move through the gels by cycles of stretching and relaxation during electrophoresis. Linear dichroism was also used to investigate the trapping and alignment of the 52.5 kbp open circles. The results in this study provide information that can be used to improve electrophoretic separations of circular DNA, an important form of genetic material and commonly used to clone DNA. 5. Analysis of supercoiled DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis using low-conducting sodium threonine medium. PubMed Ishido, Tomomi; Ishikawa, Mitsuru; Hirano, Ken 2010-05-01 We describe a new low-ionic-strength sodium threonine (STh) medium with the advantage of avoiding relative DNA band migration changes following electrophoresis of supercoiled DNA in agarose gel when substituted for the standard conductive medium of TBE (Tris-boric acid-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]) or TAE (Tris-acetic acid-EDTA) or the low-ionic-strength sodium boric acid medium. Low-ionic-strength STh medium provided better resolution, less heat generation, and prevention of relative migration order changes among linear, covalently closed circular-, and open circular-formed DNA in the range of 2-10 kilobase pairs in 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. 6. Electrophoretic extraction of proteins from two-dimensional electrophoresis gel spots SciTech Connect Zhang, Jian-Shi; Giometti, C.S.; Tollaksen, S.L. 1987-09-04 After two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins or the like, resulting in a polyacrylamide gel slab having a pattern of protein gel spots thereon, an individual protein gel spot is cored out from the slab, to form a gel spot core which is placed in an extraction tube, with a dialysis membrane across the lower end of the tube. Replicate gel spots can be cored out from replicate gel slabs and placed in the extraction tube. Molten agarose gel is poured into the extraction tube where the agarose gel hardens to form an immobilizing gel, covering the gel spot cores. The upper end portion of the extraction tube is filled with a volume of buffer solution, and the upper end is closed by another dialysis membrane. Upper and lower bodies of a buffer solution are brought into contact with the upper and lower membranes and are provided with electrodes connected to the positive and negative terminals of a dc power supply, thereby producing an electrical current which flows through the upper membrane, the volume of buffer solution, the agarose, the gel spot cores and the lower membrane. The current causes the proteins to be extracted electrophoretically from the gel spot cores, so that the extracted proteins accumulate and are contained in the space between the agarose gel and the upper membrane. 8 figs. 7. Ink-native electrophoresis: an alternative to blue-native electrophoresis more suitable for in-gel detection of enzymatic activity. PubMed Kaneko, Keisuke; Sueyoshi, Noriyuki; Kameshita, Isamu; Ishida, Atsuhiko 2013-09-15 Blue-native electrophoresis (BNE) is a useful technique for analyzing protein complexes, but the Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) dye used in BNE often hampers in-gel detection of enzymatic activity. Here we report an improved method, termed ink-native electrophoresis (INE), in which Pelikan 4001 fountain pen ink is used as a charge-shifting agent instead of CBB. INE is more suitable than BNE for in-gel detection of protein kinase activity after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and its performance in protein complex separation is comparable to that of conventional BNE. INE may provide a powerful tool to isolate and analyze various protein complexes. 8. Nitroproteins in Human Astrocytomas Discovered by Gel Electrophoresis and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. PubMed Peng, Fang; Li, Jianglin; Guo, Tianyao; Yang, Haiyan; Li, Maoyu; Sang, Shushan; Li, Xuejun; Desiderio, Dominic M; Zhan, Xianquan 2015-12-01 Protein tyrosine nitration is involved in the pathogenesis of highly fatal astrocytomas, a type of brain cancer. To understand the molecular mechanisms of astrocytomas and to discover new biomarkers/therapeutic targets, we sought to identify nitroproteins in human astrocytoma tissue. Anti-nitrotyrosine immunoreaction-positive proteins from a high-grade astrocytoma tissue were detected with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)-based nitrotyrosine immunoblots, and identified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fifty-seven nitrotyrosine immunopositive protein spots were detected. A total of 870 proteins (nitrated and non-nitrated) in nitrotyrosine-immunopositive 2D gel spots were identified, and 18 nitroproteins and their 20 nitrotyrosine sites were identified with MS/MS analysis. These nitroproteins participate in multiple processes, including drug-resistance, signal transduction, cytoskeleton, transcription and translation, cell proliferation and apoptosis, immune response, phenotypic dedifferentiation, cell migration, and metastasis. Among those nitroproteins that might play a role in astrocytomas was nitro-sorcin, which is involved in drug resistance and metastasis and might play a role in the spread and treatment of an astrocytoma. Semiquantitative immune-based measurements of different sorcin expressions were found among different grades of astrocytomas relative to controls, and a semiquantitative increased nitration level in high-grade astrocytoma relative to control. Nitro-β-tubulin functions in cytoskeleton and cell migration. Semiquantitative immunoreactivity of β-tubulin showed increased expression among different grades of astrocytomas relative to controls and semiquantitatively increased nitration level in high-grade astrocytoma relative to control. Each nitroprotein was rationalized and related to the corresponding functional system to provide new insights into tyrosine nitration and its potential role in the 9. Nitroproteins in Human Astrocytomas Discovered by Gel Electrophoresis and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Peng, Fang; Li, Jianglin; Guo, Tianyao; Yang, Haiyan; Li, Maoyu; Sang, Shushan; Li, Xuejun; Desiderio, Dominic M.; Zhan, Xianquan 2015-12-01 Protein tyrosine nitration is involved in the pathogenesis of highly fatal astrocytomas, a type of brain cancer. To understand the molecular mechanisms of astrocytomas and to discover new biomarkers/therapeutic targets, we sought to identify nitroproteins in human astrocytoma tissue. Anti-nitrotyrosine immunoreaction-positive proteins from a high-grade astrocytoma tissue were detected with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)-based nitrotyrosine immunoblots, and identified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fifty-seven nitrotyrosine immunopositive protein spots were detected. A total of 870 proteins (nitrated and non-nitrated) in nitrotyrosine-immunopositive 2D gel spots were identified, and 18 nitroproteins and their 20 nitrotyrosine sites were identified with MS/MS analysis. These nitroproteins participate in multiple processes, including drug-resistance, signal transduction, cytoskeleton, transcription and translation, cell proliferation and apoptosis, immune response, phenotypic dedifferentiation, cell migration, and metastasis. Among those nitroproteins that might play a role in astrocytomas was nitro-sorcin, which is involved in drug resistance and metastasis and might play a role in the spread and treatment of an astrocytoma. Semiquantitative immune-based measurements of different sorcin expressions were found among different grades of astrocytomas relative to controls, and a semiquantitative increased nitration level in high-grade astrocytoma relative to control. Nitro-β-tubulin functions in cytoskeleton and cell migration. Semiquantitative immunoreactivity of β-tubulin showed increased expression among different grades of astrocytomas relative to controls and semiquantitatively increased nitration level in high-grade astrocytoma relative to control. Each nitroprotein was rationalized and related to the corresponding functional system to provide new insights into tyrosine nitration and its potential role in the 10. Capillary electrophoresis of peptides and proteins with plug of Pluronic gel. PubMed Sedlakova, P; Svobodova, J; Miksik, I 2006-07-24 Electromigration capillary methods are promising techniques in proteomics and they are still under research. We used a partial filling approach, i.e. a combination of gel and non-gel separation mechanisms in a single dimension. We tried using an interesting gel, Pluronic F 127, which can be considered as a surfactant capable of self-association both with isotropic and anisotropic gels. The Pluronic was inserted inside the capillary as a plug at the start of the capillary, and it provided separation at the first time. Separation by this gel was achieved according to molecular weight and/or hydrophobicity. The applicability of this method was demonstrated in the separation of real samples-peptides arising from collagen after CNBr or collagenase cleavage and albumin after trypsin cleavage (peptide mapping). Some peptides and proteins were selectively retained by the Pluronic gel. These interactions with the gel did not depended on their molecular weight alone, but they probably depend on a combination of both principles. It was confirmed that capillary electrophoresis with Pluronic plug can give us another new separation option, complementary to free solution capillary electrophoresis. The CE method presented here, consisting of a partial filling approach with combine gel and non-gel separation mechanisms seemed to be a promising method for the separation of complex mixtures of peptides. 11. Effect of ultrasound on the separation of DNA fragments in agarose gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Ma, Yinfa; Yeung, E.S. ) 1990-06-01 Since its first use in 1966 interest in and the applications of electrophoresis of DNA fragments in agarose gel have grown rapidly. Nowadays, agarose gel electrophoresis has become a standard technique with high resolving power for the analysis of DNA structure, for example for the determination of the length of DNA fragments obtained by the action of restriction enzymes. The electrophoretic mobility ({mu}) of DNA fragments is influenced by various parameters-molecular weight, gel concentration, temperature, electric field, and DNA-agarose affinity. A comprehensive study of the influence of these main parameters has been reported. In this paper, the authors investigate a new effect on the electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in agarose gels, viz. the influence of ultrasound. 12. Reovirus-specific polypeptides: analysis using discontinuous gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Cross, R K; Fields, B N 1976-01-01 The electrophoretic analysis of reovirus-specific polypeptides in infected cells using a discontinuous gel system has allowed the resolution of additional viral-specific polypeptides, including one large-sized gamma3 and two (or possibly three) medium-sized (mu3, mu4, mu5(?)) species. The proteins designated mu0, sigma1, and sigma2 based on electrophoretic mobility in gel systems containing phosphate-urea correspond to mu4, sigma2, and sigma1, respectively, when analyzed in systems containing Tris-glycine. It is likely that protein modifications (phosphorylation and glycosylation) are responsible for at least some of these differences. Images PMID:950684 13. Proteomic Analyses of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Venom Using 2D Electrophoresis and MS Techniques. PubMed Bocian, Aleksandra; Urbanik, Małgorzata; Hus, Konrad; Łyskowski, Andrzej; Petrilla, Vladimír; Andrejčáková, Zuzana; Petrillová, Monika; Legáth, Jaroslav 2016-12-13 Snake venom is a complex mixture of proteins and peptides which in the Viperidae is mainly hemotoxic. The diversity of these components causes the venom to be an extremely interesting object of study. Discovered components can be used in search for new pharmaceuticals used primarily in the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system. In order to determine the protein composition of the southern copperhead venom, we have used high resolution two dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI ToF/ToF MS-based identification. We have identified 10 groups of proteins present in the venom, of which phospholipase A₂ and metalloprotease and serine proteases constitute the largest groups. For the first time presence of 5'-nucleotidase in venom was found in this group of snakes. Three peptides present in the venom were also identified. Two of them as bradykinin-potentiating agents and one as an inhibitor. 14. Proteomic Analyses of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Venom Using 2D Electrophoresis and MS Techniques PubMed Central Bocian, Aleksandra; Urbanik, Małgorzata; Hus, Konrad; Łyskowski, Andrzej; Petrilla, Vladimír; Andrejčáková, Zuzana; Petrillová, Monika; Legáth, Jaroslav 2016-01-01 Snake venom is a complex mixture of proteins and peptides which in the Viperidae is mainly hemotoxic. The diversity of these components causes the venom to be an extremely interesting object of study. Discovered components can be used in search for new pharmaceuticals used primarily in the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system. In order to determine the protein composition of the southern copperhead venom, we have used high resolution two dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI ToF/ToF MS-based identification. We have identified 10 groups of proteins present in the venom, of which phospholipase A2 and metalloprotease and serine proteases constitute the largest groups. For the first time presence of 5′-nucleotidase in venom was found in this group of snakes. Three peptides present in the venom were also identified. Two of them as bradykinin-potentiating agents and one as an inhibitor. PMID:27983581 15. Rapid high-resolution electrophoresis of multimeric von Willebrand Factor using a thermopiloted gel apparatus. PubMed Smejkal, Gary B; Shainoff, John R; Kottke-Marchant, Kandice M 2003-02-01 Rapid and highly reproducible nonreducing agarose gel electrophoresis (NRAGE) of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) multimers was performed using a thermostated minigel apparatus that monitors and precisely controls internal gel temperature. The substitution of lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS) for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) allowed electrophoresis to be performed below the 16 degrees C Krafft point of SDS and facilitated NRAGE of vWF over the entire range of 0-35 degrees C. Internal gel temperature was regulated by a thermocouple probe inserted directly into the gel during electrophoresis which interfaced with a thermopilot that continually measures and adjusts temperature to within +/- 0.5 degrees C. At 10 degrees C operative temperature, NRAGE at 1.5% agarose concentration was completed in 20 min at 250 V. Electrophoresis could be performed in only 10 min at 500 V, but at such high voltages, localized temperature fluctuations as much as 6 degrees C resulted in perturbation of banding patterns in those vicinities. In the optimized method, both high molecular weight multimers and proteolytic fragments of vWF were separable suggesting clinical applicability of this system for the diagnosis of von Willebrand Disease and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 16. [The development of an image analysis system of medical electrophoresis and DNA gel]. PubMed Zhu, S; Gao, Y 1998-07-01 This thesis introduced a kind of computerized image analysis system of medical electrophoresis and DNA gel, which have a high performance/price ratio. Moreover, it gives a detailed presentation of how to eliminate the background obstruction by the conjunction of hardware and software. 17. Aligning Goals, Assessments, and Activities: An Approach to Teaching PCR and Gel Electrophoresis ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Phillips, Allison R.; Robertson, Amber L.; Batzli, Janet; Harris, Michelle; Miller, Sarah 2008-01-01 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis have become common techniques used in undergraduate molecular and cell biology labs. Although students enjoy learning these techniques, they often cannot fully comprehend and analyze the outcomes of their experiments because of a disconnect between concepts taught in lecture and experiments… 18. A simple monolithic column electroelution for protein recovery from gel electrophoresis. PubMed Li, Guo-Qing; Shao, Jing; Guo, Chen-Gang; Dong, Jing-Yu; Fan, Liu-Yin; Cao, Cheng-Xi 2012-11-01 Protein recovery from gel electrophoresis plays an important role in functional genomics and proteomics but faces a series of issues (e.g., complex procedure, low recovery, long experimental time). In this study, a monolithic column electroelution (MCE) was developed for protein recovery from gel electrophoresis. With the model proteins of bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin (Hb), and myoglobin (Mb), the developed device and method were compared with common electroelution procedures in agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). The comparative experiments revealed that (i) the protein recovery achieved with the developed device was greater than 83%, much higher than the 41% to 50% achieved with the common devices; (ii) the running time to obtain 70% recovery was approximately 15 min, evidently shorter than the 240 min with the common devices; and (iii) the device and procedure were simple and less time-consuming as compared with those of the common devices. It was observed that the serum protein bands cut from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis could be transferred into solution in 15 to 30 min with 82% yield. The device, along with its relevant procedure, has potential use in protein extraction and proteomics as well as in DNA studies. 19. Beverage-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: An Inquiry-Based Laboratory Exercise with Virtual Adaptation ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Cunningham, Steven C.; McNear, Brad; Pearlman, Rebecca S.; Kern, Scott E. 2006-01-01 A wide range of literature and experience has shown that teaching methods that promote active learning, such as inquiry-based approaches, are more effective than those that rely on passive learning. Gel electrophoresis, one of the most common laboratory techniques in molecular biology, has a wide range of applications in the life sciences. As… 20. Performance comparison of capillary and agarose gel electrophoresis for the identification and characterization of monoclonal immunoglobulins. PubMed McCudden, Christopher R; Mathews, Stephanie P; Hainsworth, Shirley A; Chapman, John F; Hammett-Stabler, Catherine A; Willis, Monte S; Grenache, David G 2008-03-01 The objective of this study was to compare gel- and capillary-based serum protein electrophoresis methods to identify and characterize monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins). Five reviewers interpreted 149 consecutively ordered serum specimens following agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE), capillary electrophoresis (CE), immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), and subtraction immunotyping (IT). As a screening test for detecting M proteins, AGE and CE displayed similar sensitivity (91% and 92%, respectively). CE was less specific (74%) than AGE (81%). An analysis of interinterpreter agreement revealed that interpretations were more consistent using gel-based methods than capillary-based methods, with 80% of the gel interpretations being in complete (5/5) agreement compared with 67% of the capillary interpretations. After implementing the capillary-based methods, the number of tests per reportable result increased (from 1.58 to 1.73). CE is an analytically suitable alternative to AGE, but laboratories implementing it will need to continue IFE testing to characterize all M proteins detected by CE. 1. Disposable pen-shaped capillary gel electrophoresis cartridge for fluorescence detection of bio-molecules Amirkhanian, Varoujan; Tsai, Shou-Kuan 2014-03-01 We introduce a novel and cost-effective capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) system utilizing disposable pen-shaped gelcartridges for highly efficient, high speed, high throughput fluorescence detection of bio-molecules. The CGE system has been integrated with dual excitation and emission optical-fibers with micro-ball end design for fluorescence detection of bio-molecules separated and detected in a disposable pen-shaped capillary gel electrophoresis cartridge. The high-performance capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) analyzer has been optimized for glycoprotein analysis type applications. Using commercially available labeling agent such as ANTS (8-aminonapthalene-1,3,6- trisulfonate) as an indicator, the capillary gel electrophoresis-based glycan analyzer provides high detection sensitivity and high resolving power in 2-5 minutes of separations. The system can hold total of 96 samples, which can be automatically analyzed within 4-5 hours. This affordable fiber optic based fluorescence detection system provides fast run times (4 minutes vs. 20 minutes with other CE systems), provides improved peak resolution, good linear dynamic range and reproducible migration times, that can be used in laboratories for high speed glycan (N-glycan) profiling applications. The CGE-based glycan analyzer will significantly increase the pace at which glycoprotein research is performed in the labs, saving hours of preparation time and assuring accurate, consistent and economical results. 2. Separation of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins Using Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Capillary Isoelectric Focusing. PubMed De Jong, Caitlyn A G; Risley, Jessica; Lee, Alexis K; Zhao, Shuai Sherry; Chen, David D Y 2016-01-01 Detailed step-by-step methods for protein separation techniques based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) are described in this chapter. Focus is placed on two techniques, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). CGE is essentially gel electrophoresis, performed in a capillary, where a hydrogel is used as a sieving matrix to separate proteins or peptides based on size. cIEF separates proteins or peptides based on their isoelectric point (pI), the pH at which the protein or peptide bears no charges. Detailed protocols and steps (including capillary preparation, sample preparation, CE separation conditions, and detection) for both CGE and cIEF presented so that readers can follow the described methods in their own labs. 3. Cytokine- or chemically derived nitric oxide alters the expression of proteins detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in neonatal rat islets of Langerhans. PubMed John, N E; Andersen, H U; Fey, S J; Larsen, P M; Roepstorff, P; Larsen, M R; Pociot, F; Karlsen, A E; Nerup, J; Green, I C; Mandrup-Poulsen, T 2000-11-01 Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) treatment of neonatal rat islets for 24 h induces changes in the expression of 105 of 2,200 proteins, as determined previously by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as one of the mediators of IL-1beta effects in insulin-containing cell lines and rat islets. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the involvement of NO in IL-1beta-induced alterations in protein expression and 2) to investigate the effects of chemically generated NO on protein expression by 2D gel electrophoresis of neonatal rat islet samples. IL-1beta-induced NO production was prevented by incubation of islets in arginine-free medium supplemented with the arginine analog NG-nitro-L-arginine. [35S]methionine-labeled islet proteins were separated using 2D gel electrophoresis and analyzed using the BioImage computer program. Analysis revealed that the expression levels of 23 protein spots of the 105 protein spots, altered by prior treatment with IL-1beta (60 U/ml) alone, were significantly affected (P < 0.01 [n = 4] and P < 0.05 [n = 19]) when NO production was prevented. The effects of chemically generated NO were investigated by exposing islets to the NO donor GSNO (100 micromol/l) for 24 h before labeling with [35S]methionine and 2D gel electrophoresis. Computer-based analysis identified alterations in the expression of 19 of a total of 1,600 detectable proteins in GSNO-treated islets (P < 0.01). We conclude 1) that the expression of up to 42 proteins is altered by cytokine-induced or chemically generated NO in the precise experimental conditions chosen and 2) that the majority of proteins altered by prior treatment with IL-1beta may be the result of NO-independent IL-1beta-mediated regulation of gene expression. This study demonstrates that the combination of 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in the identification of beta-cell proteins involved in the response to toxic mediators. 4. Ag-nanoparticle fractionation by low melting point agarose gel electrophoresis Guarrotxena, Nekane; Braun, Gary 2012-10-01 The separation of surface-enhanced raman scattering (SERS)-active Ag-multi-nanoparticle (NP) assemblies by low melting point agarose gel electrophoresis was accomplished here by controlling surface charge using NP capping agents, and the pore size of agarose gel matrix. Detailed transmission electron microscopy analysis of excised gel fractions showed dimers and small clusters to have the greatest SERS activity and a mobility in between the monomers and large aggregates. This strategy enables one to: (1) stabilize small multispherical Ag clusters against further aggregation during purification; (2) fractionate and recover spherical assemblies by nuclearity; and (3) analyze SERS-enhancements for each fraction to optimize purification conditions. 5. Speciation of iodine-containing proteins in Nori seaweed by gel electrophoresis laser ablation ICP-MS. PubMed Romarís-Hortas, V; Bianga, J; Moreda-Piñeiro, A; Bermejo-Barrera, P; Szpunar, J 2014-09-01 An analytical approach providing an insight into speciation of iodine in water insoluble fraction of edible seaweed (Nori) was developed. The seaweed, harvested in the Galician coast (Northwestern Spain), contained 67.7±1.3 μg g(-1) iodine of which 25% was water soluble and could be identifies as iodide. Extraction conditions of water insoluble residue using urea, NaOH, SDS and Triton X-100 were investigated. The protein pellets obtained in optimized conditions (after precipitation of urea extracts with acetone), were digested with trypsin and protease XIV. Size exclusion chromatography-ICP-MS of both enzymatic digests demonstrated the occurrence of iodoaminoacids putatively present in proteins. Intact proteins could be separated by gel electrophoresis after an additional extraction of the protein extract with phenol. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) with laser ablation ICP-MS detection of (127)I indicated the presence of iodine in protein bands corresponding to molecular masses of 110 kDa, 40 kDa, 27 kDa, 20 kDa and 10 kDa. 2D IEF-SDS PAGE with laser ablation ICP-MS (127)I imaging allowed the detection of 5 iodine containing protein spots in the alkaline pI range. 6. A random-walk model for retardation of interacting species during gel electrophoresis: implications for gel-shift assays. PubMed Central Belotserkovskii, B P; Johnston, B H 1997-01-01 We recently showed that intermolecular DNA triplexes can form during gel electrophoresis when a faster migrating single strand overtakes a slower migrating band containing a duplex of appropriate sequence. We proposed a model to account for the resulting apparent comigration of triplexes with the duplex band when the lifetime of the triplex is much shorter than the time of electrophoresis. The model predicts that short-lived complexes can be detected by a gel-shift assay if the faster migrating component of the complex is labeled, a slower migrating component is in excess, and the complex itself migrates more slowly than either of the components. In this case the labeled component, after dissociation from the complex, overtakes a slower migrating band of the free, unlabeled second component and can be captured by the unlabeled component and again retarded; after dissociation of the newly formed complex the cycle is repeated. If the concentration of unlabeled component in the band is larger than some critical value (c(cr)), most of the labeled component becomes trapped in this band during the entire time of gel electrophoresis, thus effectively comigrating with the slower migrating unlabeled component. We call this mechanism of comigration "cyclic capture and dissociation" (CCD). Here we present a quantitative analysis of the model of CCD comigration which predicts that CCD comigration can be used not only for the detection of relatively short-lived complexes, but also for estimation of the specificity of complex formation. Images FIGURE 1 FIGURE 4 PMID:9284297 7. Tris-acetate polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis for the analysis of protein oligomerization. PubMed Cubillos-Rojas, Monica; Schneider, Taiane; Sánchez-Tena, Susana; Bartrons, Ramon; Ventura, Francesc; Rosa, Jose Luis 2016-02-01 Here we report a new approach for studying protein oligomerization in cells using a single electrophoresis gel. We combined the use of a crosslinking reagent for sample preparation, such as glutaraldehyde, with the analysis of oligomers by Tris-acetate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The use of a 3-15% Tris-acetate polyacrylamide gradient gel allows for the simultaneous analysis of proteins of masses ranging from 10 to 500 kDa. We showed the usefulness of this method for analyzing endogenous p53 oligomerization with high resolution and sensitivity in human cells. Oligomerization analysis was dependent on the crosslinker concentration used. We also showed that this method could be used to study the regulation of oligomerization. In all experiments, Tris-acetate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis proved to be a robust, manageable, and cost- and time-efficient method that provided excellent results using a single gel. This approach can be easily extrapolated to the study of other oligomers. All of these features make this method a highly useful tool for the analysis of protein oligomerization. 8. Enhanced Resolution of DNA Separation Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Doped with Graphene Oxide. PubMed Li, Jialiang; Yang, Yushi; Mao, Zhou; Huang, Wenjie; Qiu, Tong; Wu, Qingzhi 2016-12-01 In this work, a novel agarose gel electrophoresis strategy has been developed for separation of DNA fragments by doping graphene oxide (GO) into agarose gel. The results show that the addition of GO into agarose gel significantly improved the separation resolution of DNA fragments by increasing the shift distances of both the single DNA fragments and the adjacent DNA fragments and completely eliminating the background noise derived from the diffusion of the excessive ethidium bromide (EB) dye in the gel after electrophoresis. The improved resolution of DNA fragments in GO-doped agarose gel could be attributed to the successive adsorption-desorption processes between DNA fragments and GO sheets, while the elimination of the background noise could be attributed to the adsorption of the excessive EB dye on the surface of GO sheets and high fluorescence quenching efficiency of GO. These results provide promising potential for graphene and its derivate utilized in various electrophoresis techniques for separation and detection of DAN fragments and other biomolecules. 9. Enhanced Resolution of DNA Separation Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Doped with Graphene Oxide Li, Jialiang; Yang, Yushi; Mao, Zhou; Huang, Wenjie; Qiu, Tong; Wu, Qingzhi 2016-09-01 In this work, a novel agarose gel electrophoresis strategy has been developed for separation of DNA fragments by doping graphene oxide (GO) into agarose gel. The results show that the addition of GO into agarose gel significantly improved the separation resolution of DNA fragments by increasing the shift distances of both the single DNA fragments and the adjacent DNA fragments and completely eliminating the background noise derived from the diffusion of the excessive ethidium bromide (EB) dye in the gel after electrophoresis. The improved resolution of DNA fragments in GO-doped agarose gel could be attributed to the successive adsorption-desorption processes between DNA fragments and GO sheets, while the elimination of the background noise could be attributed to the adsorption of the excessive EB dye on the surface of GO sheets and high fluorescence quenching efficiency of GO. These results provide promising potential for graphene and its derivate utilized in various electrophoresis techniques for separation and detection of DAN fragments and other biomolecules. 10. Model and computer simulations of the motion of DNA molecules during pulse field gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Smith, S.B.; Bustamante, C. ); Heller, C. ) 1991-05-28 A model is presented for the motion of individual molecules of DNA undergoing pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The molecule is represented by a chain of charged beads connected by entropic springs, and the gel is represented by a segmented tube surrounding the beads. This model differs from earlier reptation/tube models in that the tube is allowed to leak in certain places and the chain can double over and flow out of the side of the tube in kinks. It is found that these kinks often lead to the formation of U shapes, which are a major source of retardation in PFGE. The results of computer simulations using this model are compared with real DNA experimental results for the following cases: steady field motion as seen in fluorescence microscopy, mobility in steady fields, mobility in transverse field alternation gel electrophoresis (TFAGE), mobility in field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE), and linear dichroism (LD) of DNA in agarose gels during PFGE. Good agreement between the simulations and the experimental results is obtained. 11. Antioxidant effects of carnitine supplementation on 14-3-3 protein isoforms in the aged rat hippocampus detected using fully automated two-dimensional chip gel electrophoresis. PubMed Iwamoto, M; Miura, Y; Tsumoto, H; Tanaka, Y; Morisawa, H; Endo, T; Toda, T 2014-12-01 We here described the antioxidant effects of carnitine supplementation on 14-3-3 protein isoforms in the aged rat hippocampus detected using the fully automated two-dimensional chip gel electrophoresis system (Auto2D). This system was easy and convenient to use, and the resolution obtained was more sensitive and higher than that of conventional two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). We separated and identified five isoforms of the 14-3-3 protein (beta/alpha, gamma, epsilon, zeta/delta, and eta) using the Auto2D system. We then examined the antioxidant effects of carnitine supplementation on the protein profiles of the cytosolic fraction in the aged rat hippocampus, demonstrating that carnitine supplementation suppressed the oxidation of methionine residues in these isoforms. Since methionine residues are easily oxidized to methionine sulfoxide, the convenient and high-resolution 2-D PAGE system can be available to analyze methionine oxidation avoiding artifactual oxidation. We showed here that the Auto2D system was a very useful tool for studying antioxidant effects through proteomic analysis of protein oxidation. 12. Using in situ rheology to characterize the microstructure in photopolymerized polyacrylamide gels for DNA electrophoresis. PubMed Wang, Jian; Ugaz, Victor M 2006-09-01 Photopolymerized cross-linked polyacrylamide hydrogels are attractive sieving matrix formulations for DNA electrophoresis owing to their rapid polymerization times and the potential to locally tailor the gel pore structure through spatial variation of illumination intensity. This capability is especially important in microfluidic systems, where photopolymerization allows gel matrices to be precisely positioned within complex microchannel networks. Separation performance is also directly related to the nanoscale gel pore structure, which is in turn strongly influenced by polymerization kinetics. Unfortunately, detailed studies of the interplay among polymerization kinetics, mechanical properties, and structural morphology are lacking in photopolymerized hydrogel systems. In this paper, we address this issue by performing a series of in situ dynamic small-amplitude oscillatory shear measurements during photopolymerization of cross-linked polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels to investigate the relationship between rheology and parameters associated with the gelation environment including UV intensity, monomer and cross-linker composition, and reaction temperature. In general, we find that the storage modulus G' increases with increasing initial monomer concentration, cross-linker concentration, and polymerization temperature. The steady-state value of G', however, exhibits a more complex dependence on UV intensity that varies with gel concentration. A simple model based on rubber elasticity theory is used to obtain estimates of the average gel pore size that are in surprisingly good agreement with corresponding data obtained from analysis of DNA electrophoretic mobility in gels cast under identical polymerization conditions. 13. Fractionation of SWNT/nucleic acid complexes by agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Vetcher, Alexandre A; Srinivasan, Srimeenakshi; Vetcher, Ivan A; Abramov, Semen M; Kozlov, Mikhail; Baughman, Ray H; Levene, Stephen D 2006-08-28 We show that aqueous dispersions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), prepared with the aid of nucleic acids (NAs) such as RNA or DNA, can be separated into fractions using agarose gel electrophoresis. In a DC electric field, SWNT/NA complexes migrate in the gel in the direction of positive potential to form well-defined bands. Raman spectroscopy as a function of band position shows that nanotubes having different spectroscopic properties possess different electrophoretic mobilities. The migration patterns for SWNT/RNA and SWNT/DNA complexes differ. Parallel elution of the SWNT/NA complexes from the gel during electrophoresis and subsequent characterization by AFM reveals differences in nanotube diameter, length and curvature. The results suggest that fractionation of nanotubes can be achieved by this procedure. We discuss factors affecting the mobility of the nanotube complexes and propose analytical applications of this technique. 14. A computerized methodology for improved virus typing by PCR-RFLP gel electrophoresis. PubMed Maramis, Christos F; Delopoulos, Anastasios N; Lambropoulos, Alexandros F 2011-08-01 The analysis of digitized images from polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)gel electrophoresis examinations is a popular method for virus typing, i.e., for identifying the virus type(s) that have infected an investigated biological sample. However, being mostly manual, the conventional virus typing protocol remains laborious, time consuming, and error prone. In order to overcome these shortcomings,we propose a computerized methodology for improving virus typing via PCR-RFLP gel electrophoresis. A novel realistic observation model of the viral DNA motion on the gel matrix is employed to assist in exploiting additional virus-related information in comparison to the conventional approaches. The extracted rich information is fed to a novel typing algorithm, resulting in faster and more accurate decisions. The proposed methodology is evaluated for the case of the human papillomavirus typing on a dataset of 80 real and 1500 simulated samples, producing very satisfactory results.Ind 15. Single nucleus versus single-cell gel electrophoresis: kinetics of DNA track formation. PubMed Afanasieva, Katerina; Chopei, Marianna; Sivolob, Andrei 2015-04-01 Single-cell gel electrophoresis, or the comet assay, is usually performed with nucleoids prepared after a lysis of either whole cells (more often) or isolated cell nuclei (rarely). Electrophoretic properties of the second type of nucleoids have never been investigated carefully. We measured the kinetics of the DNA exit from nuclei-derived nucleoids in comparison with cell-derived nucleoids. The results show that general organization of the nuclei-derived nucleoids is not changed very much in comparison with nucleoids commonly obtained from whole cells. At the same time, in contrast to the cell-derived nucleoids, for which the exit is stepwise and cooperative, the DNA exit from the nuclei-derived nucleoids can be described by a simple monomolecular kinetics. This difference is probably due to agarose penetration into nuclei (but not into cells) before polymerization of the agarose gel. We suggest that single-nucleus gel electrophoresis may be a way for the comet assay standardization. 16. Pulsed field electrophoresis for the separation of protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate-complexes in polyacrylamide gels. PubMed Houri, A; Starita-Geribaldi, M 1994-01-01 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins was studied using a pulsed-current mode. A new "local field" distribution was used to correct the gel patterns and optimize migration. A corrective field was applied at fixed 2 s intervals to a constant field, inducing a complex relaxation mechanism. Calculated variations in the local field directions decreased the electric strain on the gel during the run, with resultant optimum gel structure. The relaxation mechanism was found to enhance the absolute mobility of proteins with shorter running times compared to constant field gel electrophoresis (CFGE) and other pulsed field techniques. The enhancement of molecular mobility was explored by transverse pore gradient gel electrophoresis. Ferguson curves which exhibited a convex shape in CFGE were linearized by the new pulsed-field method named pulsed oscillatory high-performance electrophoresis (POPE). 17. Transient association of the DNA-ligand complex during gel electrophoresis. PubMed Protozanova, E; Macgregor, R B 1999-07-01 DNA frayed wires are extremely stable multistranded complexes arising from the association of oligonucleotides with long terminal runs of consecutive guanines. Frayed wires originating from d(A15G15) have multiple binding sites for short complementary oligonucleotides such as dT10. We examine unusual band patterns obtained when complexes formed between dT10 and DNA frayed wires are resolved on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. Since the lifetime of the dT10-frayed wire complexes is shorter than the time of the gel run, the interaction between the components during the gel electrophoresis affects their band patterns. We have conducted chasing experiments to show that (i) the binding of dT10 to the frayed wires can occur during gel electrophoresis, and (ii) dissociation of the complexes occurs during the gel run. Rapid repetitive dissociation-reassociation of the complexes leads to a constant partitioning of dT10 between their binding sites within frayed wires. Consequently, complexes composed of frayed wires and various numbers of bound ligands appear on the gel as a single well-defined band. The mobilities of these bands decrease continuously with the concentration of the ligand reaching saturation when all the binding sites are occupied. This characteristic pattern is observed only for relatively unstable interactions. Longer ligands, i.e., oligonucleotides with higher affinity towards the binding sites, cease to exhibit the dynamic character of interaction during gel electrophoresis. These ligands form long-lived complexes with the frayed wires that appear on the gel as faint smeared bands reflecting the presence of multiple stable complexes. 18. Trapping and breaking of in vivo nicked DNA during pulsed field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Khan, Sharik R; Kuzminov, Andrei 2013-12-15 Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) offers a high-resolution approach to quantify chromosomal fragmentation in bacteria, measured as percentage of chromosomal DNA entering the gel. The degree of separation in pulsed field gel (PFG) depends on the size of DNA as well as various conditions of electrophoresis such as electric field strength, time of electrophoresis, switch time, and buffer composition. Here we describe a new parameter, the structural integrity of the sample DNA itself, that influences its migration through PFGs. We show that subchromosomal fragments containing both spontaneous and DNA damage-induced nicks are prone to breakage during PFGE. Such breakage at single-strand interruptions results in artifactual decrease in molecular weight of linear DNA making accurate determination of the number of double-strand breaks difficult. Although breakage of nicked subchromosomal fragments is field strength independent, some high-molecular-weight subchromosomal fragments are also trapped within wells under the standard PFGE conditions. This trapping can be minimized by lowering the field strength and increasing the time of electrophoresis. We discuss how breakage of nicked DNA may be mechanistically linked to trapping. Our results suggest how to optimize conditions for PFGE when quantifying chromosomal fragmentation induced by DNA damage. 19. Aligning Goals, Assessments, and Activities: An Approach to Teaching PCR and Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Robertson, Amber L.; Batzli, Janet; Harris, Michelle; Miller, Sarah 2008-01-01 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis have become common techniques used in undergraduate molecular and cell biology labs. Although students enjoy learning these techniques, they often cannot fully comprehend and analyze the outcomes of their experiments because of a disconnect between concepts taught in lecture and experiments done in lab. Here we report the development and implementation of novel exercises that integrate the biological concepts of DNA structure and replication with the techniques of PCR and gel electrophoresis. Learning goals were defined based on concepts taught throughout the cell biology lab course and learning objectives specific to the PCR and gel electrophoresis lab. Exercises developed to promote critical thinking and target the underlying concepts of PCR, primer design, gel analysis, and troubleshooting were incorporated into an existing lab unit based on the detection of genetically modified organisms. Evaluative assessments for each exercise were aligned with the learning goals and used to measure student learning achievements. Our analysis found that the exercises were effective in enhancing student understanding of these concepts as shown by student performance across all learning goals. The new materials were particularly helpful in acquiring relevant knowledge, fostering critical-thinking skills, and uncovering prevalent misconceptions. PMID:18316813 20. Peptide fractionation by SDS-free polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for proteomic analysis via DF-PAGE. PubMed 2012-01-01 Here we present a procedure for peptide fractionation by SDS-free polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, based on discontinuous buffer systems. In the absence of SDS, peptide migration depends both on their molecular mass and on their net charge at the electrophoresis pH. By selecting the separation pH, peptide mobility is modulated. In the original discontinuous buffer system (Tris/glycine), peptides that migrate to the anode have pI values below 6.8 and distribute along the lane in a pI decreasing order, while at acidic pH, as that afforded by histidine/MOPS buffer system, peptides with pI below 5.5 are fractionated. Separation at acid pH is particularly useful for recovering phosphopeptides as well as other highly negatively charged peptides, as those containing sialic or sulfate substituents. Both separation conditions in Tris/glycine and in histidine/MOPS are applicable to proteomic studies, by dual-fractionation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DF-PAGE). First, complex protein samples are separated via SDS-PAGE, and after in-gel proteolysis, peptides are loaded on a second SDS-free gel, where they are separated as described here. 1. Aligning goals, assessments, and activities: an approach to teaching PCR and gel electrophoresis. PubMed Phillips, Allison R; Robertson, Amber L; Batzli, Janet; Harris, Michelle; Miller, Sarah 2008-01-01 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis have become common techniques used in undergraduate molecular and cell biology labs. Although students enjoy learning these techniques, they often cannot fully comprehend and analyze the outcomes of their experiments because of a disconnect between concepts taught in lecture and experiments done in lab. Here we report the development and implementation of novel exercises that integrate the biological concepts of DNA structure and replication with the techniques of PCR and gel electrophoresis. Learning goals were defined based on concepts taught throughout the cell biology lab course and learning objectives specific to the PCR and gel electrophoresis lab. Exercises developed to promote critical thinking and target the underlying concepts of PCR, primer design, gel analysis, and troubleshooting were incorporated into an existing lab unit based on the detection of genetically modified organisms. Evaluative assessments for each exercise were aligned with the learning goals and used to measure student learning achievements. Our analysis found that the exercises were effective in enhancing student understanding of these concepts as shown by student performance across all learning goals. The new materials were particularly helpful in acquiring relevant knowledge, fostering critical-thinking skills, and uncovering prevalent misconceptions. 2. Two methods that facilitate autoradiography of small /sup 32/P-labeled DNA fragments following electrophoresis in agarose gels SciTech Connect Cockerill, P.N. 1988-02-01 Two methods which permit detection by autoradiography of small /sup 32/P-labeled DNA fragments resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis are described. Agarose gel electrophoresis poses problems for autoradiography as (i) the gels are normally too thick to allow autoradiography without being dried first, and (ii) fragments of DNA of 1000 bp or less in length are readily lost during drying. In this study DNA fragments as small as 121 bp have been retained in agarose gels upon drying. This has been achieved by either (i) first fixing the DNA with the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, or (ii) drying the agarose gels onto Zeta-Probe charge-modified membranes. 3. Passivated gel electrophoresis of charged nanospheres by light-scattering video tracking. PubMed Zhu, Xiaoming; Mason, Thomas G 2014-08-15 Gel electrophoresis (gel-EP) has been used for decades to separate charged biopolymers, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, yet propagation of other charged colloidal objects, such as nanoparticles, during gel-EP has been studied comparatively little. Simply introducing anionic nanoparticles, such as sulfate-stabilized polystyrene nanospheres, in standard large-pore agarose gels commonly used for biomolecules does not automatically ensure propagation or size-separation because attractive interactions can exist between the gel and the nanoparticles. Whereas altering the surfaces of the nanoparticles is a possible solution, here, by contrast, we show that treating a common type I-A low-electroendoosmosis agarose gel with a passivation agent, such as poly-(ethyleneglycol), enables charged nanoparticles to propagate through large-pore passivated gels in a highly reproducible manner. Moreover, by taking advantage of the significant optical scattering from the nanoparticles, which is not easily measurable for biopolymers, relative to scattering from the gel, we perform real-time, light-scattering, video-tracking gel-EP. Continuous optical measurements of the propagation of bands of uniformly sized nanospheres in passivated gels provides the propagation distance, L, and velocity, v, as a function of time for different sphere radii, electric field strengths, gel concentrations, and passivation agent concentrations. The steady-state particle velocities vary linearly with applied electric field strength, E, for small E, but these velocities become non-linear for larger E, suggesting that strongly driven nanoparticles can become elastically trapped in the smaller pores of the gel, which act like blind holes, in a manner that thermal fluctuations cannot overcome. Based on this assumption, we introduce a simple model that fits the measured v(E) in both linear and non-linear regimes over a relevant range of applied voltages. 4. Statistical analysis of image data provided by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for discovery proteomics. PubMed Crossett, Ben; Edwards, Alistair V G; White, Melanie Y; Cordwell, Stuart J 2008-01-01 Standardized methods for the solubilization of proteins prior to proteomics analyses incorporating two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) are essential for providing reproducible data that can be subjected to rigorous statistical interrogation for comparative studies investigating disease-genesis. In this chapter, we discuss the imaging and image analysis of proteins separated by 2-DE, in the context of determining protein abundance alterations related to a change in biochemical or biophysical conditions. We then describe the principles behind 2-DE gel statistical analysis, including subtraction of background noise, spot detection, gel matching, spot quantitation for data comparison, and statistical requirements to create meaningful gel data sets. We also emphasize the need to develop reproducible and robust protocols for protein sample preparation and 2-DE itself. 5. Allergome: the characterization of allergens based on a 2D gel electrophoresis approach. PubMed Chardin, Hélène; Peltre, Gabriel 2005-10-01 Type I hypersensitivity reactions are in constant progression in industrialized countries. The physiopathologic mechanism of these diseases implicates the production of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E to allergenic molecules, their binding to the Fcepsilon receptor on the surface of mast cells and basophils, and the release of inflammatory mediators when allergens are introduced into the body and crosslink with the IgE bound to the cell surface. An allergen is defined as a molecule that induces the production of, and binds to, IgE. The identification of the allergenic molecules is an important goal to improve diagnosis and treatment of allergy. This characterization aims to extract proteins from the allergenic source, to analyze IgE specificity by immunoblotting and to identify the proteins that bind IgE. 6. Differentiation of human and animal strains of Streptococcus dysgalactiae by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Bert, F; Branger, C; Poutrel, B; Lambert-Zechovsky, N 1997-05-01 The genetic diversity among 54 human isolates and 33 animal isolates belonging to the species Streptococcus dysgalactiae (20 alpha-haemolytic Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 23 Streptococcus equisimilis, 43 group G streptococci and one group L streptococcus) was evaluated by macrorestriction analysis of chromosomal DNA with SmaI and resolution by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This technique revealed a high degree of intraspecies polymorphism, leading to the differentiation of 80 distinct banding patterns, and identified the presence of two major clusters, one containing isolates of human origin and the other isolates of animal origin. These results suggest than human and animal isolates of S.dysgalactiae are genetically distinct, and support the recent proposal of the subspecies S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis for human isolates. The heterogeneity revealed within isolates from the same host type indicates that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is a powerful epidemiological tool for studying S. dysgalactiae infections. 7. Coupling isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis to mass spectrometry by electrostatic spray ionization. PubMed Qiao, Liang; Tobolkina, Elena; Liu, Baohong; Girault, Hubert H 2013-05-07 Gel electrophoresis has been used for decades as a high-resolution separation technique for proteins and protein isomers but has been limited in the coupling with MS because of low throughput and poor automaticity compared with LC-MS. In this work, we have developed an ambient ionization strategy, electrostatic spray ionization, for in situ ionization of proteins or peptides inside a surfactant-free polyacrylamide gel. The samples can be first separated by isoelectric focusing in a gel and then quickly in situ detected by scanning the gel with the electrostatic spray ionization mass spectrometry. With this strategy, nanograms of proteins or peptides inside a band are enough to be ionized for MS detection. This method for protein/peptide spots visualization is sensitive, providing sample molecular weight information while avoiding spot staining and chemical extraction procedures that can introduce contaminants and sample loss. Proof-of-principle results have demonstrated that the electrostatic spray ionization can produce sample ions from a complex background, and with a spatial resolution matching the isoelectric focusing, it is therefore a good choice to couple directly isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. 8. Microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis for cohort studies of microsatellite loci. PubMed Chen, Xiao-he; O'Dell, Sandra D; Day, Ian N M 2002-05-01 After PCR amplification, we have achieved precise sizing of trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellite alleles on 96-well open-faced polyacrylamide microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis (MADGE) gels: two tetranucleotide repeats, HUMTHOI (five alleles 248-263 bp) and DYS390 (eight alleles 200-228 bp), and DYS392, a trinucleotide repeat (eight alleles 210-231 bp). A gel matrix of Duracryl, a high mechanical strength polyacrylamide derivative, and appropriate ionic conditions provide the 1.3%-1.5% band resolution required. No end-labeling of primers is needed, as the sensitive Vistra Green intercalating dye is used for the visualization of bands. Co-run markers bracketing the PCR fragments ensure accurate sizing without inter-lane variability. Electrophoresis of multiple gels in a thermostatically controlled tank allows up to 1000 samples to be run in 90 min. Gel images were analyzed using a Fluorlmager 595 fluorescent scanning system, and alleles were identified using Phoretix software for band migration measurement and Microsoft Excel to compute fragment sizes. Estimated sizes were interpolated precisely to achieve accurate binning. Microsatellite-MADGE represents a utilitarian methodfor high-throughput genotyping in cohort studies, using standard laboratory equipment. 9. Analyses of mouse and Drosophila proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Lee, C Y; Charles, D; Bronson, D; Griffin, M; Bennett, L 1979-11-01 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was employed for the protein analysis of several different mouse tissues and Drosophila. The number of protein spots detected with conventional protein dye staining techniques ranged from 110 in erythrocyte lysate to 320 in liver homogenate. Strain variation of protein spots on the gels was examined in five different tissues from two strains of inbred mice (DBA/2J and C57BL/6J) and their F1 hybrids. The protein spots which exhibited strain variation were shown to be autosomally inherited and to follow Mendelian genetics. From these analyses, it was shown that the frequencies of protein variations between these two strains of mice vary from 1 to 5% with the tissue examined. During the course of this study, the protein spots corresponding to nine muscle proteins and three testis enzymes from the mouse as well as two Drosophila enzymes were assigned on two-dimensional gels of their respective homogenates. Radioisotope labelling of Drosophila and autoradiography of the two-dimensional gels were also performed to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the technique. The potential application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for mutant screening as well as biochemical genetic studies is discussed. 10. Detection of connexins in liver cells using sodiumdodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis PubMed Central Willebrords, Joost; Maes, Michaël; Yanguas, Sara Crespo; Cogliati, Bruno; Vinken, Mathieu 2016-01-01 Summary Since connexin expression is partly regulated at the protein level, immunoblot analysis represents a frequently addressed technique in the connexin research field. The present chapter describes the set-up of an immunoblot procedure, including protein extraction and quantification from biological samples, gel electrophoresis, protein transfer and immunoblotting, which is optimized for analysis of connexins in liver tissue. In essence, proteins are separated on a polyacrylamide gel using sodiumdodecylsulfate followed by transfer of proteins on a nitrocellulose membrane. The latter allows specific detection of connexins with antibodies combined with revelation through enhanced chemiluminescence. PMID:27207285 11. Protein differences between normal and oligospermic human sperm demonstrated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Morgentaler, A; Schopperle, W M; Crocker, R H; DeWolf, W C 1990-11-01 Protein expression by sperm obtained from men with normal semen analysis and men with oligospermia were evaluated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins were solubilized in a 9.5 M urea/2% Nonidet-P40 (LKB, Bromma, Sweden) lysis buffer and underwent second dimension separation on 10 to 16% polyacrylamide gradient gels. A set of 36 invariant proteins was identified in all normospermic samples, whereas 8 of 10 evaluable oligospermic samples lacked 1 or more of the invariant proteins. Proteins absent in oligospermic samples may be critical to normal sperm function and may serve as markers for infertility. 12. Molecular Characterization of Clostridium tetani Strains by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Colony PCR PubMed Central Plourde-Owobi, Lucile; Seguin, Delphine; Baudin, Marie-Anne; Moste, Catherine; Rokbi, Bachra 2005-01-01 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR were applied for the first time to the molecular characterization of Clostridium tetani. Among five strains tested, one (CN1339) turned out to contain a mixture of two genetically different clones and two (D11 and G761) to contain bacteria differing by the presence or absence of the 74-kb plasmid harboring the tetX gene. PMID:16151158 13. Molecular characterization of Clostridium tetani strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and colony PCR. PubMed Plourde-Owobi, Lucile; Seguin, Delphine; Baudin, Marie-Anne; Moste, Catherine; Rokbi, Bachra 2005-09-01 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR were applied for the first time to the molecular characterization of Clostridium tetani. Among five strains tested, one (CN1339) turned out to contain a mixture of two genetically different clones and two (D11 and G761) to contain bacteria differing by the presence or absence of the 74-kb plasmid harboring the tetX gene. 14. Confirmation of soybean plastid rRNAs by formaldehyde denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Zhu, Y Q; Zheng, Y; Chen, H B; Huang, L Q 2014-10-27 Owing to their prokaryotic origin, plastid rRNAs are mainly 23s/16s/5s rRNAs. We present a novel plant RNA isolation method in this paper. Also, not only the eukaryotic 28s (26s, 25s)/18s rRNAs but the prokaryotic 26s/23s rRNAs as well were demonstrated in a single sample for the first time by formaldehyde denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis. 15. Micropreparative capillary gel electrophoresis of DNA: rapid expressed sequence tag library construction. PubMed Shi, Liang; Khandurina, Julia; Ronai, Zsolt; Li, Bi-Yu; Kwan, Wai King; Wang, Xun; Guttman, András 2003-01-01 A capillary gel electrophoresis based automated DNA fraction collection technique was developed to support a novel DNA fragment-pooling strategy for expressed sequence tag (EST) library construction. The cDNA population is first cleaved by BsaJ I and EcoR I restriction enzymes, and then subpooled by selective ligation with specific adapters followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and labeling. Combination of this cDNA fingerprinting method with high-resolution capillary gel electrophoresis separation and precise fractionation of individual cDNA transcript representatives avoids redundant fragment selection and concomitant repetitive sequencing of abundant transcripts. Using a computer-controlled capillary electrophoresis device the transcript representatives were separated by their size and fractions were automatically collected in every 30 s into 96-well plates. The high resolving power of the sieving matrix ensured sequencing grade separation of the DNA fragments (i.e., single-base resolution) and successful fraction collection. Performance and precision of the fraction collection procedure was validated by PCR amplification of the collected DNA fragments followed by capillary electrophoresis analysis for size and purity verification. The collected and PCR-amplified transcript representatives, ranging up to several hundred base pairs, were then sequenced to create an EST library. 16. Product-selective blot: a technique for measuring enzyme activities in large numbers of samples and in native electrophoresis gels SciTech Connect Thompson, G.A.; Davies, H.M.; McDonald, N. 1985-08-01 A method termed product-selective blotting has been developed for screening large numbers of samples for enzyme activity. The technique is particularly well suited to detection of enzymes in native electrophoresis gels. The principle of the method was demonstrated by blotting samples from glutaminase or glutamate synthase reactions into an agarose gel embedded with ion-exchange resin under conditions favoring binding of product (glutamate) over substrates and other substances in the reaction mixture. After washes to remove these unbound substances, the product was measured using either fluorometric staining or radiometric techniques. Glutaminase activity in native electrophoresis gels was visualized by a related procedure in which substrates and products from reactions run in the electrophoresis gel were blotted directly into a resin-containing image gel. Considering the selective-binding materials available for use in the image gel, along with the possible detection systems, this method has potentially broad application. 17. Capillary zone electrophoresis of soil humic acid fractions obtained by coupling size-exclusion chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Cavani, Luciano; Ciavatta, Claudio; Trubetskaya, Olga E; Reznikova, Olga I; Afanas'eva, Gaida V; Trubetskoj, Oleg A 2003-01-03 Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used for characterisation of soil humic acid (HA) fractions obtained by coupling size-exclusion chromatography with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, on the basis of their molecular size and electrophoretic mobility. CZE was conducted using several low alkaline buffers as background electrolyte (BGE): 50 mM carbonate, pH 9.0; 50 mM phosphate, pH 8.5; 50 mM borate, pH 8.3; 50 mM Tris-borate+1 mM EDTA+7 M urea+0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), pH 8.3. Independently of BGE conditions, the effective electrophoretic mobility of HA fractions were in good agreement with their molecular size. The better resolution of HA were obtained in Tris-borate-EDTA buffer with urea and SDS. This results indicated that CZE, mostly with BGE-contained disaggregating agents, is useful for separating HAs in fractions with different molecular sizes. 18. Detection of metals in proteins by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: application to selenium. PubMed Chéry, Cyrille C; Günther, Detlef; Cornelis, Rita; Vanhaecke, Frank; Moens, Luc 2003-10-01 The capabilities of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the detection of trace elements in a gel after gel electrophoresis were systematically studied. Figures of merit, such as limit of detection, linearity, and repeatability, were evaluated for various elements (Li, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Pt, Tl, Pb). Two ablation strategies were followed: single hole drilling, relevant for ablation of spots after two-dimensional (2-D) separations, and ablation with translation, i.e., on a line, relevant for one-dimensional (1-D) separations. This technique was applied to the detection of selenoproteins in red blood cells extracts after a 1-D separation (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and the detection of selenium-containing proteins in yeast after 2-D electrophoresis (2-DE). The detection procedure was further improved by using the dynamic reaction cell technology, which allowed the removal of the Ar_2(+) interference and hence the use of the most abundant Se isotope, (80)Se. Reaction gases were compared (methane, carbon monoxide, ammonia, oxygen and the combination of argon (collision gas) and hydrogen (reaction gas)). In each instance, the reaction cell parameters were optimized in order to obtain the lowest detection limit for Se (as (80)Se(+), (82)Se(+) or (77)Se(+); and as (80)Se(16)O(+), (82)Se(16)O(+) or (77)Se(16)O(+) with O(2) as the reaction gas). Carbon monoxide was found to offer the best performance. The detection limit with the use of DRC and He as transport gas was 0.07 microg Se g(-1) gel with single hole drilling and 0.15 microg Se g(-1) gel for ablation with translation. 19. Monthly variations in ovine seminal plasma proteins analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Cardozo, J A; Fernández-Juan, M; Forcada, F; Abecia, A; Muiño-Blanco, T; Cebrián-Pérez, J A 2006-09-01 This study was conducted to evaluate monthly changes in the ram seminal plasma protein profile using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) with a polyacrylamide linear gradient gel. Likewise, comparative analyses of the protein composition of ovine seminal plasma (SP) from ejaculates obtained along the year, and its relationship with sperm motility, viability and concentration of ejaculate were carried out. Western-blot analysis was performed to specifically detect P14, a ram SP protein postulated to be involved in sperm capacitation and gamete interaction [Barrios B, Fernández-Juan M, Muiño-Blanco T, Cebrián-Pérez JA. Immunocytochemical localization and biochemical characterization of two seminal plasma proteins which protect ram spermatozoa against cold-shock. J Androl 2005;26:539-49], and its variations along the year have also been established. The experiment was carried out from May 2003 to April 2004, with nine Rasa Aragonesa rams. Ejaculates obtained every 2 days were pooled and used for each assay, to avoid individual differences, and three two-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels were run for each month. The high resolution of the gradient gel allowed the image analysis software to detect around 252 protein spots, with pIs ranging from 4.2 to 7.6, and molecular weight (M(r)) from 12.5 to 83.9 kDa. Four protein spots (1, 2, 3 and 4) of low M(r) (15.1, 15.7, 15.9 and 21.0 kDa) and acidic pI (5.9, 5.3, 5.7 and 6.6), respectively, had the highest relative intensity in the SP map (11.2, 9.3, 4.7 and 7.7%, respectively). Spot 3 was more abundant (P<0.05) from May to December, and negatively correlated (P<0.05, r=-0.34) with sperm viability and concentration (P<0.05, r=0.36). Another 12 protein spots also had significant quantitative differences (P<0.05) along the year, and 17 protein spots, which correlated with some seminal quality parameter, did not show quantitative monthly changes. Western-blot analysis indicated that spots 1 and 2 reacted 20. Comparative fluorescence two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using a gel strip sandwich assembly for the simultaneous on-gel generation of a reference protein spot grid. PubMed Ackermann, Doreen; Wang, Weiqun; Streipert, Benjamin; Geib, Birgit; Grün, Lothar; König, Simone 2012-05-01 The comparison of proteins separated on 2DE is difficult due to gel-to-gel variability. Here, a method named comparative fluorescence gel electrophoresis (CoFGE) is presented, which allows the generation of an artificial protein grid in parallel to the separation of an analytical sample on the same gel. Different fluorescent stains are used to distinguish sample and marker on the gel. The technology combines elements of 1DE and 2DE. Special gel combs with V-shaped wells are placed in a stacking gel above the pI strip. Proteins separated on the pI strip are electrophoresed at the same time as marker proteins (commercially available purified protein of different molecular weight) placed in V-wells. In that way, grids providing approximately 100 nodes as landmarks for the determination of protein spot coordinates are generated. Data analysis is possible with commercial 2DE software capable of warping. The method improves comparability of 2DE protein gels, because they are generated in combination with regular in-gel anchor points formed by protein standards. This was shown here for two comparative experiments with three gels each using Escherichia coli lysate. For a set of 47 well-defined samples spots, the deviation of the coordinates was improved from 7% to less than 1% applying warping using the marker grid. Conclusively, as long as the same protein markers, the same size of pI-strips and the same technology are used, gel matching is reproducibly possible. This is an important advancement for projects involving comparison of 2DE-gels produced over several years and in different laboratories. 1. Accurate quantification of DNA methylation of DRD4 applying capillary gel electrophoresis with LIF detection. PubMed Goedecke, Simon; Schlosser, Sabrina; Mühlisch, Jörg; Hempel, Georg; Frühwald, Michael C; Wünsch, Bernhard 2009-04-01 Aberrant DNA methylation of gene promoters may be investigated by an array of different technologies. Besides DNA sequencing techniques following bisulfite treatment and determination of overall methylation by quantification of 5-methylcytosine/cytosine ratio following DNA hydrolysis, most approaches rely on PCR amplification of a defined template and subsequent analysis by conventional gel electrophoresis. As an additional analytical tool, a capillary gel electrophoresis method has been developed to quantify the methylation in combined bisulfite restriction analysis products of the gene dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4). Analyses were carried out in a bare fused-silica capillary dynamically coated with a 1% w/w solution of PVA (M(r)=72,000). A buffer (pH 7.3) containing 3% w/w 2-hydroxyethylcellulose (M(nu) approximately 90,000 g/mol) was used as sieving matrix. With 1/x weighted regression the accuracy (bias) of the method is within +/-10% and the precision (expressed as RSD) also meets the common acceptance criteria of 15% (20% near lower LOQ). It overcomes the limitations of standard gel electrophoresis, which allows only one single run per analysis and requires large amounts of DNA. Therefore, the method represents a valuable tool for routine quantitative analysis of the methylation status of DRD4 and other target genes. 2. Capillary blotting of glycosaminoglycans on nitrocellulose membranes after agarose-gel electrophoresis separation. PubMed Volpi, Nicola; Maccari, Francesca 2009-01-01 A method for the blotting and immobilizing of several nonsulfated and sulfated complex polysaccharides on membranes made hydrophilic and positively charged by cationic detergent after their separation by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis is illustrated. This new approach to the study of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) utilizes the capacity of agarose gel electrophoresis to separate single species of polysaccharides from mixtures and the membrane technology for further preparative and analytical uses.Nitrocellulose membranes are derivatized with the cationic detergent cetylpyridinium chloride and mixtures of GAGs are capillary blotted after their separation in agarose gel electrophoresis. Single purified species of variously sulfated polysaccharides are transferred on derivatized membranes with an efficiency of 100% and stained with alcian blue (irreversible staining) and toluidine blue (reversible staining). This enables a lower amount limit of detection of 0.1 microg. Nonsulfated polyanions, for example hyaluronic acid, may also be transferred to membranes with a limit of detection of approximately 0.1-0.5 microg after irreversible or reversible staining. The membranes may be stained with reversible staining and the same lanes are used for immunological detection or other applications. 3. Improved agarose gel electrophoresis method and molecular mass calculation for high molecular mass hyaluronan. PubMed Cowman, Mary K; Chen, Cherry C; Pandya, Monika; Yuan, Han; Ramkishun, Dianne; LoBello, Jaclyn; Bhilocha, Shardul; Russell-Puleri, Sparkle; Skendaj, Eraldi; Mijovic, Jovan; Jing, Wei 2011-10-01 The molecular mass of the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) is an important determinant of its biological activity and physicochemical properties. One method currently used for the analysis of the molecular mass distribution of an HA sample is gel electrophoresis. In the current work, an improved agarose gel electrophoresis method for analysis of high molecular mass HA is presented and validated. HA mobility in 0.5% agarose minigels was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of molecular mass in the range from approximately 200 to 6000 kDa. A sample load of 2.5 μg for polydisperse HA samples was employed. Densitometric scanning of stained gels allowed analysis of the range of molecular masses present in the sample as well as calculation of weight-average and number-average values. The method was validated for a polydisperse HA sample with a weight-average molecular mass of approximately 2000 kDa. Excellent agreement was found between the weight-average molecular mass determined by electrophoresis and that determined by rheological measurement of the solution viscosity. The revised method was then used to show that heating solutions of HA at 100°C, followed by various cooling procedures, had no effect on the HA molecular mass distribution. 4. DNA electrophoresis in agarose gels: A new mobility vs. DNA length dependence Beheshti, Afshin 2002-04-01 Separations were performed on double stranded DNA (dsDNA) using electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is the steady transport of particles under the influence of an external electric field. Double stranded DNA fragments ranging in length from 200 base pairs (bp) to 194,000 bp (0.34 nm = 1 bp) were electrophoresed at agarose gel concentrations T = 0.4%--1.5%. The electric field was varied from 0.62 V/cm to 6.21 V/cm. A wide range of electric fields and gel concentrations were used to study the usefulness of a new interpolation equation, 1mL =1mL-( 1mL-1 ms)e-L/g , where mL,ms , and g are independent free fitting parameters. The long length mobility limit is interpreted as mL , the short length mobility limit is ms , and g is the crossover between the long length limit and the short length limit. This exponential relation fit very well (chi2 ≥ 0.999) when there are two smooth transitions observed in the "reptation plots" (plotting 3mL/m∘ vs. L) (J. Rousseau, G. Drouin, and G. W. Slater, Phys Rev Lett. 1997, 79, 1945--1948). Fits deviate from the data when three different slopes were observed in the reptation plots. Reptation plots were used to determine a phase diagram for dsDNA migration regimes. The phase diagrams define different regions where mechanisms for molecular transport affect the migration of dsDNA in agarose gels during electrophoresis. The parameters from the equation have also been interpreted to provide a physical description of the structure of the agarose gel by calculating the pore sizes. The relations between the values for the pore sizes and the phase diagrams are interpreted to better understand the migration of the DNA through agarose gels. 5. Optimization of separation and detection schemes for DNA with pulsed field slab gel and capillary electrophoresis SciTech Connect McGregor, David A. 1993-07-01 The purpose of the Human Genome Project is outlined followed by a discussion of electrophoresis in slab gels and capillaries and its application to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Techniques used to modify electroosmotic flow in capillaries are addressed. Several separation and detection schemes for DNA via gel and capillary electrophoresis are described. Emphasis is placed on the elucidation of DNA fragment size in real time and shortening separation times to approximate real time monitoring. The migration of DNA fragment bands through a slab gel can be monitored by UV absorption at 254 nm and imaged by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Background correction and immediate viewing of band positions to interactively change the field program in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis are possible throughout the separation. The use of absorption removes the need for staining or radioisotope labeling thereby simplifying sample preparation and reducing hazardous waste generation. This leaves the DNA in its native state and further analysis can be performed without de-staining. The optimization of several parameters considerably reduces total analysis time. DNA from 2 kb to 850 kb can be separated in 3 hours on a 7 cm gel with interactive control of the pulse time, which is 10 times faster than the use of a constant field program. The separation of ΦX174RF DNA-HaeIII fragments is studied in a 0.5% methyl cellulose polymer solution as a function of temperature and applied voltage. The migration times decreased with both increasing temperature and increasing field strength, as expected. The relative migration rates of the fragments do not change with temperature but are affected by the applied field. Conditions were established for the separation of the 271/281 bp fragments, even without the addition of intercalating agents. At 700 V/cm and 20°C, all fragments are separated in less than 4 minutes with an average plate number of 2.5 million per meter. 6. An evaluation of the SPIFE 3000 semi-automated gel electrophoresis system for the identification of hemoglobin variants and comparison of relative electrophoretic mobilities with manual gel electrophoresis methods. PubMed Hoyer, J D; Markley, K M; Savedra, M E; Kubik, K S; Scheidt, R M 2010-06-01 Laboratory identification of hemoglobin (Hb) variants can involve multiple techniques. The use of semi-automated instruments that perform gel electrophoresis and staining, such as the SPIFE 3000 electrophoresis system, can greatly reduce the labor required for these commonly used techniques. We performed a comparison of the method involved in SPIFE 3000 system with those of manual gel electrophoresis. A total of 22 540 samples were analyzed using the SPIFE 3000, and compared with mobilities on cellulose acetate and citrate agar gels using standard manual methods. The results were compared using relative electrophoretic mobilities (REM). Of the 191 Hb variants identified, only 13 had REM that differed from manual electrophoresis when analyzed using the SPIFE 3000 system. One variant (Hb O-Indonesia) showed different mobility on both acid and alkaline gels, two (Hb E, Hb Sunshine Seth) on alkaline gel only, and 10 (Hbs N-Baltimore, N-Seattle, O-Arab, Shelby, Summer Hill, Tak, Hasharon, M-Iwate, Q-Iran, and Setif) on acid gels only. The SPIFE 3000 semi-automated electrophoresis system produces similar results when compared with those of standard manual electrophoresis methods. 7. Glutamine Synthetase Regulation, Adenylylation State, and Strain Specificity Analyzed by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Bender, Robert A.; Streicher, Stanley L. 1979-01-01 8. Differentially regulated proteins in Prevotella intermedia after oxidative stress analyzed by 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. PubMed Santos, Simone G; Diniz, Cláudio G; Silva, Vânia L; Lima, Francisca L; Andrade, Hélida M; Chapeaurouge, Donat A; Perales, Jonas; Serufo, José Carlos; Carvalho, Maria Auxiliadora R; Farias, Luiz M 2012-02-01 Prevotella intermedia is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium found in human indigenous microbiota that plays an important role in opportunistic infections. The successful colonization depends on the ability of anaerobes to respond to oxidative stress (OS) in oxygenated tissues as well as to resist oxidative events from the host immune system until anaerobic conditions are present at the infection site. As knowledge of the mechanisms of protection against OS in Prevotella is limited, studies are needed to clarify aspects of molecular biology, physiology and ecology of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to access the proteins differentially regulated in P. intermedia after exposure to molecular oxygen by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) associated with the approach of MALDI-TOF/TOF Tandem Mass Spectrometry. The identity of the protein was evaluated by database search for homologous genomic sequences of P. intermedia strain 17 (TIGR). Twenty five out of 72 proteins found were identified as up-regulated (17) or down-regulated (9). These proteins were related to a variety of metabolic process, some of which could be associated to antioxidant and redox regulatory roles. Our data indicate that OS may stimulate an adaptive response in P. intermedia whose effect on its biology may be evidenced by the increase in aerotolerance and changes in protein abundance in the oxygen adapted cells. 9. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus classification by electropherotype; validation by serological analyses and agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Mertens, P P; Crook, N E; Rubinstein, R; Pedley, S; Payne, C C 1989-01-01 Serological analyses of several different cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs), including two type 1 CPVs from Bombyx mori, type 1 CPV from Dendrolimus spectabilis, type 12 CPV from Autographa gamma, type 2 CPV from Inachis io, type 5 CPV from Orgyia pseudotsugata and type 5 CPV from Heliothis armigera, demonstrated a close correlation between the antigenic properties of the polyhedrin or virus particle structural proteins and the genomic dsRNA electropherotypes. The dsRNAs of these viruses were analysed by electrophoresis in 3% and 10% polyacrylamide gels with a discontinuous Tris-HCl/Tris-glycine buffer system or by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis using a continuous Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer system. Electrophoretic analysis in agarose gels was found to be the most suitable for the classification of CPV isolates into electropherotypes, and the results obtained showed a close correlation with the observed antigenic relationships between different virus isolates. However, electrophoretic analysis in 10% polyacrylamide gels was most sensitive for the detection of intra-type variation and the presence of mixed virus isolates. 10. A Sol-Gel-Modified Poly(methyl methacrylate) Electrophoresis Microchip with a Hydrophilic Channel Wall SciTech Connect Chen, Gang; Xu, Xuejiao; Lin, Yuehe; Wang, Joseph 2007-07-27 A sol-gel method was employed to fabricate a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) electrophoresis microchip that contains a hydrophilic channel wall. To fabricate such a device, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was injected into the PMMA channel and was allowed to diffuse into the surface layer for 24 h. After removing the excess TEOS, the channel was filled with an acidic solution for 3 h. Subsequently, the channel was flushed with water and was pretreated in an oven to obtain a sol-gel-modified PMMA microchip. The water contact angle for the sol-gel-modified PMMA was 27.4° compared with 66.3° for the pure PMMA. In addition, the electro-osmotic flow increased from 2.13×10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the native-PMMA channel to 4.86×10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the modified one. The analytical performance of the sol-gel-modified PMMA microchip was demonstrated for the electrophoretic separation of several purines, coupled with amperometric detection. The separation efficiency of uric acid increased to 74 882.3 m-1 compared with 14 730.5 m-1 for native-PMMA microchips. The result of this simple modification is a significant improvement in the performance of PMMA for microchip electrophoresis and microfluidic applications. 11. Proteomic Profiling Of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Protein Expression Data Ahmad, Norhaiza; Zhang, J.; Brown, P. J.; James, D. C.; Birch, J. R.; Racher, A. J.; Smales, C. M. 2008-01-01 We have undertaken two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) proteomic profiling on a series of cell lines with different recombinant antibody production rates. Due to the nature of 2-DE proteomic investigations there will always be process variability' factors in any data set collected in this way. Some of this variation will arise during sample preparation, gel running and staining, while further variation will arise from the gel analysis procedure. Therefore, in order to identify all significant changes in protein expression between biological samples when analysed by 2-DE, the system precision or error', and how this correlates to protein abundance, must be known. Only then can the system be considered robust and investigators accurately and confidently report all observable statistically significant changes in protein expression. We introduce an expression variability test to identify protein spots whose expression correlates with increased antibody production. The results have highlighted a small number of candidate proteins for further investigation. 12. Band broadening in gel electrophoresis: scaling laws for the dispersion coefficient measured by FRAP. PubMed Tinland, B; Pernodet, N; Pluen, A 1998-10-05 We determined quantitatively the band broadening effect during gel electrophoresis by measuring the longitudinal dispersion coefficient Dx, with a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching setup, coupled to an electrophoretic cell. We carried out measurements as a function of the electric field, the average pore size, and the molecular length of DNA fragments. Our results are in good agreement with the predictions of the biased reptation model with fluctuations described by T. A. Duke et al. [(1992) Physics Review Letters, vol. 69, pp. 3260-3263]. This agreement is observed on single-stranded DNA [persistence length approximately equal to 4 nm; B. Tinland et al. (1997) Macromolecules, vol. 30, pp. 5763-5765] in polyacrylamide gels and on double-stranded DNA (persistence length approximately equal to 50 nm) in agarose gels, two systems where the ratio between the average pore size and the Kuhn length is larger than 1. 13. Gel electrophoresis of DNA partially denatured at the ends: what are the dominant conformations? PubMed Sean, David; Slater, Gary W 2013-03-01 Gel electrophoresis of a partially denatured dsDNA fragment is studied using Langevin Dynamics computer simulations. For simplicity, the denatured ssDNA sections are placed at the ends of the fragment in a symmetrical fashion. A squid-like conformation is found to sometimes cause the fragment to completely block in the gel. In fact, this conformation is the principal cause of the steep reduction in mobility observed in the simulations. As the field is increased, it is found that the occurrence of this conformation dominates the migration dynamics. Although the squid conformation seems to be more stable at high fields, the field can eventually force the fragments to thread through the gel pores regardless. We qualitatively explore the behavior of this squid-like conformation across a range of fields and degrees of denaturation, and we discuss the relevance of our findings for TGGE. 14. Establishment of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis profiles of the human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4. PubMed He, Pengcheng; Liu, Yanfeng; Zhang, Mei; Wang, Xiaoning; Wang, Huaiyu; Xi, Jieying; Wei, Kaihua; Wang, Hongli; Zhao, Jing 2012-09-01 To explore optimum conditions for establishing a two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) map of the human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line NB4 and to analyze its protein profiles, we extracted total proteins from NB4 cells using cell disruption, liquid nitrogen freeze-thawing and fracturing by ultrasound, and quantified the extracted protein samples using Bradford's method. 2-DE was applied to separate the proteins, which were silver-stained in the gel. Well‑separated protein spots were selected from the gel using the ImageMaster™ 2D Platinum analysis system. Moreover, the effects of various protein sample sizes (140, 160 and 180 µg) on the 2-DE maps of the NB4 cells were determined and compared. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and database searching were used to identify the proteins. When the quantity of loading proteins was 160 µg, clear, well-resolved, reproducible 2-DE proteomic profiles of the NB4 cells were obtained. The average number of protein spots in 3 gels was 1160±51 with an average matching rate of 81%. A total of 10 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and database queries, certain proteins were products of oncogenes and others were involved in cell cycle regulation and signal transduction. In summary, 2-DE profiles of the proteome of NB4 cells were established and certain proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS and PMF which lay the foundation of further proteomic research of NB4 cells. These data should be useful for establishing a human APL proteome database. 15. Comparative Analysis of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Temporal Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Profiles as a Tool for the Differentiation of Candida Species PubMed Central Mohammadi, Parisa; Hamidkhani, Aida; Asgarani, Ezat 2015-01-01 Background: Candida species are usually opportunistic organisms that cause acute to chronic infections when conditions in the host are favorable. Accurate identification of Candida species is an essential pre-requisite for improved therapeutic strategy. Identification of Candida species by conventional methods is time-consuming with low sensitivity, yet molecular approaches have provided an alternative way for early diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) are polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches that are used for studying the community structure of microorganisms. By using these methods, simultaneous identification of multiple yeast species will be possible and reliable results will be obtained quickly. Objectives: In this study, DGGE and TTGE methods were set up and evaluated for the detection of different Candida species, and their results were compared. Materials and Methods: Five different Candida species were cultured on potato dextrose agar medium for 24 hours. Next, total DNA was extracted by the phenol-chloroform method. Two sets of primers, ITS3-GC/ITS4 and NL1-GC/LS2 were applied to amplify the desired regions. The amplified fragments were then used to analyze DGGE and TTGE profiles. Results: The results showed that NL1-GC/LS2 primer set could yield species-specific amplicons, which were well distinguished and allowed better species discrimination than that generated by the ITS3-GC/ITS4 primer set, in both DGGE and TTGE profiles. All five Candida species were discriminated by DGGE and TTGE using the NL1-GC/LS2 primer set. Conclusions: Comparison of DGGE and TTGE profiles obtained from NL1-GC/LS2 amplicons exhibited the same patterns. Although both DGGE and TTGE techniques are capable of detecting Candida species, TTGE is recommended because of easier performance and lower costs. PMID:26568801 16. Sol-gel chemistry-based Ucon-coated columns for capillary electrophoresis. PubMed Hayes, J D; Malik, A 1997-07-18 A sol-gel chemistry-based novel approach for the preparation of a Ucon-coated fused-silica capillary column in capillary electrophoresis is presented. In this approach the sol-gel process is carried out inside 25 microm I.D. fused-silica capillaries. The sol solution contained appropriate quantities of an alkoxide-based sol-gel precursor, a polymeric coating material (Ucon), a crosslinking reagent, a surface derivatizing reagent, controlled amounts of water and a catalyst dissolved in a suitable solvent system. The coating procedure involves filling a capillary with the sol solution and allowing the sol-gel process to proceed for an optimum period. Hydrolysis of the alkoxide precursor and polycondensation of the hydrolyzed products with the surface silanol groups and the hydroxy-terminated Ucon molecules lead to the formation of a surface-bonded sol-gel coating on the inner walls of the capillary. The thickness of the coated film can be controlled by varying the reaction time, coating solution composition and experimental conditions. Commercial availability of high purity sol-gel precursors (e.g., TEOS 99.999%), the ease of coating, run-to-run and column-to-column reproducibility, and long column lifetimes make sol-gel coating chemistry very much suitable for being applied in analytical microseparations column technology. Test samples of basic proteins and nucleotides were used to evaluate the column performance. These results show that the sol-gel coating scheme has allowed for the generation of bio-compatible surfaces characterized by high separation efficiencies in CE. For different types of solutes, the sol-gel coated Ucon column consistently provided migration time R.S.D. values of the order of 0.5%. 17. The Sensitivity of Gel Electrophoresis as a Detector of Genetic Variation PubMed Central Ramshaw, John A. M.; Coyne, Jerry A.; Lewontin, R. C. 1979-01-01 Three experiments based on an idea of Youderian have been performed to determine the proportions and kinds of amino acid substitutions that are detected by gel electrophoresis when applied to surveys of protein variation in populations. The experiments involved applying the sequential method of electrophoresis under several conditions of pH and gel concentration to a large sample of human hemoglobins with known amino acid substitutions. In the first experiment, a random sample of 20 different hemoglobin variants was studied, and these were separated into 17 distinct electrophoretic classes by three sequential gel conditions, thus giving a detectability of 85%. A single pass under standard conditions detected eight classes. The second experiment compared groups of substitutions that were chemically identical, but in different positions in the α and β chains, while the third experiment compared pairs of substitutions that were charge equivalent, but chemically different at the same chain position. The sequential method distinguished 90% of all chemically identical substitutions when they were at different chain locations, and four out of five charge equivalent but chemically different substitutions at the same site. Examination of the location of each substitution in the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobins showed that interior substitutions usually are less different from Hb A than are surface substitutions and that local interactions with chain and spatial neighbors are sufficient to distinguish substitutions in very similar positions on the outside of the molecule. The "charge ladder" model of electrophoretic classes is clearly incorrect, and it appears that sequential gel electrophoresis as practiced in our Drosophila surveys has detected a substantial fraction of amino acid substitutions if hemoglobin is regarded as a model. This estimate may be modified as other molecules beside hemoglobin are subjected to similar calibration experiments. PMID:546674 18. Mutations and a polymorphism in the factor VIII gene discovered by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Kogan, S.; Gitschier, J. ) 1990-03-01 Hemophilia A results from mutations in the gene coding for coagulation factor VIII. The authors gradient gel electrophoresis to screen for mutations in the region of the factor VIII gene coding for the first acidic domain. Amplification primers were designed employing the MELTMAP computer program to optimize the ability to detect mutations. Screening of amplified DNA from 228 unselected hemophilia A patients revealed two mutations and one polymorphism. Rescreening the same population by making heteroduplexes between amplified patient and control samples prior to electrophoresis revealed one additional mutation. The mutations include two missense and one 4-base-pair deletion, and each mutation was found in patients with severe hemophilia. The polymorphism, located adjacent to the adenine branch site in intron 7, is useful for genetic prediction in some cases where the Bcl I and Xba I polymorphisms are uninformative. These results suggest that DNA amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis should be an excellent strategy for identifying mutations and polymorphisms in defined regions of the factor VIII gene and other large genes. 19. Single universal primer multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification with sequencing gel electrophoresis analysis. PubMed Shang, Ying; Zhu, Pengyu; Xu, Wentao; Guo, Tianxiao; Tian, Wenying; Luo, Yunbo; Huang, Kunlun 2013-12-15 In this study, a novel single universal primer multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (SUP-MLPA) technique that uses only one universal primer to perform multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed. Two reversely complementary common sequences were designed on the 5' or 3' end of the ligation probes (LPs), which allowed the ligation products to be amplified through only a single universal primer (SUP). SUP-MLPA products were analyzed on sequencing gel electrophoresis with extraordinary resolution. This method avoided the high expenses associated with capillary electrophoresis, which was the commonly used detection instrument. In comparison with conventional multiplex PCR, which suffers from low sensitivity, nonspecificity, and amplification disparity, SUP-MLPA had higher specificity and sensitivity and a low detection limit of 0.1 ng for detecting single crop species when screening the presence of genetically modified crops. We also studied the effect of different lengths of stuffer sequences on the probes for the first time. Through comparing the results of quantitative PCR, the LPs with different stuffer sequences did not affect the ligation efficiency, which further increased the multiplicity of this assay. The improved SUP-MLPA and sequencing gel electrophoresis method will be useful for food and animal feed identification, bacterial detection, and verification of genetic modification status of crops. 20. Detection of genotoxic insult as DNA strand breaks in fish blood cells by agarose gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Theodorakis, C.W. ); D'Surney, S.J. . Dept. of Biology); Shugart, L.R. . Environmental Sciences Division) 1994-07-01 DNA, isolated from the blood cells of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) exposed in the lab to bedded sediment collected from a site contaminated with genotoxic compounds (i.e., PAHs, PCBs, and heavy metals), was examined for strand breakage by agarose gel electrophoresis. Before electrophoresis the blood cells were embedded in agarose plugs and incubated with proteinase. After electrophoresis under both neutral (pH 7) or alkaline (pH 12) conditions, the median molecular length (MML) of the DNA distributed in the gel was determined. These quantitative measures were used to estimate the difference in the number of double- and single-strand breaks between DNA preparations. Both types of strand breakage were found to be greater in fish exposed to sediment contaminated with genotoxic compounds as compared to nonexposed fish. A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the MML value obtained by the electrophoretic assay reported here and the F value (measure of DNA double-strandedness) obtained by the alkaline unwinding assay. 1. Accuracy of two-color peak-height-encoded DNA sequencing by capillary gel electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence Bay, Sue; Starke, Heather; Elliott, John; Dovichi, Norman J. 1993-06-01 The two-color peak-height encoded DNA sequencing technique was evaluated with six clones taken from the malaria genome. This technique produced a sequencing accuracy of at least 97.5%. Capillary gel electrophoresis, using a modest voltage of 200 V/cm, showed a three- fold increase in speed and higher efficiency compared to conventional slab gel technique. 2. Unhooking dynamics of U-shaped DNA molecule undergoing gel electrophoresis. PubMed Song, L; Maestre, M F 1991-08-01 It has been found that DNA molecules are often hooked around obstacles in a U-shaped configuration in gel electrophoresis. To understand the dynamics of the unhooking of U-shaped DNA molecules undergoing gel electrophoresis, we have examined the length changes of the longer and shorter arms of the U-shape as a function of time. Two types of unhooking have been found. In one type, the length changes of both arms are expontential in time but with different time constants. In another type, the length changes of the shorter arm is exponential and that of the longer one is linear with time. The interpretation is that the extent of stretch of the spring-like DNA chain decreases as the length difference between the two arms increases during the unhooking processes, and that the frictions at the pivot point can be relatively large depending upon the local structure of the gel. The friction coefficient at the pivot point is estimated to be nu 0 = (2.98 +/- 1.42)x10(-5) g/sec. 3. Gel electrophoresis of a charge-regulated, bi-functional particle. PubMed Hsu, Jyh-Ping; Huang, Chih-Hua; Tseng, Shiojenn 2013-03-01 Adopting a Brinkman fluid model, we analyzed the electrophoresis of a charged-regulated, bi-functional particle containing both acidic and basic functional groups in a gel solution. Both the long-range hydrodynamic effect arising from the liquid drag and the short-range steric effect from particle-polymer interaction are considered. The type of particle considered is capable of simulating both biocolloids such as microorganisms and cells, and particles with adsorbed polyelectrolyte or membrane layer. Our model describes successfully the experimental data in the literature. The presence of gel has the effect of reducing the particle mobility and alleviating double-layer polarization so that the particle behavior is less complicated than that in the case where gel is absent. On the other hand, both the quantitative and qualitative behaviors of a particle depend highly on solution pH and background salt concentration, yielding interesting and significant results. These results provide valuable information for both experimental data interpretation and electrophoresis devices design. 4. Response surface methodology-based optimisation of agarose gel electrophoresis for screening and electropherotyping of rotavirus. PubMed Mishra, Vikas; Nag, Vijaya Lakshmi; Tandon, Ritu; Awasthi, Shally 2010-04-01 Management of rotavirus diarrhoea cases and prevention of nosocomial infection require rapid diagnostic method at the patient care level. Diagnostic tests currently available are not routinely used due to economic or sensitivity/specificity constraints. Agarose-based sieving media and running conditions were modulated by using central composite design and response surface methodology for screening and electropherotyping of rotaviruses. The electrophoretic resolution of rotavirus genome was calculated from input parameters characterising the gel matrix structure and running conditions. Resolution of rotavirus genome was calculated by densitometric analysis of the gel. The parameters at critical values were able to resolve 11 segmented rotavirus genome. Better resolution and electropherotypic variation in 11 segmented double-stranded RNA genome of rotavirus was detected at 1.96% (w/v) agarose concentration, 0.073 mol l(-1) ionic strength of Tris base-boric acid-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid buffer (1.4x) and 4.31 h of electrophoresis at 4.6 V cm(-1) electric field strength. Modified agarose gel electrophoresis can replace other methods as a simplified alternative for routine detection of rotavirus where it is not in practice. 5. Dispersion functions and factors that determine resolution for DNA sequencing by gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Sutherland, J.C.; Reynolds, K.J.; Fisk, D.J. 1996-04-01 The number of bases that can be read in a single run by a DNA sequencing instrument that detects fluorophore labeled DNA arriving at a finish-line located a fixed distance from the starting wells is influenced by numerous parameters. Strategies for improving the length-of-read of a DNA sequencer can be based on quantitative models of the separation of DNA by gel electrophoresis. The dispersion function of the electrophoretic system--the relationship between molecular contour length and time of arrival at the detector--is useful in characterizing the performance of a DNA sequencer. We adapted analytical representations of dispersion functions, originally developed for snapshot imaging of DNA gels, (samples electrophoresed for constant time), to finish-line imaging, and demonstrated that a logistic-type function with non-integral exponent is required to describe the experimental data. We use this dispersion function to determine the resolution length and resolving power of a LI-COR DNA sequencing system and a custom built capillary gel electrophoresis system, and discuss the factors that presently limit the number of bases that can be determined reliably in a single sequencing run. 6. Measurement of DNA damage using agarose gel electrophoresis and electronic imaging SciTech Connect Sutherland, J.C.; Bergman, A.M.; Chen, Chun-Zhang; Monteleone, D.C.; Trunk, J.; Sutherland, B.M. 1988-01-01 Damage done to DNA by ultraviolet (uv) light, gamma rays and other carcinogens can be quantified using agarose gel electrophororesis. Agents that either produce strand breaks directly or that produce lesions that can be enzymatically or chemically converted to strand breaks can be studied. The method requires: (1) accurate measurement of the disribution of mass of DNA as a function of the distance of migration in the gel, (2) determination of the dispersion function of the electrophoresis system and (3) calculation of weighted averages of these functions by a computer. Less than 50 ng of DNA are required and the DNA need not be labeled with a radioactive tracer. Hence, the damage and repair of DNA in non-dividing cells and intact organisms---including humans---can be studied. Initial applications have focused on the quantitation of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of uv irradiated human skin. The sensitivity of lesion detection is increased by unidirectional pulsed field electrophoresis and other methods that separate longer DNA molecules. Replacing photographic detection of ethidium fluorescence by electronic imaging increases the accuracy of the measurement and the speed of data analysis. Quantitative electronic imaging of gel fluorescence offers advantages over photography in other areas of molecular biology, medicine and biotechnology. 26 refs., 5 figs. 7. DNA electrophoresis in tri-block copolymer gels--experiments and Brownian dynamics simulation Wei, Ling; van Winkle, David H. 2015-03-01 The mobility of double-stranded DNA ladders in Pluronics®P105, P123 and F127, was measured by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Pluronics®are triblock copolymers which form gel-like phases of micelles arranged with cubic order at room temperature. A 10 base pair and a 25 base pair DNA ladder were used as samples in gel electrophoresis. The monotonically decreasing mobility with increasing length observed in the agarose separations is not observed in separations in Pluronics®. Rather, a complicated dependence of mobility on DNA length is observed, where mobility vs. length increases for short DNA molecules then decreases for longer molecules. There is also a variation of mobility with length correlated to the micelle diameter. Brownian dynamics simulations of a discrete wormlike chain model were performed to simulate short DNA molecules migrating in free solution and in a face-centered cubic matrix. By incorporating hydrodynamic interactions, the trend of simulated length-dependent mobility qualitatively agrees with experimental measurements. 8. Megabase-scale mapping of the HLA gene complex by pulsed field gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Lawrance, S.K.; Smith, C.L.; Srivastava, R.; Cantor, C.R.; Weissman, S.M. 1987-03-13 In the study of the genetic structure of mammalian chromosomes, there exists a resolution gap between molecular cloning experiments and meiotic linkage analyses. This gap has discouraged attempts to construct full-scale genetic maps of mammalian chromosomes. The organization of the human major histocompatibility complex was examined within this range by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The data obtained indicate that the complex spans over 3000 kilobases and enable the construction of a megabase-scale molecular map. These results indicate that the techniques employed in DNA extraction, enzymatic digestion, electrophoresis, and hybridization are suitable for the efficient analysis of megabase regions of mammalian chromosomes and effectively bridge the resolution gap between molecular cloning and classical genetics. 9. An inexpensive microslab gel DNA electrophoresis system with real-time fluorescence detection. PubMed Chen, Xiaojia; Ugaz, Victor M 2006-02-01 In this paper, we describe the construction of a simple yet powerful gel electrophoresis apparatus that can be used to perform size-selective separations of DNA fragments in virtually any laboratory. This system employs a microslab gel format with a novel gel casting technique that eliminates the need for delicate combs to define sample loading wells. The compact size of the microslab gel format allows rapid separations to be performed at low voltages using submicroliter sample volumes. Real time fluorescence detection of the migrating DNA fragments is accomplished using an inexpensive digital microscope that directly connects to any PC with a USB interface. The microscope is readily adaptable for this application by replacing its white light source with a blue light-emitting diode (LED) and adding an appropriate emission filter. Both polyacrylamide and agarose gels can be used as separation matrices. Separation performance was characterized using standard dsDNA ladders, and correct sizing of a 191 bp PCR product was achieved in 15 min. The low cost and simplicity of this system makes it ideally suited for use in a variety of laboratory and educational settings. 10. Performing isoelectric focusing and simultaneous fractionation of proteins on a rotary valve followed by sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Wang, Wei; Lu, Joann J; Gu, Congying; Zhou, Lei; Liu, Shaorong 2013-07-16 In this technical note, we design and fabricate a novel rotary valve and demonstrate its feasibility for performing isoelectric focusing and simultaneous fractionation of proteins, followed by sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The valve has two positions. In one position, the valve routes a series of capillary loops together into a single capillary tube where capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) is performed. By switching the valve to another position, the CIEF-resolved proteins in all capillary loops are isolated simultaneously, and samples in the loops are removed and collected in vials. After the collected samples are briefly processed, they are separated via sodium dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, the second-D separation) on either a capillary gel electrophoresis instrument or a slab-gel system. The detailed valve configuration is illustrated, and the experimental conditions and operation protocols are discussed. 11. Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Insulin Secretory Granule Proteins from Biosynthetically-Labeled Pancreatic Islets. PubMed Guest, Paul C 2017-01-01 Pulse-chase radiolabeling of cells with radioactive amino acids is a common method for tracking the biosynthesis of proteins. Radiolabeled newly synthesized proteins can be analyzed by a number of techniques such as two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). This chapter presents a protocol for the biosynthetic labeling of pancreatic islets with (35)S-methionine in the presence of basal and stimulatory concentrations of glucose, followed by subcellular fractionation to produce a secretory granule fraction and analysis of the granule protein contents by 2DE. This provides a means of determining whether or not the biosynthetic rates of the entire granule constituents are coordinately regulated. 12. TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS ANALYSIS OF BROWN ALGAL PROTEIN EXTRACTS(1). PubMed Contreras, Loretto; Ritter, Andrés; Dennett, Geraldine; Boehmwald, Freddy; Guitton, Nathalie; Pineau, Charles; Moenne, Alejandra; Potin, Philippe; Correa, Juan A 2008-10-01 High-quality protein extracts are required for proteomic studies, a field that is poorly developed for marine macroalgae. A reliable phenol extraction protocol using Scytosiphon gracilis Kogame and Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngb. (Phaeophyceae) as algal models resulted in high-quality protein extracts. The performance of the new protocol was tested against four methods available for vascular plants and a seaweed. The protocol, which includes an initial step to remove salts from the algal tissues, allowed the use of highly resolving two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) protein analyses, providing the opportunity to unravel potentially novel physiological processes unique to this group of marine organisms. 13. Measurement of DNA damage in individual cells using the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) assay. PubMed Hartley, Janet M; Spanswick, Victoria J; Hartley, John A 2011-01-01 The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) assay is a simple, versatile and sensitive method for measuring DNA damage in individual cells, allowing the determination of heterogeneity of response within a cell population. The basic alkaline technique described is for the determination of DNA strand break damage and its repair at a single cell level. Specific modifications to the method use a lower pH ('neutral' assay), or allow the measurement of DNA interstrand cross-links. It can be further adapted to, for example, study specific DNA repair mechanisms, be combined with fluorescent in situ hybridisation, or incorporate lesion specific enzymes. 14. Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to detect DNA sequence differences encoding apolipoprotein E isoforms SciTech Connect Parker, S.; Angelico, M.C.; Laffel, L.; Krolewski, A.S. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA ) 1993-04-01 Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in plasma lipid metabolism. Three common isoforms of this protein have been identified by the isoelectric focusing method. In this report the authors describe a new method for distinguishing these isoforms. Their method employs PCR amplification of the DNA sequence of exon 4 in the apoE gene followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to distinguish its different melting characteristics. Identification of the ApoE isoforms through DNA melting behavior rather than protein charge differences eliminates the problems associated with isoelectric focusing and facilitates screening for additional mutations at the apoE locus. 12 refs., 2 figs. 15. Quantitation of pyrimidine dimer contents of nonradioactive deoxyribonucleic acid by electrophoresis in alkaline agarose gels SciTech Connect Sutherland, B.M.; Shih, A.G. 1983-02-15 We have developed a method of quantitating the pyrimidine dimer content of nonradioactive DNAs. DNA samples are treated with the UV-endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus and then separated according to molecular weight by electrophoresis on alkaline agarose gels. From their migration relative to known molecular weight standards, their median molecular weight and thus the number of dimers per DNA molecule in each sample can be calculated. Results of action spectra for dimer formation in T7 bacteriophage measured by this method agree well with action spectra for T7 killing. In addition, the method gives dimer yields in good agreement with those obtained by others using alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation. 16. Genetic profiling of Klebsiella pneumoniae: comparison of pulsed field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA PubMed Central Ashayeri-Panah, Mitra; Eftekhar, Fereshteh; Ghamsari, Maryam Mobarak; Parvin, Mahmood; Feizabadi, Mohammad Mehdi 2013-01-01 In this study, the discriminatory power of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods for subtyping of 54 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were compared. All isolates were typeable by RAPD, while 3.6% of them were not typeable by PFGE. The repeatability of both typing methods were 100% with satisfying reproducibility (≥ 95%). Although the discriminatory power of PFGE was greater than RAPD, both methods showed sufficient discriminatory power (DI > 0.95) which reflects the heterogeneity among the K. pneumoniae isolates. An optimized RAPD protocol is less technically demanding and time consuming that makes it a reliable typing method and competitive with PFGE. PMID:24516423 17. Molecular subtyping of Clostridium botulinum by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Lúquez, Carolina; Joseph, Lavin A; Maslanka, Susan E 2015-01-01 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been extensively used to estimate the genetic diversity of Clostridium botulinum. In addition, PFGE is the standard method for investigating foodborne outbreaks associated with various enteric pathogens, including C. botulinum. PFGE can be used to exclude a suspected but not confirmed food source when the patterns of the food and clinical isolates are different. Indistinguishable PFGE patterns may also be useful for linking isolates between patients or to a food source, but results must be interpreted within an epidemiological context to ensure isolates are truly related. Here, we describe a standardized laboratory protocol for molecular subtyping of C. botulinum by PFGE. 18. Accommodating brightness and exposure levels in densitometry of stained polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels SciTech Connect Tan, Han Yen; Ng, Tuck Wah; Liew, Oi Wah 2010-03-20 Flatbed scanner densitometers can be operated under various illumination and recording exposure levels. In this work, we show that optical density measurement accuracy, sensitivity, and stability of stained polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel densitometry are crucially dependent on these two factors (brightness and exposure level), notwithstanding that the source is monochromatic, spatially uniform, and the measurements are made using an accurately calibrated step wedge in tandem. We further outline a method to accommodate the intensity deviations over a range of illumination and exposure levels in order to maintain sensitivity and repeatability in the computed optical densities. Comparisons were also made with results from a commercial densitometer. 19. The Use of Gel Electrophoresis to Study the Reactions of Activated Amino Acids with Oligonucleotides NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Zieboll, Gerhard; Orgel, Leslie E. 1994-01-01 We have used gel electrophoresis to study the primary covalent addition of amino acids to oligonu-cleotides or their analogs and the subsequent addition of further molecules of the amino acids to generate peptides covalently linked to the oligonucleotides. We have surveyed the reactions of a variety of amino acids with the phosphoramidates derived from oligonucleotide 5 inches phosphates and ethylenediamine. We find that arginine and amino acids can interact with oligonucleotidesl through stacking interactions react most efficiently. D- and L-amino acids give indistinguishable families of products. 20. Plasmid DNA replication and topology as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Schvartzman, J B; Martínez-Robles, M L; Hernández, P; Krimer, D B 2010-01-01 During the last 20 years, two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis combined with other techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction, helicase assay and electron microscopy, helped to characterize plasmid DNA replication and topology. Here we describe some of the most important findings that were made using this method including the characterization of uni-directional replication, replication origin interference, DNA breakage at the forks, replication fork blockage, replication knotting, replication fork reversal, the interplay of supercoiling and catenation and other changes in DNA topology that take place as replication progresses. 1. Analysis of mucosal mucins separated by SDS-urea agarose polyacrylamide composite gel electrophoresis. PubMed Issa, Samah M A; Schulz, Benjamin L; Packer, Nicolle H; Karlsson, Niclas G 2011-12-01 Efficient separation of mucins (200 kDa-2 MDa) was demonstrated using gradient SDS agarose/polyacrylamide composite gel electrophoresis (SDS-AgPAGE). Inclusion of urea (SDS-UAgPAGE) in the gels casting were shown to have no effect on the migration of mucins in the gel and allowed casting of gel at room temperature. This simplified the procedure for multiple casting of agarose polyacrylamide gradients and increased reproducibility of these gels. Hence, the implementation of urea makes the technique applicable for high throughput isolation and screening of mucin oligosaccharides by LC-MS after releasing the oligosaccharides from isolated, blotted mucin subpopulations. It was also shown that the urea addition had no effect on other supporting applications such as western and lectin blotting. In addition, identification of the mucin protein after tryptic digestion and LC-MS was possible and no protein carbamylation due to the presence of urea in the gel was detected. LC-MS software developed for metabolomic analysis was used for O-linked oligosaccharide detection and differential display of various mucin samples. Using this method, heterogeneous glycosylation of mucins and mucin-type molecules isolated by SDS-AgPAGE and SDS-UAgPAGE was shown to consist of more than 80 different components in a single band, and in the extreme cases, up to 300-500 components (MUC5B/AC from saliva and sputum and). Metabolomic software was also used to show that the migration of mucin isoforms within the gel is due to heterogeneous size distribution of the oligosaccharides, with the slower migrating bands enriched in high-molecular-weight oligosaccharides. 2. Comparison between a second generation automated multicapillary electrophoresis system with an automated agarose gel electrophoresis system for the detection of M-components. PubMed 2008-01-01 During the last decade, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as an interesting alternative to traditional analysis of serum, plasma and urine proteins by agarose gel electrophoresis. Initially there was a considerable difference in resolution between the two methods but the quality of CE has improved significantly. We thus wanted to evaluate a second generation of automated multicapillary instruments (Capillarys, Sebia, Paris, France) and the high resolution (HR) buffer for serum or plasma protein analysis with an automated agarose gel electrophoresis system for the detection of M-components. The comparison between the two systems was performed with patients samples with and without M-components. The comparison included 76 serum samples with M-components > 1 g/L. There was a total agreement between the two methods for detection of these M-components. When studying samples containing oligoclonal bands/small M-components, there were differences between the two systems. The capillary electrophoresis system detected a slightly higher number of samples with oligoclonal bands but the two systems found oligoclonal bands in different samples. When looking at resolution, the agarose gel electrophoresis system yielded a slightly better resolution in the alpha and beta regions, but it required an experienced interpreter to be able to benefit from the increased resolution. The capillary electrophoresis has shorter turn-around times and bar-code reader that allows positive sample identification. The Capillarys in combination with HR buffer gives better resolution of the alpha and beta regions than the same instrument with the beta1-beta2+ buffer or the Paragon CZE2000 (Beckman) which was the first generation of capillary electrophoresis systems. 3. Analysis of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes using blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) PubMed Central Jha, Pooja; Wang, Xu; Auwerx, Johan 2016-01-01 Mitochondria are cellular organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP through a process termed oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which occurs via the protein complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC). In recent years it has become unequivocally clear that mitochondrial complexes of the ETC are not static entities in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes are dynamic and in mammals they aggregate in different stoichiometric combinations to form supercomplexes (SCs) or respirasomes. It has been proposed that the net respiration is more efficient via SCs than via isolated complexes. However, it still needs to be determined whether the activity of a particular SC is associated with a disease etiology. Here we describe a simplified method to visualize and assess in-gel activity of SCs and the individual complexes with a good resolution on blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). PMID:26928661 4. Interlaboratory Agreement of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Identification of Leptospira Serovars PubMed Central Mende, Katrin; Galloway, Renee L.; Becker, Sara J.; Beckius, Miriam L.; Murray, Clinton K.; Hospenthal, Duane R. 2013-01-01 Leptospirosis may be caused by > 250 Leptospira serovars. Serovar classification is a complex task that most laboratories cannot perform. We assessed the interlaboratory reproducibility of a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) identification technique developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Blinded exchange of 93 Leptospiraceae strains occurred between San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) and the CDC. PFGE was performed and gel images were analyzed and compared with patterns present in each laboratory's database (CDC database: > 800 strain patterns; SAMMC database: > 300 strain patterns). Overall, 93.7% (74 of 79) of strains present in each receiving laboratory's database were correctly identified. Five isolates were misidentified, and two isolates did not match serovar PFGE patterns in the receiving laboratory's database. Patterns for these seven isolates were identical between laboratories; four serovars represented misidentified reference strains. The PFGE methodology studied showed excellent interlaboratory reproducibility, enabling standardization and data sharing between laboratories. PMID:23817329 5. Use of Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis to Identify and Classify Rhizobium Strains PubMed Central Roberts, Gary P.; Leps, Walter T.; Silver, Lin E.; Brill, Winston J. 1980-01-01 Fifty-seven strains of various Rhizobium species were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Since the protein pattern on such gels is a reflection of the genetic background of the tested strains, similarities in pattern allowed us to estimate the relatedness between these strains. All group II rhizobia (slow growing) were closely related and were very distinct from group I rhizobia (fast growing). Rhizobium meliloti strains formed a distinct group. The collection of R. leguminosarum and R. trifolii strains together formed another distinct group. Although there were some similarities within the R. phaseoli, sesbania rhizobia, and lotus rhizobia, the members within these seemed much more diverse than the members of the above groups. The technique also is useful to determine whether two unknown strains are identical. Images PMID:16345514 6. Improved detection of amylase activity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with copolymerized starch. PubMed Martínez, T F; Alarcón, F J; Díaz-López, M; Moyano, F J 2000-08-01 An improved method, based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for detection of amylase activity is described. This method will allow better characterization of certain amylases than that obtained by the Davis technique. The main features of the technique are: (i) identification of amylase bands and molecular mass determination are possible in the same gel; (ii) the hydrolysis of copolymerized substrate during electrophoretic separation is prevented using very low temperatures instead of inactivating agents such as chelating agents; and (iii) the technique is applicable to reveal amylase activity in a wide range of biological samples. The method is not useful for enzymes sensitive to SDS and for high molecular mass amylases. 7. A model of the DNA transient orientation overshoot during gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Lim, H.A. ); Slater, G.W.; Noolandi, J. ) 1990-01-01 Linear dichroism and electric birefringence measurements show that when an electric field is applied to a DNA molecule at equilibrium in an agarose gel, the isotropic molecular conformation quickly orients in the field direction, reaching first a maximum overshoot'' orientation before it relaxes towards a somewhat less oriented but still anisotropic steady-state conformation. We present here a simple analytical model of this overshoot effect together with numerical results from a computer simulation of gel electrophoresis. The predicted dependence of the overshoot time and orientation upon field intensity and molecular size are in good agreement with experimental results. The dynamics of the overshoot involves U-shape conformations that disappear only after the internal elastic forces completely dominate the electric forces. It is also predicted that a different overshoot regime takes place for low electric fields and small molecular sizes, and that a primary and a secondary overshoot may appear for very large molecules. 8. Assaying cooperativity of protein-DNA interactions using agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Williams, Tanya L; Levy, Daniel L 2013-01-01 DNA-binding proteins play essential roles in many cellular processes. Understanding on a molecular level how these proteins interact with their cognate sequences can provide important functional insights. Here, we describe a band shift assay in agarose gel to assess the mode of protein binding to a DNA molecule containing multiple protein-binding sites. The basis for the assay is that protein-DNA complexes display retarded gel electrophoresis mobility, due to their increased molecular weight relative to free DNA. The degree of retardation is higher with increasing numbers of bound protein molecules, thereby allowing resolution of complexes with differing protein-DNA stoichiometries. The DNA is radiolabeled to allow for visualization of both unbound DNA and all the different DNA-protein complexes. We present a quantitative analysis to determine whether protein binding to multiple sites within the same DNA molecule is independent or cooperative. 9. HP-Lattice QSAR for dynein proteins: experimental proteomics (2D-electrophoresis, mass spectrometry) and theoretic study of a Leishmania infantum sequence. PubMed Dea-Ayuela, María Auxiliadora; Pérez-Castillo, Yunierkis; Meneses-Marcel, Alfredo; Ubeira, Florencio M; Bolas-Fernández, Francisco; Chou, Kuo-Chen; González-Díaz, Humberto 2008-08-15 The toxicity and inefficacy of actual organic drugs against Leishmaniosis justify research projects to find new molecular targets in Leishmania species including Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) and Leishmaniamajor (L. major), both important pathogens. In this sense, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods, which are very useful in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry to discover small-sized drugs, may help to identify not only new drugs but also new drug targets, if we apply them to proteins. Dyneins are important proteins of these parasites governing fundamental processes such as cilia and flagella motion, nuclear migration, organization of the mitotic splinde, and chromosome separation during mitosis. However, despite the interest for them as potential drug targets, so far there has been no report whatsoever on dyneins with QSAR techniques. To the best of our knowledge, we report here the first QSAR for dynein proteins. We used as input the Spectral Moments of a Markov matrix associated to the HP-Lattice Network of the protein sequence. The data contain 411 protein sequences of different species selected by ClustalX to develop a QSAR that correctly discriminates on average between 92.75% and 92.51% of dyneins and other proteins in four different train and cross-validation datasets. We also report a combined experimental and theoretic study of a new dynein sequence in order to illustrate the utility of the model to search for potential drug targets with a practical example. First, we carried out a 2D-electrophoresis analysis of L. infantum biological samples. Next, we excised from 2D-E gels one spot of interest belonging to an unknown protein or protein fragment in the region M<20,200 and pI<4. We used MASCOT search engine to find proteins in the L. major data base with the highest similarity score to the MS of the protein isolated from L. infantum. We used the QSAR model to predict the new sequence as dynein with probability of 99.99% without 10. Agarose gel purification of PCR products for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis results in GC-clamp deletion. PubMed Sun, Guowei; Xiao, Jinzhou; Lu, Man; Wang, Hongming; Chen, Xiaobing; Yu, Yongxin; Pan, Yingjie; Wang, Yongjie 2015-01-01 The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of marine archaeal samples was amplified using a nested PCR approach, and the V3 region of 16S rRNA gene of crab gut microbiota (CGM) was amplified using the V3 universal primer pair with a guanine and cytosine (GC)-clamp. Unpurified PCR products (UPPs), products purified from reaction solution (PPFSs), and products purified from gel (PPFGs) of above two DNA samples were used for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, respectively. In contrast to almost identical band patterns shared by both the UPP and PPFS, the PPFGs were barely observed on the DGGE gel for both the marine archaea and CGM samples. Both PPFS and PPFG of CGM V3 regions were subjected to cloning. A small amount of positive clones was obtained for PPFS, but no positive clones were observed for PPFG. The melt curve and direct sequencing analysis of PPFS and PPFG of E. coli V3 region indicated that the Tm value of PPFG (82.35 ± 0.19 °C) was less than that of PPFS (83.81 ± 0.11 °C), and the number of shorter GC-clamps was significant higher in PPFG than in PPFS. The ultraviolet exposure experiment indicated that the ultraviolet was not responsible for the deletion of the GC-clamps. We conclude that the gel purification method is not suitable for DGGE PCR products or even other GC-rich DNA samples. 11. Simultaneous detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations in the CYP2D6 gene by multiplex polymerase chain reaction combined with capillary electrophoresis. PubMed Liao, Hsiao-Wei; Tsai, I-Lin; Chen, Guan-Yuan; Kuo, Chun-Ting; Wei, Ming-Feng; Hwang, Tzung-Jeng; Chen, Wei J; Shen, Li-Jiuan; Kuo, Ching-Hua 2013-02-06 CYP2D6 (cytochrome P450 2D6) is one of the most important enzymes involved in drug metabolism, and CYP2D6 gene variants may cause toxic effects of therapeutic drugs or treatment failure. In this research, a rapid and simple method for genotyping the most common mutant alleles in the Asian population (CYP2D61/1, CYP2D61/10, CYP2D610/10, CYP2D61/5, CYP2D65/10, and CYP2D65/5) was developed by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) combined with capillary electrophoresis (CE). We designed a second mismatch nucleotide next to the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site in allele-specific primers to increase the difference in PCR amplification. Besides, we established simulation equations to predict the CYP2D6 genotypes by analyzing the DNA patterns in the CE chromatograms. The multiplex PCR combined with CE method was applied to test 50 patients, and all of the test results were compared with the DNA sequencing method, long-PCR method and real-time PCR method. The correlation of the analytical results between the proposed method and other methods were higher than 90%, and the proposed method is superior to other methods for being able to simultaneous detection of SNPs and copy number variations (CNV). Furthermore, we compared the plasma concentration of aripiprazole (a CYP2D6 substrate) and its major metabolites with the genotype of 25 patients. The results demonstrate the proposed genotyping method is effective for estimating the activity of the CYP2D6 enzyme and shows potential for application in personalized medicine. Similar approach can be applied to simultaneous detection of SNPs and CNVs of other genes. 12. Studies on the bioactivity of radioiodinated highly purified bovine thyrotropin: analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Takai, N.A.; Filetti, S.; Rapoport, B. 1981-01-01 Highly purified bovine TSH (stored in solution at -70 C) was radioiodinated by the stoichiometric chloroamine-T method. The iodinated material ws subjected to analytical polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. TSH was eluted from gel slices (1 mm width) and was analyzed for radioactivity and bioactivity. The latter was determined using the cultured thyroid cell cAMP response assay. Radioactivity in the TSH preparation migrated separately from bioactivity, but concordant with the protein bands observed in gels run in parallel. Further studies performed on bovine TSH purified in our laboratory, as well as on a different TSH preparation of exceptionally high potency (both stored as lyophilized powder) revealed a different pattern, with TSH bioactivity and radioactivity eluting concurrently. Iodination of TSH did not alter its electrophoretic migration on disc gel electrophoresis. In all preparations polymorphism of TSH bioactivity was observed, with at least four separate protein bands containing TSH bioactivity being present in our preparation. The relationship between the degree of iodination and retention of TSH bioactivity was examined. Incorporation of /sup 125/I into TSH was greatly different at two different concentrations of chloramine-T. Despite this, however, the progressive loss of TSH bioactivity was similar at both concentrations, indicating that incorporation of iodine into the TSH molecule is not itself responsible for the decrease in bioactivity. These studies indicate variability among different TSH preparations in terms of their retention of bioactivity. Significant loss of TSH bioactivity appears to occur during storage in solution. The damage to the biological activity of TSH during the iodination procedure is more likely related to the oxidation process than to the incorporation of iodine. 13. Comparative analyses of amplicon migration behavior in differing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) systems Thornhill, D. J.; Kemp, D. W.; Sampayo, E. M.; Schmidt, G. W. 2010-03-01 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is commonly utilized to identify and quantify microbial diversity, but the conditions required for different electrophoretic systems to yield equivalent results and optimal resolution have not been assessed. Herein, the influence of different DGGE system configuration parameters on microbial diversity estimates was tested using Symbiodinium, a group of marine eukaryotic microbes that are important constituents of coral reef ecosystems. To accomplish this, bacterial clone libraries were constructed and sequenced from cultured isolates of Symbiodinium for the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. From these, 15 clones were subjected to PCR with a GC clamped primer set for DGGE analyses. Migration behaviors of the resulting amplicons were analyzed using a range of conditions, including variation in the composition of the denaturing gradient, electrophoresis time, and applied voltage. All tests were conducted in parallel on two commercial DGGE systems, a C.B.S. Scientific DGGE-2001, and the Bio-Rad DCode system. In this context, identical nucleotide fragments exhibited differing migration behaviors depending on the model of apparatus utilized, with fragments denaturing at a lower gradient concentration and applied voltage on the Bio-Rad DCode system than on the C.B.S. Scientific DGGE-2001 system. Although equivalent PCR-DGGE profiles could be achieved with both brands of DGGE system, the composition of the denaturing gradient and application of electrophoresis time × voltage must be appropriately optimized to achieve congruent results across platforms. 14. Poultry digestive microflora biodiversity as indicated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Hume, M E; Kubena, L F; Edrington, T S; Donskey, C J; Moore, R W; Ricke, S C; Nisbet, D J 2003-07-01 Populations of digestive microflora in chickens change with age and are affected by diet, stressors, and performance enhancers. Culturing techniques used to profile a bacterial community inadvertently select for some organisms while excluding others. Several molecular-based techniques have been used to profile mixed microbial populations on the basis of DNA extracted from the entire community. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used in the present study to examine PCR-amplified fragments (amplicons) of a 16S ribosomal DNA variable region from predominant digestive bacteria. The objective of the study was to examine changes in digestive microbial communities of developing Leghorn chicks and molted Leghorn hens. Dendrograms of amplicon patterns indicated approximately 51% similarity between cecal bacteria composition in Leghorn chicks less than 20 d old and chicks greater than 20 d old. Cecal communities in Leghorn chicks given a competitive exclusion culture exhibited 21% correlation at all ages with those in control chicks. Nonmolted and molted hens had 40% similarity between cecal communities, whereas diets with low calcium (0.8% wt/wt) and excess zinc (2,800 mg/kg) lessened population differences (90% similarity). Results indicated the potential usefulness of the molecular-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to monitor changes in digestive bacterial communities in chickens. 15. A tunable isoelectric focusing via moving reaction boundary for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and proteomics. PubMed Guo, Chen-Gang; Shang, Zhi; Yan, Jian; Li, Si; Li, Guo-Qing; Liu, Rong-Zhong; Qing, Ying; Fan, Liu-Yin; Xiao, Hua; Cao, Cheng-Xi 2015-05-01 Routine native immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing (IPG-IEF) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) are still suffering from unfortunate reproducibility, poor resolution (caused by protein precipitation) and instability in characterization of intact protein isoforms and posttranslational modifications. Based on the concept of moving reaction boundary (MRB), we firstly proposed a tunable non-IPG-IEF system to address these issues. By choosing proper pairs of catholyte and anolyte, we could achieve desired cathodic and anodic migrating pH gradients in non-IPG-IEF system, effectively eliminating protein precipitation and uncertainty of quantitation existing in routine IEF and 2DE, and enhancing the resolution and sensitivity of IEF. Then, an adjustable 2DE system was developed by combining non-IPG-IEF with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The improved 2DE was evaluated by testing model proteins and colon cancer cell lysates. The experiments revealed that (i) a tunable pH gradient could be designed via MRB; (ii) up to 1.65 fold improvement of resolution was achieved via non-IPG-IEF; (iii) the sensitivity of developed techniques was increased up to 2.7 folds; and (iv) up to about 16.4% more protein spots could be observed via the adjustable 2DE as compared with routine one. The developed techniques might contribute to complex proteome research, especially for screening of biological marker and analysis of extreme acidic/alkaline proteins. 16. Evaluation of agarose gel electrophoresis for characterization of silver nanoparticles in industrial products. PubMed Jimenez, Maria S; Luque-Alled, Jose M; Gomez, Teresa; Castillo, Juan R 2016-05-01 Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) has been used extensively for characterization of pure nanomaterials or mixtures of pure nanomaterials. We have evaluated the use of AGE for characterization of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in an industrial product (described as strong antiseptic). Influence of different stabilizing agents (PEG, SDS, and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate), buffers (TBE and Tris Glycine), and functionalizing agents (mercaptosuccinic acid (TMA) and proteins) has been investigated for the characterization of AgNPs in the industrial product using different sizes-AgNPs standards. The use of 1% SDS, 0.1% TMA, and Tris Glycine in gel, electrophoresis buffer and loading buffer led to the different sizes-AgNPs standards moved according to their size/charge ratio (obtaining a linear relationship between apparent mobility and mean diameter). After using SDS and TMA, the behavior of the AgNPs in the industrial product (containing a casein matrix) was completely different, being not possible their size characterization. However we demonstrated that AGE with LA-ICP-MS detection is an alternative method to confirm the protein corona formation between the industrial product and two proteins (BSA and transferrin) maintaining NPs-protein binding (what is not possible using SDS-PAGE). 17. Agarose-gel electrophoresis for the quality assurance and purity of heparin formulations. PubMed Volpi, Nicola; Buzzega, Dania 2012-01-01 The adulteration of raw heparin (Hep) with a synthetic oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) not found in nature produced in 2007-2008 a global crisis giving rise to the development of additional, new and specific methods for its quality assurance and purity. In this study, a simple and sensitive agarose-gel electrophoresis method has been developed for the visualization of OSCS in Hep samples along with other natural glycosaminoglycans possibly present as "process-related impurities", in particular dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). Agarose-gel electrophoresis under non-conventional conditions is able to separate OSCS from Hep with its two components, the slow-moving and fast-moving species, DS and CS by performing separation for 15 h (overnight) and under high voltage (100 mA, ∼200 V). Densitometric scanning enabled us to calculate a limit of detection of ∼0.5 μg OSCS with a linear behaviour from 0.1 to 5 μg, comparable to CS/DS. Contaminated samples from Hep manufacturers were analyzed and quantitative data were found comparable to previous studies. Due to its capacity to process many samples in a single run and to the equipment commonly available in laboratories, this analytical method would be suitable for the identification and quantification of contamination by other polysaccharides, in particular OSCS and DS, within Hep preparations and formulations. 18. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to measure DNA damage and repair SciTech Connect Scicchitano, D.A. New York Univ., New York ) 1991-03-11 A method is described here for the analysis of single-strand break formation and repair in genomic DNA. The procedure involves exposing cells to a DNA-damaging agent, allowing time for recovery, and embedding the cells in agarose. After lysis and digestion with a protease, the DNA, which remains in the agarose plug, is denatured with glyoxal and separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The DNA in the gel is then transferred to a support membrane and quantitated with a radioanalytic imaging system to determine the average size of the DNA at each time point of recovery. The results indicate that the repair of methyl-induced breaks in total genomic DNA is approximately 80% complete in 48 hr in CHO B11 and ARL 14 cells exposed to dimethyl sulfate. These results are in agreement with those obtained by using other techniques like alkaline sucrose sedimentation. The method developed and described here has several advantages over existing techniques for repair measurements: It can be used to monitor genotoxic agents that nick DNA, to study the removal of breaks from genomic DNA, and to test for repair of damage in specific domains of chromatin that would be too large to examine by conventional electrophoresis. 19. A control method to inspect the compositional authenticity of Minas Frescal cheese by gel electrophoresis. PubMed Magenis, Renata B; Prudêncio, Elane S; Molognoni, Luciano; Daguer, Heitor 2014-08-20 This study introduces a qualitative method to inspect the compositional authenticity of white nonripened cheeses like Minas Frescal, a typical Brazilian cheese, especially when irregular replacement of milk by whey is suspected. A sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method, followed by image densitometry, was validated. Cheeses were freeze-dried to electrophoresis, and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) was chosen as the adulteration marker. In gel trypsin digestion followed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry provided its identification. Cheeses with a minimum of 14 mg·g(-1) of β-LG are considered to be adulterated. The method shows satisfactory precision with a detection limit of 7 mg·g(-1). Forty-two commercial samples from inspected establishments were then assessed and subjected to cluster analysis. Compliant and noncompliant groups were set with 24 (57%) authentic samples and 18 (43%) adulterated samples, respectively, showing that proper analytical monitoring is required to inhibit this practice. 20. An improved method for Southern DNA and Northern RNA blotting using a Mupid-2 Mini-Gel electrophoresis unit. PubMed Furuya, Hirokazu; Yamada, Takeshi; Ikezoe, Koji; Ohyagi, Yasumasa; Fukumaki, Yasuyuki; Fujii, Naoki 2006-08-31 An improved method for Southern DNA and Northern RNA blotting using the Mupid-2 Mini-Gel System is described. We get sharp and clear bands in Southern and Northern blotting after only 30 min short gel electrophoresis instead of the several hours large gel electrophoresis of conventional methods. The high electrical voltage with a pulse-like current of the Mupid-2 Mini-Gel System also allows reduction of the amount of formaldehyde, a harmful reagent, from the gel running buffer in RNA blotting. This minor modification of DNA and RNA blotting technique enables us to perform the complete experimental procedure more quickly economically in less space, than conventional Southern and Northern blotting, as well as using an extremely small amount of formaldehyde in RNA blotting. 1. Analysis of Soluble Proteins in Natural Cordyceps sinensis from Different Producing Areas by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Two-dimensional Electrophoresis PubMed Central Li, Chun-Hong; Zuo, Hua-Li; Zhang, Qian; Wang, Feng-Qin; Hu, Yuan-Jia; Qian, Zheng-Ming; Li, Wen-Jia; Xia, Zhi-Ning; Yang, Feng-Qing 2017-01-01 Background: As one of the bioactive components in Cordyceps sinensis (CS), proteins were rarely used as index components to study the correlation between the protein components and producing areas of natural CS. Objective: Protein components of 26 natural CS samples produced in Qinghai, Tibet, and Sichuan provinces were analyzed and compared to investigate the relationship among 26 different producing areas. Materials and Methods: Proteins from 26 different producing areas were extracted by Tris-HCl buffer with Triton X-100, and separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Results: The SDS-PAGE results indicated that the number of protein bands and optical density curves of proteins in 26 CS samples was a bit different. However, the 2-DE results showed that the numbers and abundance of protein spots in protein profiles of 26 samples were obviously different and showed certain association with producing areas. Conclusions: Based on the expression values of matched protein spots, 26 batches of CS samples can be divided into two main categories (Tibet and Qinghai) by hierarchical cluster analysis. SUMMARY The number of protein bands and optical density curves of proteins in 26 Cordyceps sinensis samples were a bit different on the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profilesNumbers and abundance of protein spots in protein profiles of 26 samples were obvious different on two-dimensional electrophoresis mapsTwenty-six different producing areas of natural Cordyceps sinensis samples were divided into two main categories (Tibet and Qinghai) by Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the values of matched protein spots. Abbreviations Used: SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 2-DE: Two-dimensional electrophoresis, Cordyceps sinensis: CS, TCMs: Traditional Chinese medicines PMID:28250651 2. The impact of two-dimensional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques for the consistent and complete mapping of bacterial genomes: refined physical map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. PubMed Central Römling, U; Tümmler, B 1991-01-01 The SpeI/DpnI map of the 5.9 Mb Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO (DSM 1707) genome was refined by two-dimensional (2D) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques (PFGE) which allow the complete and consistent physical mapping of any bacterial genome of interest. Single restriction digests were repetitively separated by PFGE employing different pulse times and ramps in order to detect all bands with optimum resolution. Fragment order was evaluated from the pattern of 2D PFGE gels: 1. Partial-complete digestion. A partial restriction digest was separated in the first dimension, redigested to completion, and subsequently perpendicularly resolved in the second dimension. 2D-gel comparisons of the ethidium bromide stain of all fragments and of the autoradiogram of end-labeled partial digestion fragments was nearly sufficient for the construction of the macrorestriction map. 2. Reciprocal gels. A complete restriction digest with enzyme A was run in the first dimension, redigested with enzyme B, and separated in the second orthogonal direction. The order of restriction digests was reverse on the second gel. In case of two rare-cutters, fragments were visualized by ethidium bromide staining or hybridization with genomic DNA. If a frequent and a rare cutter were employed, linking fragments were identified by end-labeling of the first digest. 3. A few small fragments were isolated by preparative PFGE and used as a probe for Southern analysis.--38 SpeI and 15 DpnI fragments were positioned on the map. The zero point was relocated to the 'origin of replication'. The anonymous mapping techniques described herein are unbiased by repetitive DNA, unclonable genomic regions, unfavourable location of restriction sites, or cloning artifacts as frequently encountered in other top-down or bottom-up approaches. Images PMID:1905802 3. Identification of 2D-gel proteins : a comparison of MALDI/TOF peptide mass mapping to {mu} LC-ESI tandem mass spectrometry. SciTech Connect Lim, H.; Hays, L. G.; Eng, J.; Tollaksen, S. L.; Giometti, C. S.; Holden, J. F.; Adams, M. W. W.; Reich, C. I.; Olsen, G. J.; Yates, J. R.; Biosciences Division; The Scripps Research Inst.; Univ. of Georgia; Univ. of Illinois 2003-09-01 A comparative analysis of protein identification for a total of 162 protein spots separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis from two fully sequenced archaea, Methanococcus jannaschii and Pyrococcus furiosus, using MALDI-TOF peptide mass mapping (PMM) and mu LC-MS/MS is presented. 100% of the gel spots analyzed were successfully matched to the predicted proteins in the two corresponding open reading frame databases by mu LC-MS/MS while 97% of them were identified by MALDI-TOF PMM. The high success rate from the PMM resulted from sample desalting/concentrating with ZipTip(C18) and optimization of several PMM search parameters including a 25 ppm average mass tolerance and the application of two different protein molecular weight search windows. By using this strategy, low-molecular weight (<23 kDa) proteins could be identified unambiguously with less than 5 peptide matches. Nine percent of spots were identified as containing multiple proteins. By using mu LC-MS/MS, 50% of the spots analyzed were identified as containing multiple proteins. mu LC-MS/MS demonstrated better protein sequence coverage than MALDI-TOF PMM over the entire mass range of proteins identified. MALDI-TOF and PMM produced unique peptide molecular weight matches that were not identified by mu LC-MS/MS. By incorporating amino acid sequence modifications into database searches, combined sequence coverage obtained from these two complimentary ionization methods exceeded 50% for approximately 70% of the 162 spots analyzed. This improved sequence coverage in combination with enzymatic digestions of different specificity is proposed as a method for analysis of post-translational modification from 2D-gel separated proteins. 4. Buffer optimization for high resolution of human lung cancer tissue proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Lee, Kibeom; Pi, Kyungbae; Lee, Keeman 2009-01-01 A problem in proteomic analysis of lung cancer tissue is the presence of complex components of different histological backgrounds (squamous cell carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma). The efficient solubilization of protein components before two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is a very critical. Poor solubilization has been associated with a failure to detect proteins and diffuse, streaked and/or trailing protein spots. Here, we have optimized the solubilization of human lung cancer tissue to increase protein resolution. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) rehydration buffer containing a thiourea-urea mixture provided superior resolution, whereas a buffer without thiourea yielded consistently poor results. In addition, IEF rehydration buffers containing CHAPS and DTT gave superior resolution, whereas buffers containing Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) and/or Triton X-100 did not. A tributylphosphine-containing buffer gave consistently poor results. Using optimized conditions, we used 2-D gel analysis of human lung cancer tissue to identify 11 differentially-expressed protein spots by MALDI-mass spectrometry. This study provides a methodological tool to study the complex mammalian proteomes. 5. High-resolution gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulphate-agarose gel electrophoresis on urine samples for qualitative analysis of proteinuria in dogs. PubMed Giori, Luca; Tricomi, Flavia Marcella; Zatelli, Andrea; Roura, Xavier; Paltrinieri, Saverio 2011-07-01 The aims of the current study were to assess whether sodium dodecyl sulphate-agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) and high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) can identify dogs with a urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC ratio) >0.2 and whether HRE can provide preliminary information about the type of proteinuria, using SDS-AGE as a reference method. HRE and SDS-AGE were conducted on 87 urine samples classified according to the International Renal Interest Society as non-proteinuric (NP; UPC ratio: <0.20; 32/87), borderline proteinuric (BP; UPC ratio: 0.21-0.50; 15/87), or proteinuric (P; UPC ratio: >0.51; 40/87). SDS-AGE and HRE were positive in 14 out of 32 and 3 out of 32 NP samples and in 52 out of 55 and 40 out of 55 samples with a UPC ratio >0.20, respectively. The concordance between HRE or SDS and UPC ratio was comparable (κ = 0.59; κ = 0.55). However, specificity (90%) and positive likelihood ratio (7.76) were higher for HRE than for SDS-AGE (56% and 2.16) while sensitivity was lower (73% vs. 94%). The analysis of HRE results revealed that a percentage of albumin >41.4% and an albumin/α(1)-globulin ratio (alb/α(1) ratio) >1.46 can identify samples classified by SDS-AGE as affected by glomerular proteinuria while a percentage of α(1)-globulin >40.8% and an alb/α(1) ratio <0.84 can identify samples classified by SDS-AGE as affected by tubular proteinuria. In conclusion, both SDS-AGE and HRE could misclassify samples with a UPC ratio higher or lower than 0.20. Therefore, UPC ratio must always be determined before conducting these tests. The percentage of albumin and α(1)-globulin or the alb/α(1) ratio determined by HRE can provide preliminary information about the origin of proteinuria. 6. Staining-free gel electrophoresis-based multiplex enzyme assay using DNA and peptide dual-functionalized gold nanoparticles. PubMed Zhao, Wenting; Yao, Chunlei; Luo, Xiaoteng; Lin, Li; Hsing, I-Ming 2012-04-01 We report a simple staining-free gel electrophoresis method to simultaneously probe protease and nuclease. Utilizing gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) dual-functionalized with DNA and peptide, the presence and concentration of nuclease and protease are determined concurrently from the relative position and intensity of the bands in the staining-free gel electrophoresis. The use of Au-NPs eliminates the need for staining processes and enables naked eye detection, while a mononucleotide-mediated approach facilitates the synthesis of DNA/peptide conjugated Au-NPs and simplifies the operation procedures. Multiplex detection and quantification of DNase I and trypsin are successfully demonstrated. 7. Determination of DNA methylation by COBRA: a comparative study of CGE with LIF detection and conventional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Goedecke, Simon; Schlosser, Sabrina; Mühlisch, Jörg; Hempel, Georg; Frühwald, Michael C; Wünsch, Bernhard 2009-09-01 DNA methylation as an epigenetic modification of the human genome is under emphatic investigation. Several studies have demonstrated a role of DNA methylation in oncogenesis. In conjunction with histone modifications, DNA methylation may cause the formation of heterochromatin and thus mediate the inactivation of gene transcription. It is important to develop methods that allow for an accurate quantification of the amount of DNA methylation in particular DNA regions, to gain information concerning the threshold of methylation levels necessary for gene inactivation. In this article, a CGE method with on-column LIF detection using SYBR Green is compared with a conventional slab-gel electrophoresis. We thus investigate the validity to analyze DNA methylation in the samples of a combined bisulfite restriction analysis. It is demonstrated that CGE is superior to gel electrophoresis in means of linearity, precision, accuracy, automatization (high throughput), and sample consumption. However, gel electrophoresis is easier to perform (simple devices, no PC usage), and the running costs are comparatively low. A further advantage of CGE is the sparse use of toxic compounds (MeOH and SYBR Green), whereas gel electrophoresis is performed in polyacrylamide gels with ethidium bromide staining. 8. Characterization of nosocomial Serratia marcescens isolates: comparison of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA fragments and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. PubMed Irmscher, H M; Fischer, R; Beer, W; Seltmann, G 1999-07-01 A total of 66 Serratia marcescens isolates from 46 patients was investigated by macrorestriction using XbaI followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. 7 restriction fragment patterns attributable to more than one patient and 9 individual patterns were identified. The isolates were additionally characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The macrorestriction patterns and the multilocus enzyme electrophoresis patterns corresponded fairly well while the classifications derived from these methods were not completely congruent. The grouping achieved by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy on the basis of high (> 1000) and moderately high heterogeneity values (300) was consistent with the macrorestriction results. Grouping on a lower heterogeneity level did not contribute to further discrimination. In general, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was less discriminatory than the two other methods, but easier to perform. Therefore, laboratories equipped with the necessary devices may use it to rapidly select bacterial isolates for macrorestriction or other well established characterization procedures. 9. Cu2+-assisted two dimensional charge-mass double focusing gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric analysis of histone variants. PubMed Zhang, Wenyang; Tang, Xuemei; Ding, Mengjie; Zhong, Hongying 2014-12-10 Abundant isoforms and dynamic posttranslational modifications cause the separation and identification of histone variants to be experimentally challenging. To meet this need, we employ two-dimensional electrophoretic gel separation followed by mass spectrometric detection which takes advantage of the chelation of Cu(2+) with amino acid residues exposed on the surfaces of the histone proteins. Acid-extracted rat liver histones were first mixed with CuSO4 solution and then separated in one dimension with triton-acid-urea (TAU) gel electrophoresis and in a second dimension using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The separations result from both the changes in charge and mass upon Cu(2+) chelation. Identities of each separated gel bands were obtained by using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). It was found that the migration of H3 histone isoforms of rat liver is markedly affected by the use of Cu(2+) ions. 10. Campylobacter coli pulsed field gel electrophoresis genotypic diversity among sows and piglets in a farrowing barn. PubMed Hume, Michael E; Droleskey, Robert E; Sheffield, Cynthia L; Harvey, Roger B 2002-08-01 Genotypes of Campylobacter coli isolates from feces of three sows and rectal swabs of 17 piglets were examined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). All of the animals originated from a single farrowing barn of a farrow-to-finish swine operation. Five Campylobacter colonies were picked from a single agar plate for each sample after broth enrichment and growth on Campy-Cefex agar. Genotypes were examined by PFGE after genomic DNA digestion with SmaI and SacII restriction endonucleases. Twenty SmaI genotypes and 12 SacII genotypes were detected among 99 Campylobacter coli isolates. There was no pattern of shared genotypes between sows and their respective piglets, nor between littermates. Results indicate that a high number of Campylobacter genotypes may coexist in related pigs from a single housing facility. 11. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of multicellular DNA double-strand break damage and repair. PubMed Joshi, Nina; Grant, Stephen G 2014-01-01 This assay quantifies the extent of double-strand break (DSB) DNA damage in cell populations embedded in agarose and analyzed for migratory DNA using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining. The assay can measure preexisting damage as well as induction of DSB by chemical (e.g., bleomycin), physical (e.g., X-irradiation), or biological (e.g., restriction enzymes) agents. By incubating the cells under physiological conditions prior to processing, the cells can be allowed to repair DSB, primarily via the process of nonhomologous end joining. The amount of repair, corresponding to the repair capacity of the treated cells, is then quantified by determining the ratio of the fractions of activity released in the lanes in comparison to the total amount of DNA fragmentation following determination of an optimal exposure for maximum initial fragmentation. Repair kinetics can also be analyzed through a time-course regimen. 12. Protein expression of sensory and motor nerves: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. PubMed Ren, Zhiwu; Wang, Yu; Peng, Jiang; Zhang, Li; Xu, Wenjing; Liang, Xiangdang; Zhao, Qing; Lu, Shibi 2012-02-15 The present study utilized samples from bilateral motor branches of the femoral nerve, as well as saphenous nerves, ventral roots, and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, to detect differential protein expression using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and nano ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry techniques. A mass spectrum was identified using the Mascot search. Results revealed differential expression of 11 proteins, including transgelin, Ig kappa chain precursor, plasma glutathione peroxidase precursor, an unnamed protein product (gi\|55628), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like protein, lactoylglutathione lyase, adenylate kinase isozyme 1, two unnamed proteins products (gi\|55628 and gi\|1334163), and poly(rC)-binding protein 1 in motor and sensory nerves. Results suggested that these proteins played roles in specific nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury and served as specific markers for motor and sensory nerves. 13. Molecular Typing by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis of Spanish Animal and Human Listeria monocytogenes Isolates PubMed Central Vela, A. I.; Fernandez-Garayzabal, J. F.; Vazquez, J. A.; Latre, M. V.; Blanco, M. M.; Moreno, M. A.; de la Fuente, L.; Marco, J.; Franco, C.; Cepeda, A.; Rodriguez Moure, A. A.; Suarez, G.; Dominguez, L. 2001-01-01 A total of 153 strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different sources (72 from sheep, 12 from cattle, 18 from feedstuffs, and 51 from humans) in Spain from 1989 to 2000 were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The strains of L. monocytogenes displayed 55 pulsotypes. The 84 animal, 51 human, and 18 feedstuff strains displayed 31, 29, and 7 different pulsotypes, respectively, indicating a great genetic diversity among the Spanish L. monocytogenes isolates studied. L. monocytogenes isolates from clinical samples and feedstuffs consumed by the diseased animals were analyzed in 21 flocks. In most cases, clinical strains from different animals of the same flock had identical pulsotypes, confirming the existence of a listeriosis outbreak. L. monocytogenes strains with pulsotypes identical to those of clinical strains were isolated from silage, potatoes, and maize stalks. This is the first study wherein potatoes and maize stalks are epidemiologically linked with clinical listeriosis. PMID:11722943 14. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from cattle and ground beef by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Foerster, Claudia; Vidal, Lorena; Troncoso, Miriam; Figueroa, Guillermo 2012-01-01 The aims of this study were to determine the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in cattle feces and ground beef, to characterize these strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and to compare them to three listeria strains found in humans. Cattle from different origins (n = 250) and ground beef obtained from supermarkets (n = 40) were sampled. The results show low occurrence in cattle feces (0.4 %) but a higher presence in ground beef (37 %). An important part of the ground beef strains (80 %) had > 95 % similarity with a strain isolated from a human sporadic case and the ATCC 19115 used as control. The strain isolated from cattle feces had 93 % similarity to clone 009, previously associated with a listeriosis outbreak related to cheese. Cattle and ground beef can harbor virulent L. monocytogenes strains. Further studies in animals and animal products are needed to improve listeriosis control. 15. An exactly solvable Ogston model of gel electrophoresis: X. Application to high-field separation techniques. PubMed Gauthier, Michel G; Slater, Gary W 2003-01-01 Recently, we generalized our lattice model of gel electrophoresis to study the net velocity of particles being pulled by a high-intensity electric field through an arbitrary distribution of immobile obstacles (Gauthier, M. G., Slater, G. W., J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 117, 6745-6756). In this article, we show how the high-field version of our model can be used to compare the velocity of particles with different electric charges and/or physical sizes. We then investigate specific two-dimensional distributions of obstacles that can be used to separate particles, e.g., in a microfluidic device. More precisely, we compare the velocity of differently charged or sized analytes in sieving, trapping and deflecting systems to model various electrophoretic separation techniques. In particular, we study the nonlinear effects present in ratchet systems and how they can be combined with time-asymmetric pulsed fields to provide new modes of separation. 16. Molecular analysis of chromosomal rearrangements using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and somatic cell hybrids SciTech Connect Davis, L.M. ) 1991-01-01 Many human genetic diseases, including some cancers, are characterized by consistent chromosome abnormalities, such as deletions and translocations. Analyses of these mutations often prove crucial to the eventual cloning and characterization of the gene(s) responsible for the disease. Two methods for analyzing these chromosome abnormalities have been developed in recent years: somatic cell hybridization and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Somatic cell hybridization is a technique for segregating an aberrant chromosome from its normal homologue in a cell derived from an unrelated species, which is usually a rodent. Demonstrations of these analytic techniques are presented, using as an example chromosomal abnormalities involving human chromosome band 11p13, the locus for the Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormality, and mental retardation (WAGR) syndrome. 17. Microdisc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate of organic material from rat otoconial complexes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Ross, M. D.; Pote, K. G.; Rarey, K. E.; Verma, L. M. 1981-01-01 The gravity receptors of all vertebrates utilize a 'test mass' consisting of a complex arrangement of mineral and organic substance that lies over the sensory receptor areas. In most vertebrates, the mineral is a polymorph of calcium carbonate in the form of minute, single crystals called otoconia. An investigation is conducted to determine the number of proteins in otoconial complexes and their molecular weights. The investigation makes use of a microdisk gel electrophoresis method reported by Gainer (1971). The most important finding of the reported research is that analysis of the proteins of the organic material of the otoconial complexes is possible when sensitive microanalytical methods are employed. Further modification of the basic technique employed and the inclusion of other sensitive staining methods should mean that, in the future, protein separation by molecular weight will be possible in sample pools containing only two otoconial masses. 18. Analyzing modifiers of protein aggregation in C. elegans by native agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Holmberg, Mats; Nollen, Ellen A A 2013-01-01 The accumulation of specific aggregation-prone proteins during aging is thought to be involved in several diseases, most notably Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease as well as polyglutamine expansion disorders such as Huntington's disease. Caenorhabditis elegans disease models with transgenic expression of fluorescently tagged aggregation-prone proteins have been used to screen for genetic modifiers of aggregation. To establish the role of modifying factors in the generation of aggregation intermediates, a method has been developed using native agarose gel electrophoresis (NAGE) that enables parallel screening of aggregation patterns of fluorescently labeled aggregation-prone proteins. Together with microscopy-based genetic screens this method can be used to identify modifiers of protein aggregation and characterize their molecular function. Although described here for analyzing aggregates in C. elegans, NAGE can be adjusted for use in other model organisms as well as for cultured cells. 19. Conformational Entropy Mechanism for Periodic Motion of DNA under Constant-Field Gel Electrophoresis Azuma, Ryuzo; Takayama, Hajime 2006-06-01 Entropic elasticity of a single charged polymer undergoing gel electrophoresis is a fundamental theme of polymer statistical physics since the discovery of “periodic” behavior in constant field gel electrophoresis (CFGE). In the present work we address the problem numerically by two steps. In the first step, we carry out Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations on CFGE by solving semi-microscopic Langevin equations of a polymer consisting of beads separated by a mean distance much smaller than the Kuhn length. Results are analyzed based on coarse-graining over the Kuhn length scale. We show the averaged elongation-contraction motion involves asymmetric V-shaped configurations whose shorter arm length depends on the field and the temperature consistently with what is expected when the BD chain is described by the freely-jointed chain (FJC) model with a suitable Kuhn length. To our knowledge, this is the first numerical confirmation of the FJC model itself from a submicroscopic description of polymer motion. The saturation of chain mobility in high fields agrees well with the nonlinear dependence of this shorter arm length on the field. In the second step, we discuss the periodic elongation-contraction motion of the coarse-grained chain by such a simplified model as a one-dimensional chain consisting of beads, elastic strings, and obstacles. The results from these two chain models indicate that the periodic elongation-contraction motion of DNA under CFGE is self-organized by a balance between the field force and the conformational entropic force. 20. Combining ligation reaction and capillary gel electrophoresis to obtain reliable long DNA probes. PubMed García-Cañas, Virginia; Mondello, Monica; Cifuentes, Alejandro 2011-05-01 New DNA amplification methods are continuously developed for sensitive detection and quantification of specific DNA target sequences for, e.g. clinical, environmental or food applications. These new applications often require the use of long DNA oligonucleotides as probes for target sequences hybridization. Depending on the molecular technique, the length of DNA probes ranges from 40 to 450 nucleotides, solid-phase chemical synthesis being the strategy generally used for their production. However, the fidelity of chemical synthesis of DNA decreases for larger DNA probes. Defects in the oligonucleotide sequence result in the loss of hybridization efficiency, affecting the sensitivity and selectivity of the amplification method. In this work, an enzymatic procedure has been developed as an alternative to solid-phase chemical synthesis for the production of long oligonucleotides. The enzymatic procedure for probe production was based on ligation of short DNA sequences. Long DNA probes were obtained from smaller oligonucleotides together with a short sequence that acts as bridge stabilizing the molecular complex for DNA ligation. The ligation reactions were monitored by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CGE-LIF) using a bare fused-silica capillary. The capillary gel electrophoresis-LIF method demonstrated to be very useful and informative for the characterization of the ligation reaction, providing important information about the nature of some impurities, as well as for the fine optimization of the ligation conditions (i.e. ligation cycles, oligonucleotide and enzyme concentration). As a result, the yield and quality of the ligation product were highly improved. The in-lab prepared DNA probes were used in a novel multiplex ligation-dependent genome amplification (MLGA) method for the detection of genetically modified maize in samples. The great possibilities of the whole approach were demonstrated by the specific and sensitive 1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of Escherichia coli O157 isolates from Kansas feedlots. PubMed Sargeant, J M; Shi, X; Sanderson, M W; Renter, D G; Nagaraja, T G 2006-01-01 This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of Escherichia coli O157 genetic types within and among feedlots using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to separate XbaI-digested DNA. The study population consisted of 300 pens of cattle in 30 feedlots in Kansas that were sampled (feces, water, and water sediment) within a month of being shipped for slaughter. The prevalence of E. coli O157 was 8.5% in feces, 3.1% in water, and 4.5% in water sediment samples. A total of 424 E. coli O157 isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and 139 subtypes (100% Dice similarity with no band differences) were identified. The majority of subtypes (70/139) was identified only once, but nine were identified 10 or more times. Identical subtypes were recovered from both feces and water tanks in 10 feedlots. The majority of subtypes were identified in only one feedlot, and the number of subtypes ranged from one to 23 within a feedlot and from one to seven within a pen. There were 10 feedlots with at least 15 positive samples. In these 10 feedlots, the most common subtype accounted for 16.9-78.6% of the isolates. Common subtypes differed among feedlots. In eight of the 10 feedlots, the most common subtype was identified in multiple pens. The results support a complex ecology for E. coli O157 in feedlot operations, with factors associated with exposure and transmission likely acting at a common level for multiple feedlots, within feedlots, and within pens of cattle. 2. Gel electrophoresis of polyphenol oxidase with instant identification by in situ blotting. PubMed Cheng, Tsai-Mu; Huang, Pei-Chen; Pan, Ju-Pin; Lin, Kuan-Yu; Mao, Simon J T 2007-04-15 Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) or tyrosinase is an important and ubiquitous enzyme responsible for browning in plants and melanization in animals. The molecular size of the plant PPO is varied among the species and its activity can be enhanced by a variety of anionic detergents. In the present study, we developed a simple method for the first-step identification of PPO in fruit and vegetable extracts. First, 3mm chromatographic paper was immersed in 0.5% (w/v) catechol solution as an immobilized PPO substrate. After running the extract with 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), one side of the glass plate was removed. The plate was immediately laid on top of the dried catechol-paper. A dark-brown band corresponding to PPO was visualized within 1 min and was further confirmed by a conventional Western blot using an antibody prepared against mushroom PPO. It also reveals that some vegetation (such as tomato, radish, and oriental melon) with low or no detectable activity in a conventional enzyme assay actually possessed marked levels of PPO activity when assessed by PAGE-blot. We propose that an inhibitor is associated with PPO in some plants; the inhibitor, however, is dissociated during the electrophoresis. Therefore, in addition to identify the molecular form of PPO, the present technique may explore the existence of PPO inhibitor(s) in plants. The detail of the method with respect to its relevance for searching a natural PPO inhibitor is described and discussed. 3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel protein electrophoresis of freshwater photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. PubMed Osuna, M Begoña; Casamayor, Emilio O 2011-01-01 Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was carried out using different bacterial strains of the photosynthetic sulfur bacteria Chlorobium, Thiocapsa, Thiocystis, and Chromatium cultured in the laboratory, and the natural blooms in two karstic lakes (Lake Cisó and Lake Vilar, NE Spain) where planktonic photosynthetic bacteria (purple and green sulfur bacteria) massively developed accounting for most of the microbial biomass. Several extraction, solubilization, and electrophoresis methods were tested to develop an optimal protocol for the best resolution of the SDS-PAGE. Protein composition from different water depths and at different times of the year was visualized within a molecular mass range between 100 and 15 kDa yielding up to 20 different protein bands. Protein banding patterns were reproducible and changed in time and with depth in agreement with changes in photosynthetic bacteria composition. When a taxonomically stable community was followed in time, differences were observed in the intensity but not in the composition of the SDS-PAGE banding pattern. Three environmental variables directly related to the activity of sulfur bacteria (light, oxygen, and sulfide concentrations) had a significant effect on protein banding patterns and explained 33% of the variance. Changes in natural protein profiles of the bacterial blooms agreed with changes in species composition and in the in situ metabolic state of the populations. 4. Separation of chromosomal DNA molecules from C.albicans by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Snell, R G; Wilkins, R J 1986-01-01 Modifications have been made to standard pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) systems to enable very large DNA molecules to be resolved. The single most important modification was to elevate the temperature of electrophoresis to 35 degrees C. This enabled the largest Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome to be reproducibly resolved. More impressively, it enabled the DNA of Candida albicans to be clearly resolved into six bands, a feat which was very difficult at lower temperatures. Even so, optimal resolution could only be obtained by carefully adjusting field voltages and switching times. The DNA from the two largest C. albicans chromosomes, which was estimated to be at least 5-10Mbp in size, ran somewhat anomalously, giving fuzzy bands which did not migrate in the direction of the average electric field. That the highest molecular weight band was a distinct chromosome was demonstrated by specific hybridisation to the C. albicans ADE2 gene probe. With further fine tuning, the PFGE system described here should be capable of resolving DNA from the smallest human chromosomes. Images PMID:3520483 5. Molecular Fingerprinting of Dairy Microbial Ecosystems by Use of Temporal Temperature and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Ogier, J.-C.; Lafarge, V.; Girard, V.; Rault, A.; Maladen, V.; Gruss, A.; Leveau, J.-Y.; Delacroix-Buchet, A. 2004-01-01 Numerous microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and molds, constitute the complex ecosystem present in milk and fermented dairy products. Our aim was to describe the bacterial ecosystem of various cheeses that differ by production technology and therefore by their bacterial content. For this purpose, we developed a rapid, semisystematic approach based on genetic profiling by temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (TTGE) for bacteria with low-G+C-content genomes and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for those with medium- and high-G+C-content genomes. Bacteria in the unknown ecosystems were assigned an identity by comparison with a comprehensive bacterial reference database of ∼150 species that included useful dairy microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria), spoilage bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae), and pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus). Our analyses provide a high resolution of bacteria comprising the ecosystems of different commercial cheeses and identify species that could not be discerned by conventional methods; at least two species, belonging to the Halomonas and Pseudoalteromonas genera, are identified for the first time in a dairy ecosystem. Our analyses also reveal a surprising difference in ecosystems of the cheese surface versus those of the interior; the aerobic surface bacteria are generally G+C rich and represent diverse species, while the cheese interior comprises fewer species that are generally low in G+C content. TTGE and DGGE have proven here to be powerful methods to rapidly identify a broad range of bacterial species within dairy products. PMID:15345452 6. Enhanced detergent extraction for analysis of membrane proteomes by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis PubMed Central Churchward, Matthew A; Butt, R Hussain; Lang, John C; Hsu, Kimberly K; Coorssen, Jens R 2005-01-01 Background The analysis of hydrophobic membrane proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has long been hampered by the concept of inherent difficulty due to solubility issues. We have optimized extraction protocols by varying the detergent composition of the solubilization buffer with a variety of commercially available non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents and detergent-like phospholipids. Results After initial analyses by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, quantitative two-dimensional analyses of human erythrocyte membranes, mouse liver membranes, and mouse brain membranes, extracted with buffers that included the zwitterionic detergent MEGA 10 (decanoyl-N-methylglucamide) and the zwitterionic lipid LPC (1-lauroyl lysophosphatidylcholine), showed selective improvement over extraction with the common 2-DE detergent CHAPS (3 [(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate). Mixtures of the three detergents showed additive improvements in spot number, density, and resolution. Substantial improvements in the analysis of a brain membrane proteome were observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates that an optimized detergent mix, coupled with rigorous sample handling and electrophoretic protocols, enables simple and effective analysis of membrane proteomes using two-dimensional electrophoresis. PMID:15941475 7. DNA damage by carbon nanotubes using the single cell gel electrophoresis technique. PubMed Zeni, Olga; Scarfì, Maria Rosaria 2010-01-01 The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay is a simple and sensitive method for quantitatively measuring DNA breakage and repair in individual cells. It can be applied to proliferating and non-proliferating cells and cells of those tissues, which are the first contact sites for mutagenic/carcinogenic substances. In this technique, cells are embedded in agarose, lysed, subjected to electrophoresis, and stained with a fluorescent DNA-binding dye. Cells with increased DNA damage display increased DNA migration from the nucleus toward the anode, which resembles the shape of a comet. The migration is observed by fluorescence microscopy after staining with a fluorescent DNA-binding dye, and the intensity of the comet tail reflects the number of DNA breaks. The assay is performed in almost all eukaryotic cells and has applications in many fields, including genetic toxicology, biomonitoring, ecotoxicology, medical, and nutritional research. The assay is a very sensitive tool to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes on DNA of human cells in vitro. This chapter describes a procedure to perform the comet assay, in its alkaline version, on cell cultures treated with carbon nanotubes. 8. Whole blood assay for trypsin activity using polyanionic focusing gel electrophoresis. PubMed Lefkowitz, Roy B; Schmid-Schönbein, Geert W; Heller, Michael J 2010-07-01 The measurement of trypsin activity directly in blood is important for the development of novel diagnostics and for biomedical research. Presently, most degradative enzyme assays require sample preparation, making them time consuming, costly, and less accurate. We recently demonstrated a simple and rapid electrophoretic assay for the measurement of trypsin activity directly in whole blood. This assay utilizes a charge-changing fluorescent peptide substrate that produces a positively charged fluorescent product fragment upon cleavage by the target enzyme. This fragment is then rapidly separated from whole blood by electrophoresis and quantified with a fluorescent detector. In this study, we demonstrate that polyanionic poly-L-glutamic acid-doped polyacrylamide gels can focus the fluorescent cleavage product and markedly improve the LODs of the assay. A LOD of 2 pg in 6 microL (0.3 ng/mL) in whole human blood was achieved after a 1-h reaction of enzyme and substrate followed by 10 min of electrophoresis. This is 50- to 200-fold better than the estimated reference levels for trypsin (15-60 ng/mL) in blood. This straightforward technique now allows for the rapid measurement of clinically relevant levels of trypsin activity in microliter volumes of whole blood, providing a useful tool for the development of novel point-of-care diagnostics. 9. Separation and recovery of nucleic acids with improved biological activity by acid-degradable polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Kim, Yoon Kyung; Kwon, Young Jik 2010-05-01 One of the fundamental challenges in studying biomacromolecules (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins) and their complexes in a biological system is isolating them in their structurally and functionally intact forms. Electrophoresis offers convenient and efficient separation and analysis of biomacromolecules but recovery of separated biomacromolecules is a significant challenge. In this study, DNAs of various sizes were separated by electrophoresis in an acid-degradable polyacrylamide gel. Almost 100% of the nucleic acids were recovered after the identified gel bands were hydrolyzed under a mildly acidic condition and purified using anion exchange resin. Further concentration by centrifugal filtration and a second purification using ion exchange column chromatography yielded 44-84% of DNA. The second conventional (non-degradable) gel electrophoresis confirmed that the nucleic acids recovered from acid-degradable gel bands preserved their electrophoretic properties through acidic gel hydrolysis, purification, and concentration processes. The plasmid DNA recovered from acid-degradable gel transfected cells significantly more efficiently than the starting plasmid DNA (i.e. improved biological activity via acid-degradable PAGE). Separation of other types of nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA using this convenient and efficient technique was also demonstrated. 10. Effects of coffee bean aroma on the rat brain stressed by sleep deprivation: a selected transcript- and 2D gel-based proteome analysis. PubMed Seo, Han-Seok; Hirano, Misato; Shibato, Junko; Rakwal, Randeep; Hwang, In Kyeong; Masuo, Yoshinori 2008-06-25 The aim of this study was 2-fold: (i) to demonstrate influences of roasted coffee bean aroma on rat brain functions by using the transcriptomics and proteomics approaches and (ii) to evaluate the impact of roasted coffee bean aroma on stress induced by sleep deprivation. The aroma of the roasted coffee beans was administered to four groups of adult male Wistar rats: 1, control group; 2, 24 h sleep deprivation-induced stress group (the stress group); 3, coffee aroma-exposed group without stress (the coffee group); and 4, the stress with coffee aroma group (the stress with coffee group). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of some known genes responsive to aroma or stress was performed using total RNA from these four groups. A total of 17 selected genes of the coffee were differently expressed over the control. Additionally, the expression levels of 13 genes were different between the stress group and the stress with coffee group: Up-regulation was found for 11 genes, and down-regulation was seen for two genes in the stress with coffee group. We also looked to changes in protein profiles in these four samples using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis; 25 differently expressed gel spots were detected on 2D gels stained by silver nitrate. Out of these, a total of nine proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Identified proteins belonged to five functional categories: antioxidant; protein fate; cell rescue, defense, and virulence; cellular communication/signal transduction mechanism; and energy metabolism. Among the differentially expressed genes and proteins between the stress and the stress with coffee group, NGFR, trkC, GIR, thiol-specific antioxidant protein, and heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 are known to have antioxidant or antistress functions. In conclusion, the roasted coffee bean aroma changes the mRNA and protein expression levels of the rat brain, providing for the first time clues to the potential antioxidant or stress 11. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for epidemiological study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during a food-borne outbreak. PubMed Central Johnson, J M; Weagant, S D; Jinneman, K C; Bryant, J L 1995-01-01 Food and patient isolates from an Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with undercooked ground beef were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Shiga-like toxin genotype. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed the epidemiologically implicated source of the two-state outbreak and differentiated between outbreak and sporadic strains. PMID:7618896 12. Measurement of oxidatively-induced clustered DNA lesions using a novel adaptation of single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). PubMed Georgakilas, Alexandros G; Holt, Stewart M; Hair, Jessica M; Loftin, Charles W 2010-12-01 The two basic groups of complex DNA damage are double-strand breaks (DSBs) and non-DSB oxidatively-induced clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs). The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay has been widely used for the detection of low levels of various types of DNA lesions including single-strand breaks (SSBs), DSBs, and oxidized bases per individual cell. There are limited data on the use of the comet assay for the detection of non-DSB clustered DNA lesions using different repair enzymes as enzymatic probes. This unit discusses a novel adaptation of the comet assay used to measure these unique types of lesions. Until now OCDL yields have been measured using primarily pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis. The advantages offered by the current approach are: (1) measurement of OCDL levels per individual cell; (2) use of a small number of cells (∼10,000) and relatively low doses of ionizing radiation (1 to 2 Gy) or low levels of oxidative stress, which are not compatible with standard agarose gel electrophoresis; and finally, (3) the assay is fast and allows direct comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results. 13. Application of multiplex PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and BOX-PCR for molecular analysis of enterococci Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) The objective of the study was to use band-based molecular methods including BOX-PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine if genetically related enterococci were found among different stores, food types, or years. Enterococci were also characterized f... 14. Genetic diversity demonstrated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis of Salmonella enterica isolates obtained from diverse sources in Mexico Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) This study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of Salmonella isolates recovered from a variety of sources using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess their possible relatedness. Salmonella was isolated from ca. 52% of samples from a pepper var. Bell production system. A to... 15. Electrophoresis of /sup 35/S-labeled proteoglycans of polyacrylamide-agarose composite gels and their visualization by fluorography SciTech Connect Carney, S.L.; Bayliss, M.T.; Collier, J.M.; Muir, H. 1986-01-01 Techniques for the electrophoresis of /sup 35/S-labeled proteoglycans on polyacrylamide-agarose gel slabs and subsequent fixation, impregnation, and fluorography of such electrophoretograms have been developed. The procedure permits the examination of newly synthesized proteoglycan subspecies using a rapid technique, previously unavailable for these labeled molecules. 16. Serum protein electrophoresis by using high-resolution agarose gel in clinically healthy and Aspergillus species-infected falcons. PubMed Kummrow, Maya; Silvanose, Christudas; Di Somma, Antonio; Bailey, Thomas A; Vorbrüggen, Susanne 2012-12-01 Serum protein electrophoresis has gained importance in avian medicine during the past decade. Interpretation of electrophoretic patterns should be based on species-specific reference intervals and the electrophoresis gel system. In this study, serum protein electrophoresis by using high-resolution agarose gels was performed on blood samples collected from 105 falcons, including peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus), saker falcons (Falco cherrug), red-naped shaheens (Falco pelegrinoides babylonicus), and hybrid falcons, that were submitted to the Dubai Falcon Hospital (Dubai, United Arab Emirates) between 2003 and 2006. Reference values were established in clinically healthy birds and compared with values from falcons infected with Aspergillus species (n = 32). Falcons with confirmed aspergillosis showed significantly lower prealbumin values, which is a novel finding. Prealbumin has been documented in many avian species, but further investigation is required to illuminate the diagnostic significance of this negative acute-phase protein. 17. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling of bacterial communities composition in Arabian Sea. PubMed Singh, Sanjay Kumar; Ramaiah, Nagappa 2011-05-01 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to elucidate spatial and temporal variations in bacterial community composition (BCC) from four locations along the central west coast of India. DNA extracts from 36 water samples collected from surface, mid-depth (-10 m) and dose to bottom (-20 m) during premonsoon, postmonsoon, monsoon were analyzed by PCRfor amplifying variable region of 16S rRNAgene and subsequently through DGGE. Prominent bands were excised, cloned and sequenced indicated the preponderance of gammaproteobacteria, bacteroidetes and cyanobacteria. Non-metric dimensional scaling of the DGGE gels indicated that the spatial variations in BCC were prominent among the sampling locations. Temporal variations in the BCC appear to be influenced by monsoonal processes. The canonical correspondence analyses suggest that the concentration of chlorophyll a and nitrate are two important environmental factors for both spatial and temporal variations in BCC. Chlorophyll a seems to be impart a top-down control of BCC while nitrate, the bottom-up control. Our results also suggest that BCC can vary over a small geographic distance in highly dynamic, seasonally predisposed tropical coastal waters. 18. Nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of human skin microbial diversity with age. PubMed Li, Wei; Han, Lei; Yu, Pengbo; Ma, Chaofeng; Wu, Xiaokang; Xu, Jiru 2014-01-01 To determine whether the composition and structure of skin microbiota differ with age, cutaneous bacteria were isolated from the axillary fossa of 37 healthy human adults in two age groups (old people and young adults). Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and characterized by nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) with primers specifically targeting V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The excised gel bands were sequenced to identify bacterial categories. The total bacteria, Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium spp. were further enumerated by quantitative PCR. There were no significant differences in the species diversity profiles between age groups. The similarity index was lower across age groups than that it was intra-group. This indicates that the composition of skin flora is more similar to others of the same age than across age groups. While Staphylococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. were the dominant bacteria in both groups, sequencing and quantitative PCR revealed that skin bacterial composition differed by age. The copy number of total bacteria and Corynebacterium spp. were significantly lower in younger subjects, whereas there were no statistical differences in the quantity of Staphylococcus spp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These results suggest that the skin flora undergo both quantitative and qualitative changes related to aging. 19. Microfluidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with in situ immunoblotting for native protein analysis. PubMed He, Mei; Herr, Amy E 2009-10-01 We introduce an automated immunoblotting method that reports protein electrophoretic mobility and identity in a single streamlined microfluidic assay. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was integrated with subsequent in situ immunoblotting. Integration of three PA gel elements into a glass microfluidic chip achieved multiple functions, including (1) rapid protein separation via on-chip PAGE, (2) directed electrophoretic transfer of resolved protein peaks to an in-line blotting membrane, and (3) high-efficiency identification of the transferred proteins using antibody-functionalized blotting membranes. In-chip blotting membranes were photopatterned with biotinylated antibody using streptavidin polyacrylamide (PA) thus yielding postseparation sample analysis. No pressure driven flow or fluid valving was required, as the assay was operated by electrokinetically programmed control. A model sample of fluorescently labeled BSA (negative control), alpha-actinin, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) was selected to develop and characterize the assay. A 5 min assay time was required without operator intervention. Optimization of the blotting membrane (geometry, operation, and composition) yielded a detection limit of approximately 0.05 pg (alpha-actinin peak). An important additional blotting fabrication strategy was developed and characterized to allow vanishingly small antibody consumption (approximately 1 microg), as well as end-user customization of the blotting membrane after device fabrication and storage. This first report of rapid on-chip protein PAGE integrated with in situ immunoblotting forms the basis for a sensitive, automated approach applicable to numerous forms of immunoblotting. 20. Culture-independent analysis of probiotic products by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Temmerman, R; Scheirlinck, I; Huys, G; Swings, J 2003-01-01 In order to obtain functional and safe probiotic products for human consumption, fast and reliable quality control of these products is crucial. Currently, analysis of most probiotics is still based on culture-dependent methods involving the use of specific isolation media and identification of a limited number of isolates, which makes this approach relatively insensitive, laborious, and time-consuming. In this study, a collection of 10 probiotic products, including four dairy products, one fruit drink, and five freeze-dried products, were subjected to microbial analysis by using a culture-independent approach, and the results were compared with the results of a conventional culture-dependent analysis. The culture-independent approach involved extraction of total bacterial DNA directly from the product, PCR amplification of the V3 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA, and separation of the amplicons on a denaturing gradient gel. Digital capturing and processing of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns allowed direct identification of the amplicons at the species level. This whole culture-independent approach can be performed in less than 30 h. Compared with culture-dependent analysis, the DGGE approach was found to have a much higher sensitivity for detection of microbial strains in probiotic products in a fast, reliable, and reproducible manner. Unfortunately, as reported in previous studies in which the culture-dependent approach was used, a rather high percentage of probiotic products suffered from incorrect labeling and yielded low bacterial counts, which may decrease their probiotic potential. 1. Rapid Detection of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Activity in Mouse Sperm Using Fluorescent Gel Shift Electrophoresis PubMed Central Choi, Hoseok; Choi, Bomi; Seo, Ju Tae; Lee, Kyung Jin; Gye, Myung Chan; Kim, Young-Pil 2016-01-01 Assaying the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) activity in sperm is of great importance because it is closely implicated in sperm motility and male infertility. While a number of studies on GSK3 activity have relied on labor-intensive immunoblotting to identify phosphorylated GSK3, here we report the simple and rapid detection of GSK3 activity in mouse sperm using conventional agarose gel electrophoresis and a fluorescent peptide substrate. When a dye-tethered and prephosphorylated (primed) peptide substrate for GSK3 was employed, a distinct mobility shift in the fluorescent bands on the agarose was observed by GSK3-induced phosphorylation of the primed peptides. The GSK3 activity in mouse testes and sperm were quantifiable by gel shift assay with low sample consumption and were significantly correlated with the expression levels of GSK3 and p-GSK3. We suggest that our assay can be used for reliable and rapid detection of GSK3 activity in cells and tissue extracts. PMID:27092510 2. Immunoreactivity and two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis characterization of Egyptian cobra venom proteome. PubMed 2015-01-01 The first and second (two) dimensional gel electrophoresis has a broad protein resolution power. It was used to separate and identify cobra venom proteome. The importance of characterizing venom proteins contents from the Egyptian elapidae, specifically neurotoxins, is based on the need to produce effective anti-venom. About 30-55distinct protein spots were identified on silver stained two-dimensional gels. Around two-thirds of the venom proteins displayed low a molecular weight and a migration into hydrophobic side. The venoms from Naja haja and Naja nigricollus showed 45-55 spots, while Walternnesia aegyptia had less (31-37) spots. The commercial prepared polyclonal antivenom had a strong signal for anionic and cationic venom protein spots with molecular weight 20-115 kDa. However, it showed weak or non immunoreactivity toward anionic low molecular weight spots (2.5-15 kDa). These results suggest the need to change the immunization schedule to include low molecular weight toxin-proteomes as separate dose or sequester injection. 3. Theory of DNA electrophoresis in physical gels and entangled polymer solutions Duke, Thomas; Viovy, Jean Louis 1994-03-01 A scaling theory is presented for the electrophoretic mobility of DNA in sieving media that form dynamically evolving meshworks, such as physical gels and solutions of entangled polymers. In such media, the topological constraints on the DNA's motion are perpetually changing as cross links break and rejoin or as the polymers diffuse. It is shown that if the rate of constraint release falls within a certain range (which depends on the field strength), fractionation can be extended to higher molecular weights than would be feasible using a permanent gel of equivalent pore size. This improvement is a consequence of the disruptive effect that constraint release has on the mechanism of molecular orientation. Numerical simulations support the predictions of the theory. The possibility of realizing such a system in practice, with the aim of improving on current electrophoresis methods, is commented upon. It is suggested that semidilute polymer solutions may be a versatile medium for the rapid separation of long single-stranded DNA molecules, and the particular quality of solution required is identified. 4. Rapid Detection of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Activity in Mouse Sperm Using Fluorescent Gel Shift Electrophoresis. PubMed Choi, Hoseok; Choi, Bomi; Seo, Ju Tae; Lee, Kyung Jin; Gye, Myung Chan; Kim, Young-Pil 2016-04-16 Assaying the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) activity in sperm is of great importance because it is closely implicated in sperm motility and male infertility. While a number of studies on GSK3 activity have relied on labor-intensive immunoblotting to identify phosphorylated GSK3, here we report the simple and rapid detection of GSK3 activity in mouse sperm using conventional agarose gel electrophoresis and a fluorescent peptide substrate. When a dye-tethered and prephosphorylated (primed) peptide substrate for GSK3 was employed, a distinct mobility shift in the fluorescent bands on the agarose was observed by GSK3-induced phosphorylation of the primed peptides. The GSK3 activity in mouse testes and sperm were quantifiable by gel shift assay with low sample consumption and were significantly correlated with the expression levels of GSK3 and p-GSK3. We suggest that our assay can be used for reliable and rapid detection of GSK3 activity in cells and tissue extracts. 5. A novel multi-scale Hessian based spot enhancement filter for two dimensional gel electrophoresis images. PubMed Shamekhi, Sina; Miran Baygi, Mohammad Hossein; Azarian, Bahareh; Gooya, Ali 2015-11-01 Two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) is a useful method for studying proteins in a wide variety of applications including identifying post-translation modification (PTM), biomarker discovery, and protein purification. Computerized segmentation and detection of the proteins are the two main processes that are carried out on the scanned image of the gel. Due to the complexities of 2DGE images and the presence of artifacts, the segmentation and detection of protein spots in these images are non-trivial, and involve supervised and time consuming processes. This paper introduces a new spot filter for enhancing, and separating the closely overlapping spots of protein in 2DGE images based on the multi-scale eigenvalue analysis of the image Hessian. Using a Gaussian spot model, we have derived closed form equations to compute the eigen components of the image Hessian of two overlapping spots in a multi-scale fashion. Based on this analysis, we have proposed a novel filter that suppresses the overlapping area and results in a better spot separation. The performance of the proposed filter has been evaluated on the synthetic and real 2DGE images. The comparison with three conventional techniques and a commercial software package reveals the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed filter. 6. Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in laboratory beagle dogs detected by polyacrylamide-gel disk electrophoresis. PubMed Hatayama, Kazuhisa; Nishihara, Yoshito; Kimura, Sayaka; Goto, Ken; Nakamura, Daichi; Wakita, Atsushi; Urasoko, Yoshinaka 2011-10-01 Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is frequently measured in toxicity studies. Itoh et al. (2002) reported that a commercially available polyacrylamide-gel (PAG) disk electrophoresis kit used in humans (AlkPhor System, Jokoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for identifying serum ALP isoenzymes was useful for veterinary clinicopathological diagnosis in mongrel dogs. In the present study, based on the report of Itoh et al. (2002), we tried to expand the application range of this kit to laboratory beagle dogs which are commonly used in toxicity studies. In order to identify the origin of each ALP isoenzyme, tissue ALP extracts from the liver, bone and small intestine and serum samples were treated with neuraminidase, anti-small intestinal ALP antibody, ALP inhibitor levamisole and/or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The main serum ALP isoenzymes in 5-month-old intact beagle dogs were bone-derived (bone and atypical ALP: corresponding to human variant bone ALP) and they tended to decrease with age. However, liver-derived ALP isoenzyme greatly increased in the serum of cholestasis model dogs. The cholestasis model dogs also had a large molecular ALP detected in the resolving gel. This ALP could be originated from intestinal ALP or corticosteroid-induced ALP (CALP), because the activity remained even after levamisole inhibition. CALP was observed in intact laboratory beagle dogs with individual differences. These results suggest that the present method is a useful tool for detecting serum ALP isoenzymes in laboratory beagle dogs and concomitant levamisole inhibition with another gel is applicable for the evaluation of organ toxicity. 7. Mucin Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Western Blotting for High-molecular-weight Glycoproteins. PubMed Ramsey, Kathryn A; Rushton, Zachary L; Ehre, Camille 2016-06-14 Mucins, the heavily-glycosylated proteins lining mucosal surfaces, have evolved as a key component of innate defense by protecting the epithelium against invading pathogens. The main role of these macromolecules is to facilitate particle trapping and clearance while promoting lubrication of the mucosa. During protein synthesis, mucins undergo intense O-glycosylation and multimerization, which dramatically increase the mass and size of these molecules. These post-translational modifications are critical for the viscoelastic properties of mucus. As a result of the complex biochemical and biophysical nature of these molecules, working with mucins provides many challenges that cannot be overcome by conventional protein analysis methods. For instance, their high-molecular-weight prevents electrophoretic migration via regular polyacrylamide gels and their sticky nature causes adhesion to experimental tubing. However, investigating the role of mucins in health (e.g., maintaining mucosal integrity) and disease (e.g., hyperconcentration, mucostasis, cancer) has recently gained interest and mucins are being investigated as a therapeutic target. A better understanding of the production and function of mucin macromolecules may lead to novel pharmaceutical approaches, e.g., inhibitors of mucin granule exocytosis and/or mucolytic agents. Therefore, consistent and reliable protocols to investigate mucin biology are critical for scientific advancement. Here, we describe conventional methods to separate mucin macromolecules by electrophoresis using an agarose gel, transfer protein into nitrocellulose membrane, and detect signal with mucin-specific antibodies as well as infrared fluorescent gel reader. These techniques are widely applicable to determine mucin quantitation, multimerization and to test the effects of pharmacological compounds on mucins. 8. The basics of 2D DIGE. PubMed Beckett, Phil 2012-01-01 The technique of two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is a powerful tool for separating complex mixtures of proteins, but since its inception in the mid 1970s, it acquired the stigma of being a very difficult application to master and was generally used to its best effect by experts. The introduction of commercially available immobilized pH gradients in the early 1990s provided enhanced reproducibility and easier protocols, leading to a pronounced increase in popularity of the technique. However gel-to-gel variation was still difficult to control without the use of technical replicates. In the mid 1990s (at the same time as the birth of "proteomics"), the concept of multiplexing fluorescently labeled proteins for 2D gel separation was realized by Jon Minden's group and has led to the ability to design experiments to virtually eliminate gel-to-gel variation, resulting in biological replicates being used for statistical analysis with the ability to detect very small changes in relative protein abundance. This technology is referred to as 2D difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE). 9. A rapid and efficient two-step gel electrophoresis method for the purification of major rye grass pollen allergens. PubMed Levy, D; Davies, J; O'Hehir, R; Suphioglu, C 2001-06-01 Purified proteins are mandatory for molecular, immunological and cellular studies. However, purification of proteins from complex mixtures requires specialised chromatography methods (i.e., gel filtration, ion exchange, etc.) using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. Such systems are expensive and certain proteins require two or more different steps for sufficient purity and generally result in low recovery. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, inexpensive and efficient gel-electrophoresis-based protein purification method using basic and readily available laboratory equipment. We have used crude rye grass pollen extract to purify the major allergens Lol p 1 and Lol p 5 as the model protein candidates. Total proteins were resolved on large primary gel and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB)-stained Lol p 1/5 allergens were excised and purified on a secondary "mini"-gel. Purified proteins were extracted from unstained separating gels and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblot analyses. Silver-stained SDS-PAGE gels resolved pure proteins (i.e., 875 microg of Lol p 1 recovered from a 8 mg crude starting material) while immunoblot analysis confirmed immunological reactivity of the purified proteins. Such a purification method is rapid, inexpensive, and efficient in generating proteins of sufficient purity for use in monoclonal antibody (mAb) production, protein sequencing and general molecular, immunological, and cellular studies. 10. GEL-STATE NMR OF BALL-MILLED WHOLE CELL WALLS IN DMSO-d6 USING 2D SOLUTION-STATE NMR SPECTROSCOPY Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) Plant cell walls were used for obtaining 2D solution-state NMR spectra without actual solubilization or structural modification. Ball-milled whole cell walls were swelled directly in the NMR tube with DMSO-d6 where they formed a gel. There are relatively few gel-state NMR studies. Most have involved... 11. Stabilization of thin-layer agarose gels after isoelectric focusing with polyacrylamide enables reverse imidazole-zinc staining and facilitates two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Hellman, Jukka 2008-09-01 Large-pore-size agarose gels provide excellent resolving capacity for high molecular weight biomolecules. Thin-layer agarose isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels on polyester support films are especially useful for the separation of large proteins based on their pI in native conformation, but the method has suffered from the lack of detection methods compatible with agarose gels in hydrated form. Recently, an acrylamide copolymerization method was reported to enable mass-spectrometry-compatible silver staining and in-gel digestion of proteins. In this study, the method was further applied by demonstrating successful reverse imidazole-zinc staining of thin-layer agarose IEF gels copolymerized with acrylamide. The sensitivity of the reverse staining method on the composite gel at its best equaled the sensitivity of the traditional dried agarose silver staining method. Owing to the increased durability and reversible detection, the reverse-stained first-dimension gel could be conveniently prepared for the second-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by reduction and alkylation. In addition, the micropreparative generation of tryptic peptides of Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 stained proteins in the composite gel is demonstrated. 12. Seeing through the trick of cancer cells via 2D gels. PubMed Mao, Lei 2013-12-01 The advancement of modern therapy concepts has dramatically extended the postsurvival rates of patients with malignant gastric cancer. However, a remaining setback is the drug resistance of recurrent cancer, which casts a dark shadow over disease prognosis. The original work of Klein et al. [Proteomics Clin. Appl. 2013, 7, 813-824] has outlined a rational experimental approach to decipher the mechanistic pathway of cancer drug resistance by proteomic approach. They used gel-based comparative proteomics to analyze the nuclear proteome of a human gastric cancer cell line (AGS) with and without inactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcription factor and master regulator of hypoxia adaptation. Using the classical 2DE-MS approach, these researchers observed 163 HIF-1 responsive proteins, among which over half of them could be confidently identified by MS. From this large dataset, the authors proposed an enhanced nuclear translocation of some proteasomal proteins upon inactivation of HIF-1. Overall, this work appropriately used proteomics as a hypothesis-free, top-down approach to dissect imperative clinical problems. 13. Disease proteomics of high-molecular-mass proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with agarose gels in the first dimension (Agarose 2-DE). PubMed 2007-04-15 Agarose gel is the preferred electrophoretic medium currently used for separating high molecular mass (HMM) proteins (MW>100 kDa). Agarose gels are widely used for both SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis and agarose isoelectric focusing (IEF). A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method employing agarose gels in the first dimension (agarose 2-DE) that is sufficiently good at separating up to 1.5mg of HMM proteins with molecular masses as large as 500 kDa has been used to separate proteins from various diseased tissues and cells. Although resolution of the agarose 2-DE pattern always depends on the tissue being analyzed, sample preparation procedures including (i) protein extraction with an SDS sample buffer; (ii) ultracentrifugation of a tissue homogenate; and (iii) 1% SDS in both stacking and separation gels of the second-dimension SDS-PAGE gel, are generally effective for HMM protein detection. In a comprehensive prostate cancer proteome study using agarose 2-DE, the HMM region of the gel was rich in proteins of particular gene/protein expression groups (39.1% of the HMM proteins but only 28.4% of the LMM ones were classified as transcription/translation-related proteins). Examples include transcription factors, DNA or RNA binding proteins, and ribosomal proteins. To understand oxidative stress-induced cellular damage at the protein level, a novel proteomic method, in which protein carbonyls were derivatized with biotin hydrazide followed by agarose 2-DE, was useful for detecting HMM protein carbonyls in tissues of both a diabetes model Ostuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat and a control Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rat. In this paper, we review the use of agarose gels for separation of HMM proteins and disease proteomics of HMM proteins in general, with particular attention paid to our proteome analyzes based on the use of agarose 2-DE for protein separation followed by the use of mass spectrometry for protein identification. 14. Multicapillary gel electrophoresis based analysis of genetic variants in the WFS1 gene. PubMed Elek, Zsuzsanna; Dénes, Réka; Prokop, Susanne; Somogyi, Anikó; Yowanto, Handy; Luo, Jane; Souquet, Manfred; Guttman, András; Rónai, Zsolt 2016-09-01 The WFS1 gene is one of the thoroughly investigated targets in diabetes research, variants of the gene were suggested to be the genetic components of the common forms (type 1 and type 2) of diabetes. Our project focused on the analysis of polymorphisms (rs4689388, rs148797429, rs4273545) localized in the WFS1 promoter region. Although submarine gel electrophoresis based approaches were also employed in the genetic tests, it was demonstrated that multicapillary electrophoresis offers a state of the art approach for reliable high-throughput SNP and VNTR analysis. Association studies were carried out in a case-control setup. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to test the effect of the investigated loci on the activity of gene expression in vitro. Significant association could be demonstrated between all three polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in both allele- and genotype-wise settings even using Bonferroni correction. It is notable; however, that the three loci were in strong linkage disequilibrium, thus the observed associations cannot be considered as separate effects. Molecular analyses showed that the rs4273545 GT SNP played a role in the regulation of transcription in vitro. However, this effect took place only in the presence of the region including the rs148797429 site, although this latter locus did not have its own impact on the regulation of gene expression. The paper provides genotyping protocols readily applicable in any multiplex SNP and VNTR analyses, moreover confirms and extends previous results about the role of WFS1 polymorphisms in the genetic risk of diabetes mellitus. 15. Two-Dimensional Differential Gel Electrophoresis to Identify Protein Biomarkers in Amniotic Fluid of Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18) Pregnancies PubMed Central Hsu, Te-Yao; Lin, Hao; Hung, Hsuan-Ning; Yang, Kuender D.; Ou, Chia-Yu; Tsai, Ching-Chang; Cheng, Hsin-Hsin; Chung, Su-Hai; Cheng, Bi-Hua; Wong, Yi-Hsun; Chou, An Kuo; Hsiao, Chang-Chun 2016-01-01 Background Edwards syndrome (ES) is a severe chromosomal abnormality with a prevalence of about 0.8 in 10,000 infants born alive. The aims of this study were to identify candidate proteins associated with ES pregnancies from amniotic fluid supernatant (AFS) using proteomics, and to explore the role of biological networks in the pathophysiology of ES. Methods AFS from six second trimester pregnancies with ES fetuses and six normal cases were included in this study. Fluorescence-based two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) were used for comparative proteomic analysis. The identified proteins were further validated by Western blotting and the role of biological networks was analyzed. Results Twelve protein spots were differentially expressed by more than 1.5-fold in the AFS of the ES pregnancies. MALDI-TOF/MS identified one up-regulated protein: apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), and four under-regulated proteins: vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and transthyretin (TTR). Western blot and densitometric analysis of ApoA1, A1AT, IGFBP-1, and TTR confirmed the alteration of these proteins in the amniotic fluid samples. Biological network analysis revealed that the proteins of the ES AFS were involved mainly in lipid and hormone metabolism, immune response, and cardiovascular disease. Conclusions These five proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of ES. Further studies are needed to explore. PMID:26752631 16. Proteomic analysis of melanoma-derived exosomes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. PubMed Mears, Rainy; Craven, Rachel A; Hanrahan, Sarah; Totty, Nick; Upton, Carol; Young, Sarah L; Patel, Poulam; Selby, Peter J; Banks, Rosamonde E 2004-12-01 Exosomes are 40-100 nm vesicles released by numerous cell types and are thought to have a variety of roles depending on their origin. Exosomes derived from antigen presenting cells have been shown to be capable of initiating immune responses in vivo and eradicating established tumours in murine models. Tumour-derived exosomes can be utilised as a source of tumour antigen for cross-priming to T-cells and are thus of interest for use in anti-tumour immunotherapy. Further exploration into the protein composition of exosomes may increase our understanding of their potential roles in vivo and this study has examined the proteome of exosomes purified from cell supernatants of the melanoma cell lines MeWo and SK-MEL-28. The vesicular nature and size (30-100 nm) of the purified exosomes was confirmed by electron microscopy and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Western blotting demonstrated the absence of calnexin and cytochrome c, verifying the purity of the exosome preparations, as well as enrichment of MHC class I and the tumour-associated antigens Mart-1 and Mel-CAM. The two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) protein profiles of exosomes from the two cell lines were highly comparable and strikingly different from the profiles of the total cell lysates. Mass spectrometric sequencing identified proteins present in 49 protein spots in the exosome lysates. Several of these have been identified previously in exosomes but some are novel, including p120 catenin, radixin, and immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 (PGRL). Proteins present in whole-cell lysates that were significantly reduced or excluded from exosomes were also identified and included several mitochondrial and lysosomal proteins, again confirming the proposed endosomal origin of exosomes. This study presents a starting point for future more in-depth protein studies of tumour-derived exosomes which will aid the understanding of their biogenesis and targeting for use in anti 17. A new method combining sequential immunoaffinity depletion and differential in gel electrophoresis to identify autoantibodies as cancer biomarkers. PubMed Grandjean, Marie; Dieu, Marc; Raes, Martine; Feron, Olivier 2013-10-31 Easily measurable biomarkers are urgently required to detect early stages of cancer progression. Autoantibodies (aAbs), as a component of the humoral immune response against tumor cells, have such potential of diagnostic markers since they are circulating and stable proteins, produced rapidly and easily amenable to in vitro dosage. The identification of aAbs is based on the characterization of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) against which they are directed. Here, we propose a new method for an unbiased identification of TAA and thereby of aAbs as cancer biomarkers. This method that we called sequential immunoaffinity depletion-differential in gel electrophoresis (SID-DIGE) is based on the immunodepletion of tumor cell lysates with IgG from control and tumor-bearing mice and direct matching of the flow throughs of these immunoaffinity separations on the same 2D format. This strategy reduces the complexity of the samples to be analyzed and maximizes the interest of assessing hundreds of proteins simultaneously. SID-DIGE has also the potential, contrary to existing serological proteome analysis (SERPA) techniques, to detect immunogenic proteins with conformational epitopes, including those resulting from post-translational modifications. Using a model of human colorectal tumors in mice for the proof of principle, we showed that SID-DIGE outperforms the conventional SERPA technique, with the identification of 7 common TAA (validating our approach) and 18 additional aAbs proving the potential of this new method. In particular, the identification of aAbs directed against key enzymes supporting glycolysis gives credential to the role of hypoxia as a major determinant of the tumor proteome and thus as a source of immunogenicity. Overall, the developed methodology allowed efficient screening of sera for the identification of aAbs as potential biomarkers. 18. Enzymatic assessment of cholesterol on electrophoresis gels for estimating HDL size distribution and plasma concentrations of HDL subclasses[S PubMed Central Toledo-Ibelles, Paola; García-Sánchez, Cynthia; Ávila-Vazzini, Nydia; Carreón-Torres, Elizabeth; Posadas-Romero, Carlos; Vargas-Alarcón, Gilberto; Pérez-Méndez, Oscar 2010-01-01 The aim of this study was to develop an enzymatic cholesterol staining method to determine HDL subclasses in a polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, which further allows staining by protein in the same electrophoresis lane. HDLs from 120 healthy individuals were separated through nondenaturing PAGE. HDLs were stained for cholesterol using an enzymatic semisolid mixture. Once the gels were unstained, they were stained again for proteins with Coomassie blue. The proportions of HDL subclasses were determined by densitometry. HDL subclasses were transformed to concentrations using as reference HDL-cholesterol plasma levels. This method is comparable in linearity and reproducibility to Coomassie blue staining, although it provides quantitative data. As expected, HDL size distribution shifted toward larger particles when determined by cholesterol as compared with protein. With this method, we observed different proportions of HDL subclasses between men and women as compared with Coomassie blue staining. We described a method to determine HDL size distribution by enzymatic cholesterol staining on polyacrylamide gels. The method allows the quantification of the cholesterol plasma concentration of each HDL subclass with the possibility to further stain the protein in the same sample. The combination of HDL staining by cholesterol and protein on electrophoresis gels provides information that may have clinical relevance. PMID:20097938 19. A multichannel gel electrophoresis and continuous fraction collection apparatus for high-throughput protein separation and characterization. PubMed Choi, Megan; Nordmeyer, Robert A; Cornell, Earl; Dong, Ming; Biggin, Mark D; Jin, Jian 2010-01-01 To facilitate a direct interface between protein separation by PAGE and protein identification by mass spectrometry, we developed a multichannel system that continuously collects fractions as protein bands migrate off the bottom of gel electrophoresis columns. The device was constructed using several short linear gel columns, each of a different percent acrylamide, to achieve a separation power similar to that of a long gradient gel. A "Counter Free-Flow" elution technique then allows continuous and simultaneous fraction collection from multiple channels at low cost. We demonstrate that rapid, high-resolution separation of a complex protein mixture can be achieved on this system using SDS-PAGE. In a 2.5 h electrophoresis run, for example, each sample was separated and eluted into 48-96 fractions over a mass range of approximately 10-150 kDa; sample recovery rates were 50% or higher; each channel was loaded with up to 0.3 mg of protein in 0.4 mL; and a purified band was eluted in two to three fractions (200 microL/fraction). Similar results were obtained when running native gel electrophoresis, but protein aggregation limited the loading capacity to about 50 microg per channel and reduced resolution. 20. A multi-channel gel electrophoresis and continuous fraction collection apparatus for high throughput protein separation and characterization SciTech Connect Choi, Megan; Nordmeyer, Robert A.; Cornell, Earl; Dong, Ming; Biggin, Mark D.; Jin, Jian 2009-10-02 To facilitate a direct interface between protein separation by PAGE and protein identification by mass spectrometry, we developed a multichannel system that continuously collects fractions as protein bands migrate off the bottom of gel electrophoresis columns. The device was constructed using several short linear gel columns, each of a different percent acrylamide, to achieve a separation power similar to that of a long gradient gel. A Counter Free-Flow elution technique then allows continuous and simultaneous fraction collection from multiple channels at low cost. We demonstrate that rapid, high-resolution separation of a complex protein mixture can be achieved on this system using SDS-PAGE. In a 2.5 h electrophoresis run, for example, each sample was separated and eluted into 48-96 fractions over a mass range of 10-150 kDa; sample recovery rates were 50percent or higher; each channel was loaded with up to 0.3 mg of protein in 0.4 mL; and a purified band was eluted in two to three fractions (200 L/fraction). Similar results were obtained when running native gel electrophoresis, but protein aggregation limited the loading capacity to about 50 g per channel and reduced resolution. 1. The use of biphasic linear ramped pulsed field gel electrophoresis to quantify DNA damage based on fragment size distribution SciTech Connect Lawrence, T.S.; Normolle, D.P.; Davis, M.A.; Maybaum, J. 1993-10-20 The development of biphasic linear pulse ramping gel electrophoresis has permitted resolution of DNA fragments from 200 Kbp to 6 Mbp in a single gel. We used this technique to measure radiation-induced DNA damage based on fragment size. Human colon cancer cells (HT29 and LS174T) and Chinese hamster ovary cells were embedded in agarose, deproteinized, irradiated with 5-80 Gy, and assessed for DNA double strand breakage using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The frequency of DNA double strand breakage determined using a previously published method was compared to the breakage frequency calculated using the fragment size distribution. Both methods produced similar estimates for breakage frequency of approximately 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}9} breaks Gy{sup {minus}1} bp{sup {minus}1}. These findings suggest that biphasic linear pulse ramping gel electrophoresis can yield a quantitative estimate of DNA fragment distribution resulting from irradiation. The ability to quantify the distribution of DNA fragment sizes produced by irradiation should yield information concerning the mechanisms of both DNA double strand break induction and repair. 16 refs., 5 figs. 2. Microbial Community Structure of Korean Cabbage Kimchi and Ingredients with Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Hong, Sung Wook; Choi, Yun-Jeong; Lee, Hae-Won; Yang, Ji-Hee; Lee, Mi-Ai 2016-06-28 Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable food, the production of which involves brining of Korean cabbage, blending with various other ingredients (red pepper powder, garlic, ginger, salt-pickled seafood, etc.), and fermentation. Recently, kimchi has also become popular in the Western world because of its unique taste and beneficial properties such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, which are derived from the various raw materials and secondary metabolites of the fermentative microorganisms used during production. Despite these useful activities, analysis of the microbial community present in kimchi has received relatively little attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial community structure from the raw materials, additives, and final kimchi product using the culture-independent method. Specifically, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to analyze the 16S rRNA partial sequences of the microflora. One primer set for bacteria, 341F(GC)-518R, reliably produced amplicons from kimchi and its raw materials, and these bands were clearly separated on a 35-65% denaturing gradient gel. Overall, 117 16S rRNA fragments were identified by PCR-DGGE analysis. Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc gelidum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were the dominant bacteria in kimchi. The other strains identified were Tetragenococcus, Pseudomonas, Weissella, and uncultured bacterium. Comprehensive analysis of these microorganisms could provide a more detailed understanding of the biologically active components of kimchi and help improve its quality. PCR-DGGE analysis can be successfully applied to a fermented food to detect unculturable or other species. 3. Genetic variability among Chlamydia trachomatis reference and clinical strains analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Rodriguez, P; Allardet-Servent, A; de Barbeyrac, B; Ramuz, M; Bebear, C 1994-01-01 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied to Chlamydia trachomatis reference strains representing each of the 18 serovars and to 29 clinical isolates from genital specimens collected in Bordeaux, France, or Malmö, Sweden. Comparison of the fingerprint patterns of the reference strains revealed a high level of polymorphism of the total DNA when SmaI was used (14 profiles), whereas the other enzymes, Sse8387I and ApaI, showed fewer differences. Some serovars, considered to be closely related on the basis of their antigenic determinants located on the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), such as D and Da or I and Ia, were shown to be different after PFGE of their genomic DNAs. However, serovars B and Ba and serovars L2 and L2a had identical patterns after analysis with the three endonucleases. When applied to clinical isolates, which were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the MOMP gene, PFGE allowed the detection of intragenotype polymorphisms and showed the identity of two strains successively isolated from the same patient. This technique seems to be an efficient tool for epidemiological studies when used in addition to serotyping or genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the MOMP gene. Images PMID:7883878 4. Assessment of microbial populations dynamics in a blue cheese by culturing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Alegría, Angel; González, Renata; Díaz, Mario; Mayo, Baltasar 2011-03-01 The composition and development of microbial population during the manufacture and ripening of two batches of a blue-veined cheese was examined by culturing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (PCR-DGGE). Nine selective and/or differential media were used to track the cultivable populations of total and indicator microbial groups. For PCR-DGGE, the V3 hyper variable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the eukaryotic D1 domain of 28S rDNA were amplified with universal primers, specific for prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. Similarities and differences between the results obtained by the culturing and the molecular method were recorded for some populations. Culturing analysis allows minority microbial groups (coliforms, staphylococci) to be monitored, although in this study PCR-DGGE identified a population of Streptococcus thermophilus that went undetected by culturing. These results show that the characterization of the microbial populations interacting and evolving during the cheese-making process is improved by combining culturing and molecular methods. 5. Monitoring the lactic acid bacterial diversity during shochu fermentation by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed 2005-03-01 The presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during shochu fermentation was monitored by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and by bacteriological culturing. No LAB were detected from fermented mashes by PCR-DGGE using a universal bacterial PCR primer set. However, PCR-DGGE using a new primer specific for the 16S rDNA of Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, Enterococcus, and Vagococcus and two primers specific for the 16S rDNA of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella revealed that Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus nagelii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Weissella cibaria inhabited in shochu mashes. It was also found that the LAB community composition during shochu fermentation changed after the main ingredient and water were added during the fermentation process. Therefore, we confirmed that PCR-DGGE using all three primers specific for groups of LAB together was well suited to the study of the LAB diversity in shochu mashes. The results of DGGE profiles were similar to the results of bacteriological culturing. In conclusion, LAB are present during shochu fermentation but not dominant. 6. Brownian dynamics studies on DNA gel electrophoresis. II. Defect'' dynamics in the elongation-contraction motion Azuma, Ryuzo 2002-10-01 By means of the Brownian dynamics (BD) method of simulations we have developed, we study the dynamics of individual DNA molecules which are undergoing constant field gel electrophoresis (CFGE), focusing on the relevance of the "defect" concept due to de Gennes in CFGE. The corresponding objects, which we call slack beads (s-beads), are explicitly introduced in our BD model. In equilibrium under a vanishing field, the distance between s-beads and their hopping range is found to be randomly distributed following a Poisson distribution. In strong fields, where a chain undergoes elongation-contraction motion, s-beads are observed to be alternately annihilated in elongation and created in the contraction of the chain. On the other hand, the distribution of hopping ranges of s-beads does not differ much from that in equilibrium. The results indicate that in the elongation-contraction motion of the chain, a large number of random movements of s-beads are involved. We have also confirmed that these features of s-beads agree qualitatively with those of s-monomers in the extended bond fluctuation model (EBFM) which we recently proposed. This agreement strongly supports the stochastic semilocal movement of s-monomers which we a priori introduced into the EBFM. 7. A high-definition native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system for the analysis of membrane complexes. PubMed Ladig, Roman; Sommer, Maik S; Hahn, Alexander; Leisegang, Matthias S; Papasotiriou, Dimitrios G; Ibrahim, Mohamed; Elkehal, Rajae; Karas, Michael; Zickermann, Volker; Gutensohn, Michael; Brandt, Ulrich; Klösgen, Ralf Bernd; Schleiff, Enrico 2011-07-01 Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is an important technique for the analysis of membrane protein complexes. A major breakthrough was the development of blue native (BN-) and high resolution clear native (hrCN-) PAGE techniques. Although these techniques are very powerful, they could not be applied to all systems with the same resolution. We have developed an alternative protocol for the analysis of membrane protein complexes of plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, which we termed histidine- and deoxycholate-based native (HDN-) PAGE. We compared the capacity of HDN-, BN- and hrCN-PAGE to resolve the well-studied respiratory chain complexes in mitochondria of bovine heart muscle and Yarrowia lipolytica, as well as thylakoid localized complexes of Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum and Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Moreover, we determined the assembly/composition of the Anabaena sp. PCC7120 thylakoids and envelope membranes by HDN-PAGE. The analysis of isolated chloroplast envelope complexes by HDN-PAGE permitted us to resolve complexes such as the translocon of the outer envelope migrating at approximately 700 kDa or of the inner envelope of about 230 and 400 kDa with high resolution. By immunodecoration and mass spectrometry of these complexes we present new insights into the assembly/composition of these translocation machineries. The HDN-PAGE technique thus provides an important tool for future analyses of membrane complexes such as protein translocons. 8. Typing of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Using DNA Fingerprints by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Rebic, Velma; Budimir, Ana; Aljicevic, Mufida; Bektas, Sabaheta; Vranic, Sabina Mahmutovic; Rebic, Damir 2016-01-01 Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for a wide spectrum of nosocomial and community associated infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze MRSA strains from the general population in Canton Sarajevo, B&H. Methods: Our investigation including either phenotypic and genotypic markers such as antimicrobial resistance, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), SCC typing, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) detection. Results: Antimicrobial susceptibility: all MRSA isolates were resistant to the β-lactam antibiotics tested, and all isolates were susceptible trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole, rifampicin, fusidic acid, linezolid and vancomycin. Sixty-eight per cent of the MRSA isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 5% to clindamycin, 5% to gentamicin and 4% to ciprofloxacin. After the PFGE analysis, the isolates were grouped into five similarity groups: A-E. The largest number of isolates belonged to one of two groups: C: 60 (60%) and D: 27 (27%). In both groups C and D, SCCmec type IV was predominant (60% and 88, 8%, respectively). A total of 24% of the isolates had positive expression of PVL genes, while 76% showed a statistically significantly greater negative expression of PVL genes. Conclusion: SCCmec type IV, together with the susceptibility profile and PFGE grouping, is considered to be typical of CA-MRSA PMID:27708486 9. Application of preparative disk gel electrophoresis for antigen purification from inclusion bodies. PubMed Okegawa, Yuki; Koshino, Masanori; Okushima, Teruya; Motohashi, Ken 2016-02-01 Specific antibodies are a reliable tool to examine protein expression patterns and to determine the protein localizations within cells. Generally, recombinant proteins are used as antigens for specific antibody production. However, recombinant proteins from mammals and plants are often overexpressed as insoluble inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Solubilization of these inclusion bodies is desirable because soluble antigens are more suitable for injection into animals to be immunized. Furthermore, highly purified proteins are also required for specific antibody production. Plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase: EC 6.4.1.2) from Arabidopsis thaliana, which catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA in chloroplasts, formed inclusion bodies when the recombinant protein was overexpressed in E. coli. To obtain the purified protein to use as an antigen, we applied preparative disk gel electrophoresis for protein purification from inclusion bodies. This method is suitable for antigen preparation from inclusion bodies because the purified protein is recovered as a soluble fraction in electrode running buffer containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate that can be directly injected into immune animals, and it can be used for large-scale antigen preparation (several tens of milligrams). 10. Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in bone and liver disease. PubMed Central Warnes, T W; Hine, P; Kay, G 1976-01-01 Acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis provides a reliable and reasonably rapid method of differentiating the raised serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) of bone origin from that of liver origin. The technique has been placed for the first time on a semiquantitative basis. Measurement of both band width and band position effectively distinguishes the bone from the liver isoenzyme, but band width provides superior discrimination. An origin band was seen in none of the normal subjects and in only 7% of patients with bone disease but was present in 78% of patients with liver disease, a highly significant increase. Fifty percent of normal individuals had a small-intestinal band in serum taken two hours after a meal, as did 35% of patients with liver disease, but the incidence of intestinal bands in bone disease was only 11%, significantly less than in the other two groups. The genetic control of small-intestinal AP in serum has been confirmed, but it has been demonstrated that the decrease of intestinal AP in bone disorders is not genetically determined. Images PMID:977779 11. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotype profiles of clinical and environmental Vibrio vulnificus isolates. PubMed Central Tamplin, M L; Jackson, J K; Buchrieser, C; Murphree, R L; Portier, K M; Gangar, V; Miller, L G; Kaspar, C W 1996-01-01 Vibrio vulnificus belongs to the autochthonous bacterial flora of warm estuarine waters. It can cause life-threatening extraintestinal disease in persons who have underlying illness and who consume raw shellfish or contact wounds with estuarine water. Currently, very little is known about genetic diversity within this species. In this report, we describe high-level variation in restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles among 53 clinical and 78 environmental isolates, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In contrast, ribotype profiles showed greater similarity. When combined ribotype profiles of clinical and environmental isolates were analyzed, four predominant clusters were observed. Interestingly, a low number (16%) of clinical isolates were found in cluster C, compared with clusters A, B, and D (range, 50 to 83%). In addition, 83% of all Hawaiian isolates were located in a single cluster, indicating a possible relationship between geography and genotype. We also report that spontaneous translucent colonial morphotypes were distinct by both restriction fragment length polymorphism and biochemical profiles, compared with opaque parent strains. PMID:8837412 12. Indirect fluorometric detection techniques on thin layer chromatography and effect of ultrasound on gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Yinfa, Ma. 1990-12-10 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a broadly applicable separation technique. It offers many advantages over high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), such as easily adapted for two-dimensional separation, for whole-column'' detection and for handling multiple samples, etc. However, due to its draggy development of detection techniques comparing with HPLC, TLC has not received the attention it deserves. Therefore, exploring new detection techniques is very important to the development of TLC. It is the principal of this dissertation to present a new detection method for TLC -- indirect fluorometric detection method. This detection technique is universal sensitive, nondestructive, and simple. This will be described in detail from Sections 1 through Section 5. Section 1 and 3 describe the indirect fluorometric detection of anions and nonelectrolytes in TLC. In Section 2, a detection method for cations based on fluorescence quenching of ethidium bromide is presented. In Section 4, a simple and interesting TLC experiment is designed, three different fluorescence detection principles are used for the determination of caffeine, saccharin and sodium benzoate in beverages. A laser-based indirect fluorometric detection technique in TLC is developed in Section 5. Section 6 is totally different from Sections 1 through 5. An ultrasonic effect on the separation of DNA fragments in agarose gel electrophoresis is investigated. 262 refs. 13. Demonstration of structural polymorphism among MB3 light chains by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Ishikawa, N; Kasahara, M; Ikeda, H; Ogasawara, K; Hawkin, S; Takenouchi, T; Wakisaka, A; Kikuchi, Y; Aizawa, M 1985-01-01 The heavy and light chain subunits of MB3 molecules were isolated from KT2 (DKT2, DR4, MB3 homozygous), ER (Dw4, DR4, MB3 homozygous), JMe (Dw5, DR5, MB3 homozygous), EBV-Sh (DSh, DRw6.2, MB3 homozygous), and EBV-Ky (DKy, DRw9, MB3 homozygous) cells and were compared with one another by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The MB3 light chains from KT2, ER, and EBV-Ky cells were clearly different in terms of their isoelectric points, whereas those from ER, JMe, and EBV-Sh cells were indistinguishable. No differences in charge or m.w. were noted for the MB3 heavy chains from the five cell lines. Thus, three out of the five MB3-positive, D/DR-disparate cell lines were found to express structurally distinct MB3 molecules, demonstrating that MB3 is a public serologic specificity shared by at least three structurally distinct MB (human I-A-like) molecules. Because the DR light chain subunits isolated from EBV-Wa, KT2, ER, JMe, EBV-Sh, and EBV-Ky cells differed from one another in their isoelectric points, the DR light chains were apparently more polymorphic than the MB3 light chains. 14. Epidemiological Validation of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Patterns for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus PubMed Central Blanc, D. S.; Struelens, M. J.; Deplano, A.; De Ryck, R.; Hauser, P. M.; Petignat, C.; Francioli, P. 2001-01-01 To determine the stability of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the nosocomial setting, we analyzed isolates from long-term carriers (>1 month) and from patients involved in well-defined nosocomial epidemics. The number of fragment differences between the first isolate and subsequent isolates in long-term carriers showed a bimodal distribution, with one group having 0 to 6 fragment differences and the other group having 14 to 24 fragment differences. The PFGE patterns of isolates involved in epidemics also presented a similar bimodal distribution of the number of fragment differences. Typing these isolates with another molecular method (inter-IS256 PCR) showed that isolates of the first group (i.e., with 1 to 6 fragment differences) were clonally related, whereas the second group (with 14 to 24 fragment differences) could be considered genetically different. Among long-term carriers with clonally related isolates, 74 of 84 (88%) of consecutive isolates showed indistinguishable patterns, whereas 10 of 84 (12%) showed related patterns differing by one to six fragments. Moreover, the frequency of apparition of related patterns is higher when the time between the first and the subsequent isolate is longer. During seven nosocomial epidemics lasting from 1 to 15 months, only 2 of 120 isolates (1.7%) showed a pattern which was different, although related, from the predominant one involved in each of these outbreaks. PMID:11574553 15. The limitations of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates. PubMed Gilpin, B J; Robson, B; Lin, S; Hudson, J A; Weaver, L; Dufour, M; Strydom, H 2014-09-01 This study describes the analysis of 432 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE had a high level of discrimination with biotype 1A isolates (Simpson's Diversity Index 0.997), but with the clinically important biotypes 2, 3 and 4, the discriminatory ability of PFGE was so low as to severely limit its usefulness (DI <0.6). For biotypes 2, 3 and 4, 79% or more of isolates of each biotype were of just three different PFGE profiles. Because of this, four known outbreaks of yersiniosis would not have been identified by PFGE analysis. However, a previously unrecognized potential outbreak of yersiniosis caused by biotype 4 isolates was identified on the basis of a rare PFGE genotype with spatial and temporal clustering. We conclude that PFGE has a very limited application to the genotyping of Y. enterocolitica biotypes 2, 3 and 4, and inferences based on finding indistinguishable PFGE profiles among cases or between cases and sources need to be substantiated using alternative typing tools, or strong epidemiological evidence. 16. Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to identify potential outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand. PubMed Gilpin, Brent; Cornelius, Angela; Robson, Beth; Boxall, Naomi; Ferguson, Alan; Nicol, Carolyn; Henderson, Tom 2006-02-01 Since 2002, New Zealand's incidence of campylobacteriosis has exceeded 300 cases per 100,000 people per annum. To evaluate genetic variation in human isolates, 183 Campylobacter isolates were collected from a single clinical laboratory in Christchurch: 77 during an 8-week period in spring, and the rest 3 months later over a second 8-week period in autumn. Isolates were identified to the species level and subtyped using Penner serotyping (Campylobacter jejuni only) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using both SmaI and KpnI. Approximately two-thirds of the isolates could be grouped into clusters of between 2 and 26 isolates with indistinguishable SmaI and KpnI patterns. Less than 10% of the isolates were of the same type between the two sampling periods. The epidemiological relevance of the PFGE clusters was supported by temporal clustering, some spatial clustering, and some statistically significant demographic similarities among cases in a cluster. Conversely, patient cases yielding isolates which did not cluster with isolates from other cases were more likely to report recent overseas travel and less likely to live within larger urban centers. To identify whether these clusters actually represent common-source outbreaks, however, would require the detailed, rapid, and reiterative epidemiological investigation of cases within a PFGE cluster. The combined and timely application of subtyping and epidemiological investigation would appear to be a promising strategy for understanding campylobacteriosis in New Zealand. 17. Characterization of Erwinia amylovora strains from Bulgaria by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Atanasova, Iliana; Urshev, Zoltan; Hristova, Petya; Bogatzevska, Nevena; Moncheva, Penka 2012-01-01 The aim of this study was to characterize genetically Bulgarian Erwinia amylovora strains using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Fifty E. amylovora strains isolated from different hosts, locations, as well as in different years were analysed by PFGE after XbaI, SpeI, and XhoI digestion of the genomic DNA. The strains were distributed into four groups according to their XbaI-generated profile. About 82% of the strains displayed a PFGE profile identical to that of type Pt2. Three strains belonged to the Central Europe Pt1 type. Two new PFGE profiles, not reported so far, were established--one for a strain isolated from Malus domestica and another for all Fragaria spp. strains. The same grouping of the strains was obtained after analysis of the SpeI digestion patterns. On the basis of PFGE profiles, after XbaI and SpeI digestion, a genetic differentiation between the strains associated with subfamily Maloideae and subfamily Rosoideae was revealed. The presence of more than one PFGE profile in the population of E. amylovora in Bulgaria suggests a multiple source of inoculum. 18. Genetic fingerprinting of Brevibacterium linens by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping. PubMed Lima, P T; Correia, A M 2000-07-01 Members of Brevibacterium linens display physiological features that are relevant for cheese production. The genomes of five B. linens strains deposited on culture collections were compared by examining large restriction fragments on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and detection of polymorphism at the level of 16S rRNA genes. Pulsed-field analysis with the endonucleases DraI and AsnI showed a characteristic restriction profile for each strain and allowed the calculation of genome sizes ranging between 3.2 and 3.9 Mbp. No linear genomic elements were detected. Polymorphisms at the level of 16S rRNA genes were revealed by hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe complementary to a universal domain of the 16S genes. An EcoRI fragment of 1.4 kb was identified as common to all strains under study. According to the number of positive bands detected by the probe, at least four rRNA operons must be present on the genome of the B. linens strains here studied. 19. Effects of Reusing Gel Electrophoresis and Electrotransfer Buffers on Western Blotting PubMed Central Omotola, Oluwabukola B.; Heda, Rajiv P.; Avery, Jamie 2016-01-01 SDS-PAGE and Western blotting are 2 of the most commonly used biochemical methods for protein analysis. Proteins are electrophoretically separated based on their MWs by SDS-PAGE and then electrotransferred to a solid membrane surface for subsequent protein-specific analysis by immunoblotting, a procedure commonly known as Western blotting. Both of these procedures use a salt-based buffer, with the latter procedure consisting of methanol as an additive known for its toxicity. Previous reports present a contradictory view in favor or against reusing electrotransfer buffer, also known as Towbin’s transfer buffer (TTB), with an aim to reduce the toxic waste. In this report, we present a detailed analysis of not only reusing TTB but also gel electrophoresis buffer (EB) on proteins of low to high MW range. Our results suggest that EB can be reused for at least 5 times without compromising the electrophoretic separation of mixture of proteins in an MW standard, BSA, and crude cell lysates. Additionally, reuse of EB did not affect the quality of subsequent Western blots. Successive reuse of TTB, on the other hand, diminished the signal of proteins of different MWs in a protein standard and a high MW membrane protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator (CFTR) in Western blotting. PMID:27582639 20. Gel electrophoresis using a selective radical for the separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes. PubMed Mesgari, Sara; Sundramoorthy, Ashok Kumar; Loo, Leslie S; Chan-Park, Mary B 2014-01-01 We have applied agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that have been pre-reacted with metallic-selective ionic radicals and then re-suspended with sodium cholate (SC) surfactant to obtain highly purified (up to 98%) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs). The proposed combination method exploits the preferential reactivity with the metallic nanotube of the radicals generated from an azo naphthalene compound (Direct Blue 71(I)) to preferentially increase the surface charge, and therefore the electrophoretic mobilities, of the metallic nanotube population under the influence of the electric field in AGE. The excellent separation achieved was verified by UV-vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopy as well as by the performance of field effect transistors fabricated with semiconducting-enriched SWNTs. FETs fabricated with -assisted AGE-separated semiconducting nanotubes exhibited mobilities of ∼3.6 to 11.7 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and on/off ratios from 10(2) to 10(6). 1. On the effects of intercalators in DNA condensation: a force spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis study. PubMed Rocha, M S; Cavalcante, A G; Silva, R; Ramos, E B 2014-05-08 In this work we have characterized the effects of the intercalator ethidium bromide (EtBr) on the DNA condensation process by using force spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis. We have tested two condensing agents: spermine (spm(4+)), a tetravalent cationic amine which promotes cation-induced DNA condensation, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a neutral polymer which promotes DNA ψ-condensation. Two different types of experiments were performed. In the first type, bare DNA molecules disperse in solution are first treated with EtBr for intercalation, and then the condensing agent is added to the sample with the purpose of verifying the effects of the intercalator in hindering DNA condensation. In the second experiment type, the bare DNA molecules are first condensed, and then the intercalator is added to the sample in order to verify its influence on the previously condensed DNA. The results obtained with the two different experimental techniques used agree very well, indicating that previously intercalated EtBr can hinder both cation-induced and ψ-condensation, being more efficient in the first case. On the other hand, EtBr has little effect on the previously formed cation-induced condensates, but is efficient in unfolding the ψ-condensates. 2. Prokaryotic community composition revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in the East Sea Jang, Gwang Il; Choi, Dong Han 2015-12-01 To understand the temporal and spatial variation of the prokaryotic community in the East Sea, their composition was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-sequencing techniques. The investigations were conducted twice annually in 2007 and 2009 in coastal and offshore stations. Prokaryotic abundance (PA), leucine incorporation rate, and other environmental parameters were also measured. By using the DGGE approach, we obtained 283 bacterial sequences and 160 archaeal sequences. The most frequently detected bacterial phylotypes during the investigations belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. However, their relative compositions differed in time and space. Although Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant groups in the surface water in May 2007 and in May and October 2007, Gammaproteobacteria was dominant in mesopelagic samples. However, Gammaproteobacteria was overwhelmingly dominant in most samples in August 2009. Although Deltaproteobacteria was rarely found as a dominant bacterial group, it occupied the highest fraction in a mesopelagic sample in October 2007. Epsilonproteobacteria also showed a similar trend, although its maximal dominance was found in a mesopelagic sample in August 2009. The archaeal community was dominated overwhelmingly by members of the Euryarchaeota in most of the investigations. However, Nitrosopumilales was dominant in aphotic samples in August 2009. Further, their spatiotemporal composition at the family level changed more dynamically in the East Sea. These temporal and spatial distributions of the prokaryotic community were influenced mainly by seawater temperature and depth in the East Sea. 3. CN-GELFrEE - Clear Native Gel-eluted Liquid Fraction Entrapment Electrophoresis. PubMed Melani, Rafael D; Seckler, Henrique S; Skinner, Owen S; Do Vale, Luis H F; Catherman, Adam D; Havugimana, Pierre C; Valle de Sousa, Marcelo; Domont, Gilberto B; Kelleher, Neil L; Compton, Philip D 2016-02-29 Protein complexes perform an array of crucial cellular functions. Elucidating their non-covalent interactions and dynamics is paramount for understanding the role of complexes in biological systems. While the direct characterization of biomolecular assemblies has become increasingly important in recent years, native fractionation techniques that are compatible with downstream analysis techniques, including mass spectrometry, are necessary to further expand these studies. Nevertheless, the field lacks a high-throughput, wide-range, high-recovery separation method for native protein assemblies. Here, we present clear native gel-eluted liquid fraction entrapment electrophoresis (CN-GELFrEE), which is a novel separation modality for non-covalent protein assemblies. CN-GELFrEE separation performance was demonstrated by fractionating complexes extracted from mouse heart. Fractions were collected over 2 hr and displayed discrete bands ranging from ~30 to 500 kDa. A consistent pattern of increasing molecular weight bandwidths was observed, each ranging ~100 kDa. Further, subsequent reanalysis of native fractions via SDS-PAGE showed molecular-weight shifts consistent with the denaturation of protein complexes. Therefore, CN-GELFrEE was proved to offer the ability to perform high-resolution and high-recovery native separations on protein complexes from a large molecular weight range, providing fractions that are compatible with downstream protein analyses. 4. Model creation of moving redox reaction boundary in agarose gel electrophoresis by traditional potassium permanganate method. PubMed Xie, Hai-Yang; Liu, Qian; Li, Jia-Hao; Fan, Liu-Yin; Cao, Cheng-Xi 2013-02-21 A novel moving redox reaction boundary (MRRB) model was developed for studying electrophoretic behaviors of analytes involving redox reaction on the principle of moving reaction boundary (MRB). Traditional potassium permanganate method was used to create the boundary model in agarose gel electrophoresis because of the rapid reaction rate associated with MnO(4)(-) ions and Fe(2+) ions. MRB velocity equation was proposed to describe the general functional relationship between velocity of moving redox reaction boundary (V(MRRB)) and concentration of reactant, and can be extrapolated to similar MRB techniques. Parameters affecting the redox reaction boundary were investigated in detail. Under the selected conditions, good linear relationship between boundary movement distance and time were obtained. The potential application of MRRB in electromigration redox reaction titration was performed in two different concentration levels. The precision of the V(MRRB) was studied and the relative standard deviations were below 8.1%, illustrating the good repeatability achieved in this experiment. The proposed MRRB model enriches the MRB theory and also provides a feasible realization of manual control of redox reaction process in electrophoretic analysis. 5. High resolution melt analysis (HRMA); a viable alternative to agarose gel electrophoresis for mouse genotyping. PubMed Thomsen, Nicole; Ali, Radiya G; Ahmed, Jehangir N; Arkell, Ruth M 2012-01-01 Most mouse genetics laboratories maintain mouse strains that require genotyping in order to identify the genetically modified animals. The plethora of mutagenesis strategies and publicly available mouse alleles means that any one laboratory may maintain alleles with random or targeted insertions of orthologous or unrelated sequences as well as random or targeted deletions and point mutants. Many experiments require that different strains be cross bred conferring the need to genotype progeny at more than one locus. In contrast to the range of new technologies for mouse mutagenesis, genotyping methods have remained relatively static with alleles typically discriminated by agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products. This requires a large amount of researcher time. Additionally it is susceptible to contamination of future genotyping experiments because it requires that tubes containing PCR products be opened for analysis. Progress has been made with the genotyping of mouse point mutants because a range of new high-throughput techniques have been developed for the detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Some of these techniques are suitable for genotyping point mutants but do not detect insertion or deletion alleles. Ideally, mouse genetics laboratories would use a single, high-throughput platform that enables closed-tube analysis to genotype the entire range of possible insertion and deletion alleles and point mutants. Here we show that High Resolution Melt Analysis meets these criteria, it is suitable for closed-tube genotyping of all allele types and current genotyping assays can be converted to this technology with little or no effort. 6. EXAFS analysis of a human Cu,Zn SOD isoform focused using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis Chevreux, Sylviane; Solari, Pier Lorenzo; Roudeau, Stéphane; Deves, Guillaume; Alliot, Isabelle; Testemale, Denis; Hazemann, Jean Louis; Ortega, Richard 2009-11-01 Isoelectric point isoforms of a metalloprotein, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), separated on electrophoresis gels were analyzed using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Mutations of this protein are involved in familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The toxicity of mutants could be relied to defects in the metallation state. Our purpose is to establish analytical protocols to study metallation state of protein isoforms such as those from CuZnSOD. We previously highlighted differences in the copper oxidation state between CuZnSOD isoforms using XANES. Here, we present the first results for EXAFS analyses performed at Cu and Zn K-edge on the majoritary expressed isoform of human CuZnSOD separated on electrophoresis gels. 7. First clinical isolates of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) in Argentina: characterization and subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Asato, Valeria C; Vilches, Viviana E; Pineda, María G; Casanueva, Enrique; Cane, Alejandro; Moroni, Mirian P; Brengi, Silvina P; Pichel, Mariana G 2013-01-01 Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens associated with severe infections in neonates and immunocompromised infants. From January 2009 through September 2010, two cases of neonatal infections associated with Cronobacter malonaticus and one case associated with Cronobacter sakazakii, two of them fatal, were reported in the same hospital. These are the first clinical isolates of Cronobacter spp. in Argentina. The objective of this work was to characterize and subtype clinical isolates of Cronobacter spp. in neonate patients, as well as to establish the genetic relationship between these isolates and the foodborne isolates previously identified in the country. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed a genetic relationship between the C. malonaticus isolates from two patients. Different results were found when the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of clinical isolates were compared with those deposited in the National Database of Cronobacter spp. 8. Thermal denaturation of double-stranded nucleic acids: prediction of temperatures critical for gradient gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction. PubMed Central Steger, G 1994-01-01 A program is described which calculates the thermal stability and the denaturation behaviour of double-stranded DNAs and RNAs up to a length of 1000 base pairs. The algorithm is based on recursive generation of conditional and a priori probabilities for base stacking. Output of the program may be compared directly to experimental results; thus the program may be used to optimize the nucleic acid fragments, the primers and the experimental conditions prior to experiments like polymerase chain reactions, temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis, denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis and hybridizations. The program is available in three versions; the first version runs interactively on VAXstations producing graphics output directly, the second is implemented as part of the HUSAR package at GENIUSnet, the third runs on any computer producing text output which serves as input to available graphics programs. Images PMID:8052531 9. Multicolour hybrid nanoprobes of molecular beacon conjugated quantum dots: FRET and gel electrophoresis assisted target DNA detection Kim, Joong Hyun; Chaudhary, Sumit; Ozkan, Mihrimah 2007-05-01 We have developed multicolour hybrid DNA probes employing green, yellow and orange colour quantum dot conjugated molecular beacons with black hole quencher 2. Optical and electrophoretic characterization revealed fluorescent energy transfer that follows the FRET mechanism with single nucleotide discrimination. Target DNA identification was observed to be highly sensitive up to 8 ng in gel electrophoresis. Comparison with the conventional organic dye SYBR Gold™ showed that our hybrid nanoprobes exhibit more stable performance with less background signal. 10. Happy bicentennial, electrophoresis! PubMed Righetti, Pier Giorgio 2009-12-01 A short survey of electrophoresis and a celebration of its bicentennial, with some remarkable mementos and a list of books that shaped the field. Where one also learns of a secret production plant with a huge-scale electrophoretic apparatus for skimming of latex from Hevea brasiliensis and keeping the wheels of the Ally Army running during World War II. And of cyber (mammoth) 2D gels of 1.5 x 1 m in size accommodating >12,000 spots. 11. Adapting capillary gel electrophoresis as a sensitive, high-throughput method to accelerate characterization of nucleic acid metabolic enzymes. PubMed Greenough, Lucia; Schermerhorn, Kelly M; Mazzola, Laurie; Bybee, Joanna; Rivizzigno, Danielle; Cantin, Elizabeth; Slatko, Barton E; Gardner, Andrew F 2016-01-29 Detailed biochemical characterization of nucleic acid enzymes is fundamental to understanding nucleic acid metabolism, genome replication and repair. We report the development of a rapid, high-throughput fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis method as an alternative to traditional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to characterize nucleic acid metabolic enzymes. The principles of assay design described here can be applied to nearly any enzyme system that acts on a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide substrate. Herein, we describe several assays using this core capillary gel electrophoresis methodology to accelerate study of nucleic acid enzymes. First, assays were designed to examine DNA polymerase activities including nucleotide incorporation kinetics, strand displacement synthesis and 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Next, DNA repair activities of DNA ligase, flap endonuclease and RNase H2 were monitored. In addition, a multicolor assay that uses four different fluorescently labeled substrates in a single reaction was implemented to characterize GAN nuclease specificity. Finally, a dual-color fluorescence assay to monitor coupled enzyme reactions during Okazaki fragment maturation is described. These assays serve as a template to guide further technical development for enzyme characterization or nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitor screening in a high-throughput manner. 12. Adapting capillary gel electrophoresis as a sensitive, high-throughput method to accelerate characterization of nucleic acid metabolic enzymes PubMed Central Greenough, Lucia; Schermerhorn, Kelly M.; Mazzola, Laurie; Bybee, Joanna; Rivizzigno, Danielle; Cantin, Elizabeth; Slatko, Barton E.; Gardner, Andrew F. 2016-01-01 Detailed biochemical characterization of nucleic acid enzymes is fundamental to understanding nucleic acid metabolism, genome replication and repair. We report the development of a rapid, high-throughput fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis method as an alternative to traditional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to characterize nucleic acid metabolic enzymes. The principles of assay design described here can be applied to nearly any enzyme system that acts on a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide substrate. Herein, we describe several assays using this core capillary gel electrophoresis methodology to accelerate study of nucleic acid enzymes. First, assays were designed to examine DNA polymerase activities including nucleotide incorporation kinetics, strand displacement synthesis and 3′-5′ exonuclease activity. Next, DNA repair activities of DNA ligase, flap endonuclease and RNase H2 were monitored. In addition, a multicolor assay that uses four different fluorescently labeled substrates in a single reaction was implemented to characterize GAN nuclease specificity. Finally, a dual-color fluorescence assay to monitor coupled enzyme reactions during Okazaki fragment maturation is described. These assays serve as a template to guide further technical development for enzyme characterization or nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitor screening in a high-throughput manner. PMID:26365239 13. Determination of the Genetic Diversity of Different Bioluminescent Bacteria by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) PubMed Central Ersoy Omeroglu, Esra 2015-01-01 Background: There are 4 different genera (i.e. Vibrio, Aliivibrio, Photobacterium, and Shewanella) in the new classification of bioluminescent bacteria. The mechanism of bioluminescence has yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the determination of physiological and genetic characteristics of bioluminescent bacteria isolated from different sources is very important. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) has the highest discriminatory power among the different molecular typing methods for the investigation of the clonal relationships between bacteria. For the PFGE analysis of bioluminescent bacteria, the NotI-HF™ is the method of choice among the restriction enzymes. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine genetic relatedness via PFGE in 41 bioluminescent bacteria (belonging to 10 different species) isolated and identified from various marine sources. Materials and Methods: Different bioluminescent bacteria (i.e. Vibrio gigantis, V. azureus, V. harveyi, V. lentus, V. crassostreae, V. orientalis, Aliivibrio logei, A. fischeri, Shewanella woodyi, and Photobacterium kishitanii) were analyzed by PFGE using the NotI-HF™ restriction enzyme. The whole DNA of the strains embedded into the agarose plugs was digested with enzyme at 37°C for 30 minutes. CHEF-Mapper PFGE system was used for electrophoresis and band profile of the strains for the NotI-HF™ restriction enzyme were analyzed by Bio-Profil-1D++ software (Vilber Lourmat) at 10% homology coefficient. Results: Although all experiments were performed three times, four of forty-one bioluminescent strains (V. gigantis E-16, H-16 and S3W46 strains and A. fischeri E-4 strain) could not be typed by PFGE technique with NotI-HF™ enzyme. While only two strains (V. crassostreae H-12 and H-19 strains) were exhibiting same band pattern profiles (100% genome homology), thirty-six different PFGE band patterns were obtained. Pattern homologies changed between 66% - 92%, 73% - 83% and 49% - 100% for V. gigantis, V 14. Electrophoresis '88 SciTech Connect Schafer-Nielsen, C. 1988-01-01 This book contains the proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of the International Electrophoresis Society, held in July 1988 in Copenhagen. Papers are grouped into seven sections: Theoretical Developments, Isoelectric Focusing, Free-Flow Electrophoresis, Gel and Staining Techniques, Automated Densitometry, and Electrotransfer/Electrophoresis of DNA. The references date from the 1960s to the present. An author index is included. 15. Effects of Clostridium difficile Toxin A on the proteome of colonocytes studied by differential 2D electrophoresis. PubMed Zeiser, Johannes J; Klodmann, Jennifer; Braun, Hans-Peter; Gerhard, Ralf; Just, Ingo; Pich, Andreas 2011-12-21 Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic pathogen, commonly associated with severe diarrhea or life-threatening pseudomembraneous colitis. Its main virulence factors are the single-chain, multi-domain toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB). Their glucosyltransferase domain selectively inactivates Rho proteins leading to a reorganization of the cytoskeleton. To study exclusively glucosyltransferase-dependent molecular effects of TcdA, human colonic cells (Caco-2) were treated with recombinant wild type TcdA and the glucosyltransferase deficient variant of the toxin, TcdA(gd) for 24h. Changes in the protein pattern of the colonic cells were investigated by 2-D DIGE and LCMS/MS methodology combined with detailed proteome mapping. gdTcdA did not induce any detectable significant changes in the protein pattern. Comparing TcdA-treated cells with a control group revealed seven spots of higher and two of lower intensity (p<0.05). Three proteins are involved in the assembly of the cytoskeleton (β-actin, ezrin, and DPYL2) and four are involved in metabolism and/or oxidative stress response (ubiquitin, DHE3, MCCB, FABPL) and two in regulatory processes (FUBP1, AL1A1). These findings correlate well to known effects of TcdA like the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and stress the importance of Rho protein glucosylation for the pathogenic effects of TcdA. 16. Application of temperature gradient gel electrophoresis to the characterization of a nitrifying bioaugmentation product. PubMed Fouratt, Melissa A; Rhodes, Jeremy S; Smithers, Charles M; Love, Nancy G; Stevens, Ann M 2003-03-01 The microbial population of a nitrifying bioaugmentation product (NBP) has been examined using a combination of conventional bacteriological methods and modern molecular techniques. Variable region 3 (V3) of the 16S rRNA genes of the bacteria in NBP was amplified via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal eubacterial primers and analyzed via temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). Two of the predominant PCR products in NBP were purified from the TGGE gel matrix, reamplified via PCR and sequenced. Two nitrifying strains (NS500-9 and MPN2) that had been isolated from the NBP mixed consortium and grown in pure culture were found, via TGGE, to have identical 16S rRNA sequences to the PCR products under investigation. Nearly the full-length 16S rRNA genes from these two organisms were PCR-amplified, cloned, and sequenced in order to provide a basis for more accurate phylogenetic analysis. The two dominant organisms in the NBP, NS500-9 and MPN2, were thereby found to be most closely related to Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter species, respectively, in the database. Samples from a laboratory-scale bioreactor, bioaugmented with NBP, were used in an attempt to correlate an increase in activity with a detectable shift in the population of NS500-9 and MPN2 via TGGE. No detectable shift in population was observed in these samples even though the system exhibited increased levels of nitrification. Therefore, the sensitivity of the TGGE system was also examined by determining the limits of detection when NBP was present in activated sludge. In biomass spiking experiments as well as in genomic DNA spiking experiments, it was found that NBP must be present at a level of at least 5% of the total population in order to be detected, whereas bioaugmentation at 1% of the total population was enough to yield significant improvements in nitrification efficiency. This study demonstrates how community profiling of an undefined microbial population via TGGE can be used to 17. Regulation of the Escherichia coli L-arabinose operon studied by gel electrophoresis DNA binding assay. PubMed Hendrickson, W; Schleif, R F 1984-09-25 DNA binding properties of the proteins required for induction of the Escherichia coli L-arabinose operon were measured using a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay. The mechanisms of induction and repression were studied by observing the multiple interactions of RNA polymerase, cyclic AMP receptor protein and araC protein with short DNA fragments containing either the araC or araBAD promoter regions. These studies show that binding of araC protein to the operator site, araO1, directly blocks RNA polymerase binding at the araC promoter, pC. We find that cyclic AMP receptor protein and araC protein do not bind co-operatively at their respective sites to linear DNA fragments containing the pBAD promoter. Nevertheless, both these positive effectors must be present on the DNA to stimulate binding of RNA polymerase. Additionally, binding of the proteins to the DNA is not sufficient; araC protein must also be in the inducing state, for RNA polymerase to bind. Equilibrium binding constraints and kinetics were determined for araC protein binding to the araI and the araO1 sites. In the presence of inducer, L-arabinose, araC protein binds with equal affinity to DNA fragments containing either of these sites. In the presence of anti-inducer, D-fucose, the affinity for both sites is reduced 40-fold. The apparent equilibrium binding constants for both states of the protein vary in parallel with the buffer salt concentration. This result suggests that the inducing and repressing forms of araC protein displace a similar number of cations upon binding DNA. 18. Highly Sensitive Detection of S-Nitrosylated Proteins by Capillary Gel Electrophoresis with Laser Induced Fluorescence PubMed Central Wang, Siyang; Circu, Magdalena L.; Zhou, Hu; Figeys, Daniel; Aw, Tak Y.; Feng, June 2011-01-01 S-nitrosylated proteins are biomarkers of oxidative damage in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we report a new method for detecting and quantifying nitrosylated proteins by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection (CGE-LIF). Dylight 488 maleimide was used to specifically label thiol group (SH) after switching the S-nitrosothiol(S-NO) to SH in cysteine using the “fluorescence switch” assay. In vitro nitrosylation model-BSA subjected to S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO) optimized the labeling reactions and characterized the response of the LIF detector. The method proves to be highly sensitive, detecting 1.3 picomolar (pM)concentration of nitrosothiols in nanograms of proteins, which is the lowest limit of detection of nitrosothiols reported to date. We further demonstrated the direct application of this method in monitoring protein nitrosylation damage in MQ mediated human colon adenocarcinoma cells. The nitrosothiol amounts in MQ treated and untreated cells are 14.8±0.2 and 10.4±0.5 pmol/mg of proteins, respectively. We also depicted nitrosylated protein electrophoretic profiles of brain cerebrum of 5-month-old AD transgenic (Tg) mice model. In Tg mice brain, 15.5±0.4 pmol of nitrosothiols/mg of proteins was quantified while wild type contained 11.7±0.3 pmol/mg proteins. The methodology is validated to quantify low levels of S-nitrosylated protein in complex protein mixtures from both physiological and pathological conditions. PMID:21820121 19. Diversity of Proteolytic Clostridium botulinum Strains, Determined by a Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Approach PubMed Central Nevas, Mari; Lindström, Miia; Hielm, Sebastian; Björkroth, K. Johanna; Peck, Michael W.; Korkeala, Hannu 2005-01-01 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied to the study of the similarity of 55 strains of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum group I) types A, AB, B, and F. Rare-cutting restriction enzymes ApaI, AscI, MluI, NruI, PmeI, RsrII, SacII, SmaI, and XhoI were tested for their suitability for the cleavage of DNA of five proteolytic C. botulinum strains. Of these enzymes, SacII, followed by SmaI and XhoI, produced the most convenient number of fragments for genetic typing and were selected for analysis of the 55 strains. The proteolytic C. botulinum species was found to be heterogeneous. In the majority of cases, PFGE enabled discrimination between individual strains of proteolytic C. botulinum types A and B. The different toxin types were discriminated at an 86% similarity level with both SacII and SmaI and at an 83% similarity level with XhoI. Despite the high heterogeneity, three clusters at a 95% similarity level consisting of more than three strains of different origin were noted. The strains of types A and B showed higher diversity than the type F organisms which formed a single cluster. According to this survey, PFGE is to be considered a useful tool for molecular epidemiological analysis of proteolytic C. botulinum types A and B. However, epidemiological conclusions based on PFGE data only should be made with discretion, since highly similar PFGE patterns were noticed, especially within the type B strains. PMID:15746333 20. Diversity of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum strains, determined by a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis approach. PubMed Nevas, Mari; Lindström, Miia; Hielm, Sebastian; Björkroth, K Johanna; Peck, Michael W; Korkeala, Hannu 2005-03-01 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied to the study of the similarity of 55 strains of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum group I) types A, AB, B, and F. Rare-cutting restriction enzymes ApaI, AscI, MluI, NruI, PmeI, RsrII, SacII, SmaI, and XhoI were tested for their suitability for the cleavage of DNA of five proteolytic C. botulinum strains. Of these enzymes, SacII, followed by SmaI and XhoI, produced the most convenient number of fragments for genetic typing and were selected for analysis of the 55 strains. The proteolytic C. botulinum species was found to be heterogeneous. In the majority of cases, PFGE enabled discrimination between individual strains of proteolytic C. botulinum types A and B. The different toxin types were discriminated at an 86% similarity level with both SacII and SmaI and at an 83% similarity level with XhoI. Despite the high heterogeneity, three clusters at a 95% similarity level consisting of more than three strains of different origin were noted. The strains of types A and B showed higher diversity than the type F organisms which formed a single cluster. According to this survey, PFGE is to be considered a useful tool for molecular epidemiological analysis of proteolytic C. botulinum types A and B. However, epidemiological conclusions based on PFGE data only should be made with discretion, since highly similar PFGE patterns were noticed, especially within the type B strains. 1. Characterization of Mannheimia haemolytica in beef calves via nasopharyngeal culture and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Capik, Sarah F; White, Brad J; Lubbers, Brian V; Apley, Michael D; Mosier, Derek A; Larson, Robert L; Murray, Robert W 2015-09-01 Mannheimia haemolytica is a major bacterial component of bovine respiratory disease (BRD); unfortunately, very little is known about M. haemolytica transmission dynamics among cattle. Identifying potential variation in M. haemolytica populations over time and induction of nasopharyngeal colonization and subsequent shedding are 2 areas where knowledge is lacking. In our study, 2 separate loads of 20 mixed-origin, male calves were purchased through an order buyer on different dates. Deep nasopharyngeal cultures (NPC) were performed on all calves on arrival and, if M. haemolytica-negative, a second screening culture was obtained. Calves that were negative on 2 initial NPCs (NEG; n = 4) were subsequently challenged with a previously isolated field strain of M. haemolytica in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, individually housed, and then monitored for M. haemolytica shedding via NPCs at 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days postchallenge. Naturally M. haemolytica-positive calves (2 per load) were kept for additional daily cultures (POS; n = 4). Individual calf M. haemolytica status for both the POS and NEG groups was inconsistent between study days. Additionally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis performed on isolates from the positive cultures showed that the NEG calves did not shed the M. haemolytica challenge strain, but rather 2 distinct clusters of M. haemolytica were shared among POS and NEG calves regardless of their initial status. Although sample sizes were small, these findings illustrate how variable the results of a single nasopharyngeal swab can be and the challenges of using an individual culture to truly represent animal M. haemolytica status. 2. A PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis approach to assess Fusarium diversity in asparagus. PubMed Yergeau, E; Filion, M; Vujanovic, V; St-Arnaud, M 2005-02-01 In North America, asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) production suffers from a crown and root rot disease mainly caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. proliferatum. Many other Fusarium species are also found in asparagus fields, whereas accurate detection and identification of these organisms, especially when processing numerous samples, is usually difficult and time consuming. In this study, a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was developed to assess Fusarium species diversity in asparagus plant samples. Fusarium-specific PCR primers targeting a partial region of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) gene were designed, and their specificity was tested against genomic DNA extracted from a large collection of closely and distantly related organisms isolated from multiple environments. Amplicons of 450 bp were obtained from all Fusarium isolates, while no PCR product was obtained from non-Fusarium organisms. The ability of DGGE to discriminate between Fusarium taxa was tested over 19 different Fusarium species represented by 39 isolates, including most species previously reported from asparagus fields worldwide. The technique was effective to visually discriminate between the majority of Fusarium species and/or isolates tested in pure culture, while a further sequencing step permitted to distinguish between the few species showing similar migration patterns. Total genomic DNA was extracted from field-grown asparagus plants naturally infested with different Fusarium species, submitted to PCR amplification, DGGE analysis and sequencing. The two to four bands observed for each plant sample were all affiliated with F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum or F. solani, clearly supporting the reliability, sensitivity and specificity of this approach for the study of Fusarium diversity from asparagus plants samples. 3. Subpopulations of liver coated vesicles resolved by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Kedersha, N.L.; Hill, D.F.; Kronquist, K.E.; Rome, L.H. 1986-01-01 Rat liver clathrin coated vesicles (CVs) were separated into several distinct subpopulations using non-sieving concentrations of agarose, which allowed the separation of species differing primarily in surface charge. Using preparative agarose electrophoresis, the CVs were recovered and analyzed for differences in morphology, coat protein composition, and stripped vesicle protein composition. Coat proteins from difference populations appeared identical on SDS PAGE, and triskelions stripped from the different populations showed the same mobility on the agarose gel, suggesting that the mobility differences observed in intact CVs were due to differences in the surface charge of underlying vesicles rather than to variations in their clathrin coats. Stripped CVs exhibited considerable heterogeneity when analyzed by Western blotting: the fast-migrating population was enriched in the mannose 6-phosphate receptor, secretory acetyl-choline esterase, and an M/sub r/ 195,000 glycoprotein. The slow-migrating population of CVs was enriched in the asialoglycoprotein receptor, and it appeared to contain all detectable concanavalin A-binding polypeptides as well as the bulk of detectable WGA-binding proteins. When CVs were prepared from /sup 125/I-asialoorosomucoid-perfused rat liver, ligand was found in the slow-migrating CVs, suggesting that these were endocytic in origin. Morphological differences were also observed: the fast-migrating population was enriched in smaller CVs, whereas the slow-migrating population exhibited an enrichment in larger CVs. As liver consists largely of hepatocytes, these subpopulations appear to originate from the same cell type and probably represent CVs of different intracellular origin and destination. 4. Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing. PubMed Central Krause, U; Thomson-Carter, F M; Pennington, T H 1996-01-01 One hundred twenty-four Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates were characterized by pulse-field gel electrophoresis, bacteriophage typing, and PCR of verotoxin genes. Diversity indices obtained--0.786 for phage types and 0.987 for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types--demonstrated that phage typing falls below the critical value (0.9) required for confident interpretation of results. PMID:8815116 5. Carbon nanotubes-assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for enhanced separation of human serum proteins and application in liverish diagnosis. PubMed Jiang, Fubin; Wang, Yanan; Hu, Xinfang; Shao, Na; Na, Na; Delanghe, Joris R; Ouyang, Jin 2010-11-01 The application of pore-gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PG-PAGE) incorporated with carbon nanotube modified by Triton X-100 and carboxylation so as to improve the separation of human serum proteins is reported. The novel PG-PAGE was made by adding water-soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) when preparing the polyacrylamide gel. Significant improvements in separation of complement C3 protein and haptoglobin (Hp) in human serum were achieved. It was estimated that the interactions between the hydrophilic groups on the proteins and the surface of the CNTs result in different adsorption kinetics of complement C3 and Hp subtype on the nanoparticles incorporated in the gel, thus enhancing the separation of the two proteins in serum. This new CNT matrix-assisted PG-PAGE method for enhanced separation of complement C3 and Hp in human serum was successfully applied to distinguish the samples from liverish patients and healthy people. 6. [Detection of hybrid DQ molecules by the use of T cell clone and 2D-gel analyses]. PubMed Hawkin, S 1986-11-01 The HLA-D region incorporates three subregions, DR, DQ and DP, encoding for three sets of Ia molecules. Whereas DR antigens consist of a constant alpha chain and an extremely polymorphic beta chain, both of alpha and beta chain of DQ antigens show moderate polymorphism. This indicated us the existence of hybrid HLA-DQ molecules in HLA-D heterozygous cells, resulting from the association of an alpha chain and a beta chain encoded by genes located on the two separate haplotypes. In this report, hybrid DQ antigens were demonstrated by using cytotoxic T cell-clone. A cytotoxic T cell clone, which was generated by mixed lymphocyte reaction against a lymphoblastoid B cell line, EBV-Fuk (HLA-DR1/4, DQw1/Wa), recognized only heterogenous lymphoblastoid B cell lines (HLA-DR1/4, DQw1/Wa). Cytotoxic T cell clone, however, didn't react with B cell lines which are homozygous for HLA-DR1, DQw1 or DR4/DQWa. This suggests the T cell clone recognized the hybrid DQ molecules expressed only on heterozygous cell lines. Further confirmation was obtained by inhibition test using monoclonal antibody and biochemically by 2-D gel analyses. Biological significance of hybrid DQ antigens were discussed. 7. The effect of pre-existing maternal obesity on the placental proteome: two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. PubMed Oliva, Karen; Barker, Gillian; Riley, Clyde; Bailey, Mark J; Permezel, Michael; Rice, Gregory E; Lappas, Martha 2012-04-01 Our aim was to study the protein expression profiles of placenta obtained from lean and obese pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance at the time of term Caesarean section. We used two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), utilising narrow-range immobilised pH gradient strips that encompassed the broad pH range of 4-5 and 5-6, followed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of selected protein spots. Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to validate representative findings from the 2D-DIGE analysis. Eight proteins were altered (six down-regulated and two up-regulated on obese placentas). Annexin A5 (ANXA5), ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondria (ATPB), brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1), ferritin light chain (FTL), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRPC) and vimentin (VIME) were all lower in obese patients. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and stress-70 protein, mitochondrial (GRP75) were higher in obese patients. Western blot analysis of ANXA5, ATPB, FTL, VIME, A1AT and GRP75 confirmed the findings from the 2D-DIGE analysis. For brain acid soluble protein 1 and HNRPC, qRT-PCR analysis also confirmed the findings from the 2D-DIGE analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis was also used to determine the localisation of the proteins in human placenta. In conclusion, proteomic analysis of placenta reveals differential expression of several proteins in patients with pre-existing obesity. These proteins are implicated in a variety of cellular functions such as regulation of growth, cytoskeletal structure, oxidative stress, inflammation, coagulation and apoptosis. These disturbances may have significant implications for fetal growth and development. 8. Carbon nanotube-modified sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for molecular weight determination of proteins. PubMed Parthasarathy, Meera; Debgupta, Joyashish; Kakade, Bhalchandra; Ansary, Abu A; Islam Khan, M; Pillai, Vijayamohanan K 2011-02-15 The effect of incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the gel matrix on the electrophoretic mobility of proteins based on their molecular weight differences was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). More specifically, a reduction in standard deviation in the molecular weight calibration plots by 55% in the case of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and by 34% in the case of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) compared with that of pristine polyacrylamide gels was achieved after incorporating an insignificant amount of functionalized CNTs into the gel matrix. A mechanism based on a more uniform pore size distribution in CNT modified polyacrylamide gel matrix is proposed. Furthermore, the impact of SWCNTs and MWCNTs on the mobility of proteins in different molecular weight regimes at a given acrylamide concentration offers a tunable gel matrix in terms of the selection of molecular weight ranges of proteins. The robustness and excellent reproducibility of the CNT-PAGE protocol are expected to have a significant impact on the molecular weight determination of newly isolated proteins. 9. Proteomic analysis of halotolerant proteins under high and low salt stress in Dunaliella salina using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis PubMed Central Jia, Yan-Long; Chen, Hui; Zhang, Chong; Gao, Li-Jie; Wang, Xi-Cheng; Qiu, Le-Le; Wu, Jun-Fang 2016-01-01 Abstract Dunaliella salina, a single-celled marine alga with extreme salt tolerance, is an important model organism for studying fundamental extremophile survival mechanisms and their potential practical applications. In this study, two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to investigate the expression of halotolerant proteins under high (3 M NaCl) and low (0.75 M NaCl) salt concentrations. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and bioinformatics were used to identify and characterize the differences among proteins. 2D-DIGE analysis revealed 141 protein spots that were significantly differentially expressed between the two salinities. Twenty-four differentially expressed protein spots were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, including proteins in the following important categories: molecular chaperones, proteins involved in photosynthesis, proteins involved in respiration and proteins involved in amino acid synthesis. Expression levels of these proteins changed in response to the stress conditions, which suggests that they may be involved in the maintenance of intracellular osmotic pressure, cellular stress responses, physiological changes in metabolism, continuation of photosynthetic activity and other aspects of salt stress. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the function and mechanisms of various proteins in salt stress. PMID:27192131 10. Analysis of Leishmania chagasi by 2-D difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) and immunoproteomic: identification of novel candidate antigens for diagnostic tests and vaccine. PubMed Costa, Míriam M; Andrade, Hélida M; Bartholomeu, Daniella C; Freitas, Leandro M; Pires, Simone F; Chapeaurouge, Alexander D; Perales, Jonas; Ferreira, André T; Giusta, Mário S; Melo, Maria N; Gazzinelli, Ricardo T 2011-05-06 Identification of novel antigens is essential for developing new diagnostic tests and vaccines. We used DIGE to compare protein expression in amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania chagasi. Nine hundred amastigote and promastigote spots were visualized. Five amastigote-specific, 25 promastigote-specific, and 10 proteins shared by the two parasite stages were identified. Furthermore, 41 proteins were identified in the Western blot employing 2-DE and sera from infected dogs. From these proteins, 3 and 38 were reactive with IgM and total IgG, respectively. The proteins recognized by total IgG presented different patterns in terms of their recognition by IgG1 and/or IgG2 isotypes. All the proteins selected by Western blot were mapped for B-cell epitopes. One hundred and eighty peptides were submitted to SPOT synthesis and immunoassay. A total of 25 peptides were shown of interest for serodiagnosis to visceral leishmaniasis. In addition, all proteins identified in this study were mapped for T cell epitopes by using the NetCTL software, and candidates for vaccine development were selected. Therefore, a large-scale screening of L. chagasi proteome was performed to identify new B and T cell epitopes with potential use for developing diagnostic tests and vaccines. 11. Plasma protein electrophoresis in birds: comparison of a semiautomated agarose gel system with an automated capillary system. PubMed Roman, Yannick; Bomsel-Demontoy, Marie-Claude; Levrier, Julie; Chaste-Duvernoy, Daniel; Saint Jalme, Michel 2013-06-01 Plasma agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) is recognized as a very reliable diagnostic tool in avian medicine. Within the last 10 years, new electrophoresis techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) have emerged in human laboratory medicine but have never been investigated in birds. To investigate the use of CZE in birds and to compare it with AGE, plasma samples from 30 roosters (Gallus gallus), 20 black kites (Milvus migrans), and 10 racing pigeons (Columba livia) were analyzed by both AGE and CZE. For the 3 species studied, values determined by AGE and CZE were well correlated for albumin and beta and gamma fractions whereas other values differed significantly. Values for alpha-3 fraction in the rooster, alpha-1 fraction in the black kite, and alpha fractions in the pigeon obtained by AGE were very well correlated with the prealbumin fraction values obtained by CZE. Repeatability and reproducibility appeared higher with CZE than with AGE. Although the interpretation of CZE electrophoresis patterns seems to produce results similar to those obtained with AGE, some proteins present in the alpha fraction measured with AGE migrated to the prealbumin fraction found with CZE. Although CZE requires the use of specific reference intervals and a much higher sample volume, this method has many advantages when compared with AGE, including better repeatability and reproducibility and higher analysis output. 12. Lambda light chain myeloma with co-migrating paraprotein at beta region on agarose gel electrophoresis: a case report. PubMed Siti Sarah, M; Nor Aini, U; Nurismah, M I; Hafiza, A; Khalidah, M; Mokhtar, A B; Das, S 2014-01-01 Paraproteinemia is one of the diagnostic features of multiple myeloma. A commonly used method is the detection of paraprotein by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) followed by by immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) to confirm monoclonality. Due to their smaller size, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and light chain only paraproteins may appear at the beta or even alpha 2 protein fractions. Here, we discuss a case report of a 47-year-old man who presented with pathological fracture of third thoracic (T3) vertebra. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) was initially reported as no paraprotein detected. However, a bone biopsy was reported to show plasma cell proliferation with light chain restriction. A repeat sample for protein electrophoresis together with IFE revealed lambda light chain paraprotein co-migrating at the beta region. The beta band plus paraprotein was quantitated as 4.3 g/L (7.0%), which was within normal limits of the beta protein fraction. Hence, it has to be remembered that if the SPE is negative, it does not necessarily mean that the paraprotein is absent in cases which are highly suspicious. 13. Characterisation of rat and human tissue alkaline phosphatase isoforms by high-performance liquid chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Dziedziejko, Violetta; Safranow, Krzysztof; Slowik-Zylka, Dorota; Machoy-Mokrzynska, Anna; Millo, Barbara; Machoy, Zygmunt; Chlubek, Dariusz 2009-03-01 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) exists as several isoenzymes and many isoforms present in tissues and serum. The objective of this study was to separate tissue ALP forms in rats and humans and characterise their properties. The materials for the investigation were intestinal, bone, and liver tissue of rats and commercially available human preparations of tissue ALP. Two methods of separation were used: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Using HPLC in the rat tissues, two ALP isoforms in the intestine, one in the bone, and three in the liver were identified. In humans three intestinal, two bone, and one liver isoform were resolved. Electrophoresis showed two ALP activity bands in rat intestine, one wide band in the bone, and three bands in the liver. ALP of human tissues was visualised as a single wide band, with a different mobility observed for each organ. In both species the presence of a form with properties characteristic of the bone isoform of the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme was observed in the intestine. HPLC offers a higher resolution than electrophoresis with respect to tissue ALP fractions in rats and in humans, but electrophoresis visualises high-molecular-mass insoluble enzyme forms. 14. Molecular Typing of Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolates from Thailand by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Tapchaisri, Pramuan; Na-Ubol, Mathukorn; Tiyasuttipan, Watcharee; Chaiyaroj, Sansanee C.; Yamasaki, Shinji; Wongsaroj, Thitima; Hayashi, Hideo; Nair, G. Balakrish; Chongsa-Nguan, Manas; Kurazono, Hisao; Chaicumpa, Wanpen 2008-01-01 The aim of the present study was to genotypically characterize Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from cholera patients in various provinces of Thailand. Two hundred and forty V. cholerae O1 strains, isolated from patients with cholera during two outbreaks, i.e. March 1999–April 2000 and December 2001–February 2002, in Thailand, were genotypically characterized by NotI digestion and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In total, 17 PFGE banding patterns were found and grouped into four Dice-coefficient clusters (PF-I to PF-IV). The patterns of V. cholerae O1, El Tor reference strains from Australia, Peru, Romania, and the United States were different from the patterns of reference isolates from Asian countries, such as Bangladesh, India, and Thailand, indicating a close genetic relationship or clonal origin of the isolates in the same geographical region. The Asian reference strains, regardless of their biotypes and serogroups (classical O1, El Tor O1, O139, or O151), showed a genetic resemblance, but had different patterns from the strains collected during the two outbreaks in Thailand. Of 200 Ogawa strains collected during the first outbreak in Thailand, two patterns (clones)—PF-I and PF-II—predominated, while other isolates caused sporadic cases and were grouped together as pattern PF-III. PF-II also predominated during the second outbreak, but none of the 40 isolates (39 Inaba and 1 Ogawa) of the second outbreak had the pattern PF-I; a minority showed a new pattern—PF-IV, and others caused single cases, but were not groupable. In summary, this study documented the sustained appearance of the pathogenic V. cholerae O1 clone PF-II, the disappearance of clones PF-I and PF-III, and the emergence of new pathogenic clones during the two outbreaks of cholera. Data of the study on molecular characteristics of indigenous V. cholerae clinical isolates have public-health implications, not only for epidemic tracing of existing strains but also for the 15. Investigating the formation of "molybdenum blues" with gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. PubMed Nakamura, Ippei; Miras, Haralampos N; Fujiwara, Aya; Fujibayashi, Masaru; Song, Yu-Fei; Cronin, Leroy; Tsunashima, Ryo 2015-05-27 The reduction of solutions of acidified molybdate leads to the formation of a family of nanostructured molybdenum blue (MB) wheels which are linked together in a series of complex reaction networks. These networks are complex because the species which define the nodes are extremely labile, unstable, and common to many different networks. Herein, we combine gel electrophoresis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to investigate the effect of the pH and the ratio of reactants and reducing agents, R (R = [S2O4(2-)]/[MoO4(2-)]), on the complex underlying set of equilibria that make up MBs. By mapping the reaction parameter space given by experimental variables such as pH, R, solvent medium, and type of counterion, we show that the species present range from nanostructured MB wheels (comprising ca. 154 Mo atoms) to smaller molecular capsules, [(SO3)2Mo(V)2Mo(VI)16O54](6-) ({S2Mo18}), and templated hexameric [(μ6-SO3)Mo(V)6O15(μ2-SO3)3](8-)({S4Mo6}) anions. The parallel effects of templation and reduction on the self-assembly process are discussed, taking into consideration the Lewis basicity of the template, the oxidation state of the Mo centers, and the polarity of the reaction medium. Finally, we report a new type of molecular cage (TBA)5[Na(SO3)2(PhPO3)4Mo(V)4Mo(VI)14O49]·nMeCN (1), templated by SO3(2-) anions and decorated by organic ligands. This discovery results from the exploration of the cooperative effect of two anions possessing comparable Lewis basicity, and we believe this constitutes a new synthetic approach for the design of new nanostructured molecular metal oxides and will lead to a greater understanding of the complex reaction networks underpinning the assembly of this family of nanoclusters. 16. Population dynamics of two antilisterial cheese surface consortia revealed by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis PubMed Central 2010-01-01 Background Surface contamination of smear cheese by Listeria spp. is of major concern for the industry. Complex smear ecosystems have been shown to harbor antilisterial potential but the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in the inhibition mostly remain unclear, and are likely related to complex interactions than to production of single antimicrobial compounds. Bacterial biodiversity and population dynamics of complex smear ecosystems exhibiting antilisterial properties in situ were investigated by Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE), a culture independent technique, for two microbial consortia isolated from commercial Raclette type cheeses inoculated with defined commercial ripening cultures (F) or produced with an old-young smearing process (M). Results TTGE revealed nine bacterial species common to both F and M consortia, but consortium F exhibited a higher diversity than consortium M, with thirteen and ten species, respectively. Population dynamics were studied after application of the consortia on fresh-produced Raclette cheeses. TTGE analyses revealed a similar sequential development of the nine species common to both consortia. Beside common cheese surface bacteria (Staphylococcus equorum, Corynebacterium spp., Brevibacterium linens, Microbacterium gubbeenense, Agrococcus casei), the two consortia contained marine lactic acid bacteria (Alkalibacterium kapii, Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans) that developed early in ripening (day 14 to 20), shortly after the growth of staphylococci (day 7). A decrease of Listeria counts was observed on cheese surface inoculated at day 7 with 0.1-1 × 102 CFU cm-2, when cheeses were smeared with consortium F or M. Listeria counts went below the detection limit of the method between day 14 and 28 and no subsequent regrowth was detected over 60 to 80 ripening days. In contrast, Listeria grew to high counts (105 CFU cm-2) on cheeses smeared with a defined surface culture. Conclusions This work reports 17. Directionality of replication fork movement determined by two-dimensional native-native DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Ivessa, Andreas S 2013-01-01 The analysis of replication intermediates by the neutral-neutral two-dimensional agarose gel technique allows determining the chromosomal positions where DNA replication initiates, whether replication forks pause or stall at specific sites, or whether two DNA molecules undergo DNA recombination events. This technique does not, however, immediately tell in which direction replication forks migrate through the DNA region under investigation. Here, we describe the procedure to determine the direction of replication fork progression by carrying out a restriction enzyme digest of DNA imbedded in agarose after the completion of the first dimension of a 2D gel. 18. Purification and staining of intact yeast DNA chromosomes and real-time observation of their migration during gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Gurrieri, S; Bustamante, C 1997-01-01 In the past few years, fluorescence microscopy has been used successfully to characterize the motion of intermediate-size DNA molecules (50-500 kbp) during steady- and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. However, experimental difficulties had prevented the application of this technique to the direct observation of longer DNA chromosomes (1-2 Mbp). In the present study a particular procedure was followed for the purification and staining of chromosomal yeast DNA to protect it from shear forces. Also, a new highly fluorescent DNA-labelling dye, YOYO-1, was employed to improve brightness and contrast. Finally, the motion of such long DNA molecules (1-2 Mbp) was characterized under steady-field electrophoresis conditions. An accurate description of the molecular mechanisms of motion of such long molecules should provide the basis for a detailed analysis of the mechanisms responsible for DNA trapping. PMID:9337860 19. Multiplex agarose gel electrophoresis system for variable number of tandem repeats genotyping: analysis example using Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PubMed 2013-04-01 As one genotyping method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) is a promising tool to trace the undefined transmission of tuberculosis, but it often requires large equipment such as a genetic analyzer for DNA fragment analysis or CE system to conduct systematic analyses. For convenient genotyping at low cost in laboratories, we designed a multiplex PCR system that is applicable to agarose gel electrophoresis using fluorescent PCR primers. For tuberculosis genotyping by VNTR, the copy quantities of minisatellite DNA must be determined in more than 12 loci. The system can halve laborious electrophoresis processes by presenting an image of two VNTR amplicons on a single lane. No expensive equipment is necessary for this method. Therefore, it is useful even in developing countries. 20. Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Polymerization of Acrylamide for Gel Electrophoresis (TIPPAGE) of Proteins and Structural Identification by Mass Spectrometry. PubMed Zhang, Wenyang; Yuan, Zhiwei; Huang, Lulu; Kang, Jie; Jiang, Ruowei; Zhong, Hongying 2016-02-11 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) coupled with mass spectrometry has been well established for separating, identifying and quantifying protein mixtures from cell lines, tissues or other biological samples. The copolymerization process of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide is the key to mastering this powerful technique. In general, this is a vinyl addition reaction initiated by free radical-generating reagents such as ammonium persulfate (APS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) under basic pH and degassing experimental condition. We report herein a photocatalytic polymerization approach that is based on photo-generated hydroxyl radicals with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide. It was shown that the polymerization process is greatly accelerated in acidic condition when ultraviolet light shots on the gel solution containing TiO2 nanoparticles without degassing. This feature makes it very useful in preparing Triton X-100 acid urea (TAU) gel that has been developed for separating basic proteins such as histones and variants in acidic experimental condition. Additionally, the presence of titanium dioxide in the gel not only improves mechanistic property of gels but also changes the migration pattern of different proteins that have different affinities to titanium dioxide. 1. Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Polymerization of Acrylamide for Gel Electrophoresis (TIPPAGE) of Proteins and Structural Identification by Mass Spectrometry Zhang, Wenyang; Yuan, Zhiwei; Huang, Lulu; Kang, Jie; Jiang, Ruowei; Zhong, Hongying 2016-02-01 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) coupled with mass spectrometry has been well established for separating, identifying and quantifying protein mixtures from cell lines, tissues or other biological samples. The copolymerization process of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide is the key to mastering this powerful technique. In general, this is a vinyl addition reaction initiated by free radical-generating reagents such as ammonium persulfate (APS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) under basic pH and degassing experimental condition. We report herein a photocatalytic polymerization approach that is based on photo-generated hydroxyl radicals with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide. It was shown that the polymerization process is greatly accelerated in acidic condition when ultraviolet light shots on the gel solution containing TiO2 nanoparticles without degassing. This feature makes it very useful in preparing Triton X-100 acid urea (TAU) gel that has been developed for separating basic proteins such as histones and variants in acidic experimental condition. Additionally, the presence of titanium dioxide in the gel not only improves mechanistic property of gels but also changes the migration pattern of different proteins that have different affinities to titanium dioxide. 2. Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods for molecular mass analysis of 5- to 500-kDa hyaluronan. PubMed Bhilocha, Shardul; Amin, Ripal; Pandya, Monika; Yuan, Han; Tank, Mihir; LoBello, Jaclyn; Shytuhina, Anastasia; Wang, Wenlan; Wisniewski, Hans-Georg; de la Motte, Carol; Cowman, Mary K 2011-10-01 Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems for the molecular mass-dependent separation of hyaluronan (HA) in the size range of approximately 5-500 kDa were investigated. For agarose-based systems, the suitability of different agarose types, agarose concentrations, and buffer systems was determined. Using chemoenzymatically synthesized HA standards of low polydispersity, the molecular mass range was determined for each gel composition over which the relationship between HA mobility and logarithm of the molecular mass was linear. Excellent linear calibration was obtained for HA molecular mass as low as approximately 9 kDa in agarose gels. For higher resolution separation, and for extension to molecular masses as low as approximately 5 kDa, gradient polyacrylamide gels were superior. Densitometric scanning of stained gels allowed analysis of the range of molecular masses present in a sample as well as calculation of weight-average and number-average values. The methods were validated for polydisperse HA samples with viscosity-average molecular masses of 112, 59, 37, and 22 kDa at sample loads of 0.5 μg (for polyacrylamide) to 2.5 μg (for agarose). Use of the methods for electrophoretic mobility shift assays was demonstrated for binding of the HA-binding region of aggrecan (recombinant human aggrecan G1-IGD-G2 domains) to a 150-kDa HA standard. 3. Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Image Analysis via Dedicated Software Packages. PubMed Maurer, Martin H 2016-01-01 Analyzing two-dimensional gel electrophoretic images is supported by a number of freely and commercially available software. Although the respective program is highly specific, all the programs follow certain standardized algorithms. General steps are: (1) detecting and separating individual spots, (2) subtracting background, (3) creating a reference gel and (4) matching the spots to the reference gel, (5) modifying the reference gel, (6) normalizing the gel measurements for comparison, (7) calibrating for isoelectric point and molecular weight markers, and moreover, (8) constructing a database containing the measurement results and (9) comparing data by statistical and bioinformatic methods. 4. DNA fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate a nosocomial pneumonia caused by Legionella bozemanii serogroup 1. PubMed Central Lück, P C; Helbig, J H; Hagedorn, H J; Ehret, W 1995-01-01 We typed 18 isolates of Legionella bozemanii obtained from clinical and environmental sources by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Each of the unrelated strains showed individual restriction patterns of the genomic DNA when either the SfiI or NotI restriction enzyme was used. One strain isolated from a patient with nosocomial legionellosis and two strains from the corresponding hospital water supply were indistinguishable, arguing for a transmission of L. bozemanii from the water supply to the patient. In conclusion, macrorestriction analysis is a valuable tool for studies of the molecular epidemiology of L. bozemanii. PMID:7618888 5. Transmission of Citrobacter koseri from mother to infant documented by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Papasian, C J; Kinney, J; Coffman, S; Hollis, R J; Pfaller, M A 1996-10-01 We describe a case in which Citrobacter koseri (formerly C. diversus) was transmitted from a pregnant mother with chorioamnionitis and bacteremia to her infant who was bacteremic at birth and in apparent septic shock. Two highly discriminating molecular methods, ribotyping and pulsed field gel electrophoresis, were used to examine restriction fragment length polymorphisms within the genomic DNA of maternal and infant isolates. Both techniques identified the maternal and infant isolates as the same strain, distinct from epidemiologically unrelated controls, thus confirming their common origin. 6. The association of serotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotype in isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Israel. PubMed Bar-Meir, M; Naaman, G; Assous, M; Korenman, Z; Valinsky, L; Picard, E 2015-05-01 The relationship between Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing invasive infections in children admitted to a single center in central Israel was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and serotyping. Although there was a close correlation between serotype and PFGE clone, the genetic diversity varied by serotype, with some genotypes comprising multiple serotypes. Additionally, clones C and D were associated with higher penicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations. Serotyping alone may be insufficient for epidemiological mapping of pneumococcal isolates in the era of pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccines. 7. One-day pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for rapid determination of emetic Bacillus cereus isolates. PubMed Kaminska, Paulina S; Fiedoruk, Krzysztof; Jankowska, Dominika; Mahillon, Jacques; Nowosad, Karol; Drewicka, Ewa; Zambrzycka, Monika; Swiecicka, Izabela 2015-04-01 Bacillus cereus, the Gram-positive and spore-forming ubiquitous bacterium, may cause emesis as the result of food intoxication with cereulide, a heat-stable emetic toxin. Rapid determination of cereulide-positive B. cereus isolates is of highest importance due to consequences of this intoxication for human health and life. Here we present a 1-day pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for emetic B. cereus isolates, which allows rapid and efficient determination of their genomic relatedness and helps determining the source of intoxication in case of outbreaks caused by these bacilli. 8. A New Standard-Based Polynomial Interpolation (SBPIn) Method to Address Gel-to-Gel Variability for the Comparison of Multiple Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Profile Matrices PubMed Central Valentín-Vargas, Alexis; Chorover, Jon; Maier, Raina M. 2013-01-01 The Standard-Based Polynomial Interpolation (SBPIn) method is a new simple three-step protocol proposed to address common gel-to-gel variations for the comparison of sample profiles across multiple DGGE gels. The advantages of this method include no requirement for additional software or modification of the standard DGGE protocol. PMID:23234884 9. Differentiation between fresh and frozen-thawed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Ethuin, Pierrette; Marlard, Sylvain; Delosière, Mylène; Carapito, Christine; Delalande, François; Van Dorsselaer, Alain; Dehaut, Alexandre; Lencel, Valérie; Duflos, Guillaume; Grard, Thierry 2015-06-01 This study aimed to identify a protein marker that can differentiate between fresh skinless and frozen-thawed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets using the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technique. Distinct gel patterns, due to proteins with low molecular weight and low isoelectric points, distinguished fresh fillets from frozen-thawed ones. Frozen-thawed fillets showed two specific protein spots as early as the first day of the study. However, these spots were not observed in fresh fillets until at least 13days of storage between 0 and 4°C, fillets were judged, beyond this period, fish were unfit for human consumption as revealed by complementary studies on fish spoilage indicators namely total volatile basic nitrogen and biogenic amines. Mass spectrometry identified the specific proteins as parvalbumin isoforms. Parvalbumins may thus be useful markers of differentiation between fresh and frozen-thawed sea bass fillets. 10. Quantifying clustered DNA damage induction and repair by gel electrophoresis, electronic imaging and number average length analysis NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sutherland, Betsy M.; Georgakilas, Alexandros G.; Bennett, Paula V.; Laval, Jacques; Sutherland, John C.; Gewirtz, A. M. (Principal Investigator) 2003-01-01 Assessing DNA damage induction, repair and consequences of such damages requires measurement of specific DNA lesions by methods that are independent of biological responses to such lesions. Lesions affecting one DNA strand (altered bases, abasic sites, single strand breaks (SSB)) as well as damages affecting both strands (clustered damages, double strand breaks) can be quantified by direct measurement of DNA using gel electrophoresis, gel imaging and number average length analysis. Damage frequencies as low as a few sites per gigabase pair (10(9)bp) can be quantified by this approach in about 50ng of non-radioactive DNA, and single molecule methods may allow such measurements in DNA from single cells. This review presents the theoretical basis, biochemical requirements and practical aspects of this approach, and shows examples of their applications in identification and quantitation of complex clustered damages. 11. Voltage-programming-based capillary gel electrophoresis for the fast detection of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism with high sensitivity. PubMed Woo, Nain; Kim, Su-Kang; Kang, Seong Ho 2016-08-01 A voltage-programming-based capillary gel electrophoresis method with a laser-induced fluorescence detector was developed for the fast and highly sensitive detection of DNA molecules related to angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism, which has been reported to influence predisposition to various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, and Alzheimer's disease. Various voltage programs were investigated for fast detection of specific DNA molecules of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism as a function of migration time and separation efficiency to establish the effect of voltage strength to resolution. Finally, the amplified products of the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism (190 and 490 bp DNA) were analyzed in 3.2 min without losing resolution under optimum voltage programming conditions, which were at least 75 times faster than conventional slab gel electrophoresis. In addition, the capillary gel electrophoresis method also successfully applied to the analysis of real human blood samples, although no polymorphism genes were detected by slab gel electrophoresis. Consequently, the developed voltage-programming capillary gel electrophoresis method with laser-induced fluorescence detection is an effective, rapid analysis technique for highly sensitive detection of disease-related specific DNA molecules. 12. Apolipoprotein distribution in human lipoproteins separated by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Vézina, C A; Milne, R W; Weech, P K; Marcel, Y L 1988-05-01 The heterogeneity of serum lipoproteins (excluding very low density (VLDL) and intermediate density (IDL) lipoproteins) and that of lipoproteins secreted by HepG2 cells has been studied by immunoblot analysis of the apolipoprotein composition of the particles separated by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) under nondenaturing conditions. The reactions of antibodies to apoA-I, apoA-II, apoE, apoB, apoD, and apoA-IV have revealed discrete bands of particles which differ widely in size and apolipoprotein composition. GGE of native serum lipoproteins demonstrated that apoA-II is present in lipoproteins of limited size heterogeneity (apparent molecular mass 345,000 to 305,000) and that apoB is present in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and absent from all smaller or denser lipoproteins. In contrast, serum apoA-I, E, D, and A-IV are present in very heterogeneous particles. Serum apoA-I is present mainly in particles of 305 to 130 kDa where it is associated with apoA-II, and in decreasing order of immunoreactivity in particles of 130-90 kDa, 56 kDa, 815-345 kDa, and finally within the size range of LDL, all regions where there is little detectable apoA-II. Serum apoE is present in three defined fractions, one within the size range of LDL, one containing heterogeneous particles between 640 and 345 kDa, and one defined fraction at 96 kDa. Serum apoD is also present in three defined fractions, one comigrating with LDL, one containing heterogeneous particles between 390 and 150 kDa, and one band on the migration front. Most of serum apoA-IV is contained in a band comigrating with albumin. GGE of centrifugally prepared LDL shows the presence of apoB, apoE, and apoD, but not that of apoA-I. However, the particles containing apoA-I, which, in serum, migrated within the LDL size range and as bands of 815 to 345 kDa, were recovered upon centrifugation in the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction. GGE of high density lipoproteins (HDL) indicated that most of apoA-I, A 13. Database of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled with CyDye DIGE Fluor saturation dye. PubMed 2006-03-01 CyDye DIGE Fluor saturation dye (saturation dye, GE Healthcare Amersham Biosciences) enables highly sensitive 2-D PAGE. As the dye reacts with all reduced cysteine thiols, 2-D PAGE can be performed with a lower amount of protein, compared with CyDye DIGE Fluor minimal dye (GE Healthcare Amersham Biosciences), the sensitivity of which is equivalent to that of silver staining. We constructed a 2-D map of the saturation dye-labeled proteins of a liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and identified by MS 92 proteins corresponding to 123 protein spots. Functional classification revealed that the identified proteins had chaperone, protein binding, nucleotide binding, metal ion binding, isomerase activity, and motor activity. The functional distribution and the cysteine contents of the proteins were similar to those in the most comprehensive 2-D database of hepatoma cells (Seow et al.., Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 1787-1813), where silver staining was used for protein visualization. Hierarchical clustering on the basis of the quantitative expression profiles of the 123 characterized spots labeled with two charge- and mass-matched saturation dyes (Cy3 and Cy5) discriminated between nine hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and primary cultured hepatocytes from five individuals, suggesting the utility of saturation dye and our database for proteomic studies of liver cancer. 14. Isolation and characterization of the pigment-protein complexes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides by lithium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Broglie, R M; Hunter, C N; Delepelaire, P; Niederman, R A; Chua, N H; Clayton, R K 1980-01-01 When purified photosynthetic membranes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were treated with lithium dodecyl sulfate and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 4 degrees C, up to 11 pigment-protein complexes were resolved. Absorption spectra revealed that the smallest complex contained reaction center pigments and the others contained the antenna components B850 and B875 in various proportions. Of these antenna complexes, the largest was almost entirely B850 and the smallest contained only B875. After solubilization at 100 degrees C and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels, the B850 complex gave rise to two polypeptide components migrating with apparent Mr of 10,000 and 8000, whereas with the B875 complex, two components were observed with apparent Mr of 12,000 and 8000. The reaction center complex gave rise to only the 24 and 21 kilodalton polypeptide subunits. Fluorescence emission spectra showed maxima at 872 and 902 nm for B850 and B875, respectively. Analyses of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids indicated that, in the B875 complex, two molecules of each of these pigments are associated with the two polypeptides. The associations of B850 and B875 in large and small complexes obtained by lithium dodecyl sulfate treatment are consistent with models of their organization within the membrane. 15. Identification of actinomycete communities in Antarctic soil from Barrientos Island using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Learn-Han, L; Yoke-Kqueen, C; Shiran, M S; Vui-Ling, C M W; Nurul-Syakima, A M; Son, R; Andrade, H M 2012-02-08 The diversity of specific bacteria taxa, such as the actinomycetes, has not been reported from the Antarctic island of Barrientos. The diversity of actinomycetes was estimated with two different strategies that use PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. First, a PCR was applied, using a group-specific primer that allows selective amplification of actinomycete sequences. Second, a nested-PCR approach was used that allows the estimation of the relative abundance of actinomycetes within the bacterial community. Molecular identification, which was based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, revealed eight genera of actinomycetes, Actinobacterium, Actinomyces, an uncultured Actinomycete, Streptomyces, Leifsonia, Frankineae, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium. The uncultured Actinomyces sp and Rhodococcus sp appear to be the prominent genera of actinomycetes in Barrientos Island soil. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns were used to look for correlations between actinomycete abundance and environmental characteristics, such as type of rookery and vegetation. There was a significant positive correlation between type of rookery and abundance of actinomycetes; soil samples collected from active chinstrap penguin rookeries had the highest actinomycete abundance. Vegetation type, such as moss, which could provide a microhabitat for bacteria, did not correlate significantly with actinomycete abundance. 16. Characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by antimicrobial resistance profiles, plasmid replicon typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Lindsey, Rebecca L; Frye, Jonathan G; Thitaram, Sutawee N; Meinersmann, Richard J; Fedorka-Cray, Paula J; Englen, Mark D 2011-06-01 The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli in relation to plasmid replicon types, animal sources, and genotypes. E. coli isolates (n = 35) from seven different animal sources were selected and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine genetic relationships among the E. coli isolates. Plasmid types based on their incompatibility (Inc) replicon types were determined, and linkage disequilibrium analysis was performed for antimicrobial resistance profiles, replicon types, and animal source. A high degree of genotypic diversity was observed: 34 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types among the 35 isolates examined. Twelve different plasmid Inc types were detected, and all isolates carried at least one replicon type. IncF (n = 25; 71.4%) and IncFIB (n = 19; 54.3%) were the most common replicon types identified. Chloramphenicol resistance was significantly linked with four Inc types (A/C, FIIA, F, and Y), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was linked with three Inc types (B/O, P and Y). Resistance to any other antimicrobial was linked to two or fewer replicon types. The isolate source was linked with resistance to seven antimicrobials and IncI1. We conclude that commensal E. coli from animal sources are highly variable genotypically and are reservoirs of a diverse array of plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance. 17. Determination of the Mutagenicity Potential of Supermint Herbal Medicine by Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis in Rat Hepatocytes PubMed Central Kalantari, Heibatullah; Rezaei, Mohsen; Mahdavinia, Masoud; Kalantar, Mojtaba; Amanpour, Zivar; varnaseri, golnaz 2012-01-01 Purpose: The increasing use of herbal drugs and their easy availability have necessitated the use of mutagenicity test to analyze their toxicity and safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of Supermint herbal medicine in DNA breakage of rat hepatocytes in comparison with sodium dichromate by single cell gel electrophoresis technique or comet assay. Methods: Hepatocytes were prepared from male wistar rats and were counted and kept in a bioreactor for 30 minutes. Then cells were exposed to the Supermint herbal medicine at doses of 125, 250 and 500 µl/ml. Buffer 4 (incubation buffer) and sodium dichromate were used as negative and positive control for one hour respectively. Then cell suspension with low melting point agarose were put on precoated slides and covered with agarose gel. Then lysing, electrophoresis, neutralization and staining were carried out. Finally the slides were analyzed with fluorescence microscope. The parameter under this analysis was the type of migration which was determined according to Kobayashi pattern. Results: With increased dose of Supermint herbal medicine the DNA damage was slightly increased (P<0001). Conlusion: In overall compared to the positive control significant differences is observed which convinced that the crude extract of Supermint in vitro did not have mutagenic effect. Conlusion: In overall compared to the positive control significant differences is observed which convinced that the crude extract of Supermint in vitro did not have mutagenic effect. PMID:24312800 18. Detection by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in microcosms of crude oil-contaminated mangrove sediments. PubMed dos Santos, A C F; Marques, E L S; Gross, E; Souza, S S; Dias, J C T; Brendel, M; Rezende, R P 2012-01-27 Currently, the effect of crude oil on ammonia-oxidizing bacterium communities from mangrove sediments is little understood. We studied the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in mangrove microcosm experiments using mangrove sediments contaminated with 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5% crude oil as well as non-contaminated control and landfarm soil from near an oil refinery in Camamu Bay in Bahia, Brazil. The evolution of CO(2) production in all crude oil-contaminated microcosms showed potential for mineralization. Cluster analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis-derived samples generated with primers for gene amoA, which encodes the functional enzyme ammonia monooxygenase, showed differences in the sample contaminated with 5% compared to the other samples. Principal component analysis showed divergence of the non-contaminated samples from the 5% crude oil-contaminated sediment. A Venn diagram generated from the banding pattern of PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to look for operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in common. Eight OTUs were found in non-contaminated sediments and in samples contaminated with 0.5, 1, or 2% crude oil. A Jaccard similarity index of 50% was found for samples contaminated with 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2% crude oil. This is the first study that focuses on the impact of crude oil on the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium community in mangrove sediments from Camamu Bay. 19. Comparison between pulsed-field and constant-field gel electrophoresis for measurement of DNA double-strand breaks in irradiated Chinese hamster ovary cells. PubMed Wlodek, D; Banáth, J; Olive, P L 1991-11-01 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is one of the most sensitive methods for detecting DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. However, it has been observed that constant-field gel electrophoresis (CFGE), when optimized, can detect breaks with equal efficiency. The migration of DNA from the well and the separation of DNA molecules according to size appear to be different processes; only the latter requires the application of PFGE. CFGE is very sensitive and can detect DNA damage produced by less than 5 Gy of radiation. Low voltage (ca. 0.6 V/cm) during electrophoresis appears to be essential for the migration of the largest fraction of DNA from the agarose plug containing the cells; the electrophoresis run time, cell density in the plug, agarose concentration, nature of detergent and extent of radiolabelling are less important. It is concluded that CFGE is equally sensitive but more rapid and economical than PFGE for the measurement of DNA damage. 20. Silver stain for detecting 10-femtogram quantities of protein after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Ohsawa, K; Ebata, N 1983-12-01 A rapid and highly sensitive silver stain and color stain were developed for visualizing proteins. The procedure is simple and the bands were clear. This silver stain detects 100 pg quantities of proteins. In order to stain quickly, sensitively, and sharply a protein matrix in a gel, the repeated shrinkage and swelling gel was developed with a hyper- and hypotonic solution to remove the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from SDS-protein complex and to generate influx of staining solution into the gel. We have found that the silver staining method with the repeated exposure to hyper- and hypotonic solution and a narrow well produced 10 fg order of proteins. 1. Topological complexity of different populations of pBR322 as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Martín-Parras, L; Lucas, I; Martínez-Robles, M L; Hernández, P; Krimer, D B; Hyrien, O; Schvartzman, J B 1998-01-01 Neutral/neutral two-dimensional (2D) agarose gelelectrophoresis was used to investigate populations of the different topological conformations that pBR322 can adopt in vivo in bacterial cells as well as in Xenopus egg extracts. To help in interpretation and identification of all the different signals, undigested as well as DNA samples pretreated with DNase I, topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II were analyzed. The second dimension of the 2D gel system was run with or without ethidium bromide to account for any possible changes in the migration behavior of DNA molecules caused by intercalation of this planar agent. Finally, DNA samples were isolated from a recA-strain of Escherichia coli , as well as after direct labeling of the replication intermediates in extracts of Xenopus laevis eggs. Altogether, the results obtained demonstrated that 2D gels can be readily used to identify most of the complex topological populations that circular molecules can adopt in vivo in both bacteria and eukaryotic cells. PMID:9649629 2. Combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and metabolomic data in support of dry-season survival in the two main species of the malarial mosquito Anopheles gambiae☆ PubMed Central Hidalgo, K.; Mouline, K.; Mamai, W.; Foucreau, N.; Dabiré, K.R.; Bouchereau, A.; Simard, F.; Renault, D. 2015-01-01 In dry savannahs of West-Africa, the malarial mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto complex annually survive the harsh desiccating conditions of the dry season. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying how these mosquitoes survive such desiccating conditions are still undefined, and controversial. In this context, we provide the first work examining both proteomic and metabolomic changes in the two molecular forms of A. gambiae s.s (M and S forms) experimentally exposed to the rainy and dry season conditions as they experience in the field. Protein abundances of the mosquitoes were measured using a two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) coupled with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) for protein identification. These assays were conducted by Applied Biomics (http://www.appliedbiomics.com, Applied Biomics, Inc. Hayward, CA, USA), and the mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org) via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD000294. The metabolomic analysis was conducted using both Acquity UPLC® system (for amino acid identification), and a gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry platform (for sugars identification). Metabolomic fingerprintings were assessed in the University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio (France). A detailed interpretation of the obtained data can be found in Hidalgo et al. (2014) [1] (Journal of Insect Physiology (2014)). PMID:26543889 3. Resolution of 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid-labeled glucose oligomers in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at low gel concentration. PubMed Cabanes-Macheteau, Marion; Chrambach, Andreas; Taverna, Myriam; Buzás, Zsuzsanna; Berna, Patrick 2004-01-01 A discontinuous Tris-Cl/acetate (OAc) buffer system, unprecedently containing OAc as the trailing constituent, and operative in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at low polyacrylamide concentration (T = 4.8%) is described in the paper. The characteristics of the electrophoretic system are illustrated by the resolution of fluorescent 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (ANTS)-labeled malto-oligosaccharides and dextran homopolymers. In this buffer system, the resolving phase is constituted by Tris-OAc behind a moving boundary formed between the leading chloride ion of Tris-HCl gel buffer and the trailing OAc ion provided by a catholyte of NH(4)OAc. In contrast with the results obtained with Tris-CI/glycinate buffer commonly used in electrophoresis, or with Tris-CI/borate, the best resolution of the glucose oligomers containing 1-4 glucose units in Tris-OAc, pH 8.8, ionic strength of 0.08, was obtained at 4.8% polyacrylamide concentration, using 0.5 M NH(4)OAc, pH 9.5 as the catholyte. Under those conditions, the ANTS-glucose oligomers were separated with mobilities decreasing from glucose to maltohexaose. The linear Ferguson plots (log relative mobility, R(f), vs.%T) of the glucose oligomers show that the surface net charge of those oligomers is inversely related to their sizes, given by the slopes, K(R), of the plots. The molecular weight of the oligomers is directly but nonlinearly related to K(R). The novel electrophoretic system illustrated here for separation of short ANTS-saccharides can be potentially applied to the resolution of other biomolecules such as rapidly migrating DNA, peptides or proteins. 4. Influence of one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis procedure on metal-protein bindings examined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and ultrafiltration. PubMed Schmidt, Anne-Christine; Störr, Bianca; Kummer, Nicolai-Alexeji 2011-08-15 Three independent methods, (i) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), (ii) carrying out the complete protein preparation procedure required for protein gel electrophoresis (GE) including extraction, precipitation, washing, and desalting with subsequent microwave digestion of the produced protein fractions for metal content quantification, and (iii) ultrafiltration for separating protein-bound and unbound metal fractions, were employed to elucidate the influences of protein sample preparation and GE running conditions on metal-protein bindings. A treatment of the protein solution with acetone instead of trichloroacetic acid or ammonium sulfate for precipitate formation led to a strongly enhanced metal binding capacity. The desalting step of the resolubilized protein sample caused a metal loss between 10 and 35%. The omission of some extraction buffer additives led to a diminished metal binding capacity of protein fractions obtained from the sample preparation procedure for GE, whereas a tenside addition to the protein solution inhibited metal-protein bindings. The binding stoichiometry of Cu and Zn-protein complexes determined by ESI-MS was influenced by the type of the metal salt which was applied to the protein solution. A higher pH value of the sample solution promoted the metal ion complexation by the proteins. Ultrafiltration experiments revealed a higher Cu- and Zn-binding capacity of the model protein lysozyme in both resolubilization buffers for 1D- and 2D-GE compared to the protein extraction buffer. Strongly diminished metal binding capacities of lysozyme were recorded in the running buffer of 1D-GE and in the gel staining solutions. 5. Immunoproteomic and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analysis of Arabidopsis dehydration response element-binding protein 1A (DREB1A)-transgenic potato. PubMed Nakamura, Rika; Satoh, Rie; Nakamura, Ryosuke; Shimazaki, Takayoshi; Kasuga, Mie; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Kazuko; Kikuchi, Akira; Watanabe, Kazuo N; Teshima, Reiko 2010-01-01 To produce crops that are more tolerant to stresses such as heat, cold, and salt, transgenic plants have been produced those express stress-associated proteins. In this study, we used immunoproteomic and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) methods to investigate the allergenicity of transgenic potatoes expressing Arabidopsis DREB1A (dehydration responsive element-binding protein 1A), driven by the rd29A promoter or the 35S promoter. Immunoproteomic analysis using sera from potato-allergic patients revealed several immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding protein spots. The patterns of protein binding were almost the same between transgenic and non-transgenic potatoes. The IgE-binding proteins in potato were identified as patatin precursors, a segment of serine protease inhibitor 2, and proteinase inhibitor II by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS/MS. 2D-DIGE analysis revealed several differences in protein expression between non-transgenic potato and transgenic potato; those showing increased expression in transgenic potatoes were identified as precursors of patatin, a major potato allergen, and those showing decreased expression in transgenic potatoes were identified as lipoxygenase and glycogen (starch) synthase. These results suggested that transgenic potatoes may express slightly higher levels of allergens, but their IgE-binding patterns were almost the same as those of control potatoes. Further research on changes in protein expressions in response to environmental factors is required to confirm whether the differences observed in this study are due to gene transfection, rather than environmental factors. 6. Mitotic arrest-induced phosphorylation of Mcl-1 revisited using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and phosphoproteomics: nine phosphorylation sites identified PubMed Central Hart, Katherine; Kothari, Anisha; Mackintosh, Samuel G.; Kovak, Matthew R.; Chambers, Timothy C. 2016-01-01 Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) characteristically promote phosphorylation and degradation of Mcl-1, and this represents a critical pro-apoptotic signal in mitotic death. While several phosphorylation sites and kinases have been implicated in mitotic arrest-induced Mcl-1 phosphorylation, a comprehensive biochemical analysis has been lacking. Contrary to previous reports suggesting that T92 phosphorylation by Cdk1 regulates Mcl-1 degradation, a T92A Mcl-1 mutant expressed in HeLa cells was phosphorylated and degraded with the same kinetics as wild-type Mcl-1 following vinblastine treatment. Similarly, when Mcl-1 with alanine replacements of all five putative Cdk sites (S64, T92, S121, S159, T163) was expressed, it was also phosphorylated and degraded in response to vinblastine. To analyze Mcl-1 phosphorylation in more detail, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) was performed. While untreated cells expressed mainly unphosphorylated Mcl-1 with two minor phosphorylated species, Mcl-1 from vinblastine treated cells migrated during 2D-PAGE as a train of acidic spots representing nine or more phosphorylated species. Immunopurification and mass spectrometry of phosphorylated Mcl-1 derived from mitotically arrested HeLa cells revealed nine distinct sites, including several previously unreported. Mcl-1 bearing substitutions of all nine sites had a longer half-life than wild-type Mcl-1 under basal conditions, but still underwent phosphorylation and degradation in response to vinblastine treatment, and, like wild-type Mcl-1, was unable to protect cells from MTA treatment. These results reveal an unexpected complexity in Mcl-1 phosphorylation in response to MTAs and indicate that previous work has severely underestimated the number of sites, and thus encourage major revisions to the current model. PMID:27738316 7. Comparative analysis of excretory-secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi muscle larvae by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting PubMed Central 2012-01-01 Background Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease in humans caused by Trichinella spp. The present study was undertaken to discover excretory-secretory (E-S) proteins from T. spiralis and T. britovi muscle larvae (ML) that hold promise for species-specific diagnostics. To that end, the purified E-S proteins were analyzed by fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) coupled with protein identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To search for immunoreactive proteins that are specifically recognized by host antibodies the E-S proteins were subjected to two-dimensional (2-DE) immunoblotting with antisera derived from pigs experimentally infected with T. spiralis or T. britovi. Results According to 2-D DIGE analysis, a total of twenty-two proteins including potentially immunogenic proteins and proteins produced only by one of the two Trichinella species were subjected to LC-MS/MS for protein identification. From these proteins seventeen could be identified, of which many were identified in multiple spots, suggesting that they have undergone post-translational modification, possibly involving glycosylation and/or proteolysis. These proteins included 5'-nucleotidase, serine-type protease/proteinase, and p43 glycoprotein (gp43) as well as 49 kDa E-S protein (p49). Our findings also suggest that some of the commonly identified proteins were post-translationally modified to different extents, which in certain cases seemed to result in species-specific modification. Both commonly and specifically recognized immunoreactive proteins were identified by 2-DE immunoblotting; shared antigens were identified as gp43 and different protease variants, whereas those specific to T. britovi included multiple isoforms of the 5'-nucleotidase. Conclusions Both 2-D DIGE and 2-DE immunoblotting approaches indicate that T. spiralis and T. britovi produce somewhat distinctive antigen profiles, which contain E-S antigens with potential 8. Highly sensitive fluorescent stain for detecting lipopolysaccharides in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Wang, Xu; Zhou, Ayi; Cai, Wanhui; Yu, Dongdong; Zhu, Zhongxin; Jiang, Chengxi; Jin, Litai 2015-08-01 A sensitive and simple technique was developed for the visualization of gel-separated lipopolysaccharides by using a hydrazide derivative, UGF202. As low as 0.5-1 ng total LPS could be detected by UGF202 stain, which is 2- and 16-fold more sensitive than that of the commonly used Pro-Q Emerald 300 and Keenan et al. developed silver stain, respectively. The results indicated that UGF202 stain could be a good choice for LPS determination in polyacrylamide gels. 9. Quantitation of yeast total proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis sample buffer for uniform loading. PubMed Sheen, Hyukho 2016-04-01 Proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) sample buffer are difficult to quantitate due to SDS and reducing agents being in the buffer. Although acetone precipitation has long been used to clean up proteins from detergents and salts, previous studies showed that protein recovery from acetone precipitation varies from 50 to 100% depending on the samples tested. Here, this article shows that acetone precipitates proteins highly efficiently from SDS-PAGE sample buffer and that quantitative recovery is achieved in 5 min at room temperature. Moreover, precipitated proteins are resolubilized with urea/guanidine, rather than with SDS. Thus, the resolubilized samples are readily quantifiable with Bradford reagent without using SDS-compatible assays. 10. Time-based distribution of Staphylococcus saprophyticus pulsed field gel-electrophoresis clusters in community-acquired urinary tract infections. PubMed Sousa, Viviane Santos de; Rabello, Renata Fernandes; Dias, Rubens Clayton da Silva; Martins, Ianick Souto; Santos, Luisa Barbosa Gomes da Silva dos; Alves, Elisabeth Mendes; Riley, Lee Woodford; Moreira, Beatriz Meurer 2013-02-01 The epidemiology of urinary tract infections (UTI) by Staphylococcus saprophyticus has not been fully characterised and strain typing methods have not been validated for this agent. To evaluate whether epidemiological relationships exist between clusters of pulsed field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of S. saprophyticus from community-acquired UTI, a cross-sectional surveillance study was conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In total, 32 (16%) female patients attending two walk-in clinics were culture-positive for S. saprophyticus. Five PFGE clusters were defined and evaluated against epidemiological data. The PFGE clusters were grouped in time, suggesting the existence of community point sources of S. saprophyticus. From these point sources, S. saprophyticus strains may spread among individuals. 11. High-throughput genotyping of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutants using fluorescent PCR-capillary gel electrophoresis PubMed Central Ramlee, Muhammad Khairul; Yan, Tingdong; Cheung, Alice M. S.; Chuah, Charles T. H.; Li, Shang 2015-01-01 Recent advances in the engineering of sequence-specific synthetic nucleases provide enormous opportunities for genetic manipulation of gene expression in order to study their cellular function in vivo. However, current genotyping methods to detect these programmable nuclease-induced insertion/deletion (indel) mutations in targeted human cells are not compatible for high-throughput screening of knockout clones due to inherent limitations and high cost. Here, we describe an efficient method of genotyping clonal CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutants in a high-throughput manner involving the use of a direct lysis buffer to extract crude genomic DNA straight from cells in culture, and fluorescent PCR coupled with capillary gel electrophoresis. This technique also allows for genotyping of multiplexed gene targeting in a single clone. Overall, this time- and cost-saving technique is able to circumvent the limitations of current genotyping methods and support high-throughput screening of nuclease-induced mutants. PMID:26498861 12. GC fractionation enhances microbial community diversity assessment and detection of minority populations of bacteria by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Holben, William E; Feris, Kevin P; Kettunen, Anu; Apajalahti, Juha H A 2004-04-01 Effectively and accurately assessing total microbial community diversity is one of the primary challenges in modern microbial ecology. This is particularly true with regard to the detection and characterization of unculturable populations and those present only in low abundance. We report a novel strategy, GC fractionation combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (GC-DGGE), which combines mechanistically different community analysis approaches to enhance assessment of microbial community diversity and detection of minority populations of microbes. This approach employs GC fractionation as an initial step to reduce the complexity of the community in each fraction. This reduced complexity facilitates subsequent detection of diversity in individual fractions. DGGE analysis of individual fractions revealed bands that were undetected or only poorly represented when total bacterial community DNA was analyzed. Also, directed cloning and sequencing of individual bands from DGGE lanes corresponding to individual G+C fractions allowed detection of numerous phylotypes that were not recovered using a traditional random cloning and sequencing approach. 13. Diagnosis of an outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Gornatti Churria, Carlos D; Vigo, Germán B; Origlia, Javier; Campos, Josefina; Caffer, María; Píscopo, Miguel; Herrero Loyola, Miguel; Petruccelli, Miguel; Pichel, Mariana 2014-01-01 Adult chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) that had suddenly died in a commercial farm located in La Plata City, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in July 2012 were macroscopically, histopathologically, and microbiologically examined. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was isolated from the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, kidneys and intestines from each of the five animals evaluated. The five strains were susceptible to ampicillin, cephalotin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and resistant to tetracycline. Each of the five S. Typhimurium isolates was analyzed by XbaI- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), showing an identical electrophoretic profile with 15 defined bands, which was found to be identical to pattern ARJPXX01.0220 of the PulseNet Argentine National database of Salmonella PFGE patterns. This is the first work describing the postmortem diagnosis of an outbreak of salmonellosis in chinchillas by using molecular methods such as PFGE. 14. Investigating Freshwater Periphyton Community Response to Uranium with Phospholipid Fatty Acid and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Analyses SciTech Connect Small, Jack A.; Bunn, Amoret L.; McKinstry, Craig A.; Peacock, A. D.; Miracle, Ann L. 2008-04-01 Periphyton communities can be used as monitors of ecosystem health and as indicators of contamination in lotic systems. Measures of biomass, community structure and genetic diversity were used to investigate impacts of uranium exposure on periphyton. Laboratory exposures of periphyton in river water amended with uranium were performed for 5 days, followed by 2 days of uranium depuration in unamended river water. Productivity as measured by biomass was not affected by concentrations up to 100 µg L-1 uranium. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) banding patterns found no changes in community or genetic structure related to uranium exposure. We suggest that the periphyton community as a whole is not impacted by exposures of uranium up to a dose of 100 µg L-1. These findings have significance for the assessment and prediction of uranium impacts on aquatic ecosystems. 15. Structural analysis of mitochondrial DNA molecules from fungi and plants using moving pictures and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Bendich, A J 1996-02-02 The size and structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules was investigated by conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by analyzing moving pictures during electrophoresis of individual fluorescently labelled mtDNA molecules. Little or no mtDNA that migrated into the gel was found in circular form for fungi (Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa) or plants (Brassica hirta, tobacco, voodoo lily and maize). Most mtDNA migrated as a smear of linear DNA sizes from about 50 to 100 or 250 kilobases (kb), depending on the species, irrespective of the size of the mitochondrial genome over a range of 0.06 to 570 kb. S. cerevisiae, B. hirta and tobacco also yielded a linear mtDNA fraction containing molecules > 1000 kb in size. About half the mtDNA remained in the well of the gel after PFGE. Moving pictures revealed that this well-bound (wb) mtDNA contained molecules larger than the genome size in linear form for all species (except N. crassa) and in multi-fibered, comet-like forms for most of the wb mtDNA of N. crassa and Sc. pombe. A minor amount of the wb mtDNA with visually interpretable structure was circular: circle sizes were both larger and smaller than the 80-kb genome of S. cerevisiae, larger than the 19-kb genome of Sc. pombe and smaller than the 208-kb and 570-kb genomes of B. hirta and maize, respectively. About 25 to 75% of the wb mtDNA from cultured tobacco cells was found in circles smaller than its genome size. Partial digestion of Sc. pombe mtDNA with restriction endonucleases that cleave once per genome revealed gel bands at about 38 kb and 19 kb with a smear of sizes between the bands and below the 19-kb band, suggesting a head-to-tail genomic concatemer as the most prominent form in extracted mtDNA. A pattern of bands with smears was also found for complete digests (with multiply cleaving enzymes) of mtDNA from Sc. pombe, S. cerevisiae and N. crassa, but bands without smears were found for 16. Use of polyacrylamide gel moving boundary electrophoresis to enable low-power protein analysis in a compact microdevice. PubMed Duncombe, Todd A; Herr, Amy E 2012-10-16 In designing a protein electrophoresis platform composed of a single-inlet, single-outlet microchannel powered solely by voltage control (no pumps, values, injectors), we adapted the original protein electrophoresis format-moving boundary electrophoresis (MBE)-to a high-performance, compact microfluidic format. Key to the microfluidic adaptation is minimization of injection dispersion during sample injection. To reduce injection dispersion, we utilize a photopatterned free-solution-polyacrylamide gel (PAG) stacking interface at the head of the MBE microchannel. The nanoporous PAG molecular sieve physically induces a mobility shift that acts to enrich and sharpen protein fronts as proteins enter the microchannel. Various PAG configurations are characterized, with injection dispersion reduced by up to 85%. When employed for analysis of a model protein sample, microfluidic PAG MBE baseline-resolved species in 5 s and in a separation distance of less than 1 mm. PAG MBE thus demonstrates electrophoretic assays with minimal interfacing and sample handling, while maintaining separation performance. Owing to the short separation lengths needed in PAG MBE, we reduced the separation channel length to demonstrate an electrophoretic immunoassay powered with an off-the-shelf 9 V battery. The electrophoretic immunoassay consumed less than 3 μW of power and was completed in 30 s. To our knowledge, this is the lowest voltage and lowest power electrophoretic protein separation reported. Looking forward, we see the low-power PAG MBE as a basis for highly multiplexed protein separations (mobility shift screening assays) as well as for portable low-power diagnostic assays. 17. Analysis of Genomic Diversity among Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated from Iranian Children by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central 2014-01-01 Objective: Presence of genomic diversity among Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains have been suggested by numerous investigators. Little is known about diversity of H. pylori strains isolated from Iranian children and their association with virulence of the strains. Our purpose was to assess the degree of genomic diversity among H. pylori strains isolated from Iranian-children, on the basis of vacA genotype, cagA status of the strains, sex, age as well as the pathological status of the patients. Methods: Genomic DNA from 44 unrelated H. pylori strains isolated during 1997–2009, was examined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Pathological status of the patients was performed according to the modified Sydney-system and genotype/status of vacA/cagA genes was determined by PCR. PFGE was performed using XbaI restriction-endonuclease and the field inversion-gel electrophoresis system. Findings: No significant relationship was observed between the patterns of PFGE and the cagA/vacA status/genotype. Also no relationship was observed between age, sex, and pathological status of the children and the PFGE patterns of their isolates. Similar conclusion was obtained by Total Lab software. However, more relationship was observed between the strains isolated in the close period (1997–2009, 2001–2003, 2005–2007, and 2007–2009) and more difference was observed among those obtained in the distant periods (1997 and 2009). Conclusion: H. pylori strains isolated from children in Iran are extremely diverse and this diversity is not related to their virulence characteristics. Occurrence of this extreme diversity may be related to adaptation of H. pylori strains to variable living conditions during transmission between various host individuals. PMID:26019775 18. Amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution and gel electrophoresis of walnut (Juglans regia L.) proteins and protein fractionations. PubMed Mao, Xiaoying; Hua, Yufei; Chen, Guogang 2014-01-27 As a by-product of oil production, walnut proteins are considered as an additional source of plant protein for human food. To make full use of the protein resource, a comprehensive understanding of composition and characteristics of walnut proteins are required. Walnut proteins have been fractionated and characterized in this study. Amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution and gel electrophoresis of walnut proteins and protein fractionations were analyzed. The proteins were sequentially separated into four fractions according to their solubility. Glutelin was the main component of the protein extract. The content of glutelin, albumin, globulin and prolamin was about 72.06%, 7.54%, 15.67% and 4.73% respectively. Glutelin, albumin and globulin have a balanced content of essential amino acids, except for methionine, with respect to the FAO pattern recommended for adults. SDS-PAGE patterns of albumin, globulin and glutelin showed several polypeptides with molecular weights 14.4 to 66.2 kDa. The pattern of walnut proteins in two-dimension electrophoresis (2-DE) showed that the isoelectric point was mainly in the range of 4.8-6.8. The results of size exclusion chromatogram indicated molecular weight of the major components of walnut proteins were between 3.54 and 81.76 kDa. 19. Development and validation of a PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae. PubMed Cooper, K L F; Luey, C K Y; Bird, M; Terajima, J; Nair, G B; Kam, K M; Arakawa, E; Safa, A; Cheung, D T; Law, C P; Watanabe, H; Kubota, K; Swaminathan, B; Ribot, E M 2006-01-01 PulseNet is a network that utilizes standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols with the purpose of conducting laboratory-based surveillance of foodborne pathogens. PulseNet standardized PFGE protocols are subject to rigorous testing during the developmental phase and careful evaluation during a validation process assessing its robustness and reproducibility in different laboratories. Here we describe the development and validation of a rapid PFGE protocol for subtyping Vibrio cholerae for use in PulseNet International activities. While the protocol was derived from the existing PulseNet protocol for Escherichia coli O157, various aspects of this protocol were optimized for use with V. cholerae, most notably a change of the primary and secondary restriction enzyme to SfiI and NotI, respectively, and the use of a two-block electrophoresis program. External validation of this protocol was undertaken through a collaboration between three PulseNet Asia Pacific laboratories (Public Health Laboratory Centre, Hong Kong, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan, and International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research-Bangladesh) and PulseNet USA. Comparison of PFGE patterns generated by each of the participating laboratories demonstrated that the protocol is robust and reproducible. 20. One-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE). PubMed Brunelle, Julie L; Green, Rachel 2014-01-01 This protocol describes a denaturing polyacrylamide gel system utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to separate protein molecules based on size as first described by Laemmli (1970). SDS-PAGE can be used to monitor protein purifications, check the purity of samples, and to estimate molecular weights for unknown proteins. 1. DNA electrophoresis in agarose gels: Effects of electric field and gel concentration on the exponential dependence of reciprocal mobility on DNA length Beheshti, Afshin; van Winkle, David; Randolph, Rill 2002-03-01 Electrophoresis was performed on double stranded DNA fragments ranging in length from 200 bp to 48502 bp at agarose gel concentrations T = 0.5% - 1.5% and electric fields E = 0.71 V/cm to 5 V/cm. A wide range of electric fields and gel concentrations were used to find what range of conditions work with the new interpolation equation, 1/μ(L) = 1/μl - (1/μl - 1/μ_s)e^-L/γ. The equation fit extremely well (\\chi^2 >= 0.999) to data with E = 2.5 V/cm to 5 V/cm and for lower fields (E < 2.5 V/cm) at low gel concentrations (T = 0.5% and 0.7%). This exponential relation seemed to hold when there is a smooth transition from the Ogston sieving regime to the reptation regime when looking at the “reptation plots” (plotting 3μL/μo vs. L) (Rousseau, J., Drouin, G., and Slater, G. W., Phys Rev Lett. 1997, 79, 1945-1948). For separations of single-stranded DNA in polyacrylamide, similar reptation plots have a region with a negative slope between the Ogston sieving regime and the reptation regime which has been interpreted as the signature of entropic trapping. When separating double-stranded DNA in agarose it was observed that fits deviate from the data when three different slopes are observed in the reptation plots. Failure of the simple exponential relationship between reciprocal mobility and DNA length appears to be the consequence of entropic trapping. 2. Proteomics analysis in mature seed of four peanut cultivars using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis reveals distinct differential expression of storage, anti-nutritive, and allergenic proteins Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) Protein profiles of total seed proteins isolated from mature seeds of four peanut cultivars, New Mexico Valencia C (NM Valencia C), Tamspan 90, Georgia Green, and NC-7, were studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with nano electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass ... 3. Electrophoresis Gel Quantification with a Flatbed Scanner and Versatile Lighting from a Screen Scavenged from a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Yeung, Brendan; Ng, Tuck Wah; Tan, Han Yen; Liew, Oi Wah 2012-01-01 The use of different types of stains in the quantification of proteins separated on gels using electrophoresis offers the capability of deriving good outcomes in terms of linear dynamic range, sensitivity, and compatibility with specific proteins. An inexpensive, simple, and versatile lighting system based on liquid crystal display backlighting is… 4. A comparison of non-typhoidal Salmonella from humans and food animals using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) Salmonellosis is one of the most important foodborne diseases affecting humans. To characterize the relationship between Salmonella causing human infections and their food animal reservoirs, we compared pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of non-typhoida... 5. A comparison of BOX-PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to determine genetic relatedness of enterococci from different environments Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) Aims: The genetic relatedness of enterococci from poultry litter to enterococci from nearby surface water and groundwater in the Lower Fraser Valley regions of British Columbia, Canada was determined. Methods and Results: BOX-PCR and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to subtype en... 6. Quantification of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Analysis of the Topoisomers of Plasmid and M13 DNA Following Treatment with a Restriction Endonuclease or DNA Topoisomerase I ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Tweedie, John W.; Stowell, Kathryn M. 2005-01-01 A two-session laboratory exercise for advanced undergraduate students in biochemistry and molecular biology is described. The first session introduces students to DNA quantification by ultraviolet absorbance and agarose gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining. The second session involves treatment of various topological forms of… 7. Detection of reactive oxygen species-sensitive thiol proteins by redox difference gel electrophoresis: implications for mitochondrial redox signaling. PubMed Hurd, Thomas R; Prime, Tracy A; Harbour, Michael E; Lilley, Kathryn S; Murphy, Michael P 2007-07-27 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the mitochondrial respiratory chain can be a redox signal, but whether they affect mitochondrial function is unclear. Here we show that low levels of ROS from the respiratory chain under physiological conditions reversibly modify the thiol redox state of mitochondrial proteins involved in fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. As these thiol modifications were specific and occurred without bulk thiol changes, we first had to develop a sensitive technique to identify the small number of proteins modified by endogenous ROS. In this technique, redox difference gel electrophoresis, control, and redox-challenged samples are labeled with different thiol-reactive fluorescent tags and then separated on the same two-dimensional gel, enabling the sensitive detection of thiol redox modifications by changes in the relative fluorescence of the two tags within a single protein spot, followed by protein identification by mass spectrometry. Thiol redox modification affected enzyme activity, suggesting that the reversible modification of enzyme activity by ROS from the respiratory chain may be an important and unexplored mode of mitochondrial redox signaling. 8. [Progress in combination of gel electrophoresis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for trace elements determination in proteins]. PubMed Wang, Ying; Guo, Yan-li; Yuan, Hong-lin; Wei, Yong-feng; Yan, Hong-tao; Chen, Hui-hui 2012-01-01 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has become a very efficient and sensitive trace, ultratrace, and surface analytical technique for the in situ study of the concentration and distribution of the elements in life sciences with high spatial resolution. It is being used more and more frequently in biological, medical materials and protein research, which will lead to a better understanding of physiology and pathology process in cells and tissues. The present review mainly introduces the strategies of combination of gel electrophoresis (GE) with LA-ICP-MS for the quantification of trace elements in proteins, including the proteins separation, elements detection and calibration methods. The paper emphasizes the basic conditions of the proteins separation, focusing on the stability of proteins during GE and the treatment methods of staining and drying of the gel to enable successful detection of the elements by LA-ICP-MS. In addition, the application of GE-LA-ICP-MS in phosphoproteins, selenoproteins and metal-binding proteins is introduced in detail. The prospects and challenge for this technique are discussed as well for further study. 9. Semi-quantitative digital analysis of polymerase chain reaction-electrophoresis gel: Potential applications in low-income veterinary laboratories PubMed Central Antiabong, John F.; Ngoepe, Mafora G.; Abechi, Adakole S. 2016-01-01 Aim: The interpretation of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay results is often limited to either positive or negative (non-detectable). The more robust quantitative PCR (qPCR) method is mostly reserved for quantitation studies and not a readily accessible technology in laboratories across developing nations. The aim of this study was to evaluate a semi-quantitative method for conventional PCR amplicons using digital image analysis of electrophoretic gel. The potential applications are also discussed. Materials and Methods: This study describes standard conditions for the digital image analysis of PCR amplicons using the freely available ImageJ software and confirmed using the qPCR assay. Results and Conclusion: Comparison of ImageJ analysis of PCR-electrophoresis gel and qPCR methods showed similar trends in the Fusobacterium necrophorum DNA concentration associated with healthy and periodontal disease infected wallabies (p≤0.03). Based on these empirical data, this study adds descriptive attributes (“more” or “less”) to the interpretation of conventional PCR results. The potential applications in low-income veterinary laboratories are suggested, and guidelines for the adoption of the method are also highlighted. PMID:27733792 10. Diffusive transfer to membranes as an effective interface between gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry Ogorzalek Loo, Rachel R.; Mitchell, Charles; Stevenson, Tracy I.; Loo, Joseph A.; Andrews, Philip C. 1997-12-01 Diffusive transfer was examined as a blotting method to transfer proteins from polyacrylamide gels to membranes for ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The method is well-suited for transfers from isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels. Spectra have been obtained for 11 pmol of 66 kDa albumin loaded onto an IEF gel and subsequently blotted to polyethylene. Similarly, masses of intact carbonic anhydrase and hemoglobin were obtained from 14 and 20 pmol loadings. This methodology is also compatible with blotting high molecular weight proteins, as seen for 6 pmol of the 150 kDa monoclonal antibody anti-[beta]-galactosidase transferred to Goretex. Polypropylene, Teflon, Nafion and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) also produced good spectra following diffusive transfer. Only analysis from PVDF required that the membrane be kept wet prior to application of matrix. Considerations in mass accuracy for analysis from large-area membranes with continuous extraction and delayed extraction were explored, as were remedies for surface charging. Vapor phase CNBr cleavage was applied to membrane-bound samples for peptide mapping. 11. Rapid determination of multi-locus sequence types of Listeria monocytogenes by microtemperature-gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Tominaga, Tatsuya 2007-09-01 This report presents a new method for identifying multi-locus sequence types of Listeria monocytogenes by microtemperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (mu-TGGE). Genomic comparison of L. monocytogenes serovar 1/2a strains EGD-e and F6854 allowed selection of novel polymorphic sequences lmo0386 and lmo0428 as optimum regions for mu-TGGE analysis, in addition to the previously identified lmo0297 gene. Sequence analysis of a total of 48 standard strains revealed that the strains could be grouped into 7 (lmo0386), 8 (lmo0428) and 12 (lmo0297) sequence types. The PCR products from 2, 4 and 4 sequence types of the lmo0386, lmo0428 and lmo0297 genes were selected as marker alleles, and mu-TGGE analysis of the mixture revealed adequate band separation on a single gel. Furthermore, the primer sets could be successfully mixed in a single tube for multiplex PCR, yielding a rapid and easy strategy for sequence type identification. For practical application, multiplex PCR was performed with Cy3-labeled primers against a sequence type-unknown sample isolated from meat. The resulting products were mixed with Cy5-labeled products of marker alleles whose sequence types were known, and mu-TGGE analysis was performed. Overlapping Cy3 and Cy5 patterns allowed identification of the sequence types at all 3 loci on a single gel. Moreover, the mu-TGGE analysis step took only 9 min. Thus, this novel method of multiplex PCR followed by mu-TGGE analysis could prove useful as a rapid and discriminative tool for tracing the strain types, contamination routes and sources of L. monocytogenes. 12. Identification and Population Dynamics of Yeasts in Sourdough Fermentation Processes by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Meroth, Christiane B.; Hammes, Walter P.; Hertel, Christian 2003-01-01 Four sourdoughs (A to D) were produced under practical conditions, using a starter obtained from a mixture of three commercially available sourdough starters and baker's yeast. The doughs were continuously propagated until the composition of the microbiota remained stable. A fungi-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) system was established to monitor the development of the yeast biota. The analysis of the starter mixture revealed the presence of Candida humilis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Saccharomyces uvarum. In sourdough A (traditional process with rye flour), C. humilis dominated under the prevailing fermentation conditions. In rye flour sourdoughs B and C, fermented at 30 and 40°C, respectively, S. cerevisiae became predominant in sourdough B, whereas in sourdough C the yeast counts decreased within a few propagation steps below the detection limit. In sourdough D, which corresponded to sourdough C in temperature but was produced with rye bran, Candida krusei became dominant. Isolates identified as C. humilis and S. cerevisiae were shown by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR analysis to originate from the commercial starters and the baker's yeast, respectively. The yeast species isolated from the sourdoughs were also detected by PCR-DGGE. However, in the gel, additional bands were visible. Because sequencing of these PCR fragments from the gel failed, cloning experiments with 28S rRNA amplicons obtained from rye flour were performed, which revealed Cladosporium sp., Saccharomyces servazii, S. uvarum, an unculturable ascomycete, Dekkera bruxellensis, Epicoccum nigrum, and S. cerevisiae. The last four species were also detected in sourdoughs A, B, and C. PMID:14660398 13. Efficient method of protein extraction from Theobroma cacao L. roots for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analyses. PubMed Bertolde, F Z; Almeida, A-A F; Silva, F A C; Oliveira, T M; Pirovani, C P 2014-07-04 Theobroma cacao is a woody and recalcitrant plant with a very high level of interfering compounds. Standard protocols for protein extraction were proposed for various types of samples, but the presence of interfering compounds in many samples prevented the isolation of proteins suitable for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). An efficient method to extract root proteins for 2-DE was established to overcome these problems. The main features of this protocol are: i) precipitation with trichloroacetic acid/acetone overnight to prepare the acetone dry powder (ADP), ii) several additional steps of sonication in the ADP preparation and extractions with dense sodium dodecyl sulfate and phenol, and iii) adding two stages of phenol extractions. Proteins were extracted from roots using this new protocol (Method B) and a protocol described in the literature for T. cacao leaves and meristems (Method A). Using these methods, we obtained a protein yield of about 0.7 and 2.5 mg per 1.0 g lyophilized root, and a total of 60 and 400 spots could be separated, respectively. Through Method B, it was possible to isolate high-quality protein and a high yield of roots from T. cacao for high-quality 2-DE gels. To demonstrate the quality of the extracted proteins from roots of T. cacao using Method B, several protein spots were cut from the 2-DE gels, analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry, and identified. Method B was further tested on Citrus roots, with a protein yield of about 2.7 mg per 1.0 g lyophilized root and 800 detected spots. 14. On-line detection of proteins in gel electrophoresis by ultraviolet absorption and by native fluorescence utilizing a charge-coupled device imaging system SciTech Connect Koutny, L.B.; Yeung, E.S. ) 1993-01-15 Slab-gel electrophoresis is the most common technique for the separation of high molecular weight biomolecules such a proteins. Acrylamide gels, as described by Laemmli, are generally the matrix of choice for the separation of SDS-denatured proteins via electrophoresis. Agarose gels, similar to those used for nucleic acids, are also useful for the separation of proteins but have not been widely applied. Agarose gels are advantageous for many reasons including simplicity of gel casting, easy sample recovery, and the fact that it is nontoxic to both the experimenter and the proteins. In the past, agarose was not used because of its poor resolving power at molecular weights below 40,000. New agarose gel systems are available that will resolve proteins ranging from 20,000 to 200,000 with or without SDS denaturing. In this study, agarose gel was chosen for its optical qualities and ability to be cast in an open system that can be imaged as the experiment is running. 17 refs., 7 figs. 15. Evaluation of three-dimensional gel electrophoresis to improve quantitative profiling of complex proteomes. PubMed Colignon, Bertrand; Raes, Martine; Dieu, Marc; Delaive, Edouard; Mauro, Sergio 2013-07-01 Two-dimensional remains one of the main experimental approaches in proteome analysis. However, comigration of protein leads to several limitations: lack of accuracy in protein identification, impaired comparative quantification, and PTM detection. We have optimized a third additional step of in-gel separation to alleviate comigration associated drawbacks. Spot resolution is strikingly improved following this simple and rapid method and the positive impact on protein and peptide identification from MS/MS data, on the analysis of relative changes in protein abundance, and on the detection of PTM is described. 16. Biochemical Identification of the Two Races of Radopholus similis by Starch Gel Electrophoresis. PubMed Huettel, R N; Dickson, D W; Kaplan, D T 1983-07-01 Analysis of genetic variation between the banana and the citrus races of Radopholus similis by starch gel eleclrophoresis demonstrated that 7 of 16 enzyme-encoding loci could be used for their diagnostic separation. The two races are closely related arid share approximately 75% of the enzymes evaluated. The level of dissimilarities o1 inherited bands indicates that no gene flow occurs between the races. Aldolase, alpha + beta esterase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase are diagnostic markers of the races. 17. Biochemical Identification of the Two Races of Radopholus similis by Starch Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Huettel, R. N.; Dickson, D. W.; Kaplan, D. T. 1983-01-01 Analysis of genetic variation between the banana and the citrus races of Radopholus similis by starch gel eleclrophoresis demonstrated that 7 of 16 enzyme-encoding loci could be used for their diagnostic separation. The two races are closely related arid share approximately 75% of the enzymes evaluated. The level of dissimilarities o1 inherited bands indicates that no gene flow occurs between the races. Aldolase, α + β esterase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase are diagnostic markers of the races. PMID:19295814 18. Using single-strand conformational polymorphism gel electrophoresis to analyze mutually exclusive alternative splicing. PubMed Celotto, Alicia M; Graveley, Brenton R 2004-01-01 Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis has been used successfully to identify single nucleotide changes within sequences based on the fact that multidetection enhancement gels will separate molecules based on their conformation rather than their size. We have expanded the utility of this technique to analyze easily the alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs containing multiple mutually exclusive exons of the same size. We have used this technique to study the Caenorhabditis elegans let-2 gene containing two alternative exons and the Drosophilia melanogaster Dscam gene, which contains 12 mutually exclusive exons. The ease and the quantitative nature of this technique should be very useful. 19. DNA double-strand breaks measured in individual cells subjected to gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Olive, P.L.; Wlodek, D.; Banath, J.P. ) 1991-09-01 Microscopic examination of individual mammalian cells embedded in agarose, subjected to electrophoresis, and stained with a fluorescent DNA-binding dye provides a novel way of measuring DNA damage and more importantly, of assessing heterogeneity in DNA damage within a mixed population of cells. With this method, DNA double-strand breaks can be detected in populations of cells exposed to X-ray doses as low as 5 Gy. The radiation dose-response relationship for initial formation of double-strand breaks was identical for cell lines irradiated in G1, regardless of their sensitivity to killing by ionizing radiation. However, for cells irradiated in S phase, DNA migration was significantly reduced. For Chinese hamster V79 cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, WiDr human colon carcinoma cells, and L5178Y-R mouse lymphoblastoid cells, S-phase DNA appeared to be about 3 times less sensitive to X-ray damage than DNA from other phases of the cell cycle. However, for the very radiosensitive L5178Y-S cells, the migration of replicating DNA was reduced only slightly. For Chinese hamster V79 and Chinese hamster ovary cells, damage was repaired at a similar rate in all cells of the population, and 85% of the breaks were rejoined within 2 h after irradiation. The radiosensitive L5178Y-S cells repaired damage more slowly than V79 or Chinese hamster ovary cells; 2 h after exposure to 50 Gy, approximately 50% of the damage was still present. 20. Proteomic profiling of sea bass muscle by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. PubMed Terova, Genciana; Pisanu, Salvatore; Roggio, Tonina; Preziosa, Elena; Saroglia, Marco; Addis, Maria Filippa 2014-02-01 In this study, the proteome profile of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) muscle was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and tandem mass spectrometry with the aim of providing a more detailed characterization of its specific protein expression profile. A highly populated and well-resolved 2-DE map of the sea bass muscle tissue was generated, and the corresponding protein identity was provided for a total of 49 abundant protein spots. Upon Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, the proteins mapped in the sea bass muscle profile were mostly related to glycolysis and to the muscle myofibril structure, together with other biological activities crucial to fish muscle metabolism and contraction, and therefore to fish locomotor performance. The data presented in this work provide important and novel information on the sea bass muscle tissue-specific protein expression, which can be useful for future studies aimed to improve seafood traceability, food safety/risk management and authentication analysis. This work is also important for understanding the proteome map of the sea bass toward establishing the animal as a potential model for muscular studies. 1. Theory of gel electrophoresis in high fields: Evolution of a population of hernias Long, Didier; Viovy, Jean-Louis 1997-02-01 We consider long polyelectrolytes that are initially at rest in a gel and suddenly submitted to a strong electric field. The evolution of the conformation regime is described up to the final disengagement from the initial tube. Just after the field has been applied, the chain adopts a comb-like conformation with several “hernias”, which evolve in competition with each other. As long as the conformation has many hernias, the distribution of their size follows a self-similar law, first described by Deutsch. The number of hernias decreases, and ultimately the chain disengages from its initial tube. Various predictions for the conformation of the chain in this last stage and for time constants are proposed. In particular, the disengagement times are found to follow a self-similar law in the size of the chains. 2. Nanorods of Various Oxides and Hierarchically Structured Mesoporous Silica by Sol-Gel Electrophoresis SciTech Connect Limmer, Steven J.; Hubler, Timothy L.; Cao, Guozhong 2003-01-02 In this paper, we report the template-based growth of nanorods of oxides and hierarchically structured mesoporous silica, formed by means of a combination of sol-gel processing and elecrophoretic deposition. Both single metal oxides (TiO2) and complex oxides (Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3) have been grown by this method. This method has also been applied to the growth of nanorods of mesoporous silica having an ordered pore structure, where the pores are aligned parallel to the long axis of the nanorod. Uniformly sized nanorods of about 125-200 nm in diameter and 10 um in length were grown over large areas with near unidirectional alignment. Appropriate sol preparation yielded the desired stoichiometric chemical composition and crystal structure of the oxide nanorods, with a heat treatment (500-700 C for 15-30 min) for crystallization, densification and any necessary pyrolysis. 3. Simultaneous Separation of Acidic and Basic Isoperoxidases in Wounded Potato Tissue by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 1 PubMed Central Borchert, Rolf; Decedue, Charles J. 1978-01-01 Preparation and use of a newly developed pH 4.3 horizontal thin layer acrylamide gel which permits the simultaneous separation of acidic and basic isoperoxidases in up to 30 samples is described. Use of cytochrome c, horseradish peroxidase, and a purified potato isoperoxidase as internal standards for a range in isoelectric points of peroxidases from pH 3 to 11 is introduced to facilitate comparison of results obtained with different materials and different methods. Distribution of tissue-specific isoperoxidases in different cell layers of wounded potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tissue is shown and their purification described. Evidence for the in vitro degradation of basic potato isoperoxidases resulting in more acidic forms similar to isoperoxidases occurring in wounded potato tissue is presented. The significance of this observation for the postulated differential function of different isoperoxidases is discussed. ImagesFig. 1-3 PMID:16660608 4. Proteomic analysis of peach fruit mesocarp softening and chilling injury using difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) PubMed Central 2010-01-01 Background Peach fruit undergoes a rapid softening process that involves a number of metabolic changes. Storing fruit at low temperatures has been widely used to extend its postharvest life. However, this leads to undesired changes, such as mealiness and browning, which affect the quality of the fruit. In this study, a 2-D DIGE approach was designed to screen for differentially accumulated proteins in peach fruit during normal softening as well as under conditions that led to fruit chilling injury. Results The analysis allowed us to identify 43 spots -representing about 18% of the total number analyzed- that show statistically significant changes. Thirty-nine of the proteins could be identified by mass spectrometry. Some of the proteins that changed during postharvest had been related to peach fruit ripening and cold stress in the past. However, we identified other proteins that had not been linked to these processes. A graphical display of the relationship between the differentially accumulated proteins was obtained using pairwise average-linkage cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Proteins such as endopolygalacturonase, catalase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, pectin methylesterase and dehydrins were found to be very important for distinguishing between healthy and chill injured fruit. A categorization of the differentially accumulated proteins was performed using Gene Ontology annotation. The results showed that the 'response to stress', 'cellular homeostasis', 'metabolism of carbohydrates' and 'amino acid metabolism' biological processes were affected the most during the postharvest. Conclusions Using a comparative proteomic approach with 2-D DIGE allowed us to identify proteins that showed stage-specific changes in their accumulation pattern. Several proteins that are related to response to stress, cellular homeostasis, cellular component organization and carbohydrate metabolism were detected as being differentially accumulated 5. Three-dimensional electrophoresis for quantitative profiling of complex proteomes. PubMed Mauro, Sergio; Colignon, Bertrand; Dieu, Marc; Delaive, Edouard; Raes, Martine 2015-01-01 Quantitative 2D-gel-dependent proteomics became feasible with 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and this technique has gained wide acceptance because it has eliminated the gel to gel variations and greatly facilitated the quantitative comparisons across gels for many different experimental conditions. However, the co-migration of several proteins in the same spot is still a major limitation which detracts from the accuracy of comparative quantification and prevents unambiguous post-translational modifications (PTMs) detection.A protocol based on traditional polyacrylamide gel IEF sample fractionation, and followed by two consecutive SDS-PAGE electrophoreses alleviates co-migration limitations. The use of two different buffer systems for SDS-PAGE is central to the proposed approach. 6. Specific proteins synthesized during the viral lytic cycle in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells: analysis by high-resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Carrasco, L.; Bravo, R. 1986-05-01 The proteins synthesized in vaccinia-infected HeLa cells have been analyzed at different times after infection by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Vaccinia-infected cells present up to 198 polypeptides (138 acidic, isoelectric focusing; 60 basic, nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis) not detected in control cells. Cells infected in the presence of cycloheximide show 81 additional polypeptides after cycloheximide removal, resulting in a total estimate of 279 proteins induced after vaccinia infection. The glycoproteins made at various time postinfection were also analyzed. At least 13 proteins labeled with (/sup 3/H)glucosamine were detected in vaccinia-infected HeLa cells. 7. Specific proteins synthesized during the viral lytic cycle in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells: analysis by high-resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Central Carrasco, L; Bravo, R 1986-01-01 The proteins synthesized in vaccinia-infected HeLa cells have been analyzed at different times after infection by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Vaccinia-infected cells present up to 198 polypeptides (138 acidic, isoelectric focusing; 60 basic, nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis) not detected in control cells. Cells infected in the presence of cycloheximide show 81 additional polypeptides after cycloheximide removal, resulting in a total estimate of 279 proteins induced after vaccinia infection. The glycoproteins made at various times postinfection were also analyzed. At least 13 proteins labeled with [3H]glucosamine were detected in vaccinia-infected HeLa cells. Images PMID:3701923 8. Partial Immunoblotting of 2D-Gels: A Novel Method to Identify Post-Translationally Modified Proteins Exemplified for the Myelin Acetylome PubMed Central Kusch, Kathrin; Uecker, Marina; Liepold, Thomas; Möbius, Wiebke; Hoffmann, Christian; Neumann, Heinz; Werner, Hauke B.; Jahn, Olaf 2017-01-01 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in regulating protein function, yet their identification is technically demanding. Here, we present a straightforward workflow to systematically identify post-translationally modified proteins based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Upon colloidal Coomassie staining the proteins are partially transferred, and the investigated PTMs are immunodetected. This strategy allows tracking back the immunopositive antigens to the corresponding spots on the original gel, from which they are excised and mass spectrometrically identified. Candidate proteins are validated on the same membrane by immunodetection using a second fluorescence channel. We exemplify the power of partial immunoblotting with the identification of lysine-acetylated proteins in myelin, the oligodendroglial membrane that insulates neuronal axons. The excellent consistency of the detected fluorescence signals at all levels allows the differential comparison of PTMs across multiple conditions. Beyond PTM screening, our multi-level workflow can be readily adapted to clinical applications such as identifying auto-immune antigens or host-pathogen interactions. PMID:28248254 9. oriGNAI3: a narrow zone of preferential replication initiation in mammalian cells identified by 2D gel and competitive PCR replicon mapping techniques. PubMed Central Toledo, F; Baron, B; Fernandez, M A; Lachagès, A M; Mayau, V; Buttin, G; Debatisse, M 1998-01-01 The nature of mammalian origins of DNA replication remains controversial and this is primarily because two-dimensional gel replicon mapping techniques have identified broad zones of replication initiation whereas several other techniques, such as quantitative PCR, have disclosed more discrete sites of initiation at the same chromosomal loci. In this report we analyze the replication of an amplified genomic region encompassing the 3'-end of the GNAI3 gene, the entire GNAT2 gene and the intergenic region between them in exponentially growing Chinese hamster fibroblasts. These cells express GNAI3 but not GNAT2 . The replication pattern was first analyzed by two-dimensional neutral-alkaline gel electrophoresis. Surprisingly, the results revealed a small preferential zone of replication initiation, of at most 1.7 kb, located in a limited part of the GNAI3 - GNAT2 intergenic region. Mapping of this initiation zone was then confirmed by quantitative PCR. The agreement between the two techniques exploited here strengthens the hypothesis that preferred sites of replication initiation do exist in mammalian genomes. PMID:9580680 10. Double-stranded cucumovirus associated RNA 5: which sequence variations may be detected by optical melting and temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis? PubMed Steger, G; Po, T; Kaper, J; Riesner, D 1987-07-10 Sequence variants of the double-stranded form of satellite RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus (dsCARNA 5) were analyzed for the possibility to experimentally detect minor nucleotide sequence changes. Denaturation maps (helix-probability versus position of the nucleotide in the sequence versus temperature) were calculated applying the Poland algorithm. Optical denaturation curves and temperature-gradient gel mobility curves were simulated using the denaturation maps and were compared with experimental results from optical melting and temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (Tien Po et al., accompanying paper). Melting of the dsRNAs starts from both ends of the molecule in two transitions of low co-operativity, continues in the right part in a highly co-operative transition, and is finished in another highly co-operative transition including strand-separation. Whereas all parts of the molecule contribute uniformly to the optical melting curve, opening of the ends predominates in the retardation transition in gel electrophoresis. Detailed discussion of the influence of base pair changes in the sequence shows that a single base pair change may be detected by temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis, if it is located in certain favorable locations, whereas its detection in optical melting curves is possible only in very special cases. The systematic differences found in the accompanying paper between necrogenic and non-necrogenic dsCARNA 5 could be interpreted on the basis of such nucleotide sequence differences. 11. Detection of seminal fluid proteins in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. PubMed Reinhardt, K; Wong, C H; Georgiou, A S 2009-03-01 The global increase of the human parasite, the common bed bug Cimex lectularius, calls for specific pest control target sites. The bed bug is also a model species for sexual conflict theory which suggests that seminal fluids may be highly diverse. The species has a highly unusual sperm biology and seminal proteins may have unique functions. One-dimensional PAGE gels showed 40-50% band sharing between C. lectularius and another cimicid species, Afrocimex constrictus. However, adult, sexually rested C. lectularius males were found to store 5-7 microg of seminal protein and with only 60 microg of protein we obtained informative 2-D PAGE gels. These showed 79% shared protein spots between 2 laboratory populations, and more than half of the shared protein spots were detected in the mated female. Further analysis using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry revealed that 26.5% of the proteins had matches among arthropods in databases and 14.5% matched Drosophila proteins. These included ubiquitous proteins but also those more closely associated with reproduction such as moj 29, ubiquitin, the stress-related elongation factor EF-1 alpha, a protein disulfide isomerase and an antioxidant, Peroxiredoxin 6. 12. Brownian dynamics studies on DNA gel electrophoresis. I. Numerical method and periodic'' behavior of elongation-contraction motions Azuma, Ryuzo; Takayama, Hajime 2002-10-01 The dynamics of a DNA molecule which is undergoing constant field gel electrophoresis (CFGE) is studied by a Brownian dynamics simulation method we have developed. In the method a DNA molecule is modeled as a chain of spherical electrolyte beads and the gel as a three-dimensional array of immobile beads. With the constraint for the separation of each pair of bonded beads to be less than a certain fixed value, as well as with the excluded volume effect, the simultaneous Langevin equations of motion for the beads are solved by means of the Lagrangian multiplier method. The resultant mobilities μ as a function of electric field coincide satisfactorily with the corresponding experimental results, once the time, the length, and the field of the simulation are properly scaled. In relatively strong fields "periodic" behavior is found in the chain dynamics and is examined through the time evolution of the radius of the longer principal axis, Rl(t). It is found that the mean width of a peak in Rl(t), or a period of one elongation-contraction process of the chain, is proportional to the number of beads in the chain, M, while the mean period between two such adjacent peaks is independent of M for large M. These results, combined with the observation that the chain moves to the field direction by the distance proportional to M in each elongation-contraction motion, yield the saturation of mobility for large M. This explains the reason that CFGE cannot separate DNA according to their size L(∝M) for large L. 13. An improved plant leaf protein extraction method for high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and comparative proteomics. PubMed Alam, I; Sharmin, Sa; Kim, K-H; Kim, Y-G; Lee, Jj; Lee, B-H 2013-02-01 We report here a simple and universally applicable protocol for extracting high quality proteins from plant leaf tissues. The protocol provides improved resolution and reproducibility of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and reduces the time required to analyze samples. Partitioning rubisco by polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation provides clearer detection of low-abundance proteins. Co-extraction of interfering substances increases the sample conductivity, which results in poor electrophoretic separation. Re-extraction of PEG-fractionated samples with phenol effectively eliminated interfering substances, which results in optimal conductivity during separation in the first dimension of the isoelectric focusing. Smooth focusing reduces analysis time and provides superior resolution in 2-DE gels. Incubating the samples at -80° C instead of -20° C reduced protein precipitation time to 2-3 h. Removal of nonprotein contaminants and the use of sonication increased protein solubility without additional reagents. These changes enabled loading and separation of maximum amounts of proteins, which permitted improved protein identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). An immunological approach revealed that little or no ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphte bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase was present in the PEG supernatant. In addition, low-abundance proteins, such as myelocytomatosis transcription factor (MYC) and alpha subunit of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein complex (Gα), were detected only in the modified PEG supernatant and not in the total protein. These results suggest that our protocol produced high quality proteins and made many low-abundant proteins available for proteomic analysis. The successful application of this protocol for analyzing the leaf proteomes of soybean, Miscanthus sinensis, barley, Chinese cabbage, peanut and tea (Camellia sinensis) suggests 14. Texture analysis in gel electrophoresis images using an integrative kernel-based approach PubMed Central Fernandez-Lozano, Carlos; Seoane, Jose A.; Gestal, Marcos; Gaunt, Tom R.; Dorado, Julian; Pazos, Alejandro; Campbell, Colin 2016-01-01 Texture information could be used in proteomics to improve the quality of the image analysis of proteins separated on a gel. In order to evaluate the best technique to identify relevant textures, we use several different kernel-based machine learning techniques to classify proteins in 2-DE images into spot and noise. We evaluate the classification accuracy of each of these techniques with proteins extracted from ten 2-DE images of different types of tissues and different experimental conditions. We found that the best classification model was FSMKL, a data integration method using multiple kernel learning, which achieved AUROC values above 95% while using a reduced number of features. This technique allows us to increment the interpretability of the complex combinations of textures and to weight the importance of each particular feature in the final model. In particular the Inverse Difference Moment exhibited the highest discriminating power. A higher value can be associated with an homogeneous structure as this feature describes the homogeneity; the larger the value, the more symmetric. The final model is performed by the combination of different groups of textural features. Here we demonstrated the feasibility of combining different groups of textures in 2-DE image analysis for spot detection. PMID:26758643 15. Genetic diversity analysis of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasms using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PubMed Hou, W W; Zhang, X J; Shi, J B; Liu, Y J 2015-10-30 To investigate genetic diversity and relationships of 101 faba bean (Vicia faba L.), landraces and varieties from different provinces of China and abroad were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A total of 2625 unambiguous and stable bands from 101 germplasms were detected, and 36 different bands were classified according to the electrophoretic mobility patterns of the proteins as determined by the SDS-PAGE analysis, of which 16 were polymorphic. Besides the common bands, the protein bands of 92, 75, 62, 40, 34, 17, and 13 kDa presented the highest frequencies of 92.08, 90.10, 99.01, 95.05, 95.05, 98.02, and 95.05%, respectively. The other 29 polymorphic protein bands showed higher polymorphism with 16.09 polymorphic bands in average. The genetic similarity of the 101 genotypes tested varied from 0.6111 to 0.9722, with an average of 0.7122. Cluster analysis divided the 101 genotypes into six major clusters, which was consistent with the systematic classification of faba bean done in previous studies. The overall results indicated that SDS-PAGE was a useful tool for genetic diversity analysis and laid a solid foundation for future faba bean breeding. 16. Monitoring the bacterial population dynamics in sourdough fermentation processes by using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Meroth, Christiane B; Walter, Jens; Hertel, Christian; Brandt, Markus J; Hammes, Walter P 2003-01-01 Four sourdoughs (A to D) were produced under practical conditions by using a starter mixture of three commercially available sourdough starters and a baker's yeast constitutively containing various species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The sourdoughs were continuously propagated until the composition of the LAB flora remained stable. Two LAB-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) systems were established and used to monitor the development of the microflora. Depending on the prevailing ecological conditions in the different sourdough fermentations, only a few Lactobacillus species were found to be competitive and became dominant. In sourdough A (traditional process with rye flour), Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and a new species, L. mindensis, were detected. In rye flour sourdoughs B and C, which differed in the process temperature, exclusively L. crispatus and L. pontis became the predominant species in sourdough B and L. crispatus, L. panis, and L. frumenti became the predominant species in sourdough C. On the other hand, in sourdough D (corresponding to sourdough C but produced with rye bran), L. johnsonii and L. reuteri were found. The results of PCR-DGGE were consistent with those obtained by culturing, except for sourdough B, in which L. fermentum was also detected. Isolates of the species L. sanfranciscensis and L. fermentum were shown by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR analysis to originate from the commercial starters and the baker's yeast, respectively. 17. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Genotyping of Taylorella equigenitalis Isolates Collected in the United States from 1978 to 2010▿ PubMed Central Aalsburg, Alan M.; Erdman, Matthew M. 2011-01-01 Taylorella equigenitalis is the etiologic agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a venereal disease of horses. A total of 82 strains of T. equigenitalis isolated in the United States were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction enzyme ApaI. Twenty-eight of those strains isolated from horses in the 2009 U.S. outbreak (CEM09) were further analyzed with NotI and NaeI enzymes. When ApaI alone was used for analysis, the 82 isolates clustered into 15 different genotypes that clearly defined groups of horses with known epidemiological connections. The PFGE profiles of the CEM09 isolates were indistinguishable after digestion with ApaI, NotI, and NaeI and did not match those of isolates from previous U.S. outbreaks in 1978 and 2006 or of any other isolate from the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) culture library. Coupled with the fact that the CEM09 isolates are epidemiologically related, these results suggest a common source for the outbreak not linked to previous occurrences of CEM in the United States. PMID:21191049 18. Temporal and spatial distribution of Cronobacter isolates in a milk powder processing plant determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Hein, Ingeborg; Gadzov, Boris; Schoder, Dagmar; Foissy, Helmut; Malorny, Burkhard; Wagner, Martin 2009-03-01 A milk powder processing line was sampled for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae and the opportunistic neonatal pathogen Cronobacter at six different sampling sites during an 11-month period. The highest number of Enterobacteriaceae-positive samples was recovered from the raw milk concentrate before pasteurization (78.2%) and from nonproduct samples of the processing line (86.5%), which included swabs from the drying tower and screw conveyers, swabs from the explosion chamber, waste water after the automated cleaning-in-place procedure, air filter cut-outs, and floor samples underneath the outlet of the packaging machine. The prepackaged and packaged final product was contaminated at a rate of 6.6% and 7.1%, respectively. The prevalence of Cronobacter in the prefinal product and the prepackaged and packaged final product was 14.3%, 3.8%, and 2.1%, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of 133 Cronobacter isolates yielded 40 different PFGE profiles. Long-term persistence in the processing line of some of these PFGE profiles was observed. Comparison of the PFGE profiles recovered at different sampling sites revealed the supply air as a potential source for extrinsic Cronobacter contamination. In addition, recovery of the same PFGE profiles before and after CIP events followed by heat treatment indicated the inefficiency of these hygiene measures to completely eliminate Cronobacter from all areas of the processing line. This information provides an essential basis for developing control and prevention strategies concerning this opportunistic pathogen. 19. Analysis of cell wall extracts of Candida albicans by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot techniques. PubMed Central Ponton, J; Jones, J M 1986-01-01 Cell walls of intact yeast- and mycelial-phase Candida albicans B311 were extracted with different compounds: dithiothreitol, dithiothreitol with protease, dithiothreitol with lyticase, and dithiothreitol with protease followed by beta-glucuronidase with chitinase. Extracts were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot techniques. Dithiothreitol extracts contained the most satisfactory array of components for study. Analysis of these extracts demonstrated that the outer cell wall layers of Candida blastoconidia and germ tubes contained a complex array of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and proteins. The proteins contributed to a latticework stabilized by covalent bonds that was important in determining the porosity of the outer cell wall layers. When equivalent weights were analyzed, mycelial-phase extract contained a more varied array of proteins than did yeast-phase extract. Only a portion of proteins in mycelial-phase extract elicited antibody responses in hyperimmunized rabbits or infected humans. A polysaccharide-rich, high-molecular-weight component (migrating at a position that would correspond to proteins having molecular weights of 235,000 to 250,000) and a protein component (molecular weight, 19,000) were readily demonstrable in the mycelial-phase extract but could not be identified in the yeast-phase extract. Images PMID:3527986 20. Evaluation of the discriminatory power of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR fingerprinting for epidemiologic typing of Candida species. PubMed Voss, Andreas; Pfaller, Michael A.; Hollis, Richard J.; Melchers, Willem J.G.; Meis, Jacques F.G.M. 1998-02-01 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discriminatory power of genotyping methods (PCR fingerprinting and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) validated for Candida albicans in other Candida species. METHODS: Molecular typing methods are increasingly being applied for studies where the interpretation of data essentially relies on the typing results rather than epidemiologic data. In this situation, the discriminatory power (ability to identify differences among epidemiologically unrelated strains) of the typing method is important in allowing one to draw valid conclusions. By applying PCR fingerprinting, electrophoretic karyotyping, and restriction fragment endonuclease analysis using standard restriction enzymes and primers proven to be useful in previous studies, we evaluated whether the use of multiple genotyping methods is sufficient to delineate known unrelated strains among seven Candida species. RESULTS: All three methods identified individual genotypes for each of the seven Candida species studied. However, optimal strain delineation required the combined use of all three typing methods and was observed only within the small number of C. albicans and C. tropicalis isolates tested in this study. CONCLUSION: Typing assays that are able to delineate a certain Candida species may not be used blindly for other species of that genus. Regarding the limited number of strains tested, further validation of the discriminative power of genotyping methods (including in C. tropicalis) should be done. 1. Differences between two clinical Staphylococcus capitis subspecies as revealed by biofilm, antibiotic resistance, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiling. PubMed Cui, Bintao; Smooker, Peter M; Rouch, Duncan A; Daley, Andrew J; Deighton, Margaret A 2013-01-01 Coagulase-negative staphylococci have been identified as major causes of late-onset neonatal bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units. Sixty isolates of Staphylococcus capitis obtained from blood cultures of neonates between 2000 and 2005 were examined in this study. Biochemical analysis confirmed that 52 of these isolates belonged to the subsp. urealyticus, and the remaining 8 belonged to the subsp. capitis. Isolates of the predominant subsp. urealyticus clones were characterized by their resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and oxacillin and their biofilm formation ability, whereas subsp. capitis isolates were generally antibiotic susceptible and biofilm negative. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after SacII digestion separated the 60 isolates into five major clusters. Sequence analysis showed that, in S. capitis, the ica operon plus the negative regulator icaR was 4,160 bp in length. PCRs demonstrated the presence of the ica operon in all isolates. Further analysis of five isolates (two biofilm-positive subsp. urealyticus, one biofilm-negative subsp. urealyticus, and two biofilm-negative subsp. capitis) revealed that the ica operons were identical in all of the biofilm-positive subsp. urealyticus strains; however, the biofilm-negative isolates showed variations. The distinctive phenotypic and genotypic characteristics revealed by this study may affect the epidemiology of the two subspecies of S. capitis in the clinical setting. These results may provide a better understanding of the contribution of these two species to bloodstream infections in neonates. 2. Differences between fertilized and unfertilized chicken egg white proteins revealed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomic analysis. PubMed Qiu, Ning; Liu, Wen; Ma, Meihu; Zhao, Lei; Li, Yuqi 2013-03-01 The egg white protein alterations during the early phase of chicken embryonic development were recently reported by our laboratory. Nevertheless, the original albumen differences between fresh unfertilized and fertilized chicken eggs have not been investigated. By using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS) method, 1 ovalbumin protein spot as well as 6 ovalbumin-related protein Y spots were identified showing more than 10-fold differences (P < 0.01) in abundance between fresh unfertilized and fertilized chicken egg whites. Six of these protein spots represented higher intensity in fertilized eggs through 2-DE analysis. It was thus concluded that ovalbumin protein family, especially ovalbumin-related protein Y, may play an important role in embryonic development, which still needs to be validated. This finding will provide insight into embryogenesis to improve our understanding of the functions of ovalbumin family proteins in regulating or supporting embryonic development. 3. Variations among Japanese of the factor IX gene (F9) detected by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Satoh, Chiyoko; Takahashi, Norio; Asakawa, Junichi; Hiyama, Keiko; Kodaira, Meiko ) 1993-01-01 In the course of feasibility studies to examine the efficiencies and practicalities of various techniques for screening for genetic variations, the human coagulation factor IX (F9) genes of 63 Japanese families were examined by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Four target sequences with lengths of 983-2,891 bp from the F9 genes of 126 unrelated individuals from Hiroshima and their 100 children were amplified by PCR, digested with restriction enzymes to approximately 500-bp fragments, and examined by DGGE - a total of 6,724 bp being examined per individual. GC-rich sequences (GC-clamps) of 40 bp were attached to both ends of the target sequences, as far as was feasible. Eleven types of new nucleotide substitutions were detected in the population, none of which produced RFLPs or caused hemophilia B. By examining two target sequences in a single lane, approximately 8,000 bp in a diploid individual could be examined. This approach is very effective for the detection of variations in DNA and is applicable to large-scale population studies. 46 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab. 4. Monitoring the Bacterial Population Dynamics in Sourdough Fermentation Processes by Using PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Meroth, Christiane B.; Walter, Jens; Hertel, Christian; Brandt, Markus J.; Hammes, Walter P. 2003-01-01 Four sourdoughs (A to D) were produced under practical conditions by using a starter mixture of three commercially available sourdough starters and a baker's yeast constitutively containing various species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The sourdoughs were continuously propagated until the composition of the LAB flora remained stable. Two LAB-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) systems were established and used to monitor the development of the microflora. Depending on the prevailing ecological conditions in the different sourdough fermentations, only a few Lactobacillus species were found to be competitive and became dominant. In sourdough A (traditional process with rye flour), Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and a new species, L. mindensis, were detected. In rye flour sourdoughs B and C, which differed in the process temperature, exclusively L. crispatus and L. pontis became the predominant species in sourdough B and L. crispatus, L. panis, and L. frumenti became the predominant species in sourdough C. On the other hand, in sourdough D (corresponding to sourdough C but produced with rye bran), L. johnsonii and L. reuteri were found. The results of PCR-DGGE were consistent with those obtained by culturing, except for sourdough B, in which L. fermentum was also detected. Isolates of the species L. sanfranciscensis and L. fermentum were shown by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR analysis to originate from the commercial starters and the baker's yeast, respectively. PMID:12514030 5. Triton X-114 cloud point extraction to subfractionate blood plasma proteins for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. PubMed Jessen, Flemming; Wulff, Tune 2015-09-15 A simple and reproducible procedure for enrichment of a plasma protein subfraction suitable for two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2DE) was developed, using a Triton X-114-based cloud point extraction (CPE). Appropriate conditions for such a CPE procedure were found by SDS-PAGE to be a plasma protein concentration of about 10mg/ml in 3% (w/v) Triton X-114. 2DE of proteins obtained by CPE of 400 μl of human plasma revealed about 200 spots constituting a spot pattern very different from the pattern of total plasma. The CPE procedure only had a limited contribution to the technical variation. Identification of about 60 spots, representing only 22 proteins, revealed that several proteins in the obtained subfraction were present in more isoforms or modifications. Among these were apolipoproteins (A-1, D, E, L1, and M), haptoglobin-related protein, phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase, serum amyloid A, and serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1, which are proteins of a hydrophobic nature, as in plasma they relate to lipoprotein particles. Thus, Triton X-114-based CPE is a simple plasma prefractionation tool, attractive for detailed 2DE studies of hydrophobic plasma proteins and their isoforms or modifications. 6. Seven New Mutations in hMSH2, an HNPCC Gene, Identified by Denaturing Gradient-Gel Electrophoresis PubMed Central Wijnen, Juul; Vasen, Hans; Khan, P. Meera; Menko, Fred H.; van der Klift, Heleen; van Leeuwen, Claus; van den Broek, Marianne; van Leeuwen-Cornelisse, Inge; Nagengast, Fokko; Meijers-Heijboer, Anne; Lindhout, Dick; Griffioen, Gerrit; Cats, Annemieke; Kleibeuker, Jan; Varesco, Liliana; Bertario, Lucio; Bisgaard, Marie Luise; Mohr, Jan; Fodde, Riccardo 1995-01-01 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a relatively common autosomal dominant cancer-susceptibility condition. The recent isolation of the DNA mismatch repair genes (hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1, and hPMS2) responsible for HNPCC has allowed the search for germ-line mutations in affected individuals. In this study we used denaturing gradient-gel electrophoresis to screen for mutations in the hMSH2 gene. Analysis of all the 16 exons of hMSH2, in 34 unrelated HNPCC kindreds, has revealed seven novel pathogenic germ-line mutations resulting in stop codons either directly or through frameshifts. Additionally, nucleotide substitutions giving rise to one missense, two silent, and one useful polymorphism have been identified. The proportion of families in which hMSH2 mutations were found is 21%. Although the spectrum of mutations spread at the hMSH2 gene among HNPCC patients appears extremely heterogeneous, we were not able to establish any correlation between the site of the individual mutations and the corresponding tumor spectrum. Our results indicate that, given the genomic size and organization of the hMSH2 gene and the heterogeneity of its mutation spectrum, a rapid and efficient mutation detection procedure is necessary for routine molecular diagnosis and presymptomatic detection of the disease in a clinical setup. ImagesFigure 1 PMID:7726159 7. Analysis of HLA-DR from alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis SciTech Connect Ferro, T.J.; Monos, D.S.; Spear, B.T.; Rossman, M.D.; Zmijewski, C.M.; Kamoun, M.; Daniele, R.P. 1986-03-01 Human blood monocytes (BM) are more effective than alveolar macrophages (AM) in promoting lymphocyte proliferation to antigen. To further understand these differences, the HLA-DR molecules synthesized by these two cell types were compared. AM were prepared by adherence of cells obtained by bronchoscopic lavage; BM were prepared by adherence of blood mononuclear cells from the same normal volunteer. Cells were cultured for 7 hours with /sup 3/H-leucine and HLA-DR was immunoprecipitated with the murine monoclonal antibody L243. Immunoprecipitates were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In three experiments, protein synthetic rate was greater and more HLA-DR was immunoprecipitated per cell in BM than in AM. Isoelectric focusing showed identical charge variation for BM and AM. However, molecular weight analysis of AM HLA-DR revealed multiple bands of slightly different molecular weight for each beta-chain peptide, whereas only a single band occurred with BM HLA-DR. Neuraminidase treatment reduced the charge heterogeneity but did not affect the molecular weight differences. These findings may relate to the differential ability of AM and BM to promote lymphocyte proliferation to antigen. 8. Succession of bacterial community structure along the Changjiang River determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis. PubMed Sekiguchi, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Masataka; Nakahara, Tadaatsu; Xu, Baohua; Uchiyama, Hiroo 2002-10-01 Bacterial community structure along the Changjiang River (which is more than 2,500 km long) was studied by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone library analysis of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) with universal bacterial primer sets. DGGE profiles and principal-component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the bacterial community gradually changed from upstream to downstream in both 1998 and 1999. Bacterial diversity, as determined by the Shannon index (H'), gradually decreased from upstream to downstream. The PCA plots revealed that the differences in the bacterial communities among riverine stations were not appreciable compared with the differences in two adjacent lakes, Lake Dongting and Lake Poyang. The relative stability of the bacterial communities at the riverine stations was probably due to the buffering action of the large amount of water flowing down the river. Clone library analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that the dominant bacterial groups changed from beta-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group upstream to high-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria downstream and also that the bacterial community structure differed among the stations in the river and the lakes. The results obtained in this study should provide a reference for future changes caused by construction of the Three Gorges Dam. 9. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing, antibiotic resistance, and plasmid profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from foods. PubMed Uysal, Ahmet; Durak, Yusuf 2012-11-01 Bacterial contamination in foods and antimicrobial resistance levels of common pathogenic strains causing food-borne disease are important in human health. Thus, typing technologies are important tools to determine primary sources of bacterial contamination. In this study, 40 Escherichia coli strains isolated from 85 food samples were evaluated in terms of genetic diversity, susceptibility to certain antibiotics, and plasmid profiles. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to identify the genetic relations of E. coli isolates. It was determined that the 40 E. coli strains revealed 32 different pulsotypes represented by 6 subtypes. Antibiotic susceptibility tests conducted by using a disc diffusion method against 15 antibiotics showed that although the isolates revealed 14 different types of resistance profiles, the strains showed the greatest resistance to ampicillin (77.5%), followed by ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (30%), tetracycline (22.5%), and cephalothin (14.5%). Plasmid isolations studies of the strains conducted by the method of alkaline lysis revealed that 18 (45%) of 40 E. coli strains contain 31 different plasmid bands ranging between 64.4 and 1 kb. The results showed that PFGE was a powerful method in tracking sources of food contamination and that the antibiotic resistance levels of food isolates were high and should be monitored. 10. Genotypes, antibiogram, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of Escherichia coli strains from piglets in Korea. PubMed Lee, Su In; Rayamahji, Nabin; Lee, Won Jung; Cha, Seung Bin; Shin, Min Kyung; Roh, Yu Mi; Yoo, Han Sang 2009-07-01 Adherence factors and enterotoxins are major virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Antibiotics have been used frequently for the treatment and prevention of ETEC infection in piggeries worldwide, including Korea. Therefore, data on both virulence profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns are useful in the epidemiological study of ETEC. A total number of 198 E. coli field isolates were examined. The most prevalent pathotype was F1, followed by a combination of F1 and EAST1. All of the 71 isolates were resistant to more than 2 antibiotics used in a disk diffusion test, and 87.94% of the isolates were found to be resistant to more than 4 antibiotics. Investigations were also conducted to correlate the virulence gene profiles with antibiogram and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Although a high degree of polymorphism was noted among strains having the same virulence patterns, the highest similarity pattern was observed carrying the same virulence profiles and similar antibiogram. Thus, investigation of both virulence profiles and antibiogram is essential to the epidemiological study of ETEC. Moreover, the PFGE method might be applicable as a tool to reveal genetic relatedness among E. coli strains from piggeries in Korea. 11. A pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) map of twelve loci on chromosome 11q11-q13 SciTech Connect Petty, E.M.; Bale, A.E. ); Arnold, A. ); Marx, S.J. ) 1993-02-01 We report a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis map of 12 loci on proximal human chromosome 11q. Linkage studies have shown that this region of chromosome 11 contains the genes for familial atopic disease (APY) and multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1) (4). A physical map containing polymorphic loci will aid in the isolation of these disease genes. The map reported here has two noncontiguous groups of loci accounting for 8 of the 12 loci evaluated. One group spans a maximum distance of 1600 kb and included D11S146, BCL1, PRAD1, INT2, and HSTF1. The other group includes FTY1, C1NH, and COX8. TCN1, PGA, and PYGM did not yield any comigrating fragments and could not be physically linked on this PFGE map. These data enhance previously published physical maps of proximal 11q by refining the localization of and distances between markers in the BCL1 region. Additionally, new information about the locations and physical relationships between FTH1, C1NH, and COX 8 is presented. 14 refs., 3 figs. 12. Incidence and molecular epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremias in patients with acute leukemia: analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. PubMed Fanci, R; Paci, C; Anichini, P; Pecile, P; Marra, G; Casini, C; Nicoletti, P 2003-10-01 The incidence and molecular epidemiology of P. aeruginosa bacteremias, were monitored in patients with acute leukemia to define mechanisms of possible nosocomial transmission. From September 1997 to March 2001 febrile episodes were examined and blood isolates of P. aeruginosa were studied employing Pulsed-Field gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Evaluation of DNA correlation was performed according to Tenover criteria. A total of 309 febrile episodes occurred in 187 patients. Of 139 organisms isolated in 116 bacteremias, 48% were gram negative bacilli (GNB); P. aeruginosa bacteremias were recorded in 34 (51%) of GNB sepsis. Evaluation of DNA correlation showed 2 related in 1997, 7 related in 1998, 10 related in 1999, 6 related in 2000-2001 (mainly closely and possibly related); therefore isolates closely related among themselves were also possibly related with other strains. About 60% of patients with related strains were hospitalized in the same room or in different rooms but became infected in the same period. Our data suggest a horizontal spread among the patients even if other sources were possible. The study assessed the usefulness of PFGE in bacteriological epidemiology. 13. Application of temperature gradient gel electrophoresis to the study of yeast diversity in the estuary of the Tagus river, Portugal. PubMed 2004-12-01 Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) was employed for the assessment of yeast diversity in the estuary of the Tagus river (Portugal). The molecular detection of yeasts was carried out directly from water samples and, in parallel, a cultivation approach by means of an enrichment step was employed. A nested PCR was employed to obtain a fungal amplicon containing the D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene. For identification the TGGE bands were extracted, re-amplified, and sequenced. Fourteen fungal taxa were detected and all except one were yeasts. Most yeast sequences corresponded to members of the Ascomycota and only three belonged to the Basidiomycota. Five yeasts (four ascomycetes and one basidiomycete) could not be identified to the species level due to the uniqueness of their sequences. The number of species detected after enrichment was higher than the number of taxa found using the direct detection method. This suggests that some yeast populations are present in densities that are below the detection threshold of the method. With respect to the analysis of the yeast community structure, our results indicate that the dominant populations belong to Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Cryptococcus longus, and to an uncultured basidiomycetous yeast phylogenetically close to Cr. longus. The combined analysis of direct detection and cultivation approaches indicates a similar community structure at the two sampled sites since nine species were present at both localities. 14. Profiling of a microbial community under confined conditions in a fed-batch garbage decomposer by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. PubMed Horisawa, Sakae; Sakuma, Yoh; Nakamura, Yasunori; Doi, Shuichi 2008-05-01 In order to determine the conditions for the maximum performance of a fed-batch composting (FBC) reactor, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to analyze the microbial communities established under the confined conditions of moisture content and environmental temperature. To evaluate the effects of microbial community structures on the performance of FBC reactors, degradation experiments using small-scale reactors and model waste were conducted under confined environmental conditions. A high degradation rate was observed under a wide range of MC conditions (30-60%) and at higher than usual temperatures (30-50 degrees C). The microbial communities that formed in the experimental FBC reactors were analyzed by DGGE of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. The DGGE banding patterns at the same level as the degradation rates were similar even if the environmental conditions were different. Sequence analysis of the DGGE bands revealed the primary microbes which act in the reactor. 15. <	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6044474840164185, "perplexity": 10755.875685995768}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689897.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924062956-20170924082956-00645.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/geometry/215283-width-150mm-diameter-47mm-length-should-have-tried-harder-math-class.html	# Thread: Width = 150mm, Diameter = 47mm, Length = ? Should have tried harder in math class 1. ## Width = 150mm, Diameter = 47mm, Length = ? Should have tried harder in math class Hi. I wish to design a pattern to go on a rolling pin (cylinder). The pins length is 150mm. It's diameter 47mm. What size canvass should I be working on Width = 150mm, Length = ? Any help would be much appreciated. Best, Lee 2. ## Re: Width = 150mm, Diameter = 47mm, Length = ? Should have tried harder in math class The circumference of a cylindrical rolling pin is $\pi D$. So that's $3.14 \times 47$mm = 147.7 mm. 3. ## Re: Width = 150mm, Diameter = 47mm, Length = ? Should have tried harder in math class Perfect. Thanks ebaines.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9643283486366272, "perplexity": 6030.245051260984}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661640.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00198-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://kirschpanda.de/matplotlib-border-width.html	# Matplotlib Border Width matplotlib/matplotlib. API docs for the Border class from the painting library, for the Dart programming language. me in a month's time) I'm going to record some of my newly-gained knowledge here. 1) creates 250 numbers ranging from 0 to 25 in increments of 0. 5 ## the border between the axes and legend edge #legend. Classes for including text in a figure. shape[1] M = np. If not provided, a new figure will be created, and the figure number will be incremented. Syntax of Matplotlib Figsize. import matplotlib. Colab applies some default styles to Maplotlib using the Seaborn visualization library, hence the gray ggplot2-esque background instead of the Matplotlib defaults. Matplotlib remove top and right border. A swirl of names and packages has accumulated in the world of scientific Python that can Matplotlib is the extensive plotting library that is the subject of this article. plot takes optional arguments that are passed to the Matplotlib functions. Unnecessary detail (also known as chartjunk) makes it more difficult to read a visual display of information. ipython/profile_default/static/custom/custom. Uploaded by. Let’s make the legend fully opaque and remove the frame altogether: # Legend properties legend. Cuomo said Tuesday that all. xmin, xmax: scalar or 1D array_like. Matplotlib: Plot a Function y=f(x). 1) python width matplotlib border. rcParams['axes. We do this using a magic command, starting with %. We fix that by putting a part of the border on the caption itself:. Create A Self Expanding Chart In Excel. gridspec import GridSpec fig = plt. Controlling the colour, thickness and style (solid, dashed, dotted etc) of the lines. The function np. You can remove element to remove green border, remove element or change value to 5dp to remove red border. aspect (scalar, optional) – Aspect ratio of plot, so that aspect * size gives the width in inches. set_axis_off(), but these functions clear the white background as well (along with the ticks, spines, and axis labels). The source code of this SVG is valid. As a data scientist, it proves to be helpful to learn the concepts and related Python code, which can. In matplotlib, you can draw antialiased lines with any color, style, and width you want. 1) creates 250 numbers ranging from 0 to 25 in increments of 0. set_linewidth(0) plt. read_csv('workout_log. coins ()[50:-50. Matplotlib是Python一個著名的繪圖package. 3: cursor: The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type set to different values like an arrow, dot, etc. Chapter 7: Matplotlib. Table des matières. There are several ways you can use Matplotlib in DSS: To display charts within a Jupyter notebook. Below are the scatter plot examples with various parameters. add_axes((left_2, bottom_2, width_2, height_2)) ax2. Read/write XlLineStyle, xlGray25, xlGray50, xlGray75, or xlAutomatic. com is the number one paste tool since 2002. 10: Highlightcolor. This property can have from one to four values. 2 version PyCharm reports "Matplotlib support failed" when trying to execute import matplotlib. class matplotlib. 50, hspace=1. But on the other hand, it is stretching the y-axis to 30. Subplots combine multiple plots into a single frame. morphology import closing, square from skimage. Matplotlib是Python一個著名的繪圖package. we can define, that our graph should begin at 20 % from the bottom and 15 % to the left side of the available figure area:. We fix that by putting a part of the border on the caption itself:. Remember, Seaborn is a high-level interface to Matplotlib. import matplotlib. However if by "secondary axis" you mean a twinned axes. The other button locate below the first button, and it’s border color is red, it’s width fill the screen width horizontally. Annotation (text, xy, xytext=None, xycoords='data', textcoords=None, arrowprops=None, annotation_clip=None, *kwargs) [source] ¶. python matplotlib border width? import matplotlib as mpl. A Practical Introduction to Graphs (Network Diagrams) July 05, 2020 in Python. So with this knowledge, Matplotlib is drawing the x-axis of the plot to be up to 10. Matplotlib: Pyplot By Example. 1 documentation. This includes. matplotlib入門 matplotlibの基本 figureとaxes. Fact-checking Trumps claim that the Southern border with. ylim : tuple of 2 elements or None, optional (default=None) Tuple passed to ax. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity of programming Languages. To browse all docs, go to devdocs. import pandas as pd import matplotlib. pyplot as plt. figure(figsize = (4. I have two panels that share a common x-axis. Now, let’s see how the previous plot looks with our new matplotlib style! We use the following code:. I have scatter plot and I want to trace the border of that. linewidth'] = 0. read_csv('UNRATE. By default, the Matplotlib charts are rather bland, but the creator of Matplotlib left the door wide open to customization. We introduce two methods that use different coordinates in Matplotlib. Almost all vector drawing makes use of Paths somewhere in the drawing pipeline. Let’s make the legend fully opaque and remove the frame altogether: # Legend properties legend. set_linewidth (), we remove the legend border. The following are all valid border-bottom-width values set. The style we used on this page includes a gray border around the figure. More specifically, here we will be importing the "pyplot" interface to matplotlib. aspect (scalar, optional) – Aspect ratio of plot, so that aspect size gives the width in inches. In this example, the four-point wide border covers the. Vous souhaitez ajuster la bordure de la ligne de taille? Vous avez besoin d'utiliser ax. rowLoc: {'left', 'center', 'right'}, optional, default: 'left' The text alignment of the row header cells. 从零开始学Python【19】--matplotlib(树地图) - 前言用可视化的方法来表达离散变量的数值情况，不仅仅可以使用条形图、饼图、热力图，我们还可以借助于树地图来完成。. We can use the matplotlib bar function to make bar graphs in python. And we'll do the calculations for you (TM) Ah great. pyplot as plt >>> from scipy import interpolate. set_facecolor( '0. The figure below illustrates the system. className: string. You can set the line style using the linestyle parameter. I have made the border around the plot thicker as well as making all of the tick marks along the axes thicker. Borders demo. This code shows how to generate a figure with just only a table using Python and matplotlib. import matplotlib. The Python matplotlib pyplot has a bar function, which helps us to create a bar chart or bar plot from the given X values, height, and width. I ran some code and realized it is only working on the first bar. By default, it is 30. we can define, that our graph should begin at 20 % from the bottom and 15 % to the left side of the available figure area:. 👋 Sign in for the ability sort posts by top and latest. The syntax of the bar() function to be used with the axes is as follows:- plt. You may also want to check out all available functions/classes of the module matplotlib. The border-width property sets the width of an element's four borders. 3984190) 52. Interesting. expression A variable that represents a Border object. import matplotlib. png" style="" width="88" height="36" border="0". rc file or within your python script, e. The default option specifies that the trough contains no border whereas the arrowheads and slider contain the 2-pixel border size. Not only is matplotlib free and open source, but I've found it can accomplish almost any plotting You can set global parameters using the rc module in matplotlib. Once you've got the basics down, you'll probably want to learn how to customize the charts a bit. Download Jupyter notebook: plot_mec. edgecolor : This parameter is the border color. sqrt(numimages))) n1 = int(np. 使用Matplotlib绘制常用的折线图、纵向柱状图、横向柱状图和散点图 #第一步：导入模块读取文件准备数据 import matplotlib. 2, matplotlib 2. rc customizations for fonts →. If you declare a border-image-source and a border width or border-image-width without any slices, the entire unsliced image will be placed at the four corners of the element, scaled to your specified width. Beautiful plots can be created by experimenting with various settings, among which hues, transparencies and simple layouts are the focal points. By going through the data without any visualization, it gets very to receive insights from it. To change border color or style, click the arrow nect to Borders and pick a Line Style or Line Color. learnpython). The default option specifies that the trough contains no border whereas the arrowheads and slider contain the 2-pixel border size. plot([0, 1], [0, 1. plot(x, y). @gillesjac_twitter This is probably best discussed on discourse. figsize (tuple, optional) – A tuple (width, height) of the figure in inches. A Practical Introduction to Graphs (Network Diagrams) July 05, 2020 in Python. Lattice graphics ( spplot ). drawKorea 함수만 이해해도 왠만한건 할 수 있을것 같다. img_width: It represents the width of the CAPTCHA image. The Legend class can be considered as a container of legend handles and legend texts. The x coordinates of the bars. hist(data, bins=None) with list as an iterable containing the start and end point of each bin. Matplotlib is probably the most full featured plotting library out there. Beri nama project “DemoSocketClientServer” dan letakkan file project sesuai keinginan. pyplot as plt. 1 introduces a new command tight_layout() that does this automatically for you. You want to show. The width of borders is defined by the property border-width, which can obtain the values thin, medium, and thick, or a numeric value, indicated in pixels. [email protected] The border width of each map area. # the matplotlib. patches as mpatches from skimage import data from skimage. set_ linewidth(0. 이 부분의 본문은 위키백과의. ones(((height+border)n0+border, (width+border)n1+border), dtype=' > Thanks for your response, what I'm trying to find - is a way to > have the whole subplot stop displaying non-data related parts of > it, like when we use the back and forward arrows on the matplotlib > toolbar, the subplot goes off the boundaries and can display as > white space (or the color of the subplot background). Code is as follows: fig = plt. The key to using subplots is to decide the layout of the subplots and to then configure each subplot ind. Hi Michael, MH> The Axes object has a method for turning on the frame: MH> set_frame_on(). get_fontconfig_fonts() # font_location = '/usr/share/fonts/truetype/nanum/NanumGothicOTF. You can set the line style using the linestyle parameter. Text, matplotlib. inRange() function. The style we used on this page includes a gray border around the figure. bar The bars are positioned at x with the given alignment. Other Excel Tips You Might Like. Rectangle instance surrounding the legend 即外框 frame = leg. add a border to an element whose with is only a fraction of the element's width h1 { span { width : auto; height : 50px; position: relative; z-index : 1. width_coef : float, optional (default=0. View on GitHub. Change the width of your image by using \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{} Refer to pictures in your document by setting a \label and using the \ref tag; Set the position of your image by adding a float option such as [h!] If you want to show multiple figures next to each other, use the subcaption package and the subfigure environment. Let’s say you want to set the size of a figure in matplotlib, say because you want the captions to match the font size on a poster (this came up for me recently). Grouped Horizontal Bar Chart Matplotlib. axhline and axvline to Plot Horizontal and Vertical Lines in Matplotlib. edgecolor : This parameter is the border color. pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline. highcharts-point class. I ran some code and realized it is only working on the first bar. The function returns a Matplotlib container object with all bars. In this blog, we will work on how to draw a matplotlib pie chart? To draw pie char use plt. className: string. This is several years after you asked the question, but the only way I've found to do it is to change the matplotlib. finance になってるけど matplotlib. Facebook Graphics, Glitter Graphics, Animated Gifs, Reactions. BAR CHART ANNOTATIONS WITH PANDAS AND MATPLOTLIB Robert Mitchell June 15, 2015. We're using Google's Colaboratory (aka "Colab") to create our visualizations. matplotlib で複数のグラフを描く場合に subplot を使いますが、グラフ間の距離が近すぎて見づらくなるケースがあります。たとえばグラフにタイ. 50, hspace=1. Each symbol's color and size can be set. To broaden the plot, set. Matplotlib Remove Top And Right Border. Plot With Grid Lines. Create A Chart Super Quick With One Click. Most bar charts do not use the width or area of the bar to represent anything, so the size of the bar is, at best, chart junk, or, at worst, misleading. gridspec import GridSpec fig = plt. 1; ipywidgets 7. axis('off') or ax. The add_axes method takes a list of four values, which are xmin, ymin, dx, and dy for the subplot, where xmin and ymin are the coordinates of the lower left corner of the subplot, and dx and dy are the width and height of the subplot, with all values specified in relative units (where 0 is left/bottom and 1 is top/right). bootstrap substractive border right. get_frame() frame. If 'default', the default matplotlib style is used. from wordcloud import WordCloud, STOPWORDS %matplotlib inline # 텍스트를 넣습니다. You may refer to the following guide for the instructions to install a package in. View on GitHub. text ¶ Classes for including text in a figure. The column widths in units of the axes. Border radius generator – Apply border radius to the corners of your elements, setting it globally or for each individual corner. Making dotplots using Python and matplotlib is not well documented that I could find, so I figured it out myself with the help of many Google results. Matplotlib remove top and right border. For manipulating a figure build with matplotlib, it is sometimes requested to convert it in a format understandable by other python libraries. Of particular concern were the huge numbers of commuters who cross state borders from New Jersey and Connecticut, which share transit links with New York. Matplotlib, SciPy, NumPy, and all that. A Practical Introduction to Graphs (Network Diagrams) July 05, 2020 in Python. Three-Dimensional Plotting in Matplotlib. When editing a visual display of information, it is important to carefully analyze the role of each component that makes up a visualization. Border radius generator – Apply border radius to the corners of your elements, setting it globally or for each individual corner. The border-width property sets the width of an element's four borders. 所有浏览器都支持 border-width 属性。注释：任何的版本的 Internet Explorer （包括 IE8） border-width 简写属性为元素的所有边框设置宽度，或者单独地为各边边框设置宽度。只有当边框样. Classes for including text in a figure. 1], label='Label 2') ax. 2 Nov 02 2018 Right click the INSTALL project and select Build. We can use the matplotlib bar function to make bar graphs in python. class matplotlib. This can be achieved by adding the line property to the marker object. hist(), passing bins='auto' gives you the “ideal” number of bins. Looking for matplotlib Keywords? Try Ask4Keywords. The width(s) of the bars. Related Topics. If you have a nice notebook you’d like to add here, or you’d like to make some other edits, please see the SciPy-CookBook repository. linewidths = 1 sets the border width of the marker symbol used; edgecolors=’b’ sets the colour of the marker symbol edge to blue; Matplotlib supports all HTML colour codes which can be passed in as arguments. Create A Self Expanding Chart In Excel. The colors of the row header cells. PyQt5, googletrans, pyautogui, pywin32, xlrd, xlwt, Python, NumPy, Matplotlib. The Tkinter module (“Tk interface”) is the standard Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit. If not provided,. table package, which looks promising. You can get all HTML colour codes here. rcParams['axes. Their dimensions are given by height and width. The border-width property sets the width of an element's four borders. _AnnotationBase. Matplotlib查找 matplotlibrc 1. bar(x, height, width, bottom, align). 棒の太さ (デフォルト値: 0. ipython/profile_default/static/custom/custom. So I currently have 2 histograms from 2 separate dataframes. Matplotlib Remove Top And Right Border. Saharawi demonstrators have shut down a border crossing with Mauritania in order to draw attention to their plight ahead of the United Nations' renewal of its mission in Western Sahara. Defaults to 1. 82 KB 一键复制编辑 Web IDE 原始数据按行查看历史. You can set the width of the plot line using the linewidth parameter. 80' ) # set the frame face color to light gray. Subplots combine multiple plots into a single frame. 0 API documentation with instant search, offline support, keyboard shortcuts, mobile You're browsing the Matplotlib 2. For the entire series of Seaborn, we will be using Matplotlib library to plot the data and show it in a proper visualized manner. The vertical baseline is bottom (default 0). pyplot as plt >>> from scipy import interpolate. matplotlib. xlim : tuple of 2 elements or None, optional (default=None) Tuple passed to ax. Facebook Graphics, Glitter Graphics, Animated Gifs, Reactions. If you don't set this value, it will use the border_radius value. In matplotlib, you can draw antialiased lines with any color, style, and width you want. import matplotlib. For manipulating a figure build with matplotlib, it is sometimes requested to convert it in a format understandable by other python libraries. segmentation import clear_border from skimage. The python-catalin is a blog created by Catalin George Festila. Use border(_:width:) to draw a border of a specified width around the view's frame. img_width: It represents the width of the CAPTCHA image. sqrt(numimages))) n1 = int(np. So, for the benefit of posterity (i. It represents the border width. coins ()[50:-50. table creates tables that often hang beneath stacked bar charts to provide readers insight into the data above. Berikut ini contoh implementasi komunikasi perangkat menggunakan Socket pada protocol TCP. axhline and axvline to Plot Horizontal and Vertical Lines in Matplotlib. figure(figsize = (4. You can use this pandas plot function on both the Series and DataFrame. By default, it is 150. To browse all docs, go to devdocs. Check your new border width in the preview diagram. import matplotlib. If arg is a number, use that aspect ratio. Text, matplotlib. me in a month's time) I'm going to record some of my newly-gained knowledge here. Although it has all gone well, it hasn't been entirely obvious how to do certain things. add_subplot (gs [0, 0]) plt. In Matplotlib you can do this by adding additional Axes to the same Figure as many times as you need to. io (or press esc). Pyplot is a state-based interface to a Matplotlib module which provides a MATLAB-like interface. plot([1,2,3,4,10]) #> [] I just gave a list of numbers to plt. # 10 points to the right of the left border of the axes and # 5 points below the top border xy=(10,-5), xycoords=’axes points’ The annotation_clip attribute contols the visibility of the annotation when it goes outside the axes area. LineStyle property (Excel) 03/07/2019; 2 minutes to read; In this article. Matplotlib Remove Top And Right Border. Matplotlib comes with a set of default settings that allow customizing all kinds of properties. Matplotlib provides a function that almost does this: plt. Copy the colour code of your choice and prepend it with a '#' symbol and set it to the. View on GitHub. 2 version PyCharm reports "Matplotlib support failed" when trying to execute import matplotlib. """ numimages = M. matplotlib This package is the Python library that is currently most popular for producing plots and other data visualizations in 2D. 0) + cos (b. 以下我總結 Matplotlib 的官方學習指南. png" style="" width="88" height="36" border="0". Additionally I will use matplotlib to generate a dynamic graph based on the provided user input data. 2 Nov 02 2018 Right click the INSTALL project and select Build. We're using Google's Colaboratory (aka "Colab") to create our visualizations. Find the code "myBorderWidth" and change the number, save it and reload Xmonad with ALT + R. import matplotlib. Matplotlib remove top and right border. The building blocks of Matplotlib library is 2-D NumPy Arrays. Matplotlib: plot border, removing and setting width Posted in Uncategorized by ryanlayer on December 17, 2013 Tagged with: border, matplotlib. figaspect(arg)¶ Create a figure with specified aspect ratio. English: The Mandelbrot set, plotted with Python and Matplotlib. Here is an example of adding a marker border to a faceted scatter plot created using Plotly Express. bar(x, height, width, bottom, align). legendには3つのパラメータがあります. Looking for matplotlib Keywords? Try Ask4Keywords. Python matplotlib pyplot has a bar function to create bar chart. pyplot 18 May 2019. I found this post that has an analogous question for the situation in which the patch is a rectangle. The style we used on this page includes a gray border around the figure. It shows the number of students enrolled for various courses offered at an institute. csv') # The. A swirl of names and packages has accumulated in the world of scientific Python that can Matplotlib is the extensive plotting library that is the subject of this article. plot([0, 1], [0, 1. Socket yang dibangun bersifat asynchrounus. pyplot as plt. Just reverted back to 2. submitted 2 years ago by bobnudd. plot() and it drew a line chart automatically. bar (x, height, width=0. 'edge': Align the left edges of the bars with the x positions. In Matplotlib you can do this by adding additional Axes to the same Figure as many times as you need to. plot(x, y). Following is a simple example of the Matplotlib bar plot. title : string or None, optional. bar function, however, takes a list of positions and values, the labels for x are then provided by plt. bar(x, height, width=0. total number of images must be a perfect square and images must be square :param border_thickness: how many pixels of border between :param axis: optional matplotlib axis object to plot on. Matplotlib remove top and right border Matplotlib remove top and right border. hist(), passing bins='auto' gives you the "ideal" number of bins. pyplot as plt. Copy the colour code of your choice and prepend it with a ‘#’ symbol and set it to the colour parameter. View license def plot_concat_imgs(imgs, border_thickness=2, axis=None, normalize=False): """ concatenate the imgs together into one big image separated by borders :param imgs: list or array of images. 50, hspace=1. linestyle : 0. If you don't set this value, it will use the border_radius value. Matplotlib will then autofit the chart to our data. Some sample data is in Table 1. Border class Null safety. Download Jupyter notebook: plot_mec. SciPy Cookbook¶. This is a very old post. By default, it is 150. Add Marker Border¶ In order to make markers look more distinct, you can add a border to the markers. FontProperties(fname="/usr/share/fonts/truetype/fonts-japanese-gothic. The matplotlib pie chart function help to plot pie chart of given numeric data with labels. Adding markers. measure import label, regionprops from skimage. # 폰트 설정 방법 2 import matplotlib import matplotlib. Since Python provides with matplotlib a library for spawning plot windows, NodeJS isn't by default. legendには3つのパラメータがあります. 2], label='Label 3') l = ax. I use matplotlib 0. ttf' font_location = 'C. The border-bottom-width property can also inherit the value of the element's parent's bottom border width using the keyword inherit. Matplotlib allows you to adjust the line width of a graph plot using the linewidth attribute. finance になってるけど matplotlib. In this tutorial, we'll just do a simple change of color to the line, as well as adjust the thickness of the line. The values of the figsize attribute are a tuple of 2 values. 1 documentation. drawKorea 함수만 이해해도 왠만한건 할 수 있을것 같다. Create a bar chart in position bar_1 ax. les épines[côté]. import numpy as np. Widgets can be created either directly or through the interact function. This includes. #let’s do some customizations #width – shows the bar width and default value is 0. Introduction Matplotlib is one of the most widely used data visualization libraries in Python. Borders demo. width_fraction: width of the color bar as a fraction of the axes's height (horizontal) or width (vertical) depending on the orientation (default: 0. me in a month's time) I'm going to record some of my newly-gained knowledge here. pyplot as plt #loading dataset df = pd. I want new feature that would just draw the horizontal cursor line for the axes where the pointer is, and not for any other. 3: borderwidth: It represents the border width of the widget. In GNU screen, using a horizontal / vertical split, how do you set the color and width of the divider between the splits? I want to make them thin and darker so they don't stand out as much. hist(), passing bins='auto' gives you the "ideal" number of bins. One example of a block-level element is a paragraph. Returns or sets the line style for the border. The width of borders is defined by the property border-width, which can obtain the values thin, medium, and thick, or a numeric value, indicated in pixels. In this article, we'll take a look at how to add a legend to a Matplotlib plot. 2)) ax = fig. Additionally I will use matplotlib to generate a dynamic graph based on the provided user input data. Interesting. matplotlib で複数のグラフを描く場合に subplot を使いますが、グラフ間の距離が近すぎて見づらくなるケースがあります。たとえばグラフにタイ. However if by "secondary axis" you mean a twinned axes. hist(), passing bins='auto' gives you the “ideal” number of bins. I am not able to change width of border of subplot, how can I do it? Code is as follows. 2: bg: The background color of the widget. 2020 Leave a comment. And the pyplot width argument helps you to control the width of the bars. class matplotlib. This plot was created with Matplotlib. I have a colleague producing maps with the following Python Basemap projection: from mpl_toolkits. See full list on scientificallysound. Bar Charts in Matplotlib. gridspec import GridSpec fig = plt. Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks \| Using data from multiple data sources. 50, hspace=1. strpdate2num(fmt) def bytesconverter(b): s = b. Let say we have to plot some graph in matplotlib which have x-axis and y-axis coordinate, let say x-axis extends from 0 to 10 and y-axis extends according to the relation between x and y. Before matplotlib can be used, matplotlib must first be installed. In GNU screen, using a horizontal / vertical split, how do you set the color and width of the divider between the splits? I want to make them thin and darker so they don't stand out as much. widthを指定すると棒の間隔を調整することができます。. Adjust the width, style, color and position of the lines surrounding your box HTML elements. _AnnotationBase An Annotation is a Text that can refer to a specific position xy. You can get all HTML colour codes here. highcharts-point class. The table produced can include a header with title for each column and separated from the first row with a line drawn using a user specified character. Код рисует горизонтальные линии по заданным параметрам в Plotly, но смущает количество повторяющихся строк shapes=[dict(type='line', xref='paper', yref='y', line_width=0. 8 #color – shows the bar color #bottom – value from where the y – axis starts in the chart i. 2 Nov 02 2018 Right click the INSTALL project and select Build. creating heatmap is bit difficult using. The syntax of the bar() function to be used with the axes is as follows:- plt. edt http://www. Matplotlib provides a function that almost does this: plt. How do I set the thickness of the frame that MH> appears? I use: plt. fillRect (0, 0, width, height # inputCanvas {border. So when you create a plot of a graph, by default, matplotlib will have the default line width set (a line width of 1). Bar charts are used to display values associated with categorical data. I ran some code and realized it is only working on the first bar. 3: cursor: The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type set to different values like an arrow, dot, etc. subplots_adjust(wspace=0. Baby & children Computers & electronics Entertainment & hobby Fashion & style. width float or array-like, default: 0. columnspacing :. get_frame(). Just reverted back to 2. The key to using subplots is to decide the layout of the subplots and to then configure each subplot ind. It defines the size of the CAPTCHA word. Matplotlib Remove Top And Right Border. Block-level elements have a definable width and height and automatically create a new row in the layout as they’re created. In this matplotlib tutorial, we will plot some graphs and change some properties like fonts, labels, ranges, etc. axes ¶ class matplotlib # 10 points to the right of the left border of the axes and # 5 points below the top border xy = barh (bottom, width,. Rectangle instance surrounding the legend 即外框 frame = leg. Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. The default is 2 pixel. set_linewidth(0. As an example dataset, we'll look at a table of Olympic medal winners. Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk¶. The symbol's Rounding and X & Y gap options can also be modified. Posted on December 2, 2014 by gbb. 画图 Matplotlib. One button locate at the screen center ( both horizontal and vertical ), it’s border’s color is green. It shows the number of students enrolled for various courses offered at an institute. See also align for the alignment of the bars to the coordinates. Matplotlib allows you to adjust the line width of a graph plot using the linewidth attribute. matplotlib - 2D and 3D plotting in Python. The building blocks of Matplotlib library is 2-D NumPy Arrays. This post introduces how to check the default figure size in Matplotlib, and how to change the figure size. Borders demo. Making dotplots using Python and matplotlib is not well documented that I could find, so I figured it out myself with the help of many Google results. The matplotlib pie chart function help to plot pie chart of given numeric data with labels. It is useful. I use matplotlib 0. pythonlibrary. Plot With Grid Lines. 1], label='Label 2') ax. And we'll do the calculations for you (TM) Ah great. total number of images must be a perfect square and images must be square :param border_thickness: how many pixels of border between :param axis: optional matplotlib axis object to plot on. plot(x, y) ax2 = fig. When editing a visual display of information, it is important to carefully analyze the role of each component that makes up a visualization. 2: bg: The background color of the widget. You can get all HTML colour codes here. If not provided, a new figure will be created, and the figure number will be incremented. Three-Dimensional Plotting in Matplotlib. The matplotlib API in Python provides the bar() function which can be used in MATLAB style use or as an object-oriented API. By default, it is 30. set_linewidth(0) plt. pyplot as plt plt. Interesting. This is several years after you asked the question, but the only way I've found to do it is to change the matplotlib. The table consists of a grid of cells, which are indexed by (row, column). 1; To get started, we set the ipympl backend, which makes matplotlib plots interactive. pyplot Marker edge width. ipython) and open the file ~/. SciPy Cookbook¶. # Line width of the axes set border linewidth 1. import matplotlib. width float or array-like, default: 0. Matplotlib Suplot DPI. See full list on scientificallysound. Python library for creating static, animated, & interactive visualizations. Matplotlib remove top and right border. This plot was created with Matplotlib. In this article, you will learn how to add a trend line to the line chart/line graph using Python Matplotlib. finance を mpl_finance で読み替えればいいだけ。 ax. Add border around text with matplotlib. An element must have borders before you can change the width. You want to show. Matplotlib Bar Graphs are very important as they help data scientists and data analysts to take insights from the data real quick. 棒の太さ (デフォルト値: 0. Category:Matplotlib. I have made the border around the plot thicker as well as making all of the tick marks along the axes thicker. I use matplotlib 0. Once you've got the basics down, you'll probably want to learn how to customize the charts a bit. Just reverted back to 2. spines['top I try to not think about the number of times I have. import matplotlib. be> and subject line Re: Bug#863523: unblock: (preapproval) matplotlib/2. set_ linewidth(0. We're using Google's Colaboratory (aka "Colab") to create our visualizations. Almost all vector drawing makes use of Paths somewhere in the drawing pipeline. segmentation import clear_border from skimage. Related Topics. Defaults to 1. facecolor : This parameter is the the background color. By using matplotlib, you can generate line graphs, bar charts, scatter plots, histograms etc. However if by "secondary axis" you mean a twinned axes. rowColours: list of matplotlib color specs, optional. Matplotlib remove top and right border. plot() and it drew a line chart automatically. You can define it or leave it. This code shows how to generate a figure with just only a table using Python and matplotlib. import matplotlib. axes ¶ class matplotlib # 10 points to the right of the left border of the axes and # 5 points below the top border xy = barh (bottom, width,. In this article, we'll take a look at how to add a legend to a Matplotlib plot. For example:. pyplot as plt from matplotlib. figure width, height in inches. Use matplotlib. The green border is replaced by a grey (or grey and blue) border. The idea is to select a bin. If not provided, defaults to rcParams the border color. One example of a block-level element is a paragraph. If you have a nice notebook you’d like to add here, or you’d like to make some other edits, please see the SciPy-CookBook repository. 2-1 to be marked as done. By default, the Matplotlib charts are rather bland, but the creator of Matplotlib left the door wide open to customization. Matplotlib: Plot a Function y=f(x). _AnnotationBase. Two common video aspect ratios are 4:3 (the universal video format of the 20th century), and 16:9 (universal for HD television and European digital television, and default for YouTube videos). show () We could have used some of the parameters of Gridspec, e. After setting the border widths in the fields of the box model to the left (Top border, right border, bottom border, left border) you need to select a Border Color (to the. framealpha: 1 legend. The problem is that after scaling the image (for example to. plot(x, y). figure gs = GridSpec (1, 1) ax = fig. pyplot as plt in the Python console. fig = Figure((130. figsize (tuple, optional) – A tuple (width, height) of the figure in inches. In our previous tutorial , we learned how to plot a straight line, or linear equations of type y=mx+c. rowColours: list of matplotlib color specs, optional. Matplotlib allows you to control many aspect of your graphs. As a bonus if someone knows how to control the axis of rotation for a 3d animation, to effectively control the centering, that would be a great help as well. Last updated: 30 Aug 2020. I like math, I like python, I like science. See also align for the alignment of the bars to the coordinates. edgecolor='white' ) #. The primary class for polyline handling in matplotlib is Path. So the first thing we have to do is import matplotlib. fig = Figure((130. Introduction Matplotlib is one of the most widely used data visualization libraries in Python. The border-width property sets the width of an element's four borders. However, you might find yourself with kinda a weird problem. pyplot as plt import RETURNS: matplotlib plot displaying the flow duration curve of the data. Sometimes text labels on plots can be hidden if there is too little contrast with a. To broaden the plot, set. plot(x, y). If you are using tracking data (‘metricasports’ or ‘tracab’), you also need to specify the pitch_length and pitch_width, which are typically 105 and 68 respectively. Matplotlib will then autofit the chart to our data. bar The bars are positioned at x with the given alignment. An Annotation is a Text that can refer to a specific position xy. Matplotlib Remove Top And Right Border. Borders demo. Pyplot is a state-based interface to a Matplotlib module which provides a MATLAB-like interface. pyplot Marker edge width. I use matplotlib 0. import matplotlib. Remember, Seaborn is a high-level interface to Matplotlib. Find the code "myBorderWidth" and change the number, save it and reload Xmonad with ALT + R. However, you might find yourself with kinda a weird problem. Following is a simple example of the Matplotlib bar plot. Beautiful plots can be created by experimenting with various settings, among which hues, transparencies and simple layouts are the focal points. Since Python provides with matplotlib a library for spawning plot windows, NodeJS isn't by default. Pythonのグラフ描画ライブラリmatolotlibで円や長方形などの図形を描く。 matplotlib. Matplotlibは、プログラミング言語Pythonおよびその科学計算用ライブラリNumPyのためのグラフ描画ライブラリである。オブジェクト指向のAPIを提供しており、様々な種類のグラフを描画する能力を持つ。描画できるのは主に2次元のプロットだが、3次元プロットの機能も追加されてきている。. - bbox_to_anchor - loc - borderaxespad bbox_to_anchorでは, 凡例の枠の, 図全体に対する相対的な位置を決定しま. pyplot as plt import RETURNS: matplotlib plot displaying the flow duration curve of the data. API docs for the Border class from the painting library, for the Dart programming language. 6: Fg: Shows the foreground color of the button 7: Font: It decides the font of the button text: 8: Height: It decides the height of the button. >>> import numpy as np >>> import matplotlib. Matplotlib: plot border, removing and setting width Posted in Uncategorized by ryanlayer on December 17, 2013 Tagged with: border, matplotlib. axis('off') or ax. I use matplotlib 0. import pandas as pd import matplotlib. Their dimensions are given by height and width. It defines the size of the CAPTCHA word. pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline # Plot plt. I have a colleague producing maps with the following Python Basemap projection: from mpl_toolkits. dot(invwhitening, M) if layout is None: n0 = int(np. 2 Nov 02 2018 Right click the INSTALL project and select Build. 0] which can be changed of course. Directly setting the size of a figure. Let's first understand what is a bar graph. The challenge is that matplotlib. An Annotation is a Text that can refer to a specific position xy. _ax_plt_from_kw(kwargs) # allow callers to override the hold state by passing hold=True\|False b = ax. Next, we used an edgecolor argument to change the the Python bar chart border color to green. set_axis_off(), but these functions clear the white background as well (along with the ticks, spines, and axis labels). In this section we will see how to style line plots. But on the other hand, it is stretching the y-axis to 30. figsize(float, float): These parameter are the width, height in inches. Subplots combine multiple plots into a single frame. Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. import matplotlib. Below are the scatter plot examples with various parameters. 각 라인별로 주석을 달아두었다. plot([1,2,3,4,10]) #> [] I just gave a list of numbers to plt. You can find a list in chapter Lengths. Control space. import numpy as np. In [1]: Import numpy as np import matplotlib. For example:. The border-width property sets the width of an element's four borders. The add_axes method takes a list of four values, which are xmin, ymin, dx, and dy for the subplot, where xmin and ymin are the coordinates of the lower left corner of the subplot, and dx and dy are the width and height of the subplot, with all values specified in relative units (where 0 is left/bottom and 1 is top/right). #let’s do some customizations #width – shows the bar width and default value is 0. Examples: border-width: thin medium thick 10px; top border is thin; right border is medium; bottom border is thick; left border is 10px; border-width: thin medium thick; top border is thin; right and left borders are medium. Matplotlib Basic Exercises, Practice and Solution: Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity of programming Languages. BAR CHART ANNOTATIONS WITH PANDAS AND MATPLOTLIB Robert Mitchell June 15, 2015. sqrt(numimages))) else: n0, n1 = layout im = bordercolor * np. 8, bottom=None, , align='center', data=None, *kwargs) [source] ¶. 0) + cos (b. 2 Nov 02 2018 Right click the INSTALL project and select Build. This post introduces how to check the default figure size in Matplotlib, and how to change the figure size. 6: highlightcolor: The text color when the. Create Combination Charts In Excel.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1978418081998825, "perplexity": 4059.796746812151}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531335.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122175527-20210122205527-00752.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-statistics/195154-process-process-b-each-start-any-time-throughout-day.html	# Math Help - Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day 1. ## Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day This isn't a homework question, but rather a question of personal interest: Some process A starts at a random time during the day and runs for 30 seconds. Process B also starts at a random time during the day and runs for 6 minutes. What is the probability that for a given day, the processes overlap? Does this problem involve independent random variables and/or calculus, since time is continuous and we consider an interval with infinitely many possible starting points? I was thinking the distance between the starting points could be viewed as a differential, and some type of integral would be involved in computing the probability. Any help would be appreciated! Thanks! 2. ## Re: Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day Let A be a random variable denoting the start time of process A, and let B be the start time of process B. Also, let $t_A$ and $t_B$ be the lengths of the processes, respectively, and let T be the day length. Then the processes overlap if $A-t_B\le B\le A+t_A$. This area is shaded in the following picture. So, you need to find out the ratio of the shaded shape to the total area $T^2$. 3. ## Re: Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day Any ideas on how to compute that ratio? I wonder if my initial thought about the integral was correct, given that we're dealing with areas. 4. ## Re: Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day In general, integrals may be necessary, but when A and B are distributed uniformly, it's easy to break the shape into triangles, rectangles, trapezoids and parallelograms. If $t_A$ and $t_B$ are much less than T, as in your example, then we can disregard the top and bottom trapezoids obtained by drawing horizontal lines $y = t_A$ and $y = T - t_B$. The area of the remaining middle parallelogram is $(T-t_A-t_B)(t_A+t_B)$. So, the probability is approximately $(T-t_A-t_B)(t_A+t_B)/T^2\approx (t_A+t_B)/T$. 5. ## Re: Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day So what would the final probability be? Thanks for your help. 6. ## Re: Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day Do you need the final number or do you need a precise formula with no approximations? Why don't you make your own attempt? 7. ## Re: Process A and Process B Each Start at Any Time Throughout the Day I could come up with an approximation, but I'd like to see the correct way of doing it. It seems like this is a problem that could be solved by a standard method in probability theory. Do you know what that standard method would be?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 10, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8923735618591309, "perplexity": 335.0698229980614}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678693548/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024453-00094-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/58381/the-mean-value-of-phase-noise-as-a-stochastic-process	# The mean value of phase noise as a stochastic process 1. What is the mean value of phase noise as a stochastic process? 2. Where can I get a theoretical analysis of this topic? PS: PLL produces cos(2*πfct+φ(t)). The phase noise refers to φ(t). The mean value of the phase noise what I say refers to the mathematic expectation of phase noise stochastic process φ(t), namely E{ φ(t) }. • Hi! It'd be nice if you edit your question to add what you researched so far, and be more specific. As is, your question is too broad; check the FAQ. – Juancho May 17 '19 at 14:57 • Thank for your advice. – wu yi May 18 '19 at 0:42 • I agree the question is not specific enough. But one thing to keep in mind is that phase wraps: i.e., any phase $\phi$ is indistinguishable from $\phi+k2\pi$, for any integer $k$. Thus the mean value of the unwrapped phase noise may not be meaningful. – Ill-Conditioned Matrix May 20 '19 at 4:53 • Thank you for your reply. – wu yi May 20 '19 at 13:46	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7905665636062622, "perplexity": 650.1929182917295}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513144.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117174558-20210117204558-00553.warc.gz"}
https://openreview.net/forum?id=HJxdTxHYvB	## BREAKING CERTIFIED DEFENSES: SEMANTIC ADVERSARIAL EXAMPLES WITH SPOOFED ROBUSTNESS CERTIFICATES Sep 25, 2019 (edited Feb 10, 2022)ICLR 2020 Conference Blind SubmissionReaders: Everyone • Original Pdf: pdf • Code: [![github](/images/github_icon.svg) AminJun/BreakingCertifiableDefenses](https://github.com/AminJun/BreakingCertifiableDefenses) • Data: [ImageNet](https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/imagenet) • Abstract: Defenses against adversarial attacks can be classified into certified and non-certified. Certifiable defenses make networks robust within a certain $\ell_p$-bounded radius, so that it is impossible for the adversary to make adversarial examples in the certificate bound. We present an attack that maintains the imperceptibility property of adversarial examples while being outside of the certified radius. Furthermore, the proposed "Shadow Attack" can fool certifiably robust networks by producing an imperceptible adversarial example that gets misclassified and produces a strong spoofed'' certificate. 7 Replies	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3700754642486572, "perplexity": 9790.588729011122}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539101.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521112022-20220521142022-00581.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/27195-solved-equation-help.html	# Math Help - [SOLVED] Equation Help 1. ## [SOLVED] Equation Help $3x - 5(-2x-8) + 4 = 2 - (x-4)$ I got 3, back of the book says it's -19 over 7 Got it: 3X - 5 (-2X-8) + 4 = 2 - (X-4) 3X + 10X + 40 + 4 = 2 - (X-4) 3X + 10X + 40 + 4 = 2 - X + 4 \| \| Combine terms of X 13X + 40 + 4 = 2 - X + 4 \| \| Combine constants. 13X + 44 = 2 - X + 4 \| \| Combine constants. 13X + 44 = 6 - X \| Sort terms in decreasing powers. 13X + X = - 44 + 6 \| \| Combine terms of X 14X = - 44 + 6 \| \| Combine constants. 14X = - 38 \| \| Next divide by 14, the coefficient of X. 7X = - 19 \| Multiply by 1 to clear decimals. - 19 X = + ______ 7 \| \| Check solutions by substituting each one in the original equation. \| \| CHECKING SOLUTION #1: X = -2.71429 3X - 5 (-2X-8) + 4 = 2 - (X-4) - 8.14286 + 5(2.57143) + 4 = 2 - (X-4) - 8.14286 + 12.8571 + 4 = 2 + 6.71429 4.71429 + 4 = 2 + 6.71429 8.71429 = 2 + 6.71429 8.71429 = 8.71429 \| Both sides of equation are equal. \| X = -2.71429 solution is verified. \| Check successful \| The solution set is valid. *** Problem Summary * Problem: Solve \| \| 3X - 5 (-2X-8) + 4 = 2 - (X-4) \| Solution \| \| Solution: X = -2.71429 \| * End of Problem *** 2. Okay, here's my way of working it out: $3x - 5(-2x-8) + 4 = 2 - (x-4)$ $3x+10x+40+4=2-x+4$ $13x + 44 = 6 - x$ $13x+44+x=6$ $14x=6-44$ $14x=-38$ $x=-38/14$ Therefore: $x=-19/7$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 9, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.369484007358551, "perplexity": 2279.483757680919}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827080.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00181-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://engineering.stackexchange.com/tags/systems-engineering/hot	# Tag Info 37 Beware of overfitting. A more accurate model of gathered data from a system may not be a better predictor of future behavior of a system. The above image shows two models of some data. The linear line is somewhat accurate on the training data (the points on the graph), and (one would expect) it will be somewhat accurate on the testing data (where the ... 26 The most obvious downside is cost, all engineering projects have a finite budget and spending more money than you need to is clearly a bad thing not to mention wasting time. There can also be more subtle issues. Things like FE analysis are always approximations and sometimes adding unnecessary detail can introduce artefacts and make it more difficult to ... 13 There are a few reasons. From a purely pragmatic perspective, it's due to time constraints. The requisite time to solve a model increases far, far faster than the level of precision, and whichever level is adopted is subjective, anyway. This is also affected by the fact that excessive accuracy is mostly useless. After all, your model might be 99.999% ... 10 Yes, you are correct that there are different definitions of Systems Engineer that vary by company. In fact, different business units of the same company may even use the term differently. A job posting on Stack Overflow Careers from Booking.com has a Senior Systems Engineer - Systems Architecture role. This role has responsibilities such as taking "... 9 If for some reason "circular dependency" doesn't work—it seems clear enough to me—you could also say that subsystems A and B are "interdependent" in their design. These are essentially synonyms and in either case you may have to go on to explain exactly what you mean and why. But at least it's a bit more concise and less awkward a construction than "... 7 I don't believe there is any conflict but variation in how Human Resource choose to define system engineer positions within specific organizations. It is my opinion that System Engineer has a broad definition mostly related to the specific industry. In my experience system engineer is an interdisciplinary professional of engineering as describe in your ... 6 Systems Engineering pre-dates IT. The classical Systems Engineering has roots in aerospace industry (for better, or for worse). Projects were were getting multidisciplinary, and complex, and required multiple contractors to complete. So appeared a need for a kind of engineer to keep track of various aspects (such as weight, for example) on a relatively ... 6 An extremely accurate model may require a prohibitive amount of input data. It might be possible to generate an excellent model of weather systems, for example, by taking as input the position and velocity of every gas molecule in the atmosphere. In practice, such a model would not be useful, since there's no realistic way to generate the proper input. A ... 5 "Too accurate" is not monotonic. It can actually create an illusion of fidelity which makes you think it's worth pumping more money into the simulation. This becomes very important when you're presenting data from mixed-fidelity models, where some parts are very detailed and other parts are very coarse. A real life example I had involved sampling ... 5 I thought I would expand a little on the answer offered by Karlo. Long story short, I would not try to calculate the analytical time response of a system to a square wave. That would be a serious pure-maths exercise, and not necessary for most engineering applications. Instead, I would suggest using the step response analytical vs. simulated to validate ... 5 Another term that would be applicable is mutually reliant. 5 One way to think of MEMS is regular mechanical systems, but at a very small scale. Often these tiny systems are fabricated using technology developed for making silicon electronic chips, like nanometer-scale photolithography and etching. However, describing MEMS as just downscaled regular mechanical systems is doing the concept injustice. Various physical ... 5 If you want to evaluate a continues time transfer function at a specific frequency $\omega$ in rad/s you substitute $s$ with $j\,\omega$. For a discrete time transfer function you substitute $z$ with $e^{T_e\,j\,\omega}$. In order to see why you have to substitute $z$ with $e^{T_e\,j\,\omega}$ you can consider the transfer function $z^{-1}$, which is a ... 4 It's a trade-off between the simplicity of the sensor and how comprehensive the reported data is. The locked rotor sensor only reports whether or not the motor is spinning, not how fast it's spinning or how much resistance is on the fan. It is a very simple signal though, it's either on or off. On the other hand, the tachometer signal is a bit more ... 3 For a MIMO system $y(s) = G(s)d(s)$, with $m$ inputs and $l$ outputs. Consider a fixed frequency $\omega$ where $G(j\omega)$ is a constant $l \times m$ complex matrix. For the sake of simplicity the matrix $G(j\omega)$ is written as $G$. In short, the singular value decomposition (SVD) states that any matrix $G$ may be decomposed into an input rotation $V$, ... 3 MEMS is a semiconductor based process that can create miniature structures in silicon. When these structures (sensors) are subjected to mechanical stresses (pressure, acceleration, yaw etc) they are able generate electrical signals. These signals are conditioned using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) to create a sensor system. Below are ... 3 rlocus() takes the open loop transfer function as an argument, not the closed loop. i.e. G not T. Look at the documentation for rlocus here https://www.mathworks.com/help/control/ref/rlocus.html 3 This is because for all three of of your choices for the gain the closed loop system is unstable. Namely, for just an integrator as controller the gain should be below 1.5 in order for the closed loop system to be stable and all of your gains are above that. 3 This is well known feature called the Mechanical - Electrical analogies. As name implies there are in fact several of these spanning several domains, not only does it apply to transformers and gears it applies to spirngs, heat machines etc. This was of great importance back in the day of analogue computers as this allowed you to simulate mechanical systems ... 3 Microprocessors. The measured value from a sensor (either an analog voltage or any other digital processed value) provides the microprocessor with the current output of the system. Internally, this has stored the desired setpoint, and computes the next control input by indeed taking the difference of the output and the setpoint using any kind of arithmetric ... 2 sys·tem /ˈsistəm/ noun: a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular. a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network. plural noun: systems "the state railroad system" synonyms: structure, organization, arrangement, complex, network; informal: setup "a system of canals" en·... 2 First point is that signum is not continuous with the jump at $t=0$. Second because of the absolute value in the integral it has the same $E$ and $P$ as a constant signal $1$. This means that $E_{sgn}=+\infty$ and $P_{sgn}=1$ 2 First off, the equations you have are not correct. For example, if equations 1 and 5 are added it results in $V_1+V_5=0$. The l.h.s of the first four equations should be $V_1-V_5$, $V_2-V_6$, $V_3-V_7$, and $V_4-V_8$. Then you are have four equations in the four unknowns $X_1$, $X_2$, $X_3$, and $X_4$ after taking Laplace transforms with zero initial ... 2 I cannot give you the solution by using transfer functions. However I can give you a general form by using the state space representation. I will do it for a square system, i.e. the number of inputs and outputs is equal. For a system with $n$ inputs and $m$ outputs it is getting more messy and a lot harder to solve the problem. The system \dot{x}=f(x)+ ... 2 I think what you have is correct, provided the friction and spring constants are inverses. I am more comfortable with the force-voltage analogy and would create the equivalent one as follows. 2 You want to look for the Laplace transform of a square wave. Note: The transfer function $H(s)$ is the ratio of the Laplace transforms of output $Y(s)$ and input $U(s)$: $Y(s)=H(s)\cdot U(s)$ If you take the Laplace transform of a function (input our output), it is not called a transfer function. 2 An impulse has a flat/constant power density for all frequencies. The impulse response of a system can also be used to characterize a system, namely convolution of the input with impulse response, will yield the system response (however usually you would do this in the frequency domain, since then convolution becomes simple multiplication). The downsides of ... 2 In matlab, using c2d (link) and bode (link) functions: s = tf('s'); G_c = 2/(1+s); Ts = 1; G_d = c2d(G_c,Ts,'Tustin'); bode(G_c), hold on, bode(G_d) 2 There are many definitions of bandwidth. Typically it is determined from the open loop transfer function and not from the sensitivity or complementary sensitivity functions. Assuming a SISO feedback loop, with plant $P$ and controller $C$, a common definition of bandwidth is the 0 dB crossover frequency of the open loop transfer function $PC$. Assuming ... 2 To solve this problem I would: Sketch the block diagram of the control network. Derive the required closed loop transfer function in terms of $G(s)$ and $C(s)$. Substitute the expressions for $G(s)$ and $C(s)$ to obtain the closed loop transfer function in terms of $s$. Calculate the poles of the closed loop transfer function using your preferred method. ... 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