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http://www.fields.utoronto.ca/programs/scientific/11-12/PDE/abstracts.html
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES March 18, 2018 July 26-29, 2011 Conference in Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations in honour of Eric Sawyer to be held at the Fields Institute Organizer: Cristian Rios, University of Calgary Invited Talks: _______________________________ Nicola Arcozzi, University of Bologna Potential Theory on Trees and Metric Spaces Bessel (nonlinear) capacity of a subset of a Ahlfors regular metric space can be estimated from above and below by the Bessel capacity of a corresponding set on the boundary of a tree. This fact is interesting for various reasons. For instance, on trees there are recursive formulas for computing set capacities. Work in collaboration with R. Rochberg, E. Sawyer, B. Wick. _______________________________ Baojun Bian, Tongji University Convexity and partial convexity for solution of partial differential equations In this talk, we will discuss the convexity and partial convexity for solution of partial differential equations. We establish the microscopic (partial) convexity principle for (partially) convex solution of nonlinear elliptic and parabolic equations. As application, we discuss the (partial) convexity preserving of solution for parabolic equations. This talk is based on the joint works with Pengfei Guan. _______________________________ Sagun Chanillo , Rutgers University Embedding CR Three Manifolds. We show that to globally embed three dimensional, strongly pseudo-convex CR structures one needs the Yamabe constant to be positive and the CR Paneitz operator to be non-negative. Conversely, the boundary of any strictly convex domain in C^2 has positive Yamabe constant and non-negative Paneitz operator. This is joint work with Paul Yang and Hung-Lin Chiu. _______________________________ Seng Kee Chua, National University of Singapore Average value problems in differential equations Using Schauder's fixed point theorem, with the help of an integral representation $$y(x)-\frac{1}{v[a,b]}\int^b_a y(z)dv(z) = \frac{1}{v[a,b]}\left[\int^x_a v[a,t]y'(t)dt -\int^b_x v[t,b]y'(t)dt\right]$$ in Sharp conditions for weighted 1-dimensional Poincar\'e inequalities', Indiana Univ. Math. J., 49 (2000), 143-175, by Chua and Wheeden, we obtain existence and uniqueness theorems and continuous dependence of average condition' for average value problem: $$y'=F(x,y), \ \ \int^b_a y(x)dv =y_0 \ \mbox{ where v is any probability measure on [a,b]}$$ under the usual conditions for initial value problem. We also extend our existence and uniqueness theorems in the case where $v$ is just a signed measure with $v[a,b]\ne 0$ and $$F: {\cal F}\subset C[a,b] \ (\mbox{ or } L_w^p[a,b])\to L^1[a,b]\ \mbox{ is a continuous operator. }$$ We then further extend this to discuss its application to symmetric solutions of Laplace equations $\Delta u=F(|x|,u)$ with a given average value. _______________________________ David Cruz-Uribe , Trinity College Norm inequalities for the maximal operator\\ on variable Lebesgue spaces The variable Lebesgue spaces are a generalization of the classical Lebesgue spaces, replacing the constant exponent $p$ with a variable exponent $p(\cdot)$. More precisely, given a function $p(\cdot) : \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow [1,\infty]$, define $\Omega_\infty = \{ x \in \mathbb{R}^n : p(x) =\infty\}$. A function $f\in L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ if for some $\lambda>0$, % $\rho(f/\lambda) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^n\setminus \Omega_\infty} \left(\frac{|f(x)|}{\lambda}\right)^{p(x)}\,dx + \lambda^{-1}\|f\|_{L^\infty(\Omega_\infty)}< \infty.$ % Then $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is a Banach space with the Luxemburg norm % $\|f\|_{p(\cdot)} = \inf\big\{ \lambda > 0 : \rho(f/\lambda) \leq 1 \big\}.$ % The variable Lebesgue spaces were introduced by Orlicz in the 1930s, but became the subject of sustained interest in the 1990s because of their applications to PDEs and variational integrals with nonstandard growth conditions. A great deal of work was done on extending the tools of harmonic analysis---Riesz potentials, singular integrals, convolution operators, Rubio de Francia extrapolation---to variable Lebesgue spaces. A fundamental problem was to find conditions on the exponent $p(\cdot)$ for the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator to be bounded on $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^n)$. This was solved in a series of papers by DCU, Fiorenza, Neugebauer, Diening, Nekvinda, Kopaliani and Lerner. A sufficient condition is log-H\"older continuity: % $|p(x)-p(y)| \leq \frac{C_0}{-\log(|x-y|)}, \quad |x-y| < 1/2, \qquad |p(x)-p(\infty)| \leq \frac{C_\infty}{\log(e+|x|)}.$ % While these conditions are optimal in terms of pointwise regularity, they are not necessary. A necessary and sufficient condition is known but is not well understood in terms of the kinds of exponent functions it allows. (For example, there exist discontinuous exponents for the which the maximal operator is bounded.) In this talk we will discuss these results and their deep and surprising connections with weighted norm inequalities and the Muckenhoupt $A_p$ condition. We will also discuss a very recent result (joint with Fiorenza, Neugebauer, Diening and H\"ast\"o) showing that if $p(\cdot)$ is log-H\"older continuous, then the maximal operator satisfies the weighted inequality % $\|(Mf)w\|_{p(\cdot)} \leq C\|fw\|_{p(\cdot)}$ % if and only if $w$ satisfies the variable $A_{p(\cdot)}$ condition % $\sup_Q |Q|^{-1}\|w\chi_Q\|_{p(\cdot)}\|w^{-1}\chi_Q\|_{p'(\cdot)} < \infty.$ _______________________________ Xuan Duong , Macquarie University Boundedness of singular integrals and their commutators with BMO functions on Hardy spaces Let $L$ be a non-negative self-adjoint operator on $L^(X)$ where $X$ is a doubling space. In this talk, we will establish sufficient conditions for a singular integral $T$ to be bounded from certain Hardy spaces $H^p_L$ (Hardy spaces associated to the operator $L$) to Lebesgue spaces $L^p$, $0< p \le 1$, and for the commutator of $T$ and a BMO function to be weak-type bounded on Hardy space $H_L^1$. Our results are applicable to the following cases: (i) $T$ is the Riesz transform or a square function associated with the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a doubling Riemannian manifold, (ii) $T$ is the Riesz transform associated with the magnetic Schr\"odinger operator on an Euclidean space, and (iii) $T = g(L)$ is the spectral multiplier of $L$. This is a joint work with The Anh Bui (Macquarie University). _______________________________ Pengfei Guan , McGill University Maximum rank property and partial Legendre tranform of homegenous Monge-Amp\ere type equations This is a joint work with D. Phong. The solutions to the Dirichlet problem for two degenerate elliptic fully nonlinear equations in $n+1$ dimensions, namely the real Monge-Amp\ere equation and the Donaldson equation, are shown to have maximum rank in the space variables when $n \leq 2$. A constant rank property is also established for the Donaldson equation when $n=3$. We also discuss the partial Legendre transform of this type of equations are another non-linear elliptic differential equation. In particular, the partial Legendre transform of the Monge-Amp\ere equation is another equation of Monge-Amp\ere type. In $1+1$ dimensions, this can be applied to obtain uniform estimates to all orders for the degenerate Monge-Amp\ere equation with boundary data satisfying a strict convexity condition. _______________________________ Steve Hofmann, University of Missouri at Columbia Harmonic Measure and Uniform Rectifiability We present a higher dimensional, scale-invariant version of the classical theorem of F. and M. Riesz, which established absolute continuity of harmonic measure with respect to arc length measure, for a simply connected domain in the complex plane with a rectifiable boundary. More precisely, for $d\geq 3$, we obtain scale invariant absolute continuity of harmonic measure with respect to surface measure, along with higher integrability of the Poisson kernel, for a domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^{d}$, with a uniformly rectifiable boundary, which satisfies the Harnack Chain condition plus an interior (but not exterior) corkscrew condition. We also prove the converse, that is, we deduce uniform rectifiability of the boundary, assuming scale invariant $L^p$ bounds, with $p>1$, for the Poisson kernel.\end{abstract} Joint work with J. M. Martell, and with Martell and I. Uriarte-Tuero. _______________________________ Alex Iosevich, University of Rochester Three point configurations, bilinear operators and geometric combinatorics We are going to prove that a subset of the plane of Hausdorff dimension greater than 7/4 determines a positive three dimensional Lebesgue measure worth of triangles. Bilinear methods and combinatorial reasoning play a key role. _______________________________ Ron Kerman , Brock University Rearrangement invariant Sobolev spaces on general domains This talk concerns Sobolev spaces of differentiable functions on finite measure domains in $R^n$. Such a space is determined by a rearrangement invariant (r.i.) functional, $\rho$, like those of Lebesgue, Lorentz or Orlicz. We have two goals. First, we seek a functional to describe the smallest set that contains the decreasing rearrangements of functions in an r.i. Sobolev space. Second, we study refinements of Sobolev-Poincare imbedding inequalities which, for spaces of functions with first order derivatives, have the form $\inf_{c \in \R} \sigma(u-c) \leq A\rho(|\Delta u|).$ Here, $\sigma$ is another r.i. functional, which we would like to be as large as possible. It turns out that for spaces of functions with higher order derivatives the two problems are connected. _______________________________ Michael Lacey , Georgia Institute of Technology Weighted Estimates for Singular Integrals We will survey some recent results for singular integrals on weighted spaces, including (1) refinements of the recent linear bound in A2; (2) the state of knowledge concerning the two weight estimate for the Hilbert transform. _______________________________ Guozhen Lu, Wayne University Multiparameter Hardy spaces associated to composition operators and Littlewood-Paley theory In this talk, we will first review some recent works on multiparameter Hardy space theory using the discrete Littlewood-Paley theory. We then will discuss the multiparameter structures associated with the composition of two singular integral operators, one with the standard homogeneity and the other with non-isotropic homogeneity which was studied by Phong and Stein. We then discuss about the Hardy space associated with this multiparameter structure and prove the boundedness of the composition operators on such Hardy spaces. _______________________________ José María Martell, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain) Higher integrability of the Harmonic Measure and Uniform Rectifiability Consider a domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^{d}$, $d\ge 3$, with an Ahlfors-David regular boundary, which satisfies the Harnack Chain condition plus an interior (but not exterior) corkscrew condition. In joint work with S. Hofmann and I. Uriarte-Tuero, we obtain that higher integrability of the harmonic measure, via scale invariant $L^p$ bounds, with $p>1$, for the Poisson kernel, implies that $\partial \Omega$ is uniform rectifiable. The converse of this result, (i.e., uniform rectifiability implies higher integrability of the Poisson kernel), is a joint work with S. Hofmann and gives a higher dimensional, scale-invariant version of the classical theorem of F. and M. Riesz which established absolute continuity of harmonic measure with respect to arc length measure, for a simply connected domain in the complex plane with a rectifiable boundary. _______________________________ Camil Muscalu , Cornell University Beyond Calderón's algebra The goal of the talk is to describe various extensions of the so called Calderón commutators and the Cauchy integral on Lipschitz curves. They appear naturally when one tries to invent a calculus which includes operators of multiplication with functions having arbitrary "polynomial growth". _______________________________ Carlos Perez Moreno , University of Seville The work of Eric Sawyer: Some high points _______________________________ Malabika Pramanik , University of British Columbia A multi-dimensional resolution of singularities with applications to analysis The structure of the zero set of a multivariate polynomial is a topic of wide interest, in view of its ubiquity in problems of analysis, algebra, partial differential equations, probability and geometry. The study of such sets, known in algebraic geometry literature as resolution of singularities, originated in the pioneering work of Jung, Abhyankar and Hironaka and has seen substantial recent advances, albeit in an algebraic setting. In this talk, I will discuss a few situations in analysis where the study of polynomial zero sets play a critical role, and discuss prior work in this analytical framework in two dimensions. Our main result (joint with Tristan Collins and Allan Greenleaf) is a formulation of an algorithm for resolving singularities of a multivariate real-analytic function with a view to applying it to a class of problems in harmonic analysis. _______________________________ Richard Rochberg , Washington University at Saint Louis Toeplitz Operators and Hankel Forms on Model Spaces A Model Space is the orthocomplement of a shift invariant subspace of the Hardy space. A Truncated Toeplitz Operator (TTO) is the compression to a Model Space of a Toeplitz operator on the Hardy space. A basic question is if/when a bounded TTO has a bounded symbol. In 2009 it was shown that this is not always the case. More recent work has shown that the question is closely related to a weak factorization construction which also shows up in the study of boundedness of Hankel forms. I will introduce a notion of a Truncated Hankel Form (THF) on the Model Space. The natural conjugation operator on the Model Space gives a conjugate linear isometric isomorphism between the space of TTO’s and the space of THF’s. This helps in understanding why weak factorization plays a role in both theories. It also suggests new questions and new approaches to existing questions. _______________________________ Rodolfo Torres , University of Kansas A new geometric regularity condition for the end-point estimates of bilinear Calder\'on-Zygmund operators. A new minimal regularity condition involving certain integrals of the kernels of bilinear Calder\'on-Zygmund operators over appropriate families of dyadic cubes is presented. This regularity condition ensures the existence of end-point estimates for such operators and is weaker than other typical regularity assumptions considered in the literature. This is joint work with Carlos Pérez. _______________________________ Ignacio Uriarte-Tuero , Michigan State University Two conjectures of Astala on distortion of sets under quasiconformal maps and related removability problem Quasiconformal maps are a certain generalization of analytic maps that have nice distortion properties. They appear in elasticity, inverse problems, geometry (e.g. Mostow's rigidity theorem)... among other places. In his celebrated paper on area distortion under planar quasiconformal mappings (Acta 1994), Astala proved that if $E$ is a compact set of Hausdorff dimension $d$ and $f$ is $K$-quasiconformal, then $fE$ has Hausdorff dimension at most $d' = \frac{2Kd}{2+(K-1)d}$, and that this result is sharp. He conjectured (Question 4.4) that if the Hausdorff measure $\mathcal{H}^d (E)=0$, then $\mathcal{H}^{d'} (fE)=0$. UT showed that Astala's conjecture is sharp in the class of all Hausdorff gauge functions (IMRN, 2008). Lacey, Sawyer and UT jointly proved completely Astala's conjecture in all dimensions (Acta, 2010). The proof uses Astala's 1994 approach, geometric measure theory, and new weighted norm inequalities for Calder\'{o}n-Zygmund singular integral operators which cannot be deduced from the classical Muckenhoupt $A_p$ theory. These results are related to removability problems for various classes of quasiregular maps. I will mention sharp removability results for bounded $K$-quasiregular maps (i.e. the quasiconformal analogue of the classical Painleve problem) recently obtained jointly by Tolsa and UT. I will further mention recent results related to another conjecture of Astala on Hausdorff dimension of quasicircles obtained jointly by Prause, Tolsa and UT. _______________________________ Richard Wheeden , Rutgers University Norm inequalities for rough Calderon-Zygmund operators; Regularity of weak solutions of degenerate quasilinear equations with rough coefficients Part 1 concerns results obtained with D. Watson about one and two weight norm estimates for homogeneous singular integral operators whose kernels belong to L log L on the unit sphere. Part 2 involves generalizations to degenerate quasilinear equations of work initiated by J. Serrin in the nondegenerate case. The equations typically have nonsmooth coefficients. The results, obtained with S. Rodney and D. Monticelli, show that weak solutions have local regularity such as boundedness and Holder continuity. Contributed Short Talks: _______________________________ Degenerate Elliptic Operators on the Torus In this talk we begin by some basics on the theory of pseudo-differential operators on the euclidean space. We define a non-homogeneous class of symbols corresponding to a family of degenerate elliptic operators and study the periodic version of those classes _______________________________ Xiaolong Han , Wayne State University Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequalities on $\R^N$ and the Heisenberg group The talk will surround non-weighted and weighted Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequalities on both Euclidean spaces and the Heisenberg group. Most attention will be on the sharp versions of the inequalities including the best constants and existence, uniqueness and formulae of the maximizers, recent development on singularity analysis and asymptotic behavior of the maximizers will also be mentioned. (Joint work with Guozhen Lu and Jiuyi Zhu) _______________________________ Lyudmila Korobenko, University of Calgary Regularity of solutions of degenerate quasilinear equations In their paper of 1983 C. Fefferman and D. H. Phong have characterized subellipticity of linear second order differential operators. The characterization is given in terms of subunit metric balls associated to the differential operator. An extension of this result to the case of the operator with non-smooth coefficients has been given by E. Sawyer and R. Wheeden in 2006. In collaboration with C. Rios we are working on the extention of this result to the case of infinitely degenerate operators. In this talk I am going to discuss the key points of the subunit metrics approach and its possible application to the question of hypoellipticity of the operators with infinite vanishing. _______________________________ Henri Martikainen, University of Helsinki Tb Theorems on Upper Doubling Spaces We will discuss Tb theorems in the framework of non-homogeneous analysis in metric spaces. One main point is the randomization of the metric dyadic cubes of M. Christ -- such constructions are also useful in generalizing other results of harmonic analysis to metric spaces (like the $A_2$ theorem). Some direct applications and examples of our Tb theory will also be presented. (Joint work with Tuomas Hytönen.) _______________________________ Nguyen Cong Phuc, Louisiana State University A nonlinear Calderón-Zygmund theory for quasilinear operators and its applications We discuss the boundedness of nonlinear singular operators arising from a class of quasilinear elliptic PDEs in divergence form. Applications are given to quasilinear Riccati type equations with supernatural growth in the gradients and measure data. _______________________________ Treven Wall, Johns Hopkins University The $L^p$ Dirichlet problem for second-order, non-divergence form operators In describing my recent joint work with Martin Dindo\v{s}, I will touch on the history of our problem and will highlight the significant role of perturbation theorems. In addition, I will give an outline of the proof of our perturbation theorem, which leads to new results with less restrictive hypotheses for solvability in the non-divergence form case. _______________________________ Xiao Yuayuan, Wayne State University Wolff potentials and integral systems on homogeneous spaces This is a joint work with Guozhen Lu and Xiaolong Han. We first establish the comparison between Wolf and Riesz potentials on homogeneous spaces, followed by a Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev type inequality for Wolf potentials. Then we consider a Lane-Emden type integral system and derive integrability estimates of positive solutions to the system. Furthermore, we prove that the positive solutions are also Lipschitz continuous. _______________________________ Xiangwen Zhang, McGill University Schauder estimate for the complex Monge-Amp\'ere equation In the talk, a regularity result for the complex Monge-Amp\ere equation will be presented. We will prove that any $C^{1,1}$ plurisubharmonic solution u to the complex Monge-Amp\`ere equation $\det(u_{i\bj}) = f$ with $f$ strictly positive and H\"older continuous has in fact H\"older continuous second derivatives. For smoother f this follows from the classical Evans-Krylov theory, yet in our case it cannot be applied directly. (This is a joint work with S. Dinew and Xi Zhang.)
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https://trailism.com/vistas/
# Vistas Views from the trail. I’ll admit there are some mediocre or unworthy shots, but I usually use my phone, and sometimes in haste. 10 Vista albums @ Flickr
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https://learnzillion.com/lesson_plans/8556-use-multiplication-v-l-x-w-x-h-to-find-the-volume-of-a-solid-figure
# Use multiplication (V = l x w x h) to find the volume of a solid figure teaches Common Core State Standards CCSS.Math.Content.5.MD.C.5b http://corestandards.org/Math/Content/5/MD/C/5/b ## You have saved this lesson! Here's where you can access your saved items. Dismiss Card of In this lesson you will find the volume of a solid figure by multiplying dimensions and connecting this to the volume formula. Related content
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http://chemistry.tutorcircle.com/inorganic-chemistry/coordination-compound.html
Sales Toll Free No: 1-855-666-7446 # Coordination Compound Top Sub Topics Coordination compounds are a very important class of compounds. Many reactions in industry are carried out using highly selective homogeneous catalysts, which are coordination compounds. Coordination compounds include many classes of transition metal and rare earth compounds complexes, chelates, clusters, organometallic compounds including metallobiochemisl systems, crystals, alloys and solid solutions chemisorbed surface states and so on.In coordination chemistry a structure is first described by its coordination number, which is the number of ligands attached to the metal. Coordination numbers are normally between two or nine but larger numbers of ligands are not uncommon for the lanthanides and actinides. ## Coordination Compound Definition "A coordination compounds is formed by the combination of two or more stable chemical species which retains its identity in the solid as well as in the dissolved state. A coordination compounds contains a central metal ion or cation which is attached with a fixed number of anions or neutral molecules called ligands." The compounds in which the central atom or group of atoms is surrounded by anions or neutral molecules called Coordination compounds. Coordination compounds are a very important class of compounds. Many reactions in industry are carried out using highly selective homogeneous catalysts, which are coordination compounds. ## Naming Coordination Compounds Coordination compounds became too numerous for chemists to keep track of all the common names. To solve the nomenclature problem the international union of pure and applied chemistry (IUPAC) created a systematic procedure for naming coordination compounds. The fundamental and basic rules for Coordination Compound Nomenclature are summarized below. 1. Order of naming ions The positive ion is named first followed by the negative ion regardless whether the cation or anion is simple or complex. In case of complex cation ii should be written first followed by the name of anion. For non ionic or neutral complex the name of the complex is written in one words. 2. Naming of Coordination sphere In naming the complex, the names of ligands are written first followed by the name of the central metal ion. The oxidation number of the central metal atom is expressed by Roman numeral in parentheses just after the name of central metal atom. 3. Naming of ligands The central metal ion in a complex may be surrounded by positive, negative or neutral ligands. For the ligands carrying a negative charge the name has a characteristic ending in "O". Some of them are listed below. Ligand Name of the ligand F- Fluoro Cl- Chloro Br- Bromo I- Iodo H- Hydrido OH Hydroxo O2- Oxo SCN- Thicyano O22- Peroxo HS- Mercapto S2- Thio CN- Cyano CO32- Carbonato NH2- Amido NH2- Imido NCS- Isothiocyanato NO2- Nitro N3- Nitrido N3- Azido C2O42- Oxalato For the ligand carrying positive charge the name of ligand has a characteristic ending in "lum". For example, Ligand Name of the ligand [NH2-NH3]+ Hydrazinium NO2+ Nitronium NO+ Nitrosonium The neutral groups have no special endings. Ligand Name of the ligand NH3 Ammine H2O Aquo or Aqua NO Nitrosyl CO Carbonyl For organic ligands their names are used as such. Ligand Name of the ligand C6H5 Phenyl C5H5N Pyridine P(C6H5)3 Triphenylphosphine 4. Order of naming ligands According to the old conversions the names of more than one type of ligands surrounding the central atom are written in the following order. • Negative ligand • Neutral ligand and • Positive ligand For the ligands of the same kind present in the coordination sphere the names are written in order of their complexity or alphabetical order. 5. Use of numerical prefixes The number of each kind of ligands is specified by di, tri, tetra etc, when there are several ligands of that kind. 6. Ending of the name of complex The names of complex cations and neutral molecules have no distinguishing termination, but in case of complex anion the suffix "ate" is attached to the name of central metal ion. 7. Naming poly nuclear complexes When a complex compound contains two or more metal atoms, it is termed as a poly nuclear complex. The bridging ligands which link two metal atoms together are indicated by the prefix $\mu$. When there are two or more than two bridging groups of the same kind this is indicated by di-$\mu$, tri-$\mu$ etc. ## Coordination Compound Examples Some of the examples of coordination compounds are given below. ### Solved Examples Question 1: Determine the formula for the following coordination compound. trans-tetraaminedichlorocobalt (III) chloride Solution: First determine the number of each type of ligand, tetraammine = 4NH3 dichloro = 2Cl- Next identify the metal and its oxidation state CO3+ Finally calculate the charge on the complex ion to determine the number of chloride counter ions present. Ammonia is neutral but each chloride ligand contributes a -1 charge to the complex. Overall then the complex ion has charge [(1+3) + 2(-1)] = +1. Therefore one chloride anion is required to give a neutral salt. [trans-Co(NH3)4 Cl2]Cl. This example also shows that a particular isomer is indicated by an italicized prefix. Question 2: Identify the formula for the coordination compound given below. tris(ethylenediamine)maganese(II) sulfate Solution: Tris(ethylenediamine) = 3H2NCH2CH2NH2 ligands. Conventionally the formula of the ligand is abbreviated en. The metal is Mn2+. Because the en ligands are neutral the complex ion has a +2 charge requiring one sulfate anion for overall electrical neutrality.
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https://docserver.carma.newcastle.edu.au/view/subjects/11Jxx.html
# Items where Subject is "11-xx Number theory > 11Jxx Diophantine approximation, transcendental number theory" Up a level Export as ASCII CitationBibTeXDublin CoreEP3 XMLEndNoteHTML CitationJSONMETSOAI-ORE Resource Map (Atom Format)OAI-ORE Resource Map (RDF Format)Object IDsOpenURL ContextObjectRDF+N-TriplesRDF+N3RDF+XMLReferReference Manager Group by: Creators | Item Type Number of items at this level: 10. ## B Borwein, Jonathan M. and Choi, Stephen and Pigulla, Wilfried (2005) Continued Fractions of Tails of Hypergeometric Series. American Mathematical Monthly, 112 . pp. 493-501. Borwein, Jonathan M. and Crandall, Richard E. (2003) On the Ramanujan AGM fraction. Part II: the Complex-parameter Case. Borwein, Jonathan M. and Crandall, Richard E. and Borwein, David and Mayer, Raymond (2007) On the dynamics of certain recurrence relations. Ramanujan Journal, 13 . pp. 63-101. Borwein, Jonathan M. and Crandall, Richard E. and Fee, Greg (2004) On the Ramanujan AGM fraction. Part I: the Real-parameter Case. Experimental Mathematics, 13 . pp. 275-286. Borwein, Jonathan M. and Luke, D. Russell (2004) Dynamics of generalizations of the AGM continued fraction of Ramanujan. Part I: divergence. [Preprint] Borwein, Peter and Dykshoorn, Willem and Erdelyi, Tamas and Zhang, John (1994) Orthogonality and Irrationality. [Preprint] Borwein, Peter and Erdelyi, Tamas (1994) The Integer Chebyshev Problem. [Preprint] Borwein, Peter and Erdelyi, Tamas and Kos, Geza (1995) Questions about Polynomials with $\{0,-1,+1\}$ Coefficients. [Preprint] Borwein, Peter and Pinner, Christopher (1996) Roots of $\{0,+1,-1\}$ Polynomials. [Preprint] ## P Pinner, Christopher (1995) On Sums of Fractional Parts $\{ n\alpha + \gamma\}$. [Preprint] This list was generated on Sun Feb 25 09:56:38 2018 AEDT.
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http://www.science.gov/topicpages/q/quantum+cosmology+corrections.html
Sample records for quantum cosmology corrections 1. Quantum corrections for a cosmological string solution SciTech Connect Behrndt, K. 1994-08-01 The author investigates quantum corrections for a cosmological solution of the string effective action. Starting point is a classical solution containing an antisymmetric tensor field, a dilaton and a modulus field which has singularities in the scalar fields. As a first step he quantizes the scalar fields near the singularity with the result that the singularities disappear and that in general non-perturbative quantum corrections form a potential in the scalar fields. 2. Loop Quantum Cosmology: holonomy corrections to inflationary models SciTech Connect Artymowski, Michal; Lalak, Zygmunt; Szulc, Lukasz 2009-01-15 In the recent years the quantization methods of Loop Quantum Gravity have been successfully applied to the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-times. The resulting theory, called Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC), resolves the Big Bang singularity by replacing it with the Big Bounce. We argue that the LQC holonomy corrections generate also certain corrections to field theoretical inflationary scenarios. These corrections imply that in the LQC the effective sonic horizon becomes infinite at some point after the bounce and that the scale of the inflationary potential implied by the COBE normalisation increases. The evolution of scalar fields immediately after the Bounce becomes modified in an interesting way. We point out that one can use COBE normalisation to establish an upper bound on the quantum of length of LQG. LQC corrections other than the holonomy one are assumed to be subdominant. 3. Cosmological implications of quantum corrections and higher-derivative extension Chialva, Diego; Mazumdar, Anupam 2015-01-01 We discuss the challenges for the early universe cosmology from quantum corrections, and in particular higher-derivative terms, in the gravitational and inflaton sectors of the models. The work is divided in two parts. In the first one we review the already well-known issues due to quantum corrections to the inflaton potential, in particular focusing on chaotic/slow-roll single-field models. We will point out some issues concerning the proposed mechanisms to cope with the corrections, and also argue how the presence of higher-derivative corrections could be problematic for those mechanisms. In the second part we will more directly focus on higher-derivative corrections. We will show how, in order to discuss a number of high-energy phenomena relevant to inflation (such as its actual onset) one has to deal with energy scales where the derivative expansion breaks down, presenting problems such as quantum vacuum instability and ghosts. To discuss such phenomena in the convenient framework of the effective theory, one must then abandon the derivative expansion and resort to the full nonlocal formulation of the theory, which is in fact equivalent to re-integrating back the relevant physics, but with the benefit of using a more compact single-field formalism. Finally, we will briefly discuss possible advantages offered by the presence of higher derivatives and a nonlocal theory to build better controlled UV models of inflation. 4. On the correctness of cosmology from quantum potential Lashin, E. I. 2016-02-01 We examine in detail the cosmology based on quantal (Bohmian) trajectories as suggested in a recent study [A. F. Ali and S. Das, Phys. Lett. B 741, 276 (2014)]. We disagree with the conclusions regarding predicting the value of the cosmological constant Λ and evading the Big Bang singularity. Furthermore, we show that the approach of using a quantum corrected Raychaudhuri equation (QRE), as suggested in A. F. Ali and S. Das, Phys. Lett. B 741, 276 (2014), is unsatisfactory, because, essentially, it uses the Raychaudhuri equation (RE), which is a kinematical equation, in order to predict dynamics. In addition, even within this inconsistent framework, the authors have adopted unjustified assumptions and carried out incorrect steps leading to doubtful conclusions. 5. Non-Gaussian features from the inverse volume corrections in loop quantum cosmology Li, Li-Fang; Cai, Rong-Gen; Guo, Zong-Kuan; Hu, Bin 2012-08-01 In this paper we study the non-Gaussian features of the primordial fluctuations in loop quantum cosmology with the inverse volume corrections. The detailed analysis is performed in the single field slow-roll inflationary models. However, our results reflect the universal characteristics of bispectrum in loop quantum cosmology. The main corrections to the scalar bispectrum come from two aspects: one is the modifications to the standard Bunch-Davies vacuum, and the other is the corrections to the background dependent variables, such as slow-roll parameters. Our calculations show that the loop quantum corrections make fNL of the inflationary models increase 0.1%. Moreover, we find that two new shapes of non-Gaussian signal arise, which we name F1 and F2. The former gives a unique loop quantum feature, which is less correlated with the local, equilateral, and single types, while the latter is highly correlated with the local one. 6. Quantum corrections to the cosmological evolution of conformally coupled fields SciTech Connect Cembranos, Jose A.R.; Olive, Keith A.; Peloso, Marco; Uzan, Jean-Philippe E-mail: olive@physics.umn.edu E-mail: uzan@iap.fr 2009-07-01 Because the source term for the equations of motion of a conformally coupled scalar field, such as the dilaton, is given by the trace of the matter energy momentum tensor, it is commonly assumed to vanish during the radiation dominated epoch in the early universe. As a consequence, such fields are generally frozen in the early universe. Here we compute the finite temperature radiative correction to the source term and discuss its consequences on the evolution of such fields in the early universe. We discuss in particular, the case of scalar tensor theories of gravity which have general relativity as an attractor solution. We show that, in some cases, the universe can experience an early phase of contraction, followed by a non-singular bounce, and standard expansion. This can have interesting consequences for the abundance of thermal relics; for instance, it can provide a solution to the gravitino problem. We conclude by discussing the possible consequences of the quantum corrections to the evolution of the dilaton. 7. Two-loop quantum gravity corrections to the cosmological constant in Landau gauge 2016-03-01 The anomalous dimensions of the Planck mass and the cosmological constant are calculated in a renormalizable quantum conformal gravity with a single dimensionless coupling, which is formulated using dimensional regularization on the basis of Hathrell's works for conformal anomalies. The dynamics of the traceless tensor field is handled by the Weyl action, while that of the conformal-factor field is described by the induced Wess-Zumino actions, including the Riegert action as the kinetic term. Loop calculations are carried out in Landau gauge in order to reduce the number of Feynman diagrams as well as to avoid some uncertainty. Especially, we calculate two-loop quantum gravity corrections to the cosmological constant. It suggests that there is a dynamical solution to the cosmological constant problem. 8. Loop quantum cosmology of Bianchi IX: Inclusion of inverse triad corrections Corichi, Alejandro; Karami, Asieh 2016-06-01 We consider the loop quantization of the (diagonal) Bianchi type IX cosmological model. We explore different quantization prescriptions that extend the work of Wilson-Ewing and Singh. In particular, we study two different ways of implementing the so-called inverse triad corrections. We construct the corresponding Hamiltonian constraint operators and show that the singularity is formally resolved. We find the effective equations associated with the different quantization prescriptions, and study the relation with the isotropic k = 1 model that, classically, is contained within the Bianchi IX model. Somewhat surprisingly, we find the most natural quantization does not reduce to the k = 1 model. We use geometrically defined scalar observables to explore the physical implications of each of these theories. This is the first part in a series of papers analyzing different aspects of the Bianchi IX model, with inverse corrections, within loop quantum cosmology (LQC). 9. Quantum Cosmology Bojowald, Martin The universe, ultimately, is to be described by quantum theory. Quantum aspects of all there is, including space and time, may not be significant for many purposes, but are crucial for some. And so a quantum description of cosmology is required for a complete and consistent worldview. At any rate, even if we were not directly interested in regimes where quantum cosmology plays a role, a complete physical description could not stop at a stage before the whole universe is reached. Quantum theory is essential in the microphysics of particles, atoms, molecules, solids, white dwarfs and neutron stars. Why should one expect this ladder of scales to end at a certain size? If regimes are sufficiently violent and energetic, quantum effects are non-negligible even on scales of the whole cosmos; this is realized at least once in the history of the universe: at the big bang where the classical theory of general relativity would make energy densities diverge. 1.Lachieze-Rey, M., Luminet, J.P.: Phys. Rept. 254,135 (1995), gr-qc/9605010 2.BSDeWitt1967Phys. Rev.160511131967PhRv..160.1113D0158.4650410.1103/PhysRev.160.1113DeWitt, B.S.: Phys. Rev. 160(5), 1113 (1967) 3.Wiltshire, D.L.: In: Robson B., Visvanathan N., Woolcock W.S. (eds.) Cosmology: The Physics of the Universe, pp. 473-531. World Scientific, Singapore (1996 10. Cosmological perturbations in teleparallel Loop Quantum Cosmology Haro, Jaime 2013-11-01 Cosmological perturbations in Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) are usually studied incorporating either holonomy corrections, where the Ashtekar connection is replaced by a suitable sinus function in order to have a well-defined quantum analogue, or inverse-volume corrections coming from the eigenvalues of the inverse-volume operator. In this paper we will develop an alternative approach to calculate cosmological perturbations in LQC based on the fact that, holonomy corrected LQC in the flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) geometry could be also obtained as a particular case of teleparallel F(T) gravity (teleparallel LQC). The main idea of our approach is to mix the simple bounce provided by holonomy corrections in LQC with the non-singular perturbation equations given by F(T) gravity, in order to obtain a matter bounce scenario as a viable alternative to slow-roll inflation. In our study, we have obtained an scale invariant power spectrum of cosmological perturbations. However, the ratio of tensor to scalar perturbations is of order 1, which does not agree with the current observations. For this reason, we suggest a model where a transition from the matter domination to a quasi de Sitter phase is produced in order to enhance the scalar power spectrum. 11. Gauge invariant cosmological perturbation equations with corrections from loop quantum gravity SciTech Connect Bojowald, Martin; Hossain, Golam Mortuza; Kagan, Mikhail; Shankaranarayanan, S. 2009-02-15 A consistent implementation of quantum gravity is expected to change the familiar notions of space, time, and the propagation of matter in drastic ways. This will have consequences on very small scales, but also gives rise to correction terms in evolution equations of modes relevant for observations. In particular, the evolution of inhomogeneities in the very early Universe should be affected. In this paper consistent evolution equations for gauge-invariant perturbations in the presence of inverse triad corrections of loop quantum gravity are derived. Some immediate effects are pointed out, for instance, concerning conservation of power on large scales and nonadiabaticity. It is also emphasized that several critical corrections can only be seen to arise in a fully consistent treatment where the gauge freedom of canonical gravity is not fixed before implementing quantum corrections. In particular, metric modes must be allowed to be inhomogeneous: it is not consistent to assume only matter inhomogeneities on a quantum-corrected homogeneous background geometry. In this way, stringent consistency conditions arise for possible quantization ambiguities, which will eventually be further constrained observationally. 12. The Cosmological Constant in Quantum Cosmology SciTech Connect Wu Zhongchao 2008-10-10 Hawking proposed that the cosmological constant is probably zero in quantum cosmology in 1984. By using the right configuration for the wave function of the universe, a complete proof is found very recently. 13. Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce Gielen, Steffen; Turok, Neil 2016-07-01 We study quantum cosmology with conformal matter comprising a perfect radiation fluid and a number of conformally coupled scalar fields. Focusing initially on the collective coordinates (minisuperspace) associated with homogeneous, isotropic backgrounds, we are able to perform the quantum gravity path integral exactly. The evolution describes a "perfect bounce", in which the Universe passes smoothly through the singularity. We extend the analysis to spatially flat, anisotropic universes, treated exactly, and to generic inhomogeneous, anisotropic perturbations treated at linear and nonlinear order. This picture provides a natural, unitary description of quantum mechanical evolution across a cosmological bounce. We provide evidence for a semiclassical description in which all fields pass "around" the cosmological singularity along complex classical paths. 14. Perfect Quantum Cosmological Bounce. PubMed Gielen, Steffen; Turok, Neil 2016-07-01 We study quantum cosmology with conformal matter comprising a perfect radiation fluid and a number of conformally coupled scalar fields. Focusing initially on the collective coordinates (minisuperspace) associated with homogeneous, isotropic backgrounds, we are able to perform the quantum gravity path integral exactly. The evolution describes a "perfect bounce", in which the Universe passes smoothly through the singularity. We extend the analysis to spatially flat, anisotropic universes, treated exactly, and to generic inhomogeneous, anisotropic perturbations treated at linear and nonlinear order. This picture provides a natural, unitary description of quantum mechanical evolution across a cosmological bounce. We provide evidence for a semiclassical description in which all fields pass "around" the cosmological singularity along complex classical paths. PMID:27447496 15. Tachyon matter in loop quantum cosmology Sen, A. A. 2006-08-01 An analytical approach for studying the cosmological scenario with a homogeneous tachyon field within the framework of loop quantum gravity is developed. Our study is based on the semiclassical regime where space time can be approximated as a continuous manifold, but matter Hamiltonian gets nonperturbative quantum corrections. A formal correspondence between classical and loop quantum cosmology is also established. The Hamilton-Jacobi method for getting exact solutions is constructed and some exact power law as well as bouncing solutions are presented. 16. Quantum coherent states in cosmology Ziaeepour, Houri 2015-07-01 Coherent states consist of superposition of infinite number of particles and do not have a classical analogue. We study their evolution in a FLRW cosmology and show that only when full quantum corrections are considered, they may survive the expansion of the Universe and form a global condensate. This state of matter can be the origin of accelerating expansion of the Universe, generally called dark energy, and inflation in the early universe. Additionally, such a quantum pool may be the ultimate environment for decoherenceat shorter distances. If dark energy is a quantum coherent state, its dominant contribution to the total energy of the Universe at present provides a low entropy state which may be necessary as an initial condition for a new Big Bang in the framework of bouncing cosmology models. 17. Will Quantum Cosmology Resurrect Chaotic Inflation Model? Kim, Sang Pyo; Kim, Won 2016-07-01 The single field chaotic inflation model with a monomial power greater than one seems to be ruled out by the recent Planck and WMAP CMB data while Starobinsky model with a higher curvature term seems to be a viable model. Higher curvature terms being originated from quantum fluctuations, we revisit the quantum cosmology of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation for the chaotic inflation model. The semiclassical cosmology emerges from quantum cosmology with fluctuations of spacetimes and matter when the wave function is peaked around the semiclassical trajectory with quantum corrections a la the de Broglie-Bohm pilot theory. 18. Quantum phantom cosmology SciTech Connect DaPbrowski, Mariusz P.; Kiefer, Claus; Sandhoefer, Barbara 2006-08-15 We apply the formalism of quantum cosmology to models containing a phantom field. Three models are discussed explicitly: a toy model, a model with an exponential phantom potential, and a model with phantom field accompanied by a negative cosmological constant. In all these cases we calculate the classical trajectories in configuration space and give solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in quantum cosmology. In the cases of the toy model and the model with exponential potential we are able to solve the Wheeler-DeWitt equation exactly. For comparison, we also give the corresponding solutions for an ordinary scalar field. We discuss, in particular, the behavior of wave packets in minisuperspace. For the phantom field these packets disperse in the region that corresponds to the big-rip singularity. This thus constitutes a genuine quantum region at large scales, described by a regular solution of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. For the ordinary scalar field, the big-bang singularity is avoided. Some remarks on the arrow of time in phantom models as well as on the relation of phantom models to loop quantum cosmology are given. 19. Quantum cosmology: a review. PubMed Bojowald, Martin 2015-02-01 In quantum cosmology, one applies quantum physics to the whole universe. While no unique version and no completely well-defined theory is available yet, the framework gives rise to interesting conceptual, mathematical and physical questions. This review presents quantum cosmology in a new picture that tries to incorporate the importance of inhomogeneity. De-emphasizing the traditional minisuperspace view, the dynamics is rather formulated in terms of the interplay of many interacting 'microscopic' degrees of freedom that describe the space-time geometry. There is thus a close relationship with more-established systems in condensed-matter and particle physics even while the large set of space-time symmetries (general covariance) requires some adaptations and new developments. These extensions of standard methods are needed both at the fundamental level and at the stage of evaluating the theory by effective descriptions. PMID:25582917 20. Ekpyrotic loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2013-08-01 We consider the ekpyrotic paradigm in the context of loop quantum cosmology. In loop quantum cosmology the classical big-bang singularity is resolved due to quantum gravity effects, and so the contracting ekpyrotic branch of the universe and its later expanding phase are connected by a smooth bounce. Thus, it is possible to explicitly determine the evolution of scalar perturbations, from the contracting ekpyrotic phase through the bounce and to the post-bounce expanding epoch. The possibilities of having either one or two scalar fields have been suggested for the ekpyrotic universe, and both cases will be considered here. In the case of a single scalar field, the constant mode of the curvature perturbations after the bounce is found to have a blue spectrum. On the other hand, for the two scalar field ekpyrotic model where scale-invariant entropy perturbations source additional terms in the curvature perturbations, the power spectrum in the post-bounce expanding cosmology is shown to be nearly scale-invariant and so agrees with observations. 1. Higher dimensional loop quantum cosmology Zhang, Xiangdong 2016-07-01 Loop quantum cosmology (LQC) is the symmetric sector of loop quantum gravity. In this paper, we generalize the structure of loop quantum cosmology to the theories with arbitrary spacetime dimensions. The isotropic and homogeneous cosmological model in n+1 dimensions is quantized by the loop quantization method. Interestingly, we find that the underlying quantum theories are divided into two qualitatively different sectors according to spacetime dimensions. The effective Hamiltonian and modified dynamical equations of n+1 dimensional LQC are obtained. Moreover, our results indicate that the classical big bang singularity is resolved in arbitrary spacetime dimensions by a quantum bounce. We also briefly discuss the similarities and differences between the n+1 dimensional model and the 3+1 dimensional one. Our model serves as a first example of higher dimensional loop quantum cosmology and offers the possibility to investigate quantum gravity effects in higher dimensional cosmology. 2. Supersymmetric quantum cosmological billiards Kleinschmidt, Axel; Koehn, Michael; Nicolai, Hermann 2009-09-01 D=11 supergravity near a spacelike singularity admits a cosmological billiard description based on the hyperbolic Kac-Moody group E10. The quantization of this system via the supersymmetry constraint is shown to lead to wave functions involving automorphic (Maass wave) forms under the modular group W+(E10)≅PSL2(O) with Dirichlet boundary conditions on the billiard domain. A general inequality for the Laplace eigenvalues of these automorphic forms implies that the wave function of the Universe is generically complex and always tends to zero when approaching the initial singularity. We discuss possible implications of this result for the question of singularity resolution in quantum cosmology and comment on the differences with other approaches. 3. Quantum cosmological metroland model Anderson, Edward; Franzen, Anne 2010-02-01 Relational particle mechanics is useful for modelling whole-universe issues such as quantum cosmology or the problem of time in quantum gravity, including some aspects outside the reach of comparably complex mini-superspace models. In this paper, we consider the mechanics of pure shape and not scale of four particles on a line, so that the only physically significant quantities are ratios of relative separations between the constituents' physical objects. Many of our ideas and workings extend to the N-particle case. As such models' configurations resemble depictions of metro lines in public transport maps, we term them 'N-stop metrolands'. This 4-stop model's configuration space is a 2-sphere, from which our metroland mechanics interpretation is via the 'cubic' tessellation. This model yields conserved quantities which are mathematically SO(3) objects like angular momenta but are physically relative dilational momenta (i.e. coordinates dotted with momenta). We provide and interpret various exact and approximate classical and quantum solutions for 4-stop metroland; from these results one can construct expectations and spreads of shape operators that admit interpretations as relative sizes and the 'homogeneity of the model universe's contents', and also objects of significance for the problem of time in quantum gravity (e.g. in the naïve Schrödinger and records theory timeless approaches). 4. Quantum cosmology on the worldsheet SciTech Connect Cooper, A.R.; Susskind, L.; Thorlacius, L. 1991-08-01 Two-dimensional quantum gravity coupled to conformally invariant matter central c > 25 provides a toy model for quantum gravity in four dimensions. Two-dimensional quantum cosmology can thus be studied in terms of string theory in background fields. The large scale cosmological constant depends on non-linear dynamics in the string theory target space and does not appear to be suppressed by wormhole effects. 13 refs. 5. Initial conditions and quantum cosmology NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hartle, James B. 1987-01-01 A theory of initial conditions is necessary for a complete explanation of the presently observed large scale structural features of the universe, and a quantum theory of cosmology is probably needed for its formulation. The kinematics of quantum cosmology are reviewed, and some candidates for a law of initial conditions are discussed. The proposal that the quantum state of a closed universe is the natural analog of the ground state for closed cosmologies and is specified by a Euclidean sum over histories is sketched. When implemented in simple models, this proposal is consistent with the most important large-scale observations. 6. Unstable anisotropic loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect 2009-09-15 We study stability conditions of the full Hamiltonian constraint equation describing the quantum dynamics of the diagonal Bianchi I model in the context of loop quantum cosmology. Our analysis has shown robust evidence of an instability in the explicit implementation of the difference equation, implying important consequences for the correspondence between the full loop quantum gravity theory and loop quantum cosmology. As a result, one may question the choice of the quantization approach, the model of lattice refinement, and/or the role of the ambiguity parameters; all these should, in principle, be dictated by the full loop quantum gravity theory. 7. Evolution in bouncing quantum cosmology Mielczarek, Jakub; Piechocki, Włodzimierz 2012-03-01 We present the method of describing an evolution in quantum cosmology in the framework of the reduced phase space quantization of loop cosmology. We apply our method to the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model coupled to a massless scalar field. We identify the physical quantum Hamiltonian that is positive-definite and generates globally a unitary evolution of the considered quantum system. We examine the properties of expectation values of physical observables in the process of the quantum big bounce transition. The dispersion of evolved observables is studied for the Gaussian state. Calculated relative fluctuations enable an examination of the semi-classicality conditions and possible occurrence of the cosmic forgetfulness. Preliminary estimations based on the cosmological data suggest that there was no cosmic amnesia. Presented results are analytical, and numerical computations are only used for the visualization purposes. Our method may be generalized to sophisticated cosmological models including the Bianchi-type universes. 8. Varying constants quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Leszczyńska, Katarzyna; Balcerzak, Adam; Dabrowski, Mariusz P. E-mail: abalcerz@wmf.univ.szczecin.pl 2015-02-01 We discuss minisuperspace models within the framework of varying physical constants theories including Λ-term. In particular, we consider the varying speed of light (VSL) theory and varying gravitational constant theory (VG) using the specific ansätze for the variability of constants: c(a) = c{sub 0} a{sup n} and G(a)=G{sub 0} a{sup q}. We find that most of the varying c and G minisuperspace potentials are of the tunneling type which allows to use WKB approximation of quantum mechanics. Using this method we show that the probability of tunneling of the universe ''from nothing'' (a=0) to a Friedmann geometry with the scale factor a{sub t} is large for growing c models and is strongly suppressed for diminishing c models. As for G varying, the probability of tunneling is large for G diminishing, while it is small for G increasing. In general, both varying c and G change the probability of tunneling in comparison to the standard matter content (cosmological term, dust, radiation) universe models. 9. Quantum Weyl invariance and cosmology Dabholkar, Atish 2016-09-01 Equations for cosmological evolution are formulated in a Weyl invariant formalism to take into account possible Weyl anomalies. Near two dimensions, the renormalized cosmological term leads to a nonlocal energy-momentum tensor and a slowly decaying vacuum energy. A natural generalization to four dimensions implies a quantum modification of Einstein field equations at long distances. It offers a new perspective on time-dependence of couplings and naturalness with potentially far-reaching consequences for the cosmological constant problem, inflation, and dark energy. 10. Quantum cosmology near two dimensions Bautista, Teresa; Dabholkar, Atish 2016-08-01 We consider a Weyl-invariant formulation of gravity with a cosmological constant in d -dimensional spacetime and show that near two dimensions the classical action reduces to the timelike Liouville action. We show that the renormalized cosmological term leads to a nonlocal quantum momentum tensor which satisfies the Ward identities in a nontrivial way. The resulting evolution equations for an isotropic, homogeneous universe lead to slowly decaying vacuum energy and power-law expansion. We outline the implications for the cosmological constant problem, inflation, and dark energy. 11. Quantum cosmology with nontrivial topologies SciTech Connect Vargas, T. 2008-10-10 Quantum creation of a universe with a nontrivial spatial topology is considered. Using the Euclidean functional integral prescription, we calculate the wave function of such a universe with cosmological constant and without matter. The minisuperspace path integral is calculated in the semiclassical approximation, and it is shown that in order to include the nontrivial topologies in the path integral approach to quantum cosmology, it is necessary to generalize the sum over compact and smooth 4-manifolds to sum over finite-volume compact 4-orbifolds. 12. Covariant entropy bound and loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Ashtekar, Abhay; Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2008-09-15 We examine Bousso's covariant entropy bound conjecture in the context of radiation filled, spatially flat, Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models. The bound is violated near the big bang. However, the hope has been that quantum gravity effects would intervene and protect it. Loop quantum cosmology provides a near ideal setting for investigating this issue. For, on the one hand, quantum geometry effects resolve the singularity and, on the other hand, the wave function is sharply peaked at a quantum corrected but smooth geometry, which can supply the structure needed to test the bound. We find that the bound is respected. We suggest that the bound need not be an essential ingredient for a quantum gravity theory but may emerge from it under suitable circumstances. 13. Decoherence in quantum mechanics and quantum cosmology NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hartle, James B. 1992-01-01 A sketch of the quantum mechanics for closed systems adequate for cosmology is presented. This framework is an extension and clarification of that of Everett and builds on several aspects of the post-Everett development. It especially builds on the work of Zeh, Zurek, Joos and Zeh, and others on the interactions of quantum systems with the larger universe and on the ideas of Griffiths, Omnes, and others on the requirements for consistent probabilities of histories. 14. Loop quantum Brans-Dicke cosmology Zhang, Xiangdong; Artymowski, Michal; Ma, Yongge 2013-04-01 The spatially flat and isotropic cosmological model of Brans-Dicke theory with coupling parameter ω≠-(3)/(2) is quantized by the approach of loop quantum cosmology. An interesting feature of this model is that although the Brans-Dicke scalar field is nonminimally coupled with curvature, it can still play the role of an emergent time variable. In the quantum theory, the classical differential equation which represents cosmological evolution is replaced by a quantum difference equation. The effective Hamiltonian and modified dynamical equations of loop quantum Brans-Dicke cosmology are also obtained, which lay a foundation for the phenomenological investigation to possible quantum gravity effects in cosmology. The effective equations indicate that the classical big bang singularity is again replaced by a quantum bounce in loop quantum Brans-Dicke cosmology. 15. Loop quantum cosmology: an overview Ashtekar, Abhay 2009-04-01 A brief overview of loop quantum cosmology of homogeneous isotropic models is presented with emphasis on the origin of and subtleties associated with the resolution of big bang and big crunch singularities. These results bear out the remarkable intuition that John Wheeler had. Discussion is organized at two levels. The the main text provides a bird’s eye view of the subject that should be accessible to non-experts. Appendices address conceptual and technical issues that are often raised by experts in loop quantum gravity and string theory. 16. Gauge invariant quantum cosmology NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Berger, Beverly K. 1987-01-01 The study of boundary conditions, the Hamiltonian constraint, reparameterization-invariance, and quantum dynamics, is presently approached by means of the path-integral quantization of minisuperspace models. The separation of the wave functions for expansion and contraction by the Feynman boundary conditions is such that there can be no interference between them. This is implemented by the choice of a contour in the complex plane, in order to define the phase of the square-root Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner (1960) Hamiltonian for expansion, collapse, and the classically forbidden region. 17. Large numbers hypothesis. IV - The cosmological constant and quantum physics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1983-01-01 In standard physics quantum field theory is based on a flat vacuum space-time. This quantum field theory predicts a nonzero cosmological constant. Hence the gravitational field equations do not admit a flat vacuum space-time. This dilemma is resolved using the units covariant gravitational field equations. This paper shows that the field equations admit a flat vacuum space-time with nonzero cosmological constant if and only if the canonical LNH is valid. This allows an interpretation of the LNH phenomena in terms of a time-dependent vacuum state. If this is correct then the cosmological constant must be positive. 18. New ekpyrotic quantum cosmology Lehners, Jean-Luc 2015-11-01 Ekpyrotic instantons describe the emergence of classical contracting universes out of the no-boundary quantum state. However, up to now these instantons ended in a big crunch singularity. We remedy this by adding a higher-derivative term, allowing a ghost condensate to form. This causes a smooth, non-singular bounce from the contracting phase into an expanding, kinetic-dominated phase. Remarkably, and although there is a non-trivial evolution during the bounce, the wavefunction of the universe is "classical" in a WKB sense just as much after the bounce as before. These new non-singular instantons can thus form the basis for a fully non-singular and calculable ekpyrotic history of the universe, from creation until now. 19. Vector fields and Loop Quantum Cosmology SciTech Connect Artymowski, Michał; Lalak, Zygmunt E-mail: Zygmunt.Lalak@fuw.edu.pl 2011-09-01 In the context of the Loop Quantum Cosmology we have analysed the holonomy correction to the classical evolution of the simplified Bianchi I model in the presence of vector fields. For the Universe dominated by a massive vector field or by a combination of a scalar field and a vector field a smooth transition between Kasner-like and Kasner-unlike solutions for a Bianchi I model has been demonstrated. In this case a lack of initial curvature singularity and a finite maximal energy density appear already at the level of General Relativity, which simulates a classical Big Bounce. 20. Quantum Vacuum Structure and Cosmology SciTech Connect Rafelski, Johann; Labun, Lance; Hadad, Yaron; Chen, Pisin; /Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U. /KIPAC, Menlo Park /SLAC 2011-12-05 Contemporary physics faces three great riddles that lie at the intersection of quantum theory, particle physics and cosmology. They are: (1) The expansion of the universe is accelerating - an extra factor of two appears in the size; (2) Zero-point fluctuations do not gravitate - a matter of 120 orders of magnitude; and (3) The 'True' quantum vacuum state does not gravitate. The latter two are explicitly problems related to the interpretation and the physical role and relation of the quantum vacuum with and in general relativity. Their resolution may require a major advance in our formulation and understanding of a common unified approach to quantum physics and gravity. To achieve this goal we must develop an experimental basis and much of the discussion we present is devoted to this task. In the following, we examine the observations and the theory contributing to the current framework comprising these riddles. We consider an interpretation of the first riddle within the context of the universe's quantum vacuum state, and propose an experimental concept to probe the vacuum state of the universe. 1. Quantum inflationary minisuperspace cosmological models SciTech Connect Kim Sangpyo. 1991-01-01 The Wheeler-DeWitt equations for the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology conformally and minimally coupled to scalar fields with power-lay potential are expanded in the eigenstates of the scalar field parts. The gravitational parts become a diagonal matrix-valued differential equation for a conformal scalar field, and a coupled matrix-valued differential equation for a minimally coupled scalar field. The Cauchy initial value problem is defined with respect to the intrinsic timelike coordinate, and the wavefunctions incorporating initial data are constructed using the product integral formulation. The packetlike wavefunctions around classical turning points are shown possible in the product integral formulation, and the returning wavepackets near the returning point of the classical Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology are constructed. The wavefunctions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation minimally coupled to the scaler field are constructed by two differential methods, the master equation and the enlarged matrix equation. The spectrum for the wavefunctions regular at the infinite size of universe is found, and these are interpreted as the Hawking-Page spectrum of wormholes connecting two asymptotically Euclidean regions. The quantum Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology is extended to the minimal scalar field with the inflationary potential having a first order phase transition. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation is expanded in the eigenstates of the scalar field, and the gravitational part becomes a coupled matrix-valued differential equation. 2. Loop quantum cosmology of Bianchi type IX models SciTech Connect Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2010-08-15 The loop quantum cosmology 'improved dynamics' of the Bianchi type IX model are studied. The action of the Hamiltonian constraint operator is obtained via techniques developed for the Bianchi type I and type II models, no new input is required. It is shown that the big bang and big crunch singularities are resolved by quantum gravity effects. We also present effective equations which provide quantum geometry corrections to the classical equations of motion. 3. Loop quantum cosmology in 2 +1 dimension Zhang, Xiangdong 2014-12-01 As a first step to generalize the structure of loop quantum cosmology to the theories with the spacetime dimension other than four, the isotropic model of loop quantum cosmology in 2 +1 dimension is studied in this paper. We find that the classical big bang singularity is again replaced by a quantum bounce in the model. The similarities and differences between the (2 +1 )-dimensional model and the (3 +1 )-dimensional one are also discussed. 4. Quantum supersymmetric Bianchi IX cosmology Damour, Thibault; Spindel, Philippe 2014-11-01 We study the quantum dynamics of a supersymmetric squashed three-sphere by dimensionally reducing (to one timelike dimension) the action of D =4 simple supergravity for a S U (2 ) -homogeneous (Bianchi IX) cosmological model. The quantization of the homogeneous gravitino field leads to a 64-dimensional fermionic Hilbert space. After imposition of the diffeomorphism constraints, the wave function of the Universe becomes a 64-component spinor of spin(8,4) depending on the three squashing parameters, which satisfies Dirac-like, and Klein-Gordon-like, wave equations describing the propagation of a "quantum spinning particle" reflecting off spin-dependent potential walls. The algebra of the supersymmetry constraints and of the Hamiltonian one is found to close. One finds that the quantum Hamiltonian is built from operators that generate a 64-dimensional representation of the (infinite-dimensional) maximally compact subalgebra of the rank-3 hyperbolic Kac-Moody algebra A E3 . The (quartic-in-fermions) squared-mass term μ^ 2 entering the Klein-Gordon-like equation has several remarkable properties: (i) it commutes with all the other (Kac-Moody-related) building blocks of the Hamiltonian; (ii) it is a quadratic function of the fermion number NF; and (iii) it is negative in most of the Hilbert space. The latter property leads to a possible quantum avoidance of the singularity ("cosmological bounce"), and suggests imposing the boundary condition that the wave function of the Universe vanish when the volume of space tends to zero (a type of boundary condition which looks like a final-state condition when considering the big crunch inside a black hole). The space of solutions is a mixture of "discrete-spectrum states" (parametrized by a few constant parameters, and known in explicit form) and of continuous-spectrum states (parametrized by arbitrary functions entering some initial-value problem). The predominantly negative values of the squared-mass term lead to a "bottle 5. Loop quantum cosmology with complex Ashtekar variables Ben Achour, Jibril; Grain, Julien; Noui, Karim 2015-01-01 We construct and study loop quantum cosmology (LQC) when the Barbero-Immirzi parameter takes the complex value γ =+/- i. We refer to this new approach to quantum cosmology as complex LQC. This formulation is obtained via an analytic continuation of the Hamiltonian constraint (with no inverse volume corrections) from real γ to γ =+/- i, in the simple case of a flat FLRW Universe coupled to a massless scalar field with no cosmological constant. For this, we first compute the non-local curvature operator (defined by the trace of the holonomy of the connection around a fundamental plaquette) evaluated in an arbitrary spin j representation, and find a new close formula for its expression. This allows us to define explicitly a one parameter family of regularizations of the Hamiltonian constraint in LQC, parametrized by the spin j. It is immediate to see that any spin j regularization leads to a bouncing scenario. Then, motivated in particular by previous results on black hole thermodynamics, we perform the analytic continuation of the Hamiltonian constraint to values of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter given by γ =+/- i and to spins j=\\frac{1}{2}(-1+is) where s is real. Even if the area spectrum then becomes continuous, we show that the complex LQC defined in this way does also replace the initial big-bang singularity by a big-bounce. In addition to this, the maximal density and the minimal volume of the Universe are obviously independent of γ . Furthermore, the dynamics before and after the bounce is not symmetrical anymore, which makes a clear distinction between these two phases of the evolution of the Universe. 6. Onset of inflation in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Germani, Cristiano; Nelson, William; Sakellariadou, Mairi 2007-08-15 Using a Liouville measure, similar to the one proposed recently by Gibbons and Turok, we investigate the probability that single-field inflation with a polynomial potential can last long enough to solve the shortcomings of the standard hot big bang model, within the semiclassical regime of loop quantum cosmology. We conclude that, for such a class of inflationary models and for natural values of the loop quantum cosmology parameters, a successful inflationary scenario is highly improbable. 7. Quantum hyperbolic geometry in loop quantum gravity with cosmological constant Dupuis, Maïté; Girelli, Florian 2013-06-01 Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is an attempt to describe the quantum gravity regime. Introducing a nonzero cosmological constant Λ in this context has been a standing problem. Other approaches, such as Chern-Simons gravity, suggest that quantum groups can be used to introduce Λ into the game. Not much is known when defining LQG with a quantum group. Tensor operators can be used to construct observables in any type of discrete quantum gauge theory with a classical/quantum gauge group. We illustrate this by constructing explicitly geometric observables for LQG defined with a quantum group and show for the first time that they encode a quantized hyperbolic geometry. This is a novel argument pointing out the usefulness of quantum groups as encoding a nonzero cosmological constant. We conclude by discussing how tensor operators provide the right formalism to unlock the LQG formulation with a nonzero cosmological constant. 8. Aspects of Quantum Gravity in Cosmology Rinaldi, Massimiliano We review some aspects of quantum gravity in the context of cosmology. In particular, we focus on models with a phenomenology accessible to current and near-future observations, as the early Universe might be our only chance to peep through the quantum gravity realm. 9. Cosmology, the Quantum Universe, Spin and Spinors Wolff, Milo 2001-03-01 A highly successful mathematical theory of spin has been developed by Paul Dirac and others (1928). Until recently there has been no successful physical description of spin or its origin. The electron's structure and its spin had been a mystery. Describing them and their cosmological implications is the role of this poster display. Spin is measured in units of angular momentum like rotating objects of human size. But particle spin is uniquely a quantum phenomenon because its value is fixed and cannot be calculated from mass or angular velocity. It will be shown that this occurs because spin is due to the behavior of the waves that form the electron structure. This is very easy to understand after you recognize that particles are 100% waves while mass and charge are properties of the waves in a space medium. The Greek concept of solid particles and charge is not correct. The Wave Structure of Matter was popular sixty years ago among the pioneers of quantum theory. Namely that matter consists of undulations in the fabric of space. The matter substances, mass and charge, are appearances or 'schaumkommen' as conjectured by Schröedinger. His prediction is consistent with quantum theory because QM does not depend on the existence of such substances. This poster describes how the spin of the electron arises out of the Quantum Wave Structure of Matter. The electron in particular is formed of a pair of spherical quantum waves, one inward and one outward. Spin is the result of spherical rotation of the inward wave of the electron at the electron center where it converts to the outward wave. Spherical rotation is a required condition to maintain proper phase relations of the in- and out- wave amplitudes. The spherical rotation, which is a unique property of 3D space, can be described using SU(2) group theory algebra. Thus the IN and OUT waves of the charged particle are a Dirac spinor of two elements. Surprisingly, the universe is constructed of binary elements like computer 10. Quantum cosmological consistency condition for inflation SciTech Connect Calcagni, Gianluca; Kiefer, Claus; Steinwachs, Christian F. E-mail: kiefer@thp.uni-koeln.de 2014-10-01 We investigate the quantum cosmological tunneling scenario for inflationary models. Within a path-integral approach, we derive the corresponding tunneling probability distribution. A sharp peak in this distribution can be interpreted as the initial condition for inflation and therefore as a quantum cosmological prediction for its energy scale. This energy scale is also a genuine prediction of any inflationary model by itself, as the primordial gravitons generated during inflation leave their imprint in the B-polarization of the cosmic microwave background. In this way, one can derive a consistency condition for inflationary models that guarantees compatibility with a tunneling origin and can lead to a testable quantum cosmological prediction. The general method is demonstrated explicitly for the model of natural inflation. 11. Gaussian state for the bouncing quantum cosmology Mielczarek, Jakub; Piechocki, Włodzimierz 2012-10-01 We present results concerning propagation of the Gaussian state across the cosmological quantum bounce. The reduced phase space quantization of loop quantum cosmology is applied to the Friedman-Robertson-Walker universe with a free massless scalar field. Evolution of quantum moments of the canonical variables is investigated. The covariance turns out to be a monotonic function so it may be used as an evolution parameter having quantum origin. We show that for the Gaussian state the Universe is least quantum at the bounce. We propose explanation of this counter-intuitive feature using the entropy of squeezing. The obtained time dependence of entropy is in agreement with qualitative predictions based on von Neumann entropy for mixed states. We show that, for the considered Gaussian state, semiclassicality is preserved across the bounce, so there is no cosmic forgetfulness. 12. Cosmological implications of modified gravity induced by quantum metric fluctuations Liu, Xing; Harko, Tiberiu; Liang, Shi-Dong 2016-08-01 We investigate the cosmological implications of modified gravities induced by the quantum fluctuations of the gravitational metric. If the metric can be decomposed as the sum of the classical and of a fluctuating part, of quantum origin, then the corresponding Einstein quantum gravity generates at the classical level modified gravity models with a non-minimal coupling between geometry and matter. As a first step in our study, after assuming that the expectation value of the quantum correction can be generally expressed in terms of an arbitrary second order tensor constructed from the metric and from the thermodynamic quantities characterizing the matter content of the Universe, we derive the (classical) gravitational field equations in their general form. We analyze in detail the cosmological models obtained by assuming that the quantum correction tensor is given by the coupling of a scalar field and of a scalar function to the metric tensor, and by a term proportional to the matter energy-momentum tensor. For each considered model we obtain the gravitational field equations, and the generalized Friedmann equations for the case of a flat homogeneous and isotropic geometry. In some of these models the divergence of the matter energy-momentum tensor is non-zero, indicating a process of matter creation, which corresponds to an irreversible energy flow from the gravitational field to the matter fluid, and which is direct consequence of the non-minimal curvature-matter coupling. The cosmological evolution equations of these modified gravity models induced by the quantum fluctuations of the metric are investigated in detail by using both analytical and numerical methods, and it is shown that a large variety of cosmological models can be constructed, which, depending on the numerical values of the model parameters, can exhibit both accelerating and decelerating behaviors. 13. Quantum coherence, wormholes, and the cosmological constant SciTech Connect Unruh, W.G. ) 1989-08-15 Coleman has argued that if wormhole solutions to the Euclidean action coupled to matter dominate the Euclidean path integral for quantum gravity, they do not lead to a loss of quantum coherence for wave functions in our Universe. Furthermore, they also lead to the prediction that the ultimate'' cosmological constant is zero. I analyze the assumptions that go into this result and argue that the presence of wormhole solutions does lead to a loss of quantum coherence and, furthermore, completely destroys the Euclidean quantum theory by producing a highly nonlocal effective Euclidean action which is violently unbounded from below. 14. Quantum Steganography and Quantum Error-Correction ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Shaw, Bilal A. 2010-01-01 Quantum error-correcting codes have been the cornerstone of research in quantum information science (QIS) for more than a decade. Without their conception, quantum computers would be a footnote in the history of science. When researchers embraced the idea that we live in a world where the effects of a noisy environment cannot completely be… 15. Warm inflationary model in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Herrera, Ramon 2010-06-15 A warm inflationary universe model in loop quantum cosmology is studied. In general we discuss the condition of inflation in this framework. By using a chaotic potential, V({phi}){proportional_to}{phi}{sup 2}, we develop a model where the dissipation coefficient {Gamma}={Gamma}{sub 0}=constant. We use recent astronomical observations for constraining the parameters appearing in our model. 16. Towards Noncommutative Supersymmetric Quantum Cosmology Sabido, M.; Guzmán, W.; Socorro, J. 2010-12-01 In this work a construction of supersymmetric noncommutative cosmology is presented. We start with a noncommutative'' deformation of the minisuperspace variables, and by using the time reparametrization invariance of the noncommutative bosonic model we proceed to construct a super field description of the model. 17. Future singularities and teleparallelism in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Bamba, Kazuharu; Haro, Jaume de; Odintsov, Sergei D. E-mail: jaime.haro@upc.edu 2013-02-01 We demonstrate how holonomy corrections in loop quantum cosmology (LQC) prevent the Big Rip singularity by introducing a quadratic modification in terms of the energy density ρ in the Friedmann equation in the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) space-time in a consistent and useful way. In addition, we investigate whether other kind of singularities like Type II,III and IV singularities survive or are avoided in LQC when the universe is filled by a barotropic fluid with the state equation P = −ρ−f(ρ), where P is the pressure and f(ρ) a function of ρ. It is shown that the Little Rip cosmology does not happen in LQC. Nevertheless, the occurrence of the Pseudo-Rip cosmology, in which the phantom universe approaches the de Sitter one asymptotically, is established, and the corresponding example is presented. It is interesting that the disintegration of bound structures in the Pseudo-Rip cosmology in LQC always takes more time than that in Einstein cosmology. Our investigation on future singularities is generalized to that in modified teleparallel gravity, where LQC and Brane Cosmology in the Randall-Sundrum scenario are the best examples. It is remarkable that F(T) gravity may lead to all the kinds of future singularities including Little Rip. 18. Quantum error correction beyond qubits Aoki, Takao; Takahashi, Go; Kajiya, Tadashi; Yoshikawa, Jun-Ichi; Braunstein, Samuel L.; van Loock, Peter; Furusawa, Akira 2009-08-01 Quantum computation and communication rely on the ability to manipulate quantum states robustly and with high fidelity. To protect fragile quantum-superposition states from corruption through so-called decoherence noise, some form of error correction is needed. Therefore, the discovery of quantum error correction (QEC) was a key step to turn the field of quantum information from an academic curiosity into a developing technology. Here, we present an experimental implementation of a QEC code for quantum information encoded in continuous variables, based on entanglement among nine optical beams. This nine-wave-packet adaptation of Shor's original nine-qubit scheme enables, at least in principle, full quantum error correction against an arbitrary single-beam error. 19. Quantum Coherence Arguments for Cosmological Scale SciTech Connect Lindesay, James; /SLAC 2005-05-27 Homogeneity and correlations in the observed CMB are indicative of some form of cosmological coherence in early times. Quantum coherence in the early universe would be expected to give space-like phase coherence to any effects sourced to those times. If dark energy de-coherence is assumed to occur when the rate of expansion of the relevant cosmological scale parameter in the Friedmann-Lemaitre equations is no longer supra-luminal, a critical energy density is immediately defined. It is shown that the general class of dynamical models so defined necessarily requires a spatially flat cosmology in order to be consistent with observed structure formation. The basic assumption is that the dark energy density which is fixed during de-coherence is to be identified with the cosmological constant. It is shown for the entire class of models that the expected amplitude of fluctuations driven by the dark energy de-coherence process is of the order needed to evolve into the fluctuations observed in cosmic microwave background radiation and galactic clustering. The densities involved during de-coherence which correspond to the measured dark energy density turn out to be of the electroweak symmetry restoration scale. In an inflationary cosmology, this choice of the scale parameter in the FL equations directly relates the scale of dark energy decoherence to the De Sitter scales (associated with the positive cosmological constants) at both early and late times. 20. Uniqueness of measures in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Hanusch, Maximilian 2015-09-15 In Ashtekar and Campiglia [Classical Quantum Gravity 29, 242001 (2012)], residual diffeomorphisms have been used to single out the standard representation of the reduced holonomy-flux algebra in homogeneous loop quantum cosmology (LQC). We show that, in the homogeneous isotropic case, unitarity of the translations with respect to the extended ℝ-action (exponentiated reduced fluxes in the standard approach) singles out the Bohr measure on both the standard quantum configuration space ℝ{sub Bohr} as well as on the Fleischhack one (ℝ⊔ℝ{sub Bohr}). Thus, in both situations, the same condition singles out the standard kinematical Hilbert space of LQC. 1. Loop quantum cosmology and the fate of cosmological singularities Singh, Parampreet 2014-09-01 Singularities in general relativity such as the big bang and big crunch, and exotic singularities such as the big rip are the boundaries of the classical spacetimes. These events are marked by a divergence in the curvature invariants and the breakdown of the geodesic evolution. Recent progress on implementing techniques of loop quantum gravity to cosmological models reveals that such singularities may be generically resolved because of the quantum gravitational effects. Due to the quantum geometry, which replaces the classical differential geometry at the Planck scale, the big bang is replaced by a big bounce without any assumptions on the matter content or any fine tuning. In this manuscript, we discuss some of the main features of this approach and the results on the generic resolution of singularities for the isotropic as well as anisotropic models. Using effective spacetime description of the quantum theory, we show the way quantum gravitational effects lead to the universal bounds on the energy density, the Hubble rate and the anisotropic shear. We discuss the geodesic completeness in the effective spacetime and the resolution of all of the strong singularities. It turns out that despite the bounds on energy density and the Hubble rate, there can be divergences in the curvature invariants. However such events are geodesically extendible, with tidal forces not strong enough to cause inevitable destruction of the in-falling objects. 2. Exact solutions for a big bounce in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Mielczarek, Jakub; Stachowiak, Tomasz; Szydlowski, Marek 2008-06-15 In this paper we study the flat (k=0) cosmological Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model with holonomy corrections of loop quantum gravity. The considered universe contains a massless scalar field and the cosmological constant {lambda}. We find analytical solutions for this model in different configurations and investigate its dynamical behavior in the whole phase space. Such an approach might be significant e.g. as a phenomenological reference for a further, fully quantum treatment. We show the explicit influence of {lambda} on the qualitative and quantitative character of solutions. Even in the case of positive {lambda} the oscillating solutions without the initial and final singularity appear as a generic case for some quantization schemes. 3. Hořava-Lifshitz quantum cosmology Bertolami, Orfeu; Zarro, Carlos A. D. 2011-08-01 In this work, a minisuperspace model for the projectable Hořava-Lifshitz gravity without the detailed-balance condition is investigated. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation is derived and its solutions are studied and discussed for some particular cases where, due to Hořava-Lifshitz gravity, there is a “potential barrier” nearby a=0. For a vanishing cosmological constant, a normalizable wave function of the Universe is found. When the cosmological constant is nonvanishing, the WKB method is used to obtain solutions for the wave function of the Universe. Using the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, one discusses how the transition from quantum to classical regime occurs and, for the case of a positive cosmological constant, the scale factor is shown to grow exponentially, hence recovering the general relativity behavior for the late Universe. 4. Shape space methods for quantum cosmological triangleland Anderson, Edward 2011-05-01 With toy modelling of conceptual aspects of quantum cosmology and the problem of time in quantum gravity in mind, I study the classical and quantum dynamics of the pure-shape (i.e. scale-free) triangle formed by 3 particles in 2- d. I do so by importing techniques to the triangle model from the corresponding 4 particles in 1- d model, using the fact that both have 2-spheres for shape spaces, though the latter has a trivial realization whilst the former has a more involved Hopf (or Dragt) type realization. I furthermore interpret the ensuing Dragt-type coordinates as shape quantities: a measure of anisoscelesness, the ellipticity of the base and apex's moments of inertia, and a quantity proportional to the area of the triangle. I promote these quantities at the quantum level to operators whose expectation and spread are then useful in understanding the quantum states of the system. Additionally, I tessellate the 2-sphere by its physical interpretation as the shape space of triangles, and then use this as a back-cloth from which to read off the interpretation of dynamical trajectories, potentials and wavefunctions. I include applications to timeless approaches to the problem of time and to the role of uniform states in quantum cosmological modelling. 5. Further corrections to the theory of cosmological recombination NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Krolik, Julian H. 1990-01-01 Krolik (1989) pointed out that frequency redistribution due to scattering is more important than cosmological expansion in determining the Ly-alpha frequency profile during cosmological recombination, and that its effects substantially modify the rate of recombination. Although the first statement is true, the second statement is not: a basic symmetry of photon scattering leads to identical cancellations which almost completely erase the effects of both coherent and incoherent scattering. Only a small correction due to atomic recoil alters the line profile from the prediction of pure cosmological expansion, so that the pace of cosmological recombination can be well approximated by ignoring Ly-alpha scattering. 6. The simplest possible bouncing quantum cosmological model Peter, Patrick; Vitenti, Sandro D. P. 2016-06-01 We present and expand the simplest possible quantum cosmological bouncing model already discussed in previous works: the trajectory formulation of quantum mechanics applied to cosmology (through the Wheeler-De Witt equation) in the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) minisuperspace without spatial curvature. The initial conditions that were previously assumed were such that the wave function would not change its functional form but instead provide a dynamics to its parameters. Here, we consider a more general situation, in practice consisting of modified Gaussian wave functions, aiming at obtaining a nonsingular bounce from a contracting phase. Whereas previous works consistently obtain very symmetric bounces, we find that it is possible to produce highly non-symmetric solutions, and even cases for which multiple bounces naturally occur. We also introduce a means of treating the shear in this category of models by quantizing in the Bianchi I minisuperspace. 7. Supersymmetric quantum cosmology: a Socratic' guide Moniz, Paulo Vargas 2014-01-01 By adequately adapting a knowledge by enquire' approach, an appraisal of what supersymmetric quantum cosmology (SQC) entails ( viz., some of the difficulties but also current successes and motivation) is subsequently presented. More concretely, the basics of SQC are briefly reviewed in a pedagogical manner. The purpose is twofold: (i) promote SQC as a promising line where to conduct research work and (ii) provide an introduction to the essential computational framework. Directions still open to be explored are pointed out. 8. Dynamical Casimir effect and quantum cosmology Brevik, I.; Milton, K. A.; Odintsov, S. D.; Osetrin, K. E. 2000-09-01 We apply the background field method and the effective action formalism to describe the four-dimensional dynamical Casimir effect. Our picture corresponds to the consideration of quantum cosmology for an expanding FRW universe (the boundary conditions act as a moving mirror) filled by a quantum massless GUT which is conformally invariant. We consider cases in which the static Casimir energy is attractive and repulsive. Inserting the simplest possible inertial term, we find, in the adiabatic (and semiclassical) approximation, the dynamical evolution of the scale factor and the dynamical Casimir stress analytically and numerically [for SU(2) super Yang-Mills theory]. Alternative kinetic energy terms are explored in the Appendix. 9. Generalized effective description of loop quantum cosmology Ashtekar, Abhay; Gupt, Brajesh 2015-10-01 The effective description of loop quantum cosmology (LQC) has proved to be a convenient platform to study phenomenological implications of the quantum bounce that resolves the classical big bang singularity. Originally, this description was derived using Gaussian quantum states with small dispersions. In this paper we present a generalization to incorporate states with large dispersions. Specifically, we derive the generalized effective Friedmann and Raychaudhuri equations and propose a generalized effective Hamiltonian which are being used in an ongoing study of the phenomenological consequences of a broad class of quantum geometries. We also discuss an interesting interplay between the physics of states with larger dispersions in standard LQC, and of sharply peaked states in (hypothetical) LQC theories with larger area gap. 10. Interpretation and Predictability of Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Cosmology A non-probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics asserts that we get a prediction only when a wave function has a peak. Taking this interpretation seriously, we discuss how to find a peak in the wave function of the universe, by using some minisuperspace models with homogeneous degrees of freedom and also a model with cosmological perturbations. Then we show how to recover our classical picture of the universe from the quantum theory, and comment on the physical meaning of the backreaction equation. 11. Cosmological inflation and the quantum measurement problem Martin, Jérôme; Vennin, Vincent; Peter, Patrick 2012-11-01 According to cosmological inflation, the inhomogeneities in our Universe are of quantum-mechanical origin. This scenario is phenomenologically very appealing as it solves the puzzles of the standard hot big bang model and naturally explains why the spectrum of cosmological perturbations is almost scale invariant. It is also an ideal playground to discuss deep questions among which is the quantum measurement problem in a cosmological context. Although the large squeezing of the quantum state of the perturbations and the phenomenon of decoherence explain many aspects of the quantum-to-classical transition, it remains to understand how a specific outcome can be produced in the early Universe, in the absence of any observer. The continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) approach to quantum mechanics attempts to solve the quantum measurement question in a general context. In this framework, the wave function collapse is caused by adding new nonlinear and stochastic terms to the Schrödinger equation. In this paper, we apply this theory to inflation, which amounts to solving the CSL parametric oscillator case. We choose the wave function collapse to occur on an eigenstate of the Mukhanov-Sasaki variable and discuss the corresponding modified Schrödinger equation. Then, we compute the power spectrum of the perturbations and show that it acquires a universal shape with two branches, one which remains scale invariant and one with nS=4, a spectral index in obvious contradiction with the cosmic microwave background anisotropy observations. The requirement that the non-scale-invariant part be outside the observational window puts stringent constraints on the parameter controlling the deviations from ordinary quantum mechanics. Due to the absence of a CSL amplification mechanism in field theory, this also has the consequence that the collapse mechanism of the inflationary fluctuations is not efficient. Then, we determine the collapse time. On small scales the collapse is 12. Large classical universes emerging from quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Pinto-Neto, Nelson 2009-04-15 It is generally believed that one cannot obtain a large universe from quantum cosmological models without an inflationary phase in the classical expanding era because the typical size of the universe after leaving the quantum regime should be around the Planck length, and the standard decelerated classical expansion after that is not sufficient to enlarge the universe in the time available. For instance, in many quantum minisuperspace bouncing models studied in the literature, solutions where the universe leaves the quantum regime in the expanding phase with appropriate size have negligible probability amplitude with respect to solutions leaving this regime around the Planck length. In this paper, I present a general class of moving Gaussian solutions of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation where the velocity of the wave in minisuperspace along the scale factor axis, which is the new large parameter introduced in order to circumvent the above-mentioned problem, induces a large acceleration around the quantum bounce, forcing the universe to leave the quantum regime sufficiently big to increase afterwards to the present size, without needing any classical inflationary phase in between, and with reasonable relative probability amplitudes with respect to models leaving the quantum regime around the Planck scale. Furthermore, linear perturbations around this background model are free of any trans-Planckian problem. 13. Inflation with the Starobinsky potential in loop quantum cosmology Bonga, Béatrice; Gupt, Brajesh 2016-06-01 A self-consistent pre-inflationary extension of the inflationary scenario with the Starobinsky potential, favored by Planck data, is studied using techniques from loop quantum cosmology (LQC). The results are compared with the quadratic potential previously studied. Planck scale completion of the inflationary paradigm and observable signatures of LQC are found to be robust under the change of the inflation potential. The entire evolution, from the quantum bounce all the way to the end of inflation, is compatible with observations. Occurrence of desired slow-roll phase is almost inevitable and natural initial conditions exist for both the background and perturbations for which the resulting power spectrum agrees with recent observations. There exist initial data for which the quantum gravitational corrections to the power spectrum are potentially observable. 14. Inflationary cosmology from quantum conformal gravity Jizba, Petr; Kleinert, Hagen; Scardigli, Fabio 2015-06-01 We analyze the functional integral for quantum conformal gravity and show that, with the help of a Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, the action can be broken into a local quadratic-curvature theory coupled to a scalar field. A one-loop effective-action calculation reveals that strong fluctuations of the metric field are capable of spontaneously generating a dimensionally transmuted parameter which, in the weak-field sector of the broken phase, induces a Starobinsky-type f( R)-model with a gravi-cosmological constant. A resulting non-trivial relation between Starobinsky's parameter and the gravi-cosmological constant is highlighted and implications for cosmic inflation are briefly discussed and compared with the recent PLANCK and BICEP2 data. 15. Matter bounce loop quantum cosmology from F (R ) gravity Odintsov, S. D.; Oikonomou, V. K. 2014-12-01 Using the reconstruction method, we investigate which F (R ) theories, with or without the presence of matter fluids, can produce the matter bounce scenario of holonomy corrected loop quantum cosmology. We focus our study in two limits of the cosmic time, the large cosmic time limit and the small cosmic time limit. For the former, we find that, in the presence of noninteracting and nonrelativistic matter, the F (R ) gravity that reproduces the late time limit of the matter bounce solution is actually the Einstein-Hilbert gravity plus a power law term. In the early time limit, since it corresponds to large spacetime curvatures, assuming that the Jordan frame is described by a general metric that, when it is conformally transformed to the Einstein frame, produces an accelerating Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, we find explicitly the scalar field dependence on time. After demonstrating that the solution in the Einstein frame is indeed accelerating, we calculate the spectral index derived from the Einstein frame scalar-tensor counterpart theory of the F (R ) theory and compare it with the Planck experiment data. In order to implement the resulting picture, we embed the F (R ) gravity explicitly in a loop quantum cosmology framework by introducing holonomy corrections to the F (R ) gravity. In this way, the resulting inflation picture corresponding to the F (R ) gravity can be corrected in order that it coincides to some extent with the current experimental data. 16. Improved Quantum Metrology Using Quantum Error Correction Dür, W.; Skotiniotis, M.; Fröwis, F.; Kraus, B. 2014-02-01 We consider quantum metrology in noisy environments, where the effect of noise and decoherence limits the achievable gain in precision by quantum entanglement. We show that by using tools from quantum error correction this limitation can be overcome. This is demonstrated in two scenarios, including a many-body Hamiltonian with single-qubit dephasing or depolarizing noise and a single-body Hamiltonian with transversal noise. In both cases, we show that Heisenberg scaling, and hence a quadratic improvement over the classical case, can be retained. Moreover, for the case of frequency estimation we find that the inclusion of error correction allows, in certain instances, for a finite optimal interrogation time even in the asymptotic limit. 17. Quantum Error Correction for Metrology Sushkov, Alex; Kessler, Eric; Lovchinsky, Igor; Lukin, Mikhail 2014-05-01 The question of the best achievable sensitivity in a quantum measurement is of great experimental relevance, and has seen a lot of attention in recent years. Recent studies [e.g., Nat. Phys. 7, 406 (2011), Nat. Comms. 3, 1063 (2012)] suggest that in most generic scenarios any potential quantum gain (e.g. through the use of entangled states) vanishes in the presence of environmental noise. To overcome these limitations, we propose and analyze a new approach to improve quantum metrology based on quantum error correction (QEC). We identify the conditions under which QEC allows one to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in quantum-limited measurements, and we demonstrate that it enables, in certain situations, Heisenberg-limited sensitivity. We discuss specific applications to nanoscale sensing using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond in which QEC can significantly improve the measurement sensitivity and bandwidth under realistic experimental conditions. 18. Diffeomorphism invariant cosmological symmetry in full quantum gravity Beetle, Christopher; Engle, Jonathan S.; Hogan, Matthew E.; Mendonça, Phillip 2016-06-01 This paper summarizes a new proposal to define rigorously a sector of loop quantum gravity at the diffeomorphism invariant level corresponding to homogeneous and isotropic cosmologies, thereby enabling a detailed comparison of results in loop quantum gravity and loop quantum cosmology. The key technical steps we have completed are (a) to formulate conditions for homogeneity and isotropy in a diffeomorphism covariant way on the classical phase-space of general relativity, and (b) to translate these conditions consistently using well-understood techniques to loop quantum gravity. Some additional steps, such as constructing a specific embedding of the Hilbert space of loop quantum cosmology into a space of (distributional) states in the full theory, remain incomplete. However, we also describe, as a proof of concept, a complete analysis of an analogous embedding of homogeneous and isotropic loop quantum cosmology into the quantum Bianchi I model of Ashtekar and Wilson-Ewing. Details will appear in a pair of forthcoming papers. 19. Novel Numerical Approaches to Loop Quantum Cosmology Diener, Peter 2015-04-01 Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) is an (as yet incomplete) approach to the quantization of gravity. When applied to symmetry reduced cosmological spacetimes (Loop Quantum Cosmology or LQC) one of the predictions of the theory is that the Big Bang is replaced by a Big Bounce, i.e. a previously existing contracting universe underwent a bounce at finite volume before becoming our expanding universe. The evolution equations of LQC take the form of difference equations (with the discretization given by the theory) that in the large volume limit can be approximated by partial differential equations (PDEs). In this talk I will first discuss some of the unique challenges encountered when trying to numerically solve these difference equations. I will then present some of the novel approaches that have been employed to overcome the challenges. I will here focus primarily on the Chimera scheme that takes advantage of the fact that the LQC difference equations can be approximated by PDEs in the large volume limit. I will finally also briefly discuss some of the results that have been obtained using these numerical techniques by performing simulations in regions of parameter space that were previously unreachable. This work is supported by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation and by NSF grant PHYS1068743. 20. Interpretation and predictability of quantum mechanics and quantum cosmology SciTech Connect 1988-06-01 A non-probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics asserts that the authors get a prediction only when a wave function has a peak. Taking this interpretation seriously, the authors discuss how to find a peak in the wave function of the universe, by using some minisuperspace models. With homogeneous degrees of freedom and also a model with cosmological perturbations. Then the authors show how to recover their classical picture of the universe from the quantum theory, and comment on the physical meaning of the backreaction equation. 1. Interacting Ricci Logarithmic Entropy-Corrected Holographic Dark Energy in Brans-Dicke Cosmology Pasqua, Antonio; Khomenko, Iuliia 2013-11-01 In the derivation of Holographic Dark Energy (HDE), the area law of the black hole entropy assumes a crucial role. However, the entropy-area relation can be modified including some quantum effects, motivated from the Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), string theory and black hole physics. In this paper, we study the cosmological implications of the interacting logarithmic entropy-corrected HDE (LECHDE) model in the framework of Brans-Dicke (BD) cosmology. As system’s infrared (IR) cut-off, we choose the average radius of Ricci scalar curvature, i.e. R -1/2. We obtain the Equation of State (EoS) parameter ω D , the deceleration parameter q and the evolution of energy density parameter of our model in a non-flat universe. Moreover, we study the limiting cases corresponding to our model without corrections and to the Einstein’s gravity. 2. Bogolyubov's integrals of motion in quantum cosmology and gravity SciTech Connect Pervushin, V. N. Zinchuk, V. A. 2007-03-15 Quantum cosmology and gravity are defined here as the primary and secondary quantizations of the energy constraints by analogy with the historical formulation of quantum field theory given in the 20th century. A new fact is that both the Universe and its matter are created from stable vacuum obtained by the Bogolyubov transformations applied to description of quantum superfluid liquid. We show that the quantum gravity makes it possible to explain topical problems of cosmology by the cosmological creation of both universes and particles from Bogolyubov's vacuum. 3. Quantum reduced loop gravity and the foundation of loop quantum cosmology Alesci, Emanuele; Cianfrani, Francesco 2016-06-01 Quantum reduced loop gravity is a promising framework for linking loop quantum gravity and the effective semiclassical dynamics of loop quantum cosmology. We review its basic achievements and its main perspectives, outlining how it provides a quantum description of the Universe in terms of a cuboidal graph which constitutes the proper framework for applying loop techniques in a cosmological setting. 4. Quantum nonthermal radiation of nonstationary rotating de Sitter cosmological model Meitei, Irom Ablu; Singh, T. Ibungochouba; Singh, K. Yugindro 2014-08-01 Using the Hamilton-Jacobi method a study of quantum nonthermal radiation of nonstationary rotating de Sitter cosmological model is carried out. It is shown that there exist seas of positive and negative energy states in the vicinity of the cosmological event horizon and there also exists a forbidden energy gap between the two seas. The forbidden energy gap vanishes on the surface of the cosmological event horizon so that the positive and negative energy levels overlap. The width of the forbidden energy gap and the energy of the particle at the cosmological event horizon are found to depend on the cosmological constant, the rotation parameter, positions of the particle and the cosmological event horizon, angular momentum of the particle, evaporation rate and shape of the cosmological event horizon. The tunneling probability of the emitted particles constituting Hawking radiation is also deduced for stationary nonrotating de Sitter cosmological model and the standard Hawking temperature is recovered. 5. Embedding loop quantum cosmology without piecewise linearity Engle, Jonathan 2013-04-01 An important goal is to understand better the relation between full loop quantum gravity (LQG) and the simplified, reduced theory known as loop quantum cosmology (LQC), directly at the quantum level. Such a firmer understanding would increase confidence in the reduced theory as a tool for formulating predictions of the full theory, as well as permitting lessons from the reduced theory to guide further development in the full theory. This paper constructs an embedding of the usual state space of LQC into that of standard LQG, that is, LQG based on piecewise analytic paths. The embedding is well defined even prior to solving the diffeomorphism constraint, at no point is a graph fixed and at no point is the piecewise linear category used. This motivates for the first time a definition of operators in LQC corresponding to holonomies along non-piecewise linear paths, without changing the usual kinematics of LQC in any way. The new embedding intertwines all operators corresponding to such holonomies, and all elements in its image satisfy an operator equation which classically implies homogeneity and isotropy. The construction is made possible by a recent result proven by Fleischhack. Communicated by P Singh 6. Observational exclusion of a consistent loop quantum cosmology scenario Bolliet, Boris; Barrau, Aurélien; Grain, Julien; Schander, Susanne 2016-06-01 It is often argued that inflation erases all the information about what took place before it started. Quantum gravity, relevant in the Planck era, seems therefore mostly impossible to probe with cosmological observations. In general, only very ad hoc scenarios or hyper fine-tuned initial conditions can lead to observationally testable theories. Here we consider a well-defined and well-motivated candidate quantum cosmology model that predicts inflation. Using the most recent observational constraints on the cosmic microwave background B-modes, we show that the model is excluded for all its parameter space, without any tuning. Some important consequences are drawn for the deformed algebra approach to loop quantum cosmology. We emphasize that neither loop quantum cosmology in general nor loop quantum gravity are disfavored by this study but their falsifiability is established. 7. Quantum corrections to the Mukhanov-Sasaki equations Castelló Gomar, Laura; Mena Marugán, Guillermo A.; Martín-Benito, Mercedes 2016-05-01 Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to the modifications of the power spectrum of primordial fluctuations caused by quantum cosmology effects. The origin of these modifications is corrections to the Mukhanov-Sasaki equations that govern the propagation of the primeval cosmological perturbations. The specific form of these corrections depends on a series of details of the quantization approach and of the prescription followed to implement it. Generally, the complexity of the theoretical quantum formulation is simplified in practice appealing to a semiclassical or effective approximation in order to perform concrete numerical computations. In this work, we introduce technical tools and design a procedure to deal with these quantum corrections beyond the most direct approximations employed so far in the literature. In particular, by introducing an interaction picture, we extract the quantum dynamics of the homogeneous geometry in absence of scalar field potential and inhomogeneities, dynamics that has been intensively studied and that can be integrated. The rest of our analysis focuses on the interaction evolution, putting forward methods to cope with it. The ultimate aim is to develop treatments that increase our ability to discriminate between the predictions of different quantization proposals for cosmological perturbations. 8. Loop quantum cosmology of Bianchi type I models SciTech Connect Ashtekar, Abhay; Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2009-04-15 The ''improved dynamics'' of loop quantum cosmology is extended to include anisotropies of the Bianchi type I model. As in the isotropic case, a massless scalar field serves as a relational time parameter. However, the extension is nontrivial because one has to face several conceptual subtleties as well as technical difficulties. These include a better understanding of the relation between loop quantum gravity and loop quantum cosmology, handling novel features associated with the nonlocal field strength operator in presence of anisotropies, and finding dynamical variables that make the action of the Hamiltonian constraint manageable. Our analysis provides a conceptually complete description that overcomes limitations of earlier works. We again find that the big-bang singularity is resolved by quantum geometry effects but, because of the presence of Weyl curvature, Planck scale physics is now much richer than in the isotropic case. Since the Bianchi I models play a key role in the Belinskii, Khalatnikov, Lifshitz conjecture on the nature of generic spacelike singularities in general relativity, the quantum dynamics of Bianchi I cosmologies is likely to provide considerable intuition about the fate of generic spacelike singularities in quantum gravity. Finally, we show that the quantum dynamics of Bianchi I cosmologies projects down exactly to that of the Friedmann model. This opens a new avenue to relate more complicated models to simpler ones, thereby providing a new tool to relate the quantum dynamics of loop quantum gravity to that of loop quantum cosmology. 9. Loop quantum cosmology of Bianchi type I models Ashtekar, Abhay; Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2009-04-01 The “improved dynamics” of loop quantum cosmology is extended to include anisotropies of the Bianchi type I model. As in the isotropic case, a massless scalar field serves as a relational time parameter. However, the extension is nontrivial because one has to face several conceptual subtleties as well as technical difficulties. These include a better understanding of the relation between loop quantum gravity and loop quantum cosmology, handling novel features associated with the nonlocal field strength operator in presence of anisotropies, and finding dynamical variables that make the action of the Hamiltonian constraint manageable. Our analysis provides a conceptually complete description that overcomes limitations of earlier works. We again find that the big-bang singularity is resolved by quantum geometry effects but, because of the presence of Weyl curvature, Planck scale physics is now much richer than in the isotropic case. Since the Bianchi I models play a key role in the Belinskii, Khalatnikov, Lifshitz conjecture on the nature of generic spacelike singularities in general relativity, the quantum dynamics of Bianchi I cosmologies is likely to provide considerable intuition about the fate of generic spacelike singularities in quantum gravity. Finally, we show that the quantum dynamics of Bianchi I cosmologies projects down exactly to that of the Friedmann model. This opens a new avenue to relate more complicated models to simpler ones, thereby providing a new tool to relate the quantum dynamics of loop quantum gravity to that of loop quantum cosmology. 10. Thermoelectric Corrections to Quantum Measurement Bergfield, Justin; Ratner, Mark; Stafford, Charles; di Ventra, Massimiliano The voltage and temperature measured by a floating probe of a nonequilibrium quantum system is shown to exhibit nontrivial thermoelectric corrections at finite temperature. Using a realistic model of a scanning thermal microscope to calculate the voltage and temperature distributions, we predict quantum temperature variations along graphene nanoribbons subject to a thermal bias which are not simply related to the local density of states. Experimentally, the wavelength of the oscillations can be tuned over several orders of magnitude by gating/doping, bringing quantum temperature oscillations within reach of the spatial resolution of existing measurement techniques. We also find that the Peltier cooling/heating which causes the temperature oscillations can lead to significant errors in voltage measurements for a wide range of system. 11. Gravitational waves and stability of cosmological solutions in the theory with anomaly-induced corrections SciTech Connect Fabris, Júlio C.; Pelinson, Ana M.; Salles, Filipe de O.; Shapiro, Ilya L. E-mail: ana.pelinson@gmail.com E-mail: shapiro@fisica.ufjf.br 2012-02-01 The dynamics of metric perturbations is explored in the gravity theory with anomaly-induced quantum corrections. Our first purpose is to derive the equation for gravitational waves in this theory on the general homogeneous and isotropic background, and then verify the stability of such background with respect to metric perturbations. The problem under consideration has several interesting applications. Our first purpose is to explore the stability of the classical cosmological solutions in the theory with quantum effects taken into account. There is an interesting literature about stability of Minkowski and de Sitter spaces and here we extend the consideration also to the radiation and matter dominated cosmologies. Furthermore, we analyze the behavior of metric perturbations during inflationary period, in the stable phase of the Modified Starobinsky inflation. 12. a Covariant Road to Spatial Averaging in Cosmology:. Scalar Corrections to the Cosmological Equations Paranjape, Aseem A consistent approach to cosmology requires an explicit averaging of the Einstein equations, to describe a homogeneous and isotropic geometry. Such an averaging will in general modify the Einstein equations. The averaging procedure due to Buchert has attracted considerable attention recently since it offers the tantalizing hope of explaining the phenomenon of dark energy through such corrections. This approach has been criticized, however, on the grounds that its effects may be gauge artifacts. We apply the fully covariant formalism of Zalaletdinov's macroscopic gravity and show that, after making some essential gauge choices, the cosmological equations receive space-time scalar corrections which are therefore observable in principle, and further, that the broad structure of these corrections is identical to those derived by Buchert. 13. Power-Law Entropy-Corrected HDE and NADE in Brans-Dicke Cosmology 2012-06-01 Considering the power-law corrections to the black hole entropy, which appear in dealing with the entanglement of quantum fields inside and outside the horizon, the holographic energy density is modified accordingly. In this paper we study the power-law entropy-corrected holographic dark energy in the framework of Brans-Dicke theory. We investigate the cosmological implications of this model in detail. We also perform the study for the new agegraphic dark energy model and calculate some relevant cosmological parameters and their evolution. As a result we find that this model can provide the present cosmic acceleration and even the equation of state parameter of this model can cross the phantom line w D =-1 provided the model parameters are chosen suitably. 14. Genericness of inflation in isotropic loop quantum cosmology. PubMed Date, Ghanashyam; Hossain, Golam Mortuza 2005-01-14 Nonperturbative corrections from loop quantum cosmology (LQC) to the scalar matter sector are already known to imply inflation. We prove that the LQC modified scalar field generates exponential inflation in the small scale factor regime, for all positive definite potentials, independent of initial conditions and independent of ambiguity parameters. For positive semidefinite potentials it is always possible to choose, without fine-tuning, a value of one of the ambiguity parameters such that exponential inflation results, provided zeros of the potential are approached at most as a power law in the scale factor. In conjunction with the generic occurrence of bounce at small volumes, particle horizon is absent, thus eliminating the horizon problem of the standard big bang model. PMID:15698059 15. Covariant effective action for loop quantum cosmology a la Palatini SciTech Connect Olmo, Gonzalo J.; Singh, Parampreet E-mail: psingh@perimeterinstitute.ca 2009-01-15 In loop quantum cosmology, non-perturbative quantum gravity effects lead to the resolution of the big bang singularity by a quantum bounce without introducing any new degrees of freedom. Though fundamentally discrete, the theory admits a continuum description in terms of an effective Hamiltonian. Here we provide an algorithm to obtain the corresponding effective action, establishing in this way the covariance of the theory for the first time. This result provides new insights on the continuum properties of the discrete structure of quantum geometry and opens new avenues to extract physical predictions such as those related to gauge invariant cosmological perturbations. 16. Shortcomings of the big bounce derivation in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Cianfrani, Francesco; Montani, Giovanni 2010-07-15 We give a prescription to define in loop quantum gravity the electric field operator related to the scale factor of a homogeneous and isotropic cosmological space-time. This procedure allows us to link the fundamental theory with its cosmological implementation. In view of the conjugate relation existing between holonomies and fluxes, the edge length and the area of surfaces in the fiducial metric satisfy a duality condition. As a consequence, the area operator has a discrete spectrum also in loop quantum cosmology. This feature makes the super-Hamiltonian regularization an open issue of the whole formulation. 17. Comparing codes for error corrected quantum annealing Mishra, Anurag; Albash, Tameem; Paz, Gerardo; Lidar, Daniel 2015-03-01 Previous work on the D-Wave Two (DW2) device has demonstrated the effectiveness of using error correction and suppression for quantum annealers. As the size of a quantum annealer increases, error correction becomes crucial for improved performance. We introduce a new type of code for error correction tailored to the hardware graph of the DW2, discuss the result of benchmarking this code on qubit chains, discuss various new decoding methods, and compare the performance to previous quantum annealing correction schemes. 18. Superbounce and loop quantum cosmology ekpyrosis from modified gravity Oikonomou, V. K. 2015-09-01 As is known, in modified cosmological theories of gravity many of the cosmologies which could not be generated by standard Einstein gravity, can be consistently described by theories. Using known reconstruction techniques, we investigate which theories can lead to a Hubble parameter describing two types of cosmological bounces, the superbounce model, related to supergravity and non-supersymmetric models of contracting ekpyrosis and also the Loop Quantum Cosmology modified ekpyrotic model. Since our method is an approximate method, we investigate the problem at large and small curvatures. As we evince, both models yield power law reconstructed gravities, with the most interesting new feature being that both lead to accelerating cosmologies, in the large curvature approximation. The mathematical properties of the some Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetimes , that describe superbounce-like cosmologies are also pointed out, with regards to the group of curvature collineations. 19. Quantum cosmological perturbations of multiple fluids Peter, Patrick; Pinto-Neto, N.; Vitenti, Sandro D. P. 2016-01-01 The formalism to treat quantization and evolution of cosmological perturbations of multiple fluids is described. We first construct the Lagrangian for both the gravitational and matter parts, providing the necessary relevant variables and momenta leading to the quadratic Hamiltonian describing linear perturbations. The final Hamiltonian is obtained without assuming any equations of motions for the background variables. This general formalism is applied to the special case of two fluids, having in mind the usual radiation and matter mix which made most of our current Universe history. Quantization is achieved using an adiabatic expansion of the basis functions. This allows for an unambiguous definition of a vacuum state up to the given adiabatic order. Using this basis, we show that particle creation is well defined for a suitable choice of vacuum and canonical variables, so that the time evolution of the corresponding quantum fields is unitary. This provides constraints for setting initial conditions for an arbitrary number of fluids and background time evolution. We also show that the common choice of variables for quantization can lead to an ill-defined vacuum definition. Our formalism is not restricted to the case where the coupling between fields is small, but is only required to vary adiabatically with respect to the ultraviolet modes, thus paving the way to consistent descriptions of general models not restricted to single-field (or fluid). 20. Triangulated loop quantum cosmology: Bianchi IX universe and inhomogeneous perturbations SciTech Connect Battisti, Marco Valerio; Marciano, Antonino; Rovelli, Carlo 2010-03-15 We develop the triangulated version of loop quantum cosmology, recently introduced in the literature. We focus on the dipole cosmology, where space is a three-sphere and the triangulation is formed by two tetrahedra. We show that the discrete fiducial connection has a simple and appealing geometrical interpretation and we correct the ansatz on the relation between the model variables and the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker scale factor. The modified ansatz leads to the convergence of the Hamiltonian constraint to the continuum one. We then ask which degrees of freedom are captured by this model. We show that the model is rich enough to describe the (anisotropic) Bianchi IX universe, and give the explicit relation between the Bianchi IX variables and the variables of the model. We discuss the possibility of using this path in order to define the quantization of the Bianchi IX universe. The model contains more degrees of freedom than Bianchi IX, and therefore captures some inhomogeneous degrees of freedom as well. Inhomogeneous degrees of freedom can be expanded in representations of the SU(2) Bianchi IX isometry group, and the dipole model captures the lowest integer representation of these, connected to hyperspherical harmonic of angular momentum j=1. 1. Anti-de Sitter universe dynamics in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Bentivegna, Eloisa; Pawlowski, Tomasz 2008-06-15 A model for a flat isotropic universe with a negative cosmological constant {lambda} and a massless scalar field as sole matter content is studied within the framework of loop quantum cosmology. By application of the methods introduced for the model with {lambda}=0, the physical Hilbert space and the set of Dirac observables are constructed. As in that case, the scalar field plays here the role of an emergent time. The properties of the system are found to be similar to those of the k=1 Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) model: for small energy densities, the quantum dynamics reproduces the classical one, whereas, due to modifications at near-Planckian densities, the big bang and big crunch singularities are replaced by a quantum bounce connecting deterministically the large semiclassical epochs. Thus in loop quantum cosmology the evolution is qualitatively cyclic. 2. Anti-de Sitter universe dynamics in loop quantum cosmology Bentivegna, Eloisa; Pawlowski, Tomasz 2008-06-01 A model for a flat isotropic universe with a negative cosmological constant Λ and a massless scalar field as sole matter content is studied within the framework of loop quantum cosmology. By application of the methods introduced for the model with Λ=0, the physical Hilbert space and the set of Dirac observables are constructed. As in that case, the scalar field plays here the role of an emergent time. The properties of the system are found to be similar to those of the k=1 Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) model: for small energy densities, the quantum dynamics reproduces the classical one, whereas, due to modifications at near-Planckian densities, the big bang and big crunch singularities are replaced by a quantum bounce connecting deterministically the large semiclassical epochs. Thus in loop quantum cosmology the evolution is qualitatively cyclic. 3. Quantum Corrections to Entropic Gravity Chen, Pisin; Wang, Chiao-Hsuan 2013-12-01 The entropic gravity scenario recently proposed by Erik Verlinde reproduced Newton's law of purely classical gravity yet the key assumptions of this approach all have quantum mechanical origins. As is typical for emergent phenomena in physics, the underlying, more fundamental physics often reveals itself as corrections to the leading classical behavior. So one naturally wonders: where is ħ hiding in entropic gravity? To address this question, we first revisit the idea of holographic screen as well as entropy and its variation law in order to obtain a self-consistent approach to the problem. Next we argue that as the concept of minimal length has been invoked in the Bekenstein entropic derivation, the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), which is a direct consequence of the minimal length, should be taken into consideration in the entropic interpretation of gravity. Indeed based on GUP it has been demonstrated that the black hole Bekenstein entropy area law must be modified not only in the strong but also in the weak gravity regime where in the weak gravity limit the GUP modified entropy exhibits a logarithmic correction. When applying it to the entropic interpretation, we demonstrate that the resulting gravity force law does include sub-leading order correction terms that depend on ħ. Such deviation from the classical Newton's law may serve as a probe to the validity of entropic gravity. 4. Quantum Corrections to Entropic Gravity Chen, Pisin; Wang, Chiao-Hsuan 2013-01-01 The entropic gravity scenario recently proposed by Erik Verlinde reproduced Newton's law of purely classical gravity yet the key assumptions of this approach all have quantum mechanical origins. As is typical for emergent phenomena in physics, the underlying, more fundamental physics often reveals itself as corrections to the leading classical behavior. So one naturally wonders: where is ℏ hiding in entropic gravity? To address this question, we first revisit the idea of holographic screen as well as entropy and its variation law in order to obtain a self-consistent approach to the problem. Next we argue that since the concept of minimal length has been invoked in the Bekenstein entropic derivation, the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), which is a direct consequence of the minimal length, should be taken into consideration in the entropic interpretation of gravity. Indeed based on GUP it has been demonstrated that the black hole Bekenstein entropy area law must be modified not only in the strong but also in the weak gravity regime where in the weak gravity limit the GUP modified entropy exhibits a logarithmic correction. When applying it to the entropic interpretation, we demonstrate that the resulting gravity force law does include sub-leading order correction terms that depend on ℏ. Such deviation from the classical Newton's law may serve as a probe to the validity of entropic gravity. 5. GRAVITATIONAL LENSING CORRECTIONS IN FLAT {Lambda}CDM COSMOLOGY SciTech Connect Kantowski, Ronald; Chen Bin; Dai Xinyu E-mail: Bin.Chen-1@ou.ed 2010-08-01 We compute the deflection angle to order (m/r {sub 0}){sup 2} and m/r{sub 0} x {Lambda}r {sup 2}{sub 0} for a light ray traveling in a flat {Lambda}CDM cosmology that encounters a completely condensed mass region. We use a Swiss cheese model for the inhomogeneities and find that the most significant correction to the Einstein angle occurs not because of the nonlinear terms but instead occurs because the condensed mass is embedded in a background cosmology. The Swiss cheese model predicts a decrease in the deflection angle of {approx}2% for weakly lensed galaxies behind the rich cluster A1689 and that the reduction can be as large as {approx}5% for similar rich clusters at z {approx} 1. Weak-lensing deflection angles caused by galaxies can likewise be reduced by as much as {approx}4%. We show that the lowest order correction in which {Lambda} appears is proportional to m/r{sub 0} x {radical}({Lambda}r{sub 0}{sup 2}) and could cause as much as a {approx}0.02% increase in the deflection angle for light that passes through a rich cluster. The lowest order nonlinear correction in the mass is proportional to m/r{sub 0}x{radical}(m/r{sub 0}) and can increase the deflection angle by {approx}0.005% for weak lensing by galaxies. 6. Cosmological constraints on a classical limit of quantum gravity SciTech Connect Easson, Damien A.; Trodden, Mark; Schuller, Frederic P.; Wohlfarth, Mattias N.R. 2005-08-15 We investigate the cosmology of a recently proposed deformation of Einstein gravity, emerging from quantum gravity heuristics. The theory is constructed to have de Sitter space as a vacuum solution, and thus to be relevant to the accelerating universe. However, this solution turns out to be unstable, and the true phase space of cosmological solutions is significantly more complex, displaying two late-time power-law attractors - one accelerating and the other dramatically decelerating. It is also shown that nonaccelerating cosmologies sit on a separatrix between the two basins of attraction of these attractors. Hence it is impossible to pass from a decelerating cosmology to an accelerating one, as required in standard cosmology for consistency with nucleosynthesis and structure formation and compatibility with the data inferred from supernovae Ia. We point out that alternative models of the early universe, such as the one investigated here might provide possible ways to circumvent these requirements. 7. Loop corrections and graceful exit in string cosmology Foffa, Stefano; Maggiore, Michele; Sturani, Riccardo 1999-07-01 We examine the effect of perturbative string loops on the cosmological pre-big-bang evolution. We study loop corrections derived from heterotic string theory compactified on a ZN orbifold and we consider the effect of the all-order loop corrections to the Kähler potential and of the corrections to gravitational couplings, including both threshold corrections and corrections due to the mixed Kähler-gravitational anomaly. We find that string loops can drive the evolution into the region of the parameter space where a graceful exit is in principle possible, and we find solutions that, in the string frame, connect smoothly the superinflationary pre-big-bang evolution to a phase where the curvature and the derivative of the dilaton are decreasing. We also find that at a critical coupling the loop corrections to the Kähler potential induce a ghost-like instability, i.e. the kinetic term of the dilaton vanishes. This is similar to what happens in Seiberg-Witten theory and signals the transition to a new regime where the light modes in the effective action are different and are related to the original ones by S-duality. In a string context, this means that we enter a D-brane dominated phase. 8. On the Convergence in Effective Loop Quantum Cosmology SciTech Connect Corichi, Alejandro; Vukasinac, Tatjana; Zapata, Jose Antonio 2010-07-12 In Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) there is a discreteness parameter {lambda}, that has been heuristically associated to a fundamental granularity of quantum geometry. It is also possible to consider {lambda} as a regulator in the same spirit as that used in lattice field theory, where it specifies a regular lattice in the real line. A particular quantization of the k = 0 FLRW loop cosmological model yields a completely solvable model, known as solvable loop quantum cosmology(sLQC). In this contribution, we consider effective classical theories motivated by sLQC and study their {lambda}-dependence, with a special interest on the limit {lambda}{yields}0 and the role of the evolution parameter in the convergence of such limit. 9. Cosmology from group field theory formalism for quantum gravity. PubMed Gielen, Steffen; Oriti, Daniele; Sindoni, Lorenzo 2013-07-19 We identify a class of condensate states in the group field theory (GFT) formulation of quantum gravity that can be interpreted as macroscopic homogeneous spatial geometries. We then extract the dynamics of such condensate states directly from the fundamental quantum GFT dynamics, following the procedure used in ordinary quantum fluids. The effective dynamics is a nonlinear and nonlocal extension of quantum cosmology. We also show that any GFT model with a kinetic term of Laplacian type gives rise, in a semiclassical (WKB) approximation and in the isotropic case, to a modified Friedmann equation. This is the first concrete, general procedure for extracting an effective cosmological dynamics directly from a fundamental theory of quantum geometry. PMID:23909305 10. Quantum error correction with trapped ions Schindler, Philipp Quantum computers promise exponential speed-up compared to their classical counterparts for certain problems. Unfortunately, the states required for quantum computation are fragile and lose their quantum properties with growing system size. In a milestone work, it has been shown that quantum error correction can overcome this problem and enable arbitrary long and arbitrary high quality quantum algorithms. However, current experiments are not able to fulfill the requirements to employ useful quantum error correction procedures. In this talk, I will first review past proof-of-principle experiments in trapped ion quantum information processors. Building on that, I will sketch a way towards a medium-sized trapped ion system that will be capable of running an error correction procedure that outperforms it constituents. 11. The consistent histories approach to loop quantum cosmology Craig, David A. 2016-06-01 We review the application of the consistent (or decoherent) histories formulation of quantum theory to canonical loop quantum cosmology. Conventional quantum theory relies crucially on “measurements” to convert unrealized quantum potentialities into physical outcomes that can be assigned probabilities. In the early universe and other physical contexts in which there are no observers or measuring apparatus (or indeed, in any closed quantum system), what criteria determine which alternative outcomes may be realized and what their probabilities are? In the consistent histories formulation it is the vanishing of interference between the branch wave functions describing alternative histories — as determined by the system’s decoherence functional — that determines which alternatives may be assigned probabilities. We describe the consistent histories formulation and how it may be applied to canonical loop quantum cosmology, describing in detail the application to homogeneous and isotropic cosmological models with scalar matter. We show how the theory may be used to make definite physical predictions in the absence of “observers”. As an application, we demonstrate how the theory predicts that loop quantum models “bounce” from large volume to large volume, while conventional “Wheeler-DeWitt”-quantized universes are invariably singular. We also briefly indicate the relation to other work. 12. Optimized entanglement-assisted quantum error correction SciTech Connect Taghavi, Soraya; Brun, Todd A.; Lidar, Daniel A. 2010-10-15 Using convex optimization, we propose entanglement-assisted quantum error-correction procedures that are optimized for given noise channels. We demonstrate through numerical examples that such an optimized error-correction method achieves higher channel fidelities than existing methods. This improved performance, which leads to perfect error correction for a larger class of error channels, is interpreted in at least some cases by quantum teleportation, but for general channels this interpretation does not hold. 13. Tensor Networks and Quantum Error Correction Ferris, Andrew J.; Poulin, David 2014-07-01 We establish several relations between quantum error correction (QEC) and tensor network (TN) methods of quantum many-body physics. We exhibit correspondences between well-known families of QEC codes and TNs, and demonstrate a formal equivalence between decoding a QEC code and contracting a TN. We build on this equivalence to propose a new family of quantum codes and decoding algorithms that generalize and improve upon quantum polar codes and successive cancellation decoding in a natural way. 14. Foliated Quantum Error-Correcting Codes Bolt, A.; Duclos-Cianci, G.; Poulin, D.; Stace, T. M. 2016-08-01 We show how to construct a large class of quantum error-correcting codes, known as Calderbank-Steane-Shor codes, from highly entangled cluster states. This becomes a primitive in a protocol that foliates a series of such cluster states into a much larger cluster state, implementing foliated quantum error correction. We exemplify this construction with several familiar quantum error-correction codes and propose a generic method for decoding foliated codes. We numerically evaluate the error-correction performance of a family of finite-rate Calderbank-Steane-Shor codes known as turbo codes, finding that they perform well over moderate depth foliations. Foliated codes have applications for quantum repeaters and fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computation. 15. Foliated Quantum Error-Correcting Codes. PubMed Bolt, A; Duclos-Cianci, G; Poulin, D; Stace, T M 2016-08-12 We show how to construct a large class of quantum error-correcting codes, known as Calderbank-Steane-Shor codes, from highly entangled cluster states. This becomes a primitive in a protocol that foliates a series of such cluster states into a much larger cluster state, implementing foliated quantum error correction. We exemplify this construction with several familiar quantum error-correction codes and propose a generic method for decoding foliated codes. We numerically evaluate the error-correction performance of a family of finite-rate Calderbank-Steane-Shor codes known as turbo codes, finding that they perform well over moderate depth foliations. Foliated codes have applications for quantum repeaters and fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computation. PMID:27563942 16. Separate universes in loop quantum cosmology: Framework and applications Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2016-06-01 I present a streamlined review of how the separate universe approach to cosmological perturbation theory can be used to study the dynamics of long-wavelength scalar perturbations in loop quantum cosmology (LQC), and then use it to calculate how long-wavelength curvature perturbations evolve across the LQC bounce assuming a constant equation of state. A similar calculation is possible for tensor modes using results from a complementary approach to cosmological perturbation theory in LQC based on an effective Hamiltonian constraint. An interesting result is that the tensor-to-scalar ratio can be suppressed or amplified by quantum gravity effects during the bounce, depending on the equation of state of the matter field dominating the dynamics. In particular, if the equation of state lies between ‑ 1/3 and 1, the value of the tensor-to-scalar ratio will be suppressed during the bounce, in some cases significantly. 17. Evolutionary quantum cosmology in a gauge-fixed picture SciTech Connect Vakili, Babak 2011-05-15 We study the classical and quantum models of a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time, coupled to a perfect fluid, in the context of the consensus and a gauge-fixed Lagrangian frameworks. It is shown that, either in the usual or in the gauge-fixed actions, the evolution of the Universe based on the classical cosmology represents a late time power law expansion, coming from a big-bang singularity in which the scale factor goes to zero for the standard matter, and tending towards a big-rip singularity in which the scale factor diverges for the phantom fluid. We then employ the familiar canonical quantization procedure in the given cosmological setting to find the cosmological wave functions in the corresponding minisuperspace. Using a gauge-fixed (reduced) Lagrangian, we show that it may lead to a Schroedinger equation for the quantum-mechanical description of the model under consideration, the eigenfunctions of which can be used to construct the time dependent wave function of the Universe. We use the resulting wave function in order to investigate the possibility of the avoidance of classical singularities due to quantum effects by means of the many-worlds and ontological interpretation of quantum cosmology. 18. Long distance quantum communication using quantum error correction NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gingrich, R. M.; Lee, H.; Dowling, J. P. 2004-01-01 We describe a quantum error correction scheme that can increase the effective absorption length of the communication channel. This device can play the role of a quantum transponder when placed in series, or a cyclic quantum memory when inserted in an optical loop. 19. Reconstructing the evolution of the Universe from loop quantum cosmology scalar fields Oikonomou, V. K. 2016-08-01 We extend the scalar-tensor reconstruction techniques for classical cosmology frameworks, in the context of loop quantum cosmology. After presenting in some detail how the equations are generalized in the loop quantum cosmology case, we discuss which new features and limitations the quantum framework introduces, and we use various illustrative examples in order to demonstrate how the method works. As we show, the energy density has two different classes of solutions, and one of these yields the correct classical limit, while the second captures the quantum phenomena. We study in detail the scalar tensor reconstruction method for both of these solutions. We also discuss some scenarios for which the Hubble rate becomes unbounded at finite time, which corresponds for example to the case in which the big rip occurs. As we show, this issue is nontrivial and we discuss how this case should be treated in a consistent way. Finally, we investigate how the classical stability conditions for the scalar-tensor solutions are generalized in the loop quantum framework. 20. Quantum resolution of cosmological singularities using AdS/CFT correspondence Craps, Ben; Hertog, Thomas; Turok, Neil 2012-08-01 The AdS/CFT correspondence allows us to map a dynamical cosmology to a dual quantum field theory living on the boundary of spacetime. Specifically, we study a five-dimensional model cosmology in type IIB supergravity, where the dual theory is an unstable deformation of N=4 supersymmetric SU(N) gauge theory on IR×S3. A one-loop computation shows that the coupling governing the instability is asymptotically free, so quantum corrections cannot turn the potential around. The big crunch singularity in the bulk occurs when a boundary scalar field runs to infinity, in finite time. Consistent quantum evolution requires that we impose boundary conditions at infinite scalar field, i.e. a self-adjoint extension of the system. We find that quantum spreading of the homogeneous mode of the boundary scalar leads to a natural UV cutoff in particle production as the wave function for the homogeneous mode bounces back from infinity. However a perturbative calculation indicates that despite this, the logarithmic running of the boundary coupling governing the instability generally leads to significant particle production across the bounce. This prevents the wave packet of the homogeneous boundary scalar to return close to its initial form. Translating back to the bulk theory, we conclude that a quantum transition from a big crunch to a big bang is an improbable outcome of cosmological evolution in this class of five-dimensional models. 1. Effective dynamics in Bianchi type II loop quantum cosmology Corichi, Alejandro; Montoya, Edison 2012-05-01 We numerically investigate the solutions to the effective equations of the Bianchi II model within the “improved” loop quantum cosmology dynamics. The matter source is a massless scalar field. We perform a systematic study of the space of solutions, and focus on the behavior of several geometrical observables. We show that the big bang singularity is replaced by a bounce and the pointlike singularities do not saturate the energy density bound. There are up to three directional bounces in the scale factors, one global bounce in the expansion, the shear presents up to four local maxima and can be zero at the bounce. This allows for solutions with density larger than the maximal density for the isotropic and Bianchi I cases. The asymptotic behavior is shown to behave like that of a Bianchi I model, and the effective solutions connect anisotropic solutions even when the shear is zero at the bounce. All known facts of Bianchi I are reproduced. In the “vacuum limit,” solutions are such that almost all the dynamics is due to the anisotropies. Since Bianchi II plays an important role in the Bianchi IX model and the Belinskii, Khalatnikov, Lifshitz conjecture, our results can provide an intuitive understanding of the behavior in the vicinity of general spacelike singularities, when loop-geometric corrections are present. 2. Quantum Gravity corrections and entropy at the Planck time SciTech Connect Basilakos, Spyros; Vagenas, Elias C.; Das, Saurya E-mail: saurya.das@uleth.ca 2010-09-01 We investigate the effects of Quantum Gravity on the Planck era of the universe. In particular, using different versions of the Generalized Uncertainty Principle and under specific conditions we find that the main Planck quantities such as the Planck time, length, mass and energy become larger by a factor of order 10−10{sup 4} compared to those quantities which result from the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. However, we prove that the dimensionless entropy enclosed in the cosmological horizon at the Planck time remains unchanged. These results, though preliminary, indicate that we should anticipate modifications in the set-up of cosmology since changes in the Planck era will be inherited even to the late universe through the framework of Quantum Gravity (or Quantum Field Theory) which utilizes the Planck scale as a fundamental one. More importantly, these corrections will not affect the entropic content of the universe at the Planck time which is a crucial element for one of the basic principles of Quantum Gravity named Holographic Principle. 3. The perturbed universe in the deformed algebra approach of loop quantum cosmology Grain, Julien 2016-06-01 Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) is a tentative approach to model the universe down to the Planck era where quantum gravity settings are needed. The quantization of the universe as a dynamical spacetime is inspired by Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) ideas. In addition, LQC could bridge contact with astronomical observations, and thus potentially investigate quantum cosmology modelings in the light of observations. To do so however, modeling both the background evolution and its perturbations is needed. The latter described cosmic inhomogeneities that are the main cosmological observables. In this context, we present the so-called deformed algebra approach implementing the quantum corrections to the perturbed universe at an effective level by taking great care of gauge issues. We particularly highlight that in this framework, the algebra of hypersurface deformation receives quantum corrections, and we discuss their meaning. The primordial power spectra of scalar and tensor inhomogeneities are then presented, assuming initial conditions are set in the contracting phase preceding the quantum bounce and the well-known expanding phase of the cosmic history. These spectra are subsequently propagated to angular power spectra of the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background. It is then shown that regardless of the choice for the initial conditions inside the effective approach for the background evolution (except that they are set in the contracting phase), the predicted angular power spectra of the polarized B-modes exceed the upper bound currently set by observations. The exclusion of this specific version of LQC establishes the falsifiability of the approach, though one shall not conclude here that either LQC or LQG excluded. 4. Quantum supersymmetric cosmology and its hidden Kac-Moody structure Damour, Thibault; Spindel, Philippe 2013-08-01 We study the quantum dynamics of a supersymmetric squashed three-sphere by dimensionally reducing (to one timelike dimension) the action of D = 4 simple supergravity for an SO(3)-homogeneous (Bianchi IX) cosmological model. The quantization of the homogeneous gravitino field leads to a 64-dimensional fermionic Hilbert space. The algebra of the supersymmetry constraints and of the Hamiltonian one is found to close. One finds that the quantum Hamiltonian is built from operators that generate a 64-dimensional representation of the (infinite-dimensional) maximally compact sub-algebra of the rank-3 hyperbolic Kac-Moody algebra AE3. Some exponentials of these operators generate a spinorial extension of the Weyl group of AE3 which describe (in the small wavelength limit) the chaotic quantum evolution of the universe near the cosmological singularity. 5. Relativistic wavepackets in classically chaotic quantum cosmological billiards Koehn, Michael 2012-03-01 Close to a spacelike singularity, pure gravity and supergravity in 4 to 11 spacetime dimensions admit a cosmological billiard description based on hyperbolic Kac-Moody groups. We investigate the quantum cosmological billiards of relativistic wavepackets towards the singularity, employing flat and hyperbolic space descriptions for the quantum billiards. We find that the strongly chaotic classical billiard motion of four-dimensional pure gravity corresponds to a spreading wavepacket subject to successive redshifts and tending to zero as the singularity is approached. We discuss the possible implications of these results in the context of singularity resolution and compare them with those of known semiclassical approaches. As an aside, we obtain exact solutions for the one-dimensional relativistic quantum billiards with moving walls. 6. Measure problem in slow roll inflation and loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Corichi, Alejandro; Karami, Asieh 2011-05-15 We consider the measure problem in standard slow-roll inflationary models from the perspective of loop quantum cosmology (LQC). Following recent results by Ashtekar and Sloan, we study the probability of having enough e-foldings and focus on its dependence on the quantum gravity scale, including the transition of the theory to the limit where general relativity (GR) is recovered. Contrary to the standard expectation, the probability of having enough inflation, that is close to 1 in LQC, grows and tends to 1 as one approaches the GR limit. We study the origin of the tension between these results with those by Gibbons and Turok, and offer an explanation that brings these apparent contradictory results into a coherent picture. As we show, the conflicting results stem from different choices of initial conditions for the computation of probability. The singularity-free scenario of loop quantum cosmology offers a natural choice of initial conditions, and suggests that enough inflation is generic. 7. Quantum annealing correction for random Ising problems Pudenz, Kristen L.; Albash, Tameem; Lidar, Daniel A. 2015-04-01 We demonstrate that the performance of a quantum annealer on hard random Ising optimization problems can be substantially improved using quantum annealing correction (QAC). Our error correction strategy is tailored to the D-Wave Two device. We find that QAC provides a statistically significant enhancement in the performance of the device over a classical repetition code, improving as a function of problem size as well as hardness. Moreover, QAC provides a mechanism for overcoming the precision limit of the device, in addition to correcting calibration errors. Performance is robust even to missing qubits. We present evidence for a constructive role played by quantum effects in our experiments by contrasting the experimental results with the predictions of a classical model of the device. Our work demonstrates the importance of error correction in appropriately determining the performance of quantum annealers. 8. Quantum Corrections to the 'Atomistic' MOSFET Simulations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Asenov, Asen; Slavcheva, G.; Kaya, S.; Balasubramaniam, R. 2000-01-01 We have introduced in a simple and efficient manner quantum mechanical corrections in our 3D 'atomistic' MOSFET simulator using the density gradient formalism. We have studied in comparison with classical simulations the effect of the quantum mechanical corrections on the simulation of random dopant induced threshold voltage fluctuations, the effect of the single charge trapping on interface states and the effect of the oxide thickness fluctuations in decanano MOSFETs with ultrathin gate oxides. The introduction of quantum corrections enhances the threshold voltage fluctuations but does not affect significantly the amplitude of the random telegraph noise associated with single carrier trapping. The importance of the quantum corrections for proper simulation of oxide thickness fluctuation effects has also been demonstrated. 9. Generalized uncertainty principle in Bianchi type I quantum cosmology Vakili, B.; Sepangi, H. R. 2007-07-01 We study a quantum Bianchi type I model in which the dynamical variables of the corresponding minisuperspace obey the generalized Heisenberg algebra. Such a generalized uncertainty principle has its origin in the existence of a minimal length suggested by quantum gravity and sting theory. We present approximate analytical solutions to the corresponding Wheeler DeWitt equation in the limit where the scale factor of the universe is small and compare the results with the standard commutative and noncommutative quantum cosmology. Similarities and differences of these solutions are also discussed. 10. Discretization parameter and operator ordering in loop quantum cosmology with the cosmological constant SciTech Connect Tanaka, Tomo; Amemiya, Fumitoshi; Shimano, Masahiro; Harada, Tomohiro; Tamaki, Takashi 2011-05-15 In loop quantum cosmology, the Hamiltonian reduces to a finite difference operator and quantum dynamics are controlled by the difference equation. In this framework, Bojowald [M. Bojowald, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5227 (2001).] showed that the initial singularity is absent in the twofold sense: (i) the spectrum of the inverse scale factor operator is bounded from above; (ii) the wave function of the Universe can be uniquely extended beyond the point which was the initial singularity in classical theory. In this paper, we study the initial singularity in this sense and the large-volume limit against the ambiguities in the discretization and the operator ordering within a homogeneous, isotropic and spatially flat model with the cosmological constant. We find that the absence of the singularity strongly depends on the choice of the operator ordering and the requirement for the absence singles out a very small class of orderings. Moreover we find a general ordering rule required for the absence of the singularity. We also find that the large-volume limit naturally recovers a smooth wave function in the discretization where each step corresponds to a fixed volume increment but not in the one where each step corresponds to a fixed area increment. If loop quantum cosmology is to be a phenomenological realization of full loop quantum gravity, these results are important to fix the theoretical ambiguities. 11. Classical and quantum aspects of brane-world cosmology SciTech Connect Cordero, Ruben; Rojas, Efrain 2011-10-14 We give a brief overview of several models in brane-world cosmology. In particular, we focus on the asymmetric DGP and Regge-Teiltelboim models. We present the associated equations of motion governing the dynamics of the brane and their corresponding Friedmann-like equations. In order to develop the quantum Regge-Teiltelboim type cosmology we construct its Ostrogradski Hamiltonian formalism which naturally leads to the corresponding Wheeler-DeWitt equation. In addition, we comment on possible generalizations for these models including second order derivative geometrical terms. 12. Quantum gravity and the holographic dark energy cosmology Nastase, Horatiu 2016-04-01 The holographic dark energy model is obtained from a cosmological constant generated by generic quantum gravity effects giving a minimum length. By contrast, the usual bound for the energy density to be limited by the formation of a black hole simply gives the Friedmann equation. The scale of the current cosmological constant relative to the inflationary scale is an arbitrary parameter characterizing initial conditions, which however can be fixed by introducing a physical principle during inflation, as a function of the number of e-folds and the inflationary scale. 13. Error suppression and correction for quantum annealing Lidar, Daniel While adiabatic quantum computing and quantum annealing enjoy a certain degree of inherent robustness against excitations and control errors, there is no escaping the need for error correction or suppression. In this talk I will give an overview of our work on the development of such error correction and suppression methods. We have experimentally tested one such method combining encoding, energy penalties and decoding, on a D-Wave Two processor, with encouraging results. Mean field theory shows that this can be explained in terms of a softening of the closing of the gap due to the energy penalty, resulting in protection against excitations that occur near the quantum critical point. Decoding recovers population from excited states and enhances the success probability of quantum annealing. Moreover, we have demonstrated that using repetition codes with increasing code distance can lower the effective temperature of the annealer. References: K.L. Pudenz, T. Albash, D.A. Lidar, Error corrected quantum annealing with hundreds of qubits'', Nature Commun. 5, 3243 (2014). K.L. Pudenz, T. Albash, D.A. Lidar, Quantum annealing correction for random Ising problems'', Phys. Rev. A. 91, 042302 (2015). S. Matsuura, H. Nishimori, T. Albash, D.A. Lidar, Mean Field Analysis of Quantum Annealing Correction''. arXiv:1510.07709. W. Vinci et al., in preparation. 14. Theory of quantum error-correcting codes SciTech Connect Knill, E.; Laflamme, R. 1997-02-01 Quantum error correction will be necessary for preserving coherent states against noise and other unwanted interactions in quantum computation and communication. We develop a general theory of quantum error correction based on encoding states into larger Hilbert spaces subject to known interactions. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the perfect recovery of an encoded state after its degradation by an interaction. The conditions depend only on the behavior of the logical states. We use them to give a recovery-operator-independent definition of error-correcting codes. We relate this definition to four others: the existence of a left inverse of the interaction, an explicit representation of the error syndrome using tensor products, perfect recovery of the completely entangled state, and an information theoretic identity. Two notions of fidelity and error for imperfect recovery are introduced, one for pure and the other for entangled states. The latter is more appropriate when using codes in a quantum memory or in applications of quantum teleportation to communication. We show that the error for entangled states is bounded linearly by the error for pure states. A formal definition of independent interactions for qubits is given. This leads to lower bounds on the number of qubits required to correct e errors and a formal proof that the classical bounds on the probability of error of e-error-correcting codes applies to e-error-correcting quantum codes, provided that the interaction is dominated by an identity component. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society} 15. Relativistic quantum corrections to laser wakefield acceleration. PubMed Zhu, Jun; Ji, Peiyong 2010-03-01 The influence of quantum effects on the interaction of intense laser fields with plasmas is investigated by using a hydrodynamic model based on the framework of the relativistic quantum theory. Starting from the covariant Wigner function and Dirac equation, the hydrodynamic equations for relativistic quantum plasmas are derived. Based on the relativistic quantum hydrodynamic equations and Poisson equation, the perturbations of electron number densities and the electric field of the laser wakefield containing quantum effects are deduced. It is found that the corrections generated by the quantum effects to the perturbations of electron number densities and the accelerating field of the laser wakefield cannot be neglected. Quantum effects will suppress laser wakefields, which is a classical manifestation of quantum decoherence effects, however, the contribution of quantum effects for the laser wakefield correction will been partially counteracted by the relativistic effects. The analysis also reveals that quantum effects enlarge the effective frequencies of plasmas, and the quantum behavior appears a screening effect for plasma electrons. PMID:20365881 16. Relativistic quantum corrections to laser wakefield acceleration SciTech Connect Zhu Jun; Ji Peiyong 2010-03-15 The influence of quantum effects on the interaction of intense laser fields with plasmas is investigated by using a hydrodynamic model based on the framework of the relativistic quantum theory. Starting from the covariant Wigner function and Dirac equation, the hydrodynamic equations for relativistic quantum plasmas are derived. Based on the relativistic quantum hydrodynamic equations and Poisson equation, the perturbations of electron number densities and the electric field of the laser wakefield containing quantum effects are deduced. It is found that the corrections generated by the quantum effects to the perturbations of electron number densities and the accelerating field of the laser wakefield cannot be neglected. Quantum effects will suppress laser wakefields, which is a classical manifestation of quantum decoherence effects, however, the contribution of quantum effects for the laser wakefield correction will been partially counteracted by the relativistic effects. The analysis also reveals that quantum effects enlarge the effective frequencies of plasmas, and the quantum behavior appears a screening effect for plasma electrons. 17. Does loop quantum cosmology replace the big rip singularity by a non-singular bounce? SciTech Connect Haro, Jaume de 2012-11-01 It is stated that holonomy corrections in loop quantum cosmology introduce a modification in Friedmann's equation which prevent the big rip singularity. Recently in [1] it has been proved that this modified Friedmann equation is obtained in an inconsistent way, what means that the results deduced from it, in particular the big rip singularity avoidance, are not justified. The problem is that holonomy corrections modify the gravitational part of the Hamiltonian of the system leading, after Legendre's transformation, to a non covariant Lagrangian which is in contradiction with one of the main principles of General Relativity. A more consistent way to deal with the big rip singularity avoidance is to disregard modification in the gravitational part of the Hamiltonian, and only consider inverse volume effects [2]. In this case we will see that, not like the big bang singularity, the big rip singularity survives in loop quantum cosmology. Another way to deal with the big rip avoidance is to take into account geometric quantum effects given by the the Wheeler-De Witt equation. In that case, even though the wave packets spread, the expectation values satisfy the same equations as their classical analogues. Then, following the viewpoint adopted in loop quantum cosmology, one can conclude that the big rip singularity survives when one takes into account these quantum effects. However, the spreading of the wave packets prevents the recover of the semiclassical time, and thus, one might conclude that the classical evolution of the universe come to and end before the big rip is reached. This is not conclusive because. as we will see, it always exists other external times that allows us to define the classical and quantum evolution of the universe up to the big rip singularity. 18. Thermoelectric corrections to quantum voltage measurement Bergfield, Justin P.; Stafford, Charles A. 2014-12-01 A generalization of Büttiker's voltage probe concept for nonzero temperatures is an open third terminal of a quantum thermoelectric circuit. An explicit analytic expression for the thermoelectric correction to an ideal quantum voltage measurement in linear response is derived and interpreted in terms of local Peltier cooling/heating within the nonequilibrium system. The thermoelectric correction is found to be large (up to ±24 % of the peak voltage) in a prototypical ballistic quantum conductor (graphene nanoribbon). The effects of measurement nonideality are also investigated. Our findings have important implications for precision local electrical measurements. 19. Phenomenological dynamics of loop quantum cosmology in Kantowski-Sachs spacetime SciTech Connect Chiou, D.-W. 2008-08-15 The fundamental theory and the semiclassical description of loop quantum cosmology (LQC) have been studied in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker and Bianchi I models. As an extension to include both anisotropy and intrinsic curvature, this paper investigates the cosmological model of Kantowski-Sachs spacetime with a free massless scalar field at the level of phenomenological dynamics with the LQC discreteness corrections. The LQC corrections are implemented in two different improved quantization schemes. In both schemes, the big bang and big crunch singularities of the classical solution are resolved and replaced by the big bounces when the area or volume scale factor approaches the critical values in the Planck regime measured by the reference of the scalar field momentum. Symmetries of scaling are also noted and suggest that the fundamental spatial scale (area gap) may give rise to a temporal scale. The bouncing scenarios are in an analogous fashion of the Bianchi I model, naturally extending the observations obtained previously. 20. Loop quantum cosmology with self-dual variables Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2015-12-01 Using the complex-valued self-dual connection variables, the loop quantum cosmology of a closed Friedmann space-time coupled to a massless scalar field is studied. It is shown how the reality conditions can be imposed in the quantum theory by choosing a particular inner product for the kinematical Hilbert space. While holonomies of the self-dual Ashtekar connection are not well defined in the kinematical Hilbert space, it is possible to introduce a family of generalized holonomylike operators of which some are well defined; these operators in turn are used in the definition of the Hamiltonian constraint operator where the scalar field can be used as a relational clock. The resulting quantum theory is closely related, although not identical, to standard loop quantum cosmology constructed from the Ashtekar-Barbero variables with a real Immirzi parameter. Effective Friedmann equations are derived which provide a good approximation to the full quantum dynamics for sharply peaked states whose volume remains much larger than the Planck volume, and they show that for these states quantum gravity effects resolve the big-bang and big-crunch singularities and replace them by a nonsingular bounce. Finally, the loop quantization in self-dual variables of a flat Friedmann space-time is recovered in the limit of zero spatial curvature and is identical to the standard loop quantization in terms of the real-valued Ashtekar-Barbero variables. 1. Emergence of constant curvature spacetimes with an effective charge and cosmological constant in loop quantum cosmology Joe, Anton; Dadhich, Naresh; Singh, Parampreet 2015-04-01 The loop quantum dynamics of Kantowski-Sachs and the interior of higher genus black hole spacetimes with cosmological constant has some peculiar features not shared by various other spacetimes in loop quantum cosmolgy. As in the other cases, though the quantum geometric effects resolve the singularity and result in a bounce, after the bounce a spacetime with small spacetime curvature does not emerge at late times. Instead, asymptotically the spacetime has constant spacetime curvature with a product manifold. Interestingly, though the spacetime curvature of these asymptotic spacetimes is very high, the effective metric of these spacetimes is a solution to the Einstein field equations. Analysis of the components of the Ricci tensor shows that after the singularity resolution, the Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes lead to an effective charged Nariai, and, the higher genus black hole interior lead to an anti Bertotti-Robinson spacetime with an effective tachyonic charge. The asymptotic spacetimes have an effective cosmological constant which is different in magnitude, and sometimes even its sign, from the cosmological constant in the Kantwoski-Sachs and higher genus black hole metrics. 2. Bouncing loop quantum cosmology from F(T) gravity Amorós, Jaume; de Haro, Jaume; Odintsov, Sergei D. 2013-05-01 The big bang singularity could be understood as a breakdown of Einstein’s general relativity at very high energies. By adopting this viewpoint, other theories that implement Einstein cosmology at high energies might solve the problem of the primeval singularity. One of them is loop quantum cosmology (LQC) with a small cosmological constant that models a universe moving along an ellipse, which prevents singularities like the big bang or the big rip, in the phase space (H,ρ), where H is the Hubble parameter and ρ the energy density of the universe. Using LQC one considers a model universe filled by radiation and matter where, due to the cosmological constant, there are a de Sitter and an anti-de Sitter solution. This means that one obtains a bouncing nonsingular universe which is in the contracting phase at early times. After leaving this phase, i.e., after bouncing, it passes trough a radiation- and matter-dominated phase and finally at late times it expands in an accelerated way (current cosmic acceleration). This model does not suffer from the horizon and flatness problems as in big bang cosmology, where a period of inflation that increases the size of our universe in more than 60 e-folds is needed in order to solve both problems. The model has two mechanisms to avoid these problems: the evolution of the universe through a contracting phase and a period of super inflation (H˙>0). 3. Observations on interfacing loop quantum gravity with cosmology Pawłowski, Tomasz 2015-12-01 A simple idea of relating the loop quantum gravity (LQG) and loop quantum cosmology (LQC) degrees of freedom is introduced and used to define a relatively robust interface between these theories in context of toroidal Bianchi I model. The idea is an expansion of the construction originally introduced by Ashtekar and Wilson-Ewing and relies on explicit averaging of a certain subclass of spin networks over the subgroup of the diffeomorphisms remaining after the gauge fixing used in homogeneous LQC. It is based on the set of clearly defined principles and thus is a convenient tool to control the emergence and behavior of the cosmological degrees of freedom in studies of dynamics in canonical LQG. The constructed interface is further adapted to isotropic spacetimes. Relating the proposed LQG-LQC interface with some results on black hole entropy suggests a modification to the area gap value currently used in LQC. 4. Aspects of nonlocality in quantum field theory, quantum gravity and cosmology Barvinsky, A. O. 2015-01-01 This paper contains a collection of essays on nonlocal phenomena in quantum field theory, gravity and cosmology. Mechanisms of nonlocal contributions to the quantum effective action are discussed within the covariant perturbation expansion in field strengths and spacetime curvatures. Euclidean version of the Schwinger-Keldysh technique for quantum expectation values is presented as a special rule of obtaining the nonlocal effective equations of motion for the mean quantum field from the Euclidean effective action. This rule is applied to a new model of ghost free nonlocal cosmology which can generate the de Sitter (dS) cosmological evolution at an arbitrary value of Λ — a model of dark energy with the dynamical scale selected by a kind of a scaling symmetry breaking mechanism. This model is shown to interpolate between the superhorizon phase of a scalar mediated gravity and the short distance general relativistic limit in a special metric frame related by a nonlocal conformal transformation to the original metric. 5. Loop quantum cosmology, non-Gaussianity, and CMB power asymmetry Agullo, Ivan 2015-09-01 We argue that the anomalous power asymmetry observed in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) may have originated in a cosmic bounce preceding inflation. In loop quantum cosmology (LQC), the big bang singularity is generically replaced by a bounce due to quantum gravitational effects. We compute the spectrum of inflationary non-Gaussianity and show that strong correlation between observable scales and modes with longer (superhorizon) wavelength arise as a consequence of the evolution of perturbations across the LQC bounce. These correlations are strongly scale dependent and induce a dipole-dominated modulation on large angular scales in the CMB, in agreement with observations. 6. Cosmological implications of quantum entanglement in the multiverse Kanno, Sugumi 2015-12-01 We explore the cosmological implications of quantum entanglement between two causally disconnected universes in the multiverse. We first consider two causally separated de Sitter spaces with a state which is initially entangled. We derive the reduced density matrix of our universe and compute the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations. We then consider the same system with an initially non-entangled state. We find that due to quantum interference scale dependent modulations may enter the spectrum for the case of initially non-entangled state. This gives rise to the possibility that the existence of causally disconnected universes may be experimentally tested by analyzing correlators in detail. 7. On a Continuum Limit for Loop Quantum Cosmology SciTech Connect Corichi, Alejandro; Vukasinac, Tatjana; Zapata, Jose Antonio 2008-03-06 The use of non-regular representations of the Heisenberg-Weyl commutation relations has proved to be useful for studying conceptual and technical issues in quantum gravity. Of particular relevance is the study of Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC), symmetry reduced theory that is related to Loop Quantum Gravity, and that is based on a non-regular, polymeric representation. Recently, a soluble model was used by Ashtekar, Corichi and Singh to study the relation between Loop Quantum Cosmology and the standard Wheeler-DeWitt theory and, in particular, the passage to the limit in which the auxiliary parameter (interpreted as ''quantum geometry discreetness'') is sent to zero in hope to get rid of this 'regulator' that dictates the LQC dynamics at each 'scale'. In this note we outline the first steps toward reformulating this question within the program developed by the authors for studying the continuum limit of polymeric theories, which was successfully applied to simple systems such as a Simple Harmonic Oscillator. 8. Numerical analysis of the big bounce in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Laguna, Pablo 2007-01-15 Loop quantum cosmology (LQC) homogeneous models with a massless scalar field show that the big-bang singularity can be replaced by a big quantum bounce. To gain further insight on the nature of this bounce, we study the semidiscrete loop quantum gravity Hamiltonian constraint equation from the point of view of numerical analysis. For illustration purposes, we establish a numerical analogy between the quantum bounces and reflections in finite difference discretizations of wave equations triggered by the use of nonuniform grids or, equivalently, reflections found when solving numerically wave equations with varying coefficients. We show that the bounce is closely related to the method for the temporal update of the system and demonstrate that explicit time-updates in general yield bounces. Finally, we present an example of an implicit time-update devoid of bounces and show back-in-time, deterministic evolutions that reach and partially jump over the big-bang singularity. 9. Generalized quantum gravity condensates for homogeneous geometries and cosmology Oriti, Daniele; Pranzetti, Daniele; Ryan, James P.; Sindoni, Lorenzo 2015-12-01 We construct a generalized class of quantum gravity condensate states that allows the description of continuum homogeneous quantum geometries within the full theory. They are based on similar ideas already applied to extract effective cosmological dynamics from the group field theory formalism, and thus also from loop quantum gravity. However, they represent an improvement over the simplest condensates used in the literature, in that they are defined by an infinite superposition of graph-based states encoding in a precise way the topology of the spatial manifold. The construction is based on the definition of refinement operators on spin network states, written in a second quantized language. The construction also lends itself easily to application to the case of spherically symmetric quantum geometries. 10. Quantum Metrology Enhanced by Repetitive Quantum Error Correction Unden, Thomas; Balasubramanian, Priya; Louzon, Daniel; Vinkler, Yuval; Plenio, Martin B.; Markham, Matthew; Twitchen, Daniel; Stacey, Alastair; Lovchinsky, Igor; Sushkov, Alexander O.; Lukin, Mikhail D.; Retzker, Alex; Naydenov, Boris; McGuinness, Liam P.; Jelezko, Fedor 2016-06-01 We experimentally demonstrate the protection of a room-temperature hybrid spin register against environmental decoherence by performing repeated quantum error correction whilst maintaining sensitivity to signal fields. We use a long-lived nuclear spin to correct multiple phase errors on a sensitive electron spin in diamond and realize magnetic field sensing beyond the time scales set by natural decoherence. The universal extension of sensing time, robust to noise at any frequency, demonstrates the definitive advantage entangled multiqubit systems provide for quantum sensing and offers an important complement to quantum control techniques. 11. Quantum Metrology Enhanced by Repetitive Quantum Error Correction. PubMed Unden, Thomas; Balasubramanian, Priya; Louzon, Daniel; Vinkler, Yuval; Plenio, Martin B; Markham, Matthew; Twitchen, Daniel; Stacey, Alastair; Lovchinsky, Igor; Sushkov, Alexander O; Lukin, Mikhail D; Retzker, Alex; Naydenov, Boris; McGuinness, Liam P; Jelezko, Fedor 2016-06-10 We experimentally demonstrate the protection of a room-temperature hybrid spin register against environmental decoherence by performing repeated quantum error correction whilst maintaining sensitivity to signal fields. We use a long-lived nuclear spin to correct multiple phase errors on a sensitive electron spin in diamond and realize magnetic field sensing beyond the time scales set by natural decoherence. The universal extension of sensing time, robust to noise at any frequency, demonstrates the definitive advantage entangled multiqubit systems provide for quantum sensing and offers an important complement to quantum control techniques. PMID:27341218 12. Continuous quantum error correction through local operations SciTech Connect Mascarenhas, Eduardo; Franca Santos, Marcelo; Marques, Breno; Terra Cunha, Marcelo 2010-09-15 We propose local strategies to protect global quantum information. The protocols, which are quantum error-correcting codes for dissipative systems, are based on environment measurements, direct feedback control, and simple encoding of the logical qubits into physical qutrits whose decaying transitions are indistinguishable and equally probable. The simple addition of one extra level in the description of the subsystems allows for local actions to fully and deterministically protect global resources such as entanglement. We present codes for both quantum jump and quantum state diffusion measurement strategies and test them against several sources of inefficiency. The use of qutrits in information protocols suggests further characterization of qutrit-qutrit disentanglement dynamics, which we also give together with simple local environment measurement schemes able to prevent distillability sudden death and even enhance entanglement in situations in which our feedback error correction is not possible. 13. Dimensional jump in quantum error correction Bombín, Héctor 2016-04-01 Topological stabilizer codes with different spatial dimensions have complementary properties. Here I show that the spatial dimension can be switched using gauge fixing. Combining 2D and 3D gauge color codes in a 3D qubit lattice, fault-tolerant quantum computation can be achieved with constant time overhead on the number of logical gates, up to efficient global classical computation, using only local quantum operations. Single-shot error correction plays a crucial role. 14. Towards self-correcting quantum memories Michnicki, Kamil This thesis presents a model of self-correcting quantum memories where quantum states are encoded using topological stabilizer codes and error correction is done using local measurements and local dynamics. Quantum noise poses a practical barrier to developing quantum memories. This thesis explores two types of models for suppressing noise. One model suppresses thermalizing noise energetically by engineering a Hamiltonian with a high energy barrier between code states. Thermalizing dynamics are modeled phenomenologically as a Markovian quantum master equation with only local generators. The second model suppresses stochastic noise with a cellular automaton that performs error correction using syndrome measurements and a local update rule. Several ways of visualizing and thinking about stabilizer codes are presented in order to design ones that have a high energy barrier: the non-local Ising model, the quasi-particle graph and the theory of welded stabilizer codes. I develop the theory of welded stabilizer codes and use it to construct a code with the highest known energy barrier in 3-d for spin Hamiltonians: the welded solid code. Although the welded solid code is not fully self correcting, it has some self correcting properties. It has an increased memory lifetime for an increased system size up to a temperature dependent maximum. One strategy for increasing the energy barrier is by mediating an interaction with an external system. I prove a no-go theorem for a class of Hamiltonians where the interaction terms are local, of bounded strength and commute with the stabilizer group. Under these conditions the energy barrier can only be increased by a multiplicative constant. I develop cellular automaton to do error correction on a state encoded using the toric code. The numerical evidence indicates that while there is no threshold, the model can extend the memory lifetime significantly. While of less theoretical importance, this could be practical for real 15. Non-Abelian quantum error correction Feng, Weibo A quantum computer is a proposed device which would be capable of initializing, coherently manipulating, and measuring quantum states with sufficient accuracy to carry out new kinds of computations. In the standard scenario, a quantum computer is built out of quantum bits, or qubits, two-level quantum systems which replace the ordinary classical bits of a classical computer. Quantum computation is then carried out by applying quantum gates, the quantum equivalent of Boolean logic gates, to these qubits. The most fundamental barrier to building a quantum computer is the inevitable errors which occur when carrying out quantum gates and the loss of quantum coherence of the qubits due to their coupling to the environment (decoherence). Remarkably, it has been shown that in a quantum computer such errors and decoherence can be actively fought using what is known as quantum error correction. A closely related proposal for fighting errors and decoherence in a quantum computer is to build the computer out of so-called topologically ordered states of matter. These are states of matter which allow for the storage and manipulation of quantum states with a built in protection from error and decoherence. The excitations of these states are non-Abelian anyons, particle-like excitations which satisfy non-Abelian statistics, meaning that when two excitations are interchanged the result is not the usual +1 and -1 associated with identical Bosons or Fermions, but rather a unitary operation which acts on a multidimensional Hilbert space. It is therefore possible to envision computing with these anyons by braiding their world-lines in 2+1-dimensional spacetime. In this Dissertation we present explicit procedures for a scheme which lives at the intersection of these two approaches. In this scheme we envision a functioning conventional" quantum computer consisting of an array of qubits and the ability to carry out quantum gates on these qubits. We then give explicit quantum circuits 16. Quantum corrections to inflaton and curvaton dynamics SciTech Connect Markkanen, Tommi; Tranberg, Anders E-mail: anders.tranberg@nbi.dk 2012-11-01 We compute the fully renormalized one-loop effective action for two interacting and self-interacting scalar fields in FRW space-time. We then derive and solve the quantum corrected equations of motion both for fields that dominate the energy density (such as an inflaton) and fields that do not (such as a subdominant curvaton). In particular, we introduce quantum corrected Friedmann equations that determine the evolution of the scale factor. We find that in general, gravitational corrections are negligible for the field dynamics. For the curvaton-type fields this leaves only the effect of the flat-space Coleman-Weinberg-type effective potential, and we find that these can be significant. For the inflaton case, both the corrections to the potential and the Friedmann equations can lead to behaviour very different from the classical evolution. Even to the point that inflation, although present at tree level, can be absent at one-loop order. 17. Loop quantum cosmology of k=1 FRW models SciTech Connect Ashtekar, Abhay; Pawlowski, Tomasz; Singh, Parampreet; Vandersloot, Kevin 2007-01-15 The closed, k=1, FRW model coupled to a massless scalar field is investigated in the framework of loop quantum cosmology using analytical and numerical methods. As in the k=0 case, the scalar field can be again used as emergent time to construct the physical Hilbert space and introduce Dirac observables. The resulting framework is then used to address a major challenge of quantum cosmology: resolving the big-bang singularity while retaining agreement with general relativity at large scales. It is shown that the framework fulfills this task. In particular, for states which are semiclassical at some late time, the big bang is replaced by a quantum bounce and a recollapse occurs at the value of the scale factor predicted by classical general relativity. Thus, the 'difficulties' pointed out by Green and Unruh in the k=1 case do not arise in a more systematic treatment. As in k=0 models, quantum dynamics is deterministic across the deep Planck regime. However, because it also retains the classical recollapse, in contrast to the k=0 case one is now led to a cyclic model. Finally, we clarify some issues raised by Laguna's recent work addressed to computational physicists. 18. Exotic singularities and spatially curved loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Singh, Parampreet; Vidotto, Francesca 2011-03-15 We investigate the occurrence of various exotic spacelike singularities in the past and the future evolution of k={+-}1 Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model and loop quantum cosmology using a sufficiently general phenomenological model for the equation of state. We highlight the nontrivial role played by the intrinsic curvature for these singularities and the new physics which emerges at the Planck scale. We show that quantum gravity effects generically resolve all strong curvature singularities including big rip and big freeze singularities. The weak singularities, which include sudden and big brake singularities, are ignored by quantum gravity when spatial curvature is negative, as was previously found for the spatially flat model. Interestingly, for the spatially closed model there exist cases where weak singularities may be resolved when they occur in the past evolution. The spatially closed model exhibits another novel feature. For a particular class of equation of state, this model also exhibits an additional physical branch in loop quantum cosmology, a baby universe separated from the parent branch. Our analysis generalizes previous results obtained on the resolution of strong curvature singularities in flat models to isotropic spacetimes with nonzero spatial curvature. 19. Trivial pursuits: studies in quantum field theory and squantum cosmology SciTech Connect Furlong, R.C. 1987-01-01 The author show that the nonrelativistic limit of the lambdaphi/sup 4/ theory is trivial in 1 + 3 dimensions; the renormalized coupling constant vanishes and the S matrix reduces to the unit matrix. Our result is consistent with, though not sufficient to establish, the triviality of the Lorentz-invariant theory. A necessary condition for the existence of a consistent non-trivial continuum quantum field theory in d = 4 is the existence of an ultraviolet-stable fixed point of the Gell-Mann-Low renormalization group. Since others have shown (non-perturbatively) that the existence of just such a fixed point is sufficient to guarantee the triviality of the continuum massless Wess-Zumino model, we conclude that this model cannot exist non-trivially in d = 4. The fact that most renormalization group blocking schemes include each site link in many block links can generate spurious interactions in the block system. A general method for avoiding this problem is formulated and applied to do a Monte Carlo renormalization group study of the SU(2)-Higgs model in four dimensions with a check 2 scale factor. Finally starting from the D'Eath equation, the Dirac square root of the Wheeler-De Witt equation, for N = 1 supergravity, we construct superminisuperspace models (and quasi-models) for supersymmetric quantum cosmology (squantum cosmology) compatibile with Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmologies. 20. A Calculation of Cosmological Scale from Quantum Coherence SciTech Connect Lindesay, J 2004-07-23 We use general arguments to examine the energy scales for which a quantum coherent description of gravitating quantum energy units is necessary. The cosmological dark energy density is expected to decouple from the Friedman-Lemaitre energy density when the Friedman-Robertson-Walker scale expansion becomes sub-luminal at R = c, at which time the usual microscopic interactions of relativistic quantum mechanics (QED, QCD, etc) open new degrees of freedom. We assume that these microscopic interactions cannot signal with superluminal exchanges, only superluminal quantum correlations. The expected gravitational vacuum energy density at that scale would be expected to freeze out due to the loss of gravitational coherence. We define the vacuum energy which generates this cosmological constant to be that of a zero temperature Bose condensate at this gravitational de-coherence scale. We presume a universality throughout the universe in the available degrees of freedom determined by fundamental constants during its evolution. Examining the reverse evolution of the universe from the present, long before reaching Planck scale dynamics one expects major modifications from the de-coherent thermal equations of state, suggesting that the pre-coherent phase has global coherence properties. Since the arguments presented involve primarily counting of degrees of freedom, we expect the statistical equilibrium states of causally disconnected regions of space to be independently identical. Thus, there is no horizon problem associated with the lack of causal influences between spatially separated regions in this approach. The scale of the amplitude of fluctuations produced during de-coherence of cosmological vacuum energy are found to evolve to values consistent with those observed in cosmic microwave background radiation and galactic clustering. 1. Loop quantum cosmology: from pre-inflationary dynamics to observations Ashtekar, Abhay; Barrau, Aurélien 2015-12-01 The Planck collaboration has provided us rich information about the early Universe, and a host of new observational missions will soon shed further light on the ‘anomalies’ that appear to exist on the largest angular scales. From a quantum gravity perspective, it is natural to inquire if one can trace back the origin of such puzzling features to Planck scale physics. Loop quantum cosmology provides a promising avenue to explore this issue because of its natural resolution of the big bang singularity. Thanks to advances over the last decade, the theory has matured sufficiently to allow concrete calculations of the phenomenological consequences of its pre-inflationary dynamics. In this article we summarize the current status of the ensuing two-way dialog between quantum gravity and observations. 2. Isotropic loop quantum cosmology with matter. II. The Lorentzian constraint Hinterleitner, Franz; Major, Seth 2003-12-01 The Lorentzian Hamiltonian constraint is solved for isotropic loop quantum cosmology coupled to a massless scalar field. As in the Euclidean case, the discreteness of quantum geometry removes the classical singularity from the quantum Friedmann models. In spite of the absence of the classical singularity, a modified DeWitt initial condition is incompatible with a late-time smooth behavior. Further, the smooth behavior is recovered only for positive or negatives times but not both. An important feature, which is shared with the Euclidean case, is a minimal initial energy of the order of the Planck energy required for the system to evolve dynamically. By forming wave packets of the matter field, an explicit evolution in terms of an internal time is obtained. 3. Inflation in loop quantum cosmology: Dynamics and spectrum of gravitational waves SciTech Connect Mielczarek, Jakub; Cailleteau, Thomas; Grain, Julien; Barrau, Aurelien 2010-05-15 Loop quantum cosmology provides an efficient framework to study the evolution of the Universe beyond the classical Big Bang paradigm. Because of holonomy corrections, the singularity is replaced by a 'bounce'. The dynamics of the background is investigated into the details, as a function of the parameters of the model. In particular, the conditions required for inflation to occur are carefully considered and are shown to be generically met. The propagation of gravitational waves is then investigated in this framework. By both numerical and analytical approaches, the primordial tensor power spectrum is computed for a wide range of parameters. Several interesting features could be observationally probed. 4. Quintessence and (anti-)Chaplygin gas in loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Lamon, Raphael; Woehr, Andreas J. 2010-01-15 The concordance model of cosmology contains several unknown components such as dark matter and dark energy. Many proposals have been made to describe them by choosing an appropriate potential for a scalar field. We study four models in the realm of loop quantum cosmology: the Chaplygin gas, an inflationary and radiationlike potential, quintessence and an anti-Chaplygin gas. For the latter we show that all trajectories start and end with a type II singularity and, depending on the initial value, may go through a bounce. On the other hand the evolution under the influence of the first three scalar fields behaves classically at times far away from the big bang singularity and bounces as the energy density approaches the critical density. 5. Quintessence and (anti-)Chaplygin gas in loop quantum cosmology Lamon, Raphael; Wöhr, Andreas J. 2010-01-01 The concordance model of cosmology contains several unknown components such as dark matter and dark energy. Many proposals have been made to describe them by choosing an appropriate potential for a scalar field. We study four models in the realm of loop quantum cosmology: the Chaplygin gas, an inflationary and radiationlike potential, quintessence and an anti-Chaplygin gas. For the latter we show that all trajectories start and end with a type II singularity and, depending on the initial value, may go through a bounce. On the other hand the evolution under the influence of the first three scalar fields behaves classically at times far away from the big bang singularity and bounces as the energy density approaches the critical density. 6. Mean Field Analysis of Quantum Annealing Correction Matsuura, Shunji; Nishimori, Hidetoshi; Albash, Tameem; Lidar, Daniel A. 2016-06-01 Quantum annealing correction (QAC) is a method that combines encoding with energy penalties and decoding to suppress and correct errors that degrade the performance of quantum annealers in solving optimization problems. While QAC has been experimentally demonstrated to successfully error correct a range of optimization problems, a clear understanding of its operating mechanism has been lacking. Here we bridge this gap using tools from quantum statistical mechanics. We study analytically tractable models using a mean-field analysis, specifically the p -body ferromagnetic infinite-range transverse-field Ising model as well as the quantum Hopfield model. We demonstrate that for p =2 , where the phase transition is of second order, QAC pushes the transition to increasingly larger transverse field strengths. For p ≥3 , where the phase transition is of first order, QAC softens the closing of the gap for small energy penalty values and prevents its closure for sufficiently large energy penalty values. Thus QAC provides protection from excitations that occur near the quantum critical point. We find similar results for the Hopfield model, thus demonstrating that our conclusions hold in the presence of disorder. 7. Mean Field Analysis of Quantum Annealing Correction. PubMed Matsuura, Shunji; Nishimori, Hidetoshi; Albash, Tameem; Lidar, Daniel A 2016-06-01 Quantum annealing correction (QAC) is a method that combines encoding with energy penalties and decoding to suppress and correct errors that degrade the performance of quantum annealers in solving optimization problems. While QAC has been experimentally demonstrated to successfully error correct a range of optimization problems, a clear understanding of its operating mechanism has been lacking. Here we bridge this gap using tools from quantum statistical mechanics. We study analytically tractable models using a mean-field analysis, specifically the p-body ferromagnetic infinite-range transverse-field Ising model as well as the quantum Hopfield model. We demonstrate that for p=2, where the phase transition is of second order, QAC pushes the transition to increasingly larger transverse field strengths. For p≥3, where the phase transition is of first order, QAC softens the closing of the gap for small energy penalty values and prevents its closure for sufficiently large energy penalty values. Thus QAC provides protection from excitations that occur near the quantum critical point. We find similar results for the Hopfield model, thus demonstrating that our conclusions hold in the presence of disorder. PMID:27314705 8. Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction Kitaev, A. Yu 1997-12-01 Contents §0. Introduction §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer §2. Classical models of computations2.1. Boolean schemes and sequences of operations2.2. Reversible computations §3. Quantum formalism3.1. Basic notions and notation3.2. Transformations of mixed states3.3. Accuracy §4. Quantum models of computations4.1. Definitions and basic properties4.2. Construction of various operators from the elements of a basis4.3. Generalized quantum control and universal schemes §5. Measurement operators §6. Polynomial quantum algorithm for the stabilizer problem §7. Computations with perturbations: the choice of a model §8. Quantum codes (definitions and general properties)8.1. Basic notions and ideas8.2. One-to-one codes8.3. Many-to-one codes §9. Symplectic (additive) codes9.1. Algebraic preparation9.2. The basic construction9.3. Error correction procedure9.4. Torus codes §10. Error correction in the computation process: general principles10.1. Definitions and results10.2. Proofs §11. Error correction: concrete procedures11.1. The symplecto-classical case11.2. The case of a complete basis Bibliography 9. A quantum correction to chaos Fitzpatrick, A. Liam; Kaplan, Jared 2016-05-01 We use results on Virasoro conformal blocks to study chaotic dynamics in CFT2 at large central charge c. The Lyapunov exponent λ L , which is a diagnostic for the early onset of chaos, receives 1 /c corrections that may be interpreted as {λ}_L=2π /β(1+12/c) . However, out of time order correlators receive other equally important 1 /c suppressed contributions that do not have such a simple interpretation. We revisit the proof of a bound on λ L that emerges at large c, focusing on CFT2 and explaining why our results do not conflict with the analysis leading to the bound. We also comment on relationships between chaos, scattering, causality, and bulk locality. 10. Quantum annealing correction with minor embedding Vinci, Walter; Albash, Tameem; Paz-Silva, Gerardo; Hen, Itay; Lidar, Daniel A. 2015-10-01 Quantum annealing provides a promising route for the development of quantum optimization devices, but the usefulness of such devices will be limited in part by the range of implementable problems as dictated by hardware constraints. To overcome constraints imposed by restricted connectivity between qubits, a larger set of interactions can be approximated using minor embedding techniques whereby several physical qubits are used to represent a single logical qubit. However, minor embedding introduces new types of errors due to its approximate nature. We introduce and study quantum annealing correction schemes designed to improve the performance of quantum annealers in conjunction with minor embedding, thus leading to a hybrid scheme defined over an encoded graph. We argue that this scheme can be efficiently decoded using an energy minimization technique provided the density of errors does not exceed the per-site percolation threshold of the encoded graph. We test the hybrid scheme using a D-Wave Two processor on problems for which the encoded graph is a two-level grid and the Ising model is known to be NP-hard. The problems we consider are frustrated Ising model problem instances with "planted" (a priori known) solutions. Applied in conjunction with optimized energy penalties and decoding techniques, we find that this approach enables the quantum annealer to solve minor embedded instances with significantly higher success probability than it would without error correction. Our work demonstrates that quantum annealing correction can and should be used to improve the robustness of quantum annealing not only for natively embeddable problems but also when minor embedding is used to extend the connectivity of physical devices. 11. Quantum Error Correction with Biased Noise Brooks, Peter Quantum computing offers powerful new techniques for speeding up the calculation of many classically intractable problems. Quantum algorithms can allow for the efficient simulation of physical systems, with applications to basic research, chemical modeling, and drug discovery; other algorithms have important implications for cryptography and internet security. At the same time, building a quantum computer is a daunting task, requiring the coherent manipulation of systems with many quantum degrees of freedom while preventing environmental noise from interacting too strongly with the system. Fortunately, we know that, under reasonable assumptions, we can use the techniques of quantum error correction and fault tolerance to achieve an arbitrary reduction in the noise level. In this thesis, we look at how additional information about the structure of noise, or "noise bias," can improve or alter the performance of techniques in quantum error correction and fault tolerance. In Chapter 2, we explore the possibility of designing certain quantum gates to be extremely robust with respect to errors in their operation. This naturally leads to structured noise where certain gates can be implemented in a protected manner, allowing the user to focus their protection on the noisier unprotected operations. In Chapter 3, we examine how to tailor error-correcting codes and fault-tolerant quantum circuits in the presence of dephasing biased noise, where dephasing errors are far more common than bit-flip errors. By using an appropriately asymmetric code, we demonstrate the ability to improve the amount of error reduction and decrease the physical resources required for error correction. In Chapter 4, we analyze a variety of protocols for distilling magic states, which enable universal quantum computation, in the presence of faulty Clifford operations. Here again there is a hierarchy of noise levels, with a fixed error rate for faulty gates, and a second rate for errors in the distilled 12. Genericness of a big bounce in isotropic loop quantum cosmology. PubMed Date, Ghanashyam; Hossain, Golam Mortuza 2005-01-14 The absence of isotropic singularity in loop quantum cosmology can be understood in an effective classical description as the Universe exhibiting a big bounce. We show that with a scalar matter field, the big bounce is generic in the sense that it is independent of quantization ambiguities and the details of scalar field dynamics. The volume of the Universe at the bounce point is parametrized by a single parameter. It provides a minimum length scale which serves as a cutoff for computations of density perturbations thereby influencing their amplitudes. PMID:15698060 13. Four-dimensional Quantum Gravity with a Cosmological Constant from Three-dimensional Holomorphic Blocks Haggard, Hal; Han, Muxin; Kaminski, Wojciech; Riello, Aldo 2016-03-01 Prominent approaches to quantum gravity struggle when it comes to incorporating a positive cosmological constant in their models. Using quantization of a complex SL(2,C) Chern-Simons theory we include a cosmological constant, of either sign, into a model of quantum gravity. 14. Astrophysical Applications of Quantum Corrections to the Equation of State of a Plasma NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Heckler, Andrew F. 1994-01-01 The quantum electrodynamic correction to the equation of state of a plasma at finite temperature is applied to the areas of solar physics and cosmology. A previously neglected, purely quantum term in the correction is found to change the equation of state in the solar core by -0.37%, which is roughly estimated to decrease the calculated high energy neutrino flux by about 2.2%. We also show that a previous calculation of the effect of this correction on big bang nucleosynthesis is incomplete, and we estimate the correction to the primordial helium abundance Y to be Delta A= 1.4 x 10(exp -4). A physical explanation for the correction is found in terms of corrections to the dispersion relation of the electron, positron, and photon. 15. Topics in quantum cryptography, quantum error correction, and channel simulation Luo, Zhicheng In this thesis, we mainly investigate four different topics: efficiently implementable codes for quantum key expansion [51], quantum error-correcting codes based on privacy amplification [48], private classical capacity of quantum channels [44], and classical channel simulation with quantum side information [49, 50]. For the first topic, we propose an efficiently implementable quantum key expansion protocol, capable of increasing the size of a pre-shared secret key by a constant factor. Previously, the Shor-Preskill proof [64] of the security of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) [6] quantum key distribution protocol relied on the theoretical existence of good classical error-correcting codes with the "dual-containing" property. But the explicit and efficiently decodable construction of such codes is unknown. We show that we can lift the dual-containing constraint by employing the non-dual-containing codes with excellent performance and efficient decoding algorithms. For the second topic, we propose a construction of Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) [19, 68] quantum error-correcting codes, which are originally based on pairs of mutually dual-containing classical codes, by combining a classical code with a two-universal hash function. We show, using the results of Renner and Koenig [57], that the communication rates of such codes approach the hashing bound on tensor powers of Pauli channels in the limit of large block-length. For the third topic, we prove a regularized formula for the secret key assisted capacity region of a quantum channel for transmitting private classical information. This result parallels the work of Devetak on entanglement assisted quantum communication capacity. This formula provides a new family protocol, the private father protocol, under the resource inequality framework that includes the private classical communication without the assisted secret keys as a child protocol. For the fourth topic, we study and solve the problem of classical channel 16. Primordial power spectra for scalar perturbations in loop quantum cosmology Martín de Blas, Daniel; Olmedo, Javier 2016-06-01 We provide the power spectrum of small scalar perturbations propagating in an inflationary scenario within loop quantum cosmology. We consider the hybrid quantization approach applied to a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime with flat spatial sections coupled to a massive scalar field. We study the quantum dynamics of scalar perturbations on an effective background within this hybrid approach. We consider in our study adiabatic states of different orders. For them, we find that the hybrid quantization is in good agreement with the predictions of the dressed metric approach. We also propose an initial vacuum state for the perturbations, and compute the primordial and the anisotropy power spectrum in order to qualitatively compare with the current observations of Planck mission. We find that our vacuum state is in good agreement with them, showing a suppression of the power spectrum for large scale anisotropies. We compare with other choices already studied in the literature. 17. Chameleonic dilaton, nonequivalent frames, and the cosmological constant problem in quantum string theory SciTech Connect Zanzi, Andrea 2010-08-15 The chameleonic behavior of the string theory dilaton is suggested. Some of the possible consequences of the chameleonic string dilaton are analyzed in detail. In particular, (1) we suggest a new stringy solution to the cosmological constant problem and (2) we point out the nonequivalence of different conformal frames at the quantum level. In order to obtain these results, we start taking into account the (strong coupling) string loop expansion in the string frame (S-frame), therefore the so-called form factors are present in the effective action. The correct dark energy scale is recovered in the Einstein frame (E-frame) without unnatural fine-tunings and this result is robust against all quantum corrections, granted that we assume a proper structure of the S-frame form factors in the strong coupling regime. At this stage, the possibility still exists that a certain amount of fine-tuning may be required to satisfy some phenomenological constraints. Moreover in the E-frame, in our proposal, all the interactions are switched off on cosmological length scales (i.e., the theory is IR-free), while higher derivative gravitational terms might be present locally (on short distances) and it remains to be seen whether these facts clash with phenomenology. A detailed phenomenological analysis is definitely necessary to clarify these points. 18. Testing Quantum Mechanics with Observations of Causally Disconnected Cosmological Events Friedman, Andrew S.; Kaiser, D. I.; Gallicchio, J.; Guth, A. H. 2014-01-01 We discuss a thought experiment which would leverage cosmology to test quantum mechanics using astronomical observations. Specifically, we aim to close the "settings-independence" loophole in experimental tests of Bell's inequality by choosing the detector settings (e.g. polarizer orientations) using real-time observations of causally disconnected cosmic sources. This would help close one of the most important remaining Bell test loopholes whereby a local hidden variable theory could mimic the quantum predictions if the experimental settings choices shared even a small correlation due to unknown local causal influences prior to the experiment. The talk will focus on the theoretical cosmology constraints needed to choose optimal sources for such an experiment, describing general conditions for pairs of cosmic events with arbitrary redshifts and angular separations to have shared causal pasts in Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universes with arbitrary curvature, including flat, dark energy dominated, accelerating universes like our own. While causally disjoint patches of the cosmic microwave background radiation at redshift z ~ 1090 could be used to set the detectors, z > 3.65 quasars observed at optical wavelengths are arguably the optimal candidate source pairs using present technology that meet the condition of having no shared causal past since the end of any period of inflation, 13.82 Gyr ago. Results are illustrated for our universe with causal structure animations to help visualize the intersections of past light cones for arbitrary event pairs. 19. Quantum cosmology: From hidden symmetries towards a new (supersymmetric) perspective Jalalzadeh, S.; Rostami, T.; Moniz, P. V. 2016-02-01 20. Loop Quantum Gravity and the Planck Regime of Cosmology Ashtekar, Abhay The very early universe provides the best arena we currently have to test quantum gravity theories. The success of the inflationary paradigm in accounting for the observed inhomogeneities in the cosmic microwave background already illustrates this point to a certain extent because the paradigm is based on quantum field theory on the curved cosmological space-times. However, this analysis excludes the Planck era because the background space-time satisfies Einstein's equations all the way back to the big bang singularity. Using techniques from loop quantum gravity, the paradigm has now been extended to a self-consistent theory from the Planck regime to the onset of inflation, covering some 11 orders of magnitude in curvature. In addition, for a narrow window of initial conditions, there are departures from the standard paradigm, with novel effects, such as a modification of the consistency relation involving the scalar and tensor power spectra and a new source for non-Gaussianities. The genesis of the large scale structure of the universe can be traced back to quantum gravity fluctuations in the Planck regime. This report provides a bird's eye view of these developments for the general relativity community. 1. Electromagnetic quantum effects in higher-dimensional cosmological models Kotanjyan, Anna; Sargsyan, Hayk; Simonyan, David; Saharian, Aram 2016-07-01 Among the most interesting directions in quantum field theory on curved spacetimes is the investigation of the influence of the gravitational field on the properties of the quantum vacuum. The corresponding problems are exactly solvable for highly symmetric background geometries only. In particular, the investigations of quantum effects in de Sitter (dS) and anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes have attracted a great deal of attention. We consider electromagnetic quantum effects in higher-dimensional cosmological models. The two-point functions of the vector potential and of the field tensor for the electromagnetic field in background of dS and AdS spacetime are evaluated in arbitrary number of spatial dimensions. First we consider the two-point functions in the boundary-free geometry and then generalize the results in the presence of a reflecting boundary, for AdS spacetimes parallel to the AdS horizon. By using the expressions for the two-point functions of the field tensor, we investigate the vacuum expectation values of the electric field squared and of the energy-momentum tensor. Simple asymptotic expressions are provided for both cases, in particular for AdS geometry near the AdS boundary and horizon. 2. Low Energy Quantum Gravity, the Cosmological Constant and Gauge Coupling Constants Toms, David J. Robinson and Wilczek have suggested that loop corrections in quantum gravity can alter the running gauge coupling constants from the behaviour found in the absence of gravity. Although their original calculation is not correct, the basic idea behind their paper has been re-examined recently for quantized Einstein-Maxwell theory with a cosmological constant. In this essay I discuss some of the issues surrounding the calculation and mention some of the implications. I argue that it is possible for a theory that is not conventionally asymptotically free to become so in the presence of gravity, and for gravity to lead to a new ultraviolet fixed point. This establishes a provocative link between the microscopic and macroscopic realms. 3. Loop quantum cosmology in Bianchi type I models: Analytical investigation SciTech Connect Chiou, D.-W. 2007-01-15 The comprehensive formulation for loop quantum cosmology in the spatially flat, isotropic model was recently constructed. In this paper, the methods are extended to the anisotropic Bianchi I cosmology. Both the precursor and the improved strategies are applied and the expected results are established: (i) the scalar field again serves as an internal clock and is treated as emergent time; (ii) the total Hamiltonian constraint is derived by imposing the fundamental discreteness and gives the evolution as a difference equation; and (iii) the physical Hilbert space, Dirac observables, and semiclassical states are constructed rigorously. It is also shown that the state in the kinematical Hilbert space associated with the classical singularity is decoupled in the difference evolution equation, indicating that the big bounce may take place when any of the area scales undergoes the vanishing behavior. The investigation affirms the robustness of the framework used in the isotropic model by enlarging its domain of validity and provides foundations to conduct the detailed numerical analysis. 4. Classical and quantum cosmology of Born-Infeld type models Kamenshchik, Alexander; Kiefer, Claus; Kwidzinski, Nick 2016-04-01 We discuss Born-Infeld type fields (tachyon fields) in classical and quantum cosmology. We first partly review and partly extend the discussion of the classical solutions and focus in particular on the occurrence of singularities. For quantization, we employ geometrodynamics. In the case of constant potential, we discuss both Wheeler-DeWitt quantization and reduced quantization. We are able to give various solutions and discuss their asymptotics. For the case of general potential, we transform the Wheeler-DeWitt equation to a form where it leads to a difference equation. Such a difference equation was previously found in the quantization of black holes. We give explicit results for the cases of constant potential and inverse squared potential and point out special features possessed by solutions of the difference equation. 5. Quantum Bianchi Type IX Cosmology in K-Essence Theory Espinoza-García, Abraham; Socorro, J.; Pimentel, Luis O. 2014-09-01 We use one of the simplest forms of the K-essence theory and apply it to the anisotropic Bianchi type IX cosmological model, with a barotropic perfect fluid modeling the usual matter content. We show that the most important contribution of the scalar field occurs during a stiff matter phase. Also, we present a canonical quantization procedure of the theory which can be simplified by reinterpreting the scalar field as an exotic part of the total matter content. The solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation were found using the Bohmian formulation Bohm (Phys. Rev. 85(2):166, 1952) of quantum mechanics, employing the amplitude-real-phase approach Moncrief and Ryan (Phys. Rev. D 44:2375, 1991), where the ansatz for the wave function is of the form Ψ( ℓ μ )= χ( ϕ) W( ℓ μ ), where S is the superpotential function, which plays an important role in solving the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. 6. Condensates in Quantum Chromodynamics and the Cosmological Constant SciTech Connect Brodsky, Stanley J.; Shrock, Robert 2009-05-08 Casher and Susskind have noted that in the light-front description, spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is a property of hadronic wavefunctions and not of the vacuum. Here we show from several physical perspectives that, because of color confinement, quark and gluon QCD condensates are associated with the internal dynamics of hadrons. We discuss condensates using condensed matter analogues, the AdS/CFT correspondence, and the Bethe-Salpeter/Dyson-Schwinger approach for bound states. Our analysis is in agreement with the Casher and Susskind model and the explicit demonstration of 'in-hadron' condensates by Roberts et al., using the Bethe-Salpeter/Dyson-Schwinger formalism for QCD bound states. These results imply that QCD condensates give zero contribution to the cosmological constant, since all of the gravitational effects of the in-hadron condensates are already included in the normal contribution from hadron masses. 7. Experimental quantum error correction with high fidelity Zhang, Jingfu; Gangloff, Dorian; Moussa, Osama; Laflamme, Raymond 2011-09-01 More than ten years ago a first step toward quantum error correction (QEC) was implemented [Phys. Rev. Lett.PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2152 81, 2152 (1998)]. The work showed there was sufficient control in nuclear magnetic resonance to implement QEC, and demonstrated that the error rate changed from ɛ to ˜ɛ2. In the current work we reproduce a similar experiment using control techniques that have been since developed, such as the pulses generated by gradient ascent pulse engineering algorithm. We show that the fidelity of the QEC gate sequence and the comparative advantage of QEC are appreciably improved. This advantage is maintained despite the errors introduced by the additional operations needed to protect the quantum states. 8. Experimental quantum error correction with high fidelity SciTech Connect Zhang Jingfu; Gangloff, Dorian; Moussa, Osama; Laflamme, Raymond 2011-09-15 More than ten years ago a first step toward quantum error correction (QEC) was implemented [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2152 (1998)]. The work showed there was sufficient control in nuclear magnetic resonance to implement QEC, and demonstrated that the error rate changed from {epsilon} to {approx}{epsilon}{sup 2}. In the current work we reproduce a similar experiment using control techniques that have been since developed, such as the pulses generated by gradient ascent pulse engineering algorithm. We show that the fidelity of the QEC gate sequence and the comparative advantage of QEC are appreciably improved. This advantage is maintained despite the errors introduced by the additional operations needed to protect the quantum states. 9. Error-corrected quantum annealing with hundreds of qubits Pudenz, Kristen L.; Albash, Tameem; Lidar, Daniel A. 2014-02-01 Quantum information processing offers dramatic speedups, yet is susceptible to decoherence, whereby quantum superpositions decay into mutually exclusive classical alternatives, thus robbing quantum computers of their power. This makes the development of quantum error correction an essential aspect of quantum computing. So far, little is known about protection against decoherence for quantum annealing, a computational paradigm aiming to exploit ground-state quantum dynamics to solve optimization problems more rapidly than is possible classically. Here we develop error correction for quantum annealing and experimentally demonstrate it using antiferromagnetic chains with up to 344 superconducting flux qubits in processors that have recently been shown to physically implement programmable quantum annealing. We demonstrate a substantial improvement over the performance of the processors in the absence of error correction. These results pave the way towards large-scale noise-protected adiabatic quantum optimization devices, although a threshold theorem such as has been established in the circuit model of quantum computing remains elusive. 10. Quantum corrected spherical collapse: A phenomenological framework SciTech Connect Ziprick, Jonathan; Kunstatter, Gabor 2010-08-15 A phenomenological framework is presented for incorporating quantum gravity motivated corrections into the dynamics of spherically symmetric collapse. The effective equations are derived from a variational principle that guarantees energy conservation and the existence of a Birkhoff theorem. The gravitational potential can be chosen as a function of the areal radius to yield specific nonsingular static spherically symmetric solutions that generically have two horizons. For a specific choice of potential, the effective stress energy tensor violates only the dominant energy condition. The violations are maximum near the inner horizon and die off rapidly. A numerical study of the quantum corrected collapse of a spherically symmetric scalar field in this case reveals that the modified gravitational potential prevents the formation of a central singularity and ultimately yields a static, mostly vacuum, spacetime with two horizons. The matter 'piles up' on the inner horizon giving rise to mass inflation at late times. The Cauchy horizon is transformed into a null, weak singularity, but in contrast to Einstein gravity, the absence of a central singularity renders this null singularity stable. 11. Classical and quantum behavior of the generic cosmological solution Imponente, Giovanni; Montani, Giovanni 2006-11-01 In the present paper we generalize the original work of C.W. Misner about the quantum dynamics of the Bianchi type IX geometry near the cosmological singularity. We extend the analysis to the generic inhomogeneous universe by solving the super-momentum constraint and outlining the dynamical decoupling of spatial points. Firstly, we discuss the classical evolution of the model in terms of the Hamilton-Jacobi approach as applied to the super-momentum and super-Hamiltonian constraints; then we quantize it in the approximation of a square potential well after an ADM reduction of the dynamics with respect to the super-momentum constraint only. Such a reduction relies on a suitable form for the generic three-metric tensor which allows the use of its three functions as the new spatial coordinates. We get a functional representation of the quantum dynamics which is equivalent to the Misner-like one when extended point by point, since the Hilbert space factorizes into ∞3 independent components due to the parametric role that the three-coordinates assume in the asymptotic potential term. Finally, we discuss the conditions for having a semiclassical behavior of the dynamics and we recognize that this already corresponds to having mean occupation numbers of order O(102). 12. An embedding of loop quantum cosmology in (b,v) variables into a full theory context Bodendorfer, N. 2016-06-01 Loop quantum cosmology in (b, v) variables, which is governed by a unit step size difference equation, is embedded into a full theory context based on similar variables. A full theory context here means a theory of quantum gravity arrived at using the quantisation techniques used in loop quantum gravity, however based on a different choice of elementary variables and classical gauge fixing suggested by loop quantum cosmology. From the full theory perspective, the symmetry reduction is characterised by the vanishing of certain phase space functions which are implemented as operator equations in the quantum theory. The loop quantum cosmology dynamics arise as the action of the full theory Hamiltonian on maximally coarse states in the kernel of the reduction constraints. An application of this reduction procedure to spherical symmetry is also sketched, with similar results, but only one canonical pair in (b, v) form. 13. Bond additivity corrections for quantum chemistry methods SciTech Connect C. F. Melius; M. D. Allendorf 1999-04-01 In the 1980's, the authors developed a bond-additivity correction procedure for quantum chemical calculations called BAC-MP4, which has proven reliable in calculating the thermochemical properties of molecular species, including radicals as well as stable closed-shell species. New Bond Additivity Correction (BAC) methods have been developed for the G2 method, BAC-G2, as well as for a hybrid DFT/MP2 method, BAC-Hybrid. These BAC methods use a new form of BAC corrections, involving atomic, molecular, and bond-wise additive terms. These terms enable one to treat positive and negative ions as well as neutrals. The BAC-G2 method reduces errors in the G2 method due to nearest-neighbor bonds. The parameters within the BAC-G2 method only depend on atom types. Thus the BAC-G2 method can be used to determine the parameters needed by BAC methods involving lower levels of theory, such as BAC-Hybrid and BAC-MP4. The BAC-Hybrid method should scale well for large molecules. The BAC-Hybrid method uses the differences between the DFT and MP2 as an indicator of the method's accuracy, while the BAC-G2 method uses its internal methods (G1 and G2MP2) to provide an indicator of its accuracy. Indications of the average error as well as worst cases are provided for each of the BAC methods. 14. Method for quantum-jump continuous-time quantum error correction Hsu, Kung-Chuan; Brun, Todd A. 2016-02-01 Continuous-time quantum error correction (CTQEC) is a technique for protecting quantum information against decoherence, where both the decoherence and error correction processes are considered continuous in time. Given any [[n ,k ,d 15. Multipartite Entanglement: Transformations, Quantum Secret Sharing, Quantum Error Correction Helwig, Wolfram conveniently described within the graph state formalism. Finally, we use the insight gained from entanglement in QSS schemes to derive necessary and sufficient conditions for quantum erasure channel and quantum error correction codes that satisfy the quantum Singleton bound, as these codes are closely related to ramp QSS schemes. This provides us with a very intuitive approach to codes for the quantum erasure channel, purely based on the entanglement required to protect information against losses by use of the parallel teleportation protocol. 16. The entropy-corrected holographic dark energy in Brans-Dicke cosmology with varying mass fermions Farajollahi, H.; Tayebi, F. 2013-07-01 We aim in this paper to study Brans-Dicke cosmology in the presence of varying mass fermions and a self-interaction potential. Furthermore, we also probe the entropy corrected holographic dark energy (ECHDE) in the model in two non-interacting and interacting scenarios. The model parameters are constrained by using the recent SNe Ia observational data and tested against observational data of Hubble parameter. For a comparison, we also constrained and tested the cosmological parameters in ΛCDM model with the same observational data. We show that in non of the scenarios the model prediction is better than ΛCDM model. 17. Power Law and Logarithmic Entropy Corrected Ricci Dark Energy Models in Brans-Dicke Chameleon Cosmology Pasqua, Antonio; Assaf, Khudhair A.; Aly, Ayman A. 2013-10-01 In this work, we study the power-law and the logarithmic entropy corrected versions of the Ricci Dark Energy (RDE) model in the framework of the Brans-Dicke cosmology non-minimally coupled with a chameleon scalar field ϕ. Considering the presence of interaction between Dark Energy (DE) and Dark Matter (DM), we derived the expressions of some relevant cosmological parameters, i.e. the equation of state parameter ω D , the deceleration parameter q and the evolution of the energy density parameter \\varOmega'D. 18. Classical and quantum Big Brake cosmology for scalar field and tachyonic models SciTech Connect Kamenshchik, A. Yu.; Manti, S. 2013-02-21 We study a relation between the cosmological singularities in classical and quantum theory, comparing the classical and quantum dynamics in some models possessing the Big Brake singularity - the model based on a scalar field and two models based on a tachyon-pseudo-tachyon field . It is shown that the effect of quantum avoidance is absent for the soft singularities of the Big Brake type while it is present for the Big Bang and Big Crunch singularities. Thus, there is some kind of a classical - quantum correspondence, because soft singularities are traversable in classical cosmology, while the strong Big Bang and Big Crunch singularities are not traversable. 19. Did God create our universe? Theological reflections on the Big Bang, inflation, and quantum cosmologies. PubMed Russell, R J 2001-12-01 The sciences and the humanities, including theology, form an epistemic hierarchy that ensures both constraint and irreducibility. At the same time, theological methodology is analogous to scientific methodology, though with several important differences. This model of interaction between science and theology can be seen illustrated in a consideration of the relation between contemporary cosmology (Big Bang cosmology, cosmic inflation, and quantum cosmology) and Christian systematic and natural theology. In light of developments in cosmology, the question of origins has become theologically less interesting than that of the cosmic evolution of a contingent universe. PMID:11797742 20. Quantum-electrodynamics corrections in pionic hydrogen SciTech Connect Schlesser, S.; Le Bigot, E.-O.; Indelicato, P.; Pachucki, K. 2011-07-15 We investigate all pure quantum-electrodynamics corrections to the np{yields}1s, n=2-4 transition energies of pionic hydrogen larger than 1 meV, which requires an accurate evaluation of all relevant contributions up to order {alpha}{sup 5}. These values are needed to extract an accurate strong interaction shift from experiment. Many small effects, such as second-order and double vacuum polarization contribution, proton and pion self-energies, finite size and recoil effects are included with exact mass dependence. Our final value differs from previous calculations by up to {approx_equal}11 ppm for the 1s state, while a recent experiment aims at a 4 ppm accuracy. 1. Breeding quantum error-correcting codes SciTech Connect Dong Ying; Hu Dan; Yu Sixia 2010-02-15 The stabilizer code, one major family of quantum error-correcting codes (QECC), is specified by the joint eigenspace of a commuting set of Pauli observables. It turns out that noncommuting sets of Pauli observables can be used to construct more efficient QECCs, such as the entanglement-assisted QECCs, which are built directly from any linear classical codes whose detailed properties are needed to determine the parameters of the resulting quantum codes. Here we propose another family of QECCs, namely, the breeding QECCs, that also employ noncommuting sets of Pauli observables and can be built from any classical additive codes, either linear or nonlinear, with the advantage that their parameters can be read off directly from the corresponding classical codes. Besides, since nonlinear codes are generally more efficient than linear codes, our breeding codes have better parameters than those codes built from linear codes. The terminology is justified by the fact that our QECCs are related to the ordinary QECCs in exactly the same way that the breeding protocols are related to the hashing protocols in the entanglement purification. 2. Power-law entropy-corrected new holographic dark energy in Horava-Lifshitz cosmology Borah, Bharat; Ansari, M. 2014-12-01 Purpose of this paper is to study power-law entropy-corrected holographic dark energy (PLECHDE) in the frame work of Horava-Lifshitz cosmology with Granda-Oliveros (G-O) IR-cutoff. Considering interacting and non-interacting scenario of PLECHDE with dark matter in a spatially non-flat universe, we investigate the cosmological implications of this model in detail. We obtain equation of state parameter, deceleration parameter and the evolution of dark energy density to explain the expansion of the universe. We also find out these parameters for Ricci scale. Finally, we find out a cosmological application of our work by evaluating a relation for the equation of state of dark energy for law red-shifts. 3. Loop Quantum Corrections to Statefinder Parameters of Dark Energy Jamil, Mubasher; Momeni, D.; Myrzakulov, Ratbay 2013-09-01 In this paper, we have calculated the statefinder parameters for the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) Universe in the gravitational framework of loop quantum cosmology (LQC). As examples, we study two types of dark energy models namely Holographic dark energy and New-Agegraphic dark energy. 4. Universal Scaling Laws in Quantum Theory and Cosmology Rauscher, Elizabeth A.; Hurtak, James J.; Hurtak, D. E. 2013-09-01 We have developed a hyperdimensional geometry, Dn or Descartes space of dimensionality of n > 4, for our consideration n = 10. This model introduces a formation in terms of the conditions of constants as the space that allows us to calculate a unique set of scaling laws from the lower end scale of the quantum vacuum foam to the current universe. A group theoretical matrix formalism is made for the ten and eleven dimensional model of this space. For the eleven dimensional expressions of this geometry, a fundamental frequency is introduced and utilized as an additional condition on the topology. The constraints on the Dn space are imposed by the relationship of the universal constraints of nature expressed in terms of physical variables. The quantum foam picture can be related to the Fermi-Dirac vacuum model. Consideration is made for the lower limit of a universal size scaling from the Planck length, l = 10-33 cm, temporal component, t = 10-44 sec, density, 1093 gm/cm3 and additional Planck units of quantized variables. The upper limit of rotational frequency in the Dn space is given as 1043 Hz, as conditions or constraints that apply to the early universe which are expressed uniquely in terms of the universal constants, h, Planck's constant, the G, the gravitational constant and c, the velocity of light. We have developed a scaling law for cosmogenesis from the early universe to our present day universe. We plot the physical variables of the ten and eleven dimensional space versus a temporal evolution of these parameters. From this formalism, in order to maintain the compatibility of Einstein's General Relativity with the current model of cosmology, we replace Guth's inflationary model with a matter creation term. Also we have developed a fundamental scaling relationship between the "size scale" of organized matter with their associated fundamental frequency. 5. Condensates in quantum chromodynamics and the cosmological constant PubMed Central Brodsky, Stanley J.; Shrock, Robert 2011-01-01 Casher and Susskind [Casher A, Susskind L (1974) Phys Rev 9:436–460] have noted that in the light-front description, spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is a property of hadronic wavefunctions and not of the vacuum. Here we show from several physical perspectives that, because of color confinement, quark and gluon condensates in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are associated with the internal dynamics of hadrons. We discuss condensates using condensed matter analogues, the Anti de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, and the Bethe–Salpeter–Dyson–Schwinger approach for bound states. Our analysis is in agreement with the Casher and Susskind model and the explicit demonstration of “in-hadron” condensates by Roberts and coworkers [Maris P, Roberts CD, Tandy PC (1998) Phys Lett B 420:267–273], using the Bethe–Salpeter–Dyson–Schwinger formalism for QCD-bound states. These results imply that QCD condensates give zero contribution to the cosmological constant, because all of the gravitational effects of the in-hadron condensates are already included in the normal contribution from hadron masses. 6. Viability of the matter bounce scenario in Loop Quantum Cosmology from BICEP2 last data de Haro, Jaume; Amorós, Jaume 2014-08-01 The CMB map provided by the Planck project constrains the value of the ratio of tensor-to-scalar perturbations, namely r, to be smaller than 0.11 (95 % CL). This bound rules out the simplest models of inflation. However, recent data from BICEP2 is in strong tension with this constrain, as it finds a value r=0.20+0.07-0.05 with 0r= disfavored at 7.0 σ, which allows these simplest inflationary models to survive. The remarkable fact is that, even though the BICEP2 experiment was conceived to search for evidence of inflation, its experimental data matches correctly theoretical results coming from the matter bounce scenario (the alternative model to the inflationary paradigm). More precisely, most bouncing cosmologies do not pass Planck's constrains due to the smallness of the value of the tensor/scalar ratio r<= 0.11, but with new BICEP2 data some of them fit well with experimental data. This is the case with the matter bounce scenario in the teleparallel version of Loop Quantum Cosmology. 7. Viability of the matter bounce scenario in Loop Quantum Cosmology from BICEP2 last data SciTech Connect De Haro, Jaume; Amorós, Jaume E-mail: jaume.amoros@upc.edu 2014-08-01 The CMB map provided by the Planck project constrains the value of the ratio of tensor-to-scalar perturbations, namely r, to be smaller than 0.11 (95 % CL). This bound rules out the simplest models of inflation. However, recent data from BICEP2 is in strong tension with this constrain, as it finds a value r=0.20{sup +0.07}{sub -0.05} with 0r= disfavored at 7.0 σ, which allows these simplest inflationary models to survive. The remarkable fact is that, even though the BICEP2 experiment was conceived to search for evidence of inflation, its experimental data matches correctly theoretical results coming from the matter bounce scenario (the alternative model to the inflationary paradigm). More precisely, most bouncing cosmologies do not pass Planck's constrains due to the smallness of the value of the tensor/scalar ratio r≤ 0.11, but with new BICEP2 data some of them fit well with experimental data. This is the case with the matter bounce scenario in the teleparallel version of Loop Quantum Cosmology. 8. Statefinder Parameters for Different Dark Energy Models with Variable G Correction in Kaluza-Klein Cosmology Chakraborty, Shuvendu; Debnath, Ujjal; Jamil, Mubasher; Myrzakulov, Ratbay 2012-07-01 In this work, we have calculated the deceleration parameter, statefinder parameters and EoS parameters for different dark energy models with variable G correction in homogeneous, isotropic and non-flat universe for Kaluza-Klein Cosmology. The statefinder parameters have been obtained in terms of some observable parameters like dimensionless density parameter, EoS parameter and Hubble parameter for holographic dark energy, new agegraphic dark energy and generalized Chaplygin gas models. 9. Logarithmic corrected polynomial f(R) inflation mimicking a cosmological constant Sadeghi, J.; Pourhassan, B.; Kubeka, A. S.; Rostami, M. 2016-05-01 In this paper, we consider an inflationary model of f(R) gravity with polynomial form plus logarithmic term. We calculate some cosmological parameters and compare our results with the Planck 2015 data. We find that presence of both logarithmic and polynomial corrections is necessary to yield slow-roll condition. Also, we study critical points and stability of the model to find that it is a viable model. 10. Teleparallel loop quantum cosmology in a system of intersecting branes Sepehri, Alireza; Pradhan, Anirudh; Beesham, Aroonkumar; de Haro, Jaume 2016-09-01 Recently, some authors have removed the big bang singularity in teleparallel Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) and have shown that the universe may undergo a number of oscillations. We investigate the origin of this type of teleparallel theory in a system of intersecting branes in M-theory in which the angle between them changes with time. This system is constructed by two intersecting anti-D8-branes, one compacted D4-brane and a D3-brane. These branes are built by joining M0-branes which develop in decaying fundamental strings. The compacted D4-brane is located between two intersecting anti-D8 branes and glues to one of them. Our universe is located on the D3 brane which wraps around the D4 brane from one end and sticks to one of the anti-D8 branes from the other one. In this system, there are three types of fields, corresponding to compacted D4 branes, intersecting branes and D3-branes. These fields interact with each other and make the angle between branes oscillate. By decreasing this angle, the intersecting anti-D8 branes approach each other, the D4 brane rolls, the D3 brane wraps around the D4 brane, and the universe contracts. By separating the intersecting branes and increasing the angle, the D4 brane rolls in the opposite direction, the D3 brane separates from it and the expansion branch begins. Also, the interaction between branes in this system gives us the exact form of the relevant Lagrangian for teleparallel LQC. 11. Classical and Quantum Wormholes in a Flat Λ-Decaying Cosmology Darabi, F. 2009-04-01 We study the classical and quantum wormholes for a flat Euclidean Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric with a perfect fluid including an ordinary matter source plus a source playing the role of dark energy (decaying cosmological term). It is shown that classical wormholes exist for this model and the quantum version of such wormholes are consistent with the Hawking-Page conjecture for quantum wormholes as solutions of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. 12. Entanglement and Quantum Error Correction with Superconducting Qubits Reed, Matthew 2015-03-01 Quantum information science seeks to take advantage of the properties of quantum mechanics to manipulate information in ways that are not otherwise possible. Quantum computation, for example, promises to solve certain problems in days that would take a conventional supercomputer the age of the universe to decipher. This power does not come without a cost however, as quantum bits are inherently more susceptible to errors than their classical counterparts. Fortunately, it is possible to redundantly encode information in several entangled qubits, making it robust to decoherence and control imprecision with quantum error correction. I studied one possible physical implementation for quantum computing, employing the ground and first excited quantum states of a superconducting electrical circuit as a quantum bit. These transmon'' qubits are dispersively coupled to a superconducting resonator used for readout, control, and qubit-qubit coupling in the cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architecture. In this talk I will give an general introduction to quantum computation and the superconducting technology that seeks to achieve it before explaining some of the specific results reported in my thesis. One major component is that of the first realization of three-qubit quantum error correction in a solid state device, where we encode one logical quantum bit in three entangled physical qubits and detect and correct phase- or bit-flip errors using a three-qubit Toffoli gate. My thesis is available at arXiv:1311.6759. 13. NP-hardness of decoding quantum error-correction codes SciTech Connect Hsieh, Min-Hsiu; Le Gall, Francois 2011-05-15 Although the theory of quantum error correction is intimately related to classical coding theory and, in particular, one can construct quantum error-correction codes (QECCs) from classical codes with the dual-containing property, this does not necessarily imply that the computational complexity of decoding QECCs is the same as their classical counterparts. Instead, decoding QECCs can be very much different from decoding classical codes due to the degeneracy property. Intuitively, one expects degeneracy would simplify the decoding since two different errors might not and need not be distinguished in order to correct them. However, we show that general quantum decoding problem is NP-hard regardless of the quantum codes being degenerate or nondegenerate. This finding implies that no considerably fast decoding algorithm exists for the general quantum decoding problems and suggests the existence of a quantum cryptosystem based on the hardness of decoding QECCs. 14. Effective dynamics, big bounces, and scaling symmetry in Bianchi type I loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Chiou, D.-W. 2007-12-15 The detailed formulation for loop quantum cosmology (LQC) in the Bianchi I model with a scalar massless field has been constructed. In this paper, its effective dynamics is studied in two improved strategies for implementing the LQC discreteness corrections. Both schemes show that the big bang is replaced by the big bounces, which take place up to 3 times, once in each diagonal direction, when the area or volume scale factor approaches the critical values in the Planck regime measured by the reference of the scalar field momentum. These two strategies give different evolutions: In one scheme, the effective dynamics is independent of the choice of the finite sized cell prescribed to make Hamiltonian finite; in the other, the effective dynamics reacts to the macroscopic scales introduced by the boundary conditions. Both schemes reveal interesting symmetries of scaling, which are reminiscent of the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics and also suggest that the fundamental spatial scale (area gap) may give rise to a temporal scale. 15. Quantum Newtonian cosmology and the biconfluent Heun functions SciTech Connect Vieira, H. S.; Bezerra, V. B. 2015-09-15 We obtain the exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for a particle (galaxy) moving in a Newtonian universe with a cosmological constant, which is given in terms of the biconfluent Heun functions. The first six Heun polynomials of the biconfluent function are written explicitly. The energy spectrum which resembles the one corresponding to the isotropic harmonic oscillator is also obtained. The wave functions as well as the energy levels codify the role played by the cosmological constant. 16. Nuclear Quantum Gravitation - The Correct Theory Kotas, Ronald 2016-03-01 Nuclear Quantum Gravitation provides a clear, definitive Scientific explanation of Gravity and Gravitation. It is harmonious with Newtonian and Quantum Mechanics, and with distinct Scientific Logic. Nuclear Quantum Gravitation has 10 certain, Scientific proofs and 21 more good indications. With this theory the Physical Forces are obviously Unified. See: OBSCURANTISM ON EINSTEIN GRAVITATION? http://www.santilli- Foundation.org/inconsistencies-gravitation.php and Einstein's Theory of Relativity versus Classical Mechanics http://www.newtonphysics.on.ca/einstein/ 17. Stochastic background of relic gravitons in a bouncing quantum cosmological model SciTech Connect Bessada, Dennis; Pinto-Neto, Nelson; Siffert, Beatriz B.; Miranda, Oswaldo D. E-mail: beatriz@if.ufrj.br E-mail: oswaldo@das.inpe.br 2012-11-01 The spectrum and amplitude of the stochastic background of relic gravitons produced in a bouncing universe is calculated. The matter content of the model consists of dust and radiation fluids, and the bounce occurs due to quantum cosmological effects when the universe approaches the classical singularity in the contracting phase. The resulting amplitude is very small and it cannot be observed by any present and near future gravitational wave detector. Hence, as in the ekpyrotic model, any observation of these relic gravitons will rule out this type of quantum cosmological bouncing model. 18. Universe’s memory and spontaneous coherence in loop quantum cosmology Pawłowski, Tomasz 2016-07-01 The quantum bounce a priori connects several (semi)classical epochs of universe evolution, however determining if and how well the semiclassicality is preserved in this transition is highly nontrivial. We review the present state of knowledge in that regards in the isotropic sector of loop quantum cosmology (LQC). This knowledge is next extended by studies of an isotropic universe admitting positive cosmological constant (featuring an infinite chain of large universe epochs). It is also shown, that such universe always admits a semiclassical epoch thanks to spontaneous coherence, provided it is semiclassical in certain constant of motion playing the role of energy. 19. Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: I. Key results Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy 2014-10-01 The next generation of telescopes will usher in an era of precision cosmology, capable of determining the cosmological model to beyond the percent level. For this to be effective, the theoretical model must be understood to at least the same level of precision. A range of subtle relativistic effects remain to be explored theoretically, and offer the potential for probing general relativity in this new regime. We present the distance-redshift relation to second order in cosmological perturbation theory for a general dark energy model. This relation determines the magnification of sources at high precision, as well as redshift space distortions in the mildly non-linear regime. We identify a range of new lensing effects, including: double-integrated and nonlinear-integrated Sachs-Wolfe contributions, transverse Doppler effects, lensing from the induced vector mode and gravitational wave backgrounds, in addition to lensing from the second-order potential. Modifications to Doppler lensing from redshift space distortions are identified. Finally, we find a new double-coupling between the density fluctuations integrated along the line of sight, and gradients in the density fluctuations coupled to transverse velocities along the line of sight. These can be large and thus offer important new probes of gravitational lensing and general relativity. This paper accompanies paper II (Umeh, Clarkson and Maartens 2014 Class. Quantum Grav. 31 205001) , where a comprehensive derivation is given. 20. Emergence of the product of constant curvature spaces in loop quantum cosmology Dadhich, Naresh; Joe, Anton; Singh, Parampreet 2015-09-01 The loop quantum dynamics of Kantowski-Sachs spacetime and the interior of higher genus black hole spacetimes with a cosmological constant has some peculiar features not shared by various other spacetimes in loop quantum cosmology. As in the other cases, though the quantum geometric effects resolve the physical singularity and result in a non-singular bounce, after the bounce a spacetime with small spacetime curvature does not emerge in either the subsequent backward or the forward evolution. Rather, in the asymptotic limit the spacetime manifold is a product of two constant curvature spaces. Interestingly, though the spacetime curvature of these asymptotic spacetimes is very high, their effective metric is a solution to Einstein’s field equations. Analysis of the components of the Ricci tensor shows that after the singularity resolution, the Kantowski-Sachs spacetime leads to an effective metric which can be interpreted as the ‘charged’ Nariai, while the higher genus black hole interior can similarly be interpreted as an anti Bertotti-Robinson spacetime with a cosmological constant. These spacetimes are ‘charged’ in the sense that the energy-momentum tensor that satisfies Einstein’s field equations is formally the same as the one for the uniform electromagnetic field, albeit it has a purely quantum geometric origin. The asymptotic spacetimes also have an emergent cosmological constant which is different in magnitude, and sometimes even its sign, from the cosmological constant in the Kantowski-Sachs and the interior of higher genus black hole metrics. With a fine tuning of the latter cosmological constant, we show that ‘uncharged’ Nariai, and anti Bertotti-Robinson spacetimes with a vanishing emergent cosmological constant can also be obtained. 1. Spatial averaging limit of covariant macroscopic gravity: Scalar corrections to the cosmological equations Paranjape, Aseem; Singh, T. P. 2007-08-01 It is known that any explicit averaging scheme of the type essential for describing the large scale behavior of the Universe must necessarily yield corrections to the Einstein equations applied in the cosmological setting. The question of whether or not the resulting corrections to the Einstein equations are significant is still a subject of debate, partly due to possible ambiguities in the averaging schemes available. In particular, it has been argued in the literature that the effects of averaging could be gauge artifacts. We apply the formalism of Zalaletdinov’s macroscopic gravity (MG), which is a fully covariant and nonperturbative averaging scheme, in an attempt to construct gauge independent corrections to the standard Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) equations. We find that whereas one cannot escape the problem of dependence on one gauge choice—which is inherent in the assumption of large scale homogeneity and isotropy—it is however possible to construct space-time scalar corrections to the standard FLRW equations. This partially removes the criticism concerning the corrections being gauge artifacts. For a particular initial choice of gauge which simplifies the formalism, we explicitly construct these scalars in terms of the underlying inhomogeneous geometry, and incidentally demonstrate that the formal structure of the corrections with this gauge choice is identical to that of analogous corrections derived by Buchert in the context of spatial averaging of scalars. 2. Big-bounce cosmology from quantum gravity: The case of a cyclical Bianchi I universe Moriconi, Riccardo; Montani, Giovanni; Capozziello, Salvatore 2016-07-01 We analyze the classical and quantum dynamics of a Bianchi I model in the presence of a small negative cosmological constant characterizing its evolution in term of the dust-time dualism. We demonstrate that in a canonical metric approach, the cosmological singularity is removed in correspondence to a positive defined value of the dust energy density. Furthermore, the quantum big bounce is connected to the Universe's turning point via a well-defined semiclassical limit. Then we can reliably infer that the proposed scenario is compatible with a cyclical universe picture. We also show how, when the contribution of the dust energy density is sufficiently high, the proposed scenario can be extended to the Bianchi IX cosmology and therefore how it can be regarded as a paradigm for the generic cosmological model. Finally, we investigate the origin of the observed cutoff on the cosmological dynamics, demonstrating how the big-bounce evolution can be mimicked by the same semiclassical scenario, where the negative cosmological constant is replaced via a polymer discretization of the Universe's volume. A direct proportionality law between these two parameters is then established. 3. Less Interpretation and More Decoherence in Quantum Gravity and Inflationary Cosmology Crull, Elise M. 2015-09-01 I argue that quantum decoherence—understood as a dynamical process entailed by the standard formalism alone—carries us beyond conceptual aspects of non-relativistic quantum mechanics deemed insurmountable by many contributors to the recent quantum gravity and cosmology literature. These aspects include various incarnations of the measurement problem and of the quantum-to-classical puzzle. Not only can such problems be largely bypassed or dissolved without default to a particular interpretation, but theoretical work in relativistic arenas stands to gain substantial physical and philosophical insight by incorporating decoherence phenomena. 4. Single-Shot Fault-Tolerant Quantum Error Correction Bombín, Héctor 2015-07-01 Conventional quantum error correcting codes require multiple rounds of measurements to detect errors with enough confidence in fault-tolerant scenarios. Here, I show that for suitable topological codes, a single round of local measurements is enough. This feature is generic and is related to self-correction and confinement phenomena in the corresponding quantum Hamiltonian model. Three-dimensional gauge color codes exhibit this single-shot feature, which also applies to initialization and gauge fixing. Assuming the time for efficient classical computations to be negligible, this yields a topological fault-tolerant quantum computing scheme where all elementary logical operations can be performed in constant time. 5. Inequivalence of unitarity and self-adjointness: An example in quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Lemos, N.A. ) 1990-02-15 An example of a quantum cosmological model is presented whose dynamics is unitary although the time-dependent Hamiltonian operator fails to be self-adjoint (because it is not defined) for a particular value of {ital t}. The model is shown to be singular, and this disproves a conjecture put forward by Gotay and Demaret to the effect that unitary quantum dynamics in a slow-time'' gauge is always nonsingular. 6. Quantum error correction assisted by two-way noisy communication PubMed Central Wang, Zhuo; Yu, Sixia; Fan, Heng; Oh, C. H. 2014-01-01 Pre-shared non-local entanglement dramatically simplifies and improves the performance of quantum error correction via entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs). However, even considering the noise in quantum communication only, the non-local sharing of a perfectly entangled pair is technically impossible unless additional resources are consumed, such as entanglement distillation, which actually compromises the efficiency of the codes. Here we propose an error-correcting protocol assisted by two-way noisy communication that is more easily realisable: all quantum communication is subjected to general noise and all entanglement is created locally without additional resources consumed. In our protocol the pre-shared noisy entangled pairs are purified simultaneously by the decoding process. For demonstration, we first present an easier implementation of the well-known EAQECC [[4, 1, 3; 1 7. Quantum error correction assisted by two-way noisy communication Wang, Zhuo; Yu, Sixia; Fan, Heng; Oh, C. H. 2014-11-01 Pre-shared non-local entanglement dramatically simplifies and improves the performance of quantum error correction via entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs). However, even considering the noise in quantum communication only, the non-local sharing of a perfectly entangled pair is technically impossible unless additional resources are consumed, such as entanglement distillation, which actually compromises the efficiency of the codes. Here we propose an error-correcting protocol assisted by two-way noisy communication that is more easily realisable: all quantum communication is subjected to general noise and all entanglement is created locally without additional resources consumed. In our protocol the pre-shared noisy entangled pairs are purified simultaneously by the decoding process. For demonstration, we first present an easier implementation of the well-known EAQECC [[4, 1, 3; 1 8. Quantum error correction assisted by two-way noisy communication. PubMed Wang, Zhuo; Yu, Sixia; Fan, Heng; Oh, C H 2014-01-01 Pre-shared non-local entanglement dramatically simplifies and improves the performance of quantum error correction via entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs). However, even considering the noise in quantum communication only, the non-local sharing of a perfectly entangled pair is technically impossible unless additional resources are consumed, such as entanglement distillation, which actually compromises the efficiency of the codes. Here we propose an error-correcting protocol assisted by two-way noisy communication that is more easily realisable: all quantum communication is subjected to general noise and all entanglement is created locally without additional resources consumed. In our protocol the pre-shared noisy entangled pairs are purified simultaneously by the decoding process. For demonstration, we first present an easier implementation of the well-known EAQECC [[4, 1, 3; 1 9. Quantum corrections during inflation and conservation of adiabatic perturbations SciTech Connect Campo, David 2010-02-15 The possibility that quantum corrections break the conservation of superhorizon adiabatic perturbations in single field inflation is examined. I consider the lowest order corrections from massless matter fields in the Hamiltonian formalism. Particular emphasis is therefore laid on the renormalization. The counterterms are the same as in the Lagrangian formalism. The renormalized value of the tadpole is zero. I find a possible secular dependence of the power spectrum at one loop due to the trace anomaly, but this result depends on the approximation of the modes and is inconclusive. The symmetry (not) violated by the quantum corrections is the invariance by dilatation. Perspectives on the backreaction problem are briefly discussed. 10. Quantum Gravity Corrections to the Tunneling Radiation of Scalar Particles Wang, Peng; Yang, Haitang; Ying, Shuxuan 2016-05-01 The original derivation of Hawking radiation shows the complete evaporation of black holes. However, theories of quantum gravity predict the existence of the minimal observable length. In this paper, we investigate the tunneling radiation of the scalar particles by introducing the quantum gravity effects influenced by the generalized uncertainty principle. The Hawking temperatures are not only determined by the properties of the black holes, but also affected by the quantum numbers of the emitted particles. The quantum gravity corrections slow down the increase of the temperatures. The remnants are found during the evaporation. 11. Serialized Quantum Error Correction Protocol for High-Bandwidth Quantum Repeaters Glaudell, Andrew; Waks, Edo; Taylor, Jacob Advances in single-photon creation, transmission, and detection suggest that sending quantum information over optical fibers may have low enough losses to be overcome using quantum error correction. Such error-corrected communication is equivalent to a novel quantum repeater scheme, but crucial questions regarding implementation and system requirements remain open. In this talk, I will show that long-range entangled bit generation with rates approaching 108 entangled bits per second may be possible using a completely serialized protocol, in which photons are generated, entangled, and error corrected via sequential, one-way interactions with as few matter qubits as possible. Provided loss and error rates of the required elements are below the threshold for quantum error correction, this scheme demonstrates improved performance over transmission of single photons. We find improvement in entangled bit rates at large distances using this serial protocol and various quantum error correcting codes. 12. Probing 'Parent Universe' in Loop Quantum Cosmology with B-mode Polarization in Cosmic Microwave Background Lucky Chang, Wen-Hsuan; Proty Wu, Jiun-Huei 2016-06-01 We aim to use the observations of B-mode polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) to probe the ‘parent universe’ under the context of Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC). In particular, we investigate the possibility for the gravitational waves (GW) such as those from the stellar binary systems in the parent universe to survive the big bounce and thus to be still observable today. Our study is based on the background dynamics with the zeroth-order holonomy correction using the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) formalism. We propose a new framework in which transfer functions are invoked to bring the GWs in the parent universe through the big bounce, inflation, and big bang to reach today. This transparent and intuitive formalism allows us to accurately discuss the influence of the GWs from the parent universe on the B-mode polarization in the CMB today under backgrounds of different LQC parameters. These features can soon be tested by the forth-coming CMB observations and we note that the LQC backgrounds with symmetric bouncing scenarios are ruled out by the latest observational results from Planck and BICEP2/Keck experiments. 13. Correctable noise of quantum-error-correcting codes under adaptive concatenation Fern, Jesse 2008-01-01 We examine the transformation of noise under a quantum-error-correcting code (QECC) concatenated repeatedly with itself, by analyzing the effects of a quantum channel after each level of concatenation using recovery operators that are optimally adapted to use error syndrome information from the previous levels of the code. We use the Shannon entropy of these channels to estimate the thresholds of correctable noise for QECCs and find considerable improvements under this adaptive concatenation. Similar methods could be used to increase quantum-fault-tolerant thresholds. 14. Quantum corrections to nonlinear ion acoustic wave with Landau damping SciTech Connect Mukherjee, Abhik; Janaki, M. S.; Bose, Anirban 2014-07-15 Quantum corrections to nonlinear ion acoustic wave with Landau damping have been computed using Wigner equation approach. The dynamical equation governing the time development of nonlinear ion acoustic wave with semiclassical quantum corrections is shown to have the form of higher KdV equation which has higher order nonlinear terms coming from quantum corrections, with the usual classical and quantum corrected Landau damping integral terms. The conservation of total number of ions is shown from the evolution equation. The decay rate of KdV solitary wave amplitude due to the presence of Landau damping terms has been calculated assuming the Landau damping parameter α{sub 1}=√(m{sub e}/m{sub i}) to be of the same order of the quantum parameter Q=ℏ{sup 2}/(24m{sup 2}c{sub s}{sup 2}L{sup 2}). The amplitude is shown to decay very slowly with time as determined by the quantum factor Q. 15. Quantum Bohm correction to polarization spectrum of graphene SciTech Connect Akbari-Moghanjoughi, M. 2013-10-15 In this paper, by using a quantum hydrodynamic plasma model which incorporates the important quantum statistical pressure and electron diffraction force, we present the corrected plasmon dispersion relation for graphene which includes a k{sup 4} quantum term arising from the collective electron density wave interference effects. This correction may well describe the shortcoming of the previous results based on the classical hydrodynamics and confirms that the quantum hydrodynamic model may be as effective as the random phase approximation in successful description of the collective density excitations in quantum plasmas. It is clearly observed that the quantum correction due to the collective interaction of electron waves gives rise to significant contribution in the dispersion behavior of the collective plasmon density waves in a wide range of wavelength, as a fundamental property of the monolayer atom-thick graphene. It is revealed that the plasmon density-perturbation linear phase-speed in graphene possesses some universal minimum characteristic value, in the absence of an external magnetic field. It is further remarked that such correction also has important effect on the dielectric function, hence on the impurity screening, in graphene. 16. Quantization ambiguities and bounds on geometric scalars in anisotropic loop quantum cosmology Singh, Parampreet; Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2014-02-01 We study quantization ambiguities in loop quantum cosmology that arise for space-times with non-zero spatial curvature and anisotropies. Motivated by lessons from different possible loop quantizations of the closed Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmology, we find that using open holonomies of the extrinsic curvature, which due to gauge-fixing can be treated as a connection, leads to the same quantum geometry effects that are found in spatially flat cosmologies. More specifically, in contrast to the quantization based on open holonomies of the Ashtekar-Barbero connection, the expansion and shear scalars in the effective theories of the Bianchi type II and Bianchi type IX models have upper bounds, and these are in exact agreement with the bounds found in the effective theories of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker and Bianchi type I models in loop quantum cosmology. We also comment on some ambiguities present in the definition of inverse triad operators and their role. 17. Quantum gravity stability of isotropy in homogeneous cosmology Broda, Bogusław 2011-10-01 It has been shown that anisotropy of homogeneous spacetime described by the general Kasner metric can be damped by quantum fluctuations coming from perturbative quantum gravity in one-loop approximation. Also, a formal argument, not limited to one-loop approximation, is put forward in favor of stability of isotropy in the exactly isotropic case. 18. Quantum error-correcting codes over mixed alphabets Wang, Zhuo; Yu, Sixia; Fan, Heng; Oh, C. H. 2013-08-01 We study the quantum error-correcting codes over mixed alphabets to deal with a more complicated and practical situation in which the physical systems for encoding may have different numbers of energy levels. In particular we investigate their constructions and propose the theory of quantum Singleton bound. Two kinds of code constructions are presented: a projection-based construction for general case and a graphical construction based on a graph-theoretical object composite coding clique dealing with the case of reducible alphabets. We find out some optimal one-error correcting or detecting codes over two alphabets. Our method of composite coding clique also sheds light on constructing standard quantum error-correcting codes, and other families of optimal codes are found. 19. Ground state of the universe in quantum cosmology Gorobey, Natalia; Lukyanenko, Alexander 2016-01-01 We find a physical state of a closed universe with the minimal excitation of the universe expansion energy in quantum gravity. It is an analog of the vacuum state of the ordinary quantum field theory in the Minkowsky space, but in our approach an energy of space of a closed universe together with the energy of its matter content are minimized. This ground state is chosen among an enlarged set of physical states, compared with the ordinary covariant quantum gravity. In our approach, physical states are determined by weak constraints: quantum mechanical averages of gravitational constraint operators equal zero. As a result, they appear to be non-static in such a modification of quantum gravity. Quantum dynamics of the universe is described by Schrödinger equation with a cosmic time determined by weak gravitational constraints. In order to obtain the observed megascopic universe with the inflation stage just after its quantum beginning, a lot of the energy in the form of the inflaton scalar field condensate is prescribed to the initial state. Parameters of the initial state for a homogeneous model of the universe are calculated. 20. Quantum error correcting codes and 4-dimensional arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds SciTech Connect Guth, Larry; Lubotzky, Alexander 2014-08-15 Using 4-dimensional arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds, we construct some new homological quantum error correcting codes. They are low density parity check codes with linear rate and distance n{sup ε}. Their rate is evaluated via Euler characteristic arguments and their distance using Z{sub 2}-systolic geometry. This construction answers a question of Zémor [“On Cayley graphs, surface codes, and the limits of homological coding for quantum error correction,” in Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Coding and Cryptology (IWCC), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 5557 (2009), pp. 259–273], who asked whether homological codes with such parameters could exist at all. 1. Quantum error correcting codes and 4-dimensional arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds Guth, Larry; Lubotzky, Alexander 2014-08-01 Using 4-dimensional arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds, we construct some new homological quantum error correcting codes. They are low density parity check codes with linear rate and distance nɛ. Their rate is evaluated via Euler characteristic arguments and their distance using {Z}_2-systolic geometry. This construction answers a question of Zémor ["On Cayley graphs, surface codes, and the limits of homological coding for quantum error correction," in Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Coding and Cryptology (IWCC), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 5557 (2009), pp. 259-273], who asked whether homological codes with such parameters could exist at all. 2. Quantum error correction for state transfer in noisy spin chains Kay, Alastair 2016-04-01 Can robustness against experimental imperfections and noise be embedded into a quantum simulation? In this paper, we report on a special case in which this is possible. A spin chain can be engineered such that, in the absence of imperfections and noise, an unknown quantum state is transported from one end of the chain to the other, due only to the intrinsic dynamics of the system. We show that an encoding into a standard error-correcting code (a Calderbank-Shor-Steane code) can be embedded into this simulation task such that a modified error-correction procedure on readout can recover from sufficiently low rates of noise during transport. 3. Effect of Quantum Correction in the Bose-Hubbard Model SciTech Connect Matsumoto, Hideki; Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Ohashi, Yoji 2006-09-07 Effects of quantum correction in the Bose-Hubbard model at finite temperature are investigated for a homogeneous atomic Bose gas in an optical lattice near its superfluid-insulator transition. Starting from a strong coupling limit, higher order quantum corrections due to the hopping interaction is included in a local approximation (a dynamical mean field approximation) of the non-crossing approximation. When the upper or lower Hubbard band approaches zero energy, there appears a shallow band in the middle of the Hubbard gap due to a strong correlation in the system. 4. New class of photonic quantum error correction codes Silveri, Matti; Michael, Marios; Brierley, R. T.; Salmilehto, Juha; Albert, Victor V.; Jiang, Liang; Girvin, S. M. We present a new class of quantum error correction codes for applications in quantum memories, communication and scalable computation. These codes are constructed from a finite superposition of Fock states and can exactly correct errors that are polynomial up to a specified degree in creation and destruction operators. Equivalently, they can perform approximate quantum error correction to any given order in time step for the continuous-time dissipative evolution under these errors. The codes are related to two-mode photonic codes but offer the advantage of requiring only a single photon mode to correct loss (amplitude damping), as well as the ability to correct other errors, e.g. dephasing. Our codes are also similar in spirit to photonic ''cat codes'' but have several advantages including smaller mean occupation number and exact rather than approximate orthogonality of the code words. We analyze how the rate of uncorrectable errors scales with the code complexity and discuss the unitary control for the recovery process. These codes are realizable with current superconducting qubit technology and can increase the fidelity of photonic quantum communication and memories. 5. Non-singular bounce scenarios in loop quantum cosmology and the effective field description SciTech Connect Cai, Yi-Fu; Wilson-Ewing, Edward E-mail: wilson-ewing@phys.lsu.edu 2014-03-01 A non-singular bouncing cosmology is generically obtained in loop quantum cosmology due to non-perturbative quantum gravity effects. A similar picture can be achieved in standard general relativity in the presence of a scalar field with a non-standard kinetic term such that at high energy densities the field evolves into a ghost condensate and causes a non-singular bounce. During the bouncing phase, the perturbations can be stabilized by introducing a Horndeski operator. Taking the matter content to be a dust field and an ekpyrotic scalar field, we compare the dynamics in loop quantum cosmology and in a non-singular bouncing effective field model with a non-standard kinetic term at both the background and perturbative levels. We find that these two settings share many important properties, including the result that they both generate scale-invariant scalar perturbations. This shows that some quantum gravity effects of the very early universe may be mimicked by effective field models. 6. Classical and quantum dynamics of a perfect fluid scalar-metric cosmology Vakili, Babak 2010-05-01 We study the classical and quantum models of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology, coupled to a perfect fluid, in the context of the scalar-metric gravity. Using the Schutz' representation for the perfect fluid, we show that, under a particular gauge choice, it may lead to the identification of a time parameter for the corresponding dynamical system. It is shown that the evolution of the universe based on the classical cosmology represents a late time power law expansion coming from a big-bang singularity in which the scale factor goes to zero while the scalar field blows up. Moreover, this formalism gives rise to a Schrödinger-Wheeler-DeWitt (SWD) equation for the quantum-mechanical description of the model under consideration, the eigenfunctions of which can be used to construct the wave function of the universe. We use the resulting wave function in order to investigate the possibility of the avoidance of classical singularities due to quantum effects by means of the many-worlds and ontological interpretation of quantum cosmology. 7. Cosmological matter-antimatter asymmetry as a quantum fluctuation 2015-06-01 We entertain a new paradigm according to which the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry is generated as a large-scale quantum fluctuation over the baryon-symmetric state that occurred during the cosmic inflation. 8. Creation of particles in a cyclic universe driven by loop quantum cosmology Tavakoli, Yaser; Fabris, Júlio C. 2015-05-01 We consider an isotropic and homogeneous universe in loop quantum cosmology (LQC). We assume that the matter content of the universe is dominated by dust matter in early time and a phantom matter at late time which constitutes the dark energy component. The quantum gravity modifications to the Friedmann equation in this model indicate that the classical big bang singularity and the future big rip singularity are resolved and are replaced by quantum bounce. It turns out that the big bounce and recollapse in the herein model contribute to a cyclic scenario for the universe. We then study the quantum theory of a massive, nonminimally coupled scalar field undergoing cosmological evolution from primordial bounce towards the late time bounce. In particular, we solve the Klein-Gordon equation for the scalar field in the primordial and late time regions, in order to investigate particle production phenomena at late time. By computing the energy density of created particles at late time, we show that this density is negligible in comparison to the quantum background density at Planck era. This indicates that the effects of quantum particle production do not influence the future bounce. 9. Doubling of states, quantum anomalies, and possible cosmological consequences in the continuum limit of the theory of discrete quantum gravity SciTech Connect Vergeles, S. N. 2008-01-15 The problem of the doubling of states is investigated in the framework of the theory of discrete quantum gravity under the assumption that the theory has a continuum (macroscopic) limit. It is demonstrated that irregular (in some sense) modes of fields (i.e., modes that change abruptly on scales of a lattice step and have a finite energy when the lattice step tends to zero) are separated from the normal modes. Some cosmological consequences of this finding are discussed. 10. Bond additivity corrections for quantum chemistry methods SciTech Connect Melius, C.F.; Allendorf, M.D. 2000-03-23 New bond additivity correction (BAC) methods have been developed for the G2 method, BAC-G2, as well as for a hybrid density functional theory (DFT) Moller-Plesset (MP)2 method, BAC-hybrid. These BAC methods use a new form of BAC corrections, involving atomic, molecular, and bond-wise additive terms. These terms enable one to treat positive and negative ions as well as neutrals. The BAC-G2 method reduces errors in the G2 method due to nearest-neighbor bonds. The parameters within the BAC-G2 method only depend on atom types. Thus the BAC-G2 method can be used to determine the parameters needed by BAC methods involving lower levels of theory, such as BAC-hybrid and BAC-MP4. The BAC-hybrid method is expected to scale well for large molecules. The BAC-hybrid method uses the differences between the DFT and MP2 predictions as an indication of the method's accuracy, whereas the BAC-G2 method uses its internal methods (G1 and G2MP2) to accomplish this. A statistical analysis of the error in each of the methods is presented on the basis of calculations performed for large sets (more than 120) of molecules. 11. Behavior of nonlinear anisotropies in bouncing Bianchi I models of loop quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Chiou, D.-W.; Vandersloot, Kevin 2007-10-15 In homogeneous and isotropic loop quantum cosmology, gravity can behave repulsively at Planckian energy densities leading to the replacement of the big bang singularity with a big bounce. Yet in any bouncing scenario it is important to include nonlinear effects from anisotropies which typically grow during the collapsing phase. We investigate the dynamics of a Bianchi I anisotropic model within the framework of loop quantum cosmology. Using effective semiclassical equations of motion to study the dynamics, we show that the big bounce is still predicted with only differences in detail arising from the inclusion of anisotropies. We show that the anisotropic shear term grows during the collapsing phase, but remains finite through the bounce. Immediately following the bounce, the anisotropies decay and with the inclusion of matter with equation of state w<+1, the universe isotropizes in the expanding phase. 12. Matter in inhomogeneous loop quantum cosmology: The Gowdy T3 model Martín-Benito, Mercedes; Martín-de Blas, Daniel; Mena Marugán, Guillermo A. 2011-04-01 We apply a hybrid approach which combines loop and Fock quantizations to fully quantize the linearly polarized Gowdy T3 model in the presence of a massless scalar field with the same symmetries as the metric. Like in the absence of matter content, the application of loop techniques leads to a quantum resolution of the classical cosmological singularity. Most importantly, thanks to the inclusion of matter, the homogeneous sector of the model contains flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker solutions, which are not allowed in vacuo. Therefore, this model provides a simple setting to study at the quantum level interesting physical phenomena such as the effect of the anisotropies and inhomogeneities on flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmologies. 13. Quantum-corrected finite entropy of noncommutative acoustic black holes Anacleto, M. A.; Brito, F. A.; Luna, G. C.; Passos, E.; Spinelly, J. 2015-11-01 In this paper we consider the generalized uncertainty principle in the tunneling formalism via Hamilton-Jacobi method to determine the quantum-corrected Hawking temperature and entropy for 2 + 1-dimensional noncommutative acoustic black holes. In our results we obtain an area entropy, a correction logarithmic in leading order, a correction term in subleading order proportional to the radiation temperature associated with the noncommutative acoustic black holes and an extra term that depends on a conserved charge. Thus, as in the gravitational case, there is no need to introduce the ultraviolet cut-off and divergences are eliminated. 14. Dissipation-induced continuous quantum error correction for superconducting circuits Cohen, Joachim; Mirrahimi, Mazyar 2014-12-01 Quantum error correction (QEC) is a crucial step towards long coherence times required for efficient quantum information processing. One major challenge in this direction concerns the fast real-time analysis of error syndrome measurements and the associated feedback control. Recent proposals on autonomous QEC (AQEC) have opened new perspectives to overcome this difficulty. Here, we design an AQEC scheme based on quantum reservoir engineering adapted to superconducting qubits. We focus on a three-qubit bit-flip code, where three transmon qubits are dispersively coupled to a few low-Q resonator modes. By applying only continuous-wave drives of fixed but well-chosen frequencies and amplitudes, we engineer an effective interaction Hamiltonian to evacuate the entropy created by eventual bit-flip errors. We provide a full analytical and numerical study of the protocol while introducing the main limitations on the achievable error correction rates. 15. Applications and error correction for adiabatic quantum optimization Pudenz, Kristen Adiabatic quantum optimization (AQO) is a fast-developing subfield of quantum information processing which holds great promise in the relatively near future. Here we develop an application, quantum anomaly detection, and an error correction code, Quantum Annealing Correction (QAC), for use with AQO. The motivation for the anomaly detection algorithm is the problematic nature of classical software verification and validation (V&V). The number of lines of code written for safety-critical applications such as cars and aircraft increases each year, and with it the cost of finding errors grows exponentially (the cost of overlooking errors, which can be measured in human safety, is arguably even higher). We approach the V&V problem by using a quantum machine learning algorithm to identify charateristics of software operations that are implemented outside of specifications, then define an AQO to return these anomalous operations as its result. Our error correction work is the first large-scale experimental demonstration of quantum error correcting codes. We develop QAC and apply it to USC's equipment, the first and second generation of commercially available D-Wave AQO processors. We first show comprehensive experimental results for the code's performance on antiferromagnetic chains, scaling the problem size up to 86 logical qubits (344 physical qubits) and recovering significant encoded success rates even when the unencoded success rates drop to almost nothing. A broader set of randomized benchmarking problems is then introduced, for which we observe similar behavior to the antiferromagnetic chain, specifically that the use of QAC is almost always advantageous for problems of sufficient size and difficulty. Along the way, we develop problem-specific optimizations for the code and gain insight into the various on-chip error mechanisms (most prominently thermal noise, since the hardware operates at finite temperature) and the ways QAC counteracts them. We finish by showing 16. Atomic electron energies including relativistic effects and quantum electrodynamic corrections NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Aoyagi, M.; Chen, M. H.; Crasemann, B.; Huang, K. N.; Mark, H. 1977-01-01 Atomic electron energies have been calculated relativistically. Hartree-Fock-Slater wave functions served as zeroth-order eigenfunctions to compute the expectation of the total Hamiltonian. A first order correction to the local approximation was thus included. Quantum-electrodynamic corrections were made. For all orbitals in all atoms with 2 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 106, the following quantities are listed: total energies, electron kinetic energies, electron-nucleus potential energies, electron-electron potential energies consisting of electrostatic and Breit interaction (magnetic and retardation) terms, and vacuum polarization energies. These results will serve for detailed comparison of calculations based on other approaches. The magnitude of quantum electrodynamic corrections is exhibited quantitatively for each state. 17. Quantum subsystems: Exploring the complementarity of quantum privacy and error correction Jochym-O'Connor, Tomas; Kribs, David W.; Laflamme, Raymond; Plosker, Sarah 2014-09-01 This paper addresses and expands on the contents of the recent Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 030502 (2013), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.030502] discussing private quantum subsystems. Here we prove several previously presented results, including a condition for a given random unitary channel to not have a private subspace (although this does not mean that private communication cannot occur, as was previously demonstrated via private subsystems) and algebraic conditions that characterize when a general quantum subsystem or subspace code is private for a quantum channel. These conditions can be regarded as the private analog of the Knill-Laflamme conditions for quantum error correction, and we explore how the conditions simplify in some special cases. The bridge between quantum cryptography and quantum error correction provided by complementary quantum channels motivates the study of a new, more general definition of quantum error-correcting code, and we initiate this study here. We also consider the concept of complementarity for the general notion of a private quantum subsystem. 18. Tachyon field in loop quantum cosmology: An example of traversable singularity SciTech Connect Li Lifang; Zhu Jianyang 2009-06-15 Loop quantum cosmology (LQC) predicts a nonsingular evolution of the universe through a bounce in the high energy region. But LQC has an ambiguity about the quantization scheme. Recently, the authors in [Phys. Rev. D 77, 124008 (2008)] proposed a new quantization scheme. Similar to others, this new quantization scheme also replaces the big bang singularity with the quantum bounce. More interestingly, it introduces a quantum singularity, which is traversable. We investigate this novel dynamics quantitatively with a tachyon scalar field, which gives us a concrete example. Our result shows that our universe can evolve through the quantum singularity regularly, which is different from the classical big bang singularity. So this singularity is only a weak singularity. 19. Determination and correction of persistent biases in quantum annealers Perdomo-Ortiz, Alejandro; O'Gorman, Bryan; Fluegemann, Joseph; Biswas, Rupak; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N. 2016-01-01 Calibration of quantum computers is essential to the effective utilisation of their quantum resources. Specifically, the performance of quantum annealers is likely to be significantly impaired by noise in their programmable parameters, effectively misspecification of the computational problem to be solved, often resulting in spurious suboptimal solutions. We developed a strategy to determine and correct persistent, systematic biases between the actual values of the programmable parameters and their user-specified values. We applied the recalibration strategy to two D-Wave Two quantum annealers, one at NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, and another at D-Wave Systems in Burnaby, Canada. We show that the recalibration procedure not only reduces the magnitudes of the biases in the programmable parameters but also enhances the performance of the device on a set of random benchmark instances. 20. Determination and correction of persistent biases in quantum annealers PubMed Central Perdomo-Ortiz, Alejandro; O’Gorman, Bryan; Fluegemann, Joseph; Biswas, Rupak; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N. 2016-01-01 Calibration of quantum computers is essential to the effective utilisation of their quantum resources. Specifically, the performance of quantum annealers is likely to be significantly impaired by noise in their programmable parameters, effectively misspecification of the computational problem to be solved, often resulting in spurious suboptimal solutions. We developed a strategy to determine and correct persistent, systematic biases between the actual values of the programmable parameters and their user-specified values. We applied the recalibration strategy to two D-Wave Two quantum annealers, one at NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, and another at D-Wave Systems in Burnaby, Canada. We show that the recalibration procedure not only reduces the magnitudes of the biases in the programmable parameters but also enhances the performance of the device on a set of random benchmark instances. PMID:26783120 1. Determination and correction of persistent biases in quantum annealers. PubMed Perdomo-Ortiz, Alejandro; O'Gorman, Bryan; Fluegemann, Joseph; Biswas, Rupak; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N 2016-01-01 Calibration of quantum computers is essential to the effective utilisation of their quantum resources. Specifically, the performance of quantum annealers is likely to be significantly impaired by noise in their programmable parameters, effectively misspecification of the computational problem to be solved, often resulting in spurious suboptimal solutions. We developed a strategy to determine and correct persistent, systematic biases between the actual values of the programmable parameters and their user-specified values. We applied the recalibration strategy to two D-Wave Two quantum annealers, one at NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, and another at D-Wave Systems in Burnaby, Canada. We show that the recalibration procedure not only reduces the magnitudes of the biases in the programmable parameters but also enhances the performance of the device on a set of random benchmark instances. PMID:26783120 2. Cosmology from quantum potential in brane-anti-brane system Sepehri, Alireza 2015-09-01 Recently, some authors removed the big-bang singularity and predicted an infinite age of our universe. In this paper, we show that the same result can be obtained in string theory and M-theory; however, the shape of universe changes in different epochs. In our mechanism, first, N fundamental string decay to N D0-anti-D0-brane. Then, D0-branes join each other, grow and form a six-dimensional brane-antibrane system. This system is unstable, broken and at present the form of four-dimensional universes, one anti-universe in addition to one wormhole are produced. Thus, there isn't any big-bang in cosmology and the universe is a fundamental string at the beginning. Also, the total age of universe contains two parts, one is related to initial age and the other corresponds to the present age of universe (ttot =tinitial +tpresent). On the other hand, the initial age of universe includes two parts, the age of fundamental string and the time of transition (tinitial =ttransition +tf-string). We observe that only in the case of (tf-string → ∞), the scale factor of universe is zero and as a result, the total age of universe is infinity. 3. Impact of quantum entanglement on spectrum of cosmological fluctuations Kanno, Sugumi 2014-07-01 We investigate the effect of entanglement between two causally separated open charts in de Sitter space on the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations. We consider a free massive scalar field, and construct the reduced density matrix by tracing out the vacuum state for one of the open charts, as recently derived by Maldacena and Pimentel. We formulate the mean-square vacuum fluctuations by using the reduced density matrix and show that the scale invariant spectrum of massless scalar field is realized on small scales. On the other hand, we find that the quantum entanglement affects the shape of the spectrum on large scales comparable to or greater than the curvature radius. 4. Quantum optical coherence can survive photon losses using a continuous-variable quantum erasure-correcting code Lassen, Mikael; Sabuncu, Metin; Huck, Alexander; Niset, Julien; Leuchs, Gerd; Cerf, Nicolas J.; Andersen, Ulrik L. 2010-10-01 A fundamental requirement for enabling fault-tolerant quantum information processing is an efficient quantum error-correcting code that robustly protects the involved fragile quantum states from their environment. Just as classical error-correcting codes are indispensible in today's information technologies, it is believed that quantum error-correcting code will play a similarly crucial role in tomorrow's quantum information systems. Here, we report on the experimental demonstration of a quantum erasure-correcting code that overcomes the devastating effect of photon losses. Our quantum code is based on linear optics, and it protects a four-mode entangled mesoscopic state of light against erasures. We investigate two approaches for circumventing in-line losses, and demonstrate that both approaches exhibit transmission fidelities beyond what is possible by classical means. Because in-line attenuation is generally the strongest limitation to quantum communication, such an erasure-correcting code provides a new tool for establishing quantum optical coherence over longer distances. 5. Loop quantum cosmology of a radiation-dominated flat FLRW universe Pawłowski, Tomasz; Pierini, Roberto; Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2014-12-01 We study the loop quantum cosmology of a flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker space-time with a Maxwell field. We show that many of the qualitative properties derived for the case of a massless scalar field also hold for a Maxwell field. In particular, the big-bang singularity is replaced by a quantum bounce, and the operator corresponding to the matter energy density is bounded above by the same critical energy density. We also numerically study the evolution of wave functions that are sharply peaked in the low energy regime, and derive effective equations which very closely approximate the full quantum dynamics of sharply peaked states at all times, including the near-bounce epoch. In the process, the analytical and numerical methods originally used to study the dynamics in loop quantum cosmology for the case of a massless scalar field are substantially improved to handle the difficulties (that generically arise for matter content other than a massless scalar field) related to the presence of a Maxwell field. 6. Classical and quantum dynamics of a perfect fluid scalar-energy dependent metric cosmology Khodadi, M.; Nozari, K.; Vakili, B. 2016-05-01 Inspired from the idea of minimally coupling of a real scalar field to geometry, we investigate the classical and quantum models of a flat energy-dependent FRW cosmology coupled to a perfect fluid in the framework of the scalar-rainbow metric gravity. We use the standard Schutz' representation for the perfect fluid and show that under a particular energy-dependent gauge fixing, it may lead to the identification of a time parameter for the corresponding dynamical system. It is shown that, under some circumstances on the minisuperspace prob energy, the classical evolution of the of the universe represents a late time expansion coming from a bounce instead of the big-bang singularity. Then we go forward by showing that this formalism gives rise to a Schrödinger-Wheeler-DeWitt equation for the quantum-mechanical description of the model under consideration, the eigenfunctions of which can be used to construct the wave function of the universe. We use the resulting wave function in order to investigate the possibility of the avoidance of classical singularities due to quantum effects by means of the many-worlds and Bohmian interpretation of quantum cosmology. 7. SL(2,C) Chern-Simons Theory and Quantum Gravity with a Cosmological Constant Haggard, Hal; Han, Muxin; Kaminski, Wojciech; Riello, Aldo 2015-04-01 We show a relation between 4-dimensional quantum gravity with a cosmological constant and SL(2,C) Chern-Simons theory in 3-dimensions with knotted graph defects. In particular, we study the expectation value of a non-planar Wilson graph operator in SL(2,C) Chern-Simons theory on S3. We analyze its asymptotic behavior in the double-scaling limit in which both the representation labels and the Chern-Simons coupling are taken to be large, but with fixed ratio. We find that a class of flat connections in the graph complement manifold are in correspondence with the geometries of constant curvature 4-simplices. We show that the asymptotic behavior of the amplitude contains an oscillatory part proportional to the Regge action for the single 4-simplex in the presence of a cosmological constant. In particular, the cosmological term contains the full-fledged curved volume of the 4-simplex. Interestingly, the volume term stems from the asymptotics of the Chern-Simons action. Another peculiarity of our approach is that the sign of the curvature of the reconstructed geometry, and hence of the cosmological constant in the Regge action, is not fixed a priori, but rather emerges semiclassically and dynamically from the solution of the equations of motion. This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the European Marie Curie actions, and the Perimeter Institute. 8. Metric emerging to massive modes in quantum cosmological space-times Dapor, Andrea; Lewandowski, Jerzy 2013-03-01 We consider a massive quantum test Klein-Gordon field probing a homogeneous isotropic quantum cosmological space-time in the background. In particular, we derive a semiclassical space-time which emerges to a mode of the field. The method consists of a comparison between quantum field theory on a quantum background and quantum field theory on a classical curved space-time, giving rise to an emergent metric tensor (its components being computed from the equation of propagation of the quantum Klein-Gordon field in the test field approximation). If the field is massless the emergent metric is of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker form, but if a mass term is considered it turns out that the simplest emergent metric that displays the symmetries of the system is of the Bianchi I type, deformed in the direction of propagation of the particle. This anisotropy is of a quantum nature: it is proportional to ℏ and “dresses” the isotropic classical space-time obtained in the classical limit. 9. Corrections to scaling near the quantum Hall transition Evers, Ferdinand; Obuse, Hideaki; Bera, Soumya; Gruzberg, Ilya 2012-02-01 Corrections to scaling near critical points are important to understand, because they superimpose and often obscure the true asymptotics of critical scaling laws. This is true, in particular, for studies near the quantum Hall transition where recent numerical work by Slevin and Ohtsuki (Phys. Rev. B 80, 041304 (2009)) reports a very small value for the leading irrelevant scaling index |y| 0.17. We here report a numerical study of two-point conductances and two-terminal conductances at the integer quantum Hall transition within the Chalker-Coddington network. The scaling of these observables will be analyzed in the two-dimensional and the quasi-onedimensional geometries. We confirm the relation between the conductance exponents Xq and the anomalous dimensions δq known from the multifractal wavefunction analysis: Xq=2δq. For a consistent picure it is essential to carefully account for corrections to scaling due to subleading power laws and irrelevant scaling operators. 10. Continuous quantum error correction as classical hybrid control Mabuchi, Hideo 2009-10-01 The standard formulation of quantum error correction (QEC) comprises repeated cycles of error estimation and corrective intervention in the free dynamics of a qubit register. QEC can thus be seen as a form of feedback control, and it is of interest to seek a deeper understanding of the connection between the associated theories. Here we present a focused case study within this broad program, connecting continuous QEC with elements of hybrid control theory. We show that canonical methods of the latter engineering discipline, such as recursive filtering and dynamic programming approaches to solving the optimal control problem, can be applied fruitfully in the design of separated controller structures for quantum memories based on coding and continuous syndrome measurement. 11. Anisotropic loop quantum cosmology with self-dual variables Wilson-Ewing, Edward 2016-04-01 A loop quantization of the diagonal class A Bianchi models starting from the complex-valued self-dual connection variables is presented in this paper. The basic operators in the quantum theory correspond to areas and generalized holonomies of the Ashtekar connection, and the reality conditions are implemented via the choice of the inner product on the kinematical Hilbert space. The action of the Hamiltonian constraint operator is given explicitly for the case when the matter content is a massless scalar field (in which case the scalar field can be used as a relational clock), and it is shown that the big bang and big crunch singularities are resolved in the sense that singular and nonsingular states decouple under the action of the Hamiltonian constraint operator. 12. Breaking of de Sitter invariance in quantum cosmological gravity Kleppe, Gary 1993-11-01 The effects of de Sitter transformations on linearized quantum gravity in a de Sitter space background are worked out explicitly. It is shown that the linearized solutions are closed under the transformations of the de Sitter group. To do this it is necessary to use a compensating gauge transformation to return the transformed solution to the original gauge. It is then shown that the form of the graviton propagator in this background, as found by Tsamis and Woodard, is not de Sitter invariant, and no suitable invariant propagator exists, even when gauge transformations which compensate for the noninvariant gauge choice are introduced. This leads us to conclude that the vacuum is not invariant. Address after 1 August 1993: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. 13. BOOK REVIEW: Canonical Gravity and Applications: Cosmology, Black Holes, and Quantum Gravity Canonical Gravity and Applications: Cosmology, Black Holes, and Quantum Gravity Husain, Viqar 2012-03-01 Research on quantum gravity from a non-perturbative 'quantization of geometry' perspective has been the focus of much research in the past two decades, due to the Ashtekar-Barbero Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity. This approach provides an SU(2) gauge field as the canonical configuration variable; the analogy with Yang-Mills theory at the kinematical level opened up some research space to reformulate the old Wheeler-DeWitt program into what is now known as loop quantum gravity (LQG). The author is known for his work in the LQG approach to cosmology, which was the first application of this formalism that provided the possibility of exploring physical questions. Therefore the flavour of the book is naturally informed by this history. The book is based on a set of graduate-level lectures designed to impart a working knowledge of the canonical approach to gravitation. It is more of a textbook than a treatise, unlike three other recent books in this area by Kiefer [1], Rovelli [2] and Thiemann [3]. The style and choice of topics of these authors are quite different; Kiefer's book provides a broad overview of the path integral and canonical quantization methods from a historical perspective, whereas Rovelli's book focuses on philosophical and formalistic aspects of the problems of time and observables, and gives a development of spin-foam ideas. Thiemann's is much more a mathematical physics book, focusing entirely on the theory of representing constraint operators on a Hilbert space and charting a mathematical trajectory toward a physical Hilbert space for quantum gravity. The significant difference from these books is that Bojowald covers mainly classical topics until the very last chapter, which contains the only discussion of quantization. In its coverage of classical gravity, the book has some content overlap with Poisson's book [4], and with Ryan and Shepley's older work on relativistic cosmology [5]; for instance the contents of chapter five of the 14. Bulk-Boundary Duality, Gauge Invariance, and Quantum Error Corrections Mintun, Eric; Polchinski, Joseph; Rosenhaus, Vladimir 2015-10-01 Recently, Almheiri, Dong, and Harlow have argued that the localization of bulk information in a boundary dual should be understood in terms of quantum error correction. We show that this structure appears naturally when the gauge invariance of the boundary theory is incorporated. This provides a new understanding of the nonuniqueness of the bulk fields (precursors). It suggests a close connection between gauge invariance and the emergence of spacetime. 15. Less Decoherence and More Coherence in Quantum Gravity, Inflationary Cosmology and Elsewhere Okon, Elias; Sudarsky, Daniel 2016-05-01 In Crull (Found Phys 45:1019-1045, 2015) it is argued that, in order to confront outstanding problems in cosmology and quantum gravity, interpretational aspects of quantum theory can by bypassed because decoherence is able to resolve them. As a result, Crull (Found Phys 45:1019-1045, 2015) concludes that our focus on conceptual and interpretational issues, while dealing with such matters in Okon and Sudarsky (Found Phys 44:114-143, 2014), is avoidable and even pernicious. Here we will defend our position by showing in detail why decoherence does not help in the resolution of foundational questions in quantum mechanics, such as the measurement problem or the emergence of classicality. 16. Less Decoherence and More Coherence in Quantum Gravity, Inflationary Cosmology and Elsewhere Okon, Elias; Sudarsky, Daniel 2016-07-01 In Crull (Found Phys 45:1019-1045, 2015) it is argued that, in order to confront outstanding problems in cosmology and quantum gravity, interpretational aspects of quantum theory can by bypassed because decoherence is able to resolve them. As a result, Crull (Found Phys 45:1019-1045, 2015) concludes that our focus on conceptual and interpretational issues, while dealing with such matters in Okon and Sudarsky (Found Phys 44:114-143, 2014), is avoidable and even pernicious. Here we will defend our position by showing in detail why decoherence does not help in the resolution of foundational questions in quantum mechanics, such as the measurement problem or the emergence of classicality. 17. The Dynamics of Tachyon Field with AN Inverse Square Potential in Loop Quantum Cosmology Huang, Fei; Zhu, Jian-Yang; Xiao, Kui 2013-05-01 The dynamical behavior of tachyon field with an inverse potential is investigated in loop quantum cosmology. It reveals that the late-time behavior of tachyon field with this potential leads to a power-law expansion. In addition, an additional barotropic perfect fluid with the adiabatic index 0 < γ < 2 is added and the dynamical system is shown to be an autonomous one. The stability of this autonomous system is discussed using phase plane analysis. There exist up to five fixed points with only two of them possibly stable. The two stable node (attractor) solutions are specified and their cosmological indications are discussed. For the tachyon dominated solution, the further discussion is stretched to the possibility of considering tachyon field as a combination of two parts which respectively behave like dark matter and dark energy. 18. Self-correcting quantum memory in a thermal environment Chesi, Stefano; Röthlisberger, Beat; Loss, Daniel 2010-08-01 The ability to store information is of fundamental importance to any computer, be it classical or quantum. To identify systems for quantum memories, which rely, analogously to classical memories, on passive error protection (“self-correction”), is of greatest interest in quantum information science. While systems with topological ground states have been considered to be promising candidates, a large class of them was recently proven unstable against thermal fluctuations. Here, we propose two-dimensional (2D) spin models unaffected by this result. Specifically, we introduce repulsive long-range interactions in the toric code and establish a memory lifetime polynomially increasing with the system size. This remarkable stability is shown to originate directly from the repulsive long-range nature of the interactions. We study the time dynamics of the quantum memory in terms of diffusing anyons and support our analytical results with extensive numerical simulations. Our findings demonstrate that self-correcting quantum memories can exist in 2D at finite temperatures. 19. Quantum error correction against photon loss using NOON states Bergmann, Marcel; van Loock, Peter 2016-07-01 The so-called NOON states are quantum optical resources known to be useful especially for quantum lithography and metrology. At the same time, they are known to be very sensitive to photon losses and rather hard to produce experimentally. Concerning the former, here we present a scheme where NOON states are the elementary resources for building quantum error-correction codes against photon losses, thus demonstrating that such resources can also be useful to suppress the effect of loss. Our NOON code is an exact code that can be systematically extended from one-photon to higher-number losses. Its loss scaling depending on the codeword photon number is the same as for some existing, exact loss codes such as bosonic and quantum parity codes, but its codeword mode number is intermediate between that of the other codes. Another generalization of the NOON code is given for arbitrary logical qudits instead of logical qubits. While, in general, the final codewords are always obtainable from multimode NOON states through application of beam splitters, both codewords for the one-photon-loss qubit NOON code can be simply created from single-photon states with beam splitters. We give various examples and also discuss a potential application of our qudit code for quantum communication. 20. Quantum electrodynamical corrections to a magnetic dipole in general relativity Pétri, J. 2016-03-01 Magnetized neutron stars are privileged places where strong electromagnetic fields as high as BQ = 4.4 × 109 T exist, giving rise to non-linear corrections to Maxwell equations described by quantum electrodynamics (QED). These corrections need to be included to the general relativistic (GR) description of a magnetic dipole supposed to be anchored in the neutron star. In this paper, these QED and GR perturbations to the standard flat space-time dipole are calculated to the lowest order in the fine structure constant αsf and to any order in the ratio Rs/R where R is the neutron star radius and Rs its Schwarzschild radius. Following our new 3+1 formalism developed in a previous work, we compute the multipolar non-linear corrections to this dipole and demonstrate the presence of a small dipolar ℓ = 1 and hexapolar ℓ = 3 component. 1. Quantum cosmology in (1 +1 )-dimensional Hořava-Lifshitz theory of gravity Pitelli, J. P. M. 2016-05-01 In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. D 92, 084012 (2015)], the author studied the classical (1 +1 )-dimensional Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe filled with a perfect fluid in the Hořava-Lifshitz (HL) theory of gravity. This theory is dynamical due to the anisotropic scaling of space and time. It also resembles the Jackiw-Teitelboim model, in which a dilatonic degree of freedom is necessary for dynamics. In this paper, I will take one step further in the understanding of (1 +1 )-dimensional HL cosmology by means of the quantization of the FRW universe filled with a perfect fluid with the equation of state (EoS) p =w ρ . The fluid will be introduced in the model via Schutz formalism and Dirac's algorithm will be used for quantization. It will be shown that the Schrödinger equation for the wave function of the universe has the following properties: for w =1 (radiation fluid), the characteristic potential will be exponential, resembling Liouville quantum mechanics; for w ≠1 , a characteristic inverse square potential appears in addition to a regular polynomial that depends on the EoS. Explicit solutions for a few cases of interest will be found and the expectation value of the scale factor will be calculated. As in usual quantum cosmology, it will be shown that the quantum theory smooths out the big-bang singularity, but the classical behavior of the universe is recovered in the low-energy limit. 2. Perturbative approach to continuous-time quantum error correction Ippoliti, Matteo; Mazza, Leonardo; Rizzi, Matteo; Giovannetti, Vittorio 2015-04-01 We present a discussion of the continuous-time quantum error correction introduced by J. P. Paz and W. H. Zurek [Proc. R. Soc. A 454, 355 (1998), 10.1098/rspa.1998.0165]. We study the general Lindbladian which describes the effects of both noise and error correction in the weak-noise (or strong-correction) regime through a perturbative expansion. We use this tool to derive quantitative aspects of the continuous-time dynamics both in general and through two illustrative examples: the three-qubit and five-qubit stabilizer codes, which can be independently solved by analytical and numerical methods and then used as benchmarks for the perturbative approach. The perturbatively accessible time frame features a short initial transient in which error correction is ineffective, followed by a slow decay of the information content consistent with the known facts about discrete-time error correction in the limit of fast operations. This behavior is explained in the two case studies through a geometric description of the continuous transformation of the state space induced by the combined action of noise and error correction. 3. Study of Tachyon Warm Intermediate and Logamediate Inflationary Universe from Loop Quantum Cosmological Perspective Das Mandal, Jyotirmay; Debnath, Ujjal 2016-08-01 We have studied the tachyon intermediate and logamediate warm inflation in loop quantum cosmological background by taking the dissipative co-efficient Γ = Γ0 (where Γ0 is a constant) in “intermediate” inflation and Γ = V(ϕ), (where V(ϕ) is the potential of tachyonic field) in “logamediate” inflation. We have assumed slow-roll condition to construct scalar field ϕ, potential V, N-folds, etc. Various slow-roll parameters have also been obtained. We have analyzed the stability of this model through graphical representations. 4. Nearly scale-invariant power spectrum and quantum cosmological perturbations in the gravity's rainbow scenario Wang, Sai; Chang, Zhe 2015-06-01 We propose the gravity's rainbow scenario as a possible alternative of the inflation paradigm to account for the flatness and horizon problems. We focus on studying the cosmological scalar perturbations which are seeded by the quantum fluctuations in the very early universe. The scalar power spectrum is expected to be nearly scale-invariant. We estimate the rainbow index and energy scale M in the gravity's rainbow scenario by analyzing the Planck temperature and WMAP polarization datasets. The constraints on them are given by and at the confidence level. 5. Toward cosmology in string theory Boyda, Edward Kenneth 2004-12-01 String theory purports to be the correct theory of quantum gravity, and as such it is expected to provide a viable quantum cosmology. But stable time-dependent backgrounds with well-defined quantum-mechanical observables remain elusive. We first address quantum cosmology by discussing holography in Gödel universes, with an eye toward de Sitter space. Holography may someday provide a good definition of quantum cosmology in spacetimes without simple asymptotic behavior. Supersymmetry is the best candidate for understanding stability and naturalness in quantum cosmology. But if it exists, supersymmetry is broken at low energies. We study in technical detail anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking, demonstrating its phenomenologically attractive insensitivty to the details of high-energy physics. The final part of this dissertation presents an alternative to inflationary cosmology which is embedded in heterotic M-theory. This modification of the ekpyrotic scenario offers better calculability than the original, the ekpyrotic phase transition occuring when a membrane tunnels into our visible universe from a computed potential well in the extra dimension. 6. Cosmology with many light scalar fields: Stochastic inflation and loop corrections 2009-03-01 We explore the consequences of the existence of a very large number of light scalar degrees of freedom in the early universe. We distinguish between participator and spectator fields. The former have a small mass, and can contribute to the inflationary dynamics; the latter are either strictly massless or have a negligible VEV. In N-flation and generic assisted inflation scenarios, inflation is a cooperative phenomenon driven by N participator fields, none of which could drive inflation on its own. We review upper bounds on N, as a function of the inflationary Hubble scale H. We then consider stochastic and eternal inflation in models with N participator fields showing that individual fields may evolve stochastically while the whole ensemble behaves deterministically, and that a wide range of eternal inflationary scenarios are possible in this regime. We then compute one-loop quantum corrections to the inflationary power spectrum. These are largest with N spectator fields and a single participator field, and the resulting bound on N is always weaker than those obtained in other ways. We find that loop corrections to the N-flation power spectrum do not scale with N, and thus place no upper bound on the number of participator fields. This result also implies that, at least to leading order, the theory behaves like a composite single scalar field. In order to perform this calculation, we address a number of issues associated with loop calculations in the Schwinger-Keldysh “in-in” formalism. 7. Viability of the matter bounce scenario in F(T) gravity and Loop Quantum Cosmology for general potentials SciTech Connect Haro, Jaume; Amorós, Jaume E-mail: jaume.amoros@upc.edu 2014-12-01 We consider the matter bounce scenario in F(T) gravity and Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) for phenomenological potentials that at early times provide a nearly matter dominated Universe in the contracting phase, having a reheating mechanism in the expanding or contracting phase, i.e., being able to release the energy of the scalar field creating particles that thermalize in order to match with the hot Friedmann Universe, and finally at late times leading to the current cosmic acceleration. For these potentials, numerically solving the dynamical perturbation equations we have seen that, for the particular F(T) model that we will name teleparallel version of LQC, and whose modified Friedmann equation coincides with the corresponding one in holonomy corrected LQC when one deals with the flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) geometry, the corresponding equations obtained from the well-know perturbed equations in F(T) gravity lead to theoretical results that fit well with current observational data. More precisely, in this teleparallel version of LQC there is a set of solutions which leads to theoretical results that match correctly with last BICEP2 data, and there is another set whose theoretical results fit well with Planck's experimental data. On the other hand, in the standard holonomy corrected LQC, using the perturbed equations obtained replacing the Ashtekar connection by a suitable sinus function and inserting some counter-terms in order to preserve the algebra of constrains, the theoretical value of the tensor/scalar ratio is smaller than in the teleparallel version, which means that there is always a set of solutions that matches with Planck's data, but for some potentials BICEP2 experimental results disfavours holonomy corrected LQC. 8. Quantum Mechanical Corrections to Simulated Shock Hugoniot Temperatures SciTech Connect Goldman, N; Reed, E; Fried, L E 2009-07-17 The authors present a straightforward method for the inclusion of quantum nuclear vibrational effects in molecular dynamics calculations of shock Hugoniot temperatures. Using a grueneisen equation of state and a quasi-harmonic approximation to the vibrational energies, they derive a simple, post-processing method for calculation of the quantum corrected Hugoniot temperatures. They have used our novel technique on ab initio simulations of both shock compressed water and methane. Our results indicate significantly closer agreement with all available experimental temperature data for these two systems. Our formalism and technique can be easily applied to a number of different shock compressed molecular liquids or covalent solids, and has the potential to decrease the large uncertainties inherent in many experimental Hugoniot temperature measurements of these systems. 9. Structured near-optimal channel-adapted quantum error correction Fletcher, Andrew S.; Shor, Peter W.; Win, Moe Z. 2008-01-01 We present a class of numerical algorithms which adapt a quantum error correction scheme to a channel model. Given an encoding and a channel model, it was previously shown that the quantum operation that maximizes the average entanglement fidelity may be calculated by a semidefinite program (SDP), which is a convex optimization. While optimal, this recovery operation is computationally difficult for long codes. Furthermore, the optimal recovery operation has no structure beyond the completely positive trace-preserving constraint. We derive methods to generate structured channel-adapted error recovery operations. Specifically, each recovery operation begins with a projective error syndrome measurement. The algorithms to compute the structured recovery operations are more scalable than the SDP and yield recovery operations with an intuitive physical form. Using Lagrange duality, we derive performance bounds to certify near-optimality. 10. Conditional symmetries in axisymmetric quantum cosmologies with scalar fields and the fate of the classical singularities Zampeli, Adamantia; Pailas, Theodoros; Terzis, Petros A.; Christodoulakis, T. 2016-05-01 In this paper, the classical and quantum solutions of some axisymmetric cosmologies coupled to a massless scalar field are studied in the context of minisuperspace approximation. In these models, the singular nature of the Lagrangians entails a search for possible conditional symmetries. These have been proven to be the simultaneous conformal symmetries of the supermetric and the superpotential. The quantization is performed by adopting the Dirac proposal for constrained systems, i.e. promoting the first-class constraints to operators annihilating the wave function. To further enrich the approach, we follow [1] and impose the operators related to the classical conditional symmetries on the wave function. These additional equations select particular solutions of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. In order to gain some physical insight from the quantization of these cosmological systems, we perform a semiclassical analysis following the Bohmian approach to quantum theory. The generic result is that, in all but one model, one can find appropriate ranges of the parameters, so that the emerging semiclassical geometries are non-singular. An attempt for physical interpretation involves the study of the effective energy-momentum tensor which corresponds to an imperfect fluid. 11. Testing Quantum Mechanics and Bell's Inequality with Cosmological Observations of Quasars Friedman, Andrew S.; Gallicchio, Jason; Kaiser, David I; Guth, Alan 2014-06-01 We discuss a proposed experiment which would leverage cosmology to test quantum mechanics using astronomical observations. Specifically, we aim to close the "setting independence" or so-called "free will" loophole in experimental tests of Bell's inequality by choosing the detector settings (e.g. polarizer orientations) using real-time observations of causally disconnected cosmic sources, for example sufficiently distant quasar pairs, all while the entangled particles are still in flight. This would help close one of the most important remaining Bell test loopholes whereby an alternative theory could mimic the quantum predictions if the experimental settings choices shared even a small correlation with some local "hidden variables" due to unknown causal influences a mere few milliseconds prior to the experiment. Our "Cosmic Bell" experiment would push any such hidden variable conspiracy all the way back to the hot big bang 13.8 Gyr ago, an improvement of 20 orders of magnitude. The talk will demonstrate the real world feasibility of our experimental setup, with emphasis on the theoretical cosmology constraints needed to choose optimal sources. We thus describe general conditions for pairs of cosmological events with arbitrary redshifts and angular separations to have no shared causal pasts since the hot big bang in flat, dark energy dominated, accelerating Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universes like our own. While causally disjoint patches of the cosmic microwave background radiation at redshift z ~ 1090 could be used to set the detectors, z > 3.65 quasars observed at optical wavelengths are arguably the optimal candidate source pairs using present technology that meet the condition of having no shared causal past since the end of any period of inflation, 13.8 Gyr ago. Results are illustrated for our universe with causal structure animations to help visualize the intersections of past light cones for arbitrary event pairs. 12. Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback Cramer, J.; Kalb, N.; Rol, M. A.; Hensen, B.; Blok, M. S.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Hanson, R.; Taminiau, T. H. 2016-05-01 Reliable quantum information processing in the face of errors is a major fundamental and technological challenge. Quantum error correction protects quantum states by encoding a logical quantum bit (qubit) in multiple physical qubits. To be compatible with universal fault-tolerant computations, it is essential that states remain encoded at all times and that errors are actively corrected. Here we demonstrate such active error correction on a continuously protected logical qubit using a diamond quantum processor. We encode the logical qubit in three long-lived nuclear spins, repeatedly detect phase errors by non-destructive measurements, and apply corrections by real-time feedback. The actively error-corrected qubit is robust against errors and encoded quantum superposition states are preserved beyond the natural dephasing time of the best physical qubit in the encoding. These results establish a powerful platform to investigate error correction under different types of noise and mark an important step towards fault-tolerant quantum information processing. 13. Extending quantum error correction: New continuous measurement protocols and improved fault-tolerant overhead Ahn, Charlene Sonja Quantum mechanical applications range from quantum computers to quantum key distribution to teleportation. In these applications, quantum error correction is extremely important for protecting quantum states against decoherence. Here I present two main results regarding quantum error correction protocols. The first main topic I address is the development of continuous-time quantum error correction protocols via combination with techniques from quantum control. These protocols rely on weak measurement and Hamiltonian feedback instead of the projective measurements and unitary gates usually assumed by canonical quantum error correction. I show that a subclass of these protocols can be understood as a quantum feedback protocol, and analytically analyze the general case using the stabilizer formalism; I show that in this case perfect feedback can perfectly protect a stabilizer subspace. I also show through numerical simulations that another subclass of these protocols does better than canonical quantum error correction when the time between corrections is limited. The second main topic is development of improved overhead results for fault-tolerant computation. In particular, through analysis of topological quantum error correcting codes, it will be shown that the required blowup in depth of a noisy circuit performing a fault-tolerant computation can be reduced to a factor of O(log log L), an improvement over previous results. Showing this requires investigation into a local method of performing fault-tolerant correction on a topological code of arbitrary dimension. 14. Quantum Error Correction and the Future of Solid State Quantum Computing Divincenzo, David Quantum error correction (QEC) theory has provided a very challenging but well defined goal for the further development of solid state qubit systems: achieve high enough fidelity so that fault-tolerant, error-corrected quantum computation in networks of these qubits becomes possible. I will begin by touching on some historical points: initial work on QEC is actually more than 20 years old, and the landmark work of Kitaev in 1996 which established 2D lattice structures as a suitable host for effective error correction, has its roots in theoretical work in many-body theory from Wegner in the 1970s. I will give some perspective on current developments in the implementation of small fragments of the surface code. The surface-code concept has driven a number of distinct requirements, beyond the reduction of error rates below the 1% range, that are actively considered as experiments are scaled beyond the 10-qubit level. Support of JARA FIT is acknolwedged. 15. Bound on quantum computation time: Quantum error correction in a critical environment SciTech Connect Novais, E.; Mucciolo, Eduardo R.; Baranger, Harold U. 2010-08-15 We obtain an upper bound on the time available for quantum computation for a given quantum computer and decohering environment with quantum error correction implemented. First, we derive an explicit quantum evolution operator for the logical qubits and show that it has the same form as that for the physical qubits but with a reduced coupling strength to the environment. Using this evolution operator, we find the trace distance between the real and ideal states of the logical qubits in two cases. For a super-Ohmic bath, the trace distance saturates, while for Ohmic or sub-Ohmic baths, there is a finite time before the trace distance exceeds a value set by the user. 16. Quantum corrections in Higgs inflation: the real scalar case SciTech Connect George, Damien P.; Mooij, Sander; Postma, Marieke E-mail: sander.mooij@ing.uchile.cl 2014-02-01 We present a critical discussion of quantum corrections, renormalisation, and the computation of the beta functions and the effective potential in Higgs inflation. In contrast with claims in the literature, we find no evidence for a disagreement between the Jordan and Einstein frames, even at the quantum level. For clarity of discussion we concentrate on the case of a real scalar Higgs. We first review the classical calculation and then discuss the back reaction of gravity. We compute the beta functions for the Higgs quartic coupling and non-minimal coupling constant. Here, the mid-field regime is non-renormalisable, but we are able to give an upper bound on the 1-loop corrections to the effective potential. We show that, in computing the effective potential, the Jordan and Einstein frames are compatible if all mass scales are transformed between the two frames. As such, it is consistent to take a constant cutoff in either the Jordan or Einstein frame, and both prescriptions yield the same result for the effective potential. Our results are extended to the case of a complex scalar Higgs. 17. Quantum error correction of photon-scattering errors Akerman, Nitzan; Glickman, Yinnon; Kotler, Shlomi; Ozeri, Roee 2011-05-01 Photon scattering by an atomic ground-state superposition is often considered as a source of decoherence. The same process also results in atom-photon entanglement which had been directly observed in various experiments using single atom, ion or a diamond nitrogen-vacancy center. Here we combine these two aspects to implement a quantum error correction protocol. We encode a qubit in the two Zeeman-splitted ground states of a single trapped 88 Sr+ ion. Photons are resonantly scattered on the S1 / 2 -->P1 / 2 transition. We study the process of single photon scattering i.e. the excitation of the ion to the excited manifold followed by a spontaneous emission and decay. In the absence of any knowledge on the emitted photon, the ion-qubit coherence is lost. However the joined ion-photon system still maintains coherence. We show that while scattering events where spin population is preserved (Rayleigh scattering) do not affect coherence, spin-changing (Raman) scattering events result in coherent amplitude exchange between the two qubit states. By applying a unitary spin rotation that is dependent on the detected photon polarization we retrieve the ion-qubit initial state. We characterize this quantum error correction protocol by process tomography and demonstrate an ability to preserve ion-qubit coherence with high fidelity. 18. Ability of stabilizer quantum error correction to protect itself from its own imperfection Fujiwara, Yuichiro 2014-12-01 The theory of stabilizer quantum error correction allows us to actively stabilize quantum states and simulate ideal quantum operations in a noisy environment. It is critical to correctly diagnose noise from its syndrome and nullify it accordingly. However, hardware that performs quantum error correction itself is inevitably imperfect in practice. Here, we show that stabilizer codes possess a built-in capability to correct errors not only on quantum information but also on faulty syndromes extracted by themselves. Shor's syndrome extraction for fault-tolerant quantum computation is naturally improved. This opens a path to realizing the potential of stabilizer quantum error correction hidden within an innocent-looking choice of generators and stabilizer operators that have been deemed redundant. 19. General relativity and cosmology Bucher, Martin; Ni, Wei-Tou 2015-10-01 This year marks the 100th anniversary of Einstein’s 1915 landmark paper “Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation” in which the field equations of general relativity were correctly formulated for the first time, thus rendering general relativity a complete theory. Over the subsequent hundred years, physicists and astronomers have struggled with uncovering the consequences and applications of these equations. This paper, which was written as an introduction to six chapters dealing with the connection between general relativity and cosmology that will appear in the two-volume book One Hundred Years of General Relativity: From Genesis and Empirical Foundations to Gravitational Waves, Cosmology and Quantum Gravity, endeavors to provide a historical overview of the connection between general relativity and cosmology, two areas whose development has been closely intertwined. 20. Simulation of rare events in quantum error correction Bravyi, Sergey; Vargo, Alexander 2013-12-01 We consider the problem of calculating the logical error probability for a stabilizer quantum code subject to random Pauli errors. To access the regime of large code distances where logical errors are extremely unlikely we adopt the splitting method widely used in Monte Carlo simulations of rare events and Bennett's acceptance ratio method for estimating the free energy difference between two canonical ensembles. To illustrate the power of these methods in the context of error correction, we calculate the logical error probability PL for the two-dimensional surface code on a square lattice with a pair of holes for all code distances d≤20 and all error rates p below the fault-tolerance threshold. Our numerical results confirm the expected exponential decay PL˜exp[-α(p)d] and provide a simple fitting formula for the decay rate α(p). Both noiseless and noisy syndrome readout circuits are considered. 1. Quantum Error-Correction-Enhanced Magnetometer Overcoming the Limit Imposed by Relaxation Herrera-Martí, David A.; Gefen, Tuvia; Aharonov, Dorit; Katz, Nadav; Retzker, Alex 2015-11-01 When incorporated in quantum sensing protocols, quantum error correction can be used to correct for high frequency noise, as the correction procedure does not depend on the actual shape of the noise spectrum. As such, it provides a powerful way to complement usual refocusing techniques. Relaxation imposes a fundamental limit on the sensitivity of state of the art quantum sensors which cannot be overcome by dynamical decoupling. The only way to overcome this is to utilize quantum error correcting codes. We present a superconducting magnetometry design that incorporates approximate quantum error correction, in which the signal is generated by a two qubit Hamiltonian term. This two-qubit term is provided by the dynamics of a tunable coupler between two transmon qubits. For fast enough correction, it is possible to lengthen the coherence time of the device beyond the relaxation limit. 2. Evaporating quantum Lukewarm black holes final state from back-reaction corrections of quantum scalar fields 2013-08-01 We obtain renormalized stress tensor of a mass-less, charge-less dynamical quantum scalar field, minimally coupled with a spherically symmetric static Lukewarm black hole. In two dimensional analog the minimal coupling reduces to the conformal coupling and the stress tensor is found to be determined by the nonlocal contribution of the anomalous trace and some additional parameters in close relation to the work presented by Christensen and Fulling. Lukewarm black holes are a special class of Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter space times where its electric charge is equal to its mass. Having the obtained renormalized stress tensor we attempt to obtain a time-independent solution of the well known metric back reaction equation. Mathematical derivations predict that the final state of an evaporating quantum Lukewarm black hole reduces to a remnant stable mini black hole with moved locations of the horizons. Namely the perturbed black hole (cosmological) horizon is compressed (extended) to scales which is smaller (larger) than the corresponding classical radius of the event horizons. Hence there is not obtained an deviation on the cosmic sensor-ship hypothesis. 3. Superbounce and loop quantum ekpyrotic cosmologies from modified gravity: F(R) , F(G) and F(T) theories Odintsov, S. D.; Oikonomou, V. K.; Saridakis, Emmanuel N. 2015-12-01 We investigate the realization of two bouncing paradigms, namely of the superbounce and the loop quantum cosmological ekpyrosis, in the framework of various modified gravities. In particular, we focus on the F(R) , F(G) and F(T) gravities, and we reconstruct their specific subclasses which lead to such universe evolutions. These subclasses constitute from power laws, polynomials, or hypergeometric ansatzes, which can be approximated by power laws. The qualitative similarity of the different effective gravities which realize the above two bouncing cosmologies, indicates that a universality might be lying behind the bounce. Finally, performing a linear perturbation analysis, we show that the obtained solutions are conditionally or fully stable. 4. Quantum vacuum energy in Taub-NUT (Newman-Unti-Tamburino)-type cosmologies SciTech Connect Hiscock, W.A.; Konkowski, D.A. 1982-09-15 The effects of vacuum polarization on the mildest possible sort of cosmological singularity, the Taub-NUT (Newman-Unti-Tamburino)-type singularities, are studied. Unlike stronger sorts of singularities where physical quantities (e.g., curvature, energy density) diverge, in these universes the only barrier is a pathological topology. Quantum effects, known to be important in regions of large spacetime curvature, are found to also be important in these universes, where the curvature may be arbitrarily small or even zero. The vacuum expectation value of the stress-energy tensor for a conformal scalar field is calculated on a flat archetype of the Taub-NUT-type universes, the Misner universe (flat Kasner spacetime with S/sup 1/ x R/sup 3/ topology). The vacuum stress energy diverges at the singularity and on its associated Cauchy horizons. This divergence, together with the ''fixed'' nature of the spacetime's topology, suggests that these boundaries will be replaced by curvature singularities in a better approximation to full quantum gravity. 5. Five-wave-packet quantum error correction based on continuous-variable cluster entanglement Hao, Shuhong; Su, Xiaolong; Tian, Caixing; Xie, Changde; Peng, Kunchi 2015-10-01 Quantum error correction protects the quantum state against noise and decoherence in quantum communication and quantum computation, which enables one to perform fault-torrent quantum information processing. We experimentally demonstrate a quantum error correction scheme with a five-wave-packet code against a single stochastic error, the original theoretical model of which was firstly proposed by S. L. Braunstein and T. A. Walker. Five submodes of a continuous variable cluster entangled state of light are used for five encoding channels. Especially, in our encoding scheme the information of the input state is only distributed on three of the five channels and thus any error appearing in the remained two channels never affects the output state, i.e. the output quantum state is immune from the error in the two channels. The stochastic error on a single channel is corrected for both vacuum and squeezed input states and the achieved fidelities of the output states are beyond the corresponding classical limit. 6. Analysis of quantum error-correcting codes: Symplectic lattice codes and toric codes Harrington, James William Quantum information theory is concerned with identifying how quantum mechanical resources (such as entangled quantum states) can be utilized for a number of information processing tasks, including data storage, computation, communication, and cryptography. Efficient quantum algorithms and protocols have been developed for performing some tasks (e.g. , factoring large numbers, securely communicating over a public channel, and simulating quantum mechanical systems) that appear to be very difficult with just classical resources. In addition to identifying the separation between classical and quantum computational power, much of the theoretical focus in this field over the last decade has been concerned with finding novel ways of encoding quantum information that are robust against errors, which is an important step toward building practical quantum information processing devices. In this thesis I present some results on the quantum error-correcting properties of oscillator codes (also described as symplectic lattice codes) and toric codes. Any harmonic oscillator system (such as a mode of light) can be encoded with quantum information via symplectic lattice codes that are robust against shifts in the system's continuous quantum variables. I show the existence of lattice codes whose achievable rates match the one-shot coherent information over the Gaussian quantum channel. Also, I construct a family of symplectic self-dual lattices and search for optimal encodings of quantum information distributed between several oscillators. Toric codes provide encodings of quantum information into two-dimensional spin lattices that are robust against local clusters of errors and which require only local quantum operations for error correction. Numerical simulations of this system under various error models provide a calculation of the accuracy threshold for quantum memory using toric codes, which can be related to phase transitions in certain condensed matter models. I also present 7. A Compact Code for Simulations of Quantum Error Correction in Classical Computers SciTech Connect Nyman, Peter 2009-03-10 This study considers implementations of error correction in a simulation language on a classical computer. Error correction will be necessarily in quantum computing and quantum information. We will give some examples of the implementations of some error correction codes. These implementations will be made in a more general quantum simulation language on a classical computer in the language Mathematica. The intention of this research is to develop a programming language that is able to make simulations of all quantum algorithms and error corrections in the same framework. The program code implemented on a classical computer will provide a connection between the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics and computational methods. This gives us a clear uncomplicated language for the implementations of algorithms. 8. Repeated quantum error correction by real-time feedback on continuously encoded qubits Cramer, Julia; Kalb, Norbert; Rol, M. Adriaan; Hensen, Bas; Blok, Machiel S.; Markham, Matthew; Twitchen, Daniel J.; Hanson, Ronald; Taminiau, Tim H. Because quantum information is extremely fragile, large-scale quantum information processing requires constant error correction. To be compatible with universal fault-tolerant computations, it is essential that quantum states remain encoded at all times and that errors are actively corrected. I will present such active quantum error correction in a hybrid quantum system based on the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. We encode a logical qubit in three long-lived nuclear spins, detect errors by multiple non-destructive measurements using the optically active NV electron spin and correct them by real-time feedback. By combining these new capabilities with recent advances in spin control, multiple cycles of error correction can be performed within the dephasing time. We investigate both coherent and incoherent errors and show that the error-corrected logical qubit can indeed store quantum states longer than the best spin used in the encoding. Furthermore, I will present our latest results on increasing the number of qubits in the encoding, required for quantum error correction for both phase- and bit-flip. 9. Entropic corrected Newton's law of gravitation and the loop quantum black hole gravitational atom Aragão, R. G. L.; Silva, C. A. S. 2016-07-01 One proposal by Verlinde is that gravity is not a fundamental, but an entropic force (Verlinde in JHEP 1104:029, 2011. arXiv:hep-th/1001.0785). Based on this new interpretation of the gravity, Verlinde has provide us with a way to derive the Newton's law of gravitation from the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy-area formula. On the other hand, since it has been demonstrated that this formula is susceptible to quantum gravity corrections, one may hope that such corrections could be inherited by Newton's law. In this sense, the entropic interpretation of Newton's law could be a prolific way in order to get verifiable or falsifiable quantum corrections to ordinary gravity in an observationally accessible regimes. On the other hand, loop quantum gravity is a theory that provide a scheme to approach the quantum properties of spacetime. From this theory, emerges a quantum corrected semiclassical black hole solution called loop quantum black hole or self-dual black hole. Among the interesting features of loop quantum black holes, is the fact that they give rise to a modified entropy-area relation where quantum gravity corrections are present. In this work, we obtain a quantum corrected Newton's law from the entropy-area relation given by loop quantum black holes by using the nonrelativistic Verlinde's approach. Moreover, in order to relate our results with the recent experimental activity, we consider the quantum mechanical properties of a huge gravitational atom consisting in a light neutral elementary particle in the presence of a loop quantum black hole. 10. Quantum Error Correction: Optimal, Robust, or Adaptive? Or, Where is The Quantum Flyball Governor? Kosut, Robert; Grace, Matthew 2012-02-01 In The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (1950), Norbert Wiener introduces feedback control in this way: This control of a machine on the basis of its actual performance rather than its expected performance is known as feedback ... It is the function of control ... to produce a temporary and local reversal of the normal direction of entropy.'' The classic classroom example of feedback control is the all-mechanical flyball governor used by James Watt in the 18th century to regulate the speed of rotating steam engines. What is it that is so compelling about this apparatus? First, it is easy to understand how it regulates the speed of a rotating steam engine. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, it is a part of the device itself. A naive observer would not distinguish this mechanical piece from all the rest. So it is natural to ask, where is the all-quantum device which is self regulating, ie, the Quantum Flyball Governor? Is the goal of quantum error correction (QEC) to design such a device? Devloping the computational and mathematical tools to design this device is the topic of this talk. 11. BOOK REVIEW: Quantum Analogues: From Phase Transitions to Black Holes and Cosmology Liberati, Stefano 2008-09-01 'And I cherish more than anything else the analogies, my most trustworthy masters. They know all the secrets of nature, and they ought to be least neglected in geometry.' These words of the great astronomer Johannes Kepler embody the philosophy behind the research recounted in this interesting book—a book composed of nine selected lectures (and a nice introduction by Bill Unruh) from the international workshop on 'Quantum Simulations via Analogues', which was held in the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden during the summer of 2005. Analogue models of (and for) gravity have a long and distinguished history dating back to the earliest years of general relativity. However the last decade has seen a remarkable and steady development of analogue gravity models based on condensed matter systems, leading to some hundreds of published articles, numerous workshops, and several books. While the main driver for this booming field has definitely been the puzzling physics associated with quantum effects in black holes, more recently much attention has also been devoted to other interesting issues—such as cosmological particle production or the cosmological constant problem. Moreover, together with these new themes there has been a persistent interest in the possibility of simulating cosmic topological defects in the laboratory (although it should be said that momentum for this line of research has been somewhat weakened by the progressive decrease of interest in cosmological topological defects as an alternative to inflationary scenarios). All these aspects are faithfully accounted for in this book, which does a good job at presenting a vivid snapshot of many (if not quite all) of the most interesting lines of research in the field. All the articles have a self-consistent structure—which allows one to read them in arbitrary order and appreciate the full richness of each topic. However, when considered together I would say that they also 12. Phenomenology analysis of duration inflation for tachyon field in loop quantum cosmology Xiao, Kui; He, Xiao-Kai; Huang, Fei; Zhu, Jian-Yang 2014-09-01 Assuming that the e-folding number is just determined by the change of the scale factor, the tachyonic inflation theory in loop quantum cosmology (LQC) has been discussed. Considering the tachyon field with exponential potential and inverse quadratic potential, we find that the evolutionary pictures of super inflation are affected by the potentials and the initial conditions. However it cannot provide enough e-folding number, no matter which condition is chosen. Therefore a slow-rolling inflation is necessary. The e-folding number for slow-rolling inflation depends on the values of the parameter α of the exponential potential and the initial conditions. To get enough e-folding number, α should be small. Based on the slow-rolling inflation happens immediately when the super inflation ends, and the scale factor continuously grows during the whole inflation stage, we consider an e-folding number provided by the whole inflationary stage, and we find that it is easier to get enough e-folding number when the scale factor increases during all the inflation phase. 13. Nonvacuum initial states for cosmological perturbations of quantum-mechanical origin Martin, Jérôme; Riazuelo, Alain; Sakellariadou, Mairi 2000-04-01 In the context of inflation, nonvacuum initial states for cosmological perturbations that possess a built in scale are studied. It is demonstrated that this assumption leads to a falsifiable class of models. The question of whether they lead to conflicts with the available observations is addressed. For this purpose, the power spectrum of the Bardeen potential operator is calculated and compared with the CMBR anisotropies measurements and the redshift surveys of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Generic predictions of the model are a high first acoustic peak, the presence of a bump in the matter power spectrum and non-Gaussian statistics. The details are controlled by the number of quanta in the nonvacuum initial state. Comparisons with observations show that there exists a window for the free parameters such that good agreement between the data and theoretical predictions is possible. However, in the case where the initial state is a state with a fixed number of quanta, it is shown that this number cannot be greater than a few. On the other hand, if the initial state is a quantum superposition, then a larger class of initial states could account for the observations, even though the state cannot be too different from the vacuum. Planned missions such as the MAP and Planck satellites and the Sloan Survey will demonstrate whether the new class of models proposed here represents a viable alternative to the standard theory. 14. Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback. PubMed Cramer, J; Kalb, N; Rol, M A; Hensen, B; Blok, M S; Markham, M; Twitchen, D J; Hanson, R; Taminiau, T H 2016-01-01 Reliable quantum information processing in the face of errors is a major fundamental and technological challenge. Quantum error correction protects quantum states by encoding a logical quantum bit (qubit) in multiple physical qubits. To be compatible with universal fault-tolerant computations, it is essential that states remain encoded at all times and that errors are actively corrected. Here we demonstrate such active error correction on a continuously protected logical qubit using a diamond quantum processor. We encode the logical qubit in three long-lived nuclear spins, repeatedly detect phase errors by non-destructive measurements, and apply corrections by real-time feedback. The actively error-corrected qubit is robust against errors and encoded quantum superposition states are preserved beyond the natural dephasing time of the best physical qubit in the encoding. These results establish a powerful platform to investigate error correction under different types of noise and mark an important step towards fault-tolerant quantum information processing. PMID:27146630 15. Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback PubMed Central Cramer, J.; Kalb, N.; Rol, M. A.; Hensen, B.; Blok, M. S.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Hanson, R.; Taminiau, T. H. 2016-01-01 Reliable quantum information processing in the face of errors is a major fundamental and technological challenge. Quantum error correction protects quantum states by encoding a logical quantum bit (qubit) in multiple physical qubits. To be compatible with universal fault-tolerant computations, it is essential that states remain encoded at all times and that errors are actively corrected. Here we demonstrate such active error correction on a continuously protected logical qubit using a diamond quantum processor. We encode the logical qubit in three long-lived nuclear spins, repeatedly detect phase errors by non-destructive measurements, and apply corrections by real-time feedback. The actively error-corrected qubit is robust against errors and encoded quantum superposition states are preserved beyond the natural dephasing time of the best physical qubit in the encoding. These results establish a powerful platform to investigate error correction under different types of noise and mark an important step towards fault-tolerant quantum information processing. PMID:27146630 16. Currently Realizable Quantum Error Detection/Correction Algorithms for Superconducting Qubits Keane, Kyle; Korotkov, Alexander N. 2011-03-01 We investigate the efficiency of simple quantum error correction/detection codes for zero-temperature energy relaxation. We show that standard repetitive codes are not effective for error correction of energy relaxation, but can be efficiently used for quantum error detection. Moreover, only two qubits are necessary for this purpose, in contrast to the minimum of three qubits needed for conventional error correction. We propose and analyze specific two-qubit algorithms for superconducting phase qubits, which are currently realizable and can demonstrate quantum error detection; each algorithm can also be used for quantum error correction of a specific known error. In particular, we analyze needed requirements on experimental parameters and calculate the expected fidelities for these experimental protocols. This work was supported by NSA and IARPA under ARO grant No. W911NF-10-1-0334. 17. Quantum degeneracy corrections to plasma line emission and to Saha equation Molinari, V. G.; Mostacci, D.; Rocchi, F.; Sumini, M. 2003-09-01 The effect of quantum degeneracy on the electron collisional excitation is investigated, and its effects on line emission evaluated for applications to spectroscopy of dense, cold plasmas. A correction to Saha equation for weakly-degenerate plasmas is also presented. 18. The effect of quantum correction on plasma electron heating in ultraviolet laser interaction SciTech Connect Zare, S.; Sadighi-Bonabi, R. Anvari, A.; Yazdani, E.; Hora, H. 2015-04-14 The interaction of the sub-picosecond UV laser in sub-relativistic intensities with deuterium is investigated. At high plasma temperatures, based on the quantum correction in the collision frequency, the electron heating and the ion block generation in plasma are studied. It is found that due to the quantum correction, the electron heating increases considerably and the electron temperature uniformly reaches up to the maximum value of 4.91 × 10{sup 7 }K. Considering the quantum correction, the electron temperature at the laser initial coupling stage is improved more than 66.55% of the amount achieved in the classical model. As a consequence, by the modified collision frequency, the ion block is accelerated quicker with higher maximum velocity in comparison with the one by the classical collision frequency. This study proves the necessity of considering a quantum mechanical correction in the collision frequency at high plasma temperatures. 19. Quantum cryptography: individual eavesdropping with the knowledge of the error-correcting protocol SciTech Connect Horoshko, D B 2007-12-31 The quantum key distribution protocol BB84 combined with the repetition protocol for error correction is analysed from the point of view of its security against individual eavesdropping relying on quantum memory. It is shown that the mere knowledge of the error-correcting protocol changes the optimal attack and provides the eavesdropper with additional information on the distributed key. (fifth seminar in memory of d.n. klyshko) 20. Primordial cosmology Montani, Giovanni to the literature.8. Hamiltonian formulation of the mixmaster. 8.1. Hamiltonian formulation of the dynamics. 8.2. The mixmaster model in the Misner variables. 8.3. Misner-Chitre like variables. 8.4. The invariant Liouville measure. 8.5. Invariant Lyapunov exponent. 8.6. Chaos covariance. 8.7. Cosmological chaos as a dimensional and matter dependent phenomenon. 8.8. Isotropization Mechanism. 8.9. Guidelines to the literature -- 9. The generic cosmological solution near the singularity. 9.1. Inhomogeneous perturbations of Bianchi IX. 9.2. Formulation of the generic cosmological problem. 9.3. The fragmentation process. 9.4. The generic cosmological solution in Misner variables. 9.5. Hamiltonian formulation in a general framework. 9.6. The generic cosmological problem in the Iwasawa variables. 9.7. Multidimensional oscillatory regime. 9.8. Properties of the BKL map. 9.9. Guidelines to the literature -- 10. Standard quantum cosmology. 10.1. Quantum geometrodynamics. 10.2. The problem of time. 10.3. What is quantum cosmology? 10.4. Path integral in the minisuperspace. 10.5. Scalar field as relational time. 10.6. Interpretation of the wave function of the universe. 10.7. Boundary conditions. 10.8. Quantization of the FRW model filled with a scalar field. 10.9. The Poincare half plane. 10.10. Quantum dynamics of the Taub universe. 10.11. Quantization of the mixmaster in the Misner picture. 10.12. The quantum Mixmaster in the Poincare half plane. 10.13. Guidelines to the literature -- 11. Generalized approaches to quantum mechanics. 11.1. The algebraic approach. 11.2. Polymer quantum mechanics. 11.3. On the existence of a fundamental scale. 11.4. String theory and generalized uncertainty principle. 11.5. Heisenberg algebras in non-commutative Snyder space-time. 11.6. Quantum mechanics in the GUP framework. 11.7. Guidelines to the literature -- 12. Modern quantum cosmology. 12.1. Loop quantum gravity. 12.2. Loop quantum cosmology. 12.3. Mixmaster universe in LQC. 12 1. Passive correction of quantum logical errors in a driven, dissipative system: A blueprint for an analog quantum code fabric Kapit, Eliot; Chalker, John T.; Simon, Steven H. 2015-06-01 A physical realization of self-correcting quantum code would be profoundly useful for constructing a quantum computer. In this theoretical work, we provide a partial solution to major challenges preventing self-correcting quantum code from being engineered in realistic devices. We consider a variant of Kitaev's toric code coupled to propagating bosons, which induce a ranged interaction between anyonic defects. By coupling the primary quantum system to an engineered dissipation source through resonant energy transfer, we demonstrate a "rate barrier" which leads to a potentially enormous increase in the system's quantum-state lifetime through purely passive quantum error correction, even when coupled to an infinite-temperature bath. While our mechanism is not scalable to infinitely large systems, the maximum effective size can be very large, and it is fully compatible with active error-correction schemes. Our model uses only on-site and nearest-neighbor interactions and could be implemented in superconducting qubits. We sketch one such implementation at the end of this work. 2. Tunneling dynamics with a mixed quantum-classical method: Quantum corrected propagator combined with frozen Gaussian wave packets SciTech Connect Gelman, David; Schwartz, Steven D. 2008-07-14 The recently developed mixed quantum-classical propagation method is extended to treat tunneling effects in multidimensional systems. Formulated for systems consisting of a quantum primary part and a classical bath of heavier particles, the method employs a frozen Gaussian description for the bath degrees of freedom, while the dynamics of the quantum subsystem is governed by a corrected propagator. The corrections are defined in terms of matrix elements of zeroth-order propagators. The method is applied to a model system of a double-well potential bilinearly coupled to a harmonic oscillator. The extension of the method, which includes nondiagonal elements of the correction propagator, enables an accurate treatment of tunneling in an antisymmetric double-well potential. 3. Molecular dynamics of large systems with quantum corrections for the nuclei Gu, Bing; Garashchuk, Sophya 2015-12-01 This paper describes an approximate approach to quantum dynamics based on the quantum trajectory formulation of the Schrödinger equation. The quantum-mechanical effects are incorporated through the quantum potential of the mean-field type, acting on a trajectory ensemble in addition to the classical potential. Efficiency for large systems is achieved by using the quantum corrections for selected degrees of freedom and introduction of empirical friction into the ground-state energy calculations. The classical potential, if needed, can be computed on-the-fly using the Density Functional Tight Binding method of electronic structure merged with the quantum trajectory dynamics code. The approach is practical for a few hundred atoms. Applications include a study of adsorption of quantum hydrogen colliding with the graphene model, C37H15 and a calculation of the ground state of solid 4He simulated by a cell 180-atoms. 4. Molecular dynamics of large systems with quantum corrections for the nuclei SciTech Connect Gu, Bing; Garashchuk, Sophya 2015-12-31 This paper describes an approximate approach to quantum dynamics based on the quantum trajectory formulation of the Schrödinger equation. The quantum-mechanical effects are incorporated through the quantum potential of the mean-field type, acting on a trajectory ensemble in addition to the classical potential. Efficiency for large systems is achieved by using the quantum corrections for selected degrees of freedom and introduction of empirical friction into the ground-state energy calculations. The classical potential, if needed, can be computed on-the-fly using the Density Functional Tight Binding method of electronic structure merged with the quantum trajectory dynamics code. The approach is practical for a few hundred atoms. Applications include a study of adsorption of quantum hydrogen colliding with the graphene model, C{sub 37}H{sub 15} and a calculation of the ground state of solid {sup 4}He simulated by a cell 180-atoms. 5. Five-wave-packet linear optics quantum-error-correcting code SciTech Connect Walker, Thomas A.; Braunstein, Samuel L. 2010-06-15 In this article we outline a method for generating linear optics circuits that encode quantum-error-correcting codes. Using this method we produce a single-error-correcting code encoding one wave packet over five which can be implemented using linear optics and feed-forward correction. This code improves on the capacity of the best known code that can be implemented using linear optics and saturates the lower bound for the number of carriers needed for a single-error-correcting code. Our code can correct arbitrary single errors that occur randomly on each wave packet corresponding to a non-Gaussian error model, thus circumventing the so-called no-go theorem for Gaussian quantum-error correction. 6. The effect of finite Larmor radius corrections on Jeans instability of quantum plasma SciTech Connect Sharma, Prerana; Chhajlani, R. K. 2013-09-15 The influence of finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects on the Jeans instability of infinitely conducting homogeneous quantum plasma is investigated. The quantum magnetohydrodynamic (QMHD) model is used to formulate the problem. The contribution of FLR is incorporated to the QMHD set of equations in the present analysis. The general dispersion relation is obtained analytically using the normal mode analysis technique which is modified due to the contribution of FLR corrections. From general dispersion relation, the condition of instability is obtained and it is found that Jeans condition is modified due to quantum effect. The general dispersion relation is reduced for both transverse and longitudinal mode of propagations. The condition of gravitational instability is modified due to the presence of both FLR and quantum corrections in the transverse mode of propagation. In longitudinal case, it is found to be unaffected by the FLR effects but modified due to the quantum corrections. The growth rate of Jeans instability is discussed numerically for various values of quantum and FLR corrections of the medium. It is found that the quantum parameter and FLR effects have stabilizing influence on the growth rate of instability of the system. 7. Error correction in short time steps during the application of quantum gates de Castro, L. A.; Napolitano, R. d. J. 2016-04-01 We propose a modification of the standard quantum error-correction method to enable the correction of errors that occur due to the interaction with a noisy environment during quantum gates without modifying the codification used for memory qubits. Using a perturbation treatment of the noise that allows us to separate it from the ideal evolution of the quantum gate, we demonstrate that in certain cases it is necessary to divide the logical operation in short time steps intercalated by correction procedures. A prescription of how these gates can be constructed is provided, as well as a proof that, even for the cases when the division of the quantum gate in short time steps is not necessary, this method may be advantageous for reducing the total duration of the computation. 8. Effective field theory of gravity: Leading quantum gravitational corrections to Newton's and Coulomb's laws SciTech Connect Faller, Sven 2008-06-15 In this paper we consider general relativity and its combination with scalar quantum electrodynamics (QED) as an effective quantum field theory at energies well below the Planck scale. This enables us to compute the one-loop quantum corrections to the Newton and Coulomb potentials induced by the combination of graviton and photon fluctuations. We derive the relevant Feynman rules and compute the nonanalytical contributions to the one-loop scattering matrix for charged scalars in the nonrelativistic limit. In particular, we derive the post-Newtonian corrections of order Gm/c{sup 2}r from general relativity and the genuine quantum corrections of order G({Dirac_h}/2{pi})/c{sup 3}r{sup 2}. 9. General dissipative coefficient in warm intermediate inflation in Loop Quantum Cosmology in light of Planck and BICEP2 Herrera, Ramón; Olivares, Marco; Videla, Nelson 2014-09-01 In this paper, we study a warm intermediate inflationary model with a general form for the dissipative coefficient Γ(T, ϕ) = CϕTm/ϕm-1 in the context of Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC). We examine this model in the weak and strong dissipative regimes. In general, we discuss in great detail the characteristics of this model in the slow-roll approximation. Also, we assume that the modifications to perturbation equations result exclusively from Hubble rate. In this approach, we use recent astronomical observations from Planck and BICEP2 experiments to restrict the parameters in our model. 10. New Class of Quantum Error-Correcting Codes for a Bosonic Mode Michael, Marios H.; Silveri, Matti; Brierley, R. T.; Albert, Victor V.; Salmilehto, Juha; Jiang, Liang; Girvin, S. M. 2016-07-01 We construct a new class of quantum error-correcting codes for a bosonic mode, which are advantageous for applications in quantum memories, communication, and scalable computation. These "binomial quantum codes" are formed from a finite superposition of Fock states weighted with binomial coefficients. The binomial codes can exactly correct errors that are polynomial up to a specific degree in bosonic creation and annihilation operators, including amplitude damping and displacement noise as well as boson addition and dephasing errors. For realistic continuous-time dissipative evolution, the codes can perform approximate quantum error correction to any given order in the time step between error detection measurements. We present an explicit approximate quantum error recovery operation based on projective measurements and unitary operations. The binomial codes are tailored for detecting boson loss and gain errors by means of measurements of the generalized number parity. We discuss optimization of the binomial codes and demonstrate that by relaxing the parity structure, codes with even lower unrecoverable error rates can be achieved. The binomial codes are related to existing two-mode bosonic codes, but offer the advantage of requiring only a single bosonic mode to correct amplitude damping as well as the ability to correct other errors. Our codes are similar in spirit to "cat codes" based on superpositions of the coherent states but offer several advantages such as smaller mean boson number, exact rather than approximate orthonormality of the code words, and an explicit unitary operation for repumping energy into the bosonic mode. The binomial quantum codes are realizable with current superconducting circuit technology, and they should prove useful in other quantum technologies, including bosonic quantum memories, photonic quantum communication, and optical-to-microwave up- and down-conversion. 11. How far can we push quantum variational algorithms without error correction? Babbush, Ryan Recent work has shown that parameterized short quantum circuits can generate powerful variational ansatze for ground states of classically intractable fermionic models. This talk will present numerical and experimental evidence that quantum variational algorithms are also robust to certain errors which plague the gate model. As the number of qubits in superconducting devices keeps increasing, their dynamics are becoming prohibitively expensive to simulate classically. Accordingly, our observations should inspire hope that quantum computers could provide useful insight into important problems in the near future. This talk will conclude by discussing future research directions which could elucidate the viability of executing quantum variational algorithms on classically intractable problems without error correction. 12. Quantum Corrections Crossover and Ferromagnetism in Magnetic Topological Insulators PubMed Central Bao, Lihong; Wang, Weiyi; Meyer, Nicholas; Liu, Yanwen; Zhang, Cheng; Wang, Kai; Ai, Ping; Xiu, Faxian 2013-01-01 Revelation of emerging exotic states of topological insulators (TIs) for future quantum computing applications relies on breaking time-reversal symmetry and opening a surface energy gap. Here, we report on the transport response of Bi2Te3 TI thin films in the presence of varying Cr dopants. By tracking the magnetoconductance (MC) in a low doping regime we observed a progressive crossover from weak antilocalization (WAL) to weak localization (WL) as the Cr concentration increases. In a high doping regime, however, increasing Cr concentration yields a monotonically enhanced anomalous Hall effect (AHE) accompanied by an increasing carrier density. Our results demonstrate a possibility of manipulating bulk ferromagnetism and quantum transport in magnetic TI, thus providing an alternative way for experimentally realizing exotic quantum states required by spintronic applications. PMID:23928713 13. Complete single-horizon quantum corrected black hole spacetime SciTech Connect Peltola, Ari; Kunstatter, Gabor 2009-03-15 We show that a semiclassical polymerization of the interior of Schwarzschild black holes gives rise to a tantalizing candidate for a nonsingular, single-horizon black hole spacetime. The exterior has nonzero quantum stress energy but closely approximates the classical spacetime for macroscopic black holes. The interior exhibits a bounce at a microscopic scale and then expands indefinitely to a Kantowski-Sachs spacetime. Polymerization therefore removes the singularity and produces a scenario reminiscent of past proposals for universe creation via quantum effects inside a black hole. 14. Cranking the Chiral Soliton Bag Model:. Quantum Corrections Clement, Gérard; Stern, Jacqueline The generation of physical states from mean field hedgehogs by cranking is extended to coherent hedgehogs, thus improving the agreement between the cranking and coherent state projection methods, and enabling us to correct simultaneously for translational and rotational fluctuations. These corrections lead to a drastic reduction in the mean nucleon-delta mass which, for the physical values of mπ and Fπ, is lower than, or approximately equal to, the experimental value. 15. Five-wave-packet quantum error correction based on continuous-variable cluster entanglement PubMed Central Hao, Shuhong; Su, Xiaolong; Tian, Caixing; Xie, Changde; Peng, Kunchi 2015-01-01 Quantum error correction protects the quantum state against noise and decoherence in quantum communication and quantum computation, which enables one to perform fault-torrent quantum information processing. We experimentally demonstrate a quantum error correction scheme with a five-wave-packet code against a single stochastic error, the original theoretical model of which was firstly proposed by S. L. Braunstein and T. A. Walker. Five submodes of a continuous variable cluster entangled state of light are used for five encoding channels. Especially, in our encoding scheme the information of the input state is only distributed on three of the five channels and thus any error appearing in the remained two channels never affects the output state, i.e. the output quantum state is immune from the error in the two channels. The stochastic error on a single channel is corrected for both vacuum and squeezed input states and the achieved fidelities of the output states are beyond the corresponding classical limit. PMID:26498395 16. Five-wave-packet quantum error correction based on continuous-variable cluster entanglement. PubMed Hao, Shuhong; Su, Xiaolong; Tian, Caixing; Xie, Changde; Peng, Kunchi 2015-01-01 Quantum error correction protects the quantum state against noise and decoherence in quantum communication and quantum computation, which enables one to perform fault-torrent quantum information processing. We experimentally demonstrate a quantum error correction scheme with a five-wave-packet code against a single stochastic error, the original theoretical model of which was firstly proposed by S. L. Braunstein and T. A. Walker. Five submodes of a continuous variable cluster entangled state of light are used for five encoding channels. Especially, in our encoding scheme the information of the input state is only distributed on three of the five channels and thus any error appearing in the remained two channels never affects the output state, i.e. the output quantum state is immune from the error in the two channels. The stochastic error on a single channel is corrected for both vacuum and squeezed input states and the achieved fidelities of the output states are beyond the corresponding classical limit. PMID:26498395 17. Interacting viscous entropy-corrected holographic scalar field models of dark energy with time-varying G in modified FRW cosmology Adabi, Farzin; Karami, Kayoomars; Felegary, Fereshte; Azarmi, Zohre 2012-01-01 We study the entropy-corrected version of the holographic dark energy (HDE) model in the framework of modified Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology. We consider a non-flat universe filled with an interacting viscous entropy-corrected HDE (ECHDE) with dark matter. Also included in our model is the case of the variable gravitational constant G. We obtain the equation of state and the deceleration parameters of the interacting viscous ECHDE. Moreover, we reconstruct the potential and the dynamics of the quintessence, tachyon, K-essence and dilaton scalar field models according to the evolutionary behavior of the interacting viscous ECHDE model with time-varying G. 18. Multiplicative logarithmic corrections to quantum criticality in three-dimensional dimerized antiferromagnets Qin, Yanqi; Normand, Bruce; Sandvik, Anders; Meng, Zi Yang We investigate the quantum phase transition in an S=1/2 dimerized Heisenberg antiferromagnet in three spatial dimensions. By means of quantum Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling analyses, we get high-precision results for the quantum critical properties at the transition from the magnetically disordered dimer-singlet phase to the ordered Neel phase. This transition breaks O(N) symmetry with N=3 in D=3+1 dimensions. This is the upper critical dimension, where multiplicative logarithmic corrections to the leading mean-field critical properties are expected; we extract these corrections, establishing their precise forms for both the zero-temperature staggered magnetization, ms, and the Neel temperature, TN. We present a scaling ansatz for TN, including logarithmic corrections, which agrees with our data and indicates exact linearity with ms, implying a complete decoupling of quantum and thermal fluctuation effects close to the quantum critical point. These logarithmic scaling forms have not previously identified or verified by unbiased numerical methods and we discuss their relevance to experimental studies of dimerized quantum antiferromagnets such as TlCuCl3. Ref.: arXiv:1506.06073 19. Bremsstrahlung radiation from slow electrons in a Coulomb field: Classical limit and quantum correction SciTech Connect Manakov, N. L. Krylovetsky, A. A.; Marmo, S. I. 2015-11-15 Compact analytic expressions have been derived by a direct expansion in ħ → 0 for the nonrelativistic amplitude of Coulomb bremsstrahlung radiation (BR), the differential (in frequency and angles of the scattered electron) BR cross section, and the triply differential BR cross section that takes into account the bremsstrahlung photon direction and polarization and the scattered electron direction. They contain the classical limit and a quantum correction of the order of ħ at an arbitrary BR frequency ω. An explicit expression has been found for the quantum correction of the order of ħ to the classical BR spectrum. 20. Demonstration of a quantum error correction for enhanced sensitivity of photonic measurements Cohen, L.; Pilnyak, Y.; Istrati, D.; Retzker, A.; Eisenberg, H. S. 2016-07-01 The sensitivity of classical and quantum sensing is impaired in a noisy environment. Thus, one of the main challenges facing sensing protocols is to reduce the noise while preserving the signal. State-of-the-art quantum sensing protocols that rely on dynamical decoupling achieve this goal under the restriction of long noise correlation times. We implement a proof-of-principle experiment of a protocol to recover sensitivity by using an error correction for photonic systems that does not have this restriction. The protocol uses a protected entangled qubit to correct a single error. Our results show a recovery of about 87 % of the sensitivity, independent of the noise probability. 1. Quasinormal modes of a quantum-corrected Schwarzschild black hole: gravitational and Dirac perturbations Saleh, Mahamat; Bouetou, Bouetou Thomas; Kofane, Timoleon Crepin 2016-04-01 In this work, quasinormal modes (QNMs) of the Schwarzschild black hole are investigated by taking into account the quantum fluctuations. Gravitational and Dirac perturbations were considered for this case. The Regge-Wheeler gauge and the Dirac equation were used to derive the perturbation equations of the gravitational and Dirac fields respectively and the third order Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation method is used for the computing of the quasinormal frequencies. The results show that due to the quantum fluctuations in the background of the Schwarzschild black hole, the QNMs of the black hole damp more slowly when increasing the quantum correction factor (a), and oscillate more slowly. 2. Public classical communication in quantum cryptography: Error correction, integrity, and authentication SciTech Connect Timofeev, A. V.; Pomozov, D. I.; Makkaveev, A. P.; Molotkov, S. N. 2007-05-15 Quantum cryptography systems combine two communication channels: a quantum and a classical one. (They can be physically implemented in the same fiber-optic link, which is employed as a quantum channel when one-photon states are transmitted and as a classical one when it carries classical data traffic.) Both channels are supposed to be insecure and accessible to an eavesdropper. Error correction in raw keys, interferometer balancing, and other procedures are performed by using the public classical channel. A discussion of the requirements to be met by the classical channel is presented. 3. Corrections to chance fluctuations: quantum mind in biological evolution? PubMed Damiani, Giuseppe 2009-01-01 According to neo-Darwinian theory, biological evolution is produced by natural selection of random hereditary variations. This assumption stems from the idea of a mechanical and deterministic world based on the laws of classic physics. However, the increased knowledge of relationships between metabolism, epigenetic systems, and editing of nucleic acids suggests the existence of self-organized processes of adaptive evolution in response to environmental stresses. Living organisms are open thermodynamic systems which use entropic decay of external source of electromagnetic energy to increase their internal dynamic order and to generate new genetic and epigenetic information with a high degree of coherency and teleonomic creativity. Sensing, information processing, and decision making of biological systems might be mainly quantum phenomena. Amplification of microscopic quantum events using the long-range correlation of fractal structures, at the borderline between deterministic order and unpredictable chaos, may be used to direct a reproducible transition of the biological systems towards a defined macroscopic state. The discoveries of many natural genetic engineering systems, the ability to choose the most effective solutions, and the emergence of complex forms of consciousness at different levels confirm the importance of mind-action directed processes in biological evolution, as suggested by Alfred Russel Wallace. Although the main Darwinian principles will remain a crucial component of our understanding of evolution, a radical rethinking of the conceptual structure of the neo-Darwinian theory is needed. PMID:20533189 4. Quantum corrections in Higgs inflation: the Standard Model case George, Damien P.; Mooij, Sander; Postma, Marieke 2016-04-01 We compute the one-loop renormalization group equations for Standard Model Higgs inflation. The calculation is done in the Einstein frame, using a covariant formalism for the multi-field system. All counterterms, and thus the betafunctions, can be extracted from the radiative corrections to the two-point functions; the calculation of higher n-point functions then serves as a consistency check of the approach. We find that the theory is renormalizable in the effective field theory sense in the small, mid and large field regime. In the large field regime our results differ slightly from those found in the literature, due to a different treatment of the Goldstone bosons. 5. Quantum corrections to Bekenstein-Hawking black hole entropy and gravity partition functions Bytsenko, A. A.; Tureanu, A. 2013-08-01 Algebraic aspects of the computation of partition functions for quantum gravity and black holes in AdS3 are discussed. We compute the sub-leading quantum corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. It is shown that the quantum corrections to the classical result can be included systematically by making use of the comparison with conformal field theory partition functions, via the AdS3/CFT2 correspondence. This leads to a better understanding of the role of modular and spectral functions, from the point of view of the representation theory of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras. Besides, the sum of known quantum contributions to the partition function can be presented in a closed form, involving the Patterson-Selberg spectral function. These contributions can be reproduced in a holomorphically factorized theory whose partition functions are associated with the formal characters of the Virasoro modules. We propose a spectral function formulation for quantum corrections to the elliptic genus from supergravity states. 6. Improving Performance in Quantum Mechanics with Explicit Incentives to Correct Mistakes ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Brown, Benjamin R.; Mason, Andrew; Singh, Chandralekha 2016-01-01 An earlier investigation found that the performance of advanced students in a quantum mechanics course did not automatically improve from midterm to final exam on identical problems even when they were provided the correct solutions and their own graded exams. Here, we describe a study, which extended over four years, in which upper-level… 7. Quantum self-correction in the 3D cubic code model. PubMed Bravyi, Sergey; Haah, Jeongwan 2013-11-15 A big open question in the quantum information theory concerns the feasibility of a self-correcting quantum memory. A quantum state recorded in such memory can be stored reliably for a macroscopic time without need for active error correction, if the memory is in contact with a cold enough thermal bath. Here we report analytic and numerical evidence for self-correcting behavior in the quantum spin lattice model known as the 3D cubic code. We prove that its memory time is at least L(cβ), where L is the lattice size, β is the inverse temperature of the bath, and c>0 is a constant coefficient. However, this bound applies only if the lattice size L does not exceed a critical value which grows exponentially with β. In that sense, the model can be called a partially self-correcting memory. We also report a Monte Carlo simulation indicating that our analytic bounds on the memory time are tight up to constant coefficients. To model the readout step we introduce a new decoding algorithm, which can be implemented efficiently for any topological stabilizer code. A longer version of this work can be found in Bravyi and Haah, arXiv:1112.3252. PMID:24289671 8. Quantum Self-Correction in the 3D Cubic Code Model Bravyi, Sergey; Haah, Jeongwan 2013-11-01 A big open question in the quantum information theory concerns the feasibility of a self-correcting quantum memory. A quantum state recorded in such memory can be stored reliably for a macroscopic time without need for active error correction, if the memory is in contact with a cold enough thermal bath. Here we report analytic and numerical evidence for self-correcting behavior in the quantum spin lattice model known as the 3D cubic code. We prove that its memory time is at least Lcβ, where L is the lattice size, β is the inverse temperature of the bath, and c>0 is a constant coefficient. However, this bound applies only if the lattice size L does not exceed a critical value which grows exponentially with β. In that sense, the model can be called a partially self-correcting memory. We also report a Monte Carlo simulation indicating that our analytic bounds on the memory time are tight up to constant coefficients. To model the readout step we introduce a new decoding algorithm, which can be implemented efficiently for any topological stabilizer code. A longer version of this work can be found in Bravyi and Haah, arXiv:1112.3252. 9. Quantum-corrected self-dual black hole entropy in tunneling formalism with GUP Anacleto, M. A.; Brito, F. A.; Passos, E. 2015-10-01 In this paper we focus on the Hamilton-Jacobi method to determine the entropy of a self-dual black hole by using linear and quadratic GUPs (generalized uncertainty principles). We have obtained the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of self-dual black holes and its quantum corrections that are logarithm and also of several other types. 10. Quantum error-correcting codes from algebraic geometry codes of Castle type Munuera, Carlos; Tenório, Wanderson; Torres, Fernando 2016-07-01 We study algebraic geometry codes producing quantum error-correcting codes by the CSS construction. We pay particular attention to the family of Castle codes. We show that many of the examples known in the literature in fact belong to this family of codes. We systematize these constructions by showing the common theory that underlies all of them. 11. Quantum Corrections to the Free Energy Difference between Peptides and Proteins Conformers. PubMed Cecchini, Marco 2015-09-01 The calculation of the free energy of conformation is key in understanding the function of biomolecules and has attracted significant interest in recent years. Most current computational approaches evaluate the difference in conformational free energy in the classical limit based on the common "dogma" that only the lowest-frequency modes make a significant contribution to it, i.e. they assume that quantum mechanical corrections are negligible. Here, I show for three biomolecular systems described in the rigid-rotor, harmonic-oscillator approximation that the zero-point energy contribution, although small, is not negligible even at room temperature. I find that a quantum correction arises from the intermediate-frequency vibrational modes and that its magnitude is strongly correlated with the number of atoms in the system. A straightforward, though approximate, way to account for this quantum correction in the calculation of conformational free-energy differences by classical molecular dynamics is presented. The relevance of the quantum correction analyzed in this paper is discussed in the context of conventional force fields for proteins. PMID:26575897 12. Monte Carlo studies of the self-correcting properties of the Majorana quantum error correction code under braiding Pedrocchi, Fabio L.; Bonesteel, N. E.; DiVincenzo, David P. 2015-09-01 The Majorana code is an example of a stabilizer code where the quantum information is stored in a system supporting well-separated Majorana bound states (MBSs). We focus on one-dimensional realizations of the Majorana code, as well as networks of such structures, and investigate their lifetime when coupled to a parity-preserving thermal environment. We apply the Davies prescription, a standard method that describes the basic aspects of a thermal environment, and derive a master equation in the Born-Markov limit. We first focus on a single wire with immobile MBSs and perform error correction to annihilate thermal excitations. In the high-temperature limit, we show both analytically and numerically that the lifetime of the Majorana qubit grows logarithmically with the size of the wire. We then study a trijunction with four MBSs when braiding is executed. We study the occurrence of dangerous error processes that prevent the lifetime of the Majorana code from growing with the size of the trijunction. The origin of the dangerous processes is the braiding itself, which separates pairs of excitations and renders the noise nonlocal; these processes arise from the basic constraints of moving MBSs in one-dimensional (1D) structures. We confirm our predictions with Monte Carlo simulations in the low-temperature regime, i.e., the regime of practical relevance. Our results put a restriction on the degree of self-correction of this particular 1D topological quantum computing architecture. 13. Emerging singularities in the bouncing loop cosmology Mielczarek, Jakub; Szydłowski, Marek 2008-06-01 In this paper we calculate O(μ4) corrections from holonomies in the loop quantum gravity, usually not taken into account. Allowance of the corrections of this kind is equivalent with the choice of the new quatization scheme. Quantization ambiguities in the loop quantum cosmology allow for this additional freedom and presented corrections are consistent with the standard approach. We apply these corrections to the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological model and calculate the modified Friedmann equation. We show that the bounce appears in the models with the standard O(μ2) quantization scheme and is shifted to the higher energies ρbounce=3ρc. Also, a pole in the Hubble parameter appears for ρpole=(3)/(2)ρc corresponding to hyperinflation/deflation phases. This pole represents a curvature singularity at which the scale factor is finite. In this scenario the singularity and bounce coexist. Moreover, we find that an ordinary bouncing solution appears only when quantum corrections in the lowest order are considered. Higher order corrections can lead to nonperturbative effects. 14. Improving performance in quantum mechanics with explicit incentives to correct mistakes Brown, Benjamin R.; Mason, Andrew; Singh, Chandralekha 2016-06-01 An earlier investigation found that the performance of advanced students in a quantum mechanics course did not automatically improve from midterm to final exam on identical problems even when they were provided the correct solutions and their own graded exams. Here, we describe a study, which extended over four years, in which upper-level undergraduate students in a quantum physics course were given four identical problems in both the midterm exam and final exam. Approximately half of the students were given explicit incentives to correct their mistakes in the midterm exam. In particular, they could get back up to 50% of the points lost on each midterm exam problem. The solutions to the midterm exam problems were provided to all students in both groups but those who corrected their mistakes were provided the solution after they submitted their corrections to the instructor. The performance on the same problems on the final exam suggests that students who were given incentives to correct their mistakes significantly outperformed those who were not given an incentive. The incentive to correct the mistakes had greater impact on the final exam performance of students who had not performed well on the midterm exam. 15. Hardware-Efficient and Fully Autonomous Quantum Error Correction in Superconducting Circuits Kapit, Eliot 2016-04-01 Superconducting qubits are among the most promising platforms for building a quantum computer. However, individual qubit coherence times are not far past the scalability threshold for quantum error correction, meaning that millions of physical devices would be required to construct a useful quantum computer. Consequently, further increases in coherence time are very desirable. In this Letter, we blueprint a simple circuit consisting of two transmon qubits and two additional lossy qubits or resonators, which is passively protected against all single-qubit quantum error channels through a combination of continuous driving and engineered dissipation. Photon losses are rapidly corrected through two-photon drive fields implemented with driven superconducting quantum interference device couplings, and dephasing from random potential fluctuations is heavily suppressed by the drive fields used to implement the multiqubit Hamiltonian. Comparing our theoretical model to published noise estimates from recent experiments on flux and transmon qubits, we find that logical state coherence could be improved by a factor of 40 or more compared to the individual qubit T1 and T2 using this technique. We thus demonstrate that there is substantial headroom for improving the coherence of modern superconducting qubits with a fairly modest increase in device complexity. 16. Hardware-Efficient and Fully Autonomous Quantum Error Correction in Superconducting Circuits. PubMed Kapit, Eliot 2016-04-15 Superconducting qubits are among the most promising platforms for building a quantum computer. However, individual qubit coherence times are not far past the scalability threshold for quantum error correction, meaning that millions of physical devices would be required to construct a useful quantum computer. Consequently, further increases in coherence time are very desirable. In this Letter, we blueprint a simple circuit consisting of two transmon qubits and two additional lossy qubits or resonators, which is passively protected against all single-qubit quantum error channels through a combination of continuous driving and engineered dissipation. Photon losses are rapidly corrected through two-photon drive fields implemented with driven superconducting quantum interference device couplings, and dephasing from random potential fluctuations is heavily suppressed by the drive fields used to implement the multiqubit Hamiltonian. Comparing our theoretical model to published noise estimates from recent experiments on flux and transmon qubits, we find that logical state coherence could be improved by a factor of 40 or more compared to the individual qubit T_{1} and T_{2} using this technique. We thus demonstrate that there is substantial headroom for improving the coherence of modern superconducting qubits with a fairly modest increase in device complexity. PMID:27127945 17. From Cosmology to Consulting Nelson, William 2014-03-01 I will discuss my transition from Quantum Gravity and Cosmology to the world of consulting and describe the differences and similarities between academia and industry. I will give some dos and don'ts for industry interviews and jobs searches. 18. Jeans instability of magnetized quantum plasma: Effect of viscosity, rotation and finite Larmor radius corrections SciTech Connect Jain, Shweta Sharma, Prerana; Chhajlani, R. K. 2015-07-31 The Jeans instability of self-gravitating quantum plasma is examined considering the effects of viscosity, finite Larmor radius (FLR) corrections and rotation. The analysis is done by normal mode analysis theory with the help of relevant linearized perturbation equations of the problem. The general dispersion relation is obtained using the quantum magneto hydrodynamic model. The modified condition of Jeans instability is obtained and the numerical calculations have been performed to show the effects of various parameters on the growth rate of Jeans instability. 19. On classical and quantum dynamics of tachyon-like fields and their cosmological implications SciTech Connect Dimitrijević, Dragoljub D. Djordjević, Goran S. Milošević, Milan; Vulcanov, Dumitru 2014-11-24 We consider a class of tachyon-like potentials, motivated by string theory, D-brane dynamics and inflation theory in the context of classical and quantum mechanics. A formalism for describing dynamics of tachyon fields in spatially homogenous and one-dimensional - classical and quantum mechanical limit is proposed. A few models with concrete potentials are considered. Additionally, possibilities for p-adic and adelic generalization of these models are discussed. Classical actions and corresponding quantum propagators, in the Feynman path integral approach, are calculated in a form invariant on a change of the background number fields, i.e. on both archimedean and nonarchimedean spaces. Looking for a quantum origin of inflation, relevance of p-adic and adelic generalizations are briefly discussed. 20. A compact quantum correction model for symmetric double gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor SciTech Connect Cho, Edward Namkyu; Shin, Yong Hyeon; Yun, Ilgu 2014-11-07 A compact quantum correction model for a symmetric double gate (DG) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is investigated. The compact quantum correction model is proposed from the concepts of the threshold voltage shift (ΔV{sub TH}{sup QM}) and the gate capacitance (C{sub g}) degradation. First of all, ΔV{sub TH}{sup QM} induced by quantum mechanical (QM) effects is modeled. The C{sub g} degradation is then modeled by introducing the inversion layer centroid. With ΔV{sub TH}{sup QM} and the C{sub g} degradation, the QM effects are implemented in previously reported classical model and a comparison between the proposed quantum correction model and numerical simulation results is presented. Based on the results, the proposed quantum correction model can be applicable to the compact model of DG MOSFET. 1. Multi-orbital quantum antiferromagnetism in iron pnictides-effective spin couplings and quantum corrections to sublattice magnetization. PubMed Ghosh, Sayandip; Raghuvanshi, Nimisha; Mohapatra, Shubhajyoti; Kumar, Ashish; Singh, Avinash 2016-09-14 Effective spin couplings and spin fluctuation induced quantum corrections to sublattice magnetization are obtained in the [Formula: see text] AF state of a realistic three-orbital interacting electron model involving xz, yz and xy Fe 3d orbitals, providing insight into the multi-orbital quantum antiferromagnetism in iron pnictides. The xy orbital is found to be mainly responsible for the generation of strong ferromagnetic spin coupling in the b direction, which is critically important to fully account for the spin wave dispersion as measured in inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The ferromagnetic spin coupling is strongly suppressed as the xy band approaches half filling, and is ascribed to particle-hole exchange in the partially filled xy band. The strongest AF spin coupling in the a direction is found to be in the orbital off-diagonal sector involving the xz and xy orbitals. First order quantum corrections to sublattice magnetization are evaluated for the three orbitals, and yield a significant [Formula: see text] average reduction from the Hartree-Fock value. PMID:27406889 2. Multi-orbital quantum antiferromagnetism in iron pnictides—effective spin couplings and quantum corrections to sublattice magnetization Ghosh, Sayandip; Raghuvanshi, Nimisha; Mohapatra, Shubhajyoti; Kumar, Ashish; Singh, Avinash 2016-09-01 Effective spin couplings and spin fluctuation induced quantum corrections to sublattice magnetization are obtained in the (π,0) AF state of a realistic three-orbital interacting electron model involving xz, yz and xy Fe 3d orbitals, providing insight into the multi-orbital quantum antiferromagnetism in iron pnictides. The xy orbital is found to be mainly responsible for the generation of strong ferromagnetic spin coupling in the b direction, which is critically important to fully account for the spin wave dispersion as measured in inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The ferromagnetic spin coupling is strongly suppressed as the xy band approaches half filling, and is ascribed to particle-hole exchange in the partially filled xy band. The strongest AF spin coupling in the a direction is found to be in the orbital off-diagonal sector involving the xz and xy orbitals. First order quantum corrections to sublattice magnetization are evaluated for the three orbitals, and yield a significant 37% average reduction from the Hartree–Fock value. 3. Deformation quantization of cosmological models Cordero, Rubén; García-Compeán, Hugo; Turrubiates, Francisco J. 2011-06-01 The Weyl-Wigner-Groenewold-Moyal formalism of deformation quantization is applied to cosmological models in the minisuperspace. The quantization procedure is performed explicitly for quantum cosmology in a flat minisuperspace. The de Sitter cosmological model is worked out in detail and the computation of the Wigner functions for the Hartle-Hawking, Vilenkin and Linde wave functions are done numerically. The Wigner function is analytically calculated for the Kantowski-Sachs model in (non)commutative quantum cosmology and for string cosmology with dilaton exponential potential. Finally, baby universes solutions are described in this context and the Wigner function is obtained. 4. Classical and quantum solutions in Brans-Dicke cosmology with a perfect fluid Paliathanasis, Andronikos; Tsamparlis, Michael; Basilakos, Spyros; Barrow, John D. 2016-02-01 We consider the application of group invariant transformations in order to constrain a flat isotropic and homogeneous cosmological model, containing a Brans-Dicke scalar field and a perfect fluid with a constant equation of state parameter w , where the latter is not interacting with the scalar field in the gravitational action integral. The requirement that the Wheeler-DeWitt equation be invariant under one-parameter point transformations provides us with two families of power-law potentials for the Brans-Dicke field, in which the powers are functions of the Brans-Dicke parameter ωBD and the parameter w . The existence of the Lie symmetry in the Wheeler-DeWitt equation is equivalent to the existence of a conserved quantity in field equations and with oscillatory terms in the wave function of the Universe. This enables us to solve the field equations. For a specific value of the conserved quantity, we find a closed-form solution for the Hubble factor, which is equivalent to a cosmological model in general relativity containing two perfect fluids. This provides us with different models for specific values of the parameters ωBD , and w . Finally, the results hold for the specific case where the Brans-Dicke parameter ωBD is zero, that is, for the O'Hanlon massive dilaton theory and, consequently, for f (R ) gravity in the metric formalism. 5. A proposal for self-correcting stabilizer quantum memories in 3 dimensions (or slightly less) Brell, Courtney G. 2016-01-01 We propose a family of local CSS stabilizer codes as possible candidates for self-correcting quantum memories in 3D. The construction is inspired by the classical Ising model on a Sierpinski carpet fractal, which acts as a classical self-correcting memory. Our models are naturally defined on fractal subsets of a 4D hypercubic lattice with Hausdorff dimension less than 3. Though this does not imply that these models can be realized with local interactions in {{{R}}}3, we also discuss this possibility. The X and Z sectors of the code are dual to one another, and we show that there exists a finite temperature phase transition associated with each of these sectors, providing evidence that the system may robustly store quantum information at finite temperature. 6. Sim(n-2):Very Special Relativity and its Deformations, Holonomy and Quantum Corrections SciTech Connect Gibbons, G. W. 2009-05-01 I review some recent work on the applications of Sim(n-2), the maximal subroup of the Lorentz group SO(n-1,1). Topics covered include Myrheim's formula for the volume of Aleaxandrov open sets, Lorentz Violation and Very Special Relativity, deformations of Sim(n-2) and Bogoslovky's Finsler model, metrics with holonony Sim(n-2) and the possible absence of quantum corrections. 7. Quantum gravity of Kerr-Schild spacetimes and the logarithmic correction to Schwarzschild black hole entropy El-Menoufi, Basem Kamal 2016-05-01 In the context of effective field theory, we consider quantum gravity with minimally coupled massless particles. Fixing the background geometry to be of the Kerr-Schild type, we fully determine the one-loop effective action of the theory whose finite non-local part is induced by the long-distance portion of quantum loops. This is accomplished using the non-local expansion of the heat kernel in addition to a non-linear completion technique through which the effective action is expanded in gravitational curvatures. Via Euclidean methods, we identify a logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of Schwarzschild black hole. Using dimensional transmutation the result is shown to exhibit an interesting interplay between the UV and IR properties of quantum gravity. 8. Improved HDRG decoders for qudit and non-Abelian quantum error correction Hutter, Adrian; Loss, Daniel; Wootton, James R. 2015-03-01 Hard-decision renormalization group (HDRG) decoders are an important class of decoding algorithms for topological quantum error correction. Due to their versatility, they have been used to decode systems with fractal logical operators, color codes, qudit topological codes, and non-Abelian systems. In this work, we develop a method of performing HDRG decoding which combines strengths of existing decoders and further improves upon them. In particular, we increase the minimal number of errors necessary for a logical error in a system of linear size L from \\Theta ({{L}2/3}) to Ω ({{L}1-ε }) for any ε \\gt 0. We apply our algorithm to decoding D({{{Z}}d}) quantum double models and a non-Abelian anyon model with Fibonacci-like fusion rules, and show that it indeed significantly outperforms previous HDRG decoders. Furthermore, we provide the first study of continuous error correction with imperfect syndrome measurements for the D({{{Z}}d}) quantum double models. The parallelized runtime of our algorithm is poly(log L) for the perfect measurement case. In the continuous case with imperfect syndrome measurements, the averaged runtime is O(1) for Abelian systems, while continuous error correction for non-Abelian anyons stays an open problem. 9. Is Current CMBR Temperature: The Scale Independent Quantum Gravitational Result of Black Hole Cosmology? Seshavatharam, U. V. S.; Lakshminarayana, S. If one is willing to consider the current cosmic microwave back ground temperature as a quantum gravitational effect of the evolving primordial cosmic black hole (universe that constitutes dynamic space-time and exhibits quantum behavior) automatically general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics can be combined into a scale independent' true unified model of quantum gravity. By considering the Planck mass' as the initial mass of the baby Hubble volume, past and current physical and thermal parameters of the cosmic black hole can be understood. Current rate of cosmic black hole expansion is being stopped by the microscopic quantum mechanical lengths. In this new direction authors observed 5 important quantum mechanical methods for understanding the current cosmic deceleration. To understand the ground reality of current cosmic rate of expansion, sensitivity and accuracy of current methods of estimating the magnitudes of current CMBR temperature and current Hubble constant must be improved and alternative methods must be developed. If it is true that galaxy constitutes so many stars, each star constitutes so many hydrogen atoms and light is coming from the excited electron of galactic hydrogen atom, then considering redshift as an index of whole galaxy' receding may not be reasonable. During cosmic evolution, at any time in the past, in hydrogen atom emitted photon energy was always inversely proportional to the CMBR temperature. Thus past light emitted from older galaxy's excited hydrogen atom will show redshift with reference to the current laboratory data. As cosmic time passes, in future, the absolute rate of cosmic expansion can be understood by observing the rate of increase in the magnitude of photon energy emitted from laboratory hydrogen atom. Aged super novae dimming may be due to the effect of high cosmic back ground temperature. Need of new mathematical methods & techniques, computer simulations, advanced engineering skills seem to be essential 10. Extending the lifetime of a quantum bit with error correction in superconducting circuits. PubMed Ofek, Nissim; Petrenko, Andrei; Heeres, Reinier; Reinhold, Philip; Leghtas, Zaki; Vlastakis, Brian; Liu, Yehan; Frunzio, Luigi; Girvin, S M; Jiang, L; Mirrahimi, Mazyar; Devoret, M H; Schoelkopf, R J 2016-08-25 11. A 3+1 formalism for quantum electrodynamical corrections to Maxwell equations in general relativity Pétri, J. 2015-08-01 Magnetized neutron stars constitute a special class of compact objects harbouring gravitational fields that deviate strongly from the Newtonian weak field limit. Moreover, strong electromagnetic fields anchored into the star give rise to non-linear corrections to Maxwell equations described by quantum electrodynamics (QED). Electromagnetic fields close to or above the critical value of BQ = 4.4 × 109 T are probably present in some pulsars and for most of the magnetars. To account properly for emission emanating from the neutron star surface like for instance thermal radiation and its polarization properties, it is important to include general relativistic (GR) effects simultaneously with non-linear electrodynamics. This can be achieved through a 3+1 formalism known in general relativity and that incorporates QED perturbations to Maxwell equations. Starting from the lowest order corrections to the Lagrangian for the electromagnetic field, as given for instance by Born-Infeld or Euler-Heisenberg theory, we derive the non-linear Maxwell equations in general relativity including quantum vacuum effects. We also derive a prescription for the force-free limit and show that these equations can be solved with classical finite volume methods for hyperbolic conservation laws. It is therefore straightforward to include general relativity and QED in the description of neutron star magnetospheres by using standard classical numerical techniques borrowed from Maxwell and Newton theory. As an application, we show that spin-down luminosity corrections associated with QED effects are negligible with respect to GR corrections. 12. Unitarity and ultraviolet regularity in cosmology Agullo, Ivan; Ashtekar, Abhay 2015-06-01 Quantum field theory in curved space-times is a well developed area in mathematical physics which has had important phenomenological applications to the very early universe. However, it is not commonly appreciated that on time-dependent space-times—including the simplest cosmological models—dynamics of quantum fields is not unitary in the standard sense. This issue is first explained with an explicit example, and it is then shown that a generalized notion of unitarity does hold. The generalized notion allows one to correctly pass to the Schrödinger picture starting from the Heisenberg picture used in the textbook treatments. Finally, we indicate how these considerations can be extended from simple cosmological models to general globally hyperbolic space-times. 13. Fault-tolerant quantum computation with a soft-decision decoder for error correction and detection by teleportation PubMed Central Goto, Hayato; Uchikawa, Hironori 2013-01-01 Fault-tolerant quantum computation with quantum error-correcting codes has been considerably developed over the past decade. However, there are still difficult issues, particularly on the resource requirement. For further improvement of fault-tolerant quantum computation, here we propose a soft-decision decoder for quantum error correction and detection by teleportation. This decoder can achieve almost optimal performance for the depolarizing channel. Applying this decoder to Knill's C4/C6 scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation, which is one of the best schemes so far and relies heavily on error correction and detection by teleportation, we dramatically improve its performance. This leads to substantial reduction of resources. PMID:23784512 14. Fault-tolerant quantum computation with a soft-decision decoder for error correction and detection by teleportation. PubMed Goto, Hayato; Uchikawa, Hironori 2013-01-01 Fault-tolerant quantum computation with quantum error-correcting codes has been considerably developed over the past decade. However, there are still difficult issues, particularly on the resource requirement. For further improvement of fault-tolerant quantum computation, here we propose a soft-decision decoder for quantum error correction and detection by teleportation. This decoder can achieve almost optimal performance for the depolarizing channel. Applying this decoder to Knill's C4/C6 scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation, which is one of the best schemes so far and relies heavily on error correction and detection by teleportation, we dramatically improve its performance. This leads to substantial reduction of resources. PMID:23784512 15. Sociology of Modern Cosmology López-Corredoira, M. 2009-08-01 Certain results of observational cosmology cast critical doubt on the foundations of standard cosmology but leave most cosmologists untroubled. Alternative cosmological models that differ from the Big Bang have been published and defended by heterodox scientists; however, most cosmologists do not heed these. This may be because standard theory is correct and all other ideas and criticisms are incorrect, but it is also to a great extent due to sociological phenomena such as the snowball effect'' or groupthink''. We might wonder whether cosmology, the study of the Universe as a whole, is a science like other branches of physics or just a dominant ideology. 16. Robust predictions for the large-scale cosmological power deficit from primordial quantum nonequilibrium Colin, Samuel; Valentini, Antony 2016-04-01 The de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave formulation of quantum theory allows the existence of physical states that violate the Born probability rule. Recent work has shown that in pilot-wave field theory on expanding space relaxation to the Born rule is suppressed for long-wavelength field modes, resulting in a large-scale power deficit ξ(k) which for a radiation-dominated expansion is found to have an approximate inverse-tangent dependence on k (assuming that the width of the initial distribution is smaller than the width of the initial Born-rule distribution and that the initial quantum states are evenly-weighted superpositions of energy states). In this paper, we show that the functional form of ξ(k) is robust under changes in the initial nonequilibrium distribution — subject to the limitation of a subquantum width — as well as under the addition of an inflationary era at the end of the radiation-dominated phase. In both cases, the predicted deficit ξ(k) remains an inverse-tangent function of k. Furthermore, with the inflationary phase the dependence of the fitting parameters on the number of superposed pre-inflationary energy states is comparable to that found previously. Our results indicate that, for the assumed broad class of initial conditions, an inverse-tangent power deficit is likely to be a fairly general and robust signature of quantum relaxation in the early universe. 17. Cosmological quantum chromodynamics, neutron diffusion, and the production of primordial heavy elements NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Applegate, J. H.; Hogan, Craig J.; Scherrer, R. J. 1988-01-01 A simple one-dimensional model is used to describe the evolution of neutron density before and during nucleosynthesis in a high-entropy bubble left over from the cosmic quark-hadron phase transition. It is shown why cosmic nucleosynthesis in such a neutron-rich environment produces a surfeit of elements heavier than lithium. Analytical and numerical techniques are used to estimate the abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and heavier elements up to Ne-22. A high-density neutron-rich region produces enough primordial N-14 to be observed in stellar atmospheres. It shown that very heavy elements may be created in a cosmological r-process; the neutron exposure in the neutron-rich regions is large enough for the Ne-22 to trigger a catastrophic r-process runaway in which the quantity of heavy elements doubles in much less than an expansion time due to fission cycling. A primordial abundance of r-process elements is predicted to appear as an excess of rare earth elements in extremely metal-poor stars. 18. Correction. PubMed 2015-11-01 In the article by Heuslein et al, which published online ahead of print on September 3, 2015 (DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305775), a correction was needed. Brett R. Blackman was added as the penultimate author of the article. The article has been corrected for publication in the November 2015 issue. PMID:26490278 19. Importance of quantum correction for the quantitative simulation of photoexcited scanning tunneling spectra of semiconductor surfaces Schnedler, M.; Dunin-Borkowski, R. E.; Ebert, Ph. 2016-05-01 Photoexcited scanning tunneling spectroscopy is a promising technique for the determination of carrier concentrations, surface photovoltages, and potentials of semiconductors with atomic spatial resolution. However, extraction of the desired quantities requires computation of the electrostatic potential induced by the proximity of the tip and the tunnel current. This calculation is based on an accurate solution of the Poisson as well as the continuity equations for the tip-vacuum-semiconductor system. For this purpose, the carrier current densities are modeled by classical drift and diffusion equations. However, for small tip radii and highly doped materials, the drift and diffusion transport model significantly overestimates a semiconductor's carrier concentration near the surface, making the quantification of physical properties impossible. In this paper, we apply quantum correction to the drift and diffusion model, in order to account for the so-called quantum compressibility, i.e., reduced compressibility of the carrier gas due to the Pauli principle, in the region of the tip-induced band bending. We compare carrier concentrations, potentials, and tunnel currents derived with and without quantum correction for GaN (10 1 ¯0 ) and GaAs(110) surfaces to demonstrate its necessity. 20. Unusual corrections to scaling and convergence of universal Renyi properties at quantum critical points Sahoo, Sharmistha; Stoudenmire, E. Miles; Stéphan, Jean-Marie; Devakul, Trithep; Singh, Rajiv R. P.; Melko, Roger G. 2016-02-01 At a quantum critical point, bipartite entanglement entropies have universal quantities which are subleading to the ubiquitous area law. For Renyi entropies, these terms are known to be similar to the von Neumann entropy, while being much more amenable to numerical and even experimental measurement. We show here that when calculating universal properties of Renyi entropies, it is important to account for unusual corrections to scaling that arise from relevant local operators present at the conical singularity in the multisheeted Riemann surface. These corrections grow in importance with increasing Renyi index. We present studies of Renyi correlation functions in the 1 +1 transverse-field Ising model (TFIM) using conformal field theory, mapping to free fermions, and series expansions, and the logarithmic entropy singularity at a corner in 2 +1 for both free bosonic field theory and the TFIM, using numerical linked cluster expansions. In all numerical studies, accurate results are only obtained when unusual corrections to scaling are taken into account. In the worst case, an analysis ignoring these corrections can get qualitatively incorrect answers, such as predicting a decrease in critical exponents with the Renyi index, when they are actually increasing. We discuss a two-step extrapolation procedure that can be used to account for the unusual corrections to scaling. 1. Noise Estimation and Adaptive Encoding for Asymmetric Quantum Error Correcting Codes Florjanczyk, Jan; Brun, Todd; Center for Quantum Information Science; Technology Team We present a technique that improves the performance of asymmetric quantum error correcting codes in the presence of biased qubit noise channels. Our study is motivated by considering what useful information can be learned from the statistics of syndrome measurements in stabilizer quantum error correcting codes (QECC). We consider the case of a qubit dephasing channel where the dephasing axis is unknown and time-varying. We are able to estimate the dephasing angle from the statistics of the standard syndrome measurements used in stabilizer QECC's. We use this estimate to rotate the computational basis of the code in such a way that the most likely type of error is covered by the highest distance of the asymmetric code. In particular, we use the [ [ 15 , 1 , 3 ] ] shortened Reed-Muller code which can correct one phase-flip error but up to three bit-flip errors. In our simulations, we tune the computational basis to match the estimated dephasing axis which in turn leads to a decrease in the probability of a phase-flip error. With a sufficiently accurate estimate of the dephasing axis, our memory's effective error is dominated by the much lower probability of four bit-flips. Aro MURI Grant No. W911NF-11-1-0268. 2. Entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes with imperfect ebits Lai, Ching-Yi; Brun, Todd A. 2012-09-01 The scheme of entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting (EAQEC) codes assumes that the ebits of the receiver are error free. In practical situations, errors on these ebits are unavoidable, which diminishes the error-correcting ability of these codes. We consider two different versions of this problem. We first show that any (nondegenerate) standard stabilizer code can be transformed into an EAQEC code that can correct errors on the qubits of both sender and receiver. These EAQEC codes are equivalent to standard stabilizer codes, and hence the decoding techniques of standard stabilizer codes can be applied. Several EAQEC codes of this type are found to be optimal. In a second scheme, the receiver uses a standard stabilizer code to protect the ebits, which we call a “combination code.” The performances of different quantum codes are compared in terms of the channel fidelity over the depolarizing channel. We give a formula for the channel fidelity over the depolarizing channel (or any Pauli error channel), and show that it can be efficiently approximated by a Monte Carlo calculation. Finally, we discuss the tradeoff between performing extra entanglement distillation and applying an EAQEC code with imperfect ebits. 3. Error Correction using Quantum Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check(LDPC) Codes Jing, Lin; Brun, Todd; Quantum Research Team Quasi-cyclic LDPC codes can approach the Shannon capacity and have efficient decoders. Manabu Hagiwara et al., 2007 presented a method to calculate parity check matrices with high girth. Two distinct, orthogonal matrices Hc and Hd are used. Using submatrices obtained from Hc and Hd by deleting rows, we can alter the code rate. The submatrix of Hc is used to correct Pauli X errors, and the submatrix of Hd to correct Pauli Z errors. We simulated this system for depolarizing noise on USC's High Performance Computing Cluster, and obtained the block error rate (BER) as a function of the error weight and code rate. From the rates of uncorrectable errors under different error weights we can extrapolate the BER to any small error probability. Our results show that this code family can perform reasonably well even at high code rates, thus considerably reducing the overhead compared to concatenated and surface codes. This makes these codes promising as storage blocks in fault-tolerant quantum computation. Error Correction using Quantum Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check(LDPC) Codes. 4. Potts glass reflection of the decoding threshold for qudit quantum error correcting codes Jiang, Yi; Kovalev, Alexey A.; Pryadko, Leonid P. We map the maximum likelihood decoding threshold for qudit quantum error correcting codes to the multicritical point in generalized Potts gauge glass models, extending the map constructed previously for qubit codes. An n-qudit quantum LDPC code, where a qudit can be involved in up to m stabilizer generators, corresponds to a ℤd Potts model with n interaction terms which can couple up to m spins each. We analyze general properties of the phase diagram of the constructed model, give several bounds on the location of the transitions, bounds on the energy density of extended defects (non-local analogs of domain walls), and discuss the correlation functions which can be used to distinguish different phases in the original and the dual models. This research was supported in part by the Grants: NSF PHY-1415600 (AAK), NSF PHY-1416578 (LPP), and ARO W911NF-14-1-0272 (LPP). 5. Quantum statistical entropy of Schwarzchild-de Sitter spacetime Zhao, Ren; Zhang, Li-Chun; Zhao, Hui-Hua 2012-10-01 Using the quantum statistical method, we calculate quantum statistical entropy between the black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon in Schwarzchild spacetime and derive the expression of quantum statistical entropy in de Sitter spacetime. Under the Unruh-Verlinde temperature of Schwarzchild-de Sitter spacetime in the entropic force views, we obtain the expression of quantum statistical entropy in de Sitter spacetime. It is shown that in de Sitter spacetime quantum statistical entropy is the sum of thermodynamic entropy corresponding black hole horizon and the one corresponding cosmological horizon. And the correction term of de Sitter spacetime entropy is obtained. Therefore, it is confirmed that the black hole entropy is the entropy of quantum field outside the black hole horizon. The entropy of de Sitter spacetime is the entropy of quantum field between the black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon. 6. Correction. PubMed 2015-12-01 In the article by Narayan et al (Narayan O, Davies JE, Hughes AD, Dart AM, Parker KH, Reid C, Cameron JD. Central aortic reservoir-wave analysis improves prediction of cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensives. Hypertension. 2015;65:629–635. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04824), which published online ahead of print December 22, 2014, and appeared in the March 2015 issue of the journal, some corrections were needed.On page 632, Figure, panel A, the label PRI has been corrected to read RPI. In panel B, the text by the upward arrow, "10% increase in kd,” has been corrected to read, "10% decrease in kd." The corrected figure is shown below.The authors apologize for these errors. PMID:26558821 7. Regularization by higher derivatives and quantum correction for N = 1 supersymmetric theories Pimenov, A. B.; Soloshenko, A. A.; Stepanyantz, K. V.; Shevtsova, E. S. 2008-05-01 Some results of regularization by higher covariant derivatives used for investigation of the structure of quantum corrections in N = 1 supersymmetric theories are summarized in the present work. In particular, it is demonstrated that all integrals determining the Hell-Mann-Low functions in supersymmetric theories are integrals of total derivatives. As a consequence, in the N = 1 supersymmetric theories there exists an identity for the Green’s functions which follows from none of the symmetry theories known thus far. The problem of obtaining the exact β-function by the methods of perturbation theory is discussed. 8. Quantum scalar corrections to the gravitational potentials on de Sitter background Park, Sohyun; Prokopec, Tomislav; Woodard, R. P. 2016-01-01 We employ the graviton self-energy induced by a massless, minimally coupled (MMC) scalar on de Sitter background to compute the quantum corrections to the gravitational potentials of a static point particle with a mass M . The Schwinger-Keldysh formalism is used to derive real and causal effective field equations. When evaluated at the one-loop order, the gravitational potentials exhibit a secular decrease in the observed gravitational coupling G. This can also be interpreted as a (time dependent) anti-screening of the mass M. 9. High speed and adaptable error correction for megabit/s rate quantum key distribution PubMed Central Dixon, A. R.; Sato, H. 2014-01-01 Quantum Key Distribution is moving from its theoretical foundation of unconditional security to rapidly approaching real world installations. A significant part of this move is the orders of magnitude increases in the rate at which secure key bits are distributed. However, these advances have mostly been confined to the physical hardware stage of QKD, with software post-processing often being unable to support the high raw bit rates. In a complete implementation this leads to a bottleneck limiting the final secure key rate of the system unnecessarily. Here we report details of equally high rate error correction which is further adaptable to maximise the secure key rate under a range of different operating conditions. The error correction is implemented both in CPU and GPU using a bi-directional LDPC approach and can provide 90–94% of the ideal secure key rate over all fibre distances from 0–80 km. PMID:25450416 10. High speed and adaptable error correction for megabit/s rate quantum key distribution Dixon, A. R.; Sato, H. 2014-12-01 Quantum Key Distribution is moving from its theoretical foundation of unconditional security to rapidly approaching real world installations. A significant part of this move is the orders of magnitude increases in the rate at which secure key bits are distributed. However, these advances have mostly been confined to the physical hardware stage of QKD, with software post-processing often being unable to support the high raw bit rates. In a complete implementation this leads to a bottleneck limiting the final secure key rate of the system unnecessarily. Here we report details of equally high rate error correction which is further adaptable to maximise the secure key rate under a range of different operating conditions. The error correction is implemented both in CPU and GPU using a bi-directional LDPC approach and can provide 90-94% of the ideal secure key rate over all fibre distances from 0-80 km. 11. Generalized quantum kinetic expansion: Higher-order corrections to multichromophoric Förster theory SciTech Connect Wu, Jianlan Gong, Zhihao; Tang, Zhoufei 2015-08-21 For a general two-cluster energy transfer network, a new methodology of the generalized quantum kinetic expansion (GQKE) method is developed, which predicts an exact time-convolution equation for the cluster population evolution under the initial condition of the local cluster equilibrium state. The cluster-to-cluster rate kernel is expanded over the inter-cluster couplings. The lowest second-order GQKE rate recovers the multichromophoric Förster theory (MCFT) rate. The higher-order corrections to the MCFT rate are systematically included using the continued fraction resummation form, resulting in the resummed GQKE method. The reliability of the GQKE methodology is verified in two model systems, revealing the relevance of higher-order corrections. 12. Quantum error correction and detection: Quantitative analysis of a coherent-state amplitude-damping code Wickert, Ricardo; van Loock, Peter 2014-05-01 We reexamine a non-Gaussian quantum error-correction code designed to protect optical coherent-state qubits against errors due to an amplitude-damping channel. We improve on a previous result [R. Wickert, N. K. Bernardes, and P. van Loock, Phys. Rev. A 81, 062344 (2010), 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.062344] by providing a tighter upper bound on the performance attained when considering realistic assumptions, which constrain the operation of the gates employed in the scheme. The quantitative characterization is performed through measures of fidelity and concurrence, the latter obtained by employing the code as an entanglement distillation protocol. We find that, when running the code in fully deterministic error-correction mode, direct transmission can only be beaten for certain combinations of channel and input state parameters. In contrast, in error-detection mode, the usage of higher repetition encodings remains beneficial throughout, however, at the expense of diminishing success probabilities. 13. Cyclic universe from Loop Quantum Gravity Cianfrani, Francesco; Kowalski-Glikman, Jerzy; Rosati, Giacomo 2016-02-01 We discuss how a cyclic model for the flat universe can be constructively derived from Loop Quantum Gravity. This model has a lower bounce, at small values of the scale factor, which shares many similarities with that of Loop Quantum Cosmology. We find that Quantum Gravity corrections can be also relevant at energy densities much smaller than the Planckian one and that they can induce an upper bounce at large values of the scale factor. 14. Correction 1995-04-01 Seismic images of the Brooks Range, Arctic Alaska, reveal crustal-scale duplexing: Correction Geology, v. 23, p. 65 68 (January 1995) The correct Figure 4A, for the loose insert, is given here. See Figure 4A below. Corrected inserts will be available to those requesting copies of the article from the senior author, Gary S. Fuis, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Figure 4A. P-wave velocity model of Brooks Range region (thin gray contours) with migrated wide-angle reflections (heavy red lines) and migreated vertical-incidence reflections (short black lines) superimposed. Velocity contour interval is 0.25 km/s; 4,5, and 6 km/s contours are labeled. Estimated error in velocities is one contour interval. Symbols on faults shown at top are as in Figure 2 caption. 15. Plate-specific gain map correction for the improvement of detective quantum efficiency in computed radiography SciTech Connect Schnell, Erich A.; Samei, Ehsan; Dobbins, James T. 2012-03-15 Purpose: The purpose of this work is to improve the noise power spectrum (NPS), and thus the detective quantum efficiency (DQE), of computed radiography (CR) images by correcting for spatial gain variations specific to individual imaging plates. CR devices have not traditionally employed gain-map corrections, unlike the case with flat-panel detectors, because of the multiplicity of plates used with each reader. The lack of gain-map correction has limited the DQE(f) at higher exposures with CR. This current work describes a feasible solution to generating plate-specific gain maps. Methods: Ten high-exposure open field images were taken with an RQA5 spectrum, using a sixth generation CR plate suspended in air without a cassette. Image values were converted to exposure, the plates registered using fiducial dots on the plate, the ten images averaged, and then high-pass filtered to remove low frequency contributions from field inhomogeneity. A gain-map was then produced by converting all pixel values in the average into fractions with mean of one. The resultant gain-map of the plate was used to normalize subsequent single images to correct for spatial gain fluctuation. To validate performance, the normalized NPS (NNPS) for all images was calculated both with and without the gain-map correction. Variations in the quality of correction due to exposure levels, beam voltage/spectrum, CR reader used, and registration were investigated. Results: The NNPS with plate-specific gain-map correction showed improvement over the noncorrected case over the range of frequencies from 0.15 to 2.5 mm{sup -1}. At high exposure (40 mR), NNPS was 50%-90% better with gain-map correction than without. A small further improvement in NNPS was seen from carefully registering the gain-map with subsequent images using small fiducial dots, because of slight misregistration during scanning. Further improvement was seen in the NNPS from scaling the gain map about the mean to account for different beam 16. Effect of quantum correction on nonlinear thermal wave of electrons driven by laser heating Nafari, F.; Ghoranneviss, M. 2016-08-01 In thermal interaction of laser pulse with a deuterium-tritium (DT) plane, the thermal waves of electrons are generated instantly. Since the thermal conductivity of electron is a nonlinear function of temperature, a nonlinear heat conduction equation is used to investigate the propagation of waves in solid DT. This paper presents a self-similar analytic solution for the nonlinear heat conduction equation in a planar geometry. The thickness of the target material is finite in numerical computation, and it is assumed that the laser energy is deposited at a finite initial thickness at the initial time which results in a finite temperature for electrons at initial time. Since the required temperature range for solid DT ignition is higher than the critical temperature which equals 35.9 eV, the effects of quantum correction in thermal conductivity should be considered. This letter investigates the effects of quantum correction on characteristic features of nonlinear thermal wave, including temperature, penetration depth, velocity, heat flux, and heating and cooling domains. Although this effect increases electron temperature and thermal flux, penetration depth and propagation velocity are smaller. This effect is also applied to re-evaluate the side-on laser ignition of uncompressed DT. 17. Correction. PubMed 2016-02-01 Neogi T, Jansen TLTA, Dalbeth N, et al. 2015 Gout classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:1789–98. The name of the 20th author was misspelled. The correct spelling is Janitzia Vazquez-Mellado. We regret the error. PMID:26881284 18. Quantum corrections to the classical model of the atom-field system. PubMed Ugulava, A; McHedlishvili, G; Chkhaidze, S; Chotorlishvili, L 2011-10-01 The nonlinear-oscillating system in action-angle variables is characterized by the dependence of frequency of oscillation ω(I) on action I. Periodic perturbation is capable of realizing in the system a stable nonlinear resonance at which the action I adapts to the resonance condition ω(I(0))≃ω, that is, "sticking" in the resonance frequency. For a particular physical problem there may be a case when I≫ℏ is the classical quantity, whereas its correction ΔI≃ℏ is the quantum quantity. Naturally, dynamics of ΔI is described by the quantum equation of motion. In particular, in the moderate nonlinearity approximation ɛ≪(dω/dI)(I/ω)≪1/ɛ, where ɛ is the small parameter, the description of quantum state is reduced to the solution of the Mathieu-Schrödinger equation. The state formed as a result of sticking in resonance is an eigenstate of the operator ΔI that does not commute with the Hamiltonian H. Expanding the eigenstate wave functions in Hamiltonian eigenfunctions, one can obtain a probability distribution of energy level population. Thus, an inverse level population for times lower than the relaxation time can be obtained. PMID:22181295 19. Long-wavelength corrections to Hall conductivity in fractional quantum Hall fluids Yang, Bo; Haldane, F. D. M. 2013-03-01 Recent work by Hoyos and Son, then Bradlyn et al., has investigated the relation between the long-wavelength (O (q2)) corrections to the Hall conductivity σH (q) and the Hall viscosity of quantum Hall states. These works assume the presence of Galilean and rotational invariance. However, these are not generic symmetries of electrons in condensed matter. We identify translation and (2D) inversion symmetry as the only generic symmetries of an ideal'' quantum Hall liquid, as these are needed to guarantee the absence of any dissipationless ground state current density; then σH (q) = σH (- q) characterizes the dissipation less current that flows in response to a spatially-non-uniform electric field. We consider the general problem for fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states without Galilean or rotational invariance, when the guiding-center contribution to the Hall viscosity becomes a non-trivial tensor property related to an emergent geometry of the FQH state, (Bo Yang et,al (PRB 85,165318). Supported by DOE DE-SC0002140 and Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR, Singapore). 20. Quantum confinement and quasiparticle corrections in α-HgS from first principles Lanzillo, Nicholas A.; Roy, Sujit; Nayak, Saroj K. 2015-06-01 Using a combination of density functional theory and many-body GW corrections, we calculate the quasiparticle band gap of bulk α-HgS and investigate the effect of quantum confinement on the geometric, electronic and optical structures. The basic structural unit of α-HgS is a one-dimensional helical chain consisting of covalently bound Hg and S atoms. When isolated to just a single helix or to a few-helix configuration, we find that α-HgS becomes a wide-gap semiconductor with a quasiparticle band gap as large as 7.0 eV, in contrast to the bulk structure with a direct quasiparticle band gap of 2.8 eV and an indirect gap of 2.14 eV. This dramatic increase in the band gap is attributed to quantum confinement effects on the geometry and intra-helix bonding. Shifts in the band gaps are also reflected as shifts in the low-energy optical absorption spectra calculated via density functional theory. As more helical chains are added, the band gap decreases sharply while the geometry becomes more bulk-like. This work illustrates the strong effects of quantum confinement in low-dimensional α-HgS nanostructures. 1. Correction. PubMed 2016-02-01 In the article by Guessous et al (Guessous I, Pruijm M, Ponte B, Ackermann D, Ehret G, Ansermot N, Vuistiner P, Staessen J, Gu Y, Paccaud F, Mohaupt M, Vogt B, Pechère-Bertschi A, Martin PY, Burnier M, Eap CB, Bochud M. Associations of ambulatory blood pressure with urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolite excretions. Hypertension. 2015;65:691–696. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04512), which published online ahead of print December 8, 2014, and appeared in the March 2015 issue of the journal, a correction was needed.One of the author surnames was misspelled. Antoinette Pechère-Berstchi has been corrected to read Antoinette Pechère-Bertschi.The authors apologize for this error. PMID:26763012 2. Quantum corrections to the stress-energy tensor in thermodynamic equilibrium with acceleration Becattini, F.; Grossi, E. 2015-08-01 We show that the stress-energy tensor has additional terms with respect to the ideal form in states of global thermodynamic equilibrium in flat spacetime with nonvanishing acceleration and vorticity. These corrections are of quantum origin and their leading terms are second order in the gradients of the thermodynamic fields. Their relevant coefficients can be expressed in terms of correlators of the stress-energy tensor operator and the generators of the Lorentz group. With respect to previous assessments, we find that there are more second-order coefficients and that all thermodynamic functions including energy density receive acceleration and vorticity dependent corrections. Notably, also the relation between ρ and p , that is, the equation of state, is affected by acceleration and vorticity. We have calculated the corrections for a free real scalar field—both massive and massless—and we have found that they increase, particularly for a massive field, at very high acceleration and vorticity and very low temperature. Finally, these nonideal terms depend on the explicit form of the stress-energy operator, implying that different stress-energy tensors of the scalar field—canonical or improved—are thermodynamically inequivalent. 3. Interacting holographic dark energy with logarithmic correction SciTech Connect Jamil, Mubasher; Farooq, M. Umar E-mail: mufarooq@yahoo.com 2010-03-01 The holographic dark energy (HDE) is considered to be the most promising candidate of dark energy. Its definition is motivated from the entropy-area relation which depends on the theory of gravity under consideration. Recently a new definition of HDE is proposed with the help of quantum corrections to the entropy-area relation in the setup of loop quantum cosmology. Employing this new definition, we investigate the model of interacting dark energy and derive its effective equation of state. Finally we establish a correspondence between generalized Chaplygin gas and entropy-corrected holographic dark energy. 4. Unified cosmology SciTech Connect Cho, Y.M. Department of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul ) 1990-04-15 Recently a unified cosmology was proposed as a higher-dimensional generalization of the standard big-bang cosmology. In this paper we discuss its foundation, characteristics, and possible cosmological solutions in detail. In particular we discuss how the missing-mass problem, the horizon problem, and the flatness problem of the standard model can be resolved within the context of this unified cosmology. 5. Effect of quantum corrections on Rayleigh-Taylor instability and internal waves in strongly coupled magnetized viscoelastic fluid 2016-07-01 The Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability is recently investigated is strongly coupled plasma looking to its importance in dense stellar systems and Inertial Confinement Fusion [1-3]. In the present work, the effect of quantum corrections are studied on Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability and internal wave propagation in a strongly coupled, magnetized, viscoelastic fluid. The modified generalized hydrodynamic model is used to derive the analytical dispersion relation. The internal wave mode and dispersion relation are modified due to the presence of quantum corrections and viscoelastic effects. We observe that strong coupling effects and quantum corrections significantly modifies the dispersion characteristics. The dispersion relation is also discussed in weakly coupled (hydrodynamic) and strongly coupled (kinetic) limits. The explicit expression of R-T instability criterion is derived which is influenced by shear velocity and quantum corrections. Numerical calculations are performed in astrophysical and experimental relevance and it is examined that both the shear and quantum effects suppresses the growth rate of R-T instability. The possible application of the work is discussed in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) to discuss the suppression of R-T instability under considered situation. References: [1] R. P. Prajapati, Phys. Plasmas 23, 022106 (2016). [2] K. Avinash and A. Sen, Phys. Plasmas 22, 083707 (2015). [3] A. Das and P. Kaw, Phys. Plasmas 21 (2014) 062102. 6. Correction. PubMed 2015-05-22 The Circulation Research article by Keith and Bolli (“String Theory” of c-kitpos Cardiac Cells: A New Paradigm Regarding the Nature of These Cells That May Reconcile Apparently Discrepant Results. Circ Res. 2015:116:1216-1230. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305557) states that van Berlo et al (2014) observed that large numbers of fibroblasts and adventitial cells, some smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and rare cardiomyocytes originated from c-kit positive progenitors. However, van Berlo et al reported that only occasional fibroblasts and adventitial cells derived from c-kit positive progenitors in their studies. Accordingly, the review has been corrected to indicate that van Berlo et al (2014) observed that large numbers of endothelial cells, with some smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, and more rarely cardiomyocytes, originated from c-kit positive progenitors in their murine model. The authors apologize for this error, and the error has been noted and corrected in the online version of the article, which is available at http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/116/7/1216.full ( PMID:25999426 7. Correction 1998-12-01 Alleged mosasaur bite marks on Late Cretaceous ammonites are limpet (patellogastropod) home scars Geology, v. 26, p. 947 950 (October 1998) This article had the following printing errors: p. 947, Abstract, line 11, “sepia” should be “septa” p. 947, 1st paragraph under Introduction, line 2, “creep” should be “deep” p. 948, column 1, 2nd paragraph, line 7, “creep” should be “deep” p. 949, column 1, 1st paragraph, line 1, “creep” should be “deep” p. 949, column 1, 1st paragraph, line 5, “19774” should be “1977)” p. 949, column 1, 4th paragraph, line 7, “in particular” should be “In particular” CORRECTION Mammalian community response to the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: An isotaphonomic study in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming Geology, v. 26, p. 1011 1014 (November 1998) An error appeared in the References Cited. The correct reference appears below: Fricke, H. C., Clyde, W. C., O'Neil, J. R., and Gingerich, P. D., 1998, Evidence for rapid climate change in North America during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: Oxygen isotope compositions of biogenic phosphate from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 160, p. 193 208. 8. Implementation of a three-qubit quantum error-correction code in a cavity-QED setup SciTech Connect Ottaviani, Carlo; Vitali, David 2010-07-15 The correction of errors is of fundamental importance for the development of contemporary computing devices and robust communication protocols. In this paper we propose a scheme for the implementation of the three-qubit quantum repetition code, exploiting the interaction of Rydberg atoms with the quantized mode of a microwave cavity field. Quantum information is encoded within two circular Rydberg states of the atoms and encoding and decoding processes are realized within two separate microwave cavities. We show that errors due to phase-noise fluctuations could be efficiently corrected using a state-of-the-art apparatus. 9. Low-temperature ignition delay for hydrogen-air mixtures in light of a reaction mechanism with quantum correction Medvedev, S. P.; Agafonov, G. L.; Khomik, S. V. 2016-09-01 A reaction mechanism with quantum correction is used to model low-temperature/high-pressure autoignition of lean hydrogen-air mixtures. This approach provides a good approximation for experimental data on autoignition delay and the low activation energy observed in experiments. Calculated results demonstrate that ignition delay time is inversely proportional to pressure, squared. The proposed scaling reduces spread in experimental data. The application of a quantum correction to hydrogen oxidation provides a basis for developing a general reaction mechanism that can be used to predict the autoignition behavior of hydrogen over an entire temperature/pressure range relevant to rocket engine conditions. 10. Quantum electrodynamic corrections for the valence shell in heavy many-electron atoms SciTech Connect Thierfelder, C.; Schwerdtfeger, P. 2010-12-15 We present quantum electrodynamic (QED) calculations within the picture of bound-state QED for the frequency-dependent Breit interaction between electrons, the vacuum polarization, and the electron self-energy correction starting from the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian for the ionization potentials of the group 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, and 18 elements of the periodic table, and down to the superheavy elements up to nuclear charge Z=120. The results for the s-block elements are in very good agreement with earlier studies by Labzowsky et al. [Phys. Rev. A 59, 2707 (1999)]. We discuss the influence of the variational versus perturbative treatment of the Breit interaction for valence-space ionization potentials. We argue that the lowest-order QED contributions become as important as the Breit interaction for ionization potentials out of the valence s shell. 11. Quantum counter for correcting fluorescence excitation spectra at 320- to 800-nm wavelengths. PubMed Nothnagel, E A 1987-05-15 A procedure for recording corrected fluorescence excitation spectra to wavelengths as long as 800 nm is described. The procedure involves the use of a commercial spectrofluorometer, which is modified by substituting 1,1',3,3,3',3'-hexamethylindotricarbocyanine perchlorate in place of rhodamine B as the quantum counter dye. This modification is applicable to spectrofluorometers supplied by several different manufacturers and can be accomplished by a user having only modest technical skills. A study of the fluorescence excitation spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll a is presented as an illustration of the use of the procedure. The procedure will be valuable in biological and biochemical studies that involve the use of long-wavelength fluorescent probes of either natural or synthetic origin. PMID:3619023 12. Quantum electrodynamic corrections for the valence shell in heavy many-electron atoms Thierfelder, C.; Schwerdtfeger, P. 2010-12-01 We present quantum electrodynamic (QED) calculations within the picture of bound-state QED for the frequency-dependent Breit interaction between electrons, the vacuum polarization, and the electron self-energy correction starting from the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian for the ionization potentials of the group 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, and 18 elements of the periodic table, and down to the superheavy elements up to nuclear charge Z=120. The results for the s-block elements are in very good agreement with earlier studies by Labzowsky [Phys. Rev. APLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.59.2707 59, 2707 (1999)]. We discuss the influence of the variational versus perturbative treatment of the Breit interaction for valence-space ionization potentials. We argue that the lowest-order QED contributions become as important as the Breit interaction for ionization potentials out of the valence s shell. 13. Quantum corrected model for plasmonic nanoparticles: A boundary element method implementation Hohenester, Ulrich 2015-05-01 We present a variant of the recently developed quantum corrected model (QCM) for plasmonic nanoparticles [Nat. Commun. 3, 825 (2012), 10.1038/ncomms1806] using nonlocal boundary conditions. The QCM accounts for electron tunneling in narrow gap regions of coupled metallic nanoparticles, leading to the appearance of new charge-transfer plasmons. Our approach has the advantages that it emphasizes the nonlocal nature of tunneling and introduces only contact resistance, but not ohmic losses through tunneling. Additionally, it can be implemented much more easily in boundary element method (BEM) approaches. We develop the methodology for the QCM using nonlocal boundary conditions and present simulation results of our BEM implementation, which are in good agreement with those of the original QCM. 14. Precursors, gauge invariance, and quantum error correction in AdS/CFT Freivogel, Ben; Jefferson, Robert A.; Kabir, Laurens 2016-04-01 A puzzling aspect of the AdS/CFT correspondence is that a single bulk operator can be mapped to multiple different boundary operators, or precursors. By improving upon a recent model of Mintun, Polchinski, and Rosenhaus, we demonstrate explicitly how this ambiguity arises in a simple model of the field theory. In particular, we show how gauge invariance in the boundary theory manifests as a freedom in the smearing function used in the bulk-boundary mapping, and explicitly show how this freedom can be used to localize the precursor in different spatial regions. We also show how the ambiguity can be understood in terms of quantum error correction, by appealing to the entanglement present in the CFT. The concordance of these two approaches suggests that gauge invariance and entanglement in the boundary field theory are intimately connected to the reconstruction of local operators in the dual spacetime. 15. Quantum corrections to energy of short spinning string in AdS{sub 5} SciTech Connect Tirziu, A.; Tseytlin, A. A. 2008-09-15 Motivated by a desire to shed light on the strong-coupling behavior of dimensions of short gauge-theory operators, we consider the famous example of folded spinning string in AdS{sub 5} in the limit of small semiclassical spin parameter S=(S/{radical}({lambda})). In this limit the string becomes short and is moving in a near-flat central region of AdS{sub 5}. Its energy scales with spin as E={radical}(2S)[a{sub 0}+a{sub 1}S+a{sub 2}S{sup 2}+...]. We explicitly compute the leading 1-loop quantum AdS{sub 5}xS{sup 5} superstring correction to the short string energy and show that the coefficient a{sub 0} is not renormalized from its classical value while a{sub 1} receives a nontrivial contribution containing {zeta}(3) 16. Interaction-induced corrections to conductance and thermopower in quantum wires. SciTech Connect Levchenko, A.; Ristivojevic, Z.; Micklitz, T.; Materials Science Division; Theorique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure; Freie Univ. Berlin 2011-01-19 We study transport properties of weakly interacting spinless electrons in one-dimensional single-channel quantum wires. The effects of interaction manifest as three-particle collisions due to the severe constraints imposed by the conservation laws on the two-body processes. We focus on short wires where the effects of equilibration on the distribution function can be neglected and the collision integral can be treated in perturbation theory. We find that interaction-induced corrections to conductance and thermopower rely on the scattering processes that change the number of right- and left-moving electrons. The latter requires transition at the bottom of the band which is exponentially suppressed at low temperatures. Our theory is based on the scattering approach that is beyond the Luttinger-liquid limit. We emphasize the crucial role of the exchange terms in the three-particle scattering amplitude that was not discussed in previous studies. 17. Logarithmic Entropy-Corrected Holographic Dark Energy in Hořava-Lifshitz cosmology with Granda-Oliveros cut-off 2013-12-01 In this work, we studied the Logarithmic Entropy-Corrected Holographic Dark Energy (LECHDE) model in a spatially non-flat universe and in the framework of Hořava-Lifshitz cosmology. As infrared cutoff of the system we considered the cut-off recently proposed by Granda and Oliveros which contains two terms, one proportional to H 2 and one to . For the two cases containing non-interacting and interacting Dark Energy (DE) and Dark Matter (DM), we obtained the exact differential equation that determines the evolution of the density parameter. Moreover, we derived the expressions of the deceleration parameter q and, using a parametrization of the equation of state (EoS) parameter ω D of our model as ω D ( z)= ω 0+ ω 1 z, we derived both the expressions of ω 0 and ω 1 for both non-interacting and interacting cases. All derivations made in this work are done in small redshift approximation and for low redshift expansion of the equation of state (EoS) parameter. 18. Timelike information broadcasting in cosmology Blasco, Ana; Garay, Luis J.; Martín-Benito, Mercedes; Martín-Martínez, Eduardo 2016-01-01 We study the transmission of information and correlations through quantum fields in cosmological backgrounds. With this aim, we make use of quantum information tools to quantify the classical and quantum correlations induced by a quantum massless scalar field in two particle detectors, one located in the early universe (Alice's) and the other located at a later time (Bob's). In particular, we focus on two phenomena: (a) the consequences on the transmission of information of the violations of the strong Huygens principle for quantum fields, and (b) the analysis of the field vacuum correlations via correlation harvesting from Alice to Bob. We will study a standard cosmological model first and then assess whether these results also hold if we use other than the general relativistic dynamics. As a particular example, we will study the transmission of information through the big bounce, that replaces the big bang, in the effective dynamics of loop quantum cosmology. 19. Cosmology solved? Maybe Turner, Michael S. 1999-03-01 For two decades the hot big-bang model as been referred to as the standard cosmology - and for good reason. For just as long cosmologists have known that there are fundamental questions that are not answered by the standard cosmology and point to a grander theory. The best candidate for that grander theory is inflation + cold dark matter. It holds that the Universe is flat, that slowly moving elementary particles left over from the earliest moments provide the cosmic infrastructure, and that the primeval density inhomogeneities that seed all the structure arose from quantum fluctuations. There is now prima facie evidence that supports two basic tenets of this paradigm. An avalanche of high-quality cosmological observations will soon make this case stronger or will break it. Key questions remain to be answered; foremost among them are: identification and detection of the cold dark matter particles and elucidation of the dark-energy component. These are exciting times in cosmology! 20. Quantized Cosmology: A Simple Approach SciTech Connect Weinstein, M 2004-06-03 I discuss the problem of inflation in the context of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Cosmology and show how, after a simple change of variables, to quantize the problem in a way which parallels the classical discussion. The result is that two of the Einstein equations arise as exact equations of motion and one of the usual Einstein equations (suitably quantized) survives as a constraint equation to be imposed on the space of physical states. However, the Friedmann equation, which is also a constraint equation and which is the basis of the Wheeler-deWitt equation, acquires a welcome quantum correction that becomes significant for small scale factors. To clarify how things work in this formalism I briefly outline the way in which our formalism works for the exactly solvable case of de-Sitter space. 1. Homogeneous noncommutative quantum cosmology SciTech Connect Maceda, Marco; Macias, Alfredo; Pimentel, Luis O. 2008-09-15 Using the Groenewold-Moyal product, the noncommutative Bianchi IX model is constructed by imposing commutation relations on the minisuperspace variables ({omega},{beta}{sub +},{beta}{sub -}). A noncommutative 'wormhole' solution to the corresponding Wheeler-DeWitt equation is constructed and its behavior at fixed {omega} is analyzed. 2. A classical treatment of optical tunneling in plasmonic gaps: extending the quantum corrected model to practical situations. PubMed Esteban, Rubén; Zugarramurdi, Asier; Zhang, Pu; Nordlander, Peter; García-Vidal, Francisco J; Borisov, Andrei G; Aizpurua, Javier 2015-01-01 The optical response of plasmonic nanogaps is challenging to address when the separation between the two nanoparticles forming the gap is reduced to a few nanometers or even subnanometer distances. We have compared results of the plasmon response within different levels of approximation, and identified a classical local regime, a nonlocal regime and a quantum regime of interaction. For separations of a few Ångstroms, in the quantum regime, optical tunneling can occur, strongly modifying the optics of the nanogap. We have considered a classical effective model, so called Quantum Corrected Model (QCM), that has been introduced to correctly describe the main features of optical transport in plasmonic nanogaps. The basics of this model are explained in detail, and its implementation is extended to include nonlocal effects and address practical situations involving different materials and temperatures of operation. PMID:25739465 3. The cosmological constant problem and re-interpretation of time Luo, M. J. 2014-07-01 We abandon the interpretation that time is a global parameter in quantum mechanics, replace it by a quantum dynamical variable playing the role of time. This operational re-interpretation of time provides a solution to the cosmological constant problem. The expectation value of the zero-point energy under the new time variable vanishes. The fluctuation of the vacuum energy as the leading contribution to the gravitational effect gives a correct order to the observed "dark energy". The "dark energy" as a mirage is always seen comparable with the matter energy density by an observer using the internal clock time. Conceptual consequences of the re-interpretation of time are also discussed. 4. Simulation of Ultra-Small MOSFETs Using a 2-D Quantum-Corrected Drift-Diffusion Model NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Biegel, Bryan A.; Rafferty, Conor S.; Yu, Zhiping; Dutton, Robert W.; Ancona, Mario G.; Saini, Subhash (Technical Monitor) 1998-01-01 We describe an electronic transport model and an implementation approach that respond to the challenges of device modeling for gigascale integration. We use the density-gradient (DG) transport model, which adds tunneling and quantum smoothing of carrier density profiles to the drift-diffusion model. We present the current implementation of the DG model in PROPHET, a partial differential equation solver developed by Lucent Technologies. This implementation approach permits rapid development and enhancement of models, as well as run-time modifications and model switching. We show that even in typical bulk transport devices such as P-N diodes and BJTs, DG quantum effects can significantly modify the I-V characteristics. Quantum effects are shown to be even more significant in small, surface transport devices, such as sub-0.1 micron MOSFETs. In thin-oxide MOS capacitors, we find that quantum effects may reduce gate capacitance by 25% or more. The inclusion of quantum effects in simulations dramatically improves the match between C-V simulations and measurements. Significant quantum corrections also occur in the I-V characteristics of short-channel MOSFETs due to the gate capacitance correction. 5. Plasma Redshift Cosmology Brynjolfsson, Ari 2011-04-01 The newly discovered plasma redshift cross section explains a long range of phenomena; including the cosmological redshift, and the intrinsic redshift of Sun, stars, galaxies and quasars. It explains the beautiful black body spectrum of the CMB, and it predicts correctly: a) the observed XRB, b) the magnitude redshift relation for supernovae, and c) the surface- brightness-redshift relation for galaxies. There is no need for Big Bang, Inflation, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Accelerated Expansion, and Black Holes. The universe is quasi-static and can renew itself forever (for details, see: http://www.plasmaredshift.org). There is no cosmic time dilation. In intergalactic space, the average electron temperature is T = 2.7 million K, and the average electron density is N = 0.0002 per cubic cm. Plasma redshift is derived theoretically from conventional axioms of physics by using more accurate methods than those conventionally used. The main difference is: 1) the proper inclusion of the dielectric constant, 2) more exact calculations of imaginary part of the dielectric constant, and as required 3) a quantum mechanical treatment of the interactions. 6. The Future of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology Gibbons, G. W.; Shellard, E. P. S.; Rankin, S. J. 2003-11-01 Based on lectures given in honor of Stephen Hawking's 60th birthday, this book comprises contributions from the world's leading theoretical physicists. Popular lectures progress to a critical evaluation of more advanced subjects in modern cosmology and theoretical physics. Topics covered include the origin of the universe, warped spacetime, cosmological singularities, quantum gravity, black holes, string theory, quantum cosmology and inflation. The volume provides a fascinating overview of the variety of subjects to which Stephen Hawking has contributed. 7. Generalized nonequilibrium vertex correction method in coherent medium theory for quantum transport simulation of disordered nanoelectronics Yan, Jiawei; Ke, Youqi 2016-07-01 Electron transport properties of nanoelectronics can be significantly influenced by the inevitable and randomly distributed impurities/defects. For theoretical simulation of disordered nanoscale electronics, one is interested in both the configurationally averaged transport property and its statistical fluctuation that tells device-to-device variability induced by disorder. However, due to the lack of an effective method to do disorder averaging under the nonequilibrium condition, the important effects of disorders on electron transport remain largely unexplored or poorly understood. In this work, we report a general formalism of Green's function based nonequilibrium effective medium theory to calculate the disordered nanoelectronics. In this method, based on a generalized coherent potential approximation for the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green's function, we developed a generalized nonequilibrium vertex correction method to calculate the average of a two-Keldysh-Green's-function correlator. We obtain nine nonequilibrium vertex correction terms, as a complete family, to express the average of any two-Green's-function correlator and find they can be solved by a set of linear equations. As an important result, the averaged nonequilibrium density matrix, averaged current, disorder-induced current fluctuation, and averaged shot noise, which involve different two-Green's-function correlators, can all be derived and computed in an effective and unified way. To test the general applicability of this method, we applied it to compute the transmission coefficient and its fluctuation with a square-lattice tight-binding model and compared with the exact results and other previously proposed approximations. Our results show very good agreement with the exact results for a wide range of disorder concentrations and energies. In addition, to incorporate with density functional theory to realize first-principles quantum transport simulation, we have also derived a general form of 8. Spin radiative corrections to the radiation probability and power in classical and quantum electrodynamics Lebedev, S. L. 2016-04-01 Spin radiative effects in a one-particle sector of QED have a dual nature and can be understood with the Frenkel classical rotating-electron model. In the region of parameters under study γ⊥ 2 ≫ 1 (γ⊥ 2 = 1 + p ⊥ 2/ m 2) and χ ≪ 1 (χ = {{√ {{{( {e{F_{μ v}}{p_v}} )}^2}} } {/ {{√ ( {e{F_{μ v}}{p_v}} )}^2}} {m^3}, the imaginary part of the mass shift and radiation power contain two types of spin contributions. The contributions of the first type are related to the intrinsic magnetic moment of a fermion representing an additional source of electromagnetic radiation. The contributions of the second type have the opposite sign and are caused by a small change in the electron acceleration appearing due to the Frenkel addition to the particle mass. Contributions of the second type dominate, which explains the "wrong" sign of total spin corrections. We show that not only the sign but also the values of coefficients can be explained with specified accuracy using classical electrodynamics if corrections to the mass shift (action) and radiation power are calculated in canonical variables, i.e., for fixed velocity and momentum values, respectively. The results can be treated as a demonstration of the correspondence principle in the field of radiative spin effects, in addition to correspondence between classical and quantum theories at the tree (in the external filed) level. For a e ≡ ( g-2)/2 ≲ χ ≪ 1, equations of the Frenkel model lead to generalization of the system of Lorentz-BMT (Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi) equations taking into account the Frenkel addition to mass. Some features of experimental observations of the spin light are discussed. 9. Cosmology Quantized in Cosmic Time SciTech Connect Weinstein, M 2004-06-03 This paper discusses the problem of inflation in the context of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Cosmology. We show how, after a simple change of variables, to quantize the problem in a way which parallels the classical discussion. The result is that two of the Einstein equations arise as exact equations of motion and one of the usual Einstein equations (suitably quantized) survives as a constraint equation to be imposed on the space of physical states. However, the Friedmann equation, which is also a constraint equation and which is the basis of the Wheeler-deWitt equation, acquires a welcome quantum correction that becomes significant for small scale factors. We discuss the extension of this result to a full quantum mechanical derivation of the anisotropy ({delta} {rho}/{rho}) in the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the possibility that the extra term in the Friedmann equation could have observable consequences. To clarify the general formalism and explicitly show why we choose to weaken the statement of the Wheeler-deWitt equation, we apply the general formalism to de Sitter space. After exactly solving the relevant Heisenberg equations of motion we give a detailed discussion of the subtleties associated with defining physical states and the emergence of the classical theory. This computation provides the striking result that quantum corrections to this long wavelength limit of gravity eliminate the problem of the big crunch. We also show that the same corrections lead to possibly measurable effects on the CMB radiation. For the sake of completeness, we discuss the special case, {lambda} = 0, and its relation to Minkowski space. Finally, we suggest interesting ways in which these techniques can be generalized to cast light on the question of chaotic or eternal inflation. In particular, we suggest one can put an experimental lower bound on the distance to a universe with a scale factor very different from our own, by looking at its effects on our CMB 10. Simulations of structure II H2 and D2 clathrates: potentials incorporating quantum corrections. PubMed Alavi, Saman; Klug, D D; Ripmeester, J A 2008-02-14 Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the stability of structure II H(2) and D(2) clathrates with different large and small guest occupancies at 160 and 250 K and 2.0 kbars. Simulations are performed with the recently proposed anisotropic site-site potentials of Wang for H2 and D2 [J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 76, 23 (2003)] which are parameterized to account for quantum corrections of order variant Planck's over 2pi(2) in the second virial coefficient. Occupancies of 0-2 in the small cages and 2-5 in the large cages are considered. Thermodynamic integration is used to determine the most stable guest occupancy at each temperature. Since lattice free energy and configurational energy differences are small for a number of different combinations of cage occupancies, one must expect that in bulk samples various combinations will indeed be observed. Special attention is given to the differences between H(2) and D(2) guests and implications on the hydrogen storage capacity of the clathrates are discussed. PMID:18282055 11. Simulations of structure II H2 and D2 clathrates: Potentials incorporating quantum corrections Alavi, Saman; Klug, D. D.; Ripmeester, J. A. 2008-02-01 Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the stability of structure II H2 and D2 clathrates with different large and small guest occupancies at 160 and 250K and 2.0kbars. Simulations are performed with the recently proposed anisotropic site-site potentials of Wang for H2 and D2 [J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 76, 23 (2003)] which are parameterized to account for quantum corrections of order ℏ2 in the second virial coefficient. Occupancies of 0-2 in the small cages and 2-5 in the large cages are considered. Thermodynamic integration is used to determine the most stable guest occupancy at each temperature. Since lattice free energy and configurational energy differences are small for a number of different combinations of cage occupancies, one must expect that in bulk samples various combinations will indeed be observed. Special attention is given to the differences between H2 and D2 guests and implications on the hydrogen storage capacity of the clathrates are discussed. 12. Emergent cosmology revisited SciTech Connect Bag, Satadru; Sahni, Varun; Shtanov, Yuri; Unnikrishnan, Sanil E-mail: varun@iucaa.ernet.in E-mail: sanil@lnmiit.ac.in 2014-07-01 We explore the possibility of emergent cosmology using the effective potential formalism. We discover new models of emergent cosmology which satisfy the constraints posed by the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We demonstrate that, within the framework of modified gravity, the emergent scenario can arise in a universe which is spatially open/closed. By contrast, in general relativity (GR) emergent cosmology arises from a spatially closed past-eternal Einstein Static Universe (ESU). In GR the ESU is unstable, which creates fine tuning problems for emergent cosmology. However, modified gravity models including Braneworld models, Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) and Asymptotically Free Gravity result in a stable ESU. Consequently, in these models emergent cosmology arises from a larger class of initial conditions including those in which the universe eternally oscillates about the ESU fixed point. We demonstrate that such an oscillating universe is necessarily accompanied by graviton production. For a large region in parameter space graviton production is enhanced through a parametric resonance, casting serious doubts as to whether this emergent scenario can be past-eternal. 13. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. 2010-12-01 Part I. Fundamental Concepts: 1. Introduction and overview; 2. Introduction to quantum mechanics; 3. Introduction to computer science; Part II. Quantum Computation: 4. Quantum circuits; 5. The quantum Fourier transform and its application; 6. Quantum search algorithms; 7. Quantum computers: physical realization; Part III. Quantum Information: 8. Quantum noise and quantum operations; 9. Distance measures for quantum information; 10. Quantum error-correction; 11. Entropy and information; 12. Quantum information theory; Appendices; References; Index. 14. Qubits in phase space: Wigner-function approach to quantum-error correction and the mean-king problem SciTech Connect Paz, Juan Pablo; Roncaglia, Augusto Jose; Saraceno, Marcos 2005-07-15 We analyze and further develop a method to represent the quantum state of a system of n qubits in a phase-space grid of NxN points (where N=2{sup n}). The method, which was recently proposed by Wootters and co-workers (Gibbons et al., Phys. Rev. A 70, 062101 (2004).), is based on the use of the elements of the finite field GF(2{sup n}) to label the phase-space axes. We present a self-contained overview of the method, we give insights into some of its features, and we apply it to investigate problems which are of interest for quantum-information theory: We analyze the phase-space representation of stabilizer states and quantum error-correction codes and present a phase-space solution to the so-called mean king problem. 15. Cosmological model favored by the holographic principle Dymnikova, Irina; Dobosz, Anna; Sołtysek, Bożena 2016-03-01 We present a regular spherically symmetric cosmological model of the Lemaitre class distinguished by the holographic principle as the thermodynamically stable end-point of quantum evaporation of the cosmological horizon. A source term in the Einstein equations connects smoothly two de Sitter vacua with different values of cosmological constant and corresponds to anisotropic vacuum dark fluid defined by symmetry of its stress-energy tensor which is invariant under the radial boosts. Global structure of space-time is the same as for the de Sitter space-time. Cosmological evolution goes from a big initial value of the cosmological constant towards its presently observed value. 16. Observational Cosmology Sanders, Robert H. I discuss the classical cosmological tests, i.e., angular size-redshift, flux-redshift, and galaxy number counts, in the light of the cosmology prescribed by the interpretation of the CMB anisotropies. The discussion is somewhat of a primer for physicists, with emphasis upon the possible systematic uncertainties in the observations and their interpretation. Given the curious composition of the Universe inherent in the emerging cosmological model, I stress the value of searching for inconsistencies rather than concordance, and suggest that the prevailing mood of triumphalism in cosmology is premature. 17. Self-absorption correction for solid-state photoluminescence quantum yields obtained from integrating sphere measurements. PubMed Ahn, Tai-Sang; Al-Kaysi, Rabih O; Müller, Astrid M; Wentz, Katherine M; Bardeen, Christopher J 2007-08-01 A new method is presented for analyzing the effects of self-absorption on photoluminescence integrating sphere quantum yield measurements. Both the observed quantum yield and luminescence spectrum are used to determine the self-absorption probability, taking into account both the initial emission and subsequent absorption and reemission processes. The analysis is experimentally validated using the model system of the laser dye perylene red dispersed in a polymer film. This approach represents an improvement over previous methods that tend to overestimate the true quantum yield, especially in cases with high sample absorbance or quantum yield values. PMID:17764365 18. Correction: Charge-tunnelling and self-trapping: common origins for blinking, grey-state emission and photoluminescence enhancement in semiconductor quantum dots Osborne, M. A.; Fisher, A. A. E. 2016-07-01 Correction for Charge-tunnelling and self-trapping: common origins for blinking, grey-state emission and photoluminescence enhancement in semiconductor quantum dots' by M. A. Osborne, et al., Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 9272-9283. 19. Thermal tachyacoustic cosmology Agarwal, Abhineet; Afshordi, Niayesh 2014-08-01 An intriguing possibility that can address pathologies in both early Universe cosmology (i.e. the horizon problem) and quantum gravity (i.e. nonrenormalizability), is that particles at very high energies and/or temperatures could propagate arbitrarily fast. A concrete realization of this possibility for the early Universe is the tachyacoustic (or speedy sound) cosmology, which could also produce a scale-invariant spectrum for scalar cosmological perturbations. Here, we study thermal tachyacoustic cosmology (TTC), i.e. this scenario with thermal initial conditions. We find that a phase transition in the early Universe, around the scale of the grand unified theory (GUT scale; T ˜1015 GeV), during which the speed of sound drops by 25 orders of magnitude within a Hubble time, can fit current CMB observations. We further discuss how production of primordial black holes constrains the cosmological acoustic history, while coupling TTC to Horava-Lifshitz gravity leads to a lower limit on the amplitude of tensor modes (r≳10-3), that are detectable by CMBpol (and might have already been seen by the BICEP-Keck Collaboration). 20. Power-Law entropy corrected holographic dark energy model 2011-10-01 Among various scenarios to explain the acceleration of the universe expansion, the holographic dark energy (HDE) model has got a lot of enthusiasm recently. In the derivation of holographic energy density, the area relation of the black hole entropy plays a crucial role. Indeed, the power-law corrections to entropy appear in dealing with the entanglement of quantum fields in and out the horizon. Inspired by the power-law corrected entropy, we propose the so-called "power-law entropy-corrected holographic dark energy" (PLECHDE) in this Letter. We investigate the cosmological implications of this model and calculate some relevant cosmological parameters and their evolution. We also briefly study the so-called "power-law entropy-corrected agegraphic dark energy" (PLECADE). 1. Fault-tolerant logical gates in quantum error-correcting codes Pastawski, Fernando; Yoshida, Beni 2015-01-01 Recently, S. Bravyi and R. König [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 170503 (2013), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.170503] have shown that there is a trade-off between fault-tolerantly implementable logical gates and geometric locality of stabilizer codes. They consider locality-preserving operations which are implemented by a constant-depth geometrically local circuit and are thus fault tolerant by construction. In particular, they show that, for local stabilizer codes in D spatial dimensions, locality-preserving gates are restricted to a set of unitary gates known as the D th level of the Clifford hierarchy. In this paper, we explore this idea further by providing several extensions and applications of their characterization to qubit stabilizer and subsystem codes. First, we present a no-go theorem for self-correcting quantum memory. Namely, we prove that a three-dimensional stabilizer Hamiltonian with a locality-preserving implementation of a non-Clifford gate cannot have a macroscopic energy barrier. This result implies that non-Clifford gates do not admit such implementations in Haah's cubic code and Michnicki's welded code. Second, we prove that the code distance of a D -dimensional local stabilizer code with a nontrivial locality-preserving m th -level Clifford logical gate is upper bounded by O (LD +1 -m) . For codes with non-Clifford gates (m >2 ), this improves the previous best bound by S. Bravyi and B. Terhal [New. J. Phys. 11, 043029 (2009), 10.1088/1367-2630/11/4/043029]. Topological color codes, introduced by H. Bombin and M. A. Martin-Delgado [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 180501 (2006), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.180501; Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 160502 (2007), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.160502; Phys. Rev. B 75, 075103 (2007), 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.075103], saturate the bound for m =D . Third, we prove that the qubit erasure threshold for codes with a nontrivial transversal m th -level Clifford logical gate is upper bounded by 1 /m . This implies that no family of fault-tolerant codes with 2. Generalized non-equilibrium vertex correction method in coherent medium theory for quantum transport simulation of disordered nanoelectronics Yan, Jiawei; Ke, Youqi In realistic nanoelectronics, disordered impurities/defects are inevitable and play important roles in electron transport. However, due to the lack of effective quantum transport method, the important effects of disorders remain poorly understood. Here, we report a generalized non-equilibrium vertex correction (NVC) method with coherent potential approximation to treat the disorder effects in quantum transport simulation. With this generalized NVC method, any averaged product of two single-particle Green's functions can be obtained by solving a set of simple linear equations. As a result, the averaged non-equilibrium density matrix and various important transport properties, including averaged current, disordered induced current fluctuation and the averaged shot noise, can all be efficiently computed in a unified scheme. Moreover, a generalized form of conditionally averaged non-equilibrium Green's function is derived to incorporate with density functional theory to enable first-principles simulation. We prove the non-equilibrium coherent potential equals the non-equilibrium vertex correction. Our approach provides a unified, efficient and self-consistent method for simulating non-equilibrium quantum transport through disorder nanoelectronics. Shanghaitech start-up fund. 3. Newtonian and relativistic cosmologies Green, Stephen R.; Wald, Robert M. 2012-03-01 Cosmological N-body simulations are now being performed using Newtonian gravity on scales larger than the Hubble radius. It is well known that a uniformly expanding, homogeneous ball of dust in Newtonian gravity satisfies the same equations as arise in relativistic Friedmann-Lemaître-Robinson-Walker cosmology, and it also is known that a correspondence between Newtonian and relativistic dust cosmologies continues to hold in linearized perturbation theory in the marginally bound/spatially flat case. Nevertheless, it is far from obvious that Newtonian gravity can provide a good global description of an inhomogeneous cosmology when there is significant nonlinear dynamical behavior at small scales. We investigate this issue in the light of a perturbative framework that we have recently developed [S. R. Green and R. M. Wald, Phys. Rev. DPRVDAQ1550-7998 83, 084020 (2011).10.1103/PhysRevD.83.084020], which allows for such nonlinearity at small scales. We propose a relatively straightforward dictionary—which is exact at the linearized level—that maps Newtonian dust cosmologies into general relativistic dust cosmologies, and we use our “ordering scheme” to determine the degree to which the resulting metric and matter distribution solve Einstein’s equation. We find that, within our ordering scheme, Einstein’s equation fails to hold at “order 1” at small scales and at “order ɛ” at large scales. We then find the additional corrections to the metric and matter distribution needed to satisfy Einstein’s equation to these orders. While these corrections are of some interest in their own right, our main purpose in calculating them is that their smallness should provide a criterion for the validity of the original dictionary (as well as simplified versions of this dictionary). We expect that, in realistic Newtonian cosmologies, these additional corrections will be very small; if so, this should provide strong justification for the use of Newtonian simulations 4. Simulation of Ultra-Small MOSFETs Using a 2-D Quantum-Corrected Drift-Diffusion Model NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Biegal, Bryan A.; Rafferty, Connor S.; Yu, Zhiping; Ancona, Mario G.; Dutton, Robert W.; Saini, Subhash (Technical Monitor) 1998-01-01 The continued down-scaling of electronic devices, in particular the commercially dominant MOSFET, will force a fundamental change in the process of new electronics technology development in the next five to ten years. The cost of developing new technology generations is soaring along with the price of new fabrication facilities, even as competitive pressure intensifies to bring this new technology to market faster than ever before. To reduce cost and time to market, device simulation must become a more fundamental, indeed dominant, part of the technology development cycle. In order to produce these benefits, simulation accuracy must improve markedly. At the same time, device physics will become more complex, with the rapid increase in various small-geometry and quantum effects. This work describes both an approach to device simulator development and a physical model which advance the effort to meet the tremendous electronic device simulation challenge described above. The device simulation approach is to specify the physical model at a high level to a general-purpose (but highly efficient) partial differential equation solver (in this case PROPHET, developed by Lucent Technologies), which then simulates the model in 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D for a specified device and test regime. This approach allows for the rapid investigation of a wide range of device models and effects, which is certainly essential for device simulation to catch up with, and then stay ahead of, electronic device technology of the present and future. The physical device model used in this work is the density-gradient (DG) quantum correction to the drift-diffusion model [Ancona, Phys. Rev. B 35(5), 7959 (1987)]. This model adds tunneling and quantum smoothing of carrier density profiles to the drift-diffusion model. We used the DG model in 1-D and 2-D (for the first time) to simulate both bipolar and unipolar devices. Simulations of heavily-doped, short-base diodes indicated that the DG quantum 5. Correcting errors in a quantum gate with pushed ions via optimal control SciTech Connect Poulsen, Uffe V.; Sklarz, Shlomo; Tannor, David; Calarco, Tommaso 2010-07-15 We analyze in detail the so-called pushing gate for trapped ions, introducing a time-dependent harmonic approximation for the external motion. We show how to extract the average fidelity for the gate from the resulting semiclassical simulations. We characterize and quantify precisely all types of errors coming from the quantum dynamics and reveal that slight nonlinearities in the ion-pushing force can have a dramatic effect on the adiabaticity of gate operation. By means of quantum optimal control techniques, we show how to suppress each of the resulting gate errors in order to reach a high fidelity compatible with scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. 6. Correspondence between entropy-corrected holographic and Gauss-Bonnet dark-energy models Setare, M. R.; Jamil, Mubasher 2010-11-01 In the present work we investigate the cosmological implications of the entropy-corrected holographic dark-energy (ECHDE) density in the Gauss-Bonnet framework. This is motivated from the loop quantum gravity corrections to the entropy-area law. Assuming the two cosmological scenarios are valid simultaneously, we show that there is a correspondence between the ECHDE scenario in flat universe and the phantom dark-energy model in the framework of the Gauss-Bonnet theory with a potential. This correspondence leads consistently to an accelerating universe. 7. Morphological evolution of InAs/InP quantum wires through aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. PubMed Sales, D L; Varela, M; Pennycook, S J; Galindo, P L; González, L; González, Y; Fuster, D; Molina, S I 2010-08-13 Evolution of the size, shape and composition of self-assembled InAs/InP quantum wires through the Stranski-Krastanov transition has been determined by aberration-corrected Z-contrast imaging. High resolution compositional maps of the wires in the initial, intermediate and final formation stages are presented. (001) is the main facet at their very initial stage of formation, which is gradually reduced in favour of [114] or [118], ending with the formation of mature quantum wires with {114} facets. Significant changes in wire dimensions are measured when varying slightly the amount of InAs deposited. These results are used as input parameters to build three-dimensional models that allow calculation of the strain energy during the quantum wire formation process. The observed morphological evolution is explained in terms of the calculated elastic energy changes at the growth front. Regions of the wetting layer close to the nanostructure perimeters have higher strain energy, causing migration of As atoms towards the quantum wire terraces, where the structure is partially relaxed; the thickness of the wetting layer is reduced in these zones and the island height increases until the (001) facet is removed. PMID:20647625 8. Self-protection of massive cosmological gravitons SciTech Connect Berkhahn, Felix; Dietrich, Dennis D.; Hofmann, Stefan E-mail: dietrich@cp3.sdu.dk 2010-11-01 Relevant deformations of gravity present an exciting window of opportunity to probe the rigidity of gravity on cosmological scales. For a single-graviton theory, the leading relevant deformation constitutes a graviton mass term. In this paper, we investigate the classical and quantum stability of massive cosmological gravitons on generic Friedman backgrounds. For a Universe expanding towards a de Sitter epoch, we find that massive cosmological gravitons are self-protected against unitarity violations by a strong coupling phenomenon. 9. Quantum error correction of continuous-variable states against Gaussian noise SciTech Connect Ralph, T. C. 2011-08-15 We describe a continuous-variable error correction protocol that can correct the Gaussian noise induced by linear loss on Gaussian states. The protocol can be implemented using linear optics and photon counting. We explore the theoretical bounds of the protocol as well as the expected performance given current knowledge and technology. 10. Cosmological structure problem of the pre-big bang scenario Hwang, Jai-chan 1998-02-01 We calculate the density and gravitational wave spectrums generated in a version of string cosmology termed pre-big bang scenario. The large scale structures are originated from quantum fluctuations of the metric and dilaton field during a pole-like inflation stage driven by a potential-less dilaton field realized in the low-energy effective action of string theory. The generated classical density field and the gravitational wave in the second horizon crossing epoch show tilted spectrums with n ⋍ 4 and n T ⋍ 3 , respectively. These differ from the observed spectrum of the large angular scale anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation which supports scale invariant ones with n ⋍ 1 and n T ⋍ 0 . This suggests that the pre-big bang stage is not suitable for generating the present day observable large scale structures, and suggests the importance of investigating the quantum generation processes during stringy era with higher order quantum correction terms. 11. String inspired brane world cosmology. PubMed Germani, Cristiano; Sopuerta, Carlos F 2002-06-10 We consider brane world scenarios including the leading correction to the Einstein-Hilbert action suggested by superstring theory, the Gauss-Bonnet term. We obtain and study the complete set of equations governing the cosmological dynamics. We find they have the same form as those in Randall-Sundrum scenarios but with time-varying four-dimensional gravitational and cosmological constants. By studying the bulk geometry we show that this variation is produced by bulk curvature terms parametrized by the mass of a black hole. Finally, we show there is a coupling between these curvature terms and matter that can be relevant for early universe cosmology. PMID:12059347 12. Semiclassical solutions of generalized Wheeler-DeWitt cosmology de Cesare, Marco; Gargiulo, Maria Vittoria; Sakellariadou, Mairi 2016-01-01 We consider an extension of Wheeler-DeWitt minisuperpace cosmology with additional interaction terms that preserve the linear structure of the theory. General perturbative methods are developed and applied to known semiclassical solutions for a closed Universe filled with a massless scalar. The exact Feynman propagator of the free theory is derived by means of a conformal transformation in minisuperspace. As an example, a stochastic interaction term is considered, and first order perturbative corrections are computed. It is argued that such an interaction can be used to describe the interaction of the cosmological background with the microscopic d.o.f. of the gravitational field. A Helmoltz-like equation is considered for the case of interactions that do not depend on the internal time, and the corresponding Green's kernel is obtained exactly. The possibility of linking this approach to fundamental theories of quantum gravity is investigated. 13. Cosmological antigravity. Krauss, L. M. 1999-01-01 The long-derided cosmological constant - a contrivance of Albert Einstein's that represents a bizarre form of energy inherent in space itself - is one of two contenders for explaining changes in the expansion rate of the Universe. 14. Modular cosmology. Banks, T. This talk is a summary of work done in collaboration with Micha Berkooz, Greg Moore, Steve Shenker and Paul Steinhardt on a cosmology whose early history is described in terms of the moduli fields of string theory. 15. Higher-order corrections to dust ion-acoustic soliton in a quantum dusty plasma SciTech Connect Chatterjee, Prasanta; Das, Brindaban; Mondal, Ganesh; Muniandy, S. V.; Wong, C. S. 2010-10-15 Dust ion-acoustic soliton is studied in an electron-dust-ion plasma by employing a two-fluid quantum hydrodynamic model. Ions and electrons are assumed to follow quantum mechanical behaviors in dust background. The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and higher order contribution to KdV equations are derived using reductive perturbation technique. The higher order contribution is obtained as a higher order inhomogeneous differential equation. The nonsecular solution of the higher order contribution is obtained by using the renormalization method and the particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation is determined using a truncated series solution method. The effects of dust concentration, quantum parameter for ions and electrons, and soliton velocity on the amplitude and width of the dressed soliton are discussed. 16. Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Correct? Brassard, Gilles; Méthot, André Allan 2010-04-01 In an earlier paper written in loving memory of Asher Peres, we gave a critical analysis of the celebrated 1935 paper in which Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) challenged the completeness of quantum mechanics. There, we had pointed out logical shortcomings in the EPR paper. Now, we raise additional questions concerning their suggested program to find a theory that would “provide a complete description of the physical reality”. In particular, we investigate the extent to which the EPR argumentation could have lead to the more dramatic conclusion that quantum mechanics is in fact incorrect. With this in mind, we propose a speculation, made necessary by a logical shortcoming in the EPR paper caused by the lack of a necessary condition for “elements of reality”, and surmise that an eventually complete theory would either be inconsistent with quantum mechanics, or would at least violate Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. 17. Cosmological Perturbations Lesgourges, J. 2013-08-01 We present a self-contained summary of the theory of linear cosmological perturbations. We emphasize the effect of the six parameters of the minimal cosmological model, first, on the spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background temperature anisotropies, and second, on the linear matter power spectrum. We briefly review at the end the possible impact of a few non-minimal dark matter and dark energy models. 18. Necessity of an energy barrier for self-correction of Abelian quantum doubles Kómár, Anna; Landon-Cardinal, Olivier; Temme, Kristan 2016-05-01 We rigorously establish an Arrhenius law for the mixing time of quantum doubles based on any Abelian group Zd. We have made the concept of the energy barrier therein mathematically well defined; it is related to the minimum energy cost the environment has to provide to the system in order to produce a generalized Pauli error, maximized for any generalized Pauli errors, not only logical operators. We evaluate this generalized energy barrier in Abelian quantum double models and find it to be a constant independent of system size. Thus, we rule out the possibility of entropic protection for this broad group of models. 19. Effects of vertex corrections on diagrammatic approximations applied to the study of transport through a quantum dot Tosi, Leandro; Roura-Bas, Pablo; Llois, Ana María; Manuel, Luis O. 2011-02-01 In the present work, we calculate the conductance through a single quantum dot weakly coupled to metallic contacts. We use the spin-1/2 Anderson model to describe the quantum dot, while considering a finite Coulomb repulsion. We solve the interacting system using the noncrossing approximation (NCA) and the one-crossing approximation (OCA). We obtain the linear response conductance as a function of temperature and energy position of the localized level. From the comparison of both approximations we extract the role of the vertex corrections, which are introduced in the OCA calculations and neglected in the NCA scheme. As a function of the energy position, we observe that the diagrams omitted within the NCA are really important for appropriately describing transport phenomena in Kondo systems as well as in the mixed valence regime. On the other hand, as a function of temperature, the corrections introduced by the OCA partly recover the universal scaling properties known from numerical approaches such as the numerical renormalization group. 20. Quantum reduced loop gravity: Universe on a lattice Alesci, Emanuele; Cianfrani, Francesco 2015-10-01 We describe the quantum flat universe in Quantum Reduced Loop Gravity in terms of states based on cuboidal graphs with six-valent nodes. We investigate the action of the scalar constraint operator at each node, and we construct proper semiclassical states. This allows us to discuss the semiclassical effective dynamics of the quantum universe, which resembles that of Loop Quantum Cosmology. In particular, the regulator is identified with the third root of the inverse number of nodes within each homogeneous patch, while inverse-volume corrections are enhanced. 1. Cosmology without inflation SciTech Connect Peter, Patrick; Pinto-Neto, Nelson 2008-09-15 We propose a new cosmological paradigm in which our observed expanding phase is originated from an initially large contracting Universe that subsequently experienced a bounce. This category of models, being geodesically complete, is nonsingular and horizon-free and can be made to prevent any relevant scale to ever have been smaller than the Planck length. In this scenario, one can find new ways to solve the standard cosmological puzzles. One can also obtain scale invariant spectra for both scalar and tensor perturbations: this will be the case, for instance, if the contracting Universe is dust-dominated at the time at which large wavelength perturbations get larger than the curvature scale. We present a particular example based on a dust fluid classically contracting model, where a bounce occurs due to quantum effects, in which these features are explicit. 2. Discrete Newtonian cosmology: perturbations Ellis, George F. R.; Gibbons, Gary W. 2015-03-01 In a previous paper (Gibbons and Ellis 2014 Discrete Newtonian cosmology Class. Quantum Grav. 31 025003), we showed how a finite system of discrete particles interacting with each other via Newtonian gravitational attraction would lead to precisely the same dynamical equations for homothetic motion as in the case of the pressure-free Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmological models of general relativity theory, provided the distribution of particles obeys the central configuration equation. In this paper we show that one can obtain perturbed such Newtonian solutions that give the same linearized structure growth equations as in the general relativity case. We also obtain the Dmitriev-Zel’dovich equations for subsystems in this discrete gravitational model, and show how it leads to the conclusion that voids have an apparent negative mass. 3. The Higgs boson and cosmology. PubMed Shaposhnikov, Mikhail 2015-01-13 I will discuss how the Higgs field of the Standard Model may have played an important role in cosmology, leading to the homogeneity, isotropy and flatness of the Universe; producing the quantum fluctuations that seed structure formation; triggering the radiation-dominated era of the hot Big Bang; and contributing to the processes of baryogenesis and dark matter production. PMID:26949807 4. The Higgs boson and cosmology PubMed Central Shaposhnikov, Mikhail 2015-01-01 I will discuss how the Higgs field of the Standard Model may have played an important role in cosmology, leading to the homogeneity, isotropy and flatness of the Universe; producing the quantum fluctuations that seed structure formation; triggering the radiation-dominated era of the hot Big Bang; and contributing to the processes of baryogenesis and dark matter production. 5. Quantum corrections in modern gauge theories of fundamental interactions and the search for new physics SciTech Connect Zucchini, R. 1988-01-01 We show that the analysis of the quantum effects in gauge theories yields several constraints which may be used to test their internal consistency and physical viability. We have studied, in particular, the Higgs sector of the minimal standard model and tested the universality of the weak interactions and the conserved-vector-current hypothesis. Finally, we have analyzed modular invariance in the closed bosonic string. 6. Multi-dimensional cosmology and GUP SciTech Connect Zeynali, K.; Motavalli, H.; Darabi, F. E-mail: f.darabi@azaruniv.edu 2012-12-01 We consider a multidimensional cosmological model with FRW type metric having 4-dimensional space-time and d-dimensional Ricci-flat internal space sectors with a higher dimensional cosmological constant. We study the classical cosmology in commutative and GUP cases and obtain the corresponding exact solutions for negative and positive cosmological constants. It is shown that for negative cosmological constant, the commutative and GUP cases result in finite size universes with smaller size and longer ages, and larger size and shorter age, respectively. For positive cosmological constant, the commutative and GUP cases result in infinite size universes having late time accelerating behavior in good agreement with current observations. The accelerating phase starts in the GUP case sooner than the commutative case. In both commutative and GUP cases, and for both negative and positive cosmological constants, the internal space is stabilized to the sub-Planck size, at least within the present age of the universe. Then, we study the quantum cosmology by deriving the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, and obtain the exact solutions in the commutative case and the perturbative solutions in GUP case, to first order in the GUP small parameter, for both negative and positive cosmological constants. It is shown that good correspondence exists between the classical and quantum solutions. 7. Quantum Mechanics, Spacetime Locality, and Gravity Nomura, Yasunori 2013-08-01 Quantum mechanics introduces the concept of probability at the fundamental level, yielding the measurement problem. On the other hand, recent progress in cosmology has led to the "multiverse" picture, in which our observed universe is only one of the many, bringing an apparent arbitrariness in defining probabilities, called the measure problem. In this paper, we discuss how these two problems are related with each other, developing a picture for quantum measurement and cosmological histories in the quantum mechanical universe. In order to describe the cosmological dynamics correctly within the full quantum mechanical context, we need to identify the structure of the Hilbert space for a system with gravity. We argue that in order to keep spacetime locality, the Hilbert space for dynamical spacetime must be defined only in restricted spacetime regions: in and on the (stretched) apparent horizon as viewed from a fixed reference frame. This requirement arises from eliminating all the redundancies and overcountings in a general relativistic, global spacetime description of nature. It is responsible for horizon complementarity as well as the "observer dependence" of horizons/spacetime—these phenomena arise to represent changes of the reference frame in the relevant Hilbert space. This can be viewed as an extension of the Poincaré transformation in the quantum gravitational context. Given an initial condition, the evolution of the multiverse state obeys the laws of quantum mechanics—it evolves deterministically and unitarily. The beginning of the multiverse, however, is still an open issue. 8. How strong is localization in the integer quantum Hall effect: Relevant quantum corrections to conductivity in non-zero magnetic field Greshnov, A. A.; Kolesnikova, E. N.; Utesov, O. I.; Zegrya, G. G. 2010-02-01 The divergent at ω=0 quantum correction to conductivity δσ2(ω) of the leading order in (kFl)-1 has been calculated neglecting Cooperon-type contributions suppressed by moderate or strong magnetic field. In the so-called diffusion approximation this quantity is equal to zero up to the second order in (kFl)-1. More subtle treatment of the problem shows that δσ2(ω) is non-zero due to ballistic contributions neglected previously. Knowledge of δσ2(ω) allows to estimate value of the so-called unitary localization length as ξu≈lexp(1.6g2) where Drude conductivity is given by σ0=ge2/h. This estimation underpins the statement of the linear growth of σxx peaks with Landau level number n in the integer quantum Hall effect regime [1] (Greshnov and Zegrya, 2008; Greshnov et al., 2008) at least for n≤2 and calls Pruisken-Khmelnitskii hypothesis of universality [2] (Levine et al., 1983; Khmelnitskii, 1983) in question. 9. Dimensionless cosmology Narimani, Ali; Moss, Adam; Scott, Douglas 2012-10-01 Although it is well known that any consideration of the variations of fundamental constants should be restricted to their dimensionless combinations, the literature on variations of the gravitational constant G is entirely dimensionfull. To illustrate applications of this to cosmology, we explicitly give a dimensionless version of the parameters of the standard cosmological model, and describe the physics of both Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and recombination in a dimensionless manner. Rigorously determining how to talk about the model in a way which avoids physical dimensions is a requirement for proceeding with a calculation to constrain time-varying fundamental constants. The issue that appears to have been missed in many studies is that in cosmology the strength of gravity is bound up in the cosmological equations, and the epoch at which we live is a crucial part of the model. We argue that it is useful to consider the hypothetical situation of communicating with another civilization (with entirely different units), comparing only dimensionless constants, in order to decide if we live in a Universe governed by precisely the same physical laws. In this thought experiment, we would also have to compare epochs, which can be defined by giving the value of any one of the evolving cosmological parameters. By setting things up carefully in this way one can avoid inconsistent results when considering variable constants, caused by effectively fixing more than one parameter today. We show examples of this effect by considering microwave background anisotropies, being careful to maintain dimensionlessness throughout. We present Fisher matrix calculations to estimate how well the fine structure constants for electromagnetism and gravity can be determined with future microwave background experiments. We highlight how one can be misled by simply adding G to the usual cosmological parameter set. 10. String Cosmology Kraniotis, G. V. In this work, we review recent work on string cosmology. The need for an inflationary era is well known. Problems of Standard Cosmology such as horizon, flatness, monopole and entropy find an elegant solution in the inflationary scenario. On the other hand no adequate inflationary model has been constructed so far. In this review we discuss the attempts that have been made in the field of string theory for obtaining an adequate Cosmological Inflationary Epoch. In particular, orbifold compactifications of string theory which are constrained by target-space duality symmetry offer as natural candidates for the role of inflatons the orbifold moduli. Orbifold moduli dynamics is very constrained by duality symmetry and offers a concrete framework for discussing Cosmological Inflation. We discuss the resulting cosmology assuming that nonperturbative dynamics generates a moduli potential which respects target-space modular invariance. Various modular forms for the nonperturbative superpotential and Kähler potential which include the absolute modular invariant j(T) besides the Dedekind eta function η(T) are discussed. We also review scale-factor duality and pre-Big-Bang scenarios in which inflation is driven by the kinetic terms of the dilaton modulus. In this context we discuss the problem of graceful exit and review recent attempts for solving the problem of exiting from inflation. The possibility of obtaining inflation through the D-terms in string models with anomalous UA(1) and other Abelian factors is reviewed. In this context we discuss how the slow-roll problem in supergravity models with F-term inflation can be solved by D-term inflation. We also briefly review the consequences of duality for a generalized Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the structure of space-time at short scales. The problem of the Cosmological Constant is also briefly discussed. 11. First-order quantum correction to the Larmor radiation from a moving charge in a spatially homogeneous time-dependent electric field SciTech Connect Yamamoto, Kazuhiro; Nakamura, Gen 2011-02-15 First-order quantum correction to the Larmor radiation is investigated on the basis of the scalar QED on a homogeneous background of a time-dependent electric field, which is a generalization of a recent work by Higuchi and Walker so as to be extended for an accelerated charged particle in a relativistic motion. We obtain a simple approximate formula for the quantum correction in the limit of the relativistic motion when the direction of the particle motion is parallel to that of the electric field. 12. Higher derivative corrections to black hole thermodynamics from supersymmetric matrix quantum mechanics. PubMed Hanada, Masanori; Hyakutake, Yoshifumi; Nishimura, Jun; Takeuchi, Shingo 2009-05-15 We perform a direct test of the gauge-gravity duality associated with the system of N D0-branes in type IIA superstring theory at finite temperature. Based on the fact that higher derivative corrections to the type IIA supergravity action start at the order of alpha;{'3}, we derive the internal energy in expansion around infinite 't Hooft coupling up to the subleading term with one unknown coefficient. The power of the subleading term is shown to be nicely reproduced by the Monte Carlo data obtained nonperturbatively on the gauge theory side at finite but large effective (dimensionless) 't Hooft coupling constant. This suggests, in particular, that the open strings attached to the D0-branes provide the microscopic origin of the black hole thermodynamics of the dual geometry including alpha;{'} corrections. The coefficient of the subleading term extracted from the fit to the Monte Carlo data provides a prediction for the gravity side. PMID:19518941 13. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Theory, Implementation, and Parameters PubMed Central 2016-01-01 Semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected methods (OM1, OM2, and OM3) go beyond the standard MNDO model by explicitly including additional interactions into the Fock matrix in an approximate manner (Pauli repulsion, penetration effects, and core–valence interactions), which yields systematic improvements both for ground-state and excited-state properties. In this Article, we describe the underlying theoretical formalism of the OMx methods and their implementation in full detail, and we report all relevant OMx parameters for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine. For a standard set of mostly organic molecules commonly used in semiempirical method development, the OMx results are found to be superior to those from standard MNDO-type methods. Parametrized Grimme-type dispersion corrections can be added to OM2 and OM3 energies to provide a realistic treatment of noncovalent interaction energies, as demonstrated for the complexes in the S22 and S66×8 test sets. PMID:26771204 14. Quantum transport in strongly disordered crystals: Electrical conductivity with large negative vertex corrections 2012-12-01 We propose a renormalization scheme of the Kubo formula for the electrical conductivity with multiple backscatterings contributing to the electron-hole irreducible vertex derived from the asymptotic limit to high spatial dimensions. We use this vertex to represent the two-particle Green function via a symmetrized Bethe-Salpeter equation in momentum space. We further utilize the dominance of a pole in the irreducible vertex to an approximate diagonalization of the Bethe-Salpeter equation and a non-perturbative representation of the electron-hole correlation function. The latter function is then used to derive a compact representation for the electrical conductivity at zero temperature without the necessity to evaluate separately the Drude term and vertex corrections. The electrical conductivity calculated in this way remains nonnegative also in the strongly disordered regime where the localization effects become significant and the negative vertex corrections in the standard Kubo formula overweight the Drude term. 15. Higher Derivative Corrections to Black Hole Thermodynamics from Supersymmetric Matrix Quantum Mechanics SciTech Connect Hanada, Masanori; Hyakutake, Yoshifumi; Nishimura, Jun; Takeuchi, Shingo 2009-05-15 We perform a direct test of the gauge-gravity duality associated with the system of N D0-branes in type IIA superstring theory at finite temperature. Based on the fact that higher derivative corrections to the type IIA supergravity action start at the order of {alpha}{sup '3}, we derive the internal energy in expansion around infinite 't Hooft coupling up to the subleading term with one unknown coefficient. The power of the subleading term is shown to be nicely reproduced by the Monte Carlo data obtained nonperturbatively on the gauge theory side at finite but large effective (dimensionless) 't Hooft coupling constant. This suggests, in particular, that the open strings attached to the D0-branes provide the microscopic origin of the black hole thermodynamics of the dual geometry including {alpha}{sup '} corrections. The coefficient of the subleading term extracted from the fit to the Monte Carlo data provides a prediction for the gravity side. 16. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Theory, Implementation, and Parameters. PubMed Dral, Pavlo O; Wu, Xin; Spörkel, Lasse; Koslowski, Axel; Weber, Wolfgang; Steiger, Rainer; Scholten, Mirjam; Thiel, Walter 2016-03-01 Semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected methods (OM1, OM2, and OM3) go beyond the standard MNDO model by explicitly including additional interactions into the Fock matrix in an approximate manner (Pauli repulsion, penetration effects, and core-valence interactions), which yields systematic improvements both for ground-state and excited-state properties. In this Article, we describe the underlying theoretical formalism of the OMx methods and their implementation in full detail, and we report all relevant OMx parameters for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine. For a standard set of mostly organic molecules commonly used in semiempirical method development, the OMx results are found to be superior to those from standard MNDO-type methods. Parametrized Grimme-type dispersion corrections can be added to OM2 and OM3 energies to provide a realistic treatment of noncovalent interaction energies, as demonstrated for the complexes in the S22 and S66×8 test sets. PMID:26771204 17. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Benchmarks for Ground-State Properties. PubMed Dral, Pavlo O; Wu, Xin; Spörkel, Lasse; Koslowski, Axel; Thiel, Walter 2016-03-01 The semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected OMx methods (OM1, OM2, and OM3) go beyond the standard MNDO model by including additional interactions in the electronic structure calculation. When augmented with empirical dispersion corrections, the resulting OMx-Dn approaches offer a fast and robust treatment of noncovalent interactions. Here we evaluate the performance of the OMx and OMx-Dn methods for a variety of ground-state properties using a large and diverse collection of benchmark sets from the literature, with a total of 13035 original and derived reference data. Extensive comparisons are made with the results from established semiempirical methods (MNDO, AM1, PM3, PM6, and PM7) that also use the NDDO (neglect of diatomic differential overlap) integral approximation. Statistical evaluations show that the OMx and OMx-Dn methods outperform the other methods for most of the benchmark sets. PMID:26771261 18. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Benchmarks for Ground-State Properties PubMed Central 2016-01-01 The semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected OMx methods (OM1, OM2, and OM3) go beyond the standard MNDO model by including additional interactions in the electronic structure calculation. When augmented with empirical dispersion corrections, the resulting OMx-Dn approaches offer a fast and robust treatment of noncovalent interactions. Here we evaluate the performance of the OMx and OMx-Dn methods for a variety of ground-state properties using a large and diverse collection of benchmark sets from the literature, with a total of 13035 original and derived reference data. Extensive comparisons are made with the results from established semiempirical methods (MNDO, AM1, PM3, PM6, and PM7) that also use the NDDO (neglect of diatomic differential overlap) integral approximation. Statistical evaluations show that the OMx and OMx-Dn methods outperform the other methods for most of the benchmark sets. PMID:26771261 19. Quantum corrections to the gravitational potentials of a point source due to conformal fields in de Sitter Fröb, Markus B.; Verdaguer, Enric 2016-03-01 We derive the leading quantum corrections to the gravitational potentials in a de Sitter background, due to the vacuum polarization from loops of conformal fields. Our results are valid for arbitrary conformal theories, even strongly interacting ones, and are expressed using the coefficients b and b' appearing in the trace anomaly. Apart from the de Sitter generalization of the known flat-space results, we find two additional contributions: one which depends on the finite coefficients of terms quadratic in the curvature appearing in the renormalized effective action, and one which grows logarithmically with physical distance. While the first contribution corresponds to a rescaling of the effective mass, the second contribution leads to a faster fall-off of the Newton potential at large distances, and is potentially measurable. 20. Quantum corrections to temperature dependent electrical conductivity of ZnO thin films degenerately doped with Si SciTech Connect Das, Amit K. Ajimsha, R. S.; Kukreja, L. M. 2014-01-27 ZnO thin films degenerately doped with Si (Si{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O) in the concentrations range of ∼0.5% to 5.8% were grown by sequential pulsed laser deposition on sapphire substrates at 400 °C. The temperature dependent resistivity measurements in the range from 300 to 4.2 K revealed negative temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) for the 0.5%, 3.8%, and 5.8% doped Si{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films in the entire temperature range. On the contrary, the Si{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films with Si concentrations of 1.0%, 1.7%, and 2.0% showed a transition from negative to positive TCR with increasing temperature. These observations were explained using weak localization based quantum corrections to conductivity. 1. Experiences from Participants in Large-Scale Group Practice of the Maharishi Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programs and Parallel Principles of Quantum Theory, Astrophysics, Quantum Cosmology, and String Theory: Interdisciplinary Qualitative Correspondences Svenson, Eric Johan Participants on the Invincible America Assembly in Fairfield, Iowa, and neighboring Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa, practicing Maharishi Transcendental Meditation(TM) (TM) and the TM-Sidhi(TM) programs in large groups, submitted written experiences that they had had during, and in some cases shortly after, their daily practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs. Participants were instructed to include in their written experiences only what they observed and to leave out interpretation and analysis. These experiences were then read by the author and compared with principles and phenomena of modern physics, particularly with quantum theory, astrophysics, quantum cosmology, and string theory as well as defining characteristics of higher states of consciousness as described by Maharishi Vedic Science. In all cases, particular principles or phenomena of physics and qualities of higher states of consciousness appeared qualitatively quite similar to the content of the given experience. These experiences are presented in an Appendix, in which the corresponding principles and phenomena of physics are also presented. These physics "commentaries" on the experiences were written largely in layman's terms, without equations, and, in nearly every case, with clear reference to the corresponding sections of the experiences to which a given principle appears to relate. An abundance of similarities were apparent between the subjective experiences during meditation and principles of modern physics. A theoretic framework for understanding these rich similarities may begin with Maharishi's theory of higher states of consciousness provided herein. We conclude that the consistency and richness of detail found in these abundant similarities warrants the further pursuit and development of such a framework. 2. Anisotropic spinfoam cosmology Rennert, Julian; Sloan, David 2014-01-01 The dynamics of a homogeneous, anisotropic universe are investigated within the context of spinfoam cosmology. Transition amplitudes are calculated for a graph consisting of a single node and three links—the ‘Daisy graph’—probing the behaviour a classical Bianchi I spacetime. It is shown further how the use of such single node graphs gives rise to a simplification of states such that all orders in the spin expansion can be calculated, indicating that it is the vertex expansion that contains information about quantum dynamics. 3. Cosmological constraints on Lorentz violating dark energy SciTech Connect Audren, B.; Lesgourgues, J.; Sibiryakov, S. E-mail: Diego.Blas@cern.ch E-mail: Sergey.Sibiryakov@cern.ch 2013-08-01 The role of Lorentz invariance as a fundamental symmetry of nature has been lately reconsidered in different approaches to quantum gravity. It is thus natural to study whether other puzzles of physics may be solved within these proposals. This may be the case for the cosmological constant problem. Indeed, it has been shown that breaking Lorentz invariance provides Lagrangians that can drive the current acceleration of the universe without experiencing large corrections from ultraviolet physics. In this work, we focus on the simplest model of this type, called ΘCDM, and study its cosmological implications in detail. At the background level, this model cannot be distinguished from ΛCDM. The differences appear at the level of perturbations. We show that in ΘCDM, the spectrum of CMB anisotropies and matter fluctuations may be affected by a rescaling of the gravitational constant in the Poisson equation, by the presence of extra contributions to the anisotropic stress, and finally by the existence of extra clustering degrees of freedom. To explore these modifications accurately, we modify the Boltzmann code class. We then use the parameter inference code Monte Python to confront ΘCDM with data from WMAP-7, SPT and WiggleZ. We obtain strong bounds on the parameters accounting for deviations from ΛCDM. In particular, we find that the discrepancy between the gravitational constants appearing in the Poisson and Friedmann equations is constrained at the level of 1.8%. 4. Thermodynamics of Interacting Entropy-Corrected Holographic Dark Energy in a Non-Flat FRW Universe Jamil, Mubasher; Sheykhi, Ahmad; Farooq, M. Umar An entropy-corrected holographic dark energy (ECHDE) was recently proposed to explain the dark energy-dominated universe with the help of quantum corrections to the entropy-area relation in the setup of loop quantum cosmology. Using this new definition, we investigate its thermodynamical features including entropy and energy conservation. We describe the thermodynamical interpretation of the interaction between ECHDE and dark matter in a non-flat universe. We obtain a relation between the interaction term of the dark components and thermal fluctuation. Our study further generalizes the earlier works86, 87 in this direction. 5. Cosmological Recombination Wong, Wan Yan 2008-11-01 In this thesis we focus on studying the physics of cosmological recombination and how the details of recombination affect the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies. We present a detailed calculation of the spectral line distortions on the CMB spectrum arising from the Lyman-alpha and the lowest two-photon transitions in the recombination of hydrogen (H), and the corresponding lines from helium (He). The peak of these distortions mainly comes from the Lyman-alpha transition and occurs at about 170 microns, which is the Wien part of the CMB. The major theoretical limitation for extracting cosmological parameters from the CMB sky lies in the precision with which we can calculate the cosmological recombination process. With this motivation, we perform a multi-level calculation of the recombination of H and He with the addition of the spin-forbidden transition for neutral helium (He I), plus the higher order two-photon transitions for H and among singlet states of He I. We find that the inclusion of the spin-forbidden transition results in more than a percent change in the ionization fraction, while the other transitions give much smaller effects. Last we modify RECFAST by introducing one more parameter to reproduce recent numerical results for the speed-up of helium recombination. Together with the existing hydrogen fudge factor', we vary these two parameters to account for the remaining dominant uncertainties in cosmological recombination. By using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method with Planck forecast data, we find that we need to determine the parameters to better than 10% for He I and 1% for H, in order to obtain negligible effects on the cosmological parameters. 6. Constraining Lorentz violation with cosmology. PubMed Zuntz, J A; Ferreira, P G; Zlosnik, T G 2008-12-31 The Einstein-aether theory provides a simple, dynamical mechanism for breaking Lorentz invariance. It does so within a generally covariant context and may emerge from quantum effects in more fundamental theories. The theory leads to a preferred frame and can have distinct experimental signatures. In this Letter, we perform a comprehensive study of the cosmological effects of the Einstein-aether theory and use observational data to constrain it. Allied to previously determined consistency and experimental constraints, we find that an Einstein-aether universe can fit experimental data over a wide range of its parameter space, but requires a specific rescaling of the other cosmological densities. PMID:19113765 7. Constraining Lorentz Violation with Cosmology SciTech Connect Zuntz, J. A.; Ferreira, P. G.; Zlosnik, T. G 2008-12-31 The Einstein-aether theory provides a simple, dynamical mechanism for breaking Lorentz invariance. It does so within a generally covariant context and may emerge from quantum effects in more fundamental theories. The theory leads to a preferred frame and can have distinct experimental signatures. In this Letter, we perform a comprehensive study of the cosmological effects of the Einstein-aether theory and use observational data to constrain it. Allied to previously determined consistency and experimental constraints, we find that an Einstein-aether universe can fit experimental data over a wide range of its parameter space, but requires a specific rescaling of the other cosmological densities. 8. BOOK REVIEW: Observational Cosmology Observational Cosmology Howell, Dale Andrew 2013-04-01 Observational Cosmology by Stephen Serjeant fills a niche that was underserved in the textbook market: an up-to-date, thorough cosmology textbook focused on observations, aimed at advanced undergraduates. Not everything about the book is perfect - some subjects get short shrift, in some cases jargon dominates, and there are too few exercises. Still, on the whole, the book is a welcome addition. For decades, the classic textbooks of cosmology have focused on theory. But for every Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect there is a Butcher-Oemler effect; there are as many cosmological phenomena established by observations, and only explained later by theory, as there were predicted by theory and confirmed by observations. In fact, in the last decade, there has been an explosion of new cosmological findings driven by observations. Some are so new that you won't find them mentioned in books just a few years old. So it is not just refreshing to see a book that reflects the new realities of cosmology, it is vital, if students are to truly stay up on a field that has widened in scope considerably. Observational Cosmology is filled with full-color images, and graphs from the latest experiments. How exciting it is that we live in an era where satellites and large experiments have gathered so much data to reveal astounding details about the origin of the universe and its evolution. To have all the latest data gathered together and explained in one book will be a revelation to students. In fact, at times it was to me. I've picked up modern cosmological knowledge through a patchwork of reading papers, going to colloquia, and serving on grant and telescope allocation panels. To go back and see them explained from square one, and summarized succinctly, filled in quite a few gaps in my own knowledge and corrected a few misconceptions I'd acquired along the way. To make room for all these graphs and observational details, a few things had to be left out. For one, there are few derivations 9. Cosmological Truths'' Bothun, Greg 2011-10-01 Ever since Aristotle placed us, with certainty, in the Center of the Cosmos, Cosmological models have more or less operated from a position of known truths for some time. As early as 1963, for instance, it was known'' that the Universe had to be 15-17 billion years old due to the suspected ages of globular clusters. For many years, attempts to determine the expansion age of the Universe (the inverse of the Hubble constant) were done against this preconceived and biased notion. Not surprisingly when more precise observations indicated a Hubble expansion age of 11-13 billion years, stellar models suddenly changed to produce a new age for globular cluster stars, consistent with 11-13 billion years. Then in 1980, to solve a variety of standard big bang problems, inflation was introduced in a fairly ad hoc manner. Inflation makes the simple prediction that the net curvature of spacetime is zero (i.e. spacetime is flat). The consequence of introducing inflation is now the necessary existence of a dark matter dominated Universe since the known baryonic material could comprise no more than 1% of the necessary energy density to make spacetime flat. As a result of this new cosmological `truth'' a significant world wide effort was launched to detect the dark matter (which obviously also has particle physics implications). To date, no such cosmological component has been detected. Moreover, all available dynamical inferences of the mass density of the Universe showed in to be about 20% of that required for closure. This again was inconsistent with the truth that the real density of the Universe was the closure density (e.g. Omega = 1), that the observations were biased, and that 99% of the mass density had to be in the form of dark matter. That is, we know the universe is two component -- baryons and dark matter. Another prevailing cosmological truth during this time was that all the baryonic matter was known to be in galaxies that populated our galaxy catalogs. Subsequent 10. Axion cosmology Marsh, David J. E. 2016-07-01 Axions comprise a broad class of particles that can play a major role in explaining the unknown aspects of cosmology. They are also well-motivated within high energy physics, appearing in theories related to CP-violation in the standard model, supersymmetric theories, and theories with extra-dimensions, including string theory, and so axion cosmology offers us a unique view onto these theories. I review the motivation and models for axions in particle physics and string theory. I then present a comprehensive and pedagogical view on the cosmology and astrophysics of axion-like particles, starting from inflation and progressing via BBN, the CMB, reionization and structure formation, up to the present-day Universe. Topics covered include: axion dark matter (DM); direct and indirect detection of axions, reviewing existing and future experiments; axions as dark radiation; axions and the cosmological constant problem; decays of heavy axions; axions and stellar astrophysics; black hole superradiance; axions and astrophysical magnetic fields; axion inflation, and axion DM as an indirect probe of inflation. A major focus is on the population of ultralight axions created via vacuum realignment, and its role as a DM candidate with distinctive phenomenology. Cosmological observations place robust constraints on the axion mass and relic density in this scenario, and I review where such constraints come from. I next cover aspects of galaxy formation with axion DM, and ways this can be used to further search for evidence of axions. An absolute lower bound on DM particle mass is established. It is ma > 10-24eV from linear observables, extending to ma ≳ 10-22eV from non-linear observables, and has the potential to reach ma ≳ 10-18eV in the future. These bounds are weaker if the axion is not all of the DM, giving rise to limits on the relic density at low mass. This leads to the exciting possibility that the effects of axion DM on structure formation could one day be detected 11. Bulk Quantum Computation with Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Simulations of Single-Qubit Error Correction Schemes Ishmuratov, I. K.; Baibekov, E. I. 2015-12-01 We investigate the possibility to restore transient nutations of electron spin centers embedded in the solid using specific composite pulse sequences developed previously for the application in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We treat two types of systematic errors simultaneously: (i) rotation angle errors related to the spatial distribution of microwave field amplitude in the sample volume, and (ii) off-resonance errors related to the spectral distribution of Larmor precession frequencies of the electron spin centers. Our direct simulations of the transient signal in erbium- and chromium-doped CaWO4 crystal samples with and without error corrections show that the application of the selected composite pulse sequences can substantially increase the lifetime of Rabi oscillations. Finally, we discuss the applicability limitations of the studied pulse sequences for the use in solid-state electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. 12. Theory of helimagnons in itinerant quantum systems. II. Nonanalytic corrections to Fermi-liquid behavior Belitz, D.; Kirkpatrick, T. R.; Rosch, A. 2006-07-01 A recent theory for the ordered phase of helical or chiral magnets such as MnSi is used to calculate observable consequences of the helical Goldstone modes or helimagnons. In systems with no quenched disorder, the helimagnon contribution to the specific heat coefficient is shown to have a linear temperature dependence, while the quasiparticle inelastic scattering rate is anisotropic in momentum space and depends on the electronic dispersion relation. For cubic lattices the generic temperature dependence is given by a non-Fermi-liquid T3/2 behavior. The contribution to the temperature dependence of the resistivity is shown to be T5/2 in a Boltzmann approximation. The helimagnon thus leads to nonanalytic corrections to Fermi-liquid behavior. Implications for experiments, and for transport theories beyond the Boltzmann level, are discussed. 13. Quantum corrections to the thermodynamics of Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole and the generalized uncertainty principle Feng, Z. W.; Li, H. L.; Zu, X. T.; Yang, S. Z. 2016-04-01 We investigate the thermodynamics of Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole in the context of the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). The corrections to the Hawking temperature, entropy and the heat capacity are obtained via the modified Hamilton-Jacobi equation. These modifications show that the GUP changes the evolution of the Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black hole. Specially, the GUP effect becomes susceptible when the radius or mass of the black hole approaches the order of Planck scale, it stops radiating and leads to a black hole remnant. Meanwhile, the Planck scale remnant can be confirmed through the analysis of the heat capacity. Those phenomena imply that the GUP may give a way to solve the information paradox. Besides, we also investigate the possibilities to observe the black hole at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and the results demonstrate that the black hole cannot be produced in the recent LHC. 14. Second virial coefficients, including quantum corrections, for nitrogen using model potentials Corbin, N.; Meath, William J.; Allnatt, A. R. The second virial coefficient of nitrogen has been calculated in the temperature range 75-700 K, from the sum of the classical contribution B(0) and the quantum contribution B(1) of order ℏ2, using the intermolecular potential of Berns and van der Avoird (BV) and reasonable variants of it. In some cases results for the full potentials are compared with those obtained when only the isotropic components were retained. For the BV potential B(1) is significant compared with the experimental errors only for T < 130 K; the anisotropic parts of the potential contribute more than the isotropic parts for B(1) in this temperature range, and also for B(0) in the temperature range 170-350 K. The results for the complete BV potential differ significantly from experiment at all temperatures. The effect of varying the dispersion constants C8 and C10 in the BV potential within the ranges of their estimated uncertainties was studied. Increasing both isotropic and anisotropic components of C8 and C10 by 10 and 20 per cent respectively yields excellent agreement with experiment, whereas increasing the isotropic components alone by these amounts gives good agreement with experiment except at the lowest temperatures. If all the second order dispersion energies in the BV potential are replaced by those recently obtained by Visser, Wormer and Stam agreement with experiment is improved but significant deviations remain at most temperatures. 15. Detection and correction of blinking bias in image correlation transport measurements of quantum dot tagged macromolecules. PubMed Durisic, Nela; Bachir, Alexia I; Kolin, David L; Hebert, Benedict; Lagerholm, B Christoffer; Grutter, Peter; Wiseman, Paul W 2007-08-15 Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) are becoming widely used as fluorescent labels for biological applications. Here we demonstrate that fluorescence fluctuation analysis of their diffusional mobility using temporal image correlation spectroscopy is highly susceptible to systematic errors caused by fluorescence blinking of the nanoparticles. Temporal correlation analysis of fluorescence microscopy image time series of streptavidin-functionalized (CdSe)ZnS QDs freely diffusing in two dimensions shows that the correlation functions are fit well to a commonly used diffusion decay model, but the transport coefficients can have significant systematic errors in the measurements due to blinking. Image correlation measurements of the diffusing QD samples measured at different laser excitation powers and analysis of computer simulated image time series verified that the effect we observe is caused by fluorescence intermittency. We show that reciprocal space image correlation analysis can be used for mobility measurements in the presence of blinking emission because it separates the contributions of fluctuations due to photophysics from those due to transport. We also demonstrate application of the image correlation methods for measurement of the diffusion coefficient of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins tagged with QDs as imaged on living fibroblasts. PMID:17526586 16. Starobinsky-like inflation in dilaton-brane cosmology Ellis, John; Mavromatos, Nick E.; Nanopoulos, Dimitri V. 2014-05-01 We discuss how Starobinsky-like inflation may emerge from dilaton dynamics in brane cosmology scenarios based on string theory, in which our universe is represented as a three-brane. The effective potential may acquire a constant term from a density of effectively point-like non-pertubative defects on the brane. Higher-genus corrections generate corrections to the effective potential that are exponentially damped at large field values, as in the Starobinsky model, but at a faster rate, leading to a smaller prediction for the tensor-to-scalar perturbation ratio r. This may be compensated partially by logarithmic deformations on the world-sheet due to recoil of the defects due to scattering by string matter on the brane, which tend to enhance the tensor-to-scalar ratio. Quantum fluctuations of the ensemble of D-brane defects during the inflationary period may also enhance the tensor-to-scalar ratio. 17. Cosmological wormholes Kirillov, A. A.; Savelova, E. P. 2016-05-01 We describe in details the procedure how the Lobachevsky space can be factorized to a space of the constant negative curvature filled with a gas of wormholes. We show that such wormholes have throat sections in the form of tori and are traversable and stable in the cosmological context. The relation of such wormholes to the dark matter phenomenon is briefly described. We also discuss the possibility of the existence of analogous factorizations for all types of homogeneous spaces. 18. Medieval Cosmology Grant, E.; Murdin, P. 2000-11-01 During the early Middle Ages (ca 500 to ca 1130) scholars with an interest in cosmology had little useful and dependable literature. They relied heavily on a partial Latin translation of PLATO's Timaeus by Chalcidius (4th century AD), and on a series of encyclopedic treatises associated with the names of Pliny the Elder (ca AD 23-79), Seneca (4 BC-AD 65), Macrobius (fl 5th century AD), Martianus ... 19. BOOK REVIEW: Observational Cosmology Observational Cosmology Howell, Dale Andrew 2013-04-01 Observational Cosmology by Stephen Serjeant fills a niche that was underserved in the textbook market: an up-to-date, thorough cosmology textbook focused on observations, aimed at advanced undergraduates. Not everything about the book is perfect - some subjects get short shrift, in some cases jargon dominates, and there are too few exercises. Still, on the whole, the book is a welcome addition. For decades, the classic textbooks of cosmology have focused on theory. But for every Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect there is a Butcher-Oemler effect; there are as many cosmological phenomena established by observations, and only explained later by theory, as there were predicted by theory and confirmed by observations. In fact, in the last decade, there has been an explosion of new cosmological findings driven by observations. Some are so new that you won't find them mentioned in books just a few years old. So it is not just refreshing to see a book that reflects the new realities of cosmology, it is vital, if students are to truly stay up on a field that has widened in scope considerably. Observational Cosmology is filled with full-color images, and graphs from the latest experiments. How exciting it is that we live in an era where satellites and large experiments have gathered so much data to reveal astounding details about the origin of the universe and its evolution. To have all the latest data gathered together and explained in one book will be a revelation to students. In fact, at times it was to me. I've picked up modern cosmological knowledge through a patchwork of reading papers, going to colloquia, and serving on grant and telescope allocation panels. To go back and see them explained from square one, and summarized succinctly, filled in quite a few gaps in my own knowledge and corrected a few misconceptions I'd acquired along the way. To make room for all these graphs and observational details, a few things had to be left out. For one, there are few derivations 20. Quantum simulation
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https://answers.ros.org/question/351523/integrating-rmf-and-navigation-stack/?answer=351684
# Integrating RMF and Navigation Stack edit In the RMF Demos, the magni robot is using a “SlotCar gazebo plugin” which receives the path request from rmf-core and converts it into robot motion (through setting joint velocities). This path request (list of waypoints) is generated from the fleet adapter without considering a cost map. The global path planner of the navigation stack, however, considers a cost map and gives a safe path to a single goal destination. I'm not sure how to integrate these two path planners. Is there a suggested method to integrate these two (as we feel it is a common challenge that many companies might face) ? edit retag close merge delete Great question - I'd also like to know a little on this. On the planner side, from what I'm aware, it is routing through an annotated graph, so you shouldn't need a freespace planner. I think you'd just need a controller to follow the path and avoid obstacles. In practice it would be wise to still use a planner with soft constraints on the route for large obstacles a controller isn't well suited to handle, but good enough for a first order demo (especially in simulation). We on the navigation side in ROS2 are looking at annotation methods and formats so this may be something to consider if we can get support to do some integrations. ( 2020-05-06 02:30:51 -0600 )edit @stevemacenski Thanks for your quick response. It's a good idea. I also understand your point about a planner with soft constraints on the route for large obstacles. We'll think about it. Suggestions/packages in that direction, if any, are welcome. ( 2020-05-06 22:35:04 -0600 )edit Sort by » oldest newest most voted Hi @webvenky and @stevemacenski, To augment @aaronchongth 's response, I've added a section to the rmf_demos FAQ page which may be helpful in answering how you can integrate robots running navstacks (in simulation & real world) with RMF. TLDR; • RMF generates plans for robots while avoiding other brands of robots also operating in the same space. • The output of these plans will need to be fed into the robot's navstack or via an API provided by the vendor to get the robot to travel through the waypoints in the plan (The navstack may generate intermediate waypoints to avoid sensor-detected obstacles). The slotcar plugin is only for simulation efficiency. • Robots running navstacks can be integrated with RMF in simulation and real world. Packages such as nav2_waypoint_follower compliment this objective. more I think all that probably belongs in a readme. I have to say from first glance, its not easy to see how this stuff can be practically applied out of simulation or if its even complete. ( 2020-05-07 14:31:38 -0600 )edit Thank you for your response. We understand the idea behind traffic simulator. We will try to use the slot car plugin as a base code to integrate RMF and the robot navstack. ( 2020-05-11 02:54:56 -0600 )edit Hello @webvenky! good question and insights, I will try to answer this to the best of my understanding, feel free to correct me, especially when navigation is involved. The navigation graph that houses the waypoints, are generated using the traffic_editor and building_map_toolspackages in https://github.com/osrf/traffic_editor. This allows users to draw up their environment starting from a 2D floor plan, populating it with walls and models to best represent the real physical environment. With a close-enough representation of the real environment, lanes and waypoints can be placed in areas where the robots can navigate, while being mindful that lanes don't intersect with any existing furniture, for example. This allows users to generate a perfectly viable global navigation graph without a cost map. The global graph of waypoints and lanes are used for robot traffic monitoring and resolving conflicts or dead-locks that may arise between robots or fleets of robots that are unaware of each other's presence, you can take a look at https://github.com/osrf/rmf_core. It is not meant to be used as a global planning graph for any single fleet of robot. RMF assumes the various robots or fleets are using their own fully-functional navigation stacks to do global and local planning, while nudging them out of the way of each other ahead of time whenever conflicts will arise in the near future. The slotcar plugin allows us to simulate the motion and behavior of robots without worrying about the navigation stacks that might be running under the hood of different vendor robots. This will also allow us to run large scale simulations without being bogged down by large number of sensors and multiple navigation stacks running on that single machine. If users are keen on running their own navigation stacks on simulated robots, I believe navigation2 is a good option to start with, I have had good experience with it on Turtlebot3s. more
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http://gappa.gforge.inria.fr/doc/apbs03.html
## Proof failures ### Error: no contradiction was found. The logical formula had no property in negative position or Gappa has discharged all of them, yet this was not sufficient to prove the formula. { x in [1,2] -> not x + 1 in [2,3] } Error: no contradiction was found. ### Error: some enclosures were not satisfied. Only part of a conjunction of goals was proved to be true. Gappa was unable to prove some other expressions or formulas, which are displayed after the message. { x in [1,2] -> x + 1 in ? /\ x + 2 in [2,3] } Warning: case split on x + 2 has not produced any interesting new result. Results: x + 1 in [2, 3] Error: some properties were not satisfied: BND(x + 2), best: [3, 4]
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/length-of-parametic-curves.16212/
# Homework Help: Length of parametic curves 1. Mar 13, 2004 ### sonya Find the length of the parametrized curve given by x(t)=0t3+9t2+36t y(t)=-1t3-6t2+15t for t between 0 and 1. ok...thats the question. I have tried using the formula L = integral of (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 all square rooted but im not gettin the rite answer...i have a bunch of these questions havent been able to get ne of them...if sum1 cud jst walk me thru this 1 it wud b a lot of help...thx 2. Mar 13, 2004 ### outandbeyond2004 I've never seen a length formula like that. I don't know what you may be missing, so let's start from the beginning. $$(dL)^2 = (dx)^2 + (dy)^2$$ Now divide through by $$(dt)^2$$ $$(\frac{dL}{dt})^2 = (\frac{dx}{dt})^2 + (\frac{dy}{dt})^2$$ Take the positive square root of both sides: $$dL/dt = \sqrt{(\frac{dx}{dt})^2 + (\frac{dy}{dt})^2}$$ Here I assume you can now see how to get the correct length formula from that equation. Compute dx/dt and dy/dt, square both quantities and substitute the results in the correct length formula. Show what you get after these steps. I will be able to check my email tonight and Sunday after pacific coast time 2PM. 3. Mar 13, 2004 That's actually exactly the formula sonya said--well, almost. The "all square rooted" part kind of implied that the integral was square rooted, but it's pretty clearly what's inside the integral. I just thought I'd mention that outandbeyond2004 began with the Pythagorean Theorem and went from there. It's all triangles! 4. Mar 13, 2004 ### outandbeyond2004 $$\int f(x)$$ $$\int f(x) dx$$ ? If so, that makes me feel uncomfortable. The area element (area under the f(x) curve) is not evident in the first kind of notation above. Well, come to think of it maybe Sonya did mean dt in there, tho not explictly. 5. Mar 13, 2004 My PDEs professor is notorious for $$\int f(x)$$ You can imagine the headache, I'm sure. I guess I just kinda got used to guessing the proper variable. And I think I'd call it a length element in this case. ;) 6. Mar 14, 2004 ### himanshu121 formula is correct may be u are following a wrong procedure or making some wrong moves in between $$\frac{dx}{dt}= 18(t+2)$$ $$\frac{dy}{dt}= -3(t^2+4t-5)$$ so u have length of curve $$s = \int_0^1{\sqrt{t^4+42t^2+32t+8t^3+169}}dt$$ 7. Mar 14, 2004 ### sonya yes...that was the formula i meant outandbeyond... and thx 4 the help...now i jst have 2 factor that rite.. 8. Mar 15, 2004 ### sonya ok...im not gettin newhere with this problem...if ne1 has ne suggestions that would b awesome 9. Mar 15, 2004 ### Palpatine Are you sure they didnt ask you to integrate a function along that path. For instance finding the weight of a wire if given a function for its density. 10. Mar 15, 2004
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https://cms.math.ca/Events/winter14/abs/dg
2014 CMS Winter Meeting McMaster University, December 5 - 8, 2014 Differential Geometry Org: Benoit Charbonneau (Waterloo), Spiro Karigiannis (Waterloo) and McKenzie Wang (McMaster) [PDF] AILANA FRASER, UBC Free boundary minimal surfaces in a ball in $\mathbb{R}^n$ or a space $N^n$ of constant curvature are proper branched minimal immersions of a surface into the ball that meet the boundary orthogonally. Such surfaces have been extensively studied, and they arise as extremals of the area functional for relative cycles in the ball. They also arise as extremals of a certain eigenvalue problem. I will talk about recent joint work with R. Schoen showing that a free boundary minimal disk in a constant curvature ball of any dimension is totally geodesic. This extends to higher dimensions earlier three dimensional work of J. C. C. Nitsche and R. Souam. We also have a uniqueness result for free boundary minimal annuli, which we use to prove a sharp eigenvalue bound on the annulus. Finally, I will discuss joint work with M. Li showing that in general, the space of embedded free boundary minimal surfaces in the ball of a fixed topological type is compact. MARCO GUALTIERI, University of Toronto Log symplectic vs generalized complex geometry  [PDF] I will describe a formalism analogous to Melrose's b-calculus which is applicable to the study of generalized complex manifolds as well as new variants which may exist on odd-dimensional manifolds. I will also explain how the formalism allows us to prove new results and constraints on generalized complex manifolds of generic type. JACQUES HURTUBISE, McGill University Poisson Surfaces and Integrable Systems  [PDF] There is a remarkably simple classification of complex Poisson surfaces. What is more surprising is they seem to have a link to the commonly studied algebraically integrable systems, at least when the level sets of the Hamiltonians are Jacobians of curves. Until recently, there was, however, one class of surfaces that had no known corresponding integrable system. This is no longer the case. Joint with Indranil Biswas. RUXANDRA MORARU, University of Waterloo Generalized holomorphic bundles on non-Kaehler elliptic surfaces  [PDF] In this talk, we examine generalized holomorphic bundles on non-Kaehler elliptic surfaces. When the generalized complex structure comes from the underlying complex structure on the surface, these bundles correspond to co-Higgs bundles; in this case, we also describe moduli spaces of stable co-Higgs bundles on these surfaces. FRÉDÉRIC ROCHON, UQÀM A Cheeger-Müller theorem on manifolds with cusps  [PDF] The Cheeger-Müller theorem relates the R-torsion and analytic torsion on a closed manifold. On a manifold with conical singularities, Dar introduced in 1987 the intersection R-torsion, which is defined in terms of intersection cohomology, and asked if this could be related to the analytic torsion of some metric geometrically encapsulating the information about the singularities. In this talk, we will provide a positive answer to this question by relating the intersection R-torsion with the analytic torsion of a cusp metric. The strategy will be to start with a closed manifold and to pinch a hypersurface to obtain a cusp manifold. Computing what is happening to the R-torsion and analytic torsion under such a degeneration then gives the result. This is a joint work with Pierre Albin and David Sher. Extremal metrics on ruled manifolds  [PDF] Consider a compact Kahler manifold with extremal Kahler metric and a Mumford stable holomorphic bundle over it. We show that, if the holomorphic vector field defining the extremal Kahler metric is liftable to the bundle and if the bundle is relatively stable with respect to the action of automorphisms of the manifold, then there exist extremal Kahler metrics on the projectivization of the dual vector bundle. WILLIAM WYLIE, Syracuse University Positive weighted sectional curvature  [PDF] We propose a new generalization of positive sectional curvtaure we call positive weighted sectional curvature, which depends on the choice of a smooth vector field on a Riemannian manifold. The definition is motivated by the correspoinding notion of Ricci curvature for manifolds with density which was developed by Bakry-Emery and their collaborators. We show that many basic results for positive curvature also hold for positive weighted curvature. For example, positive weighted curvature is preserved by Riemannian submersions and Synge-type theorems hold. We also show that topological classifications results of Grove-Searle and Wilking on compact manifolds of high symmetry rank and positive curvature can be generalized to positive weighted curvature. This is joint work with Lee Kennard of UCSB. XIANGWEN ZHANG, Columbia University Minkowski formulae and Alexandrov's theorems in spacetimes  [PDF] The classical Minkowski formulae for hypersurfaces is very important in the study of many problems in geometric analysis. I will talk about a generalization of those formulae with two important new features: codimension 2 submanifolds are considered instead of hypersurfaces, and the ambient manifold is Lorentzian. As applications, I will discuss some Alexandrov type theorems for spacelike submanifolds. This gives an analogue of the classical Alexandrov's theorem, which states that any closed embedded hypersurface of constant mean curvature in Euclidean space must be a round sphere. This is a recent joint work with M.-T. Wang and Y.-K. Wang.
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https://www.dealii.org/developer/doxygen/deal.II/classScaLAPACKMatrix.html
Reference documentation for deal.II version Git 95a79d5 2018-06-20 15:34:22 +0200 ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > Class Template Reference #include <deal.II/lac/scalapack.h> Inheritance diagram for ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >: [legend] ## Public Types typedef unsigned int size_type ## Public Member Functions ScaLAPACKMatrix (const size_type n_rows, const size_type n_columns, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > &process_grid, const size_type row_block_size=32, const size_type column_block_size=32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property=LAPACKSupport::Property::general) ScaLAPACKMatrix (const size_type size, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > process_grid, const size_type block_size=32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property=LAPACKSupport::Property::symmetric) ~ScaLAPACKMatrix () override=default void reinit (const size_type n_rows, const size_type n_columns, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > &process_grid, const size_type row_block_size=32, const size_type column_block_size=32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property=LAPACKSupport::Property::general) void reinit (const size_type size, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > process_grid, const size_type block_size=32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property=LAPACKSupport::Property::symmetric) void set_property (const LAPACKSupport::Property property) LAPACKSupport::Property get_property () const LAPACKSupport::State get_state () const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & operator= (const FullMatrix< NumberType > &) void copy_to (FullMatrix< NumberType > &matrix) const void copy_to (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &dest) const void copy_to (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &offset_A, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &offset_B, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &submatrix_size) const void copy_transposed (const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B) void add (const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const NumberType a=0., const NumberType b=1., const bool transpose_B=false) void add (const NumberType b, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B) void Tadd (const NumberType b, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B) void mult (const NumberType b, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const NumberType c, ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &C, const bool transpose_A=false, const bool transpose_B=false) const void mmult (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const bool adding=false) const void Tmmult (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const bool adding=false) const void mTmult (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const bool adding=false) const void TmTmult (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const bool adding=false) const void save (const char *filename, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &chunk_size=std::make_pair(numbers::invalid_unsigned_int, numbers::invalid_unsigned_int)) const void compute_cholesky_factorization () void compute_lu_factorization () void invert () std::vector< NumberType > eigenpairs_symmetric_by_index (const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &index_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors) std::vector< NumberType > eigenpairs_symmetric_by_value (const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > &value_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors) std::vector< NumberType > eigenpairs_symmetric_by_index_MRRR (const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &index_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors) std::vector< NumberType > eigenpairs_symmetric_by_value_MRRR (const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > &value_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors) std::vector< NumberType > compute_SVD (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > *U=nullptr, ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > *VT=nullptr) void least_squares (ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > &B, const bool transpose=false) unsigned int pseudoinverse (const NumberType ratio) NumberType reciprocal_condition_number (const NumberType a_norm) const NumberType l1_norm () const NumberType linfty_norm () const NumberType frobenius_norm () const size_type m () const size_type n () const unsigned int local_m () const unsigned int local_n () const unsigned int global_row (const unsigned int loc_row) const unsigned int global_column (const unsigned int loc_column) const NumberType local_el (const unsigned int loc_row, const unsigned int loc_column) const NumberType & local_el (const unsigned int loc_row, const unsigned int loc_column) template<class InputVector > void scale_columns (const InputVector &factors) template<class InputVector > void scale_rows (const InputVector &factors) ## Private Member Functions NumberType norm_symmetric (const char type) const NumberType norm_general (const char type) const std::vector< NumberType > eigenpairs_symmetric (const bool compute_eigenvectors, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &index_limits=std::make_pair(numbers::invalid_unsigned_int, numbers::invalid_unsigned_int), const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > &value_limits=std::make_pair(std::numeric_limits< NumberType >::quiet_NaN(), std::numeric_limits< NumberType >::quiet_NaN())) std::vector< NumberType > eigenpairs_symmetric_MRRR (const bool compute_eigenvectors, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > &index_limits=std::make_pair(numbers::invalid_unsigned_int, numbers::invalid_unsigned_int), const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > &value_limits=std::make_pair(std::numeric_limits< NumberType >::quiet_NaN(), std::numeric_limits< NumberType >::quiet_NaN())) ## Private Attributes LAPACKSupport::State state LAPACKSupport::Property property std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGridgrid int n_rows int n_columns int row_block_size int column_block_size int n_local_rows int n_local_columns int descriptor [9] std::vector< NumberType > work std::vector< int > iwork std::vector< int > ipiv const char uplo const int first_process_row const int first_process_column const int submatrix_row const int submatrix_column Protected Types inherited from TransposeTable< NumberType > typedef TableBase< 2, NumberType >::size_type size_type typedef AlignedVector< NumberType >::value_type value_type typedef AlignedVector< NumberType >::reference reference typedef AlignedVector< NumberType >::const_reference const_reference typedef TransposeTableIterators::Iterator< NumberType, true > const_iterator typedef TransposeTableIterators::Iterator< NumberType, false > iterator Protected Types inherited from TableBase< 2, NumberType > typedef AlignedVector< NumberType >::size_type size_type Protected Member Functions inherited from TransposeTable< NumberType > reference el (const size_type i, const size_type j) const_reference el (const size_type i, const size_type j) const TransposeTable ()=default TransposeTable (const size_type size1, const size_type size2) void reinit (const size_type size1, const size_type size2, const bool omit_default_initialization=false) const_reference operator() (const size_type i, const size_type j) const reference operator() (const size_type i, const size_type j) size_type n_rows () const size_type n_cols () const iterator begin () const_iterator begin () const iterator end () const_iterator end () const Protected Member Functions inherited from TableBase< 2, NumberType > size_type position (const TableIndices< N > &indices) const AlignedVector< NumberType >::reference el (const TableIndices< N > &indices) AlignedVector< NumberType >::const_reference el (const TableIndices< N > &indices) const TableBase ()=default TableBase (const TableIndices< N > &sizes) TableBase (const TableIndices< N > &sizes, InputIterator entries, const bool C_style_indexing=true) TableBase (const TableBase< N, NumberType > &src) TableBase (const TableBase< N, T2 > &src) TableBase (TableBase< N, NumberType > &&src) noexcept ~TableBase () override=default TableBase< N, NumberType > & operator= (const TableBase< N, NumberType > &src) TableBase< N, NumberType > & operator= (const TableBase< N, T2 > &src) TableBase< N, NumberType > & operator= (TableBase< N, NumberType > &&src) noexcept bool operator== (const TableBase< N, NumberType > &T2) const void reset_values () void reinit (const TableIndices< N > &new_size, const bool omit_default_initialization=false) size_type size (const unsigned int i) const const TableIndices< N > & size () const size_type n_elements () const bool empty () const void fill (InputIterator entries, const bool C_style_indexing=true) void fill (const NumberType &value) AlignedVector< NumberType >::reference operator() (const TableIndices< N > &indices) AlignedVector< NumberType >::const_reference operator() (const TableIndices< N > &indices) const void swap (TableBase< N, NumberType > &v) std::size_t memory_consumption () const void serialize (Archive &ar, const unsigned int version) Protected Member Functions inherited from Subscriptor Subscriptor () Subscriptor (const Subscriptor &) Subscriptor (Subscriptor &&) noexcept virtual ~Subscriptor () Subscriptoroperator= (const Subscriptor &) Subscriptoroperator= (Subscriptor &&) noexcept void subscribe (const char *identifier=nullptr) const void unsubscribe (const char *identifier=nullptr) const unsigned int n_subscriptions () const void list_subscribers () const template<class Archive > void serialize (Archive &ar, const unsigned int version) Static Protected Member Functions inherited from Subscriptor static::ExceptionBase & ExcInUse (int arg1, std::string arg2, std::string arg3) static::ExceptionBase & ExcNoSubscriber (std::string arg1, std::string arg2) Protected Attributes inherited from TableBase< 2, NumberType > AlignedVector< NumberType > values TableIndices< N > table_size ## Detailed Description ### template<typename NumberType> class ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > A wrapper class around ScaLAPACK parallel dense linear algebra. ScaLAPACK assumes that matrices are distributed according to the block-cyclic decomposition scheme. An $$M$$ by $$N$$ matrix is first decomposed into $$MB$$ by $$NB$$ blocks which are then uniformly distributed across the 2D process grid $$p*q \le Np$$, where $$p,q$$ are grid dimensions and $$Np$$ is the total number of processes. For example, a global real symmetric matrix of size $$9\times 9$$ is stored in upper storage mode with block sizes 4 × 4: 0 1 2 ┌ ┐ | -6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 | 0.0 -2.0 -2.0 0.0 | -2.0 | | . -6.0 -2.0 0.0 | -2.0 -4.0 0.0 -4.0 | -2.0 | 0 | . . -6.0 -2.0 | -2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 | 6.0 | | . . . -6.0 | 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 | 2.0 | | ---------------------|-----------------------|------- | | . . . . | -8.0 -4.0 0.0 -2.0 | 0.0 | | . . . . | . -6.0 0.0 -4.0 | -6.0 | 1 | . . . . | . . -4.0 0.0 | 0.0 | | . . . . | . . . -4.0 | -4.0 | | ---------------------|-----------------------|------- | 2 | . . . . | . . . . | -16.0 | └ ┘ may be distributed using the 2x2 process grid: | 0 2 | 1 -----| ------- |----- 0 | P00 | P01 2 | | -----| ------- |----- 1 | P10 | P11 with the following local arrays: p,q | 0 | 1 -----|----------------------------|---------------------- | -6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -2.0 | 0.0 -2.0 -2.0 0.0 | . -6.0 -2.0 0.0 -2.0 | -2.0 -4.0 0.0 -4.0 0 | . . -6.0 -2.0 6.0 | -2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 | . . . -6.0 2.0 | 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 | . . . . -16.0 | . . . . -----|----------------------------|---------------------- | . . . . 0.0 | -8.0 -4.0 0.0 -2.0 | . . . . -6.0 | . -6.0 0.0 -4.0 1 | . . . . 0.0 | . . -4.0 0.0 | . . . . -4.0 | . . . -4.0 Note how processes $$(0,0)$$ and $$(1,0)$$ of the process grid store an extra column to represent the last column of the original matrix that did not fit the decomposition into $$4\times 4$$ sub-blocks. The choice of the block size is a compromise between a sufficiently large size for efficient local/serial BLAS, but one that is also small enough to achieve good parallel load balance. Below we show a strong scaling example of ScaLAPACKMatrix::invert() on up to 5 nodes each composed of two Intel Xeon 2660v2 IvyBridge sockets 2.20GHz, 10 cores/socket. Calculations are performed on square processor grids 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10. Definition at line 31 of file process_grid.h. ## Member Typedef Documentation template<typename NumberType> typedef unsigned int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::size_type Declare the type for container size. Definition at line 113 of file scalapack.h. ## Constructor & Destructor Documentation template<typename NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::ScaLAPACKMatrix ( const size_type n_rows, const size_type n_columns, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > & process_grid, const size_type row_block_size = 32, const size_type column_block_size = 32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property = LAPACKSupport::Property::general ) Constructor for a rectangular matrix with n_rows and n_cols and distributed using the grid process_grid. Definition at line 79 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::ScaLAPACKMatrix ( const size_type size, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > process_grid, const size_type block_size = 32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property = LAPACKSupport::Property::symmetric ) Constructor for a square matrix of size size, and distributed using the process grid in process_grid. Definition at line 104 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType> ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::~ScaLAPACKMatrix ( ) overridedefault Destructor ## Member Function Documentation template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::reinit ( const size_type n_rows, const size_type n_columns, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > & process_grid, const size_type row_block_size = 32, const size_type column_block_size = 32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property = LAPACKSupport::Property::general ) Initialize the rectangular matrix with n_rows and n_cols and distributed using the grid process_grid. Definition at line 121 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::reinit ( const size_type size, const std::shared_ptr< const Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid > process_grid, const size_type block_size = 32, const LAPACKSupport::Property property = LAPACKSupport::Property::symmetric ) Initialize the square matrix of size size and distributed using the grid process_grid. Definition at line 196 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::set_property ( const LAPACKSupport::Property property ) Assign property to this matrix. Definition at line 209 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > LAPACKSupport::Property ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::get_property ( ) const Return current property of this matrix Definition at line 219 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > LAPACKSupport::State ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::get_state ( ) const Return current state of this matrix Definition at line 228 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::operator= ( const FullMatrix< NumberType > & matrix ) Assignment operator from a regular FullMatrix. Note This function should only be used for relatively small matrix dimensions. It is primarily intended for debugging purposes. Definition at line 237 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::copy_to ( FullMatrix< NumberType > & matrix ) const Copy the contents of the distributed matrix into matrix. Note This function should only be used for relatively small matrix dimensions. It is primarily intended for debugging purposes. Definition at line 303 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::copy_to ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & dest ) const Copy the contents of the distributed matrix into a differently distributed matrix dest. The function also works for matrices with different process grids or block-cyclic distributions. Definition at line 496 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::copy_to ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & offset_A, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & offset_B, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & submatrix_size ) const Copy a submatrix (subset) of the distributed matrix A to a submatrix of the distributed matrix B. • The global row and column index of the first element of the submatrix A is provided by offset_A with row index=offset_A.first and column index=offset_A.second. • The global row and column index of the first element of the submatrix B is provided by offset_B with row index=offset_B.first and column index=offset_B.second. • The dimension of the submatrix to be copied is given by submatrix_size with number of rows=submatrix_size.first and number of columns=submatrix_size.second. If it is necessary to copy complete matrices with an identical block-cyclic distribution, use ScaLAPACKMatrix<NumberType>::copy_to(ScaLAPACKMatrix<NumberType> &dest) with only one argument to avoid communication. The underlying process grids of the matrices A and B must have been built with the same MPI communicator. Definition at line 360 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::copy_transposed ( const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B ) Transposing assignment: $$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{B}^T$$ The matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ must have the same process grid. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A=NB_B$$ and $$NB_A=MB_B$$. Definition at line 625 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::add ( const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const NumberType a = 0., const NumberType b = 1., const bool transpose_B = false ) The operations based on the input parameter transpose_B and the alignment conditions are summarized in the following table: transpose_B Block Sizes Operation false $$MB_A=MB_B$$ $$NB_A=NB_B$$ $$\mathbf{A} = a \mathbf{A} + b \mathbf{B}$$ true $$MB_A=NB_B$$ $$NB_A=MB_B$$ $$\mathbf{A} = a \mathbf{A} + b \mathbf{B}^T$$ The matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ must have the same process grid. Definition at line 635 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::add ( const NumberType b, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B ) Matrix-addition: $$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{A} + b\, \mathbf{B}$$ The matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ must have the same process grid. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A=MB_B$$ and $$NB_A=NB_B$$. Definition at line 690 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::Tadd ( const NumberType b, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B ) Matrix-addition: $$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{A} + b\, \mathbf{B}^T$$ The matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ must have the same process grid. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A=NB_B$$ and $$NB_A=MB_B$$. Definition at line 700 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::mult ( const NumberType b, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const NumberType c, ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & C, const bool transpose_A = false, const bool transpose_B = false ) const Matrix-matrix-multiplication: The operations based on the input parameters and the alignment conditions are summarized in the following table: transpose_A transpose_B Block Sizes Operation false false $$MB_A=MB_C$$ $$NB_A=MB_B$$ $$NB_B=NB_C$$ $$\mathbf{C} = b \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B} + c \mathbf{C}$$ false true $$MB_A=MB_C$$ $$NB_A=NB_B$$ $$MB_B=NB_C$$ $$\mathbf{C} = b \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B}^T + c \mathbf{C}$$ true false $$MB_A=MB_B$$ $$NB_A=MB_C$$ $$NB_B=NB_C$$ $$\mathbf{C} = b \mathbf{A}^T \cdot \mathbf{B} + c \mathbf{C}$$ true true $$MB_A=NB_B$$ $$NB_A=MB_C$$ $$MB_B=NB_C$$ $$\mathbf{C} = b \mathbf{A}^T \cdot \mathbf{B}^T + c \mathbf{C}$$ It is assumed that $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ have compatible sizes and that $$\mathbf{C}$$ already has the right size. The matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$, $$\mathbf{B}$$ and $$\mathbf{C}$$ must have the same process grid. Definition at line 710 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::mmult ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const bool adding = false ) const Matrix-matrix-multiplication. The optional parameter adding determines whether the result is stored in $$\mathbf{C}$$ or added to $$\mathbf{C}$$. if (adding) $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{C} + \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B}$$ else $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B}$$ It is assumed that $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ have compatible sizes and that $$\mathbf{C}$$ already has the right size. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A=MB_C$$, $$NB_A=MB_B$$ and $$NB_B=NB_C$$. Definition at line 827 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::Tmmult ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const bool adding = false ) const Matrix-matrix-multiplication using transpose of $$\mathbf{A}$$. The optional parameter adding determines whether the result is stored in $$\mathbf{C}$$ or added to $$\mathbf{C}$$. if (adding) $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{C} + \mathbf{A}^T \cdot \mathbf{B}$$ else $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{A}^T \cdot \mathbf{B}$$ It is assumed that $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ have compatible sizes and that $$\mathbf{C}$$ already has the right size. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A=MB_B$$, $$NB_A=MB_C$$ and $$NB_B=NB_C$$. Definition at line 841 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::mTmult ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const bool adding = false ) const Matrix-matrix-multiplication using the transpose of $$\mathbf{B}$$. The optional parameter adding determines whether the result is stored in $$\mathbf{C}$$ or added to $$\mathbf{C}$$. if (adding) $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{C} + \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B}^T$$ else $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B}^T$$ It is assumed that $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ have compatible sizes and that $$\mathbf{C}$$ already has the right size. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A=MB_C$$, $$NB_A=NB_B$$ and $$MB_B=NB_C$$. Definition at line 855 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::TmTmult ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & C, const ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const bool adding = false ) const Matrix-matrix-multiplication using transpose of $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$. The optional parameter adding determines whether the result is stored in $$\mathbf{C}$$ or added to $$\mathbf{C}$$. if (adding) $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{C} + \mathbf{A}^T \cdot \mathbf{B}^T$$ else $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{A}^T \cdot \mathbf{B}^T$$ It is assumed that $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ have compatible sizes and that $$\mathbf{C}$$ already has the right size. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A=NB_B$$, $$NB_A=MB_C$$ and $$MB_B=NB_C$$. Definition at line 869 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::save ( const char * filename, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & chunk_size = std::make_pair(numbers::invalid_unsigned_int,                        numbers::invalid_unsigned_int) ) const Stores the distributed matrix in filename using HDF5. In case that deal.II was built without HDF5 a call to this function will cause an exception to be thrown. If HDF5 was built with MPI, parallel I/O is used to save the matrix. Otherwise, just one process will do the output. This means that internally the distributed matrix is copied to one process, which does the output. Therefore, the matrix has to fit into the memory of one process. To tweak the I/O performance, especially for parallel I/O, the user may define the optional parameter chunk_size. All MPI processes need to call the function with the same value. The matrix is written in chunks to the file, therefore the properties of the system define the optimal chunk size. Internally, HDF5 splits the matrix into chunk_size.first x chunk_size.second sized blocks, with chunk_size.first being the number of rows of a chunk and chunk_size.second the number of columns. Definition at line 2256 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::load ( const char * filename ) Loads the distributed matrix from file filename using HDF5. In case that deal.II was built without HDF5 a call to this function will cause an exception to be thrown. The matrix must have the same dimensions as the matrix stored in the file. If HDF5 was build with MPI, parallel I/O is used to load the matrix. Otherwise, just one process will load the matrix from storage and distribute the content to the other processes subsequently. Definition at line 2673 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::compute_cholesky_factorization ( ) Compute the Cholesky factorization of the matrix using ScaLAPACK function pXpotrf. The result of the factorization is stored in this object. Definition at line 883 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::compute_lu_factorization ( ) Compute the LU factorization of the matrix using ScaLAPACK function pXgetrf and partial pivoting with row interchanges. The result of the factorization is stored in this object. Definition at line 916 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::invert ( ) Invert the matrix by first computing a Cholesky for symmetric matrices or a LU factorization for general matrices and then building the actual inverse using pXpotri or pXgetri. If the matrix is triangular, the LU factorization step is skipped, and pXtrtri is used directly. If a Cholesky or LU factorization has been applied previously, pXpotri or pXgetri are called directly. The inverse is stored in this object. Definition at line 957 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > std::vector< NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::eigenpairs_symmetric_by_index ( const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & index_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors ) Computing selected eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors of the real symmetric matrix $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$$. The eigenvalues/eigenvectors are selected by prescribing a range of indices index_limits. If successful, the computed eigenvalues are arranged in ascending order. The eigenvectors are stored in the columns of the matrix, thereby overwriting the original content of the matrix. If all eigenvalues/eigenvectors have to be computed, pass the closed interval $$\left[ 0, M-1 \right]$$ in index_limits. Pass the closed interval $$\left[ M-r, M-1 \right]$$ if the $$r$$ largest eigenvalues/eigenvectors are desired. Definition at line 1073 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > std::vector< NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::eigenpairs_symmetric_by_value ( const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > & value_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors ) Computing selected eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors. The eigenvalues/eigenvectors are selected by prescribing a range of values value_limits for the eigenvalues. If successful, the computed eigenvalues are arranged in ascending order. The eigenvectors are stored in the columns of the matrix, thereby overwriting the original content of the matrix. Definition at line 1098 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > std::vector< NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::eigenpairs_symmetric_by_index_MRRR ( const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & index_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors ) Computing selected eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors of the real symmetric matrix $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$$ using the MRRR algorithm. The eigenvalues/eigenvectors are selected by prescribing a range of indices index_limits. If successful, the computed eigenvalues are arranged in ascending order. The eigenvectors are stored in the columns of the matrix, thereby overwriting the original content of the matrix. If all eigenvalues/eigenvectors have to be computed, pass the closed interval $$\left[ 0, M-1 \right]$$ in index_limits. Pass the closed interval $$\left[ M-r, M-1 \right]$$ if the $$r$$ largest eigenvalues/eigenvectors are desired. Definition at line 1408 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > std::vector< NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::eigenpairs_symmetric_by_value_MRRR ( const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > & value_limits, const bool compute_eigenvectors ) Computing selected eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors of the real symmetric matrix $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$$ using the MRRR algorithm. The eigenvalues/eigenvectors are selected by prescribing a range of values value_limits for the eigenvalues. If successful, the computed eigenvalues are arranged in ascending order. The eigenvectors are stored in the columns of the matrix, thereby overwriting the original content of the matrix. Definition at line 1431 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > std::vector< NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::compute_SVD ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > * U = nullptr, ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > * VT = nullptr ) Computing the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a matrix $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times N}$$, optionally computing the left and/or right singular vectors. The SVD is written as $$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{U} \cdot \mathbf{\Sigma} \cdot \mathbf{V}^T$$ with $$\mathbf{\Sigma} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times N}$$ as a diagonal matrix, $$\mathbf{U} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$$ and $$\mathbf{V} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$$ as orthogonal matrices. The diagonal elements of $$\mathbf{\Sigma}$$ are the singular values of $$A$$ and the columns of $$\mathbf{U}$$ and $$\mathbf{V}$$ are the corresponding left and right singular vectors, respectively. The singular values are returned in decreasing order and only the first $$\min(M,N)$$ columns of $$\mathbf{U}$$ and rows of $$\mathbf{V}^T$$ are computed. Upon return the content of the matrix is unusable. The matrix $$\mathbf{A}$$ must have identical block cyclic distribution for the rows and column. If left singular vectors are required matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{U}$$ have to be constructed with the same process grid and block cyclic distribution. If right singular vectors are required matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{V}^T$$ have to be constructed with the same process grid and block cyclic distribution. To avoid computing the left and/or right singular vectors the function accepts nullptr for U and/or VT. Definition at line 1659 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::least_squares ( ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType > & B, const bool transpose = false ) Solving overdetermined or underdetermined real linear systems involving matrix $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times N}$$, or its transpose $$\mathbf{A}^T$$, using a QR or LQ factorization of $$\mathbf{A}$$ for $$N_{\rm RHS}$$ RHS vectors in the columns of matrix $$\mathbf{B}$$ It is assumed that $$\mathbf{A}$$ has full rank: $$\rm{rank}(\mathbf{A}) = \min(M,N)$$. The following options are supported: 1. If(!transpose) and $$M \geq N$$: least squares solution of overdetermined system $$\min \Vert \mathbf{B} - \mathbf{A}\cdot \mathbf{X}\Vert$$. Upon exit the rows $$0$$ to $$N-1$$ of $$\mathbf{B}$$ contain the least square solution vectors. The residual sum of squares for each column is given by the sum of squares of elements $$N$$ to $$M-1$$ in that column. 2. If(!transpose) and $$M < N$$: find minimum norm solutions of underdetermined systems $$\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{X} = \mathbf{B}$$. Upon exit the columns of $$\mathbf{B}$$ contain the minimum norm solution vectors. 3. If(transpose) and $$M \geq N$$: find minimum norm solutions of underdetermined system $$\mathbf{A}^\top \cdot \mathbf{X} = \mathbf{B}$$. Upon exit the columns of $$\mathbf{B}$$ contain the minimum norm solution vectors. 4. If(transpose) and $$M < N$$: least squares solution of overdetermined system $$\min \Vert \mathbf{B} - \mathbf{A}^\top \cdot \mathbf{X}\Vert$$. Upon exit the rows $$0$$ to $$M-1$$ contain the least square solution vectors. The residual sum of squares for each column is given by the sum of squares of elements $$M$$ to $$N-1$$ in that column. If(!tranpose) then $$\mathbf{B} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times N_{\rm RHS}}$$, otherwise $$\mathbf{B} \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N_{\rm RHS}}$$. The matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ must have an identical block cyclic distribution for rows and columns. Definition at line 1779 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > unsigned int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::pseudoinverse ( const NumberType ratio ) Compute the pseudoinverse $$\mathbf{A}^+ \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times M}$$ (Moore-Penrose inverse) of a real matrix $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times N}$$ using the singular value decomposition $$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{U} \cdot \mathbf{\Sigma} \cdot \mathbf{V}^T$$. Unlike the inverse, the pseudoinverse $$\mathbf{A}^+ = \mathbf{V} \cdot \mathbf{\Sigma}^+ \cdot \mathbf{U}^T$$ exists for both rectangular as well as singular matrices $$\mathbf{A}$$. For a rectangular $$\mathbf{\Sigma}$$ the pseudoinverse is computed by taking the reciprocal of each non-zero element on the diagonal, leaving the zeros in place, and then transposing $$\mathbf{\Sigma}$$. For the numerical computation only the singular values $$\sigma_i > \sigma_{\text{max}} \, \text{ratio}$$ are taken into account. Upon successful exit, the function returns the number of singular values fulfilling that condition. That value can be interpreted as the rank of $$\mathbf{A}$$. Upon return this object contains the pseudoinverse $$\mathbf{A}^+ \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times M}$$. The following alignment conditions have to be fulfilled: $$MB_A = NB_A$$. Definition at line 1871 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > NumberType ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::reciprocal_condition_number ( const NumberType a_norm ) const Estimate the condition number of a SPD matrix in the $$l_1$$-norm. The matrix has to be in the Cholesky state (see compute_cholesky_factorization()). The reciprocal of the condition number is returned in order to avoid the possibility of overflow when the condition number is very large. a_norm must contain the $$l_1$$-norm of the matrix prior to calling Cholesky factorization (see l1_norm()). Note An alternative is to compute the inverse of the matrix explicitly and manually construct $$k_1 = ||\mathbf{A}||_1 \, ||\mathbf{A}^{-1}||_1$$. Definition at line 1958 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > NumberType ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::l1_norm ( ) const Compute the $$l_1$$-norm of the matrix. Definition at line 2020 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > NumberType ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::linfty_norm ( ) const Compute the $$l_{\infty}$$ norm of the matrix. Definition at line 2034 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > NumberType ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::frobenius_norm ( ) const Compute the Frobenius norm of the matrix. Definition at line 2048 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType> size_type ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::m ( ) const Number of rows of the $$M \times N$$ matrix. template<typename NumberType> size_type ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::n ( ) const Number of columns of the $$M \times N$$ matrix. template<typename NumberType> unsigned int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::local_m ( ) const Number of local rows on this MPI processes. template<typename NumberType> unsigned int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::local_n ( ) const Number of local columns on this MPI process. template<typename NumberType > unsigned int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::global_row ( const unsigned int loc_row ) const Return the global row number for the given local row loc_row . Definition at line 268 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > unsigned int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::global_column ( const unsigned int loc_column ) const Return the global column number for the given local column loc_column. Definition at line 285 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType> NumberType ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::local_el ( const unsigned int loc_row, const unsigned int loc_column ) const template<typename NumberType> NumberType& ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::local_el ( const unsigned int loc_row, const unsigned int loc_column ) template<typename NumberType > template<class InputVector > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::scale_columns ( const InputVector & factors ) Scale the columns of the distributed matrix by the scalars provided in the array factors. The array factors must have as many entries as the matrix columns. Copies of factors have to be available on all processes of the underlying MPI communicator. Note The fundamental prerequisite for the InputVector is that it must be possible to create an ArrayView from it; this is satisfied by the std::vector and Vector classes. Definition at line 3121 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > template<class InputVector > void ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::scale_rows ( const InputVector & factors ) Scale the rows of the distributed matrix by the scalars provided in the array factors. The array factors must have as many entries as the matrix rows. Copies of factors have to be available on all processes of the underlying MPI communicator. Note The fundamental prerequisite for the InputVector is that it must be possible to create an ArrayView from it; this is satisfied by the std::vector and Vector classes. Definition at line 3132 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > NumberType ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::norm_symmetric ( const char type ) const private Calculate the norm of a distributed symmetric dense matrix using ScaLAPACK's internal function. Definition at line 2121 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > NumberType ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::norm_general ( const char type ) const private Calculate the norm of a distributed dense matrix using ScaLAPACK's internal function. Definition at line 2062 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > std::vector< NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::eigenpairs_symmetric ( const bool compute_eigenvectors, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & index_limits = std::make_pair(numbers::invalid_unsigned_int,                     numbers::invalid_unsigned_int), const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > & value_limits = std::make_pair(std::numeric_limits::quiet_NaN(),                     std::numeric_limits::quiet_NaN()) ) private Computing selected eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors. The eigenvalues/eigenvectors are selected by either prescribing a range of indices index_limits or a range of values value_limits for the eigenvalues. The function will throw an exception if both ranges are prescribed (meaning that both ranges differ from the default value) as this ambiguity is prohibited. If successful, the computed eigenvalues are arranged in ascending order. The eigenvectors are stored in the columns of the matrix, thereby overwriting the original content of the matrix. Definition at line 1118 of file scalapack.cc. template<typename NumberType > std::vector< NumberType > ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::eigenpairs_symmetric_MRRR ( const bool compute_eigenvectors, const std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > & index_limits = std::make_pair(numbers::invalid_unsigned_int,                     numbers::invalid_unsigned_int), const std::pair< NumberType, NumberType > & value_limits = std::make_pair(std::numeric_limits::quiet_NaN(),                     std::numeric_limits::quiet_NaN()) ) private Computing selected eigenvalues and, optionally, the eigenvectors of the real symmetric matrix $$\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times M}$$ using the MRRR algorithm. The eigenvalues/eigenvectors are selected by either prescribing a range of indices index_limits or a range of values value_limits for the eigenvalues. The function will throw an exception if both ranges are prescribed (meaning that both ranges differ from the default value) as this ambiguity is prohibited. By calling this function the original content of the matrix will be overwritten. If requested, the eigenvectors are stored in the columns of the matrix. Also in the case that just the eigenvalues are required, the content of the matrix will be overwritten. If successful, the computed eigenvalues are arranged in ascending order. Note Due to a bug in Netlib-ScaLAPACK, either all or no eigenvectors can be computed. Therefore, the input index_limits has to be set accordingly. Using Intel-MKL this restriction is not required. Definition at line 1449 of file scalapack.cc. ## Member Data Documentation template<typename NumberType> LAPACKSupport::State ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::state private Since ScaLAPACK operations notoriously change the meaning of the matrix entries, we record the current state after the last operation here. Definition at line 859 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> LAPACKSupport::Property ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::property private Additional property of the matrix which may help to select more efficient ScaLAPACK functions. Definition at line 865 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> std::shared_ptr ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::grid private A shared pointer to a Utilities::MPI::ProcessGrid object which contains a BLACS context and a MPI communicator, as well as other necessary data structures. Definition at line 872 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::n_rows private Number of rows in the matrix. Definition at line 877 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::n_columns private Number of columns in the matrix. Definition at line 882 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::row_block_size private Row block size. Definition at line 887 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::column_block_size private Column block size. Definition at line 892 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::n_local_rows private Number of rows in the matrix owned by the current process. Definition at line 897 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::n_local_columns private Number of columns in the matrix owned by the current process. Definition at line 902 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::descriptor[9] private ScaLAPACK description vector. Definition at line 907 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> std::vector ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::work mutableprivate Workspace array. Definition at line 912 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> std::vector ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::iwork mutableprivate Integer workspace array. Definition at line 917 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> std::vector ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::ipiv private Integer array holding pivoting information required by ScaLAPACK's matrix factorization routines. Definition at line 923 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> const char ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::uplo private A character to define where elements are stored in case ScaLAPACK operations support this. Definition at line 929 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> const int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::first_process_row private The process row of the process grid over which the first row of the global matrix is distributed. Definition at line 935 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> const int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::first_process_column private The process column of the process grid over which the first column of the global matrix is distributed. Definition at line 941 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> const int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::submatrix_row private Global row index that determines where to start a submatrix. Currently this equals unity, as we don't use submatrices. Definition at line 947 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType> const int ScaLAPACKMatrix< NumberType >::submatrix_column private Global column index that determines where to start a submatrix. Currently this equals unity, as we don't use submatrices. Definition at line 953 of file scalapack.h. template<typename NumberType>
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https://gitlab.mpi-sws.org/dkhalanskiyjb/iris/-/blame/e85a1027d1e71d92995bf58f2a0e0930fd5ebfb5/docs/ghost-state.tex
ghost-state.tex 12.2 KB Ralf Jung committed Dec 10, 2017 1 \section{Extensions of the Base Logic} Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 2 Ralf Jung committed Oct 22, 2016 3 In this section we discuss some additional constructions that we define within and on top of the base logic. Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 4 5 These are not extensions'' in the sense that they change the proof power of the logic, they just form useful derived principles. Ralf Jung committed Dec 10, 2017 6 \subsection{Derived Rules about Base Connectives} Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 We collect here some important and frequently used derived proof rules. \begin{mathparpagebreakable} \infer{} {\prop \Ra \propB \proves \prop \wand \propB} \infer{} {\prop * \Exists\var.\propB \provesIff \Exists\var. \prop * \propB} \infer{} {\prop * \All\var.\propB \proves \All\var. \prop * \propB} \infer{} {\always(\prop*\propB) \provesIff \always\prop * \always\propB} \infer{} {\always(\prop \Ra \propB) \proves \always\prop \Ra \always\propB} \infer{} {\always(\prop \wand \propB) \proves \always\prop \wand \always\propB} \infer{} {\always(\prop \wand \propB) \provesIff \always(\prop \Ra \propB)} \infer{} {\later(\prop \Ra \propB) \proves \later\prop \Ra \later\propB} \infer{} {\later(\prop \wand \propB) \proves \later\prop \wand \later\propB} \infer{} {\prop \proves \later\prop} Ralf Jung committed Nov 28, 2017 38 39 40 \infer{} {\TRUE \proves \plainly\TRUE} Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 41 42 \end{mathparpagebreakable} Ralf Jung committed Nov 28, 2017 43 44 Noteworthy here is the fact that $\prop \proves \later\prop$ can be derived from Löb induction, and $\TRUE \proves \plainly\TRUE$ can be derived via $\plainly$ commuting with universal quantification ranging over the empty type $0$. Robbert Krebbers committed Dec 10, 2017 45 46 \subsection{Persistent Propositions} We call a proposition $\prop$ \emph{persistent} if $\prop \proves \always\prop$. Robbert Krebbers committed Dec 10, 2017 47 These are propositions that do not own anything'', so we can (and will) treat them like normal'' intuitionistic propositions. Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Of course, $\always\prop$ is persistent for any $\prop$. Furthermore, by the proof rules given in \Sref{sec:proof-rules}, $\TRUE$, $\FALSE$, $t = t'$ as well as $\ownGhost\gname{\mcore\melt}$ and $\mval(\melt)$ are persistent. Persistence is preserved by conjunction, disjunction, separating conjunction as well as universal and existential quantification and $\later$. Ralf Jung committed Dec 10, 2017 55 \subsection{Timeless Propositions and Except-0} Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 56 57 58 One of the troubles of working in a step-indexed logic is the later'' modality $\later$. It turns out that we can somewhat mitigate this trouble by working below the following \emph{except-0} modality: Ralf Jung committed Dec 05, 2016 59 $\diamond \prop \eqdef \later\FALSE \lor \prop$ Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 60 Robbert Krebbers committed Dec 10, 2017 61 This modality is useful because there is a class of propositions which we call \emph{timeless} propositions, for which we have Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 62 $\timeless{\prop} \eqdef \later\prop \proves \diamond\prop$ Paolo G. Giarrusso committed Apr 16, 2019 63 64 65 66 In other words, when working below the except-0 modality, we can \emph{strip away} the later from timeless propositions. In fact, we can strip away later from timeless propositions even when working under the later modality: \begin{mathpar} Paolo G. Giarrusso committed Apr 17, 2019 67 \inferH{later-timeless-strip}{\timeless{\prop} \and \prop \proves \later \propB} Paolo G. Giarrusso committed Apr 16, 2019 68 69 {\later\prop \proves \later\propB} \end{mathpar} Paolo G. Giarrusso committed Apr 17, 2019 70 71 72 73 74 This rule looks different from the above ones, because we still do not have that \begin{mathpar} \inferH{later-fake-rule}{\timeless{\prop}} {\later\prop \proves \prop} \end{mathpar} Paolo G. Giarrusso committed Apr 17, 2019 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 The proof of the former is $\later \prop \proves \diamond \prop = \later\FALSE \lor \prop$, and then by straightforward disjunction elimination: % Cut the second part if trivial. \begin{mathpar} \infer{\later\FALSE \proves \later \propB \and \prop \proves \later \propB} {\later\FALSE \lor \prop \proves \propB} \end{mathpar} Paolo G. Giarrusso committed Apr 17, 2019 82 Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 83 Ralf Jung committed Feb 02, 2017 84 The following rules can be derived about except-0: Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 \begin{mathpar} \inferH{ex0-mono} {\prop \proves \propB} {\diamond\prop \proves \diamond\propB} \axiomH{ex0-intro} {\prop \proves \diamond\prop} \axiomH{ex0-idem} {\diamond\diamond\prop \proves \diamond\prop} \begin{array}[c]{rMcMl} \diamond{(\prop * \propB)} &\provesIff& \diamond\prop * \diamond\propB \\ \diamond{(\prop \land \propB)} &\provesIff& \diamond\prop \land \diamond\propB \\ \diamond{(\prop \lor \propB)} &\provesIff& \diamond\prop \lor \diamond\propB \end{array} \begin{array}[c]{rMcMl} \diamond{\All x. \prop} &\provesIff& \All x. \diamond{\prop} \\ \diamond{\Exists x. \prop} &\provesIff& \Exists x. \diamond{\prop} \\ \diamond\always{\prop} &\provesIff& \always\diamond{\prop} \\ \diamond\later\prop &\proves& \later{\prop} \end{array} \end{mathpar} Robbert Krebbers committed Dec 10, 2017 110 The following rules identify the class of timeless propositions: Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 \begin{mathparpagebreakable} \infer {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop} \and \vctx \proves \timeless{\propB}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop \land \propB}} \infer {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop} \and \vctx \proves \timeless{\propB}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop \lor \propB}} \infer {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop} \and \vctx \proves \timeless{\propB}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop * \propB}} \infer {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\always\prop}} \infer {\vctx \proves \timeless{\propB}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop \Ra \propB}} \infer {\vctx \proves \timeless{\propB}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\prop \wand \propB}} \infer {\vctx,\var:\type \proves \timeless{\prop}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\All\var:\type.\prop}} \infer {\vctx,\var:\type \proves \timeless{\prop}} {\vctx \proves \timeless{\Exists\var:\type.\prop}} \axiom{\timeless{\TRUE}} \axiom{\timeless{\FALSE}} \infer Ralf Jung committed Dec 05, 2016 149 {\text{$\term$ or $\term'$ is a discrete OFE element}} Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 150 151 152 {\timeless{\term =_\type \term'}} \infer Ralf Jung committed Dec 05, 2016 153 {\text{$\melt$ is a discrete OFE element}} Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 154 155 156 {\timeless{\ownM\melt}} \infer Robbert Krebbers committed Dec 10, 2017 157 {\text{$\melt$ is an element of a discrete camera}} Ralf Jung committed Oct 10, 2016 158 159 160 {\timeless{\mval(\melt)}} \end{mathparpagebreakable} Ralf Jung committed Oct 06, 2016 161 Ralf Jung committed Dec 11, 2017 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 \subsection{Dynamic Composeable Higher-Order Resources} \label{sec:composeable-resources} The base logic described in \Sref{sec:base-logic} works over an arbitrary camera $\monoid$ defining the structure of the resources. It turns out that we can generalize this further and permit picking cameras $\iFunc(\Prop)$'' that depend on the structure of propositions themselves. Of course, $\Prop$ is just the syntactic type of propositions; for this to make sense we have to look at the semantics. Furthermore, there is a composability problem with the given logic: if we have one proof performed with camera $\monoid_1$, and another proof carried out with a \emph{different} camera $\monoid_2$, then the two proofs are actually carried out in two \emph{entirely separate logics} and hence cannot be combined. Finally, in many cases just having a single instance'' of a camera available for reasoning is not enough. For example, when reasoning about a dynamically allocated data structure, every time a new instance of that data structure is created, we will want a fresh resource governing the state of this particular instance. While it would be possible to handle this problem whenever it comes up, it turns out to be useful to provide a general solution. The purpose of this section is to describe how we solve these issues. \paragraph{Picking the resources.} The key ingredient that we will employ on top of the base logic is to give some more fixed structure to the resources. To instantiate the logic with dynamic higher-order ghost state, the user picks a family of locally contractive bifunctors $(\iFunc_i : \OFEs^\op \times \OFEs \to \CMRAs)_{i \in \mathcal{I}}$. (This is in contrast to the base logic, where the user picks a single, fixed camera that has a unit.) From this, we construct the bifunctor defining the overall resources as follows: \begin{align*} \GName \eqdef{}& \nat \\ \textdom{ResF}(\ofe^\op, \ofe) \eqdef{}& \prod_{i \in \mathcal I} \GName \fpfn \iFunc_i(\ofe^\op, \ofe) \end{align*} We will motivate both the use of a product and the finite partial function below. $\textdom{ResF}(\ofe^\op, \ofe)$ is a camera by lifting the individual cameras pointwise, and it has a unit (using the empty finite partial function). Furthermore, since the $\iFunc_i$ are locally contractive, so is $\textdom{ResF}$. Now we can write down the recursive domain equation: $\iPreProp \cong \UPred(\textdom{ResF}(\iPreProp, \iPreProp))$ Here, $\iPreProp$ is a COFE defined as the fixed-point of a locally contractive bifunctor, which exists and is unique up to isomorphism by \thmref{thm:america_rutten}, so we obtain some object $\iPreProp$ such that: \begin{align*} \Res &\eqdef \textdom{ResF}(\iPreProp, \iPreProp) \\ \iProp &\eqdef \UPred(\Res) \\ \wIso &: \iProp \nfn \iPreProp \\ \wIso^{-1} &: \iPreProp \nfn \iProp \\ \wIso(\wIso^{-1}(x)) &\eqdef x \\ \wIso^{-1}(\wIso(x)) &\eqdef x \end{align*} Now we can instantiate the base logic described in \Sref{sec:base-logic} with $\Res$ as the chosen camera: $\Sem{\Prop} \eqdef \UPred(\Res)$ We obtain that $\Sem{\Prop} = \iProp$. Effectively, we just defined a way to instantiate the base logic with $\Res$ as the camera of resources, while providing a way for $\Res$ to depend on $\iPreProp$, which is isomorphic to $\Sem\Prop$. We thus obtain all the rules of \Sref{sec:base-logic}, and furthermore, we can use the maps $\wIso$ and $\wIso^{-1}$ \emph{in the logic} to convert between logical propositions $\Sem\Prop$ and the domain $\iPreProp$ which is used in the construction of $\Res$ -- so from elements of $\iPreProp$, we can construct elements of $\Sem{\textlog M}$, which are the elements that can be owned in our logic. \paragraph{Proof composability.} To make our proofs composeable, we \emph{generalize} our proofs over the family of functors. This is possible because we made $\Res$ a \emph{product} of all the cameras picked by the user, and because we can actually work with that product pointwise''. So instead of picking a \emph{concrete} family, proofs will assume to be given an \emph{arbitrary} family of functors, plus a proof that this family \emph{contains the functors they need}. Composing two proofs is then merely a matter of conjoining the assumptions they make about the functors. Since the logic is entirely parametric in the choice of functors, there is no trouble reasoning without full knowledge of the family of functors. Only when the top-level proof is completed we will close'' the proof by picking a concrete family that contains exactly those functors the proof needs. \paragraph{Dynamic resources.} Finally, the use of finite partial functions lets us have as many instances of any camera as we could wish for: Because there can only ever be finitely many instances already allocated, it is always possible to create a fresh instance with any desired (valid) starting state. This is best demonstrated by giving some proof rules. So let us first define the notion of ghost ownership that we use in this logic. Assuming that the family of functors contains the functor $\Sigma_i$ at index $i$, and furthermore assuming that $\monoid_i = \Sigma_i(\iPreProp, \iPreProp)$, given some $\melt \in \monoid_i$ we define: $\ownGhost\gname{\melt:\monoid_i} \eqdef \ownM{(\ldots, \emptyset, i:\mapsingleton \gname \melt, \emptyset, \ldots)}$ This is ownership of the pair (element of the product over all the functors) that has the empty finite partial function in all components \emph{except for} the component corresponding to index $i$, where we own the element $\melt$ at index $\gname$ in the finite partial function. We can show the following properties for this form of ownership: \begin{mathparpagebreakable} \inferH{res-alloc}{\text{$G$ infinite} \and \melt \in \mval_{M_i}} { \TRUE \proves \upd \Exists\gname\in G. \ownGhost\gname{\melt : M_i} } \and \inferH{res-update} {\melt \mupd_{M_i} B} {\ownGhost\gname{\melt : M_i} \proves \upd \Exists \meltB\in B. \ownGhost\gname{\meltB : M_i}} \inferH{res-empty} {\text{$\munit$ is a unit of $M_i$}} {\TRUE \proves \upd \ownGhost\gname\munit} \axiomH{res-op} {\ownGhost\gname{\melt : M_i} * \ownGhost\gname{\meltB : M_i} \provesIff \ownGhost\gname{\melt\mtimes\meltB : M_i}} \axiomH{res-valid} {\ownGhost\gname{\melt : M_i} \Ra \mval_{M_i}(\melt)} \inferH{res-timeless} {\text{$\melt$ is a discrete OFE element}} {\timeless{\ownGhost\gname{\melt : M_i}}} \end{mathparpagebreakable} Below, we will always work within (an instance of) the logic as described here. Whenever a camera is used in a proof, we implicitly assume it to be available in the global family of functors. We will typically leave the $M_i$ implicit when asserting ghost ownership, as the type of $\melt$ will be clear from the context. Ralf Jung committed Oct 06, 2016 260 261 262 263 264 %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "iris" %%% End:
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http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-applied-math/14941-solved-can-vector-broken-down-components.html
# Math Help - [SOLVED] Can vector be broken down to components? 1. ## [SOLVED] Can vector be broken down to components? Hi. Here is the URL with some examples: Basic Vector Operations , bottom of the page. Suppose we have four vectors (A, B, C, D). We know their magnitudes and angles (directions). We add them and produce a new vector R. Let's consider a different situation. Let's say we are given only the resulting vector R (magitude and angle) and number of vectors (4) added to generate the R vector. Can we determine magnitudes and angles of these individual vectors (all of which are unknown)? Thanks. 2. Is this what you mean? The vector <1,-2,5> is the result of<3,4,0>+<-1,-6,2>+<-1,0,3>. BUT ALSO, <1,-2,5>=<1,0,0>+<0,-2,0>+<0,0,5>. Any given vector in R^3 is the linear sum of infinitely many three-element sets of vectors. So I think the answer to your question is no. If you mean something else, please explain.
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https://www.science.gov/topicpages/j/jxfr+tokamak.html
#### Sample records for jxfr tokamak 1. ECH tokamak SciTech Connect Firestone, M.A.; Mau, T.K.; Conn, R.W. 1985-04-01 A small steady-state tokamak capable of producing power in the 100 to 300 MWe range and relying on electron cyclotron RF heating (ECH) for both heating and current drive is described. Working in the first MHD stability regime for tokamaks, the approach adheres to the recently discovered maximum beta limit. An appropriate figure of merit is the ratio of the fusion power to absorbed RF power. Efficient devices are feasible at both small and large values of fusion power, thereby pointing to a development path for an attractive commercial fusion reactor. 2. Tokamak Systems Code SciTech Connect Reid, R.L.; Barrett, R.J.; Brown, T.G.; Gorker, G.E.; Hooper, R.J.; Kalsi, S.S.; Metzler, D.H.; Peng, Y.K.M.; Roth, K.E.; Spampinato, P.T. 1985-03-01 The FEDC Tokamak Systems Code calculates tokamak performance, cost, and configuration as a function of plasma engineering parameters. This version of the code models experimental tokamaks. It does not currently consider tokamak configurations that generate electrical power or incorporate breeding blankets. The code has a modular (or subroutine) structure to allow independent modeling for each major tokamak component or system. A primary benefit of modularization is that a component module may be updated without disturbing the remainder of the systems code as long as the imput to or output from the module remains unchanged. 3. Modular tokamak magnetic system DOEpatents Yang, Tien-Fang 1988-01-01 A modular tokamak system comprised of a plurality of interlocking moldules. Each module is comprised of a vacuum vessel section, a toroidal field coil, moldular saddle coils which generate a poloidal magnetic field and ohmic heating coils. 4. Texas Experimental Tokamak SciTech Connect Wootton, A.J. 1993-04-01 This progress report covers the period from November 1, 1990 to April 30, 1993. During that period, TEXT was operated as a circular tokamak with a material limiter. It was devoted to the study of basic plasma physics, in particular to study of fluctuations, turbulence, and transport. The purpose is to operate and maintain TEXT Upgrade as a complete facility for applied tokamak physics, specifically to conduct a research program under the following main headings: (1) to elucidate the mechanisms of working gas, impurity, and thermal transport in tokamaks, in particular to understand the role of turbulence; (2) to study physics of the edge plasma, in particular the turbulence; (3) to study the physics or resonant magnetic fields (ergodic magnetic divertors, intra island pumping); and (4) to study the physics of electron cyclotron heating (ECRH). Results of studies in each of these areas are reported. 5. Completely bootstrapped tokamak SciTech Connect Weening, R.H. ); Boozer, A.H. ) 1992-01-01 Numerical simulations of the evolution of large-scale magnetic fields have been developed using a mean-field Ohm's law. The Ohm's law is coupled to a {Delta}{prime} stabilty analysis and a magnetic island growth equation in order to simulate the behavior of tokamak plasmas that are subject to tearing modes. In one set of calculations, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-stable regime of the tokamak is examined via the construction of an {ital l}{sub {ital i}} -{ital q}{sub {ital a}} diagram. The results confirm previous calculations that show that tearing modes introduce a stability boundary into the {ital l}{sub {ital i}} -{ital q}{sub {ital a}} space. In another series of simulations, the interaction between tearing modes and the bootstrap current is investigated. The results indicate that a completely bootstrapped tokamak may be possible, even in the absence of any externally applied loop voltage or current drive. 6. Tearing Modes in Tokamaks White, R. B. 2008-05-01 This lecture gives a basic introduction to magnetic £elds, magnetic surface destruction, toroidal equilibrium and tearing modes in a tokamak, including the linear and nonlinear development of these modes and their modi£cation by current drive and bootstrap current, and sawtooth oscillations and disruptions. 7. Transport in gyrokinetic tokamaks SciTech Connect Mynick, H.E.; Parker, S.E. 1995-01-01 A comprehensive study of transport in full-volume gyrokinetic (gk) simulations of ion temperature gradient driven turbulence in core tokamak plasmas is presented. Though this gyrokinetic tokamak is much simpler than experimental tokamaks, such simplicity is an asset, because a dependable nonlinear transport theory for such systems should be more attainable. Toward this end, we pursue two related lines of inquiry. (1) We study the scalings of gk tokamaks with respect to important system parameters. In contrast to real machines, the scalings of larger gk systems (a/{rho}{sub s} {approx_gt} 64) with minor radius, with current, and with a/{rho}{sub s} are roughly consistent with the approximate theoretical expectations for electrostatic turbulent transport which exist as yet. Smaller systems manifest quite different scalings, which aids in interpreting differing mass-scaling results in other work. (2) With the goal of developing a first-principles theory of gk transport, we use the gk data to infer the underlying transport physics. The data indicate that, of the many modes k present in the simulation, only a modest number (N{sub k} {approximately} 10) of k dominate the transport, and for each, only a handful (N{sub p} {approximately} 5) of couplings to other modes p appear to be significant, implying that the essential transport physics may be described by a far simpler system than would have been expected on the basis of earlier nonlinear theory alone. Part of this analysis is the inference of the coupling coefficients M{sub kpq} governing the nonlinear mode interactions, whose measurement from tokamak simulation data is presented here for the first time. 8. High Beta Tokamaks SciTech Connect Cowley, S. 1998-11-14 Perhaps the ideal tokamak would have high {beta} ({beta} {approx}> 1) and classical confinement. Such a tokamak has not been found, and we do not know if one does exist. We have searched for such a possibility, so far without success. In 1990, we obtained analytic equilibrium solutions for large aspect ratio tokamaks at {beta} {approx} {Omicron}(1) [1]. These solutions and the extension at high {beta} poloidal to finite aspect ratio [2] provided a basis for the study of high {beta} tokamaks. We have shown that these configurations can be stable to short scale MHD modes [3], and that they have reduced neoclassical transport [4]. Microinstabilities (such as the {del}T{sub i} mode) seem to be stabilized at high {beta} [5] - this is due to the large local shear [3] and the magnetic well. We have some concerns about modes associated with the compressional branch which may appear at high {beta}. Bill Dorland and Mike Kotschenreuther have studied this issue and our concerns may be unfounded. It is certainly tantalizing, especially given the lowered neoclassical transport values, that these configurations could have no microinstabilities and, one could assume, no anomalous transport. Unfortunately, while this work is encouraging, the key question for high {beta} tokamaks is the stability to large scale kink modes. The MHD {beta} limit (Troyon limit) for kink modes at large aspect ratio is problematically low. There is ample evidence from computations that the limit exists. However, it is not known if stable equilibria exist at much higher {beta}--none have been found. We have explored this question in the asymptotic high {beta} poloidal limit. Unfortunately, we are unable to find stable equilibrium and also unable to show that they don't exist. The results of these calculations will be published when a more definitive answer is found. 9. Tritium catalyzed deuterium tokamaks SciTech Connect Greenspan, E.; Miley, G.H.; Jung, J.; Gilligan, J. 1984-04-01 A preliminary assessment of the promise of the Tritium Catalyzed Deuterium (TCD) tokamak power reactors relative to that of deuterium-tritium (D-T) and catalyzed deuterium (Cat-D) tokamaks is undertaken. The TCD mode of operation is arrived at by converting the /sup 3/He from the D(D,n)/sup 3/He reaction into tritium, by neutron capture in the blanket; the tritium thus produced is fed into the plasma. There are three main parts to the assessment: blanket study, reactor design and economic analysis and an assessment of the prospects for improvements in the performance of TCD reactors (and in the promise of the TCD mode of operation, in general). 10. Energy confinement in tokamaks SciTech Connect Sugihara, M.; Singer, C. 1986-08-01 A straightforward generalization is made of the ohmic heating energy confinement scalings of Pfeiffer and Waltz and Blackwell et. al. The resulting model is systematically calibrated to published data from limiter tokamaks with ohmic, electron cyclotron, and neutral beam heating. With considerably fewer explicitly adjustable free parameters, this model appears to give a better fit to the available data for limiter discharges than the combined ohmic/auxiliary heating model of Goldston. 11. Polarization spectroscopy of tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Wroblewski, D. 1991-09-01 Measurements of polarization of spectral lines emitted by tokamak plasmas provide information about the plasma internal magnetic field and the current density profile. The methods of polarization spectroscopy, as applied to the tokamak diagnostic, are reviewed with emphasis on the polarimetry of motional Stark effect in hydrogenic neutral beam emissions. 25 refs., 7 figs. 12. The tokamak as a neutron source SciTech Connect Hendel, H.W.; Jassby, D.L. 1989-11-01 This paper describes the tokamak in its role as a neutron source, with emphasis on experimental results for D-D neutron production. The sections summarize tokamak operation, sources of fusion and non-fusion neutrons, principal neutron detection methods and their calibration, neutron energy spectra and fluxes outside the tokamak plasma chamber, history of neutron production in tokamaks, neutron emission and fusion power gain from JET and TFTR (the largest present-day tokamaks), and D-T neutron production from burnup of D-D tritons. This paper also discusses the prospects for future tokamak neutron production and potential applications of tokamak neutron sources. 100 refs., 16 figs., 4 tabs. 13. Dust Measurements in Tokamaks SciTech Connect Rudakov, D; Yu, J; Boedo, J; Hollmann, E; Krasheninnikov, S; Moyer, R; Muller, S; Yu, A; Rosenberg, M; Smirnov, R; West, W; Boivin, R; Bray, B; Brooks, N; Hyatt, A; Wong, C; Fenstermacher, M; Groth, M; Lasnier, C; McLean, A; Stangeby, P; Ratynskaia, S; Roquemore, A; Skinner, C; Solomon, W M 2008-04-23 Dust production and accumulation impose safety and operational concerns for ITER. Diagnostics to monitor dust levels in the plasma as well as in-vessel dust inventory are currently being tested in a few tokamaks. Dust accumulation in ITER is likely to occur in hidden areas, e.g. between tiles and under divertor baffles. A novel electrostatic dust detector for monitoring dust in these regions has been developed and tested at PPPL. In DIII-D tokamak dust diagnostics include Mie scattering from Nd:YAG lasers, visible imaging, and spectroscopy. Laser scattering resolves size of particles between 0.16-1.6 {micro}m in diameter; the total dust content in the edge plasmas and trends in the dust production rates within this size range have been established. Individual dust particles are observed by visible imaging using fast-framing cameras, detecting dust particles of a few microns in diameter and larger. Dust velocities and trajectories can be determined in 2D with a single camera or 3D using multiple cameras, but determination of particle size is problematic. In order to calibrate diagnostics and benchmark dust dynamics modeling, pre-characterized carbon dust has been injected into the lower divertor of DIII-D. Injected dust is seen by cameras, and spectroscopic diagnostics observe an increase of carbon atomic, C2 dimer, and thermal continuum emissions from the injected dust. The latter observation can be used in the design of novel dust survey diagnostics. 14. Sawtooth oscillation in tokamaks SciTech Connect Park, W.; Monticello, D.A. 1989-03-01 A three-dimensional nonlinear toroidal full MHD code, MH3D, has been used to study sawtooth oscillations in tokamaks. The profile evolution during the sawtooth crash phase compares well with experiment, but only if neoclassical resistivity is used in the rise phase. (Classical resistivity has been used in most of the previous theoretical sawtooth studies.) With neoclassical resistivity, the q value at the axis drops from 1 to about 0.8 before the crash phase, and then resets to 1 through a Kadomtsev-type complete reconnection process. This ..delta..q/sub 0/ approx. = 0.2 is much larger than ..delta..q/sub o/ approx. = 0.01, which is obtained if classical resistivity is used. The current profile is strongly peaked at the axis with a flat region around the singular surface, and is similar to the Textor profile. To understand this behavior, approximate formulas for the time behavior of current and q values are derived. A functional dependence of sawtooth period scaling is also derived. A semi-empirical scaling is found which fits the experimental data from various tokamaks. Some evidence is presented which indicates that the fast crash time is due to enhanced effective resistivity inside the singular current sheet, generated by, e.g., microinstability and electron parallel viscosity with stochastic fields at the x-point. 16 refs., 5 figs. 15. ITER tokamak device Doggett, J.; Salpietro, E.; Shatalov, G. 1991-07-01 The results of the Conceptual Design Activities for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) are summarized. These activities, carried out between April 1988 and December 1990, produced a consistent set of technical characteristics and preliminary plans for co-ordinated research and development support of ITER, a conceptual design, a description of design requirements and a preliminary construction schedule and cost estimate. After a description of the design basis, an overview is given of the tokamak device, its auxiliary systems, facility and maintenance. The interrelation and integration of the various subsystems that form the ITER tokamak concept are discussed. The 16 ITER equatorial port allocations, used for nuclear testing, diagnostics, fueling, maintenance, and heating and current drive, are given, as well as a layout of the reactor building. Finally, brief descriptions are given of the major ITER sub-systems, i.e., (1) magnet systems (toroidal and poloidal field coils and cryogenic systems), (2) containment structures (vacuum and cryostat vessels, machine gravity supports, attaching locks, passive loops and active coils), (3) first wall, (4) divertor plate (design and materials, performance and lifetime, a.o.), (5) blanket/shield system, (6) maintenance equipment, (7) current drive and heating, (8) fuel cycle system, and (9) diagnostics. 16. Causes of major tokamak disruptions SciTech Connect White, R.B.; Monticello, D.A. 1980-07-01 The nonlinear saturation theory of the tearing mode is used to examine the necessary conditions for the occurrence of a major tokamak disruption. The results are compared with full three-dimensional numerical simulations, and with experimental data. 17. The ARIES tokamak reactor study SciTech Connect Not Available 1989-10-01 The ARIES study is a community effort to develop several visions of tokamaks as fusion power reactors. The aims are to determine the potential economics, safety, and environmental features of a range of possible tokamak reactors, and to identify physics and technology areas with the highest leverage for achieving the best tokamak reactor. Three ARIES visions are planned, each having a different degree of extrapolation from the present data base in physics and technology. The ARIES-I design assumes a minimum extrapolation from current tokamak physics (e.g., 1st stability) and incorporates technological advances that can be available in the next 20 to 30 years. ARIES-II is a DT-burning tokamak which would operate at a higher beta in the 2nd MHD stability regime. It employs both potential advances in the physics and expected advances in technology and engineering. ARIES-II will examine the potential of the tokamak and the D{sup 3}He fuel cycle. This report is a collection of 14 papers on the results of the ARIES study which were presented at the IEEE 13th Symposium on Fusion Engineering (October 2-6, 1989, Knoxville, TN). This collection describes the ARIES research effort, with emphasis on the ARIES-I design, summarizing the major results, the key technical issues, and the central conclusions. 18. Moving Divertor Plates in a Tokamak SciTech Connect S.J. Zweben, H. Zhang 2009-02-12 Moving divertor plates could help solve some of the problems of the tokamak divertor through mechanical ingenuity rather than plasma physics. These plates would be passively heated on each pass through the tokamak and cooled and reprocessed outside the tokamak. There are many design options using varying plate shapes, orientations, motions, coatings, and compositions. 19. Resistive instabilities in tokamaks SciTech Connect Rutherford, P.H. 1985-10-01 Low-m tearing modes constitute the dominant instability problem in present-day tokamaks. In this lecture, the stability criteria for representative current profiles with q(0)-values slightly less than unit are reviewed; ''sawtooth'' reconnection to q(0)-values just at, or slightly exceeding, unity is generally destabilizing to the m = 2, n = 1 and m = 3, n = 2 modes, and severely limits the range of stable profile shapes. Feedback stabilization of m greater than or equal to 2 modes by rf heating or current drive, applied locally at the magnetic islands, appears feasible; feedback by island current drive is much more efficient, in terms of the radio-frequency power required, then feedback by island heating. Feedback stabilization of the m = 1 mode - although yielding particularly beneficial effects for resistive-tearing and high-beta stability by allowing q(0)-values substantially below unity - is more problematical, unless the m = 1 ideal-MHD mode can be made positively stable by strong triangular shaping of the central flux surfaces. Feedback techniques require a detectable, rotating MHD-like signal; the slowing of mode rotation - or the excitation of non-rotating modes - by an imperfectly conducting wall is also discussed. 20. Status of tokamak experiments SciTech Connect Wolf, G.H. 1996-03-01 Plasma-wall interaction, heat removal and ash exhaust have emerged as the dominant problems still to be solved in order to achieve ignition and - even more difficult - to maintain a state of self-sustained thermo-nuclear burn. This is of particular delicacy, since those operational regimes which yield the best energy confinement correspond to an even better particle confinement and confinement of impurities, which then tend to accumulate in the plasma core and to result in disruption or degradation of the tokamak discharge. Therefore, plasma-wall interaction, heat removal and particle exhaust will determine not only the structure and configuration of the plasma edge region, of the wall system and of the materials facing the plasma, but also the final choice of useful confinement regimes. Moreover, the potential effect of powerful {alpha}-particle heating on plasma stability and confinement has to be kept below critical values. For the latter requirement, a final answer can only be obtained in an ITER-type device where ignition and burn will become accessible. 72 refs., 12 figs. 1. Tokamak coordinate conventions: COCOS Sauter, O.; Medvedev, S. Yu. 2013-02-01 Dealing with electromagnetic fields, in particular current and related magnetic fields, yields "natural" physical vector relations in 3-D. However, when it comes to choosing local coordinate systems, the "usual" right-handed systems are not necessarily the best choices, which means that there are several options being chosen. In the magnetic fusion community such a difficulty exists for the choices of the cylindrical and of the toroidal coordinate systems. In addition many codes depend on knowledge of an equilibrium. In particular, the Grad-Shafranov axisymmetric equilibrium solution for tokamak plasmas, ψ, does not depend on the sign of the plasma current Ip nor that of the magnetic field B0. This often results in ill-defined conventions. Moreover the sign, amplitude and offset of ψ are of less importance, since the free sources in the equation depend on the normalized radial coordinate. The signs of the free sources, dp/dψ and dF2/dψ (p being the pressure, ψ the poloidal magnetic flux and F=RBφ), must be consistent to generate the current density profile. For example, RF and CD calculations (Radio Frequency heating and Current Drive) require an exact sign convention in order to calculate a co- or counter-CD component. It is shown that there are over 16 different coordinate conventions. This paper proposes a unique identifier, the COCOS convention, to distinguish between the 16 most-commonly used options. Given the present worldwide efforts towards code integration, the proposed new index COCOS defining uniquely the COordinate COnventionS required as input by a given code or module is particularly useful. As codes use different conventions, it is useful to allow different sign conventions for equilibrium code input and output, equilibrium being at the core of any calculations in magnetic fusion. Additionally, given two different COCOS conventions, it becomes simple to transform between them. The relevant transformations are described in detail. 2. Tokamak and RFP ignition requirements SciTech Connect Werley, K.A. 1991-01-01 A plasma model is applied to calculate numerically transport- confinement (n{tau}{sub E}) requirements and steady-state operation tokamak. The CIT tokamak and RFP ignition conditions are examined. Physics differences between RFP and tokamaks, and their consequences for a DT ignition machine, are discussed. The ignition RFP, compared to a tokamak, has many physics advantages, including ohmic heating to ignition (no need for auxiliary heating systems), higher beta, low ignition current, less sensitivity of ignition requirements to impurity effects, no hard disruptions (associated with beta or density limits), and successful operation with high radiation fractions (f{sub RAD} {approximately} 0.95). These physics advantages, coupled with important engineering advantages associated with lower external magnetic fields, larger aspect ratios, and smaller plasma cross sections translate into significant cost reductions for both ignition and power reactor. The primary drawback of the RFP is the uncertainty that the present confinement scaling will extrapolate to reactor regimes. The 4-MA ZTH was expected to extend the n{tau}{sub E} transport scaling data three order of magnitude above ZT-40M results, and if the present scaling held, to achieve a DT-equivalent scientific energy breakeven, Q=1. A basecase RFP ignition point is identified with a plasma current of 8.1 MA and no auxiliary heating. 16 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab. 3. Prospects for Tokamak Fusion Reactors SciTech Connect Sheffield, J.; Galambos, J. 1995-04-01 This paper first reviews briefly the status and plans for research in magnetic fusion energy and discusses the prospects for the tokamak magnetic configuration to be the basis for a fusion power plant. Good progress has been made in achieving fusion reactor-level, deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas with the production of significant fusion power in the Joint European Torus (up to 2 MW) and the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (up to 10 MW) tokamaks. Advances on the technologies of heating, fueling, diagnostics, and materials supported these achievements. The successes have led to the initiation of the design phases of two tokamaks, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and the US Toroidal Physics Experiment (TPX). ITER will demonstrate the controlled ignition and extended bum of D-T plasmas with steady state as an ultimate goal. ITER will further demonstrate technologies essential to a power plant in an integrated system and perform integrated testing of the high heat flux and nuclear components required to use fusion energy for practical purposes. TPX will complement ITER by testing advanced modes of steady-state plasma operation that, coupled with the developments in ITER, will lead to an optimized demonstration power plant. 4. Bootstrapped tokamak with oscillating field current drive SciTech Connect Weening, R.H. ) 1993-07-01 A magnetic helicity conserving mean-field Ohm's law is used to study bootstrapped tokamaks with oscillating field current drive. The Ohm's law leads to the conclusion that the tokamak bootstrap effect can convert the largely alternating current of oscillating field current drive into a direct toroidal plasma current. This plasma current rectification is due to the intrinsically nonlinear nature of the tokamak bootstrap effect, and suggests that it may be possible to maintain the toroidal current of a tokamak reactor by supplementing the bootstrap current with oscillating field current drive. Steady-state tokamak fusion reactors operating with oscillating field current drive could provide an alternative to tokamak reactors operating with external current drive. 5. Microwave Tokamak Experiment: Overview and status SciTech Connect Not Available 1990-05-01 The Microwave Tokamak Experiment, now under construction at the Laboratory, will use microwave heating from a free-electron laser. The intense microwave pulses will be injected into the tokamak to realize several goals, including a demonstration of the effects of localized heat deposition within magnetically confined plasma, a better understanding of energy confinement in tokamaks, and use of the new free-electron laser technology for plasma heating. 3 figs., 3 tabs. 6. Density limit disruptions in tokamaks Kleva, Robert G.; Drake, J. F. 1991-02-01 Magnetohydrodynamic simulations are presented which reproduce the rapid drop in the central temperature observed during density limit disruptions in tokamaks. The loss of central confinement is triggered by edge radiation which destabilizes a q=1 kink mode. A bubble of cold plasma is injected from the edge into the center by the q=1 kink. This bubble bears a striking resemblance to the cold plasma that is observed to move from the edge into the center during density limit disruptions on the JET tokamak [Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1986 (IAEA, Vienna, 1987), Vol. 1, p. 433], initiating the loss of central confinement. The bubble profile produced by the q=1 kink is unstable to a broad spectrum of modes which progressively reduce the magnetic shear between the q=2 surface and the center. The q=2 mode then grows across the center, broadening the current and throwing the hot plasma to the wall. 7. Burn Control Mechanisms in Tokamaks Hill, Maxwell; Stacey, Weston 2013-10-01 Burn control and passive safety in accident scenarios will be an important design consideration in future tokamaks, especially those used as a neutron source for fusion-fission hybrid reactors, such as the Subcritical Advanced Burner Reactor (SABR) concept. At Georgia Tech, we are developing a new burning plasma dynamics code to investigate passive safety mechanisms that could prevent power excursions in tokamak reactors. This code solves the coupled set of balance equations governing burning plasmas in conjunction with a two-point SOL-divertor model. Predictions have been benchmarked against data from DIII-D. We are examining several potential negative feedback mechanisms to limit power excursions: i) ion-orbit loss, ii) thermal instabilities, iii) the degradation of alpha-particle confinement resulting from ripples in the toroidal field, iv) modifications to the radial current profile, v) divertor choking'' and vi) Type 1 ELMs. 8. MHD stability of tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Chance, M.S. Sun, Y.C.; Jardin, S.C.; Kessel, C.E.; Okabayashi, M. 1992-08-01 This paper will give an overview of the some of the methods which are used to simulate the ideal MHD properties of tokamak plasmas. A great deal of the research in this field is necessarily numerical and the substantial progress made during the past several years has roughly paralleled the continuing availability of more advanced supercomputers. These have become essential to accurately model the complex configurations necessary for achieving MHD stable reactor grade conditions. Appropriate tokamak MHD equilibria will be described. Then the stability properties is discussed in some detail, emphasizing the difficulties of obtaining stable high {beta} discharges in plasmas in which the current is mainly ohmically driven and thus demonstrating the need for tailoring the current and pressure profiles of the plasma away from the ohmic state. The outline of this paper will roughly follow the physics development to attain the second region of stability in the PBX-M device at The Princeton Plasmas Physics Laboratory. 9. Comprehensive numerical modelling of tokamaks SciTech Connect Cohen, R.H.; Cohen, B.I.; Dubois, P.F. 1991-01-03 We outline a plan for the development of a comprehensive numerical model of tokamaks. The model would consist of a suite of independent, communicating packages describing the various aspects of tokamak performance (core and edge transport coefficients and profiles, heating, fueling, magnetic configuration, etc.) as well as extensive diagnostics. These codes, which may run on different computers, would be flexibly linked by a user-friendly shell which would allow run-time specification of packages and generation of pre- and post-processing functions, including workstation-based visualization of output. One package in particular, the calculation of core transport coefficients via gyrokinetic particle simulation, will become practical on the scale required for comprehensive modelling only with the advent of teraFLOP computers. Incremental effort at LLNL would be focused on gyrokinetic simulation and development of the shell. 10. Magnetic island formation in tokamaks SciTech Connect Yoshikawa, S. 1989-04-01 The size of a magnetic island created by a perturbing helical field in a tokamak is estimated. A helical equilibrium of a current- carrying plasma is found in a helical coordinate and the helically flowing current in the cylinder that borders the plasma is calculated. From that solution, it is concluded that the helical perturbation of /approximately/10/sup /minus/4/ of the total plasma current is sufficient to cause an island width of approximately 5% of the plasma radius. 6 refs. 11. Gyrosheath near the tokamak edge SciTech Connect Hazeltine, R.D.; Xiao, H.; Valanju, P.M. 1993-03-01 A new model for the structure of the radial electric field profile in the edge during the H-mode is proposed. Charge separation caused by the difference between electron and ion gyromotion, or more importantly in a tokamak, the banana motion (halo effect) can self-consistently produce an electric dipole moment that causes the sheared radial electric field. The calculated results based on the model are consistent with D-III D and TEXTOR experimental results. 12. Neoclassical magnetic microislands in tokamaks SciTech Connect Kovalishen, E.A.; Mikhailovskii, A.B.; Botov, P.V.; Shirokov, M.S.; Konovalov, S.V.; Tsypin, V.S.; Galvao, R.M.O. 2005-09-15 Possibility of existence of neoclassical magnetic microislands (island width smaller than the ion Larmor radius) in a tokamak in the banana regime is shown. The rotation frequency of such islands is found. It is shown that for the case of positive electron temperature gradient, the bootstrap current destabilizes the microislands while the polarization current leads to their stabilization. Maximally possible neoclassical microisland width is estimated. 13. Magnetic confinement experiment. I: Tokamaks SciTech Connect Goldston, R.J. 1995-08-01 Reports were presented at this conference of important advances in all the key areas of experimental tokamak physics: Core Plasma Physics, Divertor and Edge Physics, Heating and Current Drive, and Tokamak Concept Optimization. In the area of Core Plasma Physics, the biggest news was certainly the production of 9.2 MW of fusion power in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, and the observation of unexpectedly favorable performance in DT plasmas. There were also very important advances in the performance of ELM-free H- (and VH-) mode plasmas and in quasi-steady-state ELMy operation in JT-60U, JET, and DIII-D. In all three devices ELM-free H-modes achieved nT{tau}s {approximately} 2.5x greater than ELMing H-modes, but had not been sustained in quasi-steady-state. Important progress has been made on the understanding of the physical mechanism of the H-mode in DIII-D, and on the operating range in density for the H-mode in Compass and other devices. 14. Steady State Tokamak Equilibria without Current Drive SciTech Connect Shaing, K.C.; Aydemir, A.Y.; Lin-Liu, Y.R.; Miller, R.L. 1997-11-01 Steady state tokamak equilibria without current drive are found. This is made possible by including the potato bootstrap current close to the magnetic axis. Tokamaks with this class of equilibria do not need seed current or current drive, and are intrinsically steady state. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society} 15. Numerical tokamak turbulence project (OFES grand challenge) SciTech Connect Beer, M; Cohen, B I; Crotinger, J; Dawson, J; Decyk, V; Dimits, A M; Dorland, W D; Hammett, G W; Kerbel, G D; Leboeuf, J N; Lee, W W; Lin, Z; Nevins, W M; Reynders, J; Shumaker, D E; Smith, S; Sydora, R; Waltz, R E; Williams, T 1999-08-27 The primary research objective of the Numerical Tokamak Turbulence Project (NTTP) is to develop a predictive ability in modeling turbulent transport due to drift-type instabilities in the core of tokamak fusion experiments, through the use of three-dimensional kinetic and fluid simulations and the derivation of reduced models. 16. Physics of compact ignition tokamak designs SciTech Connect Singer, C.E.; Ku, L.P.; Bateman, G.; Seidl, F.; Sugihara, M. 1986-03-01 Models for predicting plasma performance in compact ignition experiments are constructed on the basis of theoretical and empirical constraints and data from tokamak experiments. Emphasis is placed on finding transport and confinement models which reproduce results of both ohmically and auxiliary heated tokamak data. Illustrations of the application of the models to compact ignition designs are given. 17. Advanced tokamak research on the DIII-D tokamak SciTech Connect Chan, V.S. 1994-01-01 The objective of the planned research in advanced tokamak development on DIII-D at General Atomics, San Diego, USA. is to establish improved tokamak operation through significant improvements in the stability factor, confinement quality, and bootstrap current fraction using localized radio frequency (rf) current profile control, rf and neutral beam heating for pressure profile control, as well as control of plasma rotation and optimization of the plasma boundary conditions. Recent research results in H-mode confinement, modifications of current profiles to achieve higher confinement and higher {beta}, a new regime of improved confinement (VH-mode), and rf noninductive current drive are encouraging. In this talk, arguments will be presented supporting the need for improved performance in tokamak reactors. Experimentally observed advanced performance regimes on DIII-D will be discussed. Confinement improvement up to H = 4, where H is the ratio of energy confinement time to the ITER89-P scaling H{triple_bond} {Tau}{sub E}/{Tau}{sub E-ITER89-P}, has been achieved. In other discharges {beta}{sub N} = {beta}/(I/aB),[%-m{center_dot}{Tau}/MA] {approx_gt} 6 has been obtained. These values have so far been achieved transiently and independently. Techniques, will be described which can extend the high performance to quasi-steady-state and sustain the high H and {beta}{sub N} values simultaneously. Two high performance regimes, one in first stable regime and the other in second stable regime, have been simulated br self-consistently evolving a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium-transport code. Finally, experimental program plans and outstanding important physics issues will be discussed. 18. Linear optimal control of tokamak fusion devices SciTech Connect Kessel, C.E.; Firestone, M.A.; Conn, R.W. 1989-05-01 The control of plasma position, shape and current in a tokamak fusion reactor is examined using linear optimal control. These advanced tokamaks are characterized by non up-down symmetric coils and structure, thick structure surrounding the plasma, eddy currents, shaped plasmas, superconducting coils, vertically unstable plasmas, and hybrid function coils providing ohmic heating, vertical field, radial field, and shaping field. Models of the electromagnetic environment in a tokamak are derived and used to construct control gains that are tested in nonlinear simulations with initial perturbations. The issues of applying linear optimal control to advanced tokamaks are addressed, including complex equilibrium control, choice of cost functional weights, the coil voltage limit, discrete control, and order reduction. Results indicate that the linear optimal control is a feasible technique for controlling advanced tokamaks where the more common classical control will be severely strained or will not work. 28 refs., 13 figs. 19. Transport equations in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Callen, J. D.; Hegna, C. C.; Cole, A. J. 2010-05-15 Tokamak plasma transport equations are usually obtained by flux surface averaging the collisional Braginskii equations. However, tokamak plasmas are not in collisional regimes. Also, ad hoc terms are added for neoclassical effects on the parallel Ohm's law, fluctuation-induced transport, heating, current-drive and flow sources and sinks, small magnetic field nonaxisymmetries, magnetic field transients, etc. A set of self-consistent second order in gyroradius fluid-moment-based transport equations for nearly axisymmetric tokamak plasmas has been developed using a kinetic-based approach. The derivation uses neoclassical-based parallel viscous force closures, and includes all the effects noted above. Plasma processes on successive time scales and constraints they impose are considered sequentially: compressional Alfven waves (Grad-Shafranov equilibrium, ion radial force balance), sound waves (pressure constant along field lines, incompressible flows within a flux surface), and collisions (electrons, parallel Ohm's law; ions, damping of poloidal flow). Radial particle fluxes are driven by the many second order in gyroradius toroidal angular torques on a plasma species: seven ambipolar collision-based ones (classical, neoclassical, etc.) and eight nonambipolar ones (fluctuation-induced, polarization flows from toroidal rotation transients, etc.). The plasma toroidal rotation equation results from setting to zero the net radial current induced by the nonambipolar fluxes. The radial particle flux consists of the collision-based intrinsically ambipolar fluxes plus the nonambipolar fluxes evaluated at the ambipolarity-enforcing toroidal plasma rotation (radial electric field). The energy transport equations do not involve an ambipolar constraint and hence are more directly obtained. The 'mean field' effects of microturbulence on the parallel Ohm's law, poloidal ion flow, particle fluxes, and toroidal momentum and energy transport are all included self-consistently. The 20. The Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX) SciTech Connect Thomassen, K.I.; Cohen, B.I.; Hooper, E.B.; Lang, D.D.; Nevins, W.M. 1987-10-02 A new experimental facility is being assembled at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for studying microwave propagation and absorption in high density plasmas. A unique feature of the facility is the free electron laser (FEL) used to generate high peak power microwaves at 250 GHz, at a repetition rate so as to produce up to 2 MW of average power for up to 30 s. Called the Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX), the facility will be used for studies of plasma heating, current drive, and confinement. 1. Breakdown in the pretext tokamak SciTech Connect Benesch, J.F. 1981-06-01 Data are presented on the application of ion cyclotron resonance RF power to preionization in tokamaks. We applied 0.3-3 kW at 12 MHz to hydrogen and obtained a visible discharge, but found no scaling of breakdown voltage with any parameter we were able to vary. A possible explanation for this, which implies that higher RF power would have been much more effective, is discussed. Finally, we present our investigation of the dV/dt dependence of breakdown voltage in PRETEXT, a phenomenon also seen in JFT-2. The breakdown is discussed in terms of the physics of Townsend discharges. 2. Predictive Modeling of Tokamak Configurations* Casper, T. A.; Lodestro, L. L.; Pearlstein, L. D.; Bulmer, R. H.; Jong, R. A.; Kaiser, T. B.; Moller, J. M. 2001-10-01 The Corsica code provides comprehensive toroidal plasma simulation and design capabilities with current applications [1] to tokamak, reversed field pinch (RFP) and spheromak configurations. It calculates fixed and free boundary equilibria coupled to Ohm's law, sources, transport models and MHD stability modules. We are exploring operations scenarios for both the DIII-D and KSTAR tokamaks. We will present simulations of the effects of electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (ECCD) relevant to the Quiescent Double Barrier (QDB) regime on DIII-D exploring long pulse operation issues. KSTAR simulations using ECH/ECCD in negative central shear configurations explore evolution to steady state while shape evolution studies during current ramp up using a hyper-resistivity model investigate startup scenarios and limitations. Studies of high bootstrap fraction operation stimulated by recent ECH/ECCD experiments on DIIID will also be presented. [1] Pearlstein, L.D., et al, Predictive Modeling of Axisymmetric Toroidal Configurations, 28th EPS Conference on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics, Madeira, Portugal, June 18-22, 2001. * Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. 3. Superconducting magnet system for the TPX Tokamak SciTech Connect Hassenzahl, W.V.; Chaplin, M.R.; Heim, J.R. 1993-09-15 The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) will be the first Tokamak using superconducting magnets for both the poloidal and toroidal field. It is designed for advanced Tokamak physics experiments in steady-state and long-pulse operation. The TPX superconducting magnets use an advanced cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) design similar to that developed in support of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The toroidal field magnets provide 4.0 T at 2.25 m with a stored energy of 1.05 GJ. The poloidal field magnets provide 18.0 V-s to ohmically start and control long burns of a 2.0 MA plasma. 4. OPTIMUM PLASMA STATES FOR NEXT STEP TOKAMAKS SciTech Connect LIN-LIU,YR; STAMBAUGH,RD 2002-11-01 OAK A271 OPTIMUM PLASMA STATES FOR NEXT STEP TOKAMAKS. The dependence of the ideal ballooning {beta} limit on aspect ratio, A, and elongation {kappa} is systematically explored for nearly 100% bootstrap current driven tokamak equilibria in a wide range of the shape parameters (A = 1.2-7.0, {kappa} = 1.5-6.0 with triangularity {delta} = 0.5). The critical {beta}{sub N} is shown to be optimal at {kappa} = 3.0-4.0 for all A studied and increases as A decreases with a dependence close to A{sup -0.5}. The results obtained can be used as a theoretical basis for the choice of optimum aspect ratio and elongation of next step burning plasma tokamaks or tokamak reactors. 5. Power and particle exhaust in tokamaks SciTech Connect Stambaugh, R.D. 1998-01-01 The status of power and particle exhaust research in tokamaks is reviewed in the light of ITER requirements. There is a sound basis for ITERs nominal design positions; important directions for further research are identified. 6. Control of Dust Inventory in Tokamaks SciTech Connect Rosanvallon, S.; Grisolia, C.; Andrew, P.; Ciattaglia, S.; Pitcher, C. S.; Taylor, N.; Furlan, J. 2008-09-07 Particles with sizes ranging from 100 nm to 100 {mu}m are produced in tokamaks by the interaction of the plasma with the first wall materials and divertor. Dust has not yet been of a major concern in existing tokamaks mainly because their quantities are small and these devices are not nuclear facilities. However, in ITER and in future reactors, they could represent operational and potential safety issues. The aim of this paper is thus to describe the dust creation processes in the tokamak environment. The diagnostics and removal techniques that are needed to be implemented to measure and minimise the dust inventory are also presented. The integration of these techniques into a tokamak environment is also discussed. 7. Burn Control Mechanisms in Tokamaks Hill, M. A.; Stacey, W. M. 2015-11-01 Burn control and passive safety in accident scenarios will be an important design consideration in future tokamak reactors, in particular fusion-fission hybrid reactors, e.g. the Subcritical Advanced Burner Reactor. We are developing a burning plasma dynamics code to explore various aspects of burn control, with the intent to identify feedback mechanisms that would prevent power excursions. This code solves the coupled set of global density and temperature equations, using scaling relations from experimental fits. Predictions of densities and temperatures have been benchmarked against DIII-D data. We are examining several potential feedback mechanisms to limit power excursions: i) ion-orbit loss, ii) thermal instability density limits, iii) MHD instability limits, iv) the degradation of alpha-particle confinement, v) modifications to the radial current profile, vi) divertor choking'' and vii) Type 1 ELMs. Work supported by the US DOE under DE-FG02-00ER54538, DE-FC02-04ER54698. 8. Dust measurements in tokamaks (invited) SciTech Connect Rudakov, D. L.; Yu, J. H.; Boedo, J. A.; Hollmann, E. M.; Krasheninnikov, S. I.; Moyer, R. A.; Muller, S. H.; Pigarov, A. Yu.; Rosenberg, M.; Smirnov, R. D.; West, W. P.; Boivin, R. L.; Bray, B. D.; Brooks, N. H.; Hyatt, A. W.; Wong, C. P. C.; Roquemore, A. L.; Skinner, C. H.; Solomon, W. M.; Ratynskaia, S. 2008-10-15 Dust production and accumulation present potential safety and operational issues for the ITER. Dust diagnostics can be divided into two groups: diagnostics of dust on surfaces and diagnostics of dust in plasma. Diagnostics from both groups are employed in contemporary tokamaks; new diagnostics suitable for ITER are also being developed and tested. Dust accumulation in ITER is likely to occur in hidden areas, e.g., between tiles and under divertor baffles. A novel electrostatic dust detector for monitoring dust in these regions has been developed and tested at PPPL. In the DIII-D tokamak dust diagnostics include Mie scattering from Nd:YAG lasers, visible imaging, and spectroscopy. Laser scattering is able to resolve particles between 0.16 and 1.6 {mu}m in diameter; using these data the total dust content in the edge plasmas and trends in the dust production rates within this size range have been established. Individual dust particles are observed by visible imaging using fast framing cameras, detecting dust particles of a few microns in diameter and larger. Dust velocities and trajectories can be determined in two-dimension with a single camera or three-dimension using multiple cameras, but determination of particle size is challenging. In order to calibrate diagnostics and benchmark dust dynamics modeling, precharacterized carbon dust has been injected into the lower divertor of DIII-D. Injected dust is seen by cameras, and spectroscopic diagnostics observe an increase in carbon line (CI, CII, C{sub 2} dimer) and thermal continuum emissions from the injected dust. The latter observation can be used in the design of novel dust survey diagnostics. 9. Plasma Physics Regimes in Tokamaks with Li Walls SciTech Connect L.E. Zakharo; N.N. Gorelenkov; R.B. White; S.I. Krasheninnikov; G.V. Pereverzev 2003-08-21 Low recycling regimes with a plasma limited by a lithium wall surface suggest enhanced stability and energy confinement, both necessary for tokamak reactors. These regimes could make ignition feasible in compact tokamaks. Ignited Spherical Tokamaks (IST), self-sufficient in the bootstrap current, are introduced as a necessary step for development of the physics and technology of power reactors. 10. Bifurcated helical core equilibrium states in tokamaks Cooper, W. A.; Chapman, I. T.; Schmitz, O.; Turnbull, A. D.; Tobias, B. J.; Lazarus, E. A.; Turco, F.; Lanctot, M. J.; Evans, T. E.; Graves, J. P.; Brunetti, D.; Pfefferlé, D.; Reimerdes, H.; Sauter, O.; Halpern, F. D.; Tran, T. M.; Coda, S.; Duval, B. P.; Labit, B.; Pochelon, A.; Turnyanskiy, M. R.; Lao, L.; Luce, T. C.; Buttery, R.; Ferron, J. R.; Hollmann, E. M.; Petty, C. C.; van Zeeland, M.; Fenstermacher, M. E.; Hanson, J. M.; Lütjens, H. 2013-07-01 Tokamaks with weak to moderate reversed central shear in which the minimum inverse rotational transform (safety factor) qmin is in the neighbourhood of unity can trigger bifurcated magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium states, one of which is similar to a saturated ideal internal kink mode. Peaked prescribed pressure profiles reproduce the ‘snake’ structures observed in many tokamaks which has led to a novel explanation of the snake as a bifurcated equilibrium state. Snake equilibrium structures are computed in simulations of the tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), DIII-D and mega amp spherical torus (MAST) tokamaks. The internal helical deformations only weakly modulate the plasma-vacuum interface which is more sensitive to ripple and resonant magnetic perturbations. On the other hand, the external perturbations do not alter the helical core deformation in a significant manner. The confinement of fast particles in MAST simulations deteriorate with the amplitude of the helical core distortion. These three-dimensional bifurcated solutions constitute a paradigm shift that motivates the applications of tools developed for stellarator research in tokamak physics investigations. 11. Microtearing modes in tokamak discharges Rafiq, T.; Weiland, J.; Kritz, A. H.; Luo, L.; Pankin, A. Y. 2016-06-01 Microtearing modes (MTMs) have been identified as a source of significant electron thermal transport in tokamak discharges. In order to describe the evolution of these discharges, it is necessary to improve the prediction of electron thermal transport. This can be accomplished by utilizing a model for transport driven by MTMs in whole device predictive modeling codes. The objective of this paper is to develop the dispersion relation that governs the MTM driven transport. A unified fluid/kinetic approach is used in the development of a nonlinear dispersion relation for MTMs. The derivation includes the effects of electrostatic and magnetic fluctuations, arbitrary electron-ion collisionality, electron temperature and density gradients, magnetic curvature, and the effects associated with the parallel propagation vector. An iterative nonlinear approach is used to calculate the distribution function employed in obtaining the nonlinear parallel current and the nonlinear dispersion relation. The third order nonlinear effects in magnetic fluctuations are included, and the influence of third order effects on a multi-wave system is considered. An envelope equation for the nonlinear microtearing modes in the collision dominant limit is introduced in order to obtain the saturation level. In the limit that the mode amplitude does not vary along the field line, slab geometry, and strong collisionality, the fluid dispersion relation for nonlinear microtearing modes is found to agree with the kinetic dispersion relation. 12. Ripple induced trapped particle loss in tokamaks SciTech Connect White, R.B. 1996-05-01 The threshold for stochastic transport of high energy trapped particles in a tokamak due to toroidal field ripple is calculated by explicit construction of primary resonances, and a numerical examination of the route to chaos. Critical field ripple amplitude is determined for loss. The expression is given in magnetic coordinates and makes no assumptions regarding shape or up-down symmetry. An algorithm is developed including the effects of prompt axisymmetric orbit loss, ripple trapping, convective banana flow, and stochastic ripple loss, which gives accurate ripple loss predictions for representative Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor and International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor equilibria. The algorithm is extended to include the effects of collisions and drag, allowing rapid estimation of alpha particle loss in tokamaks. 13. Global gyrokinetic simulation of tokamak transport SciTech Connect Furnish, G.; Horton, W.; Kishimoto, Y.; LeBrun, M.J.; Tajima, T. | 1998-10-01 A kinetic simulation code based on the gyrokinetic ion dynamics in global general metric (including a tokamak with circular or noncircular cross-section) has been developed. This gyrokinetic simulation is capable of examining the global and semi-global driftwave structures and their associated transport in a tokamak plasma. The authors investigate the property of the ion temperature gradient (ITG) or {eta}{sub i}({eta}{sub i} {equivalent_to} {partial_derivative}{ell}nT{sub i}/{partial_derivative}{ell}n n{sub i}) driven drift waves in a tokamak plasma. The emergent semi-global drift wave modes give rise to thermal transport characterized by the Bohm scaling. 14. Activation analysis of the compact ignition tokamak SciTech Connect Selcow, E.C. 1986-01-01 The US fusion program has completed the conceptual design of a compact tokamak device that achieves ignition. The high neutron wall loadings associated with this compact deuterium-tritium-burning device indicate that radiation-related issues may be significant considerations in the overall system design. Sufficient shielding will be requied for the radiation protection of both reactor components and occupational personnel. A close-in igloo shield has been designed around the periphery of the tokamak structure to permit personnel access into the test cell after shutdown and limit the total activation of the test cell components. This paper describes the conceptual design of the igloo shield system and discusses the major neutronic concerns related to the design of the Compact Ignition Tokamak. 15. Tokamak power systems studies, FY 1985 SciTech Connect Baker, C.C.; Brooks, J.N.; Ehst, D.A.; Smith, D.L.; Sze, D.K. 1985-12-01 The Tokamak Power System Studies (TPSS) at ANL in FY-1985 were devoted to exploring innovative design concepts which have the potential for making substantial improvements in the tokamak as a commercial power reactor. Major objectives of this work included improved reactor economics, improved environmental and safety features, and the exploration of a wide range of reactor plant outputs with emphasis on reduced plant sizes compared to STARFIRE. The activities concentrated on three areas: plasma engineering, impurity control, and blanket/first wall/shield technology. 205 refs., 125 figs., 107 tabs. 16. Tokamak Spectroscopy for X-Ray Astronomy NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Fournier, Kevin B.; Finkenthal, M.; Pacella, D.; May, M. J.; Soukhanovskii, V.; Mattioli, M.; Leigheb, M.; Rice, J. E. 2000-01-01 This paper presents the measured x-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet (XUV) spectra of three astrophysically abundant elements (Fe, Ca and Ne) from three different tokamak plasmas. In every case, each spectrum touches on an issue of atomic physics that is important for simulation codes to be used in the analysis of high spectral resolution data from current and future x-ray telescopes. The utility of the tokamak as a laboratory test bed for astrophysical data is demonstrated. Simple models generated with the HULLAC suite of codes demonstrate how the atomic physics issues studied can affect the interpretation of astrophysical data. 17. Electron cyclotron emission diagnostics on KSTAR tokamak. PubMed Jeong, S H; Lee, K D; Kogi, Y; Kawahata, K; Nagayama, Y; Mase, A; Kwon, M 2010-10-01 A new electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostics system was installed for the Second Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) campaign. The new ECE system consists of an ECE collecting optics system, an overmode circular corrugated waveguide system, and 48 channel heterodyne radiometer with the frequency range of 110-162 GHz. During the 2 T operation of the KSTAR tokamak, the electron temperatures as well as its radial profiles at the high field side were measured and sawtooth phenomena were also observed. We also discuss the effect of a window on in situ calibration. PMID:21033954 18. Electron cyclotron emission diagnostics on KSTAR tokamak SciTech Connect Jeong, S. H.; Lee, K. D.; Kwon, M.; Kogi, Y.; Kawahata, K.; Nagayama, Y.; Mase, A. 2010-10-15 A new electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostics system was installed for the Second Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) campaign. The new ECE system consists of an ECE collecting optics system, an overmode circular corrugated waveguide system, and 48 channel heterodyne radiometer with the frequency range of 110-162 GHz. During the 2 T operation of the KSTAR tokamak, the electron temperatures as well as its radial profiles at the high field side were measured and sawtooth phenomena were also observed. We also discuss the effect of a window on in situ calibration. 19. Rotation of tokamak halo currents SciTech Connect Boozer, Allen H. 2012-05-15 During tokamak disruptions, halo currents, which can be tenths of the total plasma current, can flow at the plasma edge along the magnetic field lines that intercept the chamber walls. Non-axisymmetric halo currents are required to maintain force balance as the plasma kinks when the edge safety factor drops to about two in a vertical displacement event. The plasma quickly assumes a definite toroidal velocity v{sub a}(r) with respect to that of the magnetic kink, v{sub k}, where v{sub a}(r) is set by the radial electric field required for ambipolarity. The plasma velocity, v{sub pl}=v{sub a}+v{sub k}, near the edge is influenced by the interaction with neutrals and with the potential in the halo required for quasi-neutrality on open magnetic field lines, and the plasma velocity in the core is influenced by external error fields. When plasma effects dominate magnetic locking, the magnetic kink should rotate at a diamagnetic speed of either the edge or the core. If the magnetic field lines of the halo plasma intercept the wall at locations of very different electrical conductivity, the toroidal rotation of the halo currents can intermittently stall at wall locations of high conductivity. Such stalling is seen in experiments. The toroidal phase difference between the stalled halo currents and the kink, which is expected to rotate smoothly, must satisfy {delta}{phi}<{+-}{pi}/2. A concern cited by ITER engineers is that the time varying force of the rotating halo could substantially increase the disruption loads on in-vessel components. 20. Rotation of tokamak halo currents Boozer, Allen H. 2012-05-01 During tokamak disruptions, halo currents, which can be tenths of the total plasma current, can flow at the plasma edge along the magnetic field lines that intercept the chamber walls. Non-axisymmetric halo currents are required to maintain force balance as the plasma kinks when the edge safety factor drops to about two in a vertical displacement event. The plasma quickly assumes a definite toroidal velocity va(r) with respect to that of the magnetic kink, vk, where va(r) is set by the radial electric field required for ambipolarity. The plasma velocity, vpl=va+vk, near the edge is influenced by the interaction with neutrals and with the potential in the halo required for quasi-neutrality on open magnetic field lines, and the plasma velocity in the core is influenced by external error fields. When plasma effects dominate magnetic locking, the magnetic kink should rotate at a diamagnetic speed of either the edge or the core. If the magnetic field lines of the halo plasma intercept the wall at locations of very different electrical conductivity, the toroidal rotation of the halo currents can intermittently stall at wall locations of high conductivity. Such stalling is seen in experiments. The toroidal phase difference between the stalled halo currents and the kink, which is expected to rotate smoothly, must satisfy δϕ <±π/2. A concern cited by ITER engineers is that the time varying force of the rotating halo could substantially increase the disruption loads on in-vessel components. 1. Elementary Processes Underlying Alpha Channeling in Tokamaks SciTech Connect NM.J. Fisch 2012-06-15 Alpha channeling in tokamaks is speculative, but also extraordinarily attractive. Waves that can accomplish this effect have been identified. Key aspects of the theory now enjoy experimental confirmation. This paper will review the elementary processes of wave-particle interactions in plasma that underlie the alpha channeling effect 2. Compact tokamak reactors. Part 1 (analytic results) SciTech Connect Wootton, A.J.; Wiley, J.C.; Edmonds, P.H.; Ross, D.W. 1996-09-13 We discuss the possible use of tokamaks for thermonuclear power plants, in particular tokamaks with low aspect ratio and copper toroidal field coils. Three approaches are presented. First we review and summarize the existing literature. Second, using simple analytic estimates, the size of the smallest tokamak to produce an ignited plasma is derived. This steady state energy balance analysis is then extended to determine the smallest tokamak power plant, by including the power required to drive the toroidal field, and considering two extremes of plasma current drive efficiency. The analytic results will be augmented by a numerical calculation which permits arbitrary plasma current drive efficiency; the results of which will be presented in Part II. Third, a scaling from any given reference reactor design to a copper toroidal field coil device is discussed. Throughout the paper the importance of various restrictions is emphasized, in particular plasma current drive efficiency, plasma confinement, plasma safety factor, plasma elongation, plasma beta, neutron wall loading, blanket availability and recirculating electric power. We conclude that the latest published reactor studies, which show little advantage in using low aspect ratio unless remarkably high efficiency plasma current drive and low safety factor are combined, can be reproduced with the analytic model. 3. Toroidal Alfven wave stability in ignited tokamaks SciTech Connect Cheng, C.Z.; Fu, G.Y.; Van Dam, J.W. 1989-01-01 The effects of fusion-product alpha particles on the stability of global-type shear Alfven waves in an ignited tokamak plasma are investigated in toroidal geometry. Finite toroidicity can lead to stabilization of the global Alfven eigenmodes, but it induces a new global shear Alfven eigenmodes, which is strongly destabilized via transit resonance with alpha particles. 8 refs., 2 figs. 4. Microinstabilities in weak density gradient tokamak systems SciTech Connect Tang, W.M.; Rewoldt, G.; Chen, L. 1986-04-01 A prominent characteristic of auxiliary-heated tokamak discharges which exhibit improved (''H-mode type'') confinement properties is that their density profiles tend to be much flatter over most of the plasma radius. Depsite this favorable trend, it is emphasized here that, even in the limit of zero density gradient, low-frequency microinstabilities can persist due to the nonzero temperature gradient. 5. Analysis of sawtooth relaxation oscillations in tokamaks SciTech Connect Yamazaki, K.; McGuire, K.; Okabayashi, M. 1982-07-01 Sawtooth relaxation oscillations are analyzed using the Kadomtsev's disruption model and a thermal relaxation model. The sawtooth period is found to be very sensitive to the thermal conduction loss. Qualitative agreement between these calculations and the sawtooth period observed in several tokamaks is demonstrated. 6. Stabilization of tokamak plasma by lithium streams SciTech Connect L.E. Zakharov 2000-08-07 The stabilization theory of free-boundary magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in tokamaks by liquid lithium streams driven by magnetic propulsion is formulated. While the conventional, wall-locked, resistive wall mode can be well suppressed by the flow, a new, stream-locked mode determines the limits of the flow stabilization. 7. Transformer Recharging with Alpha Channeling in Tokamaks SciTech Connect N.J. Fisch 2009-12-21 Transformer recharging with lower hybrid waves in tokamaks can give low average auxiliary power if the resistivity is kept high enough during the radio frequency (rf) recharging stage. At the same time, operation in the hot ion mode via alpha channeling increases the effective fusion reactivity. This paper will address the extent to which these two large cost saving steps are compatible. __________________________________________________ 8. Banana drift transport in tokamaks with ripple SciTech Connect Linsker, R.; Boozer, A.H. 1982-01-01 Ripple transport in tokamaks is discussed for the ''banana drift'' collisionality regime, which lies below the ripple plateau regime treated earlier. The physical mechanisms that dominate banana drift transport are found to differ from those considered in previous work on this regime, and consequently the resulting transport coefficients can differ by several orders of magnitude. 9. Banana drift transport in tokamaks with ripple SciTech Connect Linsker, R.; Boozer, A.H. 1981-04-01 Ripple transport in tokamaks is discussed for the banana drift collisionality regime, which lies below the ripple plateau regime treated earlier. The physical mechanisms that dominate banana drift transport are found to differ from those considered in previous work on this regime, and the resulting transport coefficients can consequently differ by several orders of magnitude. 10. UCLA Tokamak Program Close Out Report. SciTech Connect Taylor, Robert John 2014-02-04 The results of UCLA experimental fusion program are summarized. Starting with smaller devices like Microtor, Macrotor, CCT and ending the research on the large (5 m) Electric Tokamak. CCT was the most diagnosed device for H-mode like physics and the effects of rotation induced radial fields. ICRF heating was also studied but plasma heating of University Type Tokamaks did not produce useful results due to plasma edge disturbances of the antennae. The Electric Tokamak produced better confinement in the seconds range. However, it presented very good particle confinement due to an "electric particle pinch". This effect prevented us from reaching a quasi steady state. This particle accumulation effect was numerically explained by Shaing's enhanced neoclassical theory. The PI believes that ITER will have a good energy confinement time but deleteriously large particle confinement time and it will disrupt on particle pinching at nominal average densities. The US fusion research program did not study particle transport effects due to its undue focus on the physics of energy confinement time. Energy confinement time is not an issue for energy producing tokamaks. Controlling the ash flow will be very expensive. 11. INTEGRATED PLASMA CONTROL FOR ADVANCED TOKAMAKS SciTech Connect HUMPHREYS,D.A; FERRON,J.R; JOHNSON,R.D; LEUER,J.A; PENAFLOR,B.G; WALKER,M.L; WELANDER,A.S; KHAYRUTDINOV,R.R; DOKOUKA,V; EDGELL,D.H; FRANSSON,C.M 2003-10-01 OAK-B135 Advanced tokamaks (AT) are distinguished from conventional tokamaks by their high degree of shaping, achievement of profiles optimized for high confinement and stability characteristics, and active stabilization of MHD instabilities to attain high values of normalized beta and confinement. These high performance fusion devices thus require accurate regulation of the plasma boundary, internal profiles, pumping, fueling, and heating, as well as simultaneous and well-coordinated MHD control action to stabilize such instabilities as tearing modes and resistive wall modes. Satisfying the simultaneous demands on control accuracy, reliability, and performance for all of these subsystems requires a high degree of integration in both design and operation of the plasma control system in an advanced tokamak. The present work describes the approach, benefits, and progress made in integrated plasma control with application examples drawn from the DIII-D tokamak. The approach includes construction of plasma and system response models, validation of models against operating experiments, design of integrated controllers which operate in concert with one another as well as with supervisory modules, simulation of control action against off-line and actual machine control platforms, and iteration of the design-test loop to optimize performance. 12. Spontaneous generation of rotation in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Parra Diaz, Felix 2013-12-24 Three different aspects of intrinsic rotation have been treated. i) A new, first principles model for intrinsic rotation [F.I. Parra, M. Barnes and P.J. Catto, Nucl. Fusion 51, 113001 (2011)] has been implemented in the gyrokinetic code GS2. The results obtained with the code are consistent with several experimental observations, namely the rotation peaking observed after an L-H transition, the rotation reversal observed in Ohmic plasmas, and the change in rotation that follows Lower Hybrid wave injection. ii) The model in [F.I. Parra, M. Barnes and P.J. Catto, Nucl. Fusion 51, 113001 (2011)] has several simplifying assumptions that seem to be satisfied in most tokamaks. To check the importance of these hypotheses, first principles equations that do not rely on these simplifying assumptions have been derived, and a version of these new equations has been implemented in GS2 as well. iii) A tokamak cross-section that drives large intrinsic rotation has been proposed for future large tokamaks. In large tokamaks, intrinsic rotation is expected to be very small unless some up-down asymmetry is introduced. The research conducted under this contract indicates that tilted ellipticity is the most efficient way to drive intrinsic rotation. 13. Tokamak startup with electron cyclotron heating SciTech Connect Holly, D J; Prager, S C; Shepard, D A; Sprott, J C 1980-04-01 Experiments are described in which the startup voltage in a tokamak is reduced by approx. 60% by the use of a modest amount of electron cyclotron resonance heating power for preionization. A 50% reduction in volt-second requirement and impurity reflux are also observed. 14. Burning plasma simulation and environmental assessment of tokamak, spherical tokamak and helical reactors Yamazaki, K.; Uemura, S.; Oishi, T.; Garcia, J.; Arimoto, H.; Shoji, T. 2009-05-01 Reference 1-GWe DT reactors (tokamak TR-1, spherical tokamak ST-1 and helical HR-1 reactors) are designed using physics, engineering and cost (PEC) code, and their plasma behaviours with internal transport barrier operations are analysed using toroidal transport analysis linkage (TOTAL) code, which clarifies the requirement of deep penetration of pellet fuelling to realize steady-state advanced burning operation. In addition, economical and environmental assessments were performed using extended PEC code, which shows the advantage of high beta tokamak reactors in the cost of electricity (COE) and the advantage of compact spherical tokamak in life-cycle CO2 emission reduction. Comparing with other electric power generation systems, the COE of the fusion reactor is higher than that of the fission reactor, but on the same level as the oil thermal power system. CO2 reduction can be achieved in fusion reactors the same as in the fission reactor. The energy payback ratio of the high-beta tokamak reactor TR-1 could be higher than that of other systems including the fission reactor. 15. Banana orbits in elliptic tokamaks with hole currents Martin, P.; Castro, E.; Puerta, J. 2015-03-01 Ware Pinch is a consequence of breaking of up-down symmetry due to the inductive electric field. This symmetry breaking happens, though up-down symmetry for magnetic surface is assumed. In previous work Ware Pinch and banana orbits were studied for tokamak magnetic surface with ellipticity and triangularity, but up-down symmetry. Hole currents appear in large tokamaks and their influence in Ware Pinch and banana orbits are now considered here for tokamaks magnetic surfaces with ellipticity and triangularity. 16. Microtearing modes in spherical and conventional tokamaks Moradi, S.; Pusztai, I.; Guttenfelder, W.; Fülöp, T.; Mollén, A. 2013-06-01 The onset and characteristics of microtearing modes (MTM) in the core of spherical (NSTX) and conventional tokamaks (ASDEX Upgrade and JET) are studied through local linear gyrokinetic simulations with GYRO (Candy and Belli 2011 General Atomics Report GA-A26818). For experimentally relevant core plasma parameters in the NSTX and ASDEX Upgrade tokamaks, in agreement with previous works, we find MTMs as the dominant linear instability. Also, for JET-like core parameters considered in our study an MTM is found as the most unstable mode. In all of these plasmas, finite collisionality is needed for MTMs to become unstable and the electron temperature gradient is found to be the fundamental drive. However, a significant difference is observed in the dependence of the linear growth rate of MTMs on electron temperature gradient. While it varies weakly and non-monotonically in JET and ASDEX Upgrade plasmas, in NSTX it increases with the electron temperature gradient. 17. Tritium Retention and Removal in Tokamaks SciTech Connect Skinner, Charles H. 2009-02-19 Management of tritium inventory remains one of the grand challenges in the development of fusion energy. Tritium is an important source term in safety assessments, it is expensive and in short supply. Tritium can be continuously retained in a tokamak by codeposition with eroded carbon or beryllium and JET and TFTR with carbon plasma facing components showed a tritium retention level that would be unacceptable in ITER or future fusion reactors. Asdex-U and Alcator C-mod have shown reduced hydrogenic retention with tungsten clad and molybdenum plasma facing components. Once the tritium inventory approaches the administrative limit, tritium must be removed to permit continued D-T plasma operations. Several candidate techniques are being considered and need to be proven at a relevant speed and efficiency in contemporary tokamaks. Projections for ITER are discussed. 18. The Physics of Tokamak Start-up SciTech Connect D. Mueller 2012-11-13 Tokamak start-up on present-day devices usually relies on inductively induced voltage from a central solenoid. In some cases inductive startup is assisted with auxiliary power from electron cyclotron radio frequency heating. ITER, the National Spherical Torus eXperiment Upgrade and JT60, now under construction, will make use of the understanding gained from present-day devices to ensure successful start-up. Design of a spherical tokamak (ST) with DT capability for nuclear component testing would require an alternative to a central solenoid because the small central column in an ST has insufficient space to provide shielding for the insulators in the solenoid. Alternative start-up techniques such as induction using outer poloidal field coils, electron Bernstein wave start-up, coaxial helicity injection and point source helicity injection have been used with success, but require demonstration of scaling to higher plasma current. 19. The physics of tokamak start-up SciTech Connect Mueller, D. 2013-05-15 Tokamak start-up on present-day devices usually relies on inductively induced voltage from a central solenoid. In some cases, inductive startup is assisted with auxiliary power from electron cyclotron radio frequency heating. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade and JT60, now under construction, will make use of the understanding gained from present-day devices to ensure successful start-up. Design of a spherical tokamak (ST) with DT capability for nuclear component testing would require an alternative to a central solenoid because the small central column in an ST has insufficient space to provide shielding for the insulators in the solenoid. Alternative start-up techniques such as induction using outer poloidal field coils, electron Bernstein wave start-up, coaxial helicity injection, and point source helicity injection have been used with success, but require demonstration of scaling to higher plasma current. 20. A low aspect ratio tokamak transmutation system Qiu, L. J.; Wu, Y. C.; Xiao, B. J.; Xu, Q.; Huang, Q. Y.; Wu, B.; Chen, Y. X.; Xu, W. N.; Chen, Y. P.; Liu, X. P. 2000-03-01 A low aspect ratio tokamak transmutation system is proposed as an alternative application of fusion energy on the basis of a review of previous studies. This system includes: (1) a low aspect ratio tokamak as fusion neutron driver, (2) a radioactivity-clean nuclear power system as blanket, and (3) a novel concept of liquid metal centre conductor post as part of the toroidal field coils. In the conceptual design, a driver of 100 MW fusion power under 1 MW/m2 neutron wall loading can transmute the amount of high level waste (including minor actinides and fission products) produced by ten standard pressurized water reactors of 1 GW electrical power output. Meanwhile, the system can produce tritium on a self-sustaining basis and an output of about 2 GW of electrical energy. After 30 years of operation, the biological hazard potential level of the whole system will decrease by two orders of magnitude. 1. Boundary Plasma Turbulence Simulations for Tokamaks SciTech Connect Xu, X; Umansky, M; Dudson, B; Snyder, P 2008-05-15 The boundary plasma turbulence code BOUT models tokamak boundary-plasma turbulence in a realistic divertor geometry using modified Braginskii equations for plasma vorticity, density (ni), electron and ion temperature (T{sub e}; T{sub i}) and parallel momenta. The BOUT code solves for the plasma fluid equations in a three dimensional (3D) toroidal segment (or a toroidal wedge), including the region somewhat inside the separatrix and extending into the scrape-off layer; the private flux region is also included. In this paper, a description is given of the sophisticated physical models, innovative numerical algorithms, and modern software design used to simulate edge-plasmas in magnetic fusion energy devices. The BOUT code's unique capabilities and functionality are exemplified via simulations of the impact of plasma density on tokamak edge turbulence and blob dynamics. 2. Nonambipolar transport by trapped particles in tokamaks. PubMed Park, Jong-Kyu; Boozer, Allen H; Menard, Jonathan E 2009-02-13 Small nonaxisymmetric perturbations of the magnetic field can greatly change the performance of tokamaks through nonambipolar transport. A number of theories have been developed, but the predictions were not consistent with experimental observations in tokamaks. This Letter provides a resolution, with a generalized analytic treatment of the nonambipolar transport. It is shown that the discrepancy between theory and experiment can be greatly reduced by two effects: (1) the small fraction of trapped particles for which the bounce and precession rates resonate; (2) the nonaxisymmetric variation in the field strength along the perturbed magnetic field lines rather than along the unperturbed magnetic field lines. The expected sensitivity of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor to nonaxisymmetries is also discussed. PMID:19257595 3. First Engineering Commissioning of EAST Tokamak Wan, Yuanxi; Li, Jiangang; Weng, Peide; EAST Team 2006-05-01 Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is the first fully superconducting tokamak. The first commissioning started on Feb. 1st of 2006 and finished on March 30th of 2006 at the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It consists of leakage testing at both room temperature and low temperature, pumping down, cooling down all coils, current leads, bus bar and the thermal shielding, exciting all the coils, measuring magnetic configuration and warming up the magnets. The electromagnetic, thermal hydraulic and mechanical performance of EAST Toroidal Field (TF) and Poloidal Field (PF) magnets have also been tested. All sub-systems, including pumping system, cryogenic system, PF& TF power supply systems, magnet instrumentation system, quench detection and protection system, water cooling system, data acquisition system, main control system, plasma control system (PCS), interlock and safety system have been successfully tested. 4. Decommissioning the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SciTech Connect Spampinato, P.T.; Walton, G.R. 1993-10-01 The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) will complete its experimental lifetime with a series of deuterium-tritium pulses in 1994. As a result, the machine structures will become radioactive, and vacuum components will also be contaminated with tritium. Dose rate levels will range from less than 1 mr/h for external structures to hundreds of mr/h for the vacuum vessel. Hence, decommissioning operations will range from hands on activities to the use of remotely operated equipment. After 21 months of cool down, decontamination and decommissioning (D and D) operations will commence and continue for approximately 15 months. The primary objective is to render the test cell complex re-usable for the next machine, the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX). This paper presents an overview of decommissioning TFTR and discusses the D and D objectives. 5. Rapidly Moving Divertor Plates In A Tokamak SciTech Connect S. Zweben 2011-05-16 It may be possible to replace conventional actively cooled tokamak divertor plates with a set of rapidly moving, passively cooled divertor plates on rails. These plates would absorb the plasma heat flux with their thermal inertia for ~10-30 sec, and would then be removed from the vessel for processing. When outside the tokamak, these plates could be cooled, cleaned, recoated, inspected, and then returned to the vessel in an automated loop. This scheme could provide nearoptimal divertor surfaces at all times, and avoid the need to stop machine operation for repair of damaged or eroded plates. We describe various possible divertor plate designs and access geometries, and discuss an initial design for a movable and removable divertor module for NSTX-U. 6. The physics of tokamak start-upa) Mueller, D. 2013-05-01 Tokamak start-up on present-day devices usually relies on inductively induced voltage from a central solenoid. In some cases, inductive startup is assisted with auxiliary power from electron cyclotron radio frequency heating. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade and JT60, now under construction, will make use of the understanding gained from present-day devices to ensure successful start-up. Design of a spherical tokamak (ST) with DT capability for nuclear component testing would require an alternative to a central solenoid because the small central column in an ST has insufficient space to provide shielding for the insulators in the solenoid. Alternative start-up techniques such as induction using outer poloidal field coils, electron Bernstein wave start-up, coaxial helicity injection, and point source helicity injection have been used with success, but require demonstration of scaling to higher plasma current. 7. System studies of Compact Ignition Tokamaks SciTech Connect Galambos, J.D.; Peng, Y.K.M.; Blackfield, D.T. 1986-11-01 The Fusion Engineering Design Center (FEDC) Tokamak Systems Code is used to perform trade studies in accordance with the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) physics and engineering guidelines. The authors examine various toroidal field coil (TFC) configurations, preload levels, and coil materials. Use of Inconel-copper composite material results in the smallest sized devices for both bucked and wedged TFCs and wedged-only TFCs. Preload levels of 23 Mkg are needed for the minimum sized devices, and for the lower strength materials, the minimum size is sensitive to the preload level. Results from these trade studies help lead to the choice of the baseline CIT point at R = 1.25 m and B = 10.4 T. 8. Confinement scaling and ignition in tokamaks SciTech Connect Perkins, F.W.; Sun, Y.C. 1985-10-01 A drift wave turbulence model is used to compute the scaling and magnitude of central electron temperature and confinement time of tokamak plasmas. The results are in accord with experiment. Application to ignition experiments shows that high density (1 to 2) . 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/, high field, B/sub T/ > 10 T, but low temperature T approx. 6 keV constitute the optimum path to ignition. 9. Plasma filamentation in the Rijnhuizen tokamak RTP SciTech Connect Lopes Cardozo, N.J.; Schueller, F.C.; Barth, C.J.; Chu, C.C.; Pijper, F.J.; Lok, J.; Oomens, A.A.M. ) 1994-07-11 Evidence for small scale magnetic structures in the Rijnhuizen tokamak RTP is presented. These are manifest through steps and peaks in the electron temperature and pressure, measured with multiposition Thomson scattering. During central electron cyclotron heating, several filaments of high pressure are found in the power deposition region. They live hundreds of microseconds. Near the sawtooth inversion radius a step'' in the temperature profile occurs. Further out, quasiperiodic structures are observed, in both Ohmic and heated discharges. 10. Self-Organized Stationary States of Tokamaks. PubMed Jardin, S C; Ferraro, N; Krebs, I 2015-11-20 We demonstrate that in a 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulation, for some parameters it is possible to form a stationary state in a tokamak where a saturated interchange mode in the center of the discharge drives a near helical flow pattern that acts to nonlinearly sustain the configuration by adjusting the central loop voltage through a dynamo action. This could explain the physical mechanism for maintaining stationary nonsawtoothing "hybrid" discharges, often referred to as "flux pumping." PMID:26636854 11. Tokamak with liquid metal toroidal field coil DOEpatents Ohkawa, Tihiro; Schaffer, Michael J. 1981-01-01 Tokamak apparatus includes a pressure vessel for defining a reservoir and confining liquid therein. A toroidal liner disposed within the pressure vessel defines a toroidal space within the liner. Liquid metal fills the reservoir outside said liner. Electric current is passed through the liquid metal over a conductive path linking the toroidal space to produce a toroidal magnetic field within the toroidal space about the major axis thereof. Toroidal plasma is developed within the toroidal space about the major axis thereof. 12. Neoclassical transport in high [beta] tokamaks SciTech Connect Cowley, S.C. 1992-12-01 Neoclassical, transport in high [beta] large aspect ratio tokamaks is calculated. The variational method introduced by Rosenbluth, et al., is used to calculate the full Onsager matrix in the banana regime. These results are part of a continuing study of the high [beta] large aspect ratio equilibria introduced in Cowley, et al. All the neoclassical coefficients are reduced from their nominal low [beta] values by a factor ([var epsilon]/q[sup 2][beta])[sup [1/2 13. High beta plasmas in the PBX tokamak SciTech Connect Bol, K.; Buchenauer, D.; Chance, M.; Couture, P.; Fishman, H.; Fonck, R.; Gammel, G.; Grek, B.; Ida, K.; Itami, K. 1986-04-01 Bean-shaped configurations favorable for high ..beta.. discharges have been investigated in the Princeton Beta Experiment (PBX) tokamak. Strongly indented bean-shaped plasmas have been successfully formed, and beta values of over 5% have been obtained with 5 MW of injected neutral beam power. These high beta discharges still lie in the first stability regime for ballooning modes, and MHD stability analysis implicates the external kink as responsible for the present ..beta.. limit. 14. Neoclassical tearing modes in a tokamak SciTech Connect Hahm, T.S. 1988-08-01 Linear tearing instability is studied in the banana collisionality regime in tokamak geometry. Neoclassical effects produce significant modifications of Ohm's law and the vorticity equation so that the growth rate of tearing modes driven by ..delta..' is dramatically reduced compared to the usual resistive MHD value. Consequences of this result, regarding the presence of pressure-gradient-driven neoclassical resistive interchange instabilities and the evolution of magnetic islands in the Rutherford regime, are discussed. 10 refs. 15. Neoclassical tearing modes in a tokamak SciTech Connect Hahm, T.S. 1988-12-01 Linear tearing instability is studied in the banana collisionality regime in tokamak geometry. Neoclassical effects produce significant modifications of Ohm's law and the vorticity equation, so that the growth rate of tearing modes driven by ..delta..' is dramatically reduced compared to the usual resistive magnetohydrodynamic values. Consequences of this result, regarding the presence of pressure-gradient-driven neoclassical resistive interchange instabilities and the evolution of magnetic islands in the Rutherford regime, are discussed. 16. Self-Organized Stationary States of Tokamaks SciTech Connect Jardin, S. C.; Ferraro, N.; Krebs, I. 2015-11-01 We demonstrate that in a 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulation, for some parameters it is possible to form a stationary state in a tokamak where a saturated interchange mode in the center of the discharge drives a near helical flow pattern that acts to nonlinearly sustain the configuration by adjusting the central loop voltage through a dynamo action. This could explain the physical mechanism for maintaining stationary nonsawtoothing "hybrid" discharges, often referred to as "flux pumping." 17. Multiple mode model of tokamak transport SciTech Connect Singer, C.E.; Ghanem, E.S.; Bateman, G.; Stotler, D.P. 1989-07-01 Theoretical models for radical transport of energy and particles in tokamaks due to drift waves, rippling modes, and resistive ballooning modes have been combined in a predictive transport code. The resulting unified model has been used to simulate low confinement mode (L-mode) energy confinement scalings. Dependence of global energy confinement on electron density for the resulting model is also described. 26 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs. 18. Comparison of tokamak burn cycle options SciTech Connect Ehst, D.A.; Brooks, J.N.; Cha, Y.; Evans, K. Jr.; Hassanein, A.M.; Kim, S.; Majumdar, S.; Misra, B.; Stevens, H.C. 1985-01-01 Experimental confirmation of noninductive current drive has spawned a number of suggestions as to how this technique can be used to extend the fusion burn period and improve the reactor prospects of tokamaks. Several distinct burn cycles, which employ various combinations of Ohmic and noninductive current generation, are possible, and we will study their relative costs and benefits for both a commerical reactor as well as an INTOR-class device. We begin with a review of the burn cycle options. 19. First Results of the ETE Spherical Tokamak Ludwig, G. O.; del Bosco, E.; Ferreira, J. G.; Barroso, J. J.; Berni, L. A.; Oliveira, R. M. 2001-10-01 First tokamak plasma discharges were obtained in the ETE Spherical Tokamak Experiment (Experimento Tokamak Esferico) by November 2000. ETE is a medium size machine (major radius R=0.30m) with a compact design and good access for diagnostics. During the first phase of operation a plasma current of 200kA (t=15ms) will be produced in a 1.5 aspect ratio configuration with a toroidal magnetic field up to 0.4T. The ultimate values are limited by mechanical stresses in the joints of the toroidal field coil (B<0.8T), and by stresses and heating in the solenoid (0.24Wb, 30kA, 0.2s) for a maximum plasma current of about 400kA. Presently the experiments are focused on plasma formation, vacuum conditioning and diagnostics implementation. The machine was constructed in accordance with stringent design specifications. The assembly has an overall precision better than 2mm. Vacuum conditioning is being improved with baking, glow discharge cleaning and usual tokamak operation. Breakdown is easily obtained even without the pre-ionization provided by a hot filament electron emitter and by an ultraviolet lamp. Preliminary measurements of stray magnetic fields were carried out and eddy current effects are being modeled. Energy of the capacitor banks is being continuously increased to achieve the design parameters. A fast neutral lithium beam probe for plasma edge studies and a 6.7GHz high-power monotron for pre-ionization and electron cyclotron resonance plasma heating experiments are under development. 20. Development of a free-boundary tokamak equilibrium solver for advanced study of tokamak equilibria Jeon, Young Mu 2015-09-01 A free-boundary Tokamak equilibrium solver (TES), developed for advanced study of tokamak equilibra, is described with two distinctive features. One is a generalized method to resolve the intrinsic axisymmetric instability, which is encountered in all equilibrium calculations with a freeboundary condition. The other is an extension to deal with a new divertor geometry such as snowflake or X divertors. For validations, the uniqueness of a solution is confirmed by the independence of variations in the computational domain, the mathematical correctness and accuracy of equilibrium profiles are checked by using a direct comparison with an analytic equilibrium known as a generalized Solov'ev equilibrium, and the governing force balance relation is tested by examining the intrinsic axisymmetric instabilities. As an application of an advanced equilibrium study, a snow-flake divertor configuration that requires a second-order zero of the poloidal magnetic flux is discussed in the circumstance of the Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research (KSTAR) coil system. 1. Tokamaks: from A D Sakharov to the present (the 60-year history of tokamaks) Azizov, E. A. 2012-02-01 The paper is prepared on the basis of the report presented at the session of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) at the Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS on 25 May 2011, devoted to the 90-year jubilee of Academician Andrei D Sakharov - the initiator of controlled nuclear fusion research in the USSR. The 60-year history of plasma research work in toroidal devices with a longitudinal magnetic field suggested by Andrei D Sakharov and Igor E Tamm in 1950 for the confinement of fusion plasma and known at present as tokamaks is described in brief. The recent (2006) agreement among Russia, the EU, the USA, Japan, China, the Republic of Korea, and India on the joint construction of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) in France based on the tokamak concept is discussed. Prospects for using the tokamak as a thermonuclear (14 MeV) neutron source are examined. 2. Spherical tokamaks with plasma centre-post Ribeiro, Celso 2013-10-01 The metal centre-post (MCP) in tokamaks is a structure which carries the total toroidal field current and also houses the Ohmic heating solenoid in conventional or low aspect ratio (Spherical)(ST) tokamaks. The MCP and solenoid are critical components for producing the toroidal field and for the limited Ohmic flux in STs. Constraints for a ST reactor related to these limitations lead to a minimum plasma aspect ratio of 1.4 which reduces the benefit of operation at higher betas in a more compact ST reactor. Replacing the MCP is of great interest for reactor-based ST studies since the device is simplified, compactness increased, and maintenance reduced. An experiment to show the feasibility of using a plasma centre-post (PCP) is being currently under construction and involves a high level of complexity. A preliminary study of a very simple PCP, which is ECR(Electron Cyclotron Resonance)-assisted and which includes an innovative fuelling system based on pellet injection, has recently been reported. This is highly suitable for an ultra-low aspect ratio tokamak (ULART) device. Advances on this PCP ECR-assisted concept within a ULART and the associated fuelling system are presented here, and will include the field topology for the PCP ECR-assisted scheme, pellet ablation modeling, and a possible global equilibrium simulation. VIE-ITCR, IAEA-CRP contr.17592, National Instruments-Costa Rica. 3. Remote feedback stabilization of tokamak instabilities SciTech Connect Sen, A.K. ) 1994-05-01 A novel remote suppressor consisting of an injected ion beam has been used for the stabilization of plasma instabilities. A collisionless curvature-driven trapped-particle instability, an [bold E][times][bold B] flute mode and an ion temperature gradient (ITG) instability have been successfully suppressed down to noise levels using this scheme. Furthermore, the first experimental demonstration of a multimode feedback stabilization with a single sensor--suppressor pair has been achieved. Two modes (an [bold E][times][bold B] flute and an ITG mode) were simultaneously stabilized with a simple state-feedback-type method where more state'' information was generated from a single-sensor Langmuir probe by appropriate signal processing. The above experiments may be considered as paradigms for controlling several important tokamak instabilities. First, feedback suppression of edge fluctuations in a tokamak with a suitable form of insulated segmented poloidal limiter sections used as Langmuir-probe-like suppressors is proposed. Other feedback control schemes are proposed for the suppression of electrostatic core fluctuations via appropriately phased ion density input from a modulated neutral beam. Most importantly, a scheme to control major disruptions in tokamaks via feedback suppression of kink (and possibly) tearing modes is discussed. This may be accomplished by using a modulated neutral beam suppressor in a feedback loop, which will supply a momentum input of appropriate phase and amplitude. Simple theoretical models predict modest levels of beam energy, current, and power. 4. Edge-localized-modes in tokamaks SciTech Connect Leonard, A. W. 2014-09-15 Edge-localized-modes (ELMs) are a ubiquitous feature of H-mode in tokamaks. When gradients in the H-mode transport barrier grow to exceed the MHD stability limit the ELM instability grows explosively, rapidly transporting energy and particles onto open field lines and material surfaces. Though ELMs provide additional particle and impurity transport through the H-mode transport barrier, enabling steady operation, the resulting heat flux transients to plasma facing surfaces project to large amplitude in future low collisionality burning plasma tokamaks. Measurements of the ELM heat flux deposition onto material surfaces in the divertor and main chamber indicate significant broadening compared to inter-ELM heat flux, with a timescale for energy deposition that is consistent with sonic ion flow and numerical simulation. Comprehensive ELM simulation is highlighting the important physics processes of ELM transport including parallel transport due to magnetic reconnection and turbulence resulting from collapse of the H-mode transport barrier. Encouraging prospects for ELM control and/or suppression in future tokamaks include intrinsic modes of ELM free operation, ELM triggering with frequent small pellet injection and the application of 3D magnetic fields. 5. Forced Magnetic Reconnection In A Tokamak Plasma Callen, J. D.; Hegna, C. C. 2015-11-01 The theory of forced magnetic field reconnection induced by an externally imposed resonant magnetic perturbation usually uses a sheared slab or cylindrical magnetic field model and often focuses on the potential time-asymptotic induced magnetic island state. However, tokamak plasmas have significant magnetic geometry and dynamical plasma toroidal rotation screening effects. Also, finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) and banana width (FBW) effects can damp and thus limit the width of a nascent magnetic island. A theory that is more applicable for tokamak plasmas is being developed. This new model of the dynamics of forced magnetic reconnection considers a single helicity magnetic perturbation in the tokamak magnetic field geometry, uses a kinetically-derived collisional parallel electron flow response, and employs a comprehensive dynamical equation for the plasma toroidal rotation frequency. It is being used to explore the dynamics of bifurcation into a magnetically reconnected state in the thin singular layer around the rational surface, evolution into a generalized Rutherford regime where the island width exceeds the singular layer width, and assess the island width limiting effects of FLR and FBW polarization currents. Support by DoE grants DE-FG02-86ER53218, DE-FG02-92ER54139. 6. The Spherical Tokamak MEDUSA for Mexico Ribeiro, C.; Salvador, M.; Gonzalez, J.; Munoz, O.; Tapia, A.; Arredondo, V.; Chavez, R.; Nieto, A.; Gonzalez, J.; Garza, A.; Estrada, I.; Jasso, E.; Acosta, C.; Briones, C.; Cavazos, G.; Martinez, J.; Morones, J.; Almaguer, J.; Fonck, R. 2011-10-01 The former spherical tokamak MEDUSA (Madison EDUcation Small Aspect.ratio tokamak, R < 0.14m, a < 0.10m, BT < 0.5T, Ip < 40kA, 3ms pulse) is currently being recomissioned at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico, as part of an agreement between the Faculties of Mech.-Elect. Eng. and Phy. Sci.-Maths. The main objective for having MEDUSA is to train students in plasma physics & technical related issues, aiming a full design of a medium size device (e.g. Tokamak-T). Details of technical modifications and a preliminary scientific programme will be presented. MEDUSA-MX will also benefit any developments in the existing Mexican Fusion Network. Strong liaison within national and international plasma physics communities is expected. New activities on plasma & engineering modeling are expected to be developed in parallel by using the existing facilities such as a multi-platform computer (Silicon Graphics Altix XE250, 128G RAM, 3.7TB HD, 2.7GHz, quad-core processor), ancillary graph system (NVIDIA Quadro FE 2000/1GB GDDR-5 PCI X16 128, 3.2GHz), and COMSOL Multiphysics-Solid Works programs. 7. SOL Width Scaling in the MAST Tokamak Ahn, Joon-Wook; Counsell, Glenn; Connor, Jack; Kirk, Andrew 2002-11-01 Target heat loads are determined in large part by the upstream SOL heat flux width, Δ_h. Considerable effort has been made in the past to develop analytical and empirical scalings for Δh to allow reliable estimates to be made for the next-step device. The development of scalings for a large spherical tokamak (ST) such as MAST is particularly important both for development of the ST concept and for improving the robustness of scalings derived for conventional tokamaks. A first such scaling has been developed in MAST DND plasmas. The scaling was developed by flux-mapping data from the target Langmuir probe arrays to the mid-plane and fitting to key upstream parameters such as P_SOL, bar ne and q_95. In order to minimise the effects of co-linearity, dedicated campaigns were undertaken to explore the widest possible range of each parameter while keeping the remainder as fixed as possible. Initial results indicate a weak inverse dependence on P_SOL and approximately linear dependence on bar n_e. Scalings derived from consideration of theoretical edge transport models and integration with data from conventional devices is under way. The established scaling laws could be used for the extrapolations to the future machine such as Spherical Tokamak Power Plant (STPP). This work is jointly funded by Euratom and UK Department of Trade and Industry. J-W. Ahn would like to recognise the support of a grant from the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 8. Management and protection system for superconducting tokamak Juszczyk, B.; Wojenski, A.; Zienkiewicz, P.; Kasprowicz, G.; Pozniak, K.; Romaniuk, R. 2015-09-01 This paper describes system for a diagnostics of a high-voltage power supply section of tokamaks. System is designed to assure reliability and safety of power supply subsystems. It is divided into two main components: remote and local. Remote part is located near tokamak, whereas local part can be localised away from the tokamak area. The remote side consists of custom, standalone devices. On the other hand, the local device is based on the uTCA.4 architecture. Components are connected with an optic fibre over a link-layer protocol which provides high throughput, low latency and transmission redundancy. All main operations ie. data processing, transmission etc. are performed on the FPGA devices. At the local side there is one device treated as a master device. It implements sort of a routing table which connects consecutive system inputs and outputs. It also provides possibility for some user defined data processing. This document contains general system overview, short description of hardware used in the project and gateware implementation. Greenwald, Martin; Labombard, Brian; Bonoli, Paul; Irby, Jim; Terry, Jim; Wallace, Greg; Vieira, Rui; Whyte, Dennis; Wolfe, Steve; Wukitch, Steve; Marmar, Earl 2015-11-01 The Advanced Divertor and RF Tokamak Experiment (ADX) is a design concept for a compact high-field tokamak that would address boundary plasma and plasma-material interaction physics challenges whose solution is critical for the viability of magnetic fusion energy. This device would have two crucial missions. First, it would serve as a Divertor Test Tokamak, developing divertor geometries, materials and operational scenarios that could meet the stringent requirements imposed in a fusion power plant. By operating at high field, ADX would address this problem at a level of power loading and other plasma conditions that are essentially identical to those expected in a future reactor. Secondly, ADX would investigate the physics and engineering of high-field-side launch of RF waves for current drive and heating. Efficient current drive is an essential element for achieving steady-state in a practical, power producing fusion device and high-field launch offers the prospect of higher efficiency, better control of the current profile and survivability of the launching structures. ADX would carry out this research in integrated scenarios that simultaneously demonstrate the required boundary regimes consistent with efficient current drive and core performance. 10. Nonlinear Simulation Studies of Tokamaks and STs SciTech Connect W. Park; J. Breslau; J. Chen; G.Y. Fu; S.C. Jardin; S. Klasky; J. Menard; A. Pletzer; B.C. Stratton; D. Stutman; H.R. Strauss; L.E. Sugiyama 2003-07-07 The multilevel physics, massively parallel plasma simulation code, M3D, has been used to study spherical tori (STs) and tokamaks. The magnitude of outboard shift of density profiles relative to electron temperature profiles seen in NSTX [National Spherical Torus Experiment] under strong toroidal flow is explained. Internal reconnection events in ST discharges can be classified depending on the crash mechanism, just as in tokamak discharges; a sawtooth crash, disruption due to stochasticity, or high-beta disruption. Toroidal shear flow can reduce linear growth of internal kink. It has a strong stabilizing effect nonlinearly and causes mode saturation if its profile is maintained, e.g., through a fast momentum source. Normally, however, the flow profile itself flattens during the reconnection process, allowing a complete reconnection to occur. In some cases, the maximum density and pressure spontaneously occur inside the island and cause mode saturation. Gyrokinetic hot particle/MHD hybrid studies of NSTX show the effects of fluid compression on a fast-ion-driven n = 1 mode. MHD studies of recent tokamak experiments with a central current hole indicate that the current clamping is due to sawtooth-like crashes, but with n = 0. 11. Numerical investigations of plasma parameters in the COMPASS tokamak SciTech Connect Havlickova, E.; Zagorski, R.; Panek, R. 2008-09-15 A numerical investigation of plasma parameters in a diverter configuration of COMPASS tokamak is presented. The plasma parameters in the device are analyzed in the frame of the self-consistent description of the central plasma and edge region. The possibility of achieving high recycling and detached regimes in the boundary layer of the COMPASS tokamak is discussed. 12. Recent progress on the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) SciTech Connect Ignat, D.W. 1987-01-01 This report describes work done on the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT), both at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) and at other fusion laboratories in the United States. The goal of CIT is to reach ignition in a tokamak fusion device in the mid-1990's. Scientific and engineering features of the design are described, as well as projected cost and schedule. 13. Physics design requirements for the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) SciTech Connect Neilson, G.H.; Goldston, R.J.; Jardin, S.C.; Reiersen, W.T.; Nevins, W.M.; Porkolab, M.; Ulrickson, M. 1993-11-01 The design of TPX is driven by physics requirements that follow from its mission. The tokamak and heating systems provide the performance and profile controls needed to study advanced steady state tokamak operating modes. The magnetic control systems provide substantial flexibility for the study of regimes with high beta and bootstrap current. The divertor is designed for high steady state power and particle exhaust. 14. Fokker-Planck/Transport model for neutral beam driven tokamaks SciTech Connect Killeen, J.; Mirin, A.A.; McCoy, M.G. 1980-01-01 The application of nonlinear Fokker-Planck models to the study of beam-driven plasmas is briefly reviewed. This evolution of models has led to a Fokker-Planck/Transport (FPT) model for neutral-beam-driven Tokamaks, which is described in detail. The FPT code has been applied to the PLT, PDX, and TFTR Tokamaks, and some representative results are presented. 15. Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) power supply design and development SciTech Connect Neumeyer, C.; Bronner, G.; Lu, E.; Ramakrishnan, S. 1995-04-01 The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) is an advanced tokamak project aimed at the production of quasi-steady state plasmas with advanced shape, heating, and particle control. TPX is to be built at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) using many of the facilities from the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). TPX will be the first tokamak to utilize superconducting (SC) magnets in both the toroidal field (TF) and poloidal field (PF) systems. This new feature requires a departure from the traditional tokamak power supply schemes. This paper describes the plan for the adaptation of the PPPL/FTR power system facilities to supply TPX. Five major areas are addressed, namely the AC power system, the TF, PF and Fast Plasma Position Control (FPPC) power supplies, and quench protection for the TF and PF systems. Special emphasis is placed on the development of new power supply and protection schemes. 16. Mathematical modeling plasma transport in tokamaks SciTech Connect Quiang, Ji 1995-12-31 In this work, the author applied a systematic calibration, validation and application procedure based on the methodology of mathematical modeling to international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) ignition studies. The multi-mode plasma transport model used here includes a linear combination of drift wave branch and ballooning branch instabilities with two a priori uncertain constants to account for anomalous plasma transport in tokamaks. A Bayesian parameter estimation method is used including experimental calibration error/model offsets and error bar rescaling factors to determine the two uncertain constants in the transport model with quantitative confidence level estimates for the calibrated parameters, which gives two saturation levels of instabilities. This method is first tested using a gyroBohm multi-mode transport model with a pair of DIII-D discharge experimental data, and then applied to calibrating a nominal multi-mode transport model against a broad database using twelve discharges from seven different tokamaks. The calibrated transport model is then validated on five discharges from JT-60 with no adjustable constants. The results are in a good agreement with experimental data. Finally, the resulting class of multi-mode tokamak plasma transport models is applied to the transport analysis of the ignition probability in a next generation machine, ITER. A reference simulation of basic ITER engineering design activity (EDA) parameters shows that a self-sustained thermonuclear burn with 1.5 GW output power can be achieved provided that impurity control makes radiative losses sufficiently small at an average plasma density of 1.2 X 10{sup 20}/m{sup 3} with 50 MW auxiliary heating. The ignition probability of ITER for the EDA parameters, can be formally as high as 99.9% in the present context. The same probability for concept design activity (CDA) parameters of ITER, which has smaller size and lower current, is only 62.6%. 17. 3D MHD Simulations of Tokamak Disruptions Woodruff, Simon; Stuber, James 2014-10-01 Two disruption scenarios are modeled numerically by use of the CORSICA 2D equilibrium and NIMROD 3D MHD codes. The work follows the simulations of pressure-driven modes in DIII-D and VDEs in ITER. The aim of the work is to provide starting points for simulation of tokamak disruption mitigation techniques currently in the CDR phase for ITER. Pressure-driven instability growth rates previously observed in simulations of DIIID are verified; Halo and Hiro currents produced during vertical displacements are observed in simulations of ITER with implementation of resistive walls in NIMROD. We discuss plans to exercise new code capabilities and validation. 18. Neoclassical Transport Properties of Tokamak Plasmas SciTech Connect Weyssow, B. 2004-03-15 The classical transport theory is strictly valid for a plasma in a homogeneous and stationary magnetic field. In the '60, experiments have shown that this theory does not apply as a local theory of transport in Tokamaks. It was shown that global geometric characteristics of the confining elements have a strong influence on the transport. Three regimes of collisionality are characteristic of the neoclassical transport theory: the banana regime (the electronic diffusion coefficient increases starting from zero), the plateau regime (the diffusion coefficient is almost independent of the collisionality) and the Pfirsch-Schlueter regime (the electronic diffusion coefficient again increases with the collisionality) 19. Electrostatic analysis of the tokamak edge plasma SciTech Connect Motley, R.W. 1981-07-01 The intrusion of an equipotential poloidal limiter into the edge plasma of a circular tokamak discharge distorts the axisymmetry in two ways: (1) it (partially) shorts out the top-to-bottom Pfirsch-Schlueter driving potentials, and (2) it creates zones of back current flow into the limiter. The resulting boundary mismatch between the outer layers and the inner axisymmetric Pfirsch-Schlueter layer provides free energy to drive the edge plasma unstable. Special limiters are proposed to symmetrize the edge plasma and thereby reduce the electrical and MHD activity in the boundary layer. 20. Tokamak Equilibria with Reversed Current Density Martynov, A. A.; Medvedev, S. Yu.; Villard, L. 2003-08-01 Observations of nearly zero toroidal current in the central region of tokamaks (the “current hole”) raises the question of the existence of toroidal equilibria with very low or reversed current in the core. The solutions of the Grad-Shafranov equilibrium equation with hollow toroidal current density profile including negative current density in the plasma center are investigated. Solutions of the corresponding eigenvalue problem provide simple examples of such equilibrium configurations. More realistic equilibria with toroidal current density reversal are computed using a new equilibrium problem formu­lation and computational algorithm which do not assume nested magnetic surfaces. 1. Dust divertor for a tokamak fusion reactor SciTech Connect Tang, X Z; Delzanno, G L 2009-01-01 Micron-size tungsten particulates find equilibrium position in the magnetized plasma sheath in the normal direction of the divertor surface, but are convected poloidally and toroidally by the sonic-ion-flow drag parallel to the divertor surface. The natural circulation of dust particles in the magnetized plasma sheath can be used to set up a flowing dust shield that absorbs and exhausts most of the tokamak heat flux to the divertor. The size of the particulates and the choice of materials offer substantial room for optimization. 2. Viscosity in the edge of tokamak plasmas Stacey, W. M. 1993-05-01 A fluid representation of viscosity has been incorporated into a set of fluid equations that are maximally ordered in the 'short radial gradient scale length' (srgsl) ordering that is appropriate for the edge of tokamak plasmas. The srgsl ordering raises viscous drifts and other viscous terms to leading order and fundamentally alters the character of the fluid equations. A leasing order viscous drift is identified. Viscous-driven radial particle and energy fluxes in the scrape-off layer and divertor channel are estimated to have an order unity effect in reducing radial peaking of energy fluxes transported along the field lines to divertor collector plates. 3. Tokamak physics experiment: Diagnostic windows study SciTech Connect Merrigan, M.; Wurden, G.A. 1995-11-01 We detail the study of diagnostic windows and window thermal stress remediation in the long-pulse, high-power Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) operation. The operating environment of the TPX diagnostic windows is reviewed, thermal loads on the windows estimated, and cooling requirements for the windows considered. Applicable window-cooling technology from other fields is reviewed and its application to the TPX windows considered. Methods for TPX window thermal conditioning are recommended, with some discussion of potential implementation problems provided. Recommendations for further research and development work to ensure performance of windows in the TPX system are presented. 4. Calculation of rf current drive in tokamaks Peysson, Y.; Decker, J. 2008-11-01 The toroidal plasma current is a key parameter for controlling MHD stability and fusion performances in tokamaks. Among the various methods for driving current, rf waves are a flexible and powerful tool. Therefore, their role in the design and optimization of advanced scenarios is considerable. The universal ray-tracing code C3PO coupled with the fully implicit linearized 3-D bounce-averaged relativistic electron Fokker-Planck solver LUKE is an illustration of the present day effort for performing fast and realistic calculations of the rf driven plasma current. The versatility of this tool is highlighted by simulations concerning the lower hybrid and electron cyclotron waves. 5. Diamagnetic flux measurement in Aditya tokamak SciTech Connect Kumar, Sameer; Jha, Ratneshwar; Lal, Praveen; Hansaliya, Chandresh; Gopalkrishna, M. V.; Kulkarni, Sanjay; Mishra, Kishore 2010-12-15 Measurements of diamagnetic flux in Aditya tokamak for different discharge conditions are reported for the first time. The measured diamagnetic flux in a typical discharge is less than 0.6 mWb and therefore it has required careful compensation for various kinds of pick-ups. The hardware and software compensations employed in this measurement are described. We introduce compensation of a pick-up due to plasma current of less than 20 kA in short duration discharges, in which plasma pressure gradient is supposed to be negligible. The flux measurement during radio frequency heating is also presented in order to validate compensation. 6. Self-Organized Stationary States of Tokamaks SciTech Connect Jardin, S. C.; Ferraro, N.; Krebs, I. 2015-11-17 We demonstrate that in a 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, for some parameters it is possible to form a stationary state in a tokamak where a saturated interchange mode in the center of the discharge drives a near helical flow pattern that acts to non-linearly sustain the configuration by adjusting the central loop voltage through a dynamo action. This could explain the physical mechanism for maintaining stationary non-sawtoothing “hybrid” discharges, often referred to as “flux-pumping”. 7. Anomalous thermal confinement in ohmically heated tokamaks SciTech Connect Romanelli, F.; Tang, W.M.; White, R.B. 1986-02-01 A model is proposed to explain the behavior of the gross energy confinement time in ohmically heated tokamak plasmas. The analysis takes into account the effect of the anomalous thermal conductivity due to small scale turbulence and of the macroscopic MHD behavior, which provides some constraints on the temperature profile. Results indicate that the thermal conductivity associated with the dissipative trapped-electron mode and with the ion temperature gradient (eta/sub i/) mode can account, respectively, for the Neo-Alcator scaling and the saturation of the energy confinement time with density. Comparisons with experimental results show reasonable agreement. 32 refs., 12 figs. 8. Magnetic diagnostics for the lithium tokamak experiment. PubMed Berzak, L; Kaita, R; Kozub, T; Majeski, R; Zakharov, L 2008-10-01 The lithium tokamak experiment (LTX) is a spherical tokamak with R(0)=0.4 m, a=0.26 m, B(TF) approximately 3.4 kG, I(P) approximately 400 kA, and pulse length approximately 0.25 s. The focus of LTX is to investigate the novel low-recycling lithium wall operating regime for magnetically confined plasmas. This regime is reached by placing an in-vessel shell conformal to the plasma last closed flux surface. The shell is heated and then coated with liquid lithium. An extensive array of magnetic diagnostics is available to characterize the experiment, including 80 Mirnov coils (single and double axis, internal and external to the shell), 34 flux loops, 3 Rogowskii coils, and a diamagnetic loop. Diagnostics are specifically located to account for the presence of a secondary conducting surface and engineered to withstand both high temperatures and incidental contact with liquid lithium. The diagnostic set is therefore fabricated from robust materials with heat and lithium resistance and is designed for electrical isolation from the shell and to provide the data required for highly constrained equilibrium reconstructions. PMID:19044600 9. Modular pump limiter systems for large tokamaks Uckan, T.; Klepper, C. C.; Mioduszewski, P. K.; McGrath, R. T. 1987-09-01 Long-pulse (greater than 10-s) operation of large tokamaks with high-power (greater than 10-MW) heating and extensive external fueling will require correspondingly efficient particle exhaust for density control. A pump limiter can provide the needed exhaust capability by removing a small percentage of the particles, which would otherwise be recycled. Single pump limiter modules have been operated successfully on ISX-B, PDX, TEXTOR, and PLT. An axisymmetric pump limiter is now being installed and will be studied in TEXTOR. A third type of pump limiter is a system that consists of several modules and exhibits performance different from that of a single module. To take advantage of the flexibility of a modular pump limiter system in a high-power, long-pulse device, the power load must be distributed among a number of modules. Because each added module changes the performance of all the others, a set of design criteria must be defined for the overall limiter system. The design parameters for the modules are then determined from the system requirements for particle and power removal. Design criteria and parameters are presented, and the impact on module design of the state of the art in engineering technolgy is discussed. The relationship between modules is considered from the standpoint of flux coverage and shadowing effects. The results are applied to the Tore Supra tokamak. A preliminary conceptual design for the Tore Supra pump limiter system is discussed, and the design parameters of the limiter modules are presented. 10. Plasma transport in a compact ignition tokamak SciTech Connect Singer, C.E.; Ku, L.P; Bateman, G. 1987-02-01 Nominal predicted plasma conditions in a compact ignition tokamak are illustrated by transport simulations using experimentally calibrated plasma transport models. The range of uncertainty in these predictions is explored by using various models which have given almost equally good fits to experimental data. Using a transport model which best fits the data, thermonuclear ignition occurs in a Compact Ignition Tokamak design with major radius 1.32 m, plasma half-width 0.43 m, elongation 2.0, and toroidal field and plasma current ramped in six seconds from 1.7 to 10.4 T and 0.7 to 10 MA, respectively. Ignition is facilitated by 20 MW of heating deposited off the magnetic axis near the /sup 3/He minority cyclotron resonance layer. Under these conditions, sawtooth oscillations are small and have little impact on ignition. Tritium inventory is minimized by preconditioning most discharges with deuterium. Tritium is injected, in large frozen pellets, only after minority resonance preheating. Variations of the transport model, impurity influx, heating profile, and pellet ablation rates, have a large effect on ignition and on the maximum beta that can be achieved. 11. Constrained ripple optimization of Tokamak bundle divertors SciTech Connect Hively, L.M.; Rome, J.A.; Lynch, V.E.; Lyon, J.F.; Fowler, R.H.; Peng, Y-K.M.; Dory, R.A. 1983-02-01 Magnetic field ripple from a tokamak bundle divertor is localized to a small toroidal sector and must be treated differently from the usual (distributed) toroidal field (TF) coil ripple. Generally, in a tokamak with an unoptimized divertor design, all of the banana-trapped fast ions are quickly lost due to banana drift diffusion or to trapping between the 1/R variation in absolute value vector B ..xi.. B and local field maxima due to the divertor. A computer code has been written to optimize automatically on-axis ripple subject to these constraints, while varying up to nine design parameters. Optimum configurations have low on-axis ripple (<0.2%) so that, now, most banana-trapped fast ions are confined. Only those ions with banana tips near the outside region (absolute value theta < or equal to 45/sup 0/) are lost. However, because finite-sized TF coils have not been used in this study, the flux bundle is not expanded. 12. Physics evaluation of compact tokamak ignition experiments SciTech Connect Uckan, N.A.; Houlberg, W.A.; Sheffield, J. 1985-01-01 At present, several approaches for compact, high-field tokamak ignition experiments are being considered. A comprehensive method for analyzing the potential physics operating regimes and plasma performance characteristics of such ignition experiments with O-D (analytic) and 1-1/2-D (WHIST) transport models is presented. The results from both calculations are in agreement and show that there are regimes in parameter space in which a class of small (R/sub o/ approx. 1-2 m), high-field (B/sub o/ approx. 8-13 T) tokamaks with aB/sub o/S/q/sub */ approx. 25 +- 5 and kappa = b/a approx. 1.6-2.0 appears ignitable for a reasonable range of transport assumptions. Considering both the density and beta limits, an evaluation of the performance is presented for various forms of chi/sub e/ and chi/sub i/, including degradation at high power and sawtooth activity. The prospects of ohmic ignition are also examined. 16 refs., 13 figs. 13. The Spherical Tokamak MEDUSA for Costa Rica Ribeiro, Celso; Vargas, Ivan; Guadamuz, Saul; Mora, Jaime; Ansejo, Jose; Zamora, Esteban; Herrera, Julio; Chaves, Esteban; Romero, Carlos 2012-10-01 The former spherical tokamak (ST) MEDUSA (Madison EDUcation Small Aspect.ratio tokamak, R<0.14m, a<0.10m, BT<0.5T, Ip<40kA, 3ms pulse)[1] is in a process of donation to Costa Rica Institute of Technology. The main objective of MEDUSA is to train students in plasma physics /technical related issues which will help all tasks of the very low aspect ratio stellarator SCR-1(A≡R/>=3.6, under design[2]) and also the ongoing activities in low temperature plasmas. Courses in plasma physics at undergraduate and post-graduate joint programme levels are regularly conducted. The scientific programme is intend to clarify several issues in relevant physics for conventional and mainly STs, including transport, heating and current drive via Alfv'en wave, and natural divertor STs with ergodic magnetic limiter[3,4]. [1] G.D.Garstka, PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1997 [2] L.Barillas et al., Proc. 19^th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng., Japan, 2011 [3] C.Ribeiro et al., IEEJ Trans. Electrical and Electronic Eng., 2012(accepted) [4] C.Ribeiro et al., Proc. 39^th EPS Conf. Contr. Fusion and Plasma Phys., Sweden, 2012 14. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Appel, L. C.; Bevir, M. K.; Walsh, M. J. 2001-02-01 The computation of magnetic equilibria in the START spherical tokamak is more difficult than those in more conventional large aspect ratio tokamaks. This difficulty arises partly as a result of the use of induction compression to generate high current plasma, as this precludes the positioning of magnetic diagnostics close to the outboard side of the plasma. In addition, the effect of a conducting wall with a high, but finite, conductivity must be included. A method is presented for obtaining plasma equilibrium reconstructions based on the EFIT code. New constraints are used to relate isoflux surface locations deduced from radial profile measurements of electron temperature. A model of flux diffusion through the vessel wall is developed. It is shown that neglecting flux diffusion in the vessel wall can lead to a significant underestimate in the calculation of the plasma βt. Using a relatively sparse set of magnetic signals, βt can be obtained to within a fractional error of +/-10%. Using constraints to relate isoflux surface locations, the principle involved in determining the internal q profile is demonstrated. 15. System studies of compact ignition tokamaks SciTech Connect Galambos, J.D.; Peng, Y.K.M.; Blackfield, D.T. 1986-01-01 A new version of the FEDC Tokamak System Code (TSC) has been developed to analyze the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT). These proposed experiments have small (major radius F 1.5m) and high magnetic fields (B J 10T), and are characterized by reduced cost. Key design constraints of CIT include limits to the high stress levels in the magnetic coils, limits to the large temperature rises in the coils and on the first wall or divertor plate, minimizing power supply requirements, and assuring adequate plasma performance in fusion ignition and burn time consistent with the latest physics understanding. We present systems code level studies of CIT parameter space here for a range of design options with various design constraints. The present version of the TSC incorporates new models for key components of CIT. For example, new algorithms have been incorporated for calculating stress levels in the TFC and ohmic solenoid, temperature rise in the magnetic coils, peak power requirements, plasma MHD equilibrium and volt-second capability. The code also incorporates a numerical optimizer to find combinations of engineering quantities (device size, coil sizes, coil current densities etc.) and physics quantities (plasma density temperature, and beta, etc.) which satisfy all the constraints and can minimize or maximize a figure of merit (e.g., the major radius). This method was recently used in a mirror reactor system code (3) for the Minimara concept development. 16. Superconducting CICC for SST-1 tokamak magnets SciTech Connect 1995-12-31 The SST-1 tokamak is being designed for steady state operation with plasma durations in the range of 100--1,000s. Both the toroidal field coils (TFC) and the poloidal field coils (PFC) in the SST-1 tokamak are superconducting. TF coils are required to produce a magnetic field of 3 T at 1.05 m from machine axis. The maximum field seen by the TF coil conductor will be {le} 4.3 T. The cable for the TF coils has, therefore, been designed for a field of 5 T at the conductor. The PFC are used for plasma shaping and equilibrium and the magnetic field on the PFC conductor is estimated to be {le} 3.2 T. Hence a cable designed for 5 T operation will be suitable for PFC also subjected to the stability against the disturbances generated by the current ramping in the PFC. The authors have designed two Cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC) type cables, one with copper conduit (to be preferably used with the TFC) and the other with Stainless Steel conduit to be used with PFC. They describe some design aspects of these cables and discuss the stability of these cables against disturbances. 17. Critical issues for modeling dust transport in tokamaks. PubMed Bacharis, Minas; Coppins, Michael; Allen, John E 2010-08-01 Dust produced in tokamaks is an important issue for fusion. Dust particles can introduce health and safety issues when in the same time can have an impact on reactor performance. Apart from the associated problems there are also potential benefits that make the better understanding of their behavior important. In this work the dust transport code Dust in TOKamakS will be used to explore the effect that variations in the plasma background and the physical model, describing the plasma-dust interaction, have on their predicted trajectories. PMID:20866922 18. /sup 3/He functions in tokamak-pumped laser systems SciTech Connect Jassby, D.L. 1986-10-01 /sup 3/He placed in an annular cell around a tokamak fusion generator can convert moderated fusion neutrons to energetic ions by the /sup 3/He(n,p)T reaction, and thereby excite gaseous lasants mixed with the /sup 3/He while simultaneously breeding tritium. The total /sup 3/He inventory is about 4 kg for large tokamak devices. Special configurations of toroidal-field magnets, neutron moderators and beryllium reflectors are required to permit nearly uniform neutron current into the laser cell with minimal attenuation. The annular laser radiation can be combined into a single output beam at the top of the tokamak. 19. Nonneutralized charge effects on tokamak edge magnetohydrodynamic stability Zheng, Linjin; Horton, W.; Miura, H.; Shi, T. H.; Wang, H. Q. 2016-08-01 Owing to the large ion orbits, excessive electrons can accumulate at tokamak edge. We find that the nonneutralized electrons at tokamak edge can contribute an electric compressive stress in the direction parallel to magnetic field by their mutual repulsive force. By extending the Chew-Goldburger-Low theory (Chew et al., 1956 [13]), it is shown that this newly recognized compressive stress can significantly change the plasma average magnetic well, so that a stabilization of magnetohydrodynamic modes in the pedestal can result. This linear stability regime helps to explain why in certain parameter regimes the tokamak high confinement can be rather quiet as observed experimentally. 20. ECH by FEL and gyrotron sources on the Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX) tokamak SciTech Connect Stallard, B.W.; Turner, W.C.; Allen, S.L.; Byers, J.A.; Felker, B.; Fenstermacher, M.E.; Ferguson, S.W.; Hooper, E.G.; Thomassen, K.I.; Throop, A.L. ); Makowski, M.A. ) 1990-08-09 The Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX) at LLNL is studying the physics of intense pulse ECH is a high-density tokamak plasma using a microwave FEL. Related technology development includes the FEL, a windowless quasi-optical transmission system, and other microwave components. Initial plasma experiments have been carried out at 140 GHz with single rf pulses generated using the ETA-II accelerator and the ELF wiggler. Peak power levels up to 0.2 GW and pulse durations up to 10 ns were achieved for injection into the plasma using as untapered wiggler. FEL pulses were transmitted over 33 m from the FEL to MTX using six mirrors mounted in a 50-cm-diam evacuated pipe. Measurements of the microwave beam and transmission through the plasma were carried out. For future rapid pulse experiments at high average power (4 GW peak power, 5kHz pulse rate, and {bar P} > 0.5 MW) using the IMP wiggler with tapered magnetic field, a gyrotron (140 GHz, 400 kW cw or up to 1 MW short pulse) is being installed to drive the FEL input or to directly heat the tokamak plasma at full gyrotron power. Quasi-optic techniques will be used to couple the gyrotron power. For direct plasma heating, the gyrotron will couple into the existing mirror transport system. Using both sources of rf generation, experiments are planned to investigate intense pulse absorption and tokamak physics, such as the ECH of a pellet-fueled plasma and plasma control using localized heating. 12 refs., 9 figs. 1. A review of ELMs in divertor tokamaks SciTech Connect Hill, D.N. 1996-05-23 This paper reviews what is known about edge localized modes (ELMs), with an emphasis on their effect on the scrape-off layer and divertor plasmas. ELM effects have been measured in the ASDEX-U, C-Mod, COMPASS-D, DIII-D, JET, JFT-2M,JT-60U, and TCV tokamaks and are reported here. At least three types of ELMs have been identified and their salient features determined. Type-1 giant ELMs can cause the sudden loss of up to 10-15% of the plasma stored energy but their amplitude ({Delta}W/W) does not increase with increasing power. Type- 3 ELMs are observed near the H-mode power threshold and produce small energy dumps (1-3% of the stored energy). All ELMs increase the scrape- off layer plasma and produce particle fluxes on the divertor targets which are as much as ten times larger that the quiescent phase between ELMs. The divertor heat pulse is largest on the inner target, unlike that of L-Mode or quiescent H-mode; some tokamaks report radial structure in the heat flux profile which is suggestive of islands or helical structures. The power scaling of Type-1 ELM amplitude and frequency have been measured in several tokamaks and has recently been applied to predictions of the ELM Size in ITER. Concern over the expected ELM amplitude has led to a number of experiments aimed at demonstrating active control of ELMs. Impurity gas injection with feedback control on the radiation loss in ASDEX-U suggests that a promising mode of operation (the CDH-mode) with a very small type-3 ELMs can be maintained with heating power sell above the H-mode threshold, where giant type-1 ELMs can be maintained with heating power well above the H-mode threshold, where Giant type-1 ELMs are normally observed. While ELMs have many potential negative effects, the beneficial effect of ELMs in providing density control and limiting the core plasma impurity content in high confinement H- mode discharges should not be overlooked. 2. Development of tokamak reactor system analysis code NEW-TORSAC Kasai, Masao; Ida, Toshio; Nishikawa, Masana; Kameari, Akihisa; Nishio, Satoshi; Tone, Tatsuzo 1987-07-01 A systems analysis code named NEW-TORSAC (TOkamak Reactor Systems Analysis Code) has been developed by modifying the TORSAC which had been already developed by us. The NEW-TORSAC is available for tokamak reactor designs and evaluations from experimental machines to commercial reactor plants. It has functions to design tokamaks automatically from plasma parameter setting to determining configurations of reactor equipments and calculating main characteristics parameters of auxiliary systems and the capital costs. In the case of analyzing tokamak reactor plants, the code can calculate busbar energy costs. In addition to numerical output, some output of this code such as a reactor configuration, plasma equilibrium, electro-magnetic forces, etc., are graphically displayed. The code has been successfully applied to the scoping studies of the next generation machines and commercial reactor plants. 3. Improvement of tokamak performance by injection of electrons SciTech Connect Ono, Masayuki 1992-12-01 Concepts for improving tokamak performance by utilizing injection of hot electrons are discussed. Motivation of this paper is to introduce the research work being performed in this area and to refer the interested readers to the literature for more detail. The electron injection based concepts presented here have been developed in the CDX, CCT, and CDX-U tokamak facilities. The following three promising application areas of electron injection are described here: 1. Non-inductive current drive, 2. Plasma preionization for tokamak start-up assist, and 3. Charging-up of tokamak flux surfaces for improved plasma confinement. The main motivation for the dc-helicity injection current drive is in its efficiency that, in theory, is independent of plasma density. This property makes it attractive for driving currents in high density reactor plasmas. 4. Requirements for neutral beam current drive in tokamaks SciTech Connect Dory, R.A. 1988-01-01 This paper contains viewgraphs on the use of neutral beam current drive in future tokamaks. Current profiles, slowing down distributions, beam destabilization of alfven waves and plasma parameters are some items covered in this paper. (DWL) 5. Heavy ion beam probe systems for tight aspect ratio tokamaks SciTech Connect Melnikov, A.V.; Zimeleva, L.G.; Krupnik, L.I.; Nedzelskij, I.S.; Trofimenko, Y.V.; Minaev, V.B. 1997-01-01 We discuss the specific features of the application of heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) systems to tight aspect ratio tokamaks. We present and compare the HIBP projects for the TUMAN-3, GLOBUS, and COMPASS, where the inner part of the plasma is not available for regular chord diagnostics, so the HIBP becomes very desirable. All existing tight aspect ratio facilities and projects have a low (less than 1.9 T) toroidal field that requires a comparatively low beam energy range. The natural elongation and triangularity in tight aspect ratio tokamaks require an accurate calculation of the three-dimensional magnetic field for probing optimization. In comparison with traditional tokamaks, the detector grids have a wider energy interval. In general, the trajectories and detector grids for tight aspect ratio tokamaks become similar to the stellarator ones. Traditional and new probing schemes are suggested and discussed. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.} 6. Neutral beam injector performance on the PLT and PDX tokamaks SciTech Connect Schilling, G.; Ashcroft, D.L.; Eubank, H.P.; Grisham, L.R.; Kozub, T.A.; Kugel, H.W.; Rossmassler, J.; Williams, M.D. 1981-02-01 An overall injector system description is presented first, and this will be followed by a detailed discussion of those problems unique to multiple injector operation on the tokamaks, i.e., power transmission, conditioning, reliability, and failures. 7. TFTR/JET INTOR workshop on plasma transport tokamaks SciTech Connect Singer, C.E. 1985-01-01 This report summarizes the proceedings of a Workshop on transport models for prediction and analysis of tokamak plasma confinement. Summaries of papers on theory, predictive modeling, and data analysis are included. 8. Computer simulation of transport driven current in tokamaks Nunan, W. J.; Dawson, J. M. 1994-09-01 We have investigated transport driven current in tokamaks via 2+1/2 dimensional, electromagnetic, particle-in-cell simulations. These have demonstrated a steady increase of toroidal current in centrally fueled plasmas. Neoclassical theory predicts that the bootstrap current vanishes at large aspect ratio, but we see equal or greater current growth in straight cylindrical plasmas. These results indicate that a centrally fueled and heated tokamak may sustain its toroidal current, even without the seed current'' which the neoclassical bootstrap theory requires. 9. Neoclassical diffusion of heavy impurities in a rotating tokamak plasma SciTech Connect Wong, K.L.; Cheng, C.Z. 1987-08-01 Particle orbits in a rotating tokamak plasma are calculated from the equation of motion in the frame that rotates with the plasma. It is found that heavy particles in a rotating plasma can drift away from magnetic surfaces significantly faster, resulting in a diffusion coefficient much larger than that for a stationary plasma. Particle simulation is carried out and the results offer a qualitative explanation for some experimental data from the Tokamak Test Reactor (TFTR). 13 refs., 2 figs. 10. Design of a microwave calorimeter for the microwave tokamak experiment SciTech Connect Marinak, M. ) 1988-10-07 The initial design of a microwave calorimeter for the Microwave Tokamak Experiment is presented. The design is optimized to measure the refraction and absorption of millimeter rf microwaves as they traverse the toroidal plasma of the Alcator C tokamak. Techniques utilized can be adapted for use in measuring high intensity pulsed output from a microwave device in an environment of ultra high vacuum, intense fields of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and intense magnetic fields. 16 refs. 11. Reliability of initial-value MHD calculations of Tokamak disruptions Hicks, H. R.; Carreras, B. A.; Garcia, L.; Holmes, J. A. 1984-06-01 The nonlinear coupling of resistive tearing modes was proposed as the mechanism for some Tokamak disruptions. This is based primarily on initial value resistive magnetohydrodynamic calculations performed with a finite difference grid in minor radius and Fourier series expansion in the poloidal and toroidal angles. The calculations show that, for certain q profiles, the nonlinear interaction of tearing modes of different helicities leads to the rapid destabilization of other modes. The resulting effects and the time scale are consistent with the Tokamak disruption. 12. Decommissioning of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SciTech Connect E. Perry; J. Chrzanowski; C. Gentile; R. Parsells; K. Rule; R. Strykowsky; M. Viola 2003-10-28 The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory was operated from 1982 until 1997. The last several years included operations with mixtures of deuterium and tritium. In September 2002, the three year Decontamination and Decommissioning (D&D) Project for TFTR was successfully completed. The need to deal with tritium contamination as well as activated materials led to the adaptation of many techniques from the maintenance work during TFTR operations to the D&D effort. In addition, techniques from the decommissioning of fission reactors were adapted to the D&D of TFTR and several new technologies, most notably the development of a diamond wire cutting process for complex metal structures, were developed. These techniques, along with a project management system that closely linked the field crews to the engineering staff who developed the techniques and procedures via a Work Control Center, resulted in a project that was completed safely, on time, and well below budget. 13. Cooldown of the Compact Ignition Tokamak SciTech Connect Keeton, D.C. 1987-08-01 Cooldown of the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) with the baseline liquid nitrogen cooling system was analyzed. On the basis of this analysis and present knowledge of the two-phase heat transfer, the current baseline CIT can be cooled down in about 1.5 h. An extensive heat transfer test program is recommended to reduce uncertainty in the heat transfer performance and to explore methods for minimizing the cooldown time. An alternate CIT cooldown system is described which uses a pressurized gaseous helium coolant in a closed-loop system. It is shown analytically that this system will cool down the CIT well within 1 h. Confidence in this analysis is sufficiently high that a heat transfer test program would not be necessary. The added cost of this alternate system is estimated to be about 5.3 million. This helium cooling system represents a reasonable backup approach to liquid nitrogen cooling of the CIT. 3 refs., 12 figs., 3 tabs. 14. Radiation power measurement on the ADITYA tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Tahiliani, Kumudni; Jha, Ratneshwar; Gopalkrishana, M. V.; Doshi, Kalpesh; Rathod, Vipal; Hansalia, Chandresh; ADITYA Team 2009-08-01 The radiation power loss and its variation with plasma density and current are studied in the ADITYA tokamak. The radiation power loss varies from 20% to 40% of the input power for different discharges. The radiation fraction decreases with increasing plasma current but it increases with increasing line-averaged central density. The radiated power behavior has also been studied in discharges with short pulses of molecular beam injection (MBI) and gas puff (GP). The increase in radiation loss is limited to the edge chords in the case of GP, but it extends to the core region for MBI fueling. The MBI seems to indicate reduction in the edge recycling. It is observed that during the density limit disruption, the radiated power loss is more in the current quench phase as compared with the thermal quench phase and comes mainly from the plasma edge. 15. Summer Research Experiences with a Laboratory Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Farley, N.; Mauel, M.; Navratil, G.; Cates, C.; Maurer, D.; Mukherjee, S.; Shilov, M.; Taylor, E. 1998-11-01 Columbia University's Summer Research Program for Secondary School Science Teachers seeks to improve middle and high school student understanding of science. The Program enhances science teachers' understanding of the practice of science by having them participate for two consecutive summers as members of laboratory research teams led by Columbia University faculty. In this poster, we report the research and educational activities of two summer internships with the HBT-EP research tokamak. Research activities have included (1) computer data acquisition and the representation of complex plasma wave phenomena as audible sounds, and (2) the design and construction of pulsed microwave systems to experience the design and testing of special-purpose equipment in order to achieve a specific technical goal. We also present an overview of the positive impact this type of plasma research involvement has had on high school science teaching. 16. Argonne Plasma Engineering Experiment (APEX) Tokamak SciTech Connect Norem, J.H.; Balka, L.J.; Kulovitz, E.E.; Magill, S.R.; McGhee, D.G.; Moretti, A.; Praeg, W.F. 1981-03-01 The Argonne Plasma Engineering Experiment (APEX) Tokamak was designed to provide hot plasmas for reactor-relevant experiments with rf heating (current drive) and plasma wall experiments, principally in-situ low-Z wall coating and maintenance. The device, sized to produce energetic plasmas at minimum cost, is small (R = 51 cm, r = 15 cm) but capable of high currents (100 kA) and long pulse durations (100 ms). A design using an iron central core with no return legs, pure tension tapewound toroidal field coils, digital radial position control, and UHV vacuum technology was used. Diagnostics include monochrometers, x-ray detectors, and a microwave interferometer and radiometer for density and temperature measurements. Stable 100 ms shots were produced with electron temperatures in the range 500 to 1000 eV. Initial results included studies of thermal desorption and recoating of wall materials. 17. Nonlinear lower hybrid modeling in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Napoli, F.; Schettini, G.; Castaldo, C.; Cesario, R. 2014-02-12 We present here new results concerning the nonlinear mechanism underlying the observed spectral broadening produced by parametric instabilities occurring at the edge of tokamak plasmas in present day LHCD (lower hybrid current drive) experiments. Low frequency (LF) ion-sound evanescent modes (quasi-modes) are the main parametric decay channel which drives a nonlinear mode coupling of lower hybrid (LH) waves. The spectrum of the LF fluctuations is calculated here considering the beating of the launched LH wave at the radiofrequency (RF) operating line frequency (pump wave) with the noisy background of the RF power generator. This spectrum is calculated in the frame of the kinetic theory, following a perturbative approach. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear LH wave equation show the evolution of the nonlinear mode coupling in condition of a finite depletion of the pump power. The role of the presence of heavy ions in a Deuterium plasma in mitigating the nonlinear effects is analyzed. 18. DIII-D Advanced Tokamak Research Overview SciTech Connect V.S. Chan; C.M. Greenfield; L.L. Lao; T.C. Luce; C.C. Petty; G.M. Staebler 1999-12-01 This paper reviews recent progress in the development of long-pulse, high performance discharges on the DIII-D tokamak. It is highlighted by a discharge achieving simultaneously {beta}{sub N}H of 9, bootstrap current fraction of 0.5, noninductive current fraction of 0.75, and sustained for 16 energy confinement times. The physics challenge has changed in the long-pulse regime. Non-ideal MHD modes are limiting the stability, fast ion driven modes may play a role in fast ion transport which limits the stored energy and plasma edge behavior can affect the global performance. New control tools are being developed to address these issues. 19. Toroidal microinstability studies of high temperature tokamaks SciTech Connect Rewoldt, G.; Tang, W.M. 1989-07-01 Results from comprehensive kinetic microinstability calculations are presented showing the effects of toroidicity on the ion temperature gradient mode and its relationship to the trapped-electron mode in high-temperature tokamak plasmas. The corresponding particle and energy fluxes have also been computed. It is found that, although drift-type microinstabilities persist over a wide range of values of the ion temperature gradient parameter /eta//sub i/ /equivalent to/ (dlnT/sub i//dr)/(dlnn/sub i//dr), the characteristic features of the dominant mode are those of the /eta//sub i/-type instability when /eta//sub i/ > /eta//sub ic/ /approximately/1.2 to 1.4 and of the trapped-electron mode when /eta//sub i/ < /eta//sub ic/. 16 refs., 7 figs. 20. Transport Bifurcation in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma SciTech Connect Highcock, E. G.; Barnes, M.; Schekochihin, A. A.; Parra, F. I.; Roach, C. M.; Cowley, S. C. 2010-11-19 The effect of flow shear on turbulent transport in tokamaks is studied numerically in the experimentally relevant limit of zero magnetic shear. It is found that the plasma is linearly stable for all nonzero flow shear values, but that subcritical turbulence can be sustained nonlinearly at a wide range of temperature gradients. Flow shear increases the nonlinear temperature gradient threshold for turbulence but also increases the sensitivity of the heat flux to changes in the temperature gradient, except over a small range near the threshold where the sensitivity is decreased. A bifurcation in the equilibrium gradients is found: for a given input of heat, it is possible, by varying the applied torque, to trigger a transition to significantly higher temperature and flow gradients. 1. Fast tomographic methods for the tokamak ISTTOK SciTech Connect Carvalho, P. J.; Coelho, R.; Neto, A.; Pereira, T.; Silva, C.; Fernandes, H.; Gori, S.; Toussaint, U. v. 2008-04-07 The achievement of long duration, alternating current discharges on the tokamak IST-TOK requires a real-time plasma position control system. The plasma position determination based on magnetic probes system has been found to be inadequate during the current inversion due to the reduced plasma current. A tomography diagnostic has been therefore installed to supply the required feedback to the control system. Several tomographic methods are available for soft X-ray or bolo-metric tomography, among which the Cormack and Neural networks methods stand out due to their inherent speed of up to 1000 reconstructions per second, with currently available technology. This paper discusses the application of these algorithms on fusion devices while comparing performance and reliability of the results. It has been found that although the Cormack based inversion proved to be faster, the neural networks reconstruction has fewer artifacts and is more accurate. 2. Anisotropic pressure tokamak equilibrium and stability considerations SciTech Connect Salberta, E.R.; Grimm, R.C.; Johnson, J.L.; Manickam, J.; Tang, W.M. 1987-02-01 Investigation of the effect of pressure anisotropy on tokamak equilibrium and stability is made with an MHD model. Realistic perpendicular and parallel pressure distributions, P/sub perpendicular/(psi,B) and P/sub parallel/(psi,B), are obtained by solving a one-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation for neutral beam injection to find a distribution function f(E, v/sub parallel//v) at the position of minimum field on each magnetic surface and then using invariance of the magnetic moment to determine its value at each point on the surface. The shift of the surfaces of constant perpendicular and parallel pressure from the flux surfaces depends strongly on the angle of injection. This shift explains the observed increase or decrease in the stability conditions. Estimates of the stabilizing effect of hot trapped ions indicates that a large fraction must be nonresonant and thus decoupled from the bad curvature before it becomes important. 3. ITER tokamak buildings and equipment layout SciTech Connect Ahlfeld, C.E.; Dilling, D.A.; Ishimoto, Kazuyuki; Tanaka, Eiichi; Stoner, S. 1996-12-31 The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) design has evolved to a level of maturity that has enabled the building designers to define the major dimensions and characteristics of the cluster of buildings that contain the tokamak and adjacent support equipment. Three-dimensional building models developed in a CATIA database provide the framework for the equipment layout. This article describes the preliminary layout of all major pieces of equipment, large bore pipes, ducts, busbars and other services. It is anticipated that some features of the layout will change as equipment design is advanced and future decisions are made, but these changes are not expected to alter the basic building design and any necessary changes are facilitated by the 3-D CATIA models. 1 ref., 6 figs. 4. Vertically stabilized elongated cross-section tokamak DOEpatents Sheffield, George V. 1977-01-01 This invention provides a vertically stabilized, non-circular (minor) cross-section, toroidal plasma column characterized by an external separatrix. To this end, a specific poloidal coil means is added outside a toroidal plasma column containing an endless plasma current in a tokamak to produce a rectangular cross-section plasma column along the equilibrium axis of the plasma column. By elongating the spacing between the poloidal coil means the plasma cross-section is vertically elongated, while maintaining vertical stability, efficiently to increase the poloidal flux in linear proportion to the plasma cross-section height to achieve a much greater plasma volume than could be achieved with the heretofore known round cross-section plasma columns. Also, vertical stability is enhanced over an elliptical cross-section plasma column, and poloidal magnetic divertors are achieved. 5. Instrumentation and controls of an ignited tokamak SciTech Connect Becraft, W.R.; Golzy, J.; Houlberg, W.A.; Kukielka, C.A.; Onega R.J.; Raju, G.V.S.; Stone, R.S. 1980-10-01 The instrumentation and controls (I and C) of an ignited plasma magnetically confined in a tokamak configuration needs increased emphasis in the following areas: (1) physics implications for control; (2) plasma shaping/position control; and (3) control to prevent disruptive instabilities. This document reports on the FY 1979 efforts in these and other areas. Also presented are discusssions in the areas of: (1) diagnostics suitable for the Engineering Test Facility (ETF); and (2) future research and development (R and D) needs. The appendices focus attention on some preliminary ideas about the measurement of the deuteron-triton (D-T) ratio in the plasma, synchrotron radiation, and divertor control. Finally, an appendix documenting the thermal consequences to the first wall of a MPD is presented. 6. Stability of tearing modes in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Hegna, C.C.; Callen, J.D. 1994-02-01 The stability properties of m {ge} 2 tearing instabilities in tokamak plasmas are analyzed. A boundary layer theory is used to find asymptotic solutions to the ideal external kink equation which are used to obtain a simple analytic expression for the tearing instability parameter {Delta}{prime}. This calculation generalizes previous work on this topic by considering more general toroidal equilibria (however, toroidal coupling effects are ignored). Constructions of {Delta}{prime} are obtained for plasmas with finite beta and for islands that have nonzero width. A simple heuristic estimate is given for the value of the saturated island width when the instability criterion is violated. A connection is made between the calculation of the asymptotic matching parameter in the finite beta and island width case to the nonlinear analog of the Glasser effect. 7. Tearing mode analysis in tokamaks, revisited SciTech Connect Nishimura, Y.; Callen, J.D.; Hegna, C.C. 1998-12-01 A new {Delta}{sup {prime}} shooting code has been developed to investigate tokamak plasma tearing mode stability in a cylinder and large aspect ratio ({epsilon}{le}0.25) toroidal geometries, neglecting toroidal mode coupling. A different computational algorithm is used (shooting out from the singular surface instead of into it) to resolve the strong singularities at the mode rational surface, particularly in the presence of the finite pressure term. Numerical results compare favorably with Furth {ital et al.} [H. P. Furth {ital et al.}, Phys. Fluids {bold 16}, 1054 (1973)] results. The effects of finite pressure, which are shown to decrease {Delta}{sup {prime}}, are discussed. It is shown that the distortion of the flux surfaces by the Shafranov shift, which modifies the geometry metric elements, stabilizes the tearing mode significantly, even in a low-{beta} regime before the toroidal magnetic curvature effects come into play. {copyright} {ital 1998 American Institute of Physics.} 8. 'Snowflake' H Mode in a Tokamak Plasma SciTech Connect Piras, F.; Coda, S.; Duval, B. P.; Labit, B.; Marki, J.; Moret, J.-M.; Pitzschke, A.; Sauter, O.; Medvedev, S. Yu. 2010-10-08 An edge-localized mode (ELM) H-mode regime, supported by electron cyclotron heating, has been successfully established in a 'snowflake' (second-order null) divertor configuration for the first time in the TCV tokamak. This regime exhibits 2 to 3 times lower ELM frequency and 20%-30% increased normalized ELM energy ({Delta}W{sub ELM}/W{sub p}) compared to an identically shaped, conventional single-null diverted H mode. Enhanced stability of mid- to high-toroidal-mode-number ideal modes is consistent with the different snowflake ELM phenomenology. The capability of the snowflake to redistribute the edge power on the additional strike points has been confirmed experimentally. 9. Status of ECRH project on EAST Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wang, Xiaojie; Liu, Fukun; Shan, Jiafang; Xu, Handong; Wu, Dajun; Li, Bo; Zhang, Jiang; Huang, Yiyun; Wei, Wei; Tang, Yunying; Xu, Weiye; Hu, Huaichuan; Wang, Jian; Xu, Li 2014-02-01 A 140GHz electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive (EC H&CD) project for EAST Tokamak is launched in 2011 with a total power of 4MW and pulse length of 100 s. The main objectives of the system are to provide central H&CD, assist start-up and control of MHD activities. The system comprises four gyrotrons each with nominal output power of 1MW at 140GHz. The RF power, transmitted through four evacuated corrugated waveguides will be injected into plasma from the low field side (radial port). The front steering equatorial launcher directs the RF beam over ±25° toroidally and scans over 38° poloidally. At present, the construction of the first 1MW system is undergoing for the expected campaign in the end of 2013. In this paper, the current status of the development and the design of the 140-GHz ECRH system are presented. 10. Status of ECRH project on EAST Tokamak SciTech Connect Wang, Xiaojie; Liu, Fukun; Shan, Jiafang; Xu, Handong; Wu, Dajun; Li, Bo; Zhang, Jiang; Huang, Yiyun; Tang, Yunying; Xu, Weiye; Hu, Huaichuan; Wang, Jian; Xu, Li; Wei, Wei 2014-02-12 A 140GHz electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive (EC H and CD) project for EAST Tokamak is launched in 2011 with a total power of 4MW and pulse length of 100 s. The main objectives of the system are to provide central H and CD, assist start-up and control of MHD activities. The system comprises four gyrotrons each with nominal output power of 1MW at 140GHz. The RF power, transmitted through four evacuated corrugated waveguides will be injected into plasma from the low field side (radial port). The front steering equatorial launcher directs the RF beam over ±25° toroidally and scans over 38° poloidally. At present, the construction of the first 1MW system is undergoing for the expected campaign in the end of 2013. In this paper, the current status of the development and the design of the 140-GHz ECRH system are presented. 11. Dust Studies in DIII-D Tokamak SciTech Connect Rudakov, D L; West, W P; Groth, M; Yu, J H; Boedo, J A; Bray, B D; Brooks, N H; Fenstermacher, M E; Hollmann, E M; Hyatt, A W; Krasheninnikov, S I; Lasnier, C J; Moyer, R A; Pigarov, A Y; Smirnov, R; Solomon, W M; Wong, C C 2008-04-15 Studies of submicron dust using Mie scattering from Nd:YAG lasers and video data of micron to sub-millimeter sized dust on DIII-D tokamak have provided the first data of dust sources and transport during tokamak discharges. During normal operation on DIII-D dust observation rates are low, a few events per discharge or less. The net carbon content of the dust corresponds to a carbon atom density a few orders of magnitude below the core impurity density. Statistical analysis of Mie data collected over months of operation reveal correlation of increased dust rate with increased heating power and impulsive wall loading due to edge localized modes (ELMs) and disruptions. Generation of significant amounts of dust by disruptions is confirmed by the camera data. However, dust production by disruptions alone is insufficient to account for estimated in-vessel dust inventory in DIII-D. After an extended entry vent, thousands of dust particles are observed by cameras in the first 2-3 plasma discharges. Individual particles moving at velocities up to {approx}300 m/s, breakup of larger particles into pieces, and collisions of particles with walls are observed. After {approx}70 discharges, dust levels are reduced to a few events per discharge. In order to calibrate diagnostics and benchmark modeling, milligram amounts of micron-sized carbon dust have been injected into DIII-D discharges, leading to the core carbon density increase by a factor of 2-3. Following injection, dust trajectories in the divertor are mostly in the toroidal direction, consistent with the ion drag force. Dust from the injection is observed in the outboard midplane by a fast framing camera. The observed trajectories and velocities of the dust particles are in qualitative agreement with modeling by the 3D DustT code. 12. Self-organized stationary states of tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Jardin, Stephen 2015-11-01 We report here on a nonlinear mechanism that forms and maintains a self-organized stationary (sawtooth free) state in tokamaks. This process was discovered by way of extensive long-time simulations using the M3D-C1 3D extended MHD code in which new physics diagnostics have been added. It is well known that most high-performance modes of tokamak operation undergo sawtooth'' cycles, in which the peaking of the toroidal current density triggers a periodic core instability which redistributes the current density. However, certain modes of operation are known, such as the hybrid'' mode in DIII-D, ASDEX-U, JT-60U and JET, and the long-lived modes in NSTX and MAST, which do not experience this cycle of instability. Empirically, it is observed that these modes maintain a non-axisymmetric equilibrium which somehow limits the peaking of the toroidal current density. The physical mechanism responsible for this has not previously been understood, but is often referred to as flux-pumping,'' in which poloidal flux is redistributed in order to maintain q0 >1. In this talk, we show that in long-time simulations of inductively driven plasmas, a steady-state magnetic equilibrium may be obtained in which the condition q0 >1 is maintained by a dynamo driven by a stationary marginal core interchange mode. This interchange mode, unstable because of the pressure gradient in the ultra-low shear region in the center region, causes a (1,1) perturbation in both the electrostatic potential and the magnetic field, which nonlinearly cause a (0,0) component in the loop voltage that acts to sustain the configuration. This hybrid mode may be a preferred mode of operation for ITER. We present parameter scans that indicate when this sawtooth-free operation can be expected. 13. Plasma diagnostics for the compact ignition tokamak SciTech Connect Medley, S.S.; Young, K.M. 1988-06-01 The primary mission of the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) is to study the physics of alpha-particle heating in an ignited D-T plasma. A burn time of about 10 /tau//sub E/ is projected in a divertor configuration with baseline machine design parameters of R=2.10 m, 1=0.65 m, b=1.30 m, I/sub p/=11 MA, B/sub T/=10 T and 10-20 MW of auxiliary rf heating. Plasma temperatures and density are expected to reach T/sub e/(O) /approximately/20 keV, T/sub i/(O) /approximately/30 keV, and n/sub e/(O) /approximately/ 1 /times/ 10/sup 21/m/sup /minus/3/. The combined effects of restricted port access to the plasma, the presence of severe neutron and gamma radiation backgrounds, and the necessity for remote of in-cell components create challenging design problems for all of the conventional diagnostic associated with tokamak operations. In addition, new techniques must be developed to diagnose the evolution in space, time, and energy of the confined alpha distribution as well as potential plasma instabilities driven by collective alpha-particle effects. The design effort for CIT diagnostics is presently in the conceptual phase with activity being focused on the selection of a viable diagnostic set and the identification of essential research and development projects to support this process. A review of these design issues and other aspects impacting the selection of diagnostic techniques for the CIT experiment will be presented. 28 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs. 14. Dust Studies in DIII-D Tokamak SciTech Connect Rudakov, D. L.; Yu, J. H.; Boedo, J. A.; Hollmann, E. M.; Krasheninnikov, S. I.; Moyer, R. A.; Pigarov, A. Yu.; Smirnov, R.; West, W. P.; Bray, B. D.; Brooks, N. H.; Hyatt, A. W.; Wong, C. P. C.; Groth, M.; Fenstermacher, M. E.; Lasnier, C. J.; Solomon, W. M. 2008-09-07 Studies of submicron dust using Mie scattering from Nd:YAG lasers and video data of micron to sub-millimeter sized dust on DIII-D tokamak have provided the first data of dust sources and transport during tokamak discharges. During normal operation on DIII-D dust observation rates are low, a few events per discharge or less. The net carbon content of the dust corresponds to a carbon atom density a few orders of magnitude below the core impurity density. Statistical analysis of Mie data collected over months of operation reveal correlation of increased dust rate with increased heating power and impulsive wall loading due to edge localized modes (ELMs) and disruptions. Generation of significant amounts of dust by disruptions is confirmed by the camera data. However, dust production by disruptions alone is insufficient to account for estimated in-vessel dust inventory in DIII-D. After an extended entry vent, thousands of dust particles are observed by cameras in the first 2-3 plasma discharges. Individual particles moving at velocities up to {approx}300 m/s, breakup of larger particles into pieces, and collisions of particles with walls are observed. After {approx}70 discharges, dust levels are reduced to a few events per discharge. In order to calibrate diagnostics and benchmark modeling, milligram amounts of micron-sized carbon dust have been injected into DIII-D discharges, leading to the core carbon density increase by a factor of 2-3. Following injection, dust trajectories in the divertor are mostly in the toroidal direction, consistent with the ion drag force. Dust from the injection is observed in the outboard midplane by a fast framing camera. The observed trajectories and velocities of the dust particles are in qualitative agreement with modeling by the 3D DustT code. 15. Tokamak foundation in USSR/Russia 1950-1990 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Smirnov, V. P. 2010-01-01 In the USSR, nuclear fusion research began in 1950 with the work of I.E. Tamm, A.D. Sakharov and colleagues. They formulated the principles of magnetic confinement of high temperature plasmas, that would allow the development of a thermonuclear reactor. Following this, experimental research on plasma initiation and heating in toroidal systems began in 1951 at the Kurchatov Institute. From the very first devices with vessels made of glass, porcelain or metal with insulating inserts, work progressed to the operation of the first tokamak, T-1, in 1958. More machines followed and the first international collaboration in nuclear fusion, on the T-3 tokamak, established the tokamak as a promising option for magnetic confinement. Experiments continued and specialized machines were developed to test separately improvements to the tokamak concept needed for the production of energy. At the same time, research into plasma physics and tokamak theory was being undertaken which provides the basis for modern theoretical work. Since then, the tokamak concept has been refined by a world-wide effort and today we look forward to the successful operation of ITER. 16. Resistive edge mode instability in stellarator and tokamak geometries SciTech Connect Mahmood, M. Ansar; Rafiq, T.; Persson, M.; Weiland, J. 2008-09-15 Geometrical effects on linear stability of electrostatic resistive edge modes are investigated in the three-dimensional Wendelstein 7-X stellarator [G. Grieger et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1990 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1991), Vol. 3, p. 525] and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor [Progress in the ITER Physics Basis, Nucl. Fusion 7, S1, S285 (2007)]-like equilibria. An advanced fluid model is used for the ions together with the reduced Braghinskii equations for the electrons. Using the ballooning mode representation, the drift wave problem is set as an eigenvalue equation along a field line and is solved numerically using a standard shooting technique. A significantly larger magnetic shear and a less unfavorable normal curvature in the tokamak equilibrium are found to give a stronger finite-Larmor radius stabilization and a more narrow mode spectrum than in the stellarator. The effect of negative global magnetic shear in the tokamak is found to be stabilizing. The growth rate on a tokamak magnetic flux surface is found to be comparable to that on a stellarator surface with the same global magnetic shear but the eigenfunction in the tokamak is broader than in the stellarator due to the presence of large negative local magnetic shear (LMS) on the tokamak surface. A large absolute value of the LMS in a region of unfavorable normal curvature is found to be stabilizing in the stellarator, while in the tokamak case, negative LMS is found to be stabilizing and positive LMS destabilizing. 17. LONG PULSE ADVANCED TOKAMAK DISCHARGES IN THE DIII-D TOKAMAK SciTech Connect P.I. PETERSEN 2002-06-01 One of the main goals for the DIII-D research program is to establish an advanced tokamak plasma with high bootstrap current fraction that can be sustained in-principle steady-state. Substantial progress has been made in several areas during the last year. The resistive wall mode stabilization has been done with spinning plasmas in which the plasma pressure has been extended well above the no-wall beta limit. The 3/2 neoclassical tearing mode has been stabilized by the injection of ECH into the magnetic islands, which drives current to substitute the missing bootstrap current. In these experiments either the plasma was moved or the toroidal field was changed to overlap the ECCD resonance with the location of the NTMs. Effective disruption mitigation has been obtained by massive noble gas injection into shots where disruptions were deliberately triggered. The massive gas puff causes a fast and clean current quench with essentially all the plasma energy radiated fairly uniformly to the vessel walls. The run-away electrons that are normally seen accompanying disruptions are suppressed by the large density of electrons still bound on the impurity nuclei. Major elements required to establish integrated, long-pulse, advanced tokamak operations have been achieved in DIII-D: {beta}{sub T} = 4.2%, {beta}{sub p} = 2, f{sub BS} = 65%, and {beta}{sub N}H{sub 89} = 10 for 600 ms ({approx} 4{tau}{sub E}). The next challenge is to integrate the different elements, which will be the goal for the next five years when additional control will be available. Twelve resistive wall mode coils are scheduled to be installed in DIII-D during the summer of 2003. The future plans include upgrading the tokamak pulse length capability and increasing the ECH power, to control the current profile evolution. 18. The Science of Spherical Tokamak Plasmas: Progress and Promise NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Sykes, Alan 2008-11-01 The talk will summarize the development of the low aspect ratio Spherical' Tokamak (ST) from early linear magnetic confinement devices, through toroidal pinches, to the emergence of the tokamak in the 1960's. Theoretical predictions given by Peng and Strickler of the exciting physics of extreme low aspect ratio tokamaks (supported by early experiments involving centre rods inserted into existing Rotamaks, Spheromaks and other small-scale experiments), led to the pioneering START experiment at Culham which convincingly demonstrated the potential of the ST concept. There are now many STs world-wide. The largest among these are MA-scale devices NSTX and MAST with plasmas of cross-section comparable to DIII-D and Asdex-Upgrade. The major results include development of start-up methods; the refinement of scaling laws; improved understanding of general tokamak phenomena such as Edge Localised Modes and development of heating and current drive schemes. ST research on over 20 devices has extended the tokamak plasma regime in many ways, notably a factor 4 increase in stable toroidal average beta, and large increases in the Alfven Mach number and ExB flow shear. By exploiting such features, joint experiments with tokamaks of conventional aspect ratio are resolving several key degeneracies of interest to ITER, DEMO and larger future ST devices. Present STs have low toroidal fields sufficient for most physics studies, but for high fusion yield or energy production higher fields are required; importantly, studies on both NSTX and MAST indicate a stronger than expected improvement of performance with toroidal field. Both devices are planning exciting upgrades which feature a considerable increase of toroidal field. Recent designs for a D-T Component Test Facility based on the Spherical Tokamak show the promise of low Tritium consumption and minimum build cost. Such a facility would provide valuable R&D on the scientific and technical issues of fusion power. 19. Plasma Confinement in the UCLA Electric Tokamak. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Taylor, Robert J. 2001-10-01 The main goal of the newly constructed large Electric Tokamak (R = 5 m, a = 1 m, BT < 0.25 T) is to access an omnigeneous, unity beta(S.C. Cowley, P.K. Kaw, R.S. Kelly, R.M. Kulsrud, Phys. fluids B 3 (1991) 2066.) plasma regime. The design goal was to achieve good confinement at low magnetic fields, consistent with the high beta goal. To keep the program cost down, we adopted the use of ICRF as the primary heating source. Consequently, antenna surfaces covering 1/2 of the surface of the tokamak has been prepared for heating and current drive. Very clean hydrogenic plasmas have been achieved with loop voltage below 0.7 volt and densities 3 times above the Murakami limit, n(0) > 8 x 10^12 cm-3 when there is no MHD activity. The electron temperature, derived from the plasma conductivity is > 250 eV with a central electron energy confinement time > 350 msec in ohmic conditions. The sawteeth period is 50 msec. Edge plasma rotation is induced by plasma biasing via electron injection in an analogous manner to that seen in CCT(R.J. Taylor, M.L. Brown, B.D. Fried, H. Grote, J.R. Liberati, G.J. Morales, P. Pribyl, D. Darrow, and M. Ono. Phys. Rev Lett. 63 2365 1989.) and the neoclassical bifurcation is close to that described by Shaing et al(K.C. Shaing and E.C. Crume, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 2369 (1989).). In the ohmic phase the confinement tends to be MHD limited. The ICRF heating eliminates the MHD disturbances. Under second harmonic heating conditions, we observe an internal confinement peaking characterized by doubling of the core density and a corresponding increase in the central electron temperature. Charge exchange data, Doppler data in visible H-alpha light, and EC radiation all indicate that ICRF heating works much better than expected. The major effort is focused on increasing the power input and controlling the resulting equilibrium. This task appears to be easy since our current pulses are approaching the 3 second mark without RF heating or current drive. Our 20. Magnetic control of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in tokamaks SciTech Connect Strait, E. J. 2015-02-15 Externally applied, non-axisymmetric magnetic fields form the basis of several relatively simple and direct methods to control magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in a tokamak, and most present and planned tokamaks now include a set of non-axisymmetric control coils for application of fields with low toroidal mode numbers. Non-axisymmetric applied fields are routinely used to compensate small asymmetries (δB/B∼10{sup −3} to 10{sup −4}) of the nominally axisymmetric field, which otherwise can lead to instabilities through braking of plasma rotation and through direct stimulus of tearing modes or kink modes. This compensation may be feedback-controlled, based on the magnetic response of the plasma to the external fields. Non-axisymmetric fields are used for direct magnetic stabilization of the resistive wall mode—a kink instability with a growth rate slow enough that feedback control is practical. Saturated magnetic islands are also manipulated directly with non-axisymmetric fields, in order to unlock them from the wall and spin them to aid stabilization, or position them for suppression by localized current drive. Several recent scientific advances form the foundation of these developments in the control of instabilities. Most fundamental is the understanding that stable kink modes play a crucial role in the coupling of non-axisymmetric fields to the plasma, determining which field configurations couple most strongly, how the coupling depends on plasma conditions, and whether external asymmetries are amplified by the plasma. A major advance for the physics of high-beta plasmas (β = plasma pressure/magnetic field pressure) has been the understanding that drift-kinetic resonances can stabilize the resistive wall mode at pressures well above the ideal-MHD stability limit, but also that such discharges can be very sensitive to external asymmetries. The common physics of stable kink modes has brought significant unification to the topics of static error 1. Magnetic control of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Strait, E. J. 2015-02-01 Externally applied, non-axisymmetric magnetic fields form the basis of several relatively simple and direct methods to control magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in a tokamak, and most present and planned tokamaks now include a set of non-axisymmetric control coils for application of fields with low toroidal mode numbers. Non-axisymmetric applied fields are routinely used to compensate small asymmetries ( δB /B ˜10-3 to 10-4 ) of the nominally axisymmetric field, which otherwise can lead to instabilities through braking of plasma rotation and through direct stimulus of tearing modes or kink modes. This compensation may be feedback-controlled, based on the magnetic response of the plasma to the external fields. Non-axisymmetric fields are used for direct magnetic stabilization of the resistive wall mode—a kink instability with a growth rate slow enough that feedback control is practical. Saturated magnetic islands are also manipulated directly with non-axisymmetric fields, in order to unlock them from the wall and spin them to aid stabilization, or position them for suppression by localized current drive. Several recent scientific advances form the foundation of these developments in the control of instabilities. Most fundamental is the understanding that stable kink modes play a crucial role in the coupling of non-axisymmetric fields to the plasma, determining which field configurations couple most strongly, how the coupling depends on plasma conditions, and whether external asymmetries are amplified by the plasma. A major advance for the physics of high-beta plasmas ( β = plasma pressure/magnetic field pressure) has been the understanding that drift-kinetic resonances can stabilize the resistive wall mode at pressures well above the ideal-MHD stability limit, but also that such discharges can be very sensitive to external asymmetries. The common physics of stable kink modes has brought significant unification to the topics of static error fields at low 2. Electromagnetic Torque in Tokamaks with Toroidal Asymmetries NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Logan, Nikolas Christopher Toroidal rotation and rotation shear strongly influences stability and confinement in tokamaks. Breaking of the toroidal symmetry by fields orders of magnitude smaller than the axisymmetric field can, however, produce electromagnetic torques that significantly affect the plasma rotation, stability and confinement. These electromagnetic torques are the study of this thesis. There are two typical types of electromagnetic torques in tokamaks: 1) "resonant torques" for which a plasma current defined by a single toroidal and single poloidal harmonic interact with external currents and 2) "nonresonant torques" for which the global plasma response to nonaxisymmetric fields is phase shifted by kinetic effects that drive the rotation towards a neoclassical offset. This work describes the diagnostics and analysis necessary to evaluate the torque by measuring the rate of momentum transfer per unit area in the vacuum region between the plasma and external currents using localized magnetic sensors to measure the Maxwell stress. These measurements provide model independent quantification of both the resonant and nonresonant electromagnetic torques, enabling direct verification of theoretical models. Measured values of the nonresonant torque are shown to agree well with the perturbed equilibrium nonambipolar transport (PENT) code calculation of torque from cross field transport in nonaxisymmetric equilibria. A combined neoclassical toroidal viscosity (NTV) theory, valid across a wide range of kinetic regimes, is fully implemented for the first time in general aspect ratio and shaped plasmas. The code captures pitch angle resonances, reproducing previously inaccessible collisionality limits in the model. The complete treatment of the model enables benchmarking to the hybrid kinetic MHD stability codes MARS-K and MISK, confirming the energy-torque equivalency principle in perturbed equilibria. Experimental validations of PENT results confirm the torque applied by nonaxisymmetric 3. Basic Physics of Tokamak Transport Final Technical Report. SciTech Connect Sen, Amiya K. 2014-05-12 The goal of this grant has been to study the basic physics of various sources of anomalous transport in tokamaks. Anomalous transport in tokamaks continues to be one of the major problems in magnetic fusion research. As a tokamak is not a physics device by design, direct experimental observation and identification of the instabilities responsible for transport, as well as physics studies of the transport in tokamaks, have been difficult and of limited value. It is noted that direct experimental observation, identification and physics study of microinstabilities including ITG, ETG, and trapped electron/ion modes in tokamaks has been very difficult and nearly impossible. The primary reasons are co-existence of many instabilities, their broadband fluctuation spectra, lack of flexibility for parameter scans and absence of good local diagnostics. This has motivated us to study the suspected tokamak instabilities and their transport consequences in a simpler, steady state Columbia Linear Machine (CLM) with collisionless plasma and the flexibility of wide parameter variations. Earlier work as part of this grant was focused on both ITG turbulence, widely believed to be a primary source of ion thermal transport in tokamaks, and the effects of isotope scaling on transport levels. Prior work from our research team has produced and definitively identified both the slab and toroidal branches of this instability and determined the physics criteria for their existence. All the experimentally observed linear physics corroborate well with theoretical predictions. However, one of the large areas of research dealt with turbulent transport results that indicate some significant differences between our experimental results and most theoretical predictions. Latter years of this proposal were focused on anomalous electron transport with a special focus on ETG. There are several advanced tokamak scenarios with internal transport barriers (ITB), when the ion transport is reduced to 4. Power supplies and quench protection for the Tokamak Physics Experiment SciTech Connect Neumeyer, C.L. 1994-07-01 The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) is an advanced tokamak project aimed at the production of quasi-steady state plasmas with advanced shape, heating, and particle control. TPX is to be built at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) using many of the facilities from the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). First plasma is scheduled for the year 2000. TPX will be the first tokamak to utilize superconducting (SC) magnets in both the toroidal field (TF) and poloidal field (PF) systems. This is a new feature which requires not only a departure from the traditional tokamak power supply schemes but also that ultra-reliable quench protection devices be used to rapidly discharge the stored energy from the magnets in the event of a quench. This paper describes the plan and basis for the adaptation and augmentation of the PPPL/TFTR power system facilities to supply TPX. Following a description of the basic operational requirements, four major areas are addressed, namely the AC power system, the TF power supply, the PF power supply, and quench protection for the TF and PF systems. 5. Overview of the compact ignition tokamak SciTech Connect Flanagan, C.A. 1986-01-01 A national team has developed a baseline concept for a Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT). The CIT mission is to achieve ignition and provide experimental capability to study the behavior of burning plasma. The design uses large magnetic fields on axis (about 10 T) and large plasma currents (about 9-10 MA). The magnet structure derives high strength from the use of a copper-Inconel composite plate design in the nose of region of the toroidal field (TF) coil and in the ohmic heating solenoid. Inertial cooling is used;liquid nitrogen temperatures are established at the beginning of each pulse. Capability is provided to operate either with a divertor or limiter based plasma. The design is very compact (1.32-m major radius, 0.43-m plasma radius), has 16 TF coils, and has 16 major horizontal access ports, about 30 cm by 80 cm, located between TF coils. The schedule is for a construction project to be authorized for the period FY 1988-93. 6. Numerical simulation of electromagnetic turbulence in tokamaks SciTech Connect Waltz, R.E. 1985-02-01 Nonlinear two- and three-fluid equations are written for the time evolution of the perturbed electrostatic potential, densities, vector potential, and parallel ion motion of collisional and trapped electron plasmas in tokamak geometry. The nonlinear terms arise from the E x B/sub 0/ convection (d/dt = partial/partialt+v/sub E/ x del/sub perpendicular/) and magnetic flutter (del-tilde/sub parallel/ = del/sub parallel/+(B/sub perpendicular//B/sub 0/) x del/sub perpendicular/). Simplified two-dimensional (k/sub perpendicular/) mode coupling simulations with a fixed average parallel wavenumber (k/sub parallel/ = 1/Rq) and curvature drift (..omega../sub g/ = (L/sub n//R)..omega../sub asterisk/ ) characteristic of outward ballooning are performed. Homogeneous stationary turbulent states of the dissipative drift and interchange modes from 0< or =..beta..<..beta../sub crit/ for both the collisional and trapped electron plasmas are obtained. Transport coefficients associated with E x B and magnetic motions are calculated. The problem of simulating plasmas with high viscous Reynolds number is treated with an absorbing mantle at the largest wavenumbers. 7. Multiple time scale methods in tokamak magnetohydrodynamics SciTech Connect Jardin, S.C. 1984-01-01 Several methods are discussed for integrating the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in tokamak systems on other than the fastest time scale. The dynamical grid method for simulating ideal MHD instabilities utilizes a natural nonorthogonal time-dependent coordinate transformation based on the magnetic field lines. The coordinate transformation is chosen to be free of the fast time scale motion itself, and to yield a relatively simple scalar equation for the total pressure, P = p + B/sup 2//2..mu../sub 0/, which can be integrated implicitly to average over the fast time scale oscillations. Two methods are described for the resistive time scale. The zero-mass method uses a reduced set of two-fluid transport equations obtained by expanding in the inverse magnetic Reynolds number, and in the small ratio of perpendicular to parallel mobilities and thermal conductivities. The momentum equation becomes a constraint equation that forces the pressure and magnetic fields and currents to remain in force balance equilibrium as they evolve. The large mass method artificially scales up the ion mass and viscosity, thereby reducing the severe time scale disparity between wavelike and diffusionlike phenomena, but not changing the resistive time scale behavior. Other methods addressing the intermediate time scales are discussed. 8. Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX) ohmic heating system SciTech Connect Jackson, M.C. ) 1989-09-13 The ohmic heating system for the Microwave Tokamak Experiment (MTX) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) provides both the voltage for the initial breakdown phase and the energy to drive the plasma current to a value of 400 kA or greater. Providing this voltage and flux swing requires a one-turn loop voltage of about 25 volts (11 kV across the coil) and a magnetic flux swing of 2 volt- seconds. This voltage and flux swing are accomplished by charging the ohmic heating coils to 20 kA, at which point the current is commutated off into a resistor generating the 11 kV across the coil. When the current passes through zero, another power supply drives the current in the opposite polarity to 20 kA, thus completing the full 2 volt-second flux swing. This paper describes the design features and performance of the ohmic heating circuit, with emphasis on the commutation circuit. In addition, the paper describes the use of the ohmic heating system for discharge cleaning and the changeover procedure. 3 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab. 9. Neoclassical transport in high {beta} tokamaks SciTech Connect Cowley, S.C. 1992-12-01 Neoclassical, transport in high {beta} large aspect ratio tokamaks is calculated. The variational method introduced by Rosenbluth, et al., is used to calculate the full Onsager matrix in the banana regime. These results are part of a continuing study of the high {beta} large aspect ratio equilibria introduced in Cowley, et al. All the neoclassical coefficients are reduced from their nominal low {beta} values by a factor ({var_epsilon}/q{sup 2}{beta}){sup {1/2}} II. This factor is the ratio of plasma volume in the boundary layer to the volume in the core. The fraction of trapped particles on a given flux surface (f{sub t}) is also reduced by this factor so that {approximately} {sub ({var_epsilon}}/q{sup 2}{beta}){sup {1/2}}. Special attention is given to the current equation, since this is thought to be relevant at low 3 and therefore may also be relevant at high {beta}. The bootstrap current term is found to exceed the actual current by a factor of the square root of the aspect ratio. 10. Impurities in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Boyle, D. P.; Bell, R. E.; Kaita, R.; Majeski, R.; Biewer, T. M.; Gray, T. K.; Tritz, K.; Widmann, K. 2014-10-01 The Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX) is designed to study the low-recycling regime through the use of close-fitting, lithium-coated, heatable shell quadrants surrounding the plasma volume. Lithium coatings can getter and bury impurities, but they can also become covered by impurity compounds. Liquefied coatings can both dissolve impurity compounds and bring them to the surface, while sputtering and evaporation rates increase strongly with temperature. Here, we use spectroscopic measurements to assess the effects of varying wall conditions on plasma impurities, mainly Li, C, and O. A passive Doppler spectroscopy system measures toroidal and poloidal impurity profiles using fixed-wavelength and variable-wavelength visible spectrometers. In addition, survey and high-resolution extreme ultraviolet spectrometers detect emission from higher charge states. Preliminary results show that fresh Li coatings generally reduced C and O emission. C emission decreased sharply following the first solid Li coatings. Inverted toroidal profiles in a discharge with solid Li coatings show peaked Li III emissivity and temperature profiles. Recently, experiments with fresh liquid coatings led to especially strong O reduction. Results from these and additional experiments will be presented. Supported by US DOE Contracts DE-AC02-09CH11466 and DE-AC05-00OR22725. 11. Experimental results from the TFTR tokamak SciTech Connect Hawryluk, R.J.; Arunasalam, V.; Bell, J.D.; Bell, M.G.; Bitter, M.; Blanchard, W.R.; Bloody, F.; Bretz, N.; Budny, R.; Bush, C.E. 1986-10-01 Recent experiments on TFTR have extended the operating regime of TFTR in both ohmic- and neutral-beam-heated discharges. The TFTR tokamak has reached its original machine design specifications (I/sub p/ = 2.5 MA and B/sub T/ = 5.2 T). Initial neutral-beam-heating experiments used up to 6.3 MW of deuterium beams. With the recent installation of two additional beamlines, the power has been increased up to 11 MW. A deuterium pellet injector was used to increase the central density to 2.5 x 10/sup 20/ m/sup -3/ in high current discharges. At the opposite extreme, by operating at low plasma current (I/sub p/ approx. 0.8 MA) and low density (anti n/sub e/ approx. 1 x 10/sup 19/ m/sup -3/), high ion temperatures (9 +- 2 keV) and rotation speeds (7 x 10/sup 5/ m/s) have been achieved during injection. In addition, plasma compression experiments have demonstrated acceleration of beam ions from 82 keV to 150 keV, in accord with expectations. The wide operating range of TFTR, together with an extensive set of diagnostics and a flexible control system, has facilitated transport and scaling studies of both ohmic- and neutral-beam-heated discharges. The results of these confinement studies are presented. 12. Continuous tokamak operation with an internal transformer SciTech Connect Singer, C.E.; Mikkelsen, D.R. 1982-10-01 A large improvement in efficiency of current drive in a tokamak can be obtained using neutral beam injection to drive the current in a plasma which has low density and high resistivity. The current established under such conditions acts as the primary of a transformer to drive current in an ignited high-density plasma. In the context of a model of plasma confinement and fusion reactor costs, it is shown that such transformer action has substantial advantages over strict steady-state current drive. It is also shown that cycling plasma density and fusion power is essential for effective operation of an internal transformer cycle. Fusion power loading must be periodically reduced for intervals whose duration is comparable to the maximum of the particle confinement and thermal inertia timescales for plasma fueling and heating. The design of neutron absorption blankets which can tolerate reduced power loading for such short intervals is identified as a critical problem in the design of fusion power reactors. 13. The space potential in the tokamak text SciTech Connect Yang, X.Z.; Zhang, B.Z.; Wootton, A.J.; Schoch, P.M.; Richards, B.; Baldwin, D.; Brower, D.L.; Castle, G.G.; Hazeltine, R.D.; Heard, J.W.; Hickok, R.L.; Li, W.L.; Lin, H.; McCool, S.C.; Simcic, V.J.; Ritz, C.P.; Yu, C.X. ) 1991-12-01 A heavy ion beam probe has been used to measure the plasma space potential profiles in the tokamak TEXT (Nucl. Fusion Technol. {bold 1}, 479 (1981)). The Ohmic discharges studied were perturbed by externally produced resonant magnetic fields (an ergodic magnetic limiter or EML). Without these perturbations the plasma central potential is generally consistent with the value calculated from radial ion momentum balance, using experimental values of density and ion temperature and assuming a neoclassical poloidal rotation velocity. Exceptions to the agreement are found when operating with reduced plasma parameters. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are explored, in particular, the effects of intrinsic magnetic field fluctuations, and modifications to the self-consistent radial electric sheath. With the application of the EML fields the edge electric field and potential increase during periods of magnetic island overlap. A test particle calculation of electron transport shows increases in diffusivity also occur during periods of magnetic island overlap. These calculated changes in diffusivity are interpreted in terms of a stochastic layer width, which is itself used to predict a potential change for comparison with the experimental results. 14. Quasicoherent modes on the COMPASS tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Melnikov, A. V.; Markovic, T.; Eliseev, L. G.; Adámek, J.; Aftanas, M.; Bilkova, P.; Boehm, P.; Gryaznevich, M.; Imrisek, M.; Lysenko, S. E.; Medvedev, S. Y.; Panek, R.; Peterka, M.; Seidl, J.; Stefanikova, E.; Stockel, J.; Weinzettl, V.; the COMPASS Team 2015-06-01 15. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Peacock, N. J.; Barnsley, R.; O'Mullane, M. G.; Tarbutt, M. R.; Crosby, D.; Silver, J. D.; Rainnie, J. A. 2001-01-01 The equilibrium state in tokamak core plasmas has been studied using the relative intensities of resonance x-ray lines, for example Lyα (H-like), "w" (He-like), and "q" (Li-like) from test ions such as Ar+15, Ar+16, and Ar+17. A full spatial analysis involves comparison of the line intensities with ion diffusion calculations, including relevant atomic rates. A zero-dimensional model using a global ion loss rate approximation has also been demonstrated by comparison with the data collected from a Johann configuration spectrometer with a charged coupled device (CCD) detector. Since the lines are nearly monoenergetic, their intensities are independent of the instrument sensitivity and are directly proportional to the ion abundances. This method has recently been applied to Ar in the Oxford electron beam ion trap (EBIT) with a beam energy in the range 3-10 keV. Taking into account the cross sections for monoenergetic electron collisions and polarization effects, model calculations agree with the observed line ratios at 4.1 keV beam energy. This work will be expanded to provide nomograms of ionization state versus line intensity ratios as a function of EBIT beam energy. 16. Thermo-Oxidation of Tokamak Carbon Dust SciTech Connect J.W. Davis; B.W.N. Fitzpatrick; J.P. Sharpe; A.A. Haasz 2008-04-01 The oxidation of dust and flakes collected from the DIII-D tokamak, and various commercial dust specimens, has been measured at 350 ºC and 2.0 kPa O2 pressure. Following an initial small mass loss, most of the commercial dust specimens showed very little effect due to O2 exposure. Similarly, dust collected from underneath DIII-D tiles, which is thought to comprise largely Grafoil™ particulates, also showed little susceptibility to oxidation at this temperature. However, oxidation of the dust collected from tile surfaces has led to ~ 18% mass loss after 8 hours; thereafter, little change in mass was observed. This suggests that the surface dust includes some components of different composition and/or structure – possibly fragments of codeposited layers. The oxidation of codeposit flakes scraped form DIII-D upper divertor tiles showed an initial 25% loss in mass due to heating in vacuum, and the gradual loss of 30-38% mass during the subsequent 24 hours exposure to O2. This behavior is significantly different from that observed for the oxidation of thinner DIII-D codeposit specimens which were still adhered to tile surfaces, and this is thought to be related to the low deuterium content (D/C ~ 0.03 – 0.04) of the flakes. 17. Divertor design for the Tokamak Physics Experiment SciTech Connect Hill, D.N.; Braams, B.; Brooks, J.N. 1994-05-01 In this paper we discuss the present divertor design for the planned TPX tokamak, which will explore the physics and technology of steady-state (1000s pulses) heat and particle removal in high confinement (2--4{times} L-mode), high beta ({beta}{sub N} {ge} 3) divertor plasmas sustained by non-inductive current drive. The TPX device will operate in the double-null divertor configuration, with actively cooled graphite targets forming a deep (0.5 m) slot at the outer strike point. The peak heat flux on, the highly tilted (74{degrees} from normal) re-entrant (to recycle ions back toward the separatrix) will be in the range of 4--6 MW/m{sup 2} with 18 MW of neutral beams and RF heating power. The combination of active pumping and gas puffing (deuterium plus impurities), along with higher heating power (45 MW maximum) will allow testing of radiative divertor concepts at ITER-like power densities. 18. Multiscale coherent structures in tokamak plasma turbulence SciTech Connect Xu, G. S.; Wan, B. N.; Zhang, W.; Yang, Q. W.; Wang, L.; Wen, Y. Z. 2006-10-15 A 12-tip poloidal probe array is used on the HT-7 superconducting tokamak [Li, Wan, and Mao, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 42, 135 (2000)] to measure plasma turbulence in the edge region. Some statistical analysis techniques are used to characterize the turbulence structures. It is found that the plasma turbulence is composed of multiscale coherent structures, i.e., turbulent eddies and there is self-similarity in a relative short scale range. The presence of the self-similarity is found due to the structural similarity of these eddies between different scales. These turbulent eddies constitute the basic convection cells, so the self-similar range is just the dominant scale range relevant to transport. The experimental results also indicate that the plasma turbulence is dominated by low-frequency and long-wavelength fluctuation components and its dispersion relation shows typical electron-drift-wave characteristics. Some large-scale coherent structures intermittently burst out and exhibit a very long poloidal extent, even longer than 6 cm. It is found that these large-scale coherent structures are mainly contributed by the low-frequency and long-wavelength fluctuating components and their presence is responsible for the observations of long-range correlations, i.e., the correlation in the scale range much longer than the turbulence decorrelation scale. These experimental observations suggest that the coexistence of multiscale coherent structures results in the self-similar turbulent state. 19. Tearing mode analysis in tokamaks, revisited SciTech Connect Nishimura, Y.; Callen, J.D.; Hegna, C.C. 1997-12-01 A new {Delta}{prime} shooting code has been developed to investigate tokamak plasma tearing mode stability in a cylinder and large aspect ratio ({epsilon} {le} 0.25) toroidal geometries, neglecting toroidal mode coupling. A different computational algorithm is used (shooting out from the singular surface instead of into it) to resolve the strong singularities at the mode rational surface, particularly in the presence of finite pressure term. Numerical results compare favorably with Furth et al. results. The effects of finite pressure, which are shown to decrease {Delta}{prime}, are discussed. It is shown that the distortion of the flux surfaces by the Shafranov shift, which modifies the geometry metric element stabilizes the tearing mode significantly, even in a low {beta} regime before the toroidal magnetic curvature effects come into play. Double tearing modes in toroidal geometries are examined as well. Furthermore, m {ge} 2 tearing mode stability criteria are compared with three dimensional initial value MHD simulation by the FAR code. 20. Physics aspects of the Compact Ignition Tokamak SciTech Connect Post, D.; Bateman, G.; Houlberg, W.; Bromberg, L.; Cohn, D.; Colestock, P.; Hughes, M.; Ignat, D.; Izzo, R.; Jardin, S. 1986-11-01 The Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) is a proposed modest-size ignition experiment designed to study the physics of alpha-particle heating. The basic concept is to achieve ignition in a modest-size minimum cost experiment by using a high plasma density to achieve the condition of ntau/sub E/ approx. 2 x 10/sup 20/ sec m/sup -3/ required for ignition. The high density requires a high toroidal field (10 T). The high toroidal field allows a large plasma current (10 MA) which improves the energy confinement, and provides a high level of ohmic heating. The present CIT design also has a gigh degree of elongation (k approx. 1.8) to aid in producing the large plasma current. A double null poloidal divertor and a pellet injector are part of the design to provide impurity and particle control, improve the confinement, and provide flexibility for impurity and particle control, improve the confinement, and provide flexibility for improving the plasma profiles. Since auxiliary heating is expected to be necessary to achieve ignition, 10 to 20 MW of Ion Cyclotron Radio Frequency (ICRF) is to be provided. 1. External Kink Mode in Diverted Tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Turnbull, A. D.; Ferraro, N. M.; Lao, L. L.; Hanson, J. M.; Turco, F.; Piovesan, P. 2014-10-01 In a straight tokamak model, the external kink mode with toroidal mode number n and poloidal mode number m is predicted to be unstable when the edge safety factor, qedge , lies just below a rational value. In a torus, the picture is essentially unchanged and the 2/1 instability in particular is always encountered when qedge = 2 . For a diverted plasma, the edge q is infinite, but, the experimental limit is then q95 = 2 , where q95 is at the 95% flux surface. However, no theoretical basis has been established for the importance of q95 and ideal predictions indicate stability with qedge > 2 and q95 < 2 instability is found only when the actual q at the edge is below 2. Two possible solutions present themselves. The observed mode may be destabilized as a result of small 3D error fields. Alternatively, the observed mode may be destabilized by the rapidly increased resistivity at the plasma edge. Both possibilities are examined using ideal and resistive MHD tools in two and three dimensions. Work supported in part by the US DOE under DE-FG02-95ER54309, DE-FG02-04ER54761, and DE-FG02-07ER54917. 2. Pellet imaging techniques in the ASDEX tokamak SciTech Connect Wurden, G.A. ); Buechl, K.; Hofmann, J.; Lang, R.; Loch, R.; Rudyj, A.; Sandmann, W. ) 1990-11-01 As part of a USDOE/ASDEX collaboration, a detailed examination of pellet ablation in ASDEX with a variety of diagnostics has allowed a better understanding of a number of features of hydrogen ice pellet ablation in a plasma. In particular, fast-gated photos with an intensified Xybion CCD video camera allow {ital in} {ital situ} velocity measurements of the pellet as it penetrates the plasma. With time resolution of typically 100 ns and exposures every 50 {mu}s, the evolution of each pellet in a multipellet ASDEX tokamak plasma discharge can be followed. When the pellet cloud track has striations, the light intensity profile through the cloud is hollow (dark near the pellet), whereas at the beginning or near the end of the pellet trajectory the track is typically smooth (without striations) and has a gaussian-peaked light emission profile. New, single pellet Stark broadened {ital D}{sub {alpha}}, {ital D}{sub {beta}}, and {ital D}{sub {gamma}} spectra, obtained with a tangentially viewing scanning mirror/spectrometer with Reticon array readout, are consistent with cloud densities of 2{times}10{sup 17} cm{sup {minus}3} or higher in the regions of strongest light emission. A spatially resolved array of {ital D}{sub {alpha}} detectors shows that the light variations during the pellet ablation are not caused solely by a modulation of the incoming energy flux as the pellet crosses rational {ital q} surfaces, but instead are a result of dynamic, nonstationary, ablation process. 3. Prospects for pilot plants based on the tokamak, spherical tokamak and stellarator. SciTech Connect Menard, J. E.; Bromberg, L.; Brown, T.; Burgess, Thomas W; Dix, D.; El-GuebalyUniv. Wisco, L.; Gerrity, T.; Goldston, R. J.; Hawryluk, R.; Kastner, R.; Kessel, C.; Malang, S.; Minervini, J.; Neilson, G. H.; Neumeyer, C. L.; Prager, S.; Sawan, M.; Sheffield, J.; Sternlieb, A.; Waganer, L.; Whyte, D. G.; Zarnstorff, M. C. 2011-01-01 A potentially attractive next-step towards fusion commercialization is a pilot plant, i.e. a device ultimately capable of small net electricity production in as compact a facility as possible and in a configuration scalable to a full-size power plant. A key capability for a pilot-plant programme is the production of high neutron fluence enabling fusion nuclear science and technology (FNST) research. It is found that for physics and technology assumptions between those assumed for ITER and nth-of-a-kind fusion power plant, it is possible to provide FNST-relevant neutron wall loading in pilot devices. Thus, it may be possible to utilize a single facility to perform FNST research utilizing reactor-relevant plasma, blanket, coil and auxiliary systems and maintenance schemes while also targeting net electricity production. In this paper three configurations for a pilot plant are considered: the advanced tokamak, spherical tokamak and compact stellarator. A range of configuration issues is considered including: radial build and blanket design, magnet systems, maintenance schemes, tritium consumption and self-sufficiency, physics scenarios and a brief assessment of research needs for the configurations. 4. Prospects for pilot plants based on the tokamak, spherical tokamak and stellarator NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Menard, J. E.; Bromberg, L.; Brown, T.; Burgess, T.; Dix, D.; El-Guebaly, L.; Gerrity, T.; Goldston, R. J.; Hawryluk, R. J.; Kastner, R.; Kessel, C.; Malang, S.; Minervini, J.; Neilson, G. H.; Neumeyer, C. L.; Prager, S.; Sawan, M.; Sheffield, J.; Sternlieb, A.; Waganer, L.; Whyte, D.; Zarnstorff, M. 2011-10-01 A potentially attractive next-step towards fusion commercialization is a pilot plant, i.e. a device ultimately capable of small net electricity production in as compact a facility as possible and in a configuration scalable to a full-size power plant. A key capability for a pilot-plant programme is the production of high neutron fluence enabling fusion nuclear science and technology (FNST) research. It is found that for physics and technology assumptions between those assumed for ITER and nth-of-a-kind fusion power plant, it is possible to provide FNST-relevant neutron wall loading in pilot devices. Thus, it may be possible to utilize a single facility to perform FNST research utilizing reactor-relevant plasma, blanket, coil and auxiliary systems and maintenance schemes while also targeting net electricity production. In this paper three configurations for a pilot plant are considered: the advanced tokamak, spherical tokamak and compact stellarator. A range of configuration issues is considered including: radial build and blanket design, magnet systems, maintenance schemes, tritium consumption and self-sufficiency, physics scenarios and a brief assessment of research needs for the configurations. 5. Development of frequency modulation reflectometer for Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak SciTech Connect Seo, Seong-Heon; Wi, H. M.; Lee, W. R.; Kim, H. S.; Lee, T. G.; Kim, Y. S.; Park, Jinhyung; Kang, Jin-Seob; Bog, M. G.; Yokota, Y.; Mase, A. 2013-08-15 Frequency modulation reflectometer has been developed to measure the plasma density profile of the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak. Three reflectometers are operating in extraordinary polarization mode in the frequency range of Q band (33.6–54 GHz), V band (48–72 GHz), and W band (72–108 GHz) to measure the density up to 7 × 10{sup 19} m{sup −3} when the toroidal magnetic field is 2 T on axis. The antenna is installed inside of the vacuum vessel. A new vacuum window is developed by using 50 μm thick mica film and 0.1 mm thick gold gasket. The filter bank of low pass filter, notch filter, and Faraday isolator is used to reject the electron cyclotron heating high power at attenuation of 60 dB. The full frequency band is swept in 20 μs. The mixer output is directly digitized with sampling rate of 100 MSamples/s. The phase is obtained by using wavelet transform. The whole hardware and software system is described in detail and the measured density profile is presented as a result. 6. Pneumatic hydrogen pellet injection system for the ISX tokamak. PubMed Milora, S L; Foster, C A 1979-04-01 We describe the design and operation of the solid hydrogen pellet injection system used in plasma refueling experiments on the ISX tokamak. The gun-type injector operates on the principle of gas dynamic acceleration of cold pellets confined laterally in a tube. The device is cooled by flowing liquid helium refrigerant, and pellets are formed in situ. Room temperature helium gas at moderate pressure is used as the propellant. The prototype device injected single hydrogen pellets into the tokamak discharge at a nominal 330 m/s. The tokamak plasma fuel content was observed to increase by (0.5-1.2) x10(19) particles subsequent to pellet injection. A simple modification to the existing design has extended the performance to 1000 m/s. At higher propellant operating pressures (28 bars), the muzzle velocity is 20% less than predicted by an idealized constant area expansion process. PMID:18699536 7. The Dynamic Mutation Characteristics of Thermonuclear Reaction in Tokamak PubMed Central Li, Jing; Quan, Tingting; Zhang, Wei; Deng, Wei 2014-01-01 The stability and bifurcations of multiple limit cycles for the physical model of thermonuclear reaction in Tokamak are investigated in this paper. The one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau type perturbed diffusion equations for the density of the plasma and the radial electric field near the plasma edge in Tokamak are established. First, the equations are transformed to the average equations with the method of multiple scales and the average equations turn to be a Z2-symmetric perturbed polynomial Hamiltonian system of degree 5. Then, with the bifurcations theory and method of detection function, the qualitative behavior of the unperturbed system and the number of the limit cycles of the perturbed system for certain groups of parameter are analyzed. At last, the stability of the limit cycles is studied and the physical meaning of Tokamak equations under these parameter groups is given. PMID:24892099 8. Tokamak dust particle size and surface area measurement SciTech Connect Carmack, W.J.; Smolik, G.R.; Anderl, R.A.; Pawelko, R.J.; Hembree, P.B. 1998-07-01 The INEEL has analyzed a variety of dust samples from experimental tokamaks: General Atomics DII-D, Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Alcator CMOD, and Princetons TFTR. These dust samples were collected and analyzed because of the importance of dust to safety. The dust may contain tritium, be activated, be chemically toxic, and chemically reactive. The INEEL has carried out numerous characterization procedures on the samples yielding information useful both to tokamak designers and to safety researchers. Two different methods were used for particle characterization: optical microscopy (count based) and laser based volumetric diffraction (mass based). Surface area of the dust samples was measured using Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller, BET, a gas adsorption technique. The purpose of this paper is to present the correlation between the particle size measurements and the surface area measurements for tokamak dust. 9. Probing spherical tokamak plasmas using charged fusion products NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Boeglin, Werner U.; Perez, Ramona V.; Darrow, Douglass S.; Cecconello, Marco; Klimek, Iwona; Allan, Scott Y.; Akers, Rob J.; Jones, Owen M.; Keeling, David L.; McClements, Ken G.; Scannell, Rory 2015-11-01 The detection of charged fusion products, such as protons and tritons resulting from D(d,p)t reactions, can be used to determine the fusion reaction rate profile in large spherical tokamak plasmas with neutral beam heating. The time resolution of a diagnostic of this type makes it possible to study the slowly-varying beam density profile, as well as rapid changes resulting from MHD instabilities. A 4-channel prototype proton detector (PD) was installed and operated on the MAST spherical tokamak in August/September 2013, and a new 6-channel system for the NSTX-U spherical tokamak is under construction. PD and neutron camera measurements obtained on MAST will be compared with TRANSP calculations, and the design of the new NSTX-U system will be presented, together with the first results from this diagnostic, if available. Supported in part by DOE DE-SC0001157. 10. Driven magnetic reconnection in the COMPASS-C tokamak SciTech Connect Morris, A.W.; Carolan, P.G.; Fitzpatrick, R.; Hender, T.C.; Todd, T.N. , Abingdon, Oxon ) 1992-02-01 The question of the influence of nonaxisymmetric field perturbations on tokamaks is investigated. Recent experiments in the COMPASS-C tokamak (in {ital Proceedings} {ital of} {ital the} 15{ital th} {ital Symposium} {ital on} {ital Fusion} {ital Technology}, Utrecht (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1989), Vol. 1, p. 361) with externally applied helical fields reveal that magnetic islands do not appear until the applied field exceeds a certain value, when plasma rotation and confinement are affected. A new resistive magnetohydrodynamic model including plasma rotation now provides an explanation of this threshold, and is quantitatively consistent with experimental results in Ohmic plasmas. The results indicate the tolerable error fields in future tokamaks. The effects of perturbations with various poloidal and toroidal mode numbers have been studied. 11. The dynamic mutation characteristics of thermonuclear reaction in Tokamak. PubMed Li, Jing; Quan, Tingting; Zhang, Wei; Deng, Wei 2014-01-01 The stability and bifurcations of multiple limit cycles for the physical model of thermonuclear reaction in Tokamak are investigated in this paper. The one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau type perturbed diffusion equations for the density of the plasma and the radial electric field near the plasma edge in Tokamak are established. First, the equations are transformed to the average equations with the method of multiple scales and the average equations turn to be a Z 2-symmetric perturbed polynomial Hamiltonian system of degree 5. Then, with the bifurcations theory and method of detection function, the qualitative behavior of the unperturbed system and the number of the limit cycles of the perturbed system for certain groups of parameter are analyzed. At last, the stability of the limit cycles is studied and the physical meaning of Tokamak equations under these parameter groups is given. PMID:24892099 12. Rippling modes in the edge of a Tokamak plasma NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Carreras, B. A.; Callen, J. D.; Gaffney, P. W.; Hicks, H. R. 1982-02-01 A promising resistive magnetohydrodynamic candidate for the underlying cause of turbulence in the edge of a Tokamak plasma is the rippling instability. A computational model for these modes in the cylindrical Tokamak approximation was developed and the linear growth and single helicity quasilinear saturation phases of the rippling modes for parameters appropriate to the edge of a Tokamak plasma was explored. Large parallel heat conduction does not stabilize these mode. Nonlinearly, individual rippling modes are found to saturate by quasilinear flattening of the resistivity profile. The saturated amplitude of the modes scales as m/sup -1/, and the radial extent of these modes grows linearly with time due to radial Vector E x Vector B0 convection. It is found that this evolution is terminated by parallel heat conduction. 13. Texas Experimental Tokamak. Technical progress report, April 1990--April 1993 SciTech Connect Wootton, A.J. 1993-04-01 This progress report covers the period from November 1, 1990 to April 30, 1993. During that period, TEXT was operated as a circular tokamak with a material limiter. It was devoted to the study of basic plasma physics, in particular to study of fluctuations, turbulence, and transport. The purpose is to operate and maintain TEXT Upgrade as a complete facility for applied tokamak physics, specifically to conduct a research program under the following main headings: (1) to elucidate the mechanisms of working gas, impurity, and thermal transport in tokamaks, in particular to understand the role of turbulence; (2) to study physics of the edge plasma, in particular the turbulence; (3) to study the physics or resonant magnetic fields (ergodic magnetic divertors, intra island pumping); and (4) to study the physics of electron cyclotron heating (ECRH). Results of studies in each of these areas are reported. 14. Prospects and status of low-aspect-ratio tokamaks SciTech Connect Peng, Y.K.M. 1994-12-31 The prospects for the low-aspect-ratio (A) tokamak to fulfill the requirements of viable fusion power plants are considered relative to the present status in data and modeling. Desirable physics and design features for an attractive Blanket Test Facility and power reactors are estimated for low-A tokamaks based on calculations improved with the latest data from small pioneering experiments. While these experiments have confirmed some of the recent predictions for low-A, they also identify the remaining issues that require verification before reliable projections can be made for these deuterium-tritium applications. The results show that the low-A regime of small size, modest field, and high current offers a path complementary to the standard and high A tokamaks in developing the full potential of fusion power. 15. Orbit effects on impurity transport in a rotating tokamak plasma SciTech Connect Wong, K.L.; Cheng, C.Z. 1988-05-01 Particle orbits in a rotating tokamak plasma are calculated from the equation of motion in the frame that rotates with the plasma. It is found that heavy particles in a rotating plasma can drift away from magnetic surfaces significantly faster with a higher bounce frequency, resulting in a diffusion coefficient much larger than that for a stationary plasma. Particle orbits near the surface of a rotating tokamak are also analyzed. Orbit effects indicate that more impurities can penetrate into a plasma rotating with counter-beam injection. Particle simulation is carried out with realistic experimental parameters and the results are in qualitative agreement with some experimental observations in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). 19 refs., 15 figs. 16. Profile-turbulence interactions, magnetohydrodynamic relaxations, and transport in tokamaks SciTech Connect Thyagaraja, A.; Knight, P.J.; Baar, M.R. de; Hogeweij, G.M.D.; Min, E. 2005-09-15 The dynamical behavior of the global, two-fluid, electromagnetic model of a tokamak plasma is explored under conditions corresponding to the Rijnhuizen tokamak project [A. J. H. Donne, Plasma Phys. Rep. 20, 192 (1994)] using the CUTIE code [A. Thyagaraja, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 42, B255 (2000)]. Simulations of an off-axis electron-cyclotron-heated (350 kW) hydrogen discharge and a purely Ohmic one over several resistive evolution times ({tau}{sub res}{approx_equal}15-20 ms) are described. The results illustrate profile-turbulence interactions and the spectral transfer processes implicated in the spontaneous generation and maintenance of mesoscale zonal flows and dynamo currents. Relaxation phenomena, including off- and on-axis sawteeth and periodically repeating edge ballooning instabilities mediated by these mechanisms, are presented. The CUTIE model reproduces many observed features of the experiment qualitatively and suggests that global electromagnetic simulations may play an essential role in understanding tokamak turbulence and transport. 17. Fractal structure of films deposited in a tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Budaev, V. P.; Khimchenko, L. N. 2007-04-01 The surface of amorphous films deposited in the T-10 tokamak was studied in a scanning tunnel microscope. The surface relief on a scale from 10 nm to 100 μm showed a stochastic surface topography and revealed a hierarchy of grains. The observed variety of irregular structures of the films was studied within the framework of the concept of scale invariance using the methods of fractal geometry and statistical physics. The experimental probability density distribution functions of the surface height variations are close in shape to the Cauchy distribution. The stochastic surface topography of the films is characterized by a Hurst parameter of H = 0.68-0.85, which is evidence of a nontrivial self-similarity of the film structure. The fractal character and porous structure of deposited irregular films must be considered as an important issue related to the accumulation of tritium in the ITER project. The process of film growth on the surface of tokamak components exposed to plasma has been treated within the framework of the general concept of inhomogeneous surface growth. A strong turbulence of the edge plasma in tokamaks can give rise to fluctuations in the incident flux of particles, which leads to the growth of fractal films with grain dimensions ranging from nano-to micrometer scale. The shape of the surface of some films found in the T-10 tokamak has been interpreted using a model of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA). The growth of films according to the discrete DLA model was simulated using statistics of fluctuations observed in a turbulent edge plasma of the T-10 tokamak. The modified DLA model reproduces well the main features of the surface of some films deposited in tokamaks. 18. Resistive demountable toroidal-field coils for tokamak reactors SciTech Connect Jassby, D.L.; Jacobsen, R.A.; Kalnavarns, J.; Masson, L.S.; Sekot, J.P. 1981-07-01 Readily demountable TF (toroidal-field) coils allow complete access to the internal components of a tokamak reactor for maintenance of replacement. The requirement of readily demountable joints dictates the use of water-cooled resistive coils, which have a host of decisive advantages over superconducting coils. Previous papers have shown that resistive TF coils for tokamak reactors can operate in the steady state with acceptable power dissipation (typically, 175 to 300 MW). This paper summarizes results of parametric studies of size optimization of rectangular TF coils and of a finite-element stress analysis, and examines several candidate methods of implementing demountable joints for rectangular coils constructed of plate segments. 19. DIII-D tokamak long range plan. Revision 3 SciTech Connect 1992-08-01 The DIII-D Tokamak Long Range Plan for controlled thermonuclear magnetic fusion research will be carried out with broad national and international participation. The plan covers: (1) operation of the DIII-D tokamak to conduct research experiments to address needs of the US Magnetic Fusion Program; (2) facility modifications to allow these new experiments to be conducted; and (3) collaborations with other laboratories to integrate DIII-D research into the national and international fusion programs. The period covered by this plan is 1 November 19983 through 31 October 1998. 20. Design and Analysis of the Thermal Shield of EAST Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Xie, Han; Liao, Ziying 2008-04-01 EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) is a tokamak with superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets operated at 4.5 K. In order to reduce the thermal load applied on the surfaces of all cryogenically cooled components and keep the heat load of the cryogenic system at a minimum, a continuous radiation shield system located between the magnet system and warm components is adopted. The main loads to which the thermal shield system is subjected are gravity, seismic, electromagnetic and thermal gradients. This study employed NASTRAN and ANSYS finite element codes to analyze the stress under a spectrum of loading conditions and combinations, providing a theoretical basis for an optimization design of the structure. 1. Resistive X-point modes in tokamak boundary plasmas SciTech Connect Myra, J. R.; D'Ippolito, D. A.; Xu, X. Q.; Cohen, R. H. 2000-06-01 It is shown that the boundary (edge and scrape-off-layer) plasma in a typical low (L) mode diverted tokamak discharge is unstable to a new class of modes called resistive X-point (RX) modes. The RX mode is a type of resistive ballooning mode that exploits a synergism between resistivity and the magnetic geometry of the X-point region. The RX modes are shown to give robust instabilities at moderate mode numbers, and therefore are expected to be the dominant contributors to turbulent diffusion in the boundary plasma of a diverted tokamak. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics. 2. Fusion-product transport in axisymmetric tokamaks: losses and thermalization SciTech Connect Hively, L.M. 1980-01-01 High-energy fusion-product losses from an axisymmetric tokamak plasma are studied. Prompt-escape loss fluxes (i.e. prior to slowing down) are calculated including the non-separable dependence of flux as a function of poloidal angle and local angle-of-incidence at the first wall. Fusion-product (fp) thermalization and heating are calculated assuming classical slowing down. The present analytical model describes fast ion orbits and their distribution function in realistic, high-..beta.., non-circular tokamak equilibria. First-orbit losses, trapping effects, and slowing-down drifts are also treated. 3. A Midsize Tokamak As Fast Track To Burning Plasmas SciTech Connect E. Mazzucato 2010-07-14 This paper presents a midsize tokamak as a fast track to the investigation of burning plasmas. It is shown that it could reach large values of energy gain (≥10) with only a modest improvement in confinement over the scaling that was used for designing the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). This could be achieved by operating in a low plasma recycling regime that experiments indicate can lead to improved plasma confinement. The possibility of reaching the necessary conditions of low recycling using a more efficient magnetic divertor than those of present tokamaks is discussed. 4. What is the fate of runaway positrons in tokamaks? DOE PAGESBeta Liu, Jian; Qin, Hong; Fisch, Nathaniel J.; Teng, Qian; Wang, Xiaogang 2014-06-19 In this study, massive runaway positrons are generated by runaway electrons in tokamaks. The fate of these positrons encodes valuable information about the runaway dynamics. The phase space dynamics of a runaway position is investigated using a Lagrangian that incorporates the tokamak geometry, loop voltage, radiation and collisional effects. It is found numerically that runaway positrons will drift out of the plasma to annihilate on the first wall, with an in-plasma annihilation possibility less than 0.1%. The dynamics of runaway positrons provides signatures that can be observed as diagnostic tools. 5. Electron cyclotron current drive efficiency in general tokamak geometry SciTech Connect Lin-Liu, Y. R.; Chan, V. S.; Prater, R. 2003-01-01 Green's-function techniques are used to calculate electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) efficiency in general tokamak geometry in the low-collisionality regime. Fully relativistic electron dynamics is employed in the theoretical formulation. The high-velocity collision model is used to model Coulomb collisions and a simplified quasi-linear rf diffusion operator describes wave-particle interactions. The approximate analytic solutions which are benchmarked with a widely used ECCD model, facilitate time-dependent simulations of tokamak operational scenarios using the non-inductive current drive of electron cyclotron waves. 6. Adaptive grid finite element model of the tokamak scrapeoff layer SciTech Connect Kuprat, A.P.; Glasser, A.H. 1995-07-01 The authors discuss unstructured grids for application to transport in the tokamak edge SOL. They have developed a new metric with which to judge element elongation and resolution requirements. Using this method, the authors apply a standard moving finite element technique to advance the SOL equations while inserting/deleting dynamically nodes that violate an elongation criterion. In a tokamak plasma, this method achieves a more uniform accuracy, and results in highly stretched triangular finite elements, except near separatrix X-point where transport is more isotropic. 7. Stability of high. beta. large aspect ratio tokamaks SciTech Connect Cowley, S.C. 1991-10-01 High {beta}({beta}{much gt} {epsilon}/q{sup 2}) large aspect ratio ({epsilon} {much gt} 1) tokamak equilibria are shown to be always stable to ideal M.H.D. modes that are localized about a flux surface. Both the ballooning and interchange modes are shown to be stable. This work uses the analytic high {beta} large aspect ratio tokamak equilibria developed by Cowley et.al., which are valid for arbitrary pressure and safety factor profiles. The stability results make no assumption about these profiles or the shape of the boundary. 14 refs., 4 figs. 8. The role of spherical torus in clarifying tokamak physics SciTech Connect Morris, A. W.; Peng, Yueng Kay Martin 1999-01-01 The spherical tokamak (ST) provides a unique environment in which to perform complementary and exacting tests of the tokamak physics required for a burning plasma experiment of any aspect ratio, while also having the potential for long-term fusion applications in its own right. New experiments are coming on-line in the UK (MAST), USA (NSTX, Pegasus), Russia (Globus-M), Brazil (ETE) and elsewhere, and the status of these devices will be reported, along with newly-analysed data from START. Those physics issues where the ST provides an opportunity to remove degeneracy in the databases or clarify one s understanding will be emphasized. 9. TIBER: Tokamak Ignition/Burn Experimental Research. Final design report SciTech Connect Henning, C.D.; Logan, B.G.; Barr, W.L.; Bulmer, R.H.; Doggett, J.N.; Johnson, B.M.; Lee, J.D.; Hoard, R.W.; Miller, J.R.; Slack, D.S. 1985-11-01 The Tokamak Ignition/Burn Experimental Research (TIBER) device is the smallest superconductivity tokamak designed to date. In the design plasma shaping is used to achieve a high plasma beta. Neutron shielding is minimized to achieve the desired small device size, but the superconducting magnets must be shielded sufficiently to reduce the neutron heat load and the gamma-ray dose to various components of the device. Specifications of the plasma-shaping coil, the shielding, coaling, requirements, and heating modes are given. 61 refs., 92 figs., 30 tabs. (WRF) 10. Reliability of initial-value MHD calculations of tokamak disruptions SciTech Connect Hicks, H.R.; Carreras, B.A.; Garcia, L.; Holmes, J.A. 1984-06-01 We have proposed the nonlinear coupling of resistive tearing modes as the mechanism for some tokamak disruptions. This is based primarily on initial-value resistive magnetohydrodynamic calculations performed with a finite-difference grid in minor radius and Fourier series expansion in the poloidal and toroidal angles. The calculations show that, for certain q profiles, the nonlinear interaction of tearing modes of different helicities leads to the rapid destabilization of other modes. The resulting effects and the time scale are consistent with the tokamak disruption. 11. Beta optimization in the context of reactor relevant tokamaks SciTech Connect Manickam, J. 1990-08-01 In a reactor relevant tokamak the appropriate definition of {beta}, the ratio of the particle and magnetic field pressures, is {beta}* {equivalent to} (2 < p{sup 2} >{sup {1/2}} /B{sup 2}), which exceeds the conventional definition by a factor dependent on the pressure peaking factor, PPF. A simple scaling is obtained which relates the two definitions, {beta}*/{beta}{approx equal}0.9 {plus} 0.15 PPF. Stability properties are determined in terms of {beta}* in a circular and dee-shaped tokamak. 4 refs., 6 figs. 12. Accessibility of second regions of stability in tokamaks SciTech Connect Manickam, J. 1985-12-01 Second regions of stability to the ideal ballooning modes have been shown to exist in large-aspect-ratio circular and small-aspect-ratio bean-shaped tokamaks. We report on the existence of these second stability regions in finite-aspect-ratio dee-shaped tokamaks. We also report on the discovery of a second-stable region with respect to the n = 1 external kink mode in a bean-shaped plasma. The role of the shear and current profile in determining these regions of parameter space are discussed. 13 refs., 6 figs. 13. What is the fate of runaway positrons in tokamaks? SciTech Connect Liu, Jian; Qin, Hong; Fisch, Nathaniel J.; Teng, Qian; Wang, Xiaogang 2014-06-15 Massive runaway positrons are generated by runaway electrons in tokamaks. The fate of these positrons encodes valuable information about the runaway dynamics. The phase space dynamics of a runaway position is investigated using a Lagrangian that incorporates the tokamak geometry, loop voltage, radiation and collisional effects. It is found numerically that runaway positrons will drift out of the plasma to annihilate on the first wall, with an in-plasma annihilation possibility less than 0.1%. The dynamics of runaway positrons provides signatures that can be observed as diagnostic tools. 14. Kinetic energy principle and neoclassical toroidal torque in tokamaks SciTech Connect Park, Jong-Kyu 2011-11-15 It is shown that when tokamaks are perturbed, the kinetic energy principle is closely related to the neoclassical toroidal torque by the action invariance of particles. Especially when tokamaks are perturbed from scalar pressure equilibria, the imaginary part of the potential energy in the kinetic energy principle is equivalent to the toroidal torque by the neoclassical toroidal viscosity. A unified description therefore should be made for both physics. It is also shown in this case that the potential energy operator can be self-adjoint and thus the stability calculation can be simplified by minimizing the potential energy. 15. Kinetic Energy Principle And Neoclassical Toroidal Torque In Tokamaks SciTech Connect Jong-Kyu Park 2011-11-07 It is shown that when tokamaks are perturbed the kinetic energy principle is closely related to the neoclassical toroidal torque by the action invariance of particles. Especially when tokamaks are perturbed from scalar pressure equilibria, the imaginary part of the potential energy in the kinetic energy principle is equivalent to the toroidal torque by the Neoclassical Toroidal Viscosity (NTV). A unified description therefore should be made for both physics. It is also shown in this case that the potential energy operator can be self-adjoint and thus the stability calculation can be simplified by minimizing the potential energy 16. Magnetic flux reconstruction methods for shaped tokamaks SciTech Connect Tsui, Chi-Wa 1993-12-01 The use of a variational method permits the Grad-Shafranov (GS) equation to be solved by reducing the problem of solving the 2D non-linear partial differential equation to the problem of minimizing a function of several variables. This high speed algorithm approximately solves the GS equation given a parameterization of the plasma boundary and the current profile (p and FF functions). The author treats the current profile parameters as unknowns. The goal is to reconstruct the internal magnetic flux surfaces of a tokamak plasma and the toroidal current density profile from the external magnetic measurements. This is a classic problem of inverse equilibrium determination. The current profile parameters can be evaluated by several different matching procedures. Matching of magnetic flux and field at the probe locations using the Biot-Savart law and magnetic Greens function provides a robust method of magnetic reconstruction. The matching of poloidal magnetic field on the plasma surface provides a unique method of identifying the plasma current profile. However, the power of this method is greatly compromised by the experimental errors of the magnetic signals. The Casing Principle provides a very fast way to evaluate the plasma contribution to the magnetic signals. It has the potential of being a fast matching method. The performance of this method is hindered by the accuracy of the poloidal magnetic field computed from the equilibrium solver. A flux reconstruction package has been implemented which integrates a vacuum field solver using a filament model for the plasma, a multi-layer perception neural network as an interface, and the volume integration of plasma current density using Greens functions as a matching method for the current profile parameters. The flux reconstruction package is applied to compare with the ASEQ and EFIT data. The results are promising. 17. Recent results from tokamak divertor plasma measurements SciTech Connect Allen, S.L. 1996-05-01 New diagnostics have been developed to address key divertor physics questions, including: target plate heat flux reduction by radiation, basic edge transport issues, and plasma wall interactions (PWI) such as erosion. A system of diagnostics measures the target plate heat flux (imaging IR thermography) and particle flux (probes, pressure and Penning gauges, and visible emission arrays). Recently, T{sub e},n{sub e}, and P{sub e} (electron pressure) have been measured in 2-D with divertor Thomson Scattering. During radiative divertor operation T{sub e} is less than 2 eV, indicating that new atomic processes are important. Langmuir probes measure higher T{sub e} in some cases. In addition, the measured P{sub e} near the separatrix at the target plate is lower than the midplane pressure, implying radial momentum transport. Bolometer arrays, inverted with reconstruction algorithms, provide the 2-D core and divertor radiation profiles. Spectroscopic measurements identify the radiating species and provide information on impurity transport; both absolute chordal measurements and tomographic reconstructions of images are used. Either intrinsic carbon or an inert species (e.g., injected Ne) are usually observed, and absolute particle inventories are obtained. Computer codes are both benchmarked with the experimental data and provide important consistency checks. Several techniques are used to measure fundamental plasma transport and fluctuations, including probes and reflectometry. PWI issues are studied with in-situ coupons and insertable samples (DiMES). Representative divertor results from DIII-D with references to results on other tokamaks will be presented. 18. Magnet design approach for pulsed tokamak reactors SciTech Connect Kim, S.H.; Evans, K. Jr.; Ehst, D.A. 1983-12-01 A choice of various operating modes of a tokamak reactor will have considerable impact on the fatigue lives and cost of ohmic heating (OH), equilibrium field (EF), and toroidal field (TF) coils. OH AND EF coil requirements and their costs, as well as the effects of the fringing fields of the EF coils on the TF coils, have been studied under cyclic operation in the range of N = 10/sup 2/ to 10/sup 6/ cycles, spanning the range from a noninductively driven reactor (STARFIRE) to a conventional ohmically driven reactor. For a reference design of TF coils the design of the central OH solenoid has been studied as a function of its maximum field, B/sup OH/. Increasing requirements for structural support lead to only negligible increases in volt-seconds for B/sup OH/ greater than or equal to 10.0 T. Fatigue failure of the OH coil is not a concern for N less than or equal to 10/sup 5/; for N approx. 10/sup 6/ fatigue limits the strain to small values, resulting in small increases in structural requirements and modest decreases in volt-seconds. Should noninductive current drive be achievable we note that this not only eliminates the OH coil, but it also permits EF coil placement in the inboard region, which facilitates the creation of highly shaped plasma cross sections (large triangularity, or bean-shaped equilibria). We have computed the stored energy, coil configuration and fringing fields for a number of EF coil design options. 19. Design of core and edge Thomson scattering systems for Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak SciTech Connect Lee, H.G.; Lee, J.H.; Johnson, D.; Ellis, R.; Feder, R.; Park, H. 2004-10-01 The core and edge Thomson systems on Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research employ two different sets of lens collection optics. Their collection systems are positioned in the front end of a long reentrant cassette for optimum viewing coverage and optical throughput. Both systems collect the scattered light from a single tangential beam of multiple 50-Hz Nd:YAG lasers and image the scattering volume from core to edge with 40 spatial points. In order to obtain a higher resolution of 5 mm, the edge system has more spatial channels than the core system. Pressure-free heat shield windows, which will absorb the radiation heat flux, are mounted in front of large vacuum windows to protect them from the radiation heat load during long-pulse discharges. 20. Analysis of images from videocameras in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade tokamak SciTech Connect De Angelis, R.; Migliori, S.; Borioni, S.; Bracco, G.; Pierattini, S.; Perozziello, A. 2004-10-01 The plasma edge interaction in FTU tokamak is monitored by wide angle videocameras. Data are acquired as movies or single frames at a rate of 50 frames/s. The images show interesting features of the plasma such as the presence of Marfes or runaways and give useful information on the status of large parts of the vacuum vessel and toroidal limiter. Due to the large number of data available visual inspection of the movies is often insufficient to correlate the images to the experimental findings. This article illustrates a number of applications developed in order to correlate the images with plasma signals and to search the image database for specific features relevant to the discharge. 1. HPGe well-type detectors for neutron activation measurements on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade tokamak SciTech Connect Bertalot, L.; Damiani, M.; Esposito, B.; Lagamba, L.; Podda, S.; Batistoni, P.; De Felice, P.; Biagini, R. 1997-01-01 We describe an improvement of the neutron activation system in operation on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) tokamak for the measurement of the total neutron yield. A HPGe well-type detector (200 cm{sup 3} active volume) is used to detect the photoemission from neutron activated samples ({sup 115m}In336.2 keV {gamma} rays from DD neutrons on indium for FTU). Due to their high geometrical efficiency, HPGe well-type detectors are particularly suited to the FTU low-level activity measurements. A particular effort has been devoted to the calibration of the measuring system. In particular, a multi-{gamma} calibration source (59{endash}1332 keV energy range) with a density of 7.31 g/cm{sup 3} consisting of a stack of indium foils has been prepared. This assures that the shape and volume of the calibration source are the same as those of the samples used in the actual measurements. The full-energy-peak efficiency at the {sup 115m}In336.2 keV line is 0.197 with an overall uncertainty of 2{percent} (1{sigma}). For a better characterization of the detector response as a function of the sample density, a further calibration source with the same geometry has been prepared in a gel aqueous solution (density {approximately}1 g/cm{sup 3}). The calibration curves for the well-type detector at the two different density values are compared. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.} 2. Observation of finite-. beta. MHD phenomena in tokamaks SciTech Connect McGuire, K.M. 1984-09-01 Stable high-beta plasmas are required for the tokamak to attain an economical fusion reactor. Recently, intense neutral beam heating experiments in tokamaks have shown new effects on plasma stability and confinement associated with high beta plasmas. The observed spectrum of MHD fluctuations at high beta is clearly dominated by the n = 1 mode when the q = 1 surface is in the plasma. The m/n = 1/1 mode drives other n = 1 modes through toroidal coupling and n > 1 modes through nonlinear coupling. On PDX, with near perpendicular injection, a resonant interaction between the n = 1 internal kink and the trapped fast ions results in loss of beam particles and heating power. Key parameters in the theory are the value of q/sub 0/ and the injection angle. High frequency broadband magnetic fluctuations have been observed on ISX-B and D-III and a correlation with the deterioration of plasma confinement was reported. During enhanced confinement (H-mode) discharges in divertor plasmas, two new edge instabilities were observed, both localized radially near the separatrix. By assembling results from the different tokamak experiments, it is found that the simple theoretical ideal MHD beta limit has not been exceeded. Whether this represents an ultimate tokamak limit or if beta optimized configurations (Dee- or bean-shaped plasmas) can exceed this limit and perhaps enter a second regime of stability remains to be clarified. 3. First neutron spectrometry measurement at the HL-2A Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yuan, Xi; Zhang, Xing; Xie, Xu-Fei; Chen, Zhong-Jing; Peng, Xing-Yu; Fan, Tie-Shuan; Chen, Jin-Xiang; Li, Xiang-Qing; Yuan, Guo-Liang; Yang, Qing-Wei; Yang, Jin-Wei 2013-12-01 A compact neutron spectrometer based on the liquid scintillator is presented for neutron energy spectrum measurements at the HL-2A Tokamak. The spectrometer was well characterized and a fast digital pulse shape discrimination software was developed using the charge comparison method. A digitizer data acquisition system with a maximum frequency of 1 MHz can work under an environment with a high count rate at HL-2A Tokamak. Specific radiation and magnetic shielding for the spectrometer were designed for the neutron spectrum measurement at the HL-2A Tokamak. For pulse height spectrum analysis, dedicated numerical simulation utilizing NUBEAM combined with GENESIS was performed to obtain the neutron energy spectrum. Subsequently, the transportation process from the plasma to the detector was evaluated with Monte Carlo calculations. The distorted neutron energy spectrum was folded with the response matrix of the liquid scintillation spectrometer, and good consistency was found between the simulated and measured pulse height spectra. This neutron spectrometer based on a digital acquisition system could be well adopted for the investigation of the auxiliary heating behavior and the fast-ion related phenomenon on different tokamak devices. 4. Induced emission of extraordinary mode radiation in tokamaks NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Freund, H. P.; Lee, L. C. 1979-01-01 The implications of the formation of a positive slope in the runaway electron tail in tokamak plasmas are investigated in regard to the radiation in the vicinity of the electron plasma frequency. In particular, it is shown that the amplification of extraordinary mode waves may result. 5. Bootstrap current close to magnetic axis in tokamaks SciTech Connect Shaing, K.C.; Hazeltine, R.D. 1996-12-01 It is shown that the bootstrap current density close to the magnetic axis in tokamaks does not vanish in simple electron-ion plasmas because the fraction of the trapped particles is finite. The magnitude of the current density could be comparable to that in the outer core region. This may reduce or even eliminate the need of the seed current. 6. General Description of Ideal Tokamak MHD Instability II NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Shi, Bing-ren 2002-08-01 In this subsequent study on general description of ideal tokamak MHD instability, the part II, by using a coordinate with rectified magnetic field lines, the eigenmode equations describing the low-mode-number toroidal Alfven modes (TAE and EAE) are derived through a further expansion of the shear Alfven equation of motion. 7. TPX diagnostics for tokamak operation, plasma control and machine protection SciTech Connect Edmonds, P.H.; Medley, S.S.; Young, K.M. 1995-08-01 The diagnostics for TPX are at an early design phase, with emphasis on the diagnostic access interface with the major tokamak components. Account has to be taken of the very severe environment for diagnostic components located inside the vacuum vessel. The placement of subcontracts for the design and fabrication of the diagnostic systems is in process. 8. Confinement of high-energy trapped particles in tokamaks SciTech Connect Goldston, R.J.; White, R.B.; Boozer, A.H. 1981-08-31 The banana orbits of high-energy trapped particles in tokamaks are found to diffuse rapidly in the radial direction if the toroidal ripple exceeds a low critical value. During this diffusion the energy, the magnetic moment, and the value of the magnetic field strength at the banana tips are conserved. 9. Confinement of high energy trapped particles in tokamaks SciTech Connect Goldston, R.J.; White, R.B.; Boozer, A.H. 1981-04-01 The banana orbits of high energy trapped particles in tokamaks are found to diffuse rapidly in the radial direction if the toroidal ripple exceeds a low critical value. During this diffusion the energy, the magnetic moment, and the value of the magnetic field strength at the banana tips are conserved. 10. The impact of improved physics on commercial tokamak reactors SciTech Connect Galambos, J.D.; Perkins, L.J.; Haney, S.; Mandrekas, J. 1994-01-01 Improvements in the confinement and beta capability of tokamak devices have long been a goal of the fusion program. We examine the impact of improvements in present day confinement and beta capabilities on commercial tokamak reactors. We characterize confinement with the achievable enhancement factor (H) over the ITER89 Power scaling confinement time, and beta by the Troyon coefficient g. A surprisingly narrow range of plasma confinement and beta are found to be useful in minimizing the cost of electricity for a tokamak reactor. Improvements in only one of these quantities is not useful beyond some point, without accompanying improvements in the other. For the plasma beta limited by a Troyon coefficient (g) near 4.3 (%mT/MA), confinement levels characterized by H factor enhancements of only 2 are useful for our nominal steady-state driven tokamak. These confinement levels are similar to those observed in present day experiments. If the permissible Troyon beta coefficient is near 6, the useful H factor confinement range increases to 2.5, still close to present day confinement levels. Inductively driven, pulsed reactors have somewhat increased useful ranges of confinement, relative to the steady-state cases. For a Troyon beta limit coefficient g near 4.3, H factors up to 2.5 are useful, and for g near 6, H factors up to 3 are useful. 11. Cherenkov-type diagnostics of fast electrons within tokamak plasmas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Jakubowski, Lech; Sadowski, Marek J.; Zebrowski, Jaroslaw; Malinowski, Karol; Rabinski, Marek; Jakubowski, Marcin J.; Mirowski, Robert 2014-05-01 This paper presents a summary of the most important results of fast electron measurements performed so far within different tokamaks by means of Cherenkov-type detectors. In the ISTTOK tokamak (IPFN, IST, Lisboa, Portugal), two measuring heads were applied, each equipped with four radiators made of different types of alumina-nitrate poly-crystals. A two-channel measuring head equipped with diamond radiators was also used. Within the COMPASS tokamak (IPP AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic) some preliminary measurements have recently been performed by means of a new single-channel Cherenkov-type detector. The experimental data from the TORE SUPRA tokamak (CEA, IFRM, Cadarache, France), which were collected by means of a DENEPR-2 probe during two recent experimental campaigns, have been briefly analyzed. A new Cherenkov probe (the so-called DENEPR-3) has been mounted within the TORE SUPRA machine, but the electron measurements could not be performed because of the failure of this facility. Some conclusions concerning the fast electron emission are presented. 12. Electron-cyclotron-heating experiments in tokamaks and stellarators SciTech Connect England, A.C. 1983-01-01 This paper reviews the application of high-frequency microwave radiation to plasma heating near the electron-cyclotron frequency in tokamaks and stellarators. Successful plasma heating by microwave power has been demonstrated in numerous experiments. Predicted future technological developments and current theoretical understanding suggest that a vigorous program in plasma heating will continue to yield promising results. 13. Solenoid-free plasma start-up in spherical tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Raman, R.; Shevchenko, V. F. 2014-10-01 The central solenoid is an intrinsic part of all present-day tokamaks and most spherical tokamaks. The spherical torus (ST) confinement concept is projected to operate at high toroidal beta and at a high fraction of the non-inductive bootstrap current as required for an efficient reactor system. The use of a conventional solenoid in a ST-based fusion nuclear facility is generally believed to not be a possibility. Solenoid-free plasma start-up is therefore an area of extensive worldwide research activity. Solenoid-free plasma start-up is also relevant to steady-state tokamak operation, as the central transformer coil of a conventional aspect ratio tokamak reactor would be located in a high radiation environment but would be needed only during the initial discharge initiation and current ramp-up phases. Solenoid-free operation also provides greater flexibility in the selection of the aspect ratio and simplifies the reactor design. Plasma start-up methods based on induction from external poloidal field coils, helicity injection and radio frequency current drive have all made substantial progress towards meeting this important need for the ST. Some of these systems will now undergo the final stages of test in a new generation of large STs, which are scheduled to begin operations during the next two years. This paper reviews research to date on methods for inducing the initial start-up current in STs without reliance on the conventional central solenoid. 14. Performance and development of the DIII-D tokamak core SciTech Connect Anderson, P.M.; Johnson, W.R.; Busath, J.L.; Allen, S.L. 1998-07-01 The DIII-D tokamak is an upgrade of the Doublet III configuration which has operated since early 1986. This paper presents recent advances in performance using the upper divertor, fabrication development for vanadium components, operation of the helium leak checking in a high deuterium background, and restoration of the damaged Ohmic heating solenoid. 15. Microtearing mode (MTM) turbulence in JIPPT-IIU tokamak plasmas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hamada, Y.; Watari, T.; Nishizawa, A.; Yamagishi, O.; Narihara, K.; Ida, K.; Kawasumi, Y.; Ido, T.; Kojima, M.; Toi, K.; the JIPPT-IIU Group 2015-04-01 Magnetic, density and potential fluctuations up to 500 kHz at several spatial points have been observed in the core region of JIPPT-IIU tokamak plasmas using a heavy ion beam probe. The frequency spectra of the density and magnetic oscillations are found to be similar, whereas there are large differences in the phase, coherence and frequency dependences deduced from signals at adjacent sample volumes. These differences allow us to ascribe the detected magnetic fluctuations to the microtearing mode (MTM) by simple dispersion relations of the MTM in collisionless and intermediate regimes. The frequency-integrated level of magnetic fluctuations around 150 kHz (100-200 kHz) is \\tilde{{B}}r /Bt ≈ 1× 10-4 , a level high enough for the ergodization of the magnetic surface and enhanced electron heat loss as derived by Rechester and Rosenbluth (1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 38). This level is consistent with the measurements performed using cross-polarization scattering of microwaves in the Tore Supra tokamak. Our results are the first direct experimental verification of the MTM in the core region of tokamak plasmas, which has been recently observed in gyrokinetic simulations using a very fine mesh in tokamak and ST plasmas. 16. Gamma ray imager on the DIII-D tokamak. PubMed Pace, D C; Cooper, C M; Taussig, D; Eidietis, N W; Hollmann, E M; Riso, V; Van Zeeland, M A; Watkins, M 2016-04-01 A gamma ray camera is built for the DIII-D tokamak [J. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] that provides spatial localization and energy resolution of gamma flux by combining a lead pinhole camera with custom-built detectors and optimized viewing geometry. This diagnostic system is installed on the outer midplane of the tokamak such that its 123 collimated sightlines extend across the tokamak radius while also covering most of the vertical extent of the plasma volume. A set of 30 bismuth germanate detectors can be secured in any of the available sightlines, allowing for customizable coverage in experiments with runaway electrons in the energy range of 1-60 MeV. Commissioning of the gamma ray imager includes the quantification of electromagnetic noise sources in the tokamak machine hall and a measurement of the energy spectrum of background gamma radiation. First measurements of gamma rays coming from the plasma provide a suitable testbed for implementing pulse height analysis that provides the energy of detected gamma photons. PMID:27131674 17. Gamma ray imager on the DIII-D tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Pace, D. C.; Cooper, C. M.; Taussig, D.; Eidietis, N. W.; Hollmann, E. M.; Riso, V.; Van Zeeland, M. A.; Watkins, M. 2016-04-01 A gamma ray camera is built for the DIII-D tokamak [J. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] that provides spatial localization and energy resolution of gamma flux by combining a lead pinhole camera with custom-built detectors and optimized viewing geometry. This diagnostic system is installed on the outer midplane of the tokamak such that its 123 collimated sightlines extend across the tokamak radius while also covering most of the vertical extent of the plasma volume. A set of 30 bismuth germanate detectors can be secured in any of the available sightlines, allowing for customizable coverage in experiments with runaway electrons in the energy range of 1-60 MeV. Commissioning of the gamma ray imager includes the quantification of electromagnetic noise sources in the tokamak machine hall and a measurement of the energy spectrum of background gamma radiation. First measurements of gamma rays coming from the plasma provide a suitable testbed for implementing pulse height analysis that provides the energy of detected gamma photons. 18. 2-D Imaging of Electron Temperature in Tokamak Plasmas SciTech Connect T. Munsat; E. Mazzucato; H. Park; C.W. Domier; M. Johnson; N.C. Luhmann Jr.; J. Wang; Z. Xia; I.G.J. Classen; A.J.H. Donne; M.J. van de Pol 2004-07-08 By taking advantage of recent developments in millimeter wave imaging technology, an Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) instrument, capable of simultaneously measuring 128 channels of localized electron temperature over a 2-D map in the poloidal plane, has been developed for the TEXTOR tokamak. Data from the new instrument, detailing the MHD activity associated with a sawtooth crash, is presented. 19. On steady poloidal and toroidal flows in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect McClements, K. G. 2010-08-15 The effects of poloidal and toroidal flows on tokamak plasma equilibria are examined in the magnetohydrodynamic limit. ''Transonic'' poloidal flows of the order of the sound speed multiplied by the ratio of poloidal magnetic field to total field B{sub {theta}/}B can cause the (normally elliptic) Grad-Shafranov (GS) equation to become hyperbolic in part of the solution domain. It is pointed out that the range of poloidal flows for which the GS equation is hyperbolic increases with plasma beta and B{sub {theta}/}B, thereby complicating the problem of determining spherical tokamak plasma equilibria with transonic poloidal flows. It is demonstrated that the calculation of the hyperbolicity criterion can be easily modified when the assumption of isentropic flux surfaces is replaced with the more tokamak-relevant one of isothermal flux surfaces. On the basis of the latter assumption, a simple expression is obtained for the variation of density on a flux surface when poloidal and toroidal flows are simultaneously present. Combined with Thomson scattering measurements of density and temperature, this expression could be used to infer information on poloidal and toroidal flows on the high field side of a tokamak plasma, where direct measurements of flows are not generally possible. It is demonstrated that there are four possible solutions of the Bernoulli relation for the plasma density when the flux surfaces are assumed to be isothermal, corresponding to four distinct poloidal flow regimes. Finally, observations and first principles-based theoretical modeling of poloidal flows in tokamak plasmas are briefly reviewed and it is concluded that there is no clear evidence for the occurrence of supersonic poloidal flows. 20. LIDAR Thomson scattering for advanced tokamaks. Final report SciTech Connect Molvik, A.W.; Lerche, R.A.; Nilson, D.G. 1996-03-18 The LIDAR Thomson Scattering for Advanced Tokamaks project made a valuable contribution by combining LLNL expertise from the MFE Program: tokamak design and diagnostics, and the ICF Program and Physics Dept.: short-pulse lasers and fast streak cameras. This multidisciplinary group evaluated issues involved in achieving a factor of 20 higher high spatial resolution (to as small as 2-3 mm) from the present state of the art in LIDAR Thomson scattering, and developed conceptual designs to apply LIDAR Thomson scattering to three tokamaks: Upgraded divertor measurements in the existing DIII-D tokamak; Both core and divertor LIDAR Thomson scattering in the proposed (now cancelled) TPX; and core, edge, and divertor LIDAR Thomson scattering on the presently planned International Tokamak Experimental Reactor, ITER. Other issues were evaluated in addition to the time response required for a few millimeter spatial resolution. These include the optimum wavelength, 100 Hz operation of the laser and detectors, minimizing stray light - always the Achilles heel of Thomson scattering, and time dispersion in optics that could prevent good spatial resolution. Innovative features of our work included: custom short pulsed laser concepts to meet specific requirements, use of a prism spectrometer to maintain a constant optical path length for high temporal and spatial resolution, the concept of a laser focus outside the plasma to ionize gas and form an external fiducial to use in locating the plasma edge as well as to spread the laser energy over a large enough area of the inner wall to avoid laser ablation of wall material, an improved concept for cleaning windows between shots by means of laser ablation, and the identification of a new physics issue - nonlinear effects near a laser focus which could perturb the plasma density and temperature that are to be measured. 1. Analytic model for coaxial helicity injection in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Weening, R. H. 2011-12-15 Using a partial differential equation for the time evolution of the mean-field poloidal magnetic flux that incorporates resistivity {eta} and hyper-resistivity {Lambda} terms, an exact analytic solution is obtained for steady-state coaxial helicity injection (CHI) in force-free large aspect ratio tokamaks. The analytic mean-field Ohm's law model allows for calculation of the tokamak CHI current drive efficiency and the plasma inductances at arbitrary levels of magnetic fluctuations, or dynamo activity. The results of the mean-field model suggest that CHI approaching Ohmic efficiency is only possible in tokamaks when the size of the effective current drive boundary layer, {delta}{identical_to}({Lambda}/{eta}){sup 1/2}, becomes greater than half the size of the plasma, {delta}>a/2, with a the plasma minor radius. The electron thermal diffusivity due to magnetic fluctuation induced transport is obtained from the expression {chi}{sub e}={Lambda}/{mu}{sub 0}d{sub e}{sup 2}, with {mu}{sub 0} the permeability of free space and d{sub e} the electron skin depth, which for typical tokamak fusion plasma parameters is on the order of a millimeter. Thus, the ratio of the energy confinement time to the resistive diffusion time in a tokamak plasma driven by steady-state CHI approaching Ohmic efficiency is shown to be constrained by the relation {tau}{sub E}/{tau}{sub {eta}}<(d{sub e}/a){sup 2}{approx_equal}10{sup -6}. The mean-field model suggests that steady-state CHI can be viewed most simply as a boundary layer of stochastically wandering magnetic field lines. 2. High power heating of magnetic reconnection in merging tokamak experimentsa) NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ono, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Yamada, T.; Gi, K.; Watanabe, T.; , T., Ii; Gryaznevich, M.; Scannell, R.; Conway, N.; Crowley, B.; Michael, C. 2015-05-01 Significant ion/electron heating of magnetic reconnection up to 1.2 keV was documented in two spherical tokamak plasma merging experiment on MAST with the significantly large Reynolds number R˜105. Measured 1D/2D contours of ion and electron temperatures reveal clearly energy-conversion mechanisms of magnetic reconnection: huge outflow heating of ions in the downstream and localized heating of electrons at the X-point. Ions are accelerated up to the order of poloidal Alfven speed in the reconnection outflow region and are thermalized by fast shock-like density pileups formed in the downstreams, in agreement with recent solar satellite observations and PIC simulation results. The magnetic reconnection efficiently converts the reconnecting (poloidal) magnetic energy mostly into ion thermal energy through the outflow, causing the reconnection heating energy proportional to square of the reconnecting (poloidal) magnetic field Brec2 ˜ Bp2. The guide toroidal field Bt does not affect the bulk heating of ions and electrons, probably because the reconnection/outflow speeds are determined mostly by the external driven inflow by the help of another fast reconnection mechanism: intermittent sheet ejection. The localized electron heating at the X-point increases sharply with the guide toroidal field Bt, probably because the toroidal field increases electron confinement and acceleration length along the X-line. 2D measurements of magnetic field and temperatures in the TS-3 tokamak merging experiment also reveal the detailed reconnection heating mechanisms mentioned above. The high-power heating of tokamak merging is useful not only for laboratory study of reconnection but also for economical startup and heating of tokamak plasmas. The MAST/TS-3 tokamak merging with Bp > 0.4 T will enables us to heat the plasma to the alpha heating regime: Ti > 5 keV without using any additional heating facility. 3. Controlling fusion yield in tokamaks with spin polarized fuel, and feasibility studies on the DIII-D tokamak SciTech Connect Pace, D. C.; Lanctot, M. J.; Jackson, G. L.; Sandorfi, Andy M.; Smith, S. P.; Wei, Xiangdong 2015-09-21 The march towards electricity production through tokamaks requires the construction of new facilities and the inevitable replacement of the previous generation. There are, however, research topics that are better suited to the existing tokamaks, areas of great potential that are not sufficiently mature for implementation in high power machines, and these provide strong support for a balanced policy that includes the redirection of existing programs. Spin polarized fusion, in which the nuclei of tokamak fuel particles are spin-aligned and favorably change both the fusion cross-section and the distribution of initial velocity vectors of charged fusion products, is described here as an example of a technological and physics topic that is ripe for development in a machine such as the DIII-D tokamak. In this study, such research and development experiments may not be efficient at the ITER-scale, while the plasma performance, diagnostic access, and collaborative personnel available within the United States’ magnetic fusion research program, and at the DIII-D facility in particular, provide a unique opportunity to further fusion progress. 4. Controlling fusion yield in tokamaks with spin polarized fuel, and feasibility studies on the DIII-D tokamak DOE PAGESBeta Pace, D. C.; Lanctot, M. J.; Jackson, G. L.; Sandorfi, Andy M.; Smith, S. P.; Wei, Xiangdong 2015-09-21 The march towards electricity production through tokamaks requires the construction of new facilities and the inevitable replacement of the previous generation. There are, however, research topics that are better suited to the existing tokamaks, areas of great potential that are not sufficiently mature for implementation in high power machines, and these provide strong support for a balanced policy that includes the redirection of existing programs. Spin polarized fusion, in which the nuclei of tokamak fuel particles are spin-aligned and favorably change both the fusion cross-section and the distribution of initial velocity vectors of charged fusion products, is described here asmore » an example of a technological and physics topic that is ripe for development in a machine such as the DIII-D tokamak. In this study, such research and development experiments may not be efficient at the ITER-scale, while the plasma performance, diagnostic access, and collaborative personnel available within the United States’ magnetic fusion research program, and at the DIII-D facility in particular, provide a unique opportunity to further fusion progress.« less 5. Fueling studies on the lithium tokamak experiment NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lundberg, Daniel Patrick Lithium plasma facing components reduce the flux of "recycled" particles entering the plasma edge from the plasma facing components. This results in increased external fueling requirements and provides the opportunity to control the magnitude and distribution of the incoming particle flux. It has been predicted that the plasma density profile will then be determined by the deposition profile of the external fueling, rather than dominated by the recycled particle flux. A series of experiments on the Lithium Tokamak Experiment demonstrate that lithium wall coatings facilitate control of the neutral and plasma particle inventories. With fresh lithium coatings and careful gas injection programming, over 90% of the injected particle inventory can be absorbed in the lithium wall during a discharge. Furthermore, dramatic changes in the fueling requirements and plasma parameters were observed when lithium coatings were applied. This is largely due to the elimination of water as an impurity on the plasma facing components. A Molecular Cluster Injector (MCI) was developed for the fueling of LTX plasmas. The MCI uses a supersonic nozzle, cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures, to create the conditions necessary for molecular cluster formation. It has been predicted that molecular clusters will penetrate deeper into plasmas than gas-phase molecules via a reduced ionization cross-section and by improving the collimation of the neutral jet. Using an electron beam diagnostic, the densities of the cryogenic MCI are measured to be an order of magnitude higher than in the room-temperature jets formed with the same valve pressure. This indicates increased collimation relative to what would be expected from ideal gas dynamics alone. A systematic study of the fueling efficiencies achieved with the LTX fueling systems is presented. The fueling efficiency of the Supersonic Gas Injector (SGI) is demonstrated to be strongly dependent on the distance between the nozzle and plasma edge. The 6. Non-axisymmetric equilibrium reconstruction for stellarators, reversed field pinches and tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hanson, J. D.; Anderson, D. T.; Cianciosa, M.; Franz, P.; Harris, J. H.; Hartwell, G. H.; Hirshman, S. P.; Knowlton, S. F.; Lao, L. L.; Lazarus, E. A.; Marrelli, L.; Maurer, D. A.; Schmitt, J. C.; Sontag, A. C.; Stevenson, B. A.; Terranova, D. 2013-08-01 Axisymmetric equilibrium reconstruction using magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium solutions to the Grad-Shafranov equation has long been an important tool for interpreting tokamak experiments. This paper describes recent results in non-axisymmetric (three-dimensional) equilibrium reconstruction of nominally axisymmetric plasmas (tokamaks and reversed field pinches (RFPs)), and fully non-axisymmetric plasmas (stellarators). Results from applying the V3FIT code to CTH and HSX stellarator plasmas, RFX-mod RFP plasmas and the DIII-D tokamak are presented. 7. Configuration studies for a small-aspect-ratio tokamak stellarator hybrid SciTech Connect Carreras, B.A.; Lynch, V.E.; Ware, A. 1996-08-01 The use of modulated toroidal coils offers a new path to the tokamak-stellarator hybrids. Low-aspect-ratio configurations can be found with robust vacuum flux surfaces and rotational transform close to the transform of a reverse-shear tokamak. These configurations have clear advantages in minimizing disruptions and their effect and in reducing tokamak current drive needs. They also allow the study of low-aspect-ratio effects on stellarator confinement in small devices. 8. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND EXPERIMENTS WITH THE 110 GHZ MICROWAVE INSTALLATION ON THE DIII-D TOKAMAK SciTech Connect J.M. LOHR; F.W. BAITY,JR.; G.C. BARBER; R.W. CALLIS; I. GORELOV; C.M. GREENFIELD; R.A. LEGG; T.C. LUCE; C.C. PETTY; D. PONCE; R. PRATER 2000-09-01 A powerful microwave system operating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency has been commissioned on the DIII-D tokamak. The primary mission of the microwave system is to permit current profile control leading to the improved performance of advanced tokamak operation in quasi-steady state. Initial performance tests and experiments on current drive both near and away from the tokamak axis and on transport have been performed. 9. Gyrokinetic Simulation of Global Turbulent Transport Properties in Tokamak Experiments SciTech Connect Wang, W.X.; Lin, Z.; Tang, W.M.; Lee, W.W.; Ethier, S.; Lewandowski, J.L.V.; Rewoldt, G.; Hahm, T.S.; Manickam, J. 2006-01-01 A general geometry gyro-kinetic model for particle simulation of plasma turbulence in tokamak experiments is described. It incorporates the comprehensive influence of noncircular cross section, realistic plasma profiles, plasma rotation, neoclassical (equilibrium) electric fields, and Coulomb collisions. An interesting result of global turbulence development in a shaped tokamak plasma is presented with regard to nonlinear turbulence spreading into the linearly stable region. The mutual interaction between turbulence and zonal flows in collisionless plasmas is studied with a focus on identifying possible nonlinear saturation mechanisms for zonal flows. A bursting temporal behavior with a period longer than the geodesic acoustic oscillation period is observed even in a collisionless system. Our simulation results suggest that the zonal flows can drive turbulence. However, this process is too weak to be an effective zonal flow saturation mechanism. 10. Three-dimensional analysis of tokamaks and stellarators PubMed Central Garabedian, Paul R. 2008-01-01 The NSTAB equilibrium and stability code and the TRAN Monte Carlo transport code furnish a simple but effective numerical simulation of essential features of present tokamak and stellarator experiments. When the mesh size is comparable to the island width, an accurate radial difference scheme in conservation form captures magnetic islands successfully despite a nested surface hypothesis imposed by the mathematics. Three-dimensional asymmetries in bifurcated numerical solutions of the axially symmetric tokamak problem are relevant to the observation of unstable neoclassical tearing modes and edge localized modes in experiments. Islands in compact stellarators with quasiaxial symmetry are easier to control, so these configurations will become good candidates for magnetic fusion if difficulties with safety and stability are encountered in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. PMID:18768807 11. Three-dimensional equilibria in axially symmetric tokamaks. PubMed Garabedian, Paul R 2006-12-19 The NSTAB and TRAN computer codes have been developed to study equilibrium, stability, and transport in fusion plasmas with three-dimensional (3D) geometry. The numerical method that is applied calculates islands in tokamaks like the Doublet III-D at General Atomic and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. When bifurcated 3D solutions are used in Monte Carlo computations of the energy confinement time, a realistic simulation of transport is obtained. The significance of finding many 3D magnetohydrodynamic equilibria in axially symmetric tokamaks needs attention because their cumulative effect may contribute to the prompt loss of alpha particles or to crashes and disruptions that are observed. The 3D theory predicts good performance for stellarators. PMID:17159158 12. Three-dimensional equilibria in axially symmetric tokamaks PubMed Central Garabedian, Paul R. 2006-01-01 The NSTAB and TRAN computer codes have been developed to study equilibrium, stability, and transport in fusion plasmas with three-dimensional (3D) geometry. The numerical method that is applied calculates islands in tokamaks like the Doublet III-D at General Atomic and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. When bifurcated 3D solutions are used in Monte Carlo computations of the energy confinement time, a realistic simulation of transport is obtained. The significance of finding many 3D magnetohydrodynamic equilibria in axially symmetric tokamaks needs attention because their cumulative effect may contribute to the prompt loss of α particles or to crashes and disruptions that are observed. The 3D theory predicts good performance for stellarators. PMID:17159158 13. Waves and turbulence in a tokamak fusion plasma. PubMed Surko, C M; Slusher, R E 1983-08-26 The tokamak is a prototype fusion device in which a toroidal Magnetic field is used to confine a hot plasma. Coherent waves, excited near the plasma edge, can be used to transport energy into the plasma in order to heat it to the temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion. In addition, tokamak plasmas are known to exhibit high levels of turbulent density fluctuations, which can transport particles and energy out of the plasma. Recently, experiments have been conducted to elucidate the nature of both the coherent waves and the turbulence. The experiments provide insight into a broad range of interesting linear and nonlinear plasma phenomena and into many of the processes that determine such practical things as plasma heating and confinement. PMID:17753464 14. Three-dimensional analysis of tokamaks and stellarators. PubMed Garabedian, Paul R 2008-09-16 The NSTAB equilibrium and stability code and the TRAN Monte Carlo transport code furnish a simple but effective numerical simulation of essential features of present tokamak and stellarator experiments. When the mesh size is comparable to the island width, an accurate radial difference scheme in conservation form captures magnetic islands successfully despite a nested surface hypothesis imposed by the mathematics. Three-dimensional asymmetries in bifurcated numerical solutions of the axially symmetric tokamak problem are relevant to the observation of unstable neoclassical tearing modes and edge localized modes in experiments. Islands in compact stellarators with quasiaxial symmetry are easier to control, so these configurations will become good candidates for magnetic fusion if difficulties with safety and stability are encountered in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. PMID:18768807 15. Maintenance concept development for the Compact Ignition Tokamak SciTech Connect Macdonald, D. 1988-01-01 The Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT), located at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, will be the next major experimental machine in the US Fusion Program. Its use of deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel requires the use of remote handling technology to carry out maintenance operations on the machine. These operations consist of removing and repairing such components as diagnostic equipment modules by using remotely operated maintenance equipment. The major equipment being developed for maintenance external to the vacuum vessel includes both bridge-mounted and floor-mounted manipulator systems. Additionally, decontamination (decon) equipment, hot cell repair facilities, and equipment for handling and packaging solid radioactive waste (rad-waste) are being developed. Recent design activities have focused on establishing maintenance system interfaces with the facility design, developing manipulator system requirements, and using mock-ups to support the tokamak configuration design. 3 refs., 8 figs. 16. Advances in Dust Detection and Removal for Tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Campos, A.; Skinner, C. H.; Roquemore, A. L.; Leisure, J. O. V.; Wagner, S. 2008-11-01 Dust diagnostics and removal techniques are vital for the safe operation of next step fusion devices such as ITER. An electrostatic dust detector[1] developed in the laboratory is being applied to NSTX. In the tokamak environment, large particles or fibres can fall on the grid potentially causing a permanent short. We report on the development of a gas puff system that uses helium to clear such particles from the detector. Experiments with varying nozzle designs, backing pressures, puff durations, and exit flow orientations have obtained an optimal configuration that effectively removes particles from a 25 cm^2 area. Dust removal from next step tokamaks will be required to meet regulatory dust limits. A tripolar grid of fine interdigitated traces has been designed that generates an electrostatic travelling wave for conveying dust particles to a drain.'' First trials have shown particle motion in optical microscope images. [1] C. H. Skinner et al., J. Nucl. Mater., 376 (2008) 29. 17. Cryogenic requirements for the JT-60SA Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Michel, Frederic; Hitz, D.; Hoa, Christine; Lamaison, Valerie; Kamiya, Koji; Roussel, Pascal; Wanner, Manfred; Yoshida, Kiyoshi 2012-06-01 The superconducting tokamak JT-60SA is part of the Broader Approach Programmeagreed between Japan and Europe. CEA is in charge of the cryogenic system procurementincluding the Warm Compression Station, the gas storages, the Refrigerator Cold Box andthe Auxiliary Cold Box (ACB) which has to be installed on the JAEA Naka site in 2016.This paper summarizes the updated cryogenic requirements for the tokamak JT-60SAcryogenic system. The cryogenic system has a refrigeration capacity of about 9 kW equivalent at 4.5K, to supply cryopump panels at 3.7 K, superconducting magnets and cold structures at 4.4 K, HTS current leads at 50 K, and thermal shields at 80 K. This paper presents the static and variable heat loads of the different cooling loops and the results of the rmohydraulic calculations to derive the transient heat loads at the interface between the magnet system cooling loops and the Auxiliary Cold Box. 18. Gyrokinetics for high-frequency modes in tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wang, Z. T.; Wang, L.; Long, L. X.; Dong, J. Q.; He, Zhixiong; Liu, Y.; Tang, C. J. 2012-07-01 Gyrokinetics for high-frequency modes in tokamaks is developed. It is found that the breakdown of the invariants by perturbed electromagnetic fields drives microinstability. The obtained diamagnetic frequency, ω∗, is proportional to only the toroidal mode number rather than transverse mode numbers. Therefore, there is no nonadiabatic drive for axisymmetrical modes in gyrokinetics. Meanwhile, the conventional eikonal Ansatz breaks down for the axisymmetrical modes. The ion drift-cyclotron instability discovered in a mirror machine is found for the first time in the toroidal system. The growth rates are proportional to ρi/Ln, and the slope changes with magnetic curvature. In spherical torus, where magnetic curvature is greater than that of traditional tokamaks, instability poses a potential danger to such devices. 19. Molecular emission in the edge plasma of T-10 tokamak SciTech Connect Zimin, A. M.; Krupin, V. A.; Troynov, V. I.; Klyuchnikov, L. A. 2015-12-15 The experiments on recording molecular emission in the edge plasma of the T-10 tokamak are described. To obtain reliable spectra with sufficient spectral, temporal, and spatial resolution, the optical circuit is optimized for various experimental conditions. Typical spectra measured in two sections of the tokamak are shown. It is shown that, upon varying the parameters of the discharge, the molecular spectrum not only changes significantly in intensity but also undergoes a qualitative change in the rotational and vibrational structure. For a detailed analysis, we use the Fulcher-α system (d{sup 3}Π{sub u}–a{sup 3}Σ{sub g}{sup +}) of deuterium in the wavelength range from 590 to 640 nm. The rotational temperatures of ground state X{sup 1}Σ{sub g}{sup +} and upper excited state d{sup 3}Π{sub u} are estimated by the measured spectra. 20. [alpha]-particle transport-driven current in tokamaks SciTech Connect Heikkinen, J.A. ); Sipilae, S.K. ) 1995-03-01 It is shown that the radial transport of fusion-born energetic [alpha] particles, induced by electrostatic waves traveling in one poloidal direction, is directly connected to a net momentum of [alpha] particles in the toroidal direction in tokamaks. Because the momentum change is almost independent of toroidal velocity, the energy required for the momentum generation remains small on an [alpha]-particle population sustained by an isotropic time-independent source. By numerical toroidal Monte Carlo calculations it is shown that the current carried by [alpha] particles in the presence of intense well penetrated waves can reach several mega-amperes in reactor-sized tokamaks. The current obtained can greatly exceed the neoclassical bootstrap current of the [alpha] particles. 1. Gyrokinetics for high-frequency modes in tokamaks SciTech Connect Wang, Z. T.; Long, L. X.; Dong, J. Q.; He, Zhixiong; Wang, L.; Liu, Y.; Tang, C. J. 2012-07-15 Gyrokinetics for high-frequency modes in tokamaks is developed. It is found that the breakdown of the invariants by perturbed electromagnetic fields drives microinstability. The obtained diamagnetic frequency, {omega}{sup *}, is proportional to only the toroidal mode number rather than transverse mode numbers. Therefore, there is no nonadiabatic drive for axisymmetrical modes in gyrokinetics. Meanwhile, the conventional eikonal Ansatz breaks down for the axisymmetrical modes. The ion drift-cyclotron instability discovered in a mirror machine is found for the first time in the toroidal system. The growth rates are proportional to {rho}{sub i}/L{sub n}, and the slope changes with magnetic curvature. In spherical torus, where magnetic curvature is greater than that of traditional tokamaks, instability poses a potential danger to such devices. 2. Multipoint Thomson scattering diagnostic for the ETE tokamak SciTech Connect Berni, L.A.; Alonso, M.P.; Oliveira, R.M. 2004-10-01 To measure the electron temperature and plasma density profiles on the Experimento Tokamak Esferico tokamak a multiplexed Thomson scattering diagnostic was implemented. The diagnostic is based on a 10 J ruby laser and a single five spectral channel filter polychromator. A collection lens with f/6.3 relay the scattered light from 23 spatial points to optical fibers. The fibers have a monotonous increasing length and are inserted into the polychromator. Between the collection lens and each fiber optic we have a microlens to match the numerical aperture and to enlarge the plasma observation volume. This work describes the project, the simulations, and the preliminary results obtained with the first four optical fibers. 3. Residual zonal flows in tokamaks and stellarators at arbitrary wavelengths NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Monreal, Pedro; Calvo, Iván; Sánchez, Edilberto; Parra, Félix I.; Bustos, Andrés; Könies, Axel; Kleiber, Ralf; Görler, Tobias 2016-04-01 In the linear collisionless limit, a zonal potential perturbation in a toroidal plasma relaxes, in general, to a non-zero residual value. Expressions for the residual value in tokamak and stellarator geometries, and for arbitrary wavelengths, are derived. These expressions involve averages over the lowest order particle trajectories, that typically cannot be evaluated analytically. In this work, an efficient numerical method for the evaluation of such expressions is reported. It is shown that this method is faster than direct gyrokinetic simulations performed with the Gene and EUTERPE codes. Calculations of the residual value in stellarators are provided for much shorter wavelengths than previously available in the literature. Electrons must be treated kinetically in stellarators because, unlike in tokamaks, kinetic electrons modify the residual value even at long wavelengths. This effect, that had already been predicted theoretically, is confirmed by gyrokinetic simulations. 4. Collisionless microtearing modes in hot tokamaks: Effect of trapped electrons SciTech Connect Swamy, Aditya K.; Ganesh, R.; Brunner, S.; Vaclavik, J.; Villard, L. 2015-07-15 Collisionless microtearing modes have recently been found linearly unstable in sharp temperature gradient regions of large aspect ratio tokamaks. The magnetic drift resonance of passing electrons has been found to be sufficient to destabilise these modes above a threshold plasma β. A global gyrokinetic study, including both passing electrons as well as trapped electrons, shows that the non-adiabatic contribution of the trapped electrons provides a resonant destabilization, especially at large toroidal mode numbers, for a given aspect ratio. The global 2D mode structures show important changes to the destabilising electrostatic potential. The β threshold for the onset of the instability is found to be generally downshifted by the inclusion of trapped electrons. A scan in the aspect ratio of the tokamak configuration, from medium to large but finite values, clearly indicates a significant destabilizing contribution from trapped electrons at small aspect ratio, with a diminishing role at larger aspect ratios. 5. Drift-wave fluctuation in an inviscid tokamak plasma NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yang, Jian-Rong; Mao, Jie-Jian; Tang, Xiao-Yan 2013-11-01 In order to describe the characterization of resistive drift-wave fluctuation in a tokamak plasma, a coupled inviscid two-dimensional Hasegawa—Wakatani model is investigated. Two groups of new analytic solutions with and without phase shift between the fluctuant density and the fluctuant potential are obtained by using the special function transformation method. It is demonstrated that the fluctuant potential shares similar spatio—temporal variations with the density. It is found from the solutions without phase shift that the effect of the diffusion and adiabaticity on the fluctuant density is quite complex, and that the fluctuation may be controlled through the adiabaticity and diffusion. By using the typical parameters in the quasi-adiabatic regime in the solutions with phase shift, it is shown that the density gradient becomes larger as the contours become dense toward the plasma edge and the contours have irregular structures, which reveal the nonuniform distribution in the tokamak edge. 6. Recent Progress of HT-7U Superconducting Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Weng, Pei-de 2002-12-01 HT-7U is a superconducting tokamak, which is being constructed in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The mission of the HT-7U project is to develop a scientific and engineering basis of the steady state operation of advanced tokamak. The engineering design of the device has been optimized. The R&D program is going on. Short samples of the conductor and a CS model coil were tested. All the TF and PF coils will be manufactured and tested in Institute of Plasma Physics. Therefore, a 600-meter long jacketing line for cable-in-conduit conductors along with two winding machines, a set of VPI equipment and a test facility for the TF and PF coils are ready in ASIPP now. In this paper, the recent progress of the HT-7U is described. 7. Commissioning of heating neutral beams for COMPASS-D tokamak SciTech Connect Deichuli, P.; Davydenko, V.; Belov, V.; Gorbovsky, A.; Dranichnikov, A.; Ivanov, A.; Sorokin, A.; Mishagin, V.; Abdrashitov, A.; Kolmogorov, V.; Kondakov, A. 2012-02-15 Two neutral beam injectors have been developed for plasma heating on COMPASS-D tokamak (Institute of Plasma Physics, Prague). The 4-electrodes multihole ion-optical system with beam focusing was chosen to provide the low divergence 300 kW power in both deuterium and hydrogen atoms. The accelerating voltage is 40 kV at extracted ion current up to 15 A. The power supply system provides the continuous and modulated mode of the beam injection at a maximal pulse length 300 ms. The optimal arrangement of the cryopanels and the beam duct elements provides sufficiently short-length beamline which reduces the beam losses. The evolution of the impurities and molecular fraction content is studied in the process of the high voltage conditioning of the newly made ion sources. Two injectors of the same type have been successfully tested and are ready for operation at tokamak in IPP, Prague. 8. Testing of low Z coated limiters in tokamak fusion devices SciTech Connect Whitely, J.B.; Mullendore, A.W.; Langley, R.A. 1980-01-01 Extensive testing on a laboratory scale has been used to select those coatings most suitable for this environment. From this testing which included pulsed electron beam heating, low energy ion bombardment and arcing, chemical vapor deposited coating of TiB/sub 2/ and TiC on Poco graphite substrates have been selected and tested as limiters in ISX. Both limiter materials gave clean, stable, reproducible tokamak discharges the first day of operation. After one weeks exposure, the TiC limiter showed only superficial damage with no coating failure. The TiB/sub 2/ limiter had some small areas of coating failure. TiC coated graphite limiters have also been briefly tested in the tokamaks Alcator and PDX with favorable results. 9. Development of magnetohydrodynamic modes during sawteeth in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Firpo, M.-C.; Ettoumi, W.; Farengo, R.; Ferrari, H. E.; García-Martínez, P. L.; Lifschitz, A. F. 2013-07-15 A dynamical analysis applied to a reduced resistive magnetohydrodynamics model is shown to explain the chronology of the nonlinear destabilization of modes observed in tokamak sawteeth. A special emphasis is put on the nonlinear self-consistent perturbation of the axisymmetric m = n = 0 mode that manifests through the q-profile evolution. For the very low fusion-relevant resistivity values, the q-profile is shown to remain almost unchanged on the early nonlinear timescale within the central tokamak region, which supports a partial reconnection scenario. Within the resistive region, indications for a local flattening or even a local reversed-shear of the q-profile are given. The impact of this ingredient in the occurrence of the sawtooth crash is discussed. 10. The application of diagnostic equipment in the Tokamak fusion reaction NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zhang, Bang-shuai; Chang, Jun; Gong, Xian-zu; Gan, Jia-fu; Feng, Shu-long 2011-11-01 This paper introduces the infrared optical system in the Tokamak fusion reaction device. In this optical system, the traditional optical structure can't meet the requirements, because the length of the infrared optical system in the Tokamak is very long. The design of optical system in the detection facility includes three parts:1.the combination of the concave aspheric mirror and flat mirror; 2.the Cassegrain system; 3.the relay group lenses. This paper describes the decrease of the modulation transfer function (MTF) when the temperature changes and how to compensate the decrease of the MTF in order to maintain the image quality in a high level. As a result, the image quality of this optical system can reach the requirements when the temperature changes. 11. Comparison of a radial fractional transport model with tokamak experiments SciTech Connect Kullberg, A. Morales, G. J.; Maggs, J. E. 2014-03-15 A radial fractional transport model [Kullberg et al., Phys. Rev. E 87, 052115 (2013)], that correctly incorporates the geometric effects of the domain near the origin and removes the singular behavior at the outer boundary, is compared to results of off-axis heating experiments performed in the Rijnhuizen Tokamak Project (RTP), ASDEX Upgrade, JET, and DIII-D tokamak devices. This comparative study provides an initial assessment of the presence of fractional transport phenomena in magnetic confinement experiments. It is found that the nonlocal radial model is robust in describing the steady-state temperature profiles from RTP, but for the propagation of heat waves in ASDEX Upgrade, JET, and DIII-D the model is not clearly superior to predictions based on Fick's law. However, this comparative study does indicate that the order of the fractional derivative, α, is likely a function of radial position in the devices surveyed. 12. Microturbulence in DIII-D tokamak pedestal. I. Electrostatic instabilities SciTech Connect Fulton, D. P.; Holod, I.; Lin, Z.; Xiao, Y. 2014-04-15 Gyrokinetic simulations of electrostatic driftwave instabilities in a tokamak edge have been carried out to study the turbulent transport in the pedestal of an H-mode plasma. The simulations use annulus geometry and focus on two radial regions of a DIII-D experiment: the pedestal top with a mild pressure gradient and the middle of the pedestal with a steep pressure gradient. A reactive trapped electron instability with a typical ballooning mode structure is excited by trapped electrons in the pedestal top. In the middle of the pedestal, the electrostatic instability exhibits an unusual mode structure, which peaks at the poloidal angle θ=±π/2. The simulations find that this unusual mode structure is due to the steep pressure gradients in the pedestal but not due to the particular DIII-D magnetic geometry. Realistic DIII-D geometry appears to have a stabilizing effect on the instability when compared to a simple circular tokamak geometry. 13. Comparison of a radial fractional transport model with tokamak experiments NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kullberg, A.; Morales, G. J.; Maggs, J. E. 2014-03-01 A radial fractional transport model [Kullberg et al., Phys. Rev. E 87, 052115 (2013)], that correctly incorporates the geometric effects of the domain near the origin and removes the singular behavior at the outer boundary, is compared to results of off-axis heating experiments performed in the Rijnhuizen Tokamak Project (RTP), ASDEX Upgrade, JET, and DIII-D tokamak devices. This comparative study provides an initial assessment of the presence of fractional transport phenomena in magnetic confinement experiments. It is found that the nonlocal radial model is robust in describing the steady-state temperature profiles from RTP, but for the propagation of heat waves in ASDEX Upgrade, JET, and DIII-D the model is not clearly superior to predictions based on Fick's law. However, this comparative study does indicate that the order of the fractional derivative, α, is likely a function of radial position in the devices surveyed. 14. Equilibrium analysis of tokamak discharges with toroidal variation SciTech Connect Zwingmann, W.; Becoulet, M.; Moreau, Ph.; Nardon, E. 2006-11-30 Tokamaks provide a field structure that is almost axisymmetric around the torus axis. There are however always small toroidal variations due to the limited number of toroidal field coils, the magnetic field ripple. On the other hand, non-axisymmetric external fields are applied on purpose to ergodise the field structure close to the separatrix, to control the heat and particle transport across the plasma boundary. We present a perturbation method to calculate the magnetic field of tokamak discharges with with weak toroidal variation. The method is applied for the equilibrium reconstruction of Tore Supra discharges with toroidal ripple. The perturbation method does not rely on a flux surface representation and can therefore be applied to structures with magnetic islands. We obtain the plasma response to the field of ergodising external coils, as proposed for the ITER device. 15. Investigation of tokamak solid divertor target options. Final report SciTech Connect McMurray, J.M. 1981-05-26 Analysis of survival constraints on the design of solid targets for tokamak bundle divertors is presented. Previous target design efforts are reviewed. Considerations of heat removal, surface erosion, and fatigue life are included in a generalized design window methodology which facilitates target selection. Using subcooled water as coolant, eight possible target materials are evaluated for use in tubular and plate targets as substrates, coatings, and claddings. Subject to the severe environment of the tokamak plasma, the most promising conventional designs are identified. A thermally bonded, mechanically unbonded laminated design is proposed and evaluated as a target design well suited to the divertor target environment. Due to fatigue and sputtering erosion this configuration has limited life, but appears to constitute an upper bound for the capabilities of a solid target design. Needs for experimental work are identified. 16. Pseudo-MHD ballooning modes in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Callen, J.D.; Hegna, C.C. 1996-08-01 The MHD description of a plasma is extended to allow electrons to have both fluid-like and adiabatic-regime responses within an instability eigenmode. In the resultant {open_quotes}pseudo-MHD{close_quotes} model, magnetic field line bending is reduced in the adiabatic electron regime. This makes possible a new class of ballooning-type, long parallel extent, MHD-like instabilities in tokamak plasmas for {alpha} > s{sup 2}(2 {sup 7/3}/9) (r{sub p}/R{sub 0}) or-d{radical}{Beta}/dr > (2{sup 1/6} /3)(s/ R{sub 0q}), which is well below the ideal-MHD stability boundary. The marginally stable pressure profile is similar in both magnitude and shape to that observed in ohmically heated tokamak plasmas. 17. Tokamak Plasma Flows Induced by Local RF Forces NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Chen, Jiale; Gao, Zhe 2015-10-01 The tokamak plasma flows induced by the local radio frequency (RF) forces in the core region are analyzed. The effective components of local RF forces are composed of the momentum absorption term and the resonant parallel momentum transport term (i.e. the parallel component of the resonant ponderomotive forces). Different momentum balance relations are employed to calculate the plasma flows depending on different assumptions of momentum transport. With the RF fields solved from RF simulation codes, the toroidal and poloidal flows by these forces under the lower hybrid current drive and the mode conversion ion cyclotron resonance heating on EAST-like plasmas are evaluated. supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11405218, 11325524, 11375235 and 11261140327), in part by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China (Nos. 2013GB111002, 2013GB112001 and 2013GB112010), and the Program of Fusion Reactor Physics and Digital Tokamak with the CAS “One-Three-Five” Strategic Planning 18. Electron Transport by Radio Frequency Waves in Tokamak Plasmas SciTech Connect Ram, A. K.; Kominis, Y.; Hizanidis, K. 2009-11-26 A relativistic kinetic description for momentum and spatial diffusion of electrons by radio frequency (RF) waves and non-axisymmetric magnetic field perturbations in a tokamak is formulated. The Lie perturbation technique is used to obtain a non-singular, time dependent evolution equation for resonant and non-resonant electron diffusion in momentum space and diffusion in configuration space. The kinetic equation for the electron distribution function is different from the usual quasilinear equations as it includes interactions that are non-Markovian. It is suitable for studying wave-particle interaction in present tokamaks and in ITER. A primary goal of RF waves, and, in particular, of electron cyclotron waves, in ITER is to control instabilities like the neoclassical tearing mode (NTM). Non-axisymmetric effects due to NTMs are included in the kinetic formalism. 19. Estimation of Electron Temperature on Glass Spherical Tokamak (GLAST) NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hussain, S.; Sadiq, M.; Shah, S. I. W.; GLAST Team 2015-03-01 Glass Spherical Tokamak (GLAST) is a small spherical tokamak indigenously developed in Pakistan with an insulating vacuum vessel. A commercially available 2.45 GHz magnetron is used as pre-ionization source for plasma current startup. Different diagnostic systems like Rogowski coils, magnetic probes, flux loops, Langmuir probe, fast imaging and emission spectroscopy are installed on the device. The plasma temperature inside of GLAST, at the time of maxima of plasma current, is estimated by taking into account the Spitzer resistivity calculations with some experimentally determined plasma parameters. The plasma resistance is calculated by using Ohm's law with plasma current and loop voltage as experimentally determined inputs. The plasma resistivity is then determined by using length and area of the plasma column. Finally, the average plasma electron temperature is predicted to be 12.65eV for taking neon (Ne) as a working gas. 20. Development of magnetohydrodynamic modes during sawteeth in tokamak plasmas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Firpo, M.-C.; Ettoumi, W.; Farengo, R.; Ferrari, H. E.; García-Martínez, P. L.; Lifschitz, A. F. 2013-07-01 A dynamical analysis applied to a reduced resistive magnetohydrodynamics model is shown to explain the chronology of the nonlinear destabilization of modes observed in tokamak sawteeth. A special emphasis is put on the nonlinear self-consistent perturbation of the axisymmetric m = n = 0 mode that manifests through the q-profile evolution. For the very low fusion-relevant resistivity values, the q-profile is shown to remain almost unchanged on the early nonlinear timescale within the central tokamak region, which supports a partial reconnection scenario. Within the resistive region, indications for a local flattening or even a local reversed-shear of the q-profile are given. The impact of this ingredient in the occurrence of the sawtooth crash is discussed. 1. The Multiple Gyrotron System on the DIII-D Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lohr, John; Cengher, Mirela; Doane, John L.; Gorelov, Yuri A.; Moeller, Charles P.; Ponce, Dan; Prater, Ron 2011-03-01 The electron cyclotron heating and current drive complex on the DIII-D tokamak presently comprises six gyrotrons injecting rf power from the low field side at 110 GHz, the 2 f ce resonance at the center of the vacuum chamber. Typical injected rf power is 600-650 kW per gyrotron. The launched rf can be directed over ±20° toroidally to create both co- and counter-current drive and scanned over 40° poloidally to permit the injected rf beams to intersect, and be absorbed at, the second harmonic resonance anywhere in the tokamak upper half plane. The elliptical polarization is controlled so that the desired extraordinary or ordinary modes are excited for any injection geometry. The maximum injected energy on a single plasma shot has been 16.6 MJ for six gyrotrons injecting a total of 3.4 MW for 5 seconds. 2. A moving finite element model of the tokamak scrapeoff layer SciTech Connect Glasser, A.H.; Kuprat, A.P. 1993-10-01 Most numerical simulations of the tokamak scrapeoff layer use a mapping to flux coordinates and a piecewise equidistributed grid in those coordinates to resolve the multiple length scales and anisotropy characteristic of this problem. We have developed an alternative numerical method using simple cylindrical coordinates with a complex adaptive grid scheme. It is based on an understructured grid of traingles which move adaptively, aligning themselves with the magnetic field and concentrating in regions of sharp gradients. 3. Tokamak Startup Using Point-Source dc Helicity Injection SciTech Connect Battaglia, D. J.; Bongard, M. W.; Fonck, R. J.; Redd, A. J.; Sontag, A. C. 2009-06-05 Startup of a 0.1 MA tokamak plasma is demonstrated on the ultralow aspect ratio Pegasus Toroidal Experiment using three localized, high-current density sources mounted near the outboard midplane. The injected open field current relaxes via helicity-conserving magnetic turbulence into a tokamaklike magnetic topology where the maximum sustained plasma current is determined by helicity balance and the requirements for magnetic relaxation. 4. Tokamak startup using point-source dc helicity injection. PubMed Battaglia, D J; Bongard, M W; Fonck, R J; Redd, A J; Sontag, A C 2009-06-01 Startup of a 0.1 MA tokamak plasma is demonstrated on the ultralow aspect ratio Pegasus Toroidal Experiment using three localized, high-current density sources mounted near the outboard midplane. The injected open field current relaxes via helicity-conserving magnetic turbulence into a tokamaklike magnetic topology where the maximum sustained plasma current is determined by helicity balance and the requirements for magnetic relaxation. PMID:19658871 5. Drift-Wave Instabilities and Transport in Non - Tokamak Geometry NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hua, Daniel Duc Motivated by experimental scaling laws that suggest an improvement in the confinement time of fusion plasmas in tokamaks with elongated cross section, we search theoretically for favorable dependence on elongation for drift-wave instabilities, which may be responsible for anomalous transport in tokamaks. First, using thermodynamic methods, we derive upper bounds on thermal diffusivities for drift-wave instabilities in tokamaks but find no elongation dependence to lowest order. Also, compared with experimentally inferred ion thermal diffusivities from the DIIID tokamak, the thermodynamic bounds are as much as 100 times bigger in the plasma core. Second, utilizing a simulation code to calculate linear growth rates, we obtain mixing-length estimates of ion thermal diffusivities for a specific drift wave, the ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) mode, which becomes unstable only if the temperature gradient exceeds a finite threshold value (whereas the thermodynamic constraints allow instability for any value). We find that the simulation growth rates and the diffusivities estimated from them do decrease for increasing elongation, due to finite Larmor radius effects (which do not explicitly appear in the thermodynamic constraints). Compared with the experimentally inferred diffusivities, the simulation diffusivities are similar near the edge but are 10 times bigger in the core. However, a small adjustment in the temperature profile, within experimental and theoretical uncertainties, would produce good agreement everywhere. Therefore, we suggest that for the DIIID experiments studied, the plasma is actually very close to the ITG instability threshold in the core and farther away from threshold near the edge, but not far enough to induce the full thermodynamic level of diffusivities. This conjecture is supported by model transport calculations that reproduce the experimental diffusivity profile fairly well. 6. Viscous damping of toroidal angular momentum in tokamaks SciTech Connect Stacey, W. M. 2014-09-15 The Braginskii viscous stress tensor formalism was generalized to accommodate non-axisymmetric 3D magnetic fields in general toroidal flux surface geometry in order to provide a representation for the viscous damping of toroidal rotation in tokamaks arising from various “neoclassical toroidal viscosity” mechanisms. In the process, it was verified that the parallel viscosity contribution to damping toroidal angular momentum still vanishes even in the presence of toroidal asymmetries, unless there are 3D radial magnetic fields. 7. Stochastic Acceleration of Dust Particles in Tokamak Edge Plasmas SciTech Connect Marmolino, C.; De Angelis, U.; Ivlev, A. V.; Morfill, G. E. 2008-10-15 Stochastic heating of dust particles resulting from dust charge fluctuations is considered in the conditions of the scrape-off-layer (SOL) in tokamak plasmas. It is shown that kinetic energies corresponding to velocities of {approx_equal}Km/s can be reached in times of order {approx_equal}1 ms by micron-size dust particles interacting with a background of stochastically heated nano-size dust particles. 8. Problems with the concept of plasma equilibrium in tokamaks SciTech Connect Carreras, B.A. 1992-06-01 The equilibrium condition for a magnetically confined plasma in normally formulated in terms of macroscopic equations. In these equations, the plasma pressure is assumed to be a function of the magnetic flux with continuous derivatives. However, in three- dimensional systems this is not necessarily the case. Here, we look at the case of an intrinsically three-dimensional realistic tokamak, and we discuss the possible interconnection between the equilibrium and anomalous transport. 9. Momentum Injection in Tokamak Plasmas and Transitions to Reduced Transport SciTech Connect Parra, F. I.; Highcock, E. G.; Schekochihin, A. A.; Barnes, M. 2011-03-18 The effect of momentum injection on the temperature gradient in tokamak plasmas is studied. A plausible scenario for transitions to reduced transport regimes is proposed. The transition happens when there is sufficient momentum input so that the velocity shear can suppress or reduce the turbulence. However, it is possible to drive too much velocity shear and rekindle the turbulent transport. The optimal level of momentum injection is determined. The reduction in transport is maximized in the regions of low or zero magnetic shear. 10. Design of geometric phase measurement in EAST Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lan, T.; Liu, H. Q.; Liu, J.; Jie, Y. X.; Wang, Y. L.; Gao, X.; Qin, H. 2016-07-01 The optimum scheme for geometric phase measurement in EAST Tokamak is proposed in this paper. The theoretical values of geometric phase for the probe beams of EAST Polarimeter-Interferometer (POINT) system are calculated by path integration in parameter space. Meanwhile, the influences of some controllable parameters on geometric phase are evaluated. The feasibility and challenge of distinguishing geometric effect in the POINT signal are also assessed in detail. 11. Anatomy of a disruption in MTX (Microwave Tokamak Experiment) SciTech Connect Hooper, E.B.; Casper, T.A.; Lasnier, C.J.; Makowski, M.A.; Meyer, W.H.; Moller, J.M.; Oasa, K.; Rice, B.W.; Wood, R.D. 1990-10-15 Disruptions are observed in the Microwave Tokamak Experiment, MTX (nee Alcator C), over a wide range of plasma parameters. Indeed, disruptions often occur far from the boundaries of the operating space as defined by Hugill and l{sub i}-q plots. Despite this, the general behavior during the disruptive process is generally similar whatever the operating parameters. This report will describe one disruption in detail in order to provide a detailed anatomy of the event. 12. Thermally excited proton spin-flip laser emission in tokamaks SciTech Connect Arunasalam, V.; Greene, G.J. 1993-07-01 Based on statistical thermodynamic fluctuation arguments, it is shown here for the first time that thermally excited spin-flip laser emission from the fusion product protons can occur in large tokamak devices that are entering the reactor regime of operation. Existing experimental data from TFTR supports this conjecture, in the sense that these measurements are in complete agreement with the predictions of the quasilinear theory of the spin-flip laser. 13. FEM (Free Electron Maser) for tokamak: Final report SciTech Connect Not Available 1987-01-01 This paper studies the feasibility of a microwave source for heating a tokamak reactor. The free electron maser (FEM) shows great promise for being this source. The topics covered in this paper are microwave generation with FEM, efficiency enhancement, parameter scaling, space charge scaling, beam energy spread and efficiency scaling, electron beam line with energy recovery, achromatic bend, multi-stage depressed voltage electron beam collector, and development plans. 12 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs. (LSP) 14. Edge Plasma Studies and Related Diagnostics on CASTOR Tokamak SciTech Connect Hron, M.; Stockel, J.; Duran, I.; Panek, R.; Adamek, J.; Weinzettl, V. 2006-12-04 In this contribution, two sets of measurements using a full poloidal array of Langmuir probes in the scrape-off layer of the CASTOR tokamak are described. First, results obtained with edge plasma biasing show creation of convective cells that cause radial transport due to ExB drift. Next, the analysis of the turbulence behaviour in standard ohmic discharges shows the presence of a spatially periodical mode with mode number equal to the edge safety factor q. 15. Key Aspects of EBW Heating and Current Drive in Tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Urban, Jakub; Decker, Joan; Preinhaelter, Josef; Taylor, Gary; Vahala, Linda; Vahala, George 2010-11-01 Electron Bernstein wave (EBW) heating and current drive is modeled by coupled mode conversion, ray-tracing (AMR) and Fokker-Planck (LUKE) codes. Deposition and current drive profiles are determined for EBW with various injection parameters under realistic spherical tokamak conditions. There parameters are varied to investigate the robustness of the applied scenarios. The importance of relativistic corrections to EBW absorption is considered. The differences between various relativistic models are explored. 16. UCLA program in reactor studies: The ARIES tokamak reactor study SciTech Connect Not Available 1991-01-01 The ARIES research program is a multi-institutional effort to develop several visions of tokamak reactors with enhanced economic, safety, and environmental features. The aims are to determine the potential economics, safety, and environmental features of a range of possible tokamak reactors, and to identify physics and technology areas with the highest leverage for achieving the best tokamak reactor. Four ARIES visions are currently planned for the ARIES program. The ARIES-1 design is a DT-burning reactor based on modest'' extrapolations from the present tokamak physics database and relies on either existing technology or technology for which trends are already in place, often in programs outside fusion. ARIES-2 and ARIES-4 are DT-burning reactors which will employ potential advances in physics. The ARIES-2 and ARIES-4 designs employ the same plasma core but have two distinct fusion power core designs; ARIES-2 utilize the lithium as the coolant and breeder and vanadium alloys as the structural material while ARIES-4 utilizes helium is the coolant, solid tritium breeders, and SiC composite as the structural material. Lastly, the ARIES-3 is a conceptual D-{sup 3}He reactor. During the period Dec. 1, 1990 to Nov. 31, 1991, most of the ARIES activity has been directed toward completing the technical work for the ARIES-3 design and documenting the results and findings. We have also completed the documentation for the ARIES-1 design and presented the results in various meetings and conferences. During the last quarter, we have initiated the scoping phase for ARIES-2 and ARIES-4 designs. 17. Advanced Tokamak Plasmas in the Fusion Ignition Research Experiment SciTech Connect C.E. Kessel; D. Meade; D.W. Swain; P. Titus; M.A. Ulrickson 2003-10-13 The Advanced Tokamak (AT) capability of the Fusion Ignition Research Experiment (FIRE) burning plasma experiment is examined with 0-D systems analysis, equilibrium and ideal-MHD stability, radio-frequency current-drive analysis, and full discharge dynamic simulations. These analyses have identified the required parameters for attractive burning AT plasmas, and indicate that these are feasible within the engineering constraints of the device. 18. Mode Analysis with Autocorrelation Method (Single Time Series) in Tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Saadat, Shervin; Salem, Mohammad K.; Goranneviss, Mahmoud; Khorshid, Pejman 2010-08-01 In this paper plasma mode analyzed with statistical method that designated Autocorrelation function. Auto correlation function used from one time series, so for this purpose we need one Minov coil. After autocorrelation analysis on mirnov coil data, spectral density diagram is plotted. Spectral density diagram from symmetries and trends can analyzed plasma mode. RHF fields effects with this method ate investigated in IR-T1 tokamak and results corresponded with multichannel methods such as SVD and FFT. 19. Pulsed reflectometry experiments in T-11M tokamak: Preliminary results SciTech Connect Shevchenko, V.F.; Petrov, A.A.; Petrov, V.G.; Chaplygin, Yu.A. 1994-12-31 A pulsed radar-reflectometer (PRR) having a 32.1-GHz probing wavelength was developed within the framework of the T-14 program to study global displacements of the plasma column and to conduct routine measurements of electron-density profile at all stages of T-14 discharge. The first experimental results obtained on the T-11M tokamak with the single-frequency PRR are presented. 4 refs., 3 figs. 20. Non-Axisymmetric Shaping of Tokamaks Preserving Quasi-Axisymmetry SciTech Connect Long-Poe Ku and Allen H. Boozer 2009-06-05 If quasi-axisymmetry is preserved, non-axisymmetric shaping can be used to design tokamaks that do not require current drive, are resilient to disruptions, and have robust plasma stability without feedback. Suggestions for addressing the critical issues of tokamaks can only be validated when presented with sufficient specificity that validating experiments can be designed. The purpose of this paper is provide that specificity for non-axisymmetric shaping. To our knowledge, no other suggestions for the solution of a number of tokamak issues, such as disruptions, have reached this level of specificity. Sequences of three-field-period quasi-axisymmetric plasmas are studied. These sequences address the questions: (1) What can be achieved at various levels of non-axisymmetric shaping? (2) What simplifications to the coils can be achieved by going to a larger aspect ratio? (3) What range of shaping can be achieved in a single experimental facility? The sequences of plasmas found in this study provide a set of interesting and potentially important configurations. 1. Operation of a tokamak reactor in the radiative improved mode NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Morozov, D. Kh.; Mavrin, A. A. 2016-03-01 The operation of a nuclear fusion reactor has been simulated within a model based on experimental results obtained at the TEXTOR-94 tokamak and other facilities in which quasistationary regimes were achieved with long confinement times, high densities, and absence of the edge-localized mode. The radiative improved mode of confinement studied in detail at the TEXTOR-94 tokamak is the most interesting such regime. One of the most important problems of modern tokamaks is the problem of a very high thermal load on a divertor (or a limiter). This problem is quite easily solved in the radiative improved mode. Since a significant fraction of the thermal energy is reemitted by an impurity, the thermal loading is significantly reduced. As the energy confinement time τ E at high densities in the indicated mode is significantly larger than the time predicted by the scaling of ITERH-98P(y, 2), ignition can be achieved in a facility much smaller than the ITER facility at plasma temperatures below 20 keV. The revealed decrease in the degradation of the confinement time τ E with an increase in the introduced power has been analyzed. 2. Global electromagnetic simulations of tokamak scrape-off layer turbulence NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Halpern, Federico; Ricci, Paolo; Jolliet, Sebastien; Loizu, Joaquim; Mosetto, Annamaria 2013-10-01 We discuss recent studies addressing the properties of tokamak SOL turbulence using a global, electromagnetic, fluid drift-reduced Braginskii model. Non-linear simulations are carried out using the Global Braginskii Solver (GBS) code, which is capable of carrying out self-consistent, global three-dimensional simulations of the plasma dynamics in the tokamak SOL. The simulations involve plasma profile formation in the SOL as a power balance between plasma flux from the core, the turbulent radial transport, and the losses at the plasma sheath where the magnetic field lines intersect with the vessel. A gradual approach in increasing complexity has made possible (a) to determine the dominant instabilities driving the SOL turbulence, (b) to identify the mechanisms that saturate the growth of the linear modes and therefore regulate the level of radial transport, and (c) to study the role of electromagnetic effects in enhanced transport regimes. The non-linear dynamics revealed by the simulations agree with the analytical estimates that have been carried out. A scaling for the SOL width in circular limited plasmas has been derived and compared against experimental data from several tokamaks. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation 3. Preconceptual design and assessment of a Tokamak Hybrid Reactor SciTech Connect Teofilo, V.L.; Leonard, B.R. Jr.; Aase, D.T. 1980-09-01 The preconceptual design of a commercial Tokamak Hybrid Reactor (THR) power plant has been performed. The tokamak fusion driver for this hybrid is operated in the ignition mode. The D-T fusion plasma, which produces 1140 MW of power, has a major radius of 5.4 m and a minor radius of 1.0 m with an elongation of 2.0. Double null poloidal divertors are assumed for impurity control. The confining toroidal field is maintained by D-shaped Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting magnets with a maximum field of 12T at the coil. Three blankets with four associated fuel cycle alternatives have been combined with the ignited tokamak fusion driver. The engineering, material, and balance of plant design requirements for the THR are briefly described. Estimates of the capital, operating and maintenance, and fuel cycle costs have been made for the various driver/blanket combinations and an assessment of the market penetrability of hybrid systems is presented. An analysis has been made of the nonproliferation aspects of the hybrid and its associated fuel cycles relative to fission reactors. The current and required level of technology for both the fusion and fission components of the hybrid system has been reviewed. Licensing hybrid systems is also considered. 4. Performance Projections For The Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX) SciTech Connect Majeski, R.; Berzak, L.; Gray, T.; Kaita, R.; Kozub, T.; Levinton, F.; Lundberg, D. P.; Manickam, J.; Pereverzev, G. V.; Snieckus, K.; Soukhanovskii, V.; Spaleta, J.; Stotler, D.; Strickler, T.; Timberlake, J.; Yoo, J.; Zakharov, L. 2009-06-17 Use of a large-area liquid lithium limiter in the CDX-U tokamak produced the largest relative increase (an enhancement factor of 5-10) in Ohmic tokamak confinement ever observed. The confinement results from CDX-U do not agree with existing scaling laws, and cannot easily be projected to the new lithium tokamak experiment (LTX). Numerical simulations of CDX-U low recycling discharges have now been performed with the ASTRA-ESC code with a special reference transport model suitable for a diffusion-based confinement regime, incorporating boundary conditions for nonrecycling walls, with fuelling via edge gas puffing. This model has been successful at reproducing the experimental values of the energy confinement (4-6 ms), loop voltage (<0.5 V), and density for a typical CDX-U lithium discharge. The same transport model has also been used to project the performance of the LTX, in Ohmic operation, or with modest neutral beam injection (NBI). NBI in LTX, with a low recycling wall of liquid lithium, is predicted to result in core electron and ion temperatures of 1-2 keV, and energy confinement times in excess of 50 ms. Finally, the unique design features of LTX are summarized. 5. Preconceptual design and assessment of a Tokamak hybrid reactor NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Teofilo, V. L.; Leonard, B. R., Jr.; Aase, D. T.; Bickford, W. E.; McCormick, N. J.; McGrath, R. T.; Morrison, J. E.; Perry, R. T.; Schulte, S. C.; Willingham, C. E. 1980-09-01 The preconceptual design of a commercial Tokamak Hybrid Reactor (THR) power plant was performed. The Tokamak fusion driver for this hybrid is operated in the ignition mode. The D-T fusion plasma, which produces 1140 MW of power, has a major radius of 5.4 m and a minor radius of 1.0 m with an elongation of 2.0. Double null poloidal divertors are assumed for impurity control. The confining toroidal field is maintained by D-shaped Nb3Sn superconducting magnets with a maximum field of 12T at the coil. Three blankets with four associated fuel cycle alternatives have been combined with the ignited Tokamak fusion driver. The engineering, material, and balance of plant design requirements for the THR are briefly described. Estimates of the capital, operating and maintenance, and fuel cycle costs were made for the various driver/blanket combinations and an assessment of the market penetrability of hybrid systems is presented. An analysis was made of the nonproliferation aspects of the hybrid and its associated fuel cycles relative to fission reactors. The current and required level of technology for both the fusion and fission components of the hybrid system has been reviewed. Licensing hybrid systems is also considered. 6. Dust-Particle Transport in Tokamak Edge Plasmas SciTech Connect Pigarov, A Y; Krasheninnikov, S I; Soboleva, T K; Rognlien, T D 2005-09-12 Dust particulates in the size range of 10nm-100{micro}m are found in all fusion devices. Such dust can be generated during tokamak operation due to strong plasma/material-surface interactions. Some recent experiments and theoretical estimates indicate that dust particles can provide an important source of impurities in the tokamak plasma. Moreover, dust can be a serious threat to the safety of next-step fusion devices. In this paper, recent experimental observations on dust in fusion devices are reviewed. A physical model for dust transport simulation, and a newly developed code DUSTT, are discussed. The DUSTT code incorporates both dust dynamics due to comprehensive dust-plasma interactions as well as the effects of dust heating, charging, and evaporation. The code tracks test dust particles in realistic plasma backgrounds as provided by edge-plasma transport codes. Results are presented for dust transport in current and next-step tokamaks. The effect of dust on divertor plasma profiles and core plasma contamination is examined. 7. Triangularity effects on the collisional diffusion for elliptic tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Martín, Pablo; Castro, Enrique 2015-09-01 The effect of ellipticity and triangularity will be analyzed for axisymmetric tokamak in the collisional regime. Analytic forms for the magnetic field cross sections are taken from those derived recently by other authors. Analytic results can be obtained in elliptic plasmas with triangularity by using an special system of tokamak coordinates previously published. Our results show that triangularities smaller than 0.6 increase confinement for ellipticities in the range 1.2-2. This behavior happens for negative and positive triangularities, however this effect is stronger for negative than for positive triangularities. The maximum diffusion velocity is not obtained for zero triangularity, but for small negative triangularities. Ellipticity is also very important in confinement, but the effect of triangularity seems to be more important. High electric inductive fields increase confinement, though this field is difficult to modify once the tokamak has been built. The analytic form of the current produced by this field is like that of a weak Ware pinch with an additional factor, which weakens the effect by an order of magnitude. The dependence of the triangularity effect with the Shafranov shift is also analyzed. 8. The design of the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Schmidt, J. A.; Thomassen, K. I.; Goldston, R. J.; Neilson, G. H.; Nevins, W. M.; Sinnis, J. C.; Andersen, P.; Bair, W.; Barr, W. L.; Batchelor, D. B.; Baxi, C.; Berg, G.; Bernabei, S.; Bialek, J. M.; Bonoli, P. T.; Boozer, A.; Bowers, D.; Bronner, G.; Brooks, J. N.; Brown, T. G.; Bulmer, R.; Butner, D.; Campbell, R.; Casper, T.; Chaniotakis, E.; Chaplin, M.; Chen, S. J.; Chin, E.; Chrzanowski, J.; Citrolo, J.; Cole, M. J.; Dahlgren, F.; Davis, F. C.; Davis, J.; Davis, S.; Diatchenko, N.; Dinkevich, S.; Feldshteyn, Y.; Felker, B.; Feng, T.; Fenstermacher, M. E.; Fleming, R.; Fogarty, P. J.; Fragetta, W.; Fredd, E.; Gabler, M.; Galambos, J.; Gohar, Y.; Goranson, P. L.; Greenough, N.; Grisham, L. R.; Haines, J.; Haney, S.; Hassenzahl, W.; Heim, J.; Heitzenroeder, P. J.; Hill, D. N.; Hodapp, T.; Houlberg, W. A.; Hubbard, A.; Hyatt, A.; Jackson, M.; Jaeger, E. F.; Jardin, S. C.; Johnson, J.; Jones, G. H.; Juliano, D. R.; Junge, R.; Kalish, M.; Kessel, C. E.; Knutson, D.; LaHaye, R. J.; Lang, D. D.; Langley, R. A.; Liew, S.-L.; Lu, E.; Mantz, H.; Manickam, J.; Mau, T. K.; Medley, S.; Mikkelsen, D. R.; Miller, R.; Monticello, D.; Morgan, D.; Moroz, P.; Motloch, C.; Mueller, J.; Myatt, L.; Nelson, B. E.; Neumeyer, C. L.; Nilson, D.; O'Conner, T.; Pearlstein, L. D.; Peebles, W. A.; Pelovitz, M.; Perkins, F. W.; Perkins, L. J.; Petersen, D.; Pillsbury, R.; Politzer, P. A.; Pomphrey, N.; Porkolab, M.; Posey, A.; Radovinsky, A.; Raftopoulis, S.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Ramos, J.; Rauch, W.; Ravenscroft, D.; Redler, K.; Reiersen, W. T.; Reiman, A.; Reis, E.; Rewoldt, G.; Richards, D. J.; Rocco, R.; Rognlien, T. D.; Ruzic, D.; Sabbagh, S.; Sapp, J.; Sayer, R. O.; Scharer, J. E.; Schmitz, L.; Schnitz, J.; Sevier, L.; Shipley, S. E.; Simmons, R. T.; Slack, D.; Smith, G. R.; Stambaugh, R.; Steill, G.; Stevenson, T.; Stoenescu, S.; Onge, K. T. St.; Stotler, D. P.; Strait, T.; Strickler, D. J.; Swain, D. W.; Tang, W.; Tuszewski, M.; Ulrickson, M. A.; VonHalle, A.; Walker, M. S.; Wang, C.; Wang, P.; Warren, J.; Werley, K. A.; West, W. P.; Williams, F.; Wong, R.; Wright, K.; Wurden, G. A.; Yugo, J. J.; Zakharov, L.; Zbasnik, J. 1993-09-01 The Tokamak Physics Experiment is designed to develop the scientific basis for a compact and continuously operating tokamak fusion reactor. It is based on an emerging class of tokamak operating modes, characterized by beta limits well in excess of the Troyon limit, confinement scaling well in excess of H-mode, and bootstrap current fractions approaching unity. Such modes are attainable through the use of advanced, steady state plasma controls including strong shaping, current profile control, and active particle recycling control. Key design features of the TPX are superconducting toroidal and poloidal field coils; actively-cooled plasma-facing components; a flexible heating and current drive system; and a spacious divertor for flexibility. Substantial deuterium plasma operation is made possible with an in-vessel remote maintenance system, a lowactivation titanium vacuum vessel, and shielding of ex-vessel components. The facility will be constructed as a national project with substantial participation by U.S. industry. Operation will begin with first plasma in the year 2000. 9. TOKAMAK EQUILIBRIA WITH CENTRAL CURRENT HOLES AND NEGATIVE CURRENT DRIVE SciTech Connect CHU, M.S.; PARKS, P.B. 2002-06-01 OAK B202 TOKAMAK EQUILIBRIA WITH CENTRAL CURRENT HOLES AND NEGATIVE CURRENT DRIVE. Several tokamak experiments have reported the development of a central region with vanishing currents (the current hole). Straightforward application of results from the work of Greene, Johnson and Weimer [Phys. Fluids, 3, 67 (1971)] on tokamak equilibrium to these plasmas leads to apparent singularities in several physical quantities including the Shafranov shift and casts doubts on the existence of this type of equilibria. In this paper, the above quoted equilibrium theory is re-examined and extended to include equilibria with a current hole. It is shown that singularities can be circumvented and that equilibria with a central current hole do satisfy the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium condition with regular behavior for all the physical quantities and do not lead to infinitely large Shafranov shifts. Isolated equilibria with negative current in the central region could exist. But equilibria with negative currents in general do not have neighboring equilibria and thus cannot have experimental realization, i.e. no negative currents can be driven in the central region. 10. Modeling of Anomalous Transport in Tokamaks with FACETS code NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Pankin, A. Y.; Batemann, G.; Kritz, A.; Rafiq, T.; Vadlamani, S.; Hakim, A.; Kruger, S.; Miah, M.; Rognlien, T. 2009-05-01 The FACETS code, a whole-device integrated modeling code that self-consistently computes plasma profiles for the plasma core and edge in tokamaks, has been recently developed as a part of the SciDAC project for core-edge simulations. A choice of transport models is available in FACETS through the FMCFM interface [1]. Transport models included in FMCFM have specific ranges of applicability, which can limit their use to parts of the plasma. In particular, the GLF23 transport model does not include the resistive ballooning effects that can be important in the tokamak pedestal region and GLF23 typically under-predicts the anomalous fluxes near the magnetic axis [2]. The TGLF and GYRO transport models have similar limitations [3]. A combination of transport models that covers the entire discharge domain is studied using FACETS in a realistic tokamak geometry. Effective diffusivities computed with the FMCFM transport models are extended to the region near the separatrix to be used in the UEDGE code within FACETS. 1. S. Vadlamani et al. (2009) %First time-dependent transport simulations using GYRO and NCLASS within FACETS (this meeting).2. T. Rafiq et al. (2009) %Simulation of electron thermal transport in H-mode discharges Submitted to Phys. Plasmas.3. C. Holland et al. (2008) %Validation of gyrokinetic transport simulations using %DIII-D core turbulence measurements Proc. of IAEA FEC (Switzerland, 2008) 11. High power heating of magnetic reconnection in merging tokamak experiments SciTech Connect Ono, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Gi, K.; Watanabe, T.; Ii, T.; Yamada, T.; Gryaznevich, M.; Scannell, R.; Conway, N.; Crowley, B.; Michael, C. 2015-05-15 Significant ion/electron heating of magnetic reconnection up to 1.2 keV was documented in two spherical tokamak plasma merging experiment on MAST with the significantly large Reynolds number R∼10{sup 5}. Measured 1D/2D contours of ion and electron temperatures reveal clearly energy-conversion mechanisms of magnetic reconnection: huge outflow heating of ions in the downstream and localized heating of electrons at the X-point. Ions are accelerated up to the order of poloidal Alfven speed in the reconnection outflow region and are thermalized by fast shock-like density pileups formed in the downstreams, in agreement with recent solar satellite observations and PIC simulation results. The magnetic reconnection efficiently converts the reconnecting (poloidal) magnetic energy mostly into ion thermal energy through the outflow, causing the reconnection heating energy proportional to square of the reconnecting (poloidal) magnetic field B{sub rec}{sup 2} ∼ B{sub p}{sup 2}. The guide toroidal field B{sub t} does not affect the bulk heating of ions and electrons, probably because the reconnection/outflow speeds are determined mostly by the external driven inflow by the help of another fast reconnection mechanism: intermittent sheet ejection. The localized electron heating at the X-point increases sharply with the guide toroidal field B{sub t}, probably because the toroidal field increases electron confinement and acceleration length along the X-line. 2D measurements of magnetic field and temperatures in the TS-3 tokamak merging experiment also reveal the detailed reconnection heating mechanisms mentioned above. The high-power heating of tokamak merging is useful not only for laboratory study of reconnection but also for economical startup and heating of tokamak plasmas. The MAST/TS-3 tokamak merging with B{sub p} > 0.4 T will enables us to heat the plasma to the alpha heating regime: T{sub i} > 5 keV without using any additional heating facility. 12. Probe diagnostics in the far scrape-off layer plasma of Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak using a sideband harmonic method NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kim, Dong-Hwan; Hong, Suk-Ho; Park, Il-Seo; Lee, Hyo-Chang; Kang, Hyun-Ju; Chung, Chin-Wook 2015-12-01 Plasma characteristics in the far scrape-off layer region of tokamak play a crucial role in the stable plasma operation and its sustainability. Due to the huge facility, electrical diagnostic systems to measure plasma properties have extremely long cable length resulting in large stray current. To overcome this problem, a sideband harmonic method was applied to the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak plasma. The sideband method allows the measurement of the electron temperature and the plasma density without the effect of the stray current. The measured plasma densities are compared with those from the interferometer, and the results show reliability of the method. 13. Probe diagnostics in the far scrape-off layer plasma of Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak using a sideband harmonic method. PubMed Kim, Dong-Hwan; Hong, Suk-Ho; Park, Il-Seo; Lee, Hyo-Chang; Kang, Hyun-Ju; Chung, Chin-Wook 2015-12-01 Plasma characteristics in the far scrape-off layer region of tokamak play a crucial role in the stable plasma operation and its sustainability. Due to the huge facility, electrical diagnostic systems to measure plasma properties have extremely long cable length resulting in large stray current. To overcome this problem, a sideband harmonic method was applied to the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak plasma. The sideband method allows the measurement of the electron temperature and the plasma density without the effect of the stray current. The measured plasma densities are compared with those from the interferometer, and the results show reliability of the method. PMID:26724028 14. Probe diagnostics in the far scrape-off layer plasma of Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak using a sideband harmonic method SciTech Connect Kim, Dong-Hwan; Hong, Suk-Ho; Park, Il-Seo; Lee, Hyo-Chang; Kang, Hyun-Ju; Chung, Chin-Wook 2015-12-15 Plasma characteristics in the far scrape-off layer region of tokamak play a crucial role in the stable plasma operation and its sustainability. Due to the huge facility, electrical diagnostic systems to measure plasma properties have extremely long cable length resulting in large stray current. To overcome this problem, a sideband harmonic method was applied to the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research tokamak plasma. The sideband method allows the measurement of the electron temperature and the plasma density without the effect of the stray current. The measured plasma densities are compared with those from the interferometer, and the results show reliability of the method. 15. On the precision of absolute sensitivity calibration and specifics of spectroscopic quantities interpretation in tokamaks. PubMed Naydenkova, D I; Weinzettl, V; Stockel, J; Matějíček, J 2014-12-01 Typical situations, which can be met during the process of absolute calibration, are shown in the case of a visible light observation system for the COMPASS tokamak. Technical issues and experimental limitations of absolute measurements connected with tokamak operation are discussed. PMID:25607972 16. Summary of the IEA Workshop on Alpha Physics and Tritium Issues in Large Tokamaks SciTech Connect Cheng, C.Z.; Stratton, B.; Zweben, S.J.; Pitcher, C.S. 1993-11-01 A brief summary is presented of the talks given during this meeting, which was held at PPPL and sponsored by the IEA (International Energy Agency) as part of the Large Tokamak collaboration. These talks are summarized into four sessions: tritium issues in large tokamaks, alpha particle simulation experiments, alpha particle theory, and alpha particle diagnostics. 17. The Discharge Design of HL-2M with the Tokamak Simulation Code (TSC) SciTech Connect Yudong Pan, S.C. Jardin, and C. Kes 2007-10-10 We present results on the discharge design of the HL-2M tokamak, which is to be an upgrade to the existing HL-2A tokamak. We present simulation results for complete 5-sec. discharges, both double null and lower single null, for both ohmic and auxiliary heated discharges. We also discuss the vertical stability properties of the device. __________________________________________________ 18. Proposals for an influential role of small tokamaks in mainstream fusion physics and technology research NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Van Oost, G.; Del Bosco, E.; Gryaznevich, M. P.; Malaquias, A.; Mank, G. 2006-12-01 Small tokamaks may significantly contribute to the better understanding of phenomena in a wide range of fields such as plasma confinement and energy transport; plasma stability in different magnetic configurations; plasma turbulence and its impact on local and global plasma parameters; processes at the plasma edge and plasma-wall interaction; scenarios of additional heating and non-inductive current drive; new methods of plasma profile and parameter control; development of novel plasma diagnostics; benchmarking of new numerical codes and so on. Furthermore, due to the compactness, flexibility, low operation costs and high skill of their personnel small tokamaks are very convenient to develop and test new materials and technologies, which because of the risky nature cannot be done in large machines without preliminary studies. Small tokamaks are suitable and important for broad international cooperation, providing the necessary environment and manpower to conduct dedicated joint research programmes. In addition, the experimental work on small tokamaks is very appropriate for the education of students, scientific activities of post-graduate students and for the training of personnel for large tokamaks. All these tasks are well recognised and reflected in documents and understood by the large tokamak teams. Recent experimental results will be presented of contributions to mainstream fusion physics and technology research on small tokamaks involved in the IAEA Coordinated Research Project "Joint Research using small tokamaks", started in 2004. 19. A nonlinear dynamic model of relaxation oscillations in tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Thyagaraja, A.; Haas, F. A.; Harvey, D. J. 1999-06-01 Tokamaks exhibit several types of relaxation oscillations such as sawteeth, fishbones and Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) under appropriate conditions. Several authors have introduced model nonlinear dynamic systems with a small number of degrees of freedom which can illustrate the generic characteristics of such oscillations. In these models, one focuses on physically "relevant" degrees of freedom, without attempting to simulate all the myriad details of the fundamentally nonlinear tokamak phenomena. Such degrees of freedom often involve the plasma macroscopic quantities such as pressure or density and also some measure of the plasma turbulence, which is thought to control transport. In addition, "coherent" modes may be involved in the dynamics of relaxation, as well as radial electric fields, sheared flows, etc. In the present work, an extension of an earlier sawtooth model (which involved only two degrees of freedom) due to the authors is presented. The dynamical consequences of a pressure-driven "coherent" mode, which interacts with the turbulence in a specific manner, are investigated. Varying only the two parameters related to the coherent mode, the bifurcation properties of the system have been studied. These turn out to be remarkably rich and varied and qualitatively similar to the behavior found experimentally in actual tokamaks. The dynamic model presented involves only continuous nonlinearities and is the simplest known to the authors that can yield features such as sawteeth, "compound sawteeth" with partial crashes, "monster" sawteeth, metastability, intermittency, chaos, periodic and "grassy" ELMing in appropriate regions of parameter space. The results suggest that linear stability analysis of systems, while useful in elucidating instability drives, can be misleading in understanding the dynamics of nonlinear systems over time scales much longer than linear growth times and states far from stable equilibria. 20. Development of a tokamak plasma optimized for stability and confinement SciTech Connect Politzer, P.A. 1995-02-01 Design of an economically attractive tokamak fusion reactor depends on producing steady-state plasma operation with simultaneous high energy density ({beta}) and high energy confinement ({tau}{sub E}); either of these, by itself, is insufficient. In operation of the DIII-D tokamak, both high confinement enhancement (H{equivalent_to} {tau}{sub E}/{tau}{sub ITER-89P} = 4) and high normalized {beta} ({beta}{sub N}{equivalent_to} {beta}/(I/aB) = 6%-m-T/MA) have been obtained. For the present, these conditions have been produced separately and in transient discharges. The DIII-D advanced tokamak development program is directed toward developing an understanding of the characteristics which lead to high stability and confinement, and to use that understanding to demonstrate stationary, high performance operation through active control of the plasma shape and profiles. The authors have identified some of the features of the operating modes in DIII-D that contribute to better performance. These are control of the plasma shape, control of both bulk plasma rotation and shear in the rotation and Er profiles, and particularly control of the toroidal current profiles. In order to guide their future experiments, they are developing optimized scenarios based on their anticipated plasma control capabilities, particularly using fast wave current drive (on-axis) and electron cyclotron current drive (off-axis). The most highly developed model is the second-stable core VH-mode, which has a reversed magnetic shear safety factor profile [q(O) = 3.9, q{sub min} = 2.6, and q{sub 95} = 6]. This model plasma uses profiles which the authors expect to be realizable. At {beta}{sub N} {>=} 6, it is stable to n=l kink modes and ideal ballooning modes, and is expected to reach H {>=} 3 with VH-mode-like confinement. 1. A charged fusion product diagnostic for a spherical tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Perez, Ramona Leticia Valenzuela Designs for future nuclear fusion power reactors rely on the ability to create a stable plasma (hot ionized gas of hydrogen isotopes) as a medium with which to sustain nuclear fusion reactions. My dissertation work involves designing, constructing, testing, installing, operating, and validating a new diagnostic for spherical tokamaks, a type of reactor test facility. Through detecting charged particles emitted from the plasma, this instrument can be used to study fusion reaction rates within the plasma and how they are affected by plasma perturbations. Quantitatively assessing nuclear fusion reaction rates at specific locations inside the plasma and as a function of time can provide valuable data that can be used to evaluate theory-based simulations related to energy transport and plasma stability. The Proton Detector (PD), installed in the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST) at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE) in Abingdon, England, was the first instrument to experimentally detect 3 MeV Protons and 1 MeV Tritons created from deuterium- deuterium (hydrogen isotopes) nuclear fusion reactions inside a spherical tokamak's plasma. The PD consists of an array of particle detectors with a protective housing and the necessary signal conditioning electronics and readout. After several years of designing (which included simulations for detector orientations), fabricating, and testing the PD, it was installed in MAST and data were collected over a period of two months in the summer of 2013. Proton and triton rates as high as 200 kHz were measured and an initial radial profile of these fusion reaction rates inside the plasma was extracted. These results will be compared to a complementary instrument at MAST as well as theory-based simulations and form the knowledge basis for developing a larger future instrument. The design and performance of all instrument components (electrical, computational, mechanical), and subsequent data analysis methods and results are 2. Measurement of LHCD antenna position in Aditya tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ambulkar, K. K.; Sharma, P. K.; Virani, C. G.; Parmar, P. R.; Thakur, A. L.; Kulkarni, S. V. 2010-02-01 To drive plasma current non-inductively in ADITYA tokamak, 120 kW pulsed Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system at 3.7 GHz has been designed, fabricated and installed on ADITYA tokamak. In this system, the antenna consists of a grill structure, having two rows, each row comprising of four sub-waveguides. The coupling of LHCD power to the plasma strongly depends on the plasma density near the mouth of grill antenna. Thus the grill antenna has to be precisely positioned for efficient coupling. The movement of mechanical bellow, which contracts or expands up to 50mm, governs the movement of antenna. In order to monitor the position of the antenna precisely, the reference position of the antenna with respect to the machine/plasma position has to be accurately determined. Further a mechanical system or an electronic system to measure the relative movement of the antenna with respect to the reference position is also desired. Also due to poor accessibility inside the ADITYA machine, it is impossible to measure physically the reference position of the grill antenna with respect to machine wall, taken as reference position and hence an alternative method has to be adopted to establish these measurements reliably. In this paper we report the design and development of a mechanism, using which the antenna position measurements are made. It also describes a unique method employing which the measurements of the reference position of the antenna with respect to the inner edge of the tokamak wall is carried out, which otherwise was impossible due to poor accessibility and physical constraints. The position of the antenna is monitored using an electronic scale, which is developed and installed on the bellow. Once the reference position is derived, the linear potentiometer, attached to the bellow, measures the linear distance using position transmitter. The accuracy of measurement obtained in our setup is within +/- 0.5 % and the linearity, along with repeatability is excellent. 3. MHD Effects of a Ferritic Wall on Tokamak Plasmas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hughes, Paul E. It has been recognized for some time that the very high fluence of fast (14.1MeV) neutrons produced by deuterium-tritium fusion will represent a major materials challenge for the development of next-generation fusion energy projects such as a fusion component test facility and demonstration fusion power reactor. The best-understood and most promising solutions presently available are a family of low-activation steels originally developed for use in fission reactors, but the ferromagnetic properties of these steels represent a danger to plasma confinement through enhancement of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities and increased susceptibility to error fields. At present, experimental research into the effects of ferromagnetic materials on MHD stability in toroidal geometry has been confined to demonstrating that it is still possible to operate an advanced tokamak in the presence of ferromagnetic components. In order to better quantify the effects of ferromagnetic materials on tokamak plasma stability, a new ferritic wall has been installated in the High Beta Tokamak---Extended Pulse (HBT-EP) device. The development, assembly, installation, and testing of this wall as a modular upgrade is described, and the effect of the wall on machine performance is characterized. Comparative studies of plasma dynamics with the ferritic wall close-fitting against similar plasmas with the ferritic wall retracted demonstrate substantial effects on plasma stability. Resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are applied, demonstrating a 50% increase in n = 1 plasma response amplitude when the ferritic wall is near the plasma. Susceptibility of plasmas to disruption events increases by a factor of 2 or more with the ferritic wall inserted, as disruptions are observed earlier with greater frequency. Growth rates of external kink instabilities are observed to be twice as large in the presence of a close-fitting ferritic wall. Initial studies are made of the influence of mode rotation frequency 4. Alpha Particle Physics Experiments in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SciTech Connect Budny, R.V.; Darrow, D.S.; Medley, S.S.; Nazikian, R.; Zweben, S.J.; et al. 1998-12-14 Alpha particle physics experiments were done on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) during its deuterium-tritium (DT) run from 1993-1997. These experiments utilized several new alpha particle diagnostics and hundreds of DT discharges to characterize the alpha particle confinement and wave-particle interactions. In general, the results from the alpha particle diagnostics agreed with the classical single-particle confinement model in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quiescent discharges. Also, the observed alpha particle interactions with sawteeth, toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE), and ion cyclotron resonant frequency (ICRF) waves were roughly consistent with theoretical modeling. This paper reviews what was learned and identifies what remains to be understood. 5. Eikonal waves, caustics and mode conversion in tokamak plasmas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Jaun, A.; Tracy, E. R.; Kaufman, A. N. 2007-01-01 Ray optics is used to model the propagation of short electromagnetic plasma waves in toroidal geometry. The new RAYCON code evolves each ray independently in phase space, together with its amplitude, phase and focusing tensor to describe the transport of power along the ray. Particular emphasis is laid on caustics and mode conversion layers, where a linear phenomenon splits a single incoming ray into two. The complete mode conversion algorithm is described and tested for the first time, using the two space dimensions that are relevant in a tokamak. Applications are shown, using a cold plasma model to account for mode conversion at the ion-hybrid resonance in the Joint European Torus. 6. NASTRAN analysis of Tokamak vacuum vessel using interactive graphics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Miller, A.; Badrian, M. 1978-01-01 Isoparametric quadrilateral and triangular elements were used to represent the vacuum vessel shell structure. For toroidally symmetric loadings, MPCs were employed across model boundaries and rigid format 24 was invoked. Nonsymmetric loadings required the use of the cyclic symmetry analysis available with rigid format 49. NASTRAN served as an important analysis tool in the Tokamak design effort by providing a reliable means for assessing structural integrity. Interactive graphics were employed in the finite element model generation and in the post-processing of results. It was felt that model generation and checkout with interactive graphics reduced the modelling effort and debugging man-hours significantly. 7. General approach to the problem of disruption forces in tokamaks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Pustovitov, V. D. 2015-09-01 An approach for calculating the force on the vessel wall during plasma disruptions in tokamaks is proposed. It is mainly based on the Maxwell equations and, therefore, is general. Another essential element is the integral force balance on the plasma that strongly constrains the possible solutions. The derived expressions are valid at any disruption scenario and finally give the net forces in terms of the magnetic perturbations behind the wall. The result can be used with magnetic measurements alone. It shows that the geometrical inhomogeneity of the wall and its resistivity are the key factors determining the direction and amplitude of the force. 8. Controlling tokamak geometry with three-dimensional magnetic perturbations SciTech Connect Bird, T. M.; Hegna, C. C. 2014-10-15 It is shown that small externally applied magnetic perturbations can significantly alter important geometric properties of magnetic flux surfaces in tokamaks. Through 3D shaping, experimentally relevant perturbation levels are large enough to influence turbulent transport and MHD stability in the pedestal region. It is shown that the dominant pitch-resonant flux surface deformations are primarily induced by non-resonant 3D fields, particularly in the presence of significant axisymmetric shaping. The spectral content of the applied 3D field can be used to control these effects. 9. Experimental setup for tungsten transport studies at the NSTX tokamak SciTech Connect Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Roquemore, A. L.; Skinner, C. H.; Mansfield, D. K.; Hartzfeld, K.; Lepson, J. K. 2010-10-15 Tungsten particles have been introduced into the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) in Princeton with the purpose to investigate the effects of tungsten injection on subsequent plasma discharges. An experimental setup for the study of tungsten particle transport is described where the particles are introduced into the tokamak using a modified particle dropper, otherwise used for lithium-powder injection. An initial test employing a grazing-incidence extreme ultraviolet spectrometer demonstrates that the tungsten-transport setup could serve to infer particle transport from the edge to the hot central plasmas of NSTX. 10. Tritium Experience in Large Tokamaks: Application to ITER SciTech Connect Skinner, C.H.; Gentile, C.; Hosea, J.; Mueller, D; Gentile, C.; Federici, G.; Haanges, R. 1998-05-01 Recent experience with the use of tritium fuel in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor and the Joint European Torus, together with progress in developing the technical design of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor has expanded the technical knowledge base for tritium issues in fusion. This paper reports on an IEA workshop that brought together scientists and engineers to share experience and expertise on all fusion-related tritium issues. Extensive discussion periods were devoted to exploring outstanding issues and identifying potential R{ampersand}D avenues to address them. This paper summarizes the presentations, discussions, and recommendations. 11. A design retrospective of the DIII-D tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Luxon, J. L. 2002-05-01 The DIII-D tokamak evolved from the earlier Doublet III device in 1986. Since then, the facility has undergone a number of changes including the installation of divertor baffles and pumping chambers in the vacuum vessel, the addition of a radiation shield, the development of extensive neutral beam and RF heating systems, and the addition of a comprehensive plasma control system. The facility has become the focus of a broad fusion plasma science research programme. An integrated picture of the facility and its capabilities is presented. 12. Parabolic approximation method for fast magnetosonic wave propagation in tokamaks SciTech Connect Phillips, C.K.; Perkins, F.W.; Hwang, D.Q. 1985-07-01 Fast magnetosonic wave propagation in a cylindrical tokamak model is studied using a parabolic approximation method in which poloidal variations of the wave field are considered weak in comparison to the radial variations. Diffraction effects, which are ignored by ray tracing mthods, are included self-consistently using the parabolic method since continuous representations for the wave electromagnetic fields are computed directly. Numerical results are presented which illustrate the cylindrical convergence of the launched waves into a diffraction-limited focal spot on the cyclotron absorption layer near the magnetic axis for a wide range of plasma confinement parameters. 13. Microwave Imaging Reflectometry for the Visualization of Turbulence in Tokamaks SciTech Connect E. Mazzucato 1999-12-16 Understanding the mechanism of anomalous transport in magnetically confined plasmas requires the use of sophisticated diagnostic tools for the measurement of short-scale turbulent fluctuations. This paper describes the conceptual design of an experimental technique for the global visualization of density fluctuations in tokamaks. The proposed method is based on microwave reflectometry and consists in using a large diameter probing beam, collecting the reflected waves with a large aperture antenna, and forming an image of the reflecting plasma layer onto a 2D array of microwave receivers. Based on results from a series of numerical simulations, the theoretical feasibility conditions of the proposed method are discussed. 14. Helium Refrigerator Design for Pulsed Heat Load in Tokamaks SciTech Connect Kuendig, A.; Schoenfeld, H. 2006-04-27 Nuclear fusion reactors of the Tokamak type will be operated in a pulsed mode requiring the helium refrigerator to remove periodically large heat loads in time steps of approximately one hour. What are the necessary steps for a refrigerator to cope with such load variations?A series of numerical simulations has been performed indicating the possibility of an active refrigerator control with low exergetic losses. A basic comparison is made between the largest existing refrigerator sizes and the size required to service for example the ITER requirements. 15. Impurity Line Emissions in VUV Region of TCABR Tokamak SciTech Connect Machida, M.; Daltrini, A. M.; Severo, J. H. F.; Nascimento, I. C.; Sanada, E. K.; Elizondo, J. I.; Kuznetsov, Y. K.; Galvao, R. M. O. 2008-04-07 Spectral emissions in the vacuum ultraviolet region from 50 nm to 320 nm have been measured on TCABR tokamak using an one meter VUV spectrometer and a MCP coupled to a CCD detector. Among the 98 emissions classified, 37 are from first order diffraction, 29 are from second order, 24 are from third order, 7 from fourth order, and one from fifth order diffraction. Main impurity lines are OII to OVII, CII to CIV, NIII to N V, FVII, besides working gas plasma hydrogen Lyman lines. 16. EXPLICT CALULATIONS OF HOMOCLINIC TANGLES SURROUNDING MAGNETIC ISLANDS IN TOKAMAKS SciTech Connect ROEDER, R.K.W.; RAPOPORT, B.I.; EVANS, T.E. 2002-06-01 We present explicit calculations of the complicated geometric objects known as homoclinic tangles that surround magnetic islands in the Poincare mapping of a tokamak's magnetic field. These tangles are shown to exist generically in the magnetic field of all toroidal confinement systems. The geometry of these tangles provides an explanation for the stochasticity known to occur near the X-points of the Poincare mapping. Furthermore, the intersection of homoclinic tangles from different resonances provides an explicit mechanism for the non-diffusive transport of magnetic field lines between these resonance layers. 17. Poloidal flow damping with potato orbits in tokamaks SciTech Connect Shaing, K.C. 2005-10-01 The poloidal flow damping rate in the vicinity of the magnetic axis in tokamaks is calculated using the time-dependent plasma viscosity. It is found that the damping rate is of the order of {nu}{sub ii}/f{sub t}{sup 2}, where {nu}{sub ii} is the ion-ion collision frequency, and f{sub t} is the fraction of the trapped potatoes. The corresponding neoclassical polarization or inertia enhancement factor is [1+({sigma}{sub p}q{sup 2}/f{sub t})], where {sigma}{sub p} is a numerical number of the order of unity, and q is the safety factor. 18. Ion plateau transport near the tokamak magnetic axis SciTech Connect Shaing, K.C.; Hazeltine, R.D. 1998-04-01 Conventional neoclassical transport theory does not pertain near the magnetic axis, where orbital variation of the minor radius and the poloidal field markedly change the nature of guiding-center trajectories. Instead of the conventional tokamak banana-shaped trajectories, near-axis orbits, called potato orbits, are radially wider and lead to distinctive kinetic considerations. Here it is shown that there is a plateau regime for the near-axis case; the corresponding potato-plateau ion thermal conductivity is computed. {copyright} {ital 1998 American Institute of Physics.} 19. Resonant magnetic perturbations and edge ergodization on the COMPASS tokamak SciTech Connect Cahyna, P.; Fuchs, V.; Krlin, L. 2008-09-15 Results of calculations of resonant magnetic perturbation spectra on the COMPASS tokamak are presented. Spectra of the perturbations are calculated from the vacuum field of the perturbation coils. Ergodization is then estimated by applying the criterion of overlap of the resulting islands and verified by field line tracing. Results show that for the chosen configuration of perturbation coils an ergodic layer appears in the pedestal region. The ability to form an ergodic layer is similar to the theoretical results for the ELM suppression experiment at DIII-D; thus, a comparable effect on ELMs can be expected. 20. Numerical Modelling of the Nonlinear ELM Cycle in Tokamaks SciTech Connect Wingen, A; Evans, T E; Lasnier, C J; Spatschek, K H 2009-06-02 A numerical model of the nonlinear evolution of edge localized modes (ELMs) in tokmaks is presented. In the model discussed here it is assumed that thermoelectric currents flow in short connection length flux tubes, initially established by error fields or other non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations. Magnetic perturbations resulting from the currents are incorporated into the magnetic topology. The predictions are compared to measurements at the DIII-D tokamak. Excellent agreement between the calculated magnetic structures on the vessel wall and camera observations during an ELM cycle is shown. The ELM collapse process is discussed. 1. Evidence of Inward Toroidal Momentum Convection in the JET Tokamak SciTech Connect Tala, T.; Zastrow, K.-D.; Brix, M.; Corrigan, G.; Giroud, C.; Naulin, V.; Peeters, A. G.; Tardini, G.; Strintzi, D. 2009-02-20 Experiments have been carried out on the Joint European Torus tokamak to determine the diffusive and convective momentum transport. Torque, injected by neutral beams, was modulated to create a periodic perturbation in the toroidal rotation velocity. Novel transport analysis shows the magnitude and profile shape of the momentum diffusivity are similar to those of the ion heat diffusivity. A significant inward momentum pinch, up to 20 m/s, has been found. Both results are consistent with gyrokinetic simulations. This evidence is complemented in plasmas with internal transport barriers. 2. Toroidally symmetric plasma vortex at tokamak divertor null point NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Umansky, M. V.; Ryutov, D. D. 2016-03-01 Reduced MHD equations are used for studying toroidally symmetric plasma dynamics near the divertor null point. Numerical solution of these equations exhibits a plasma vortex localized at the null point with the time-evolution defined by interplay of the curvature drive, magnetic restoring force, and dissipation. Convective motion is easier to achieve for a second-order null (snowflake) divertor than for a regular x-point configuration, and the size of the convection zone in a snowflake configuration grows with plasma pressure at the null point. The trends in simulations are consistent with tokamak experiments which indicate the presence of enhanced transport at the null point. 3. Continuum kinetic modeling of the tokamak plasma edge NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Dorf, M. A.; Dorr, M. R.; Hittinger, J. A.; Cohen, R. H.; Rognlien, T. D. 2016-05-01 The first 4D (axisymmetric) high-order continuum gyrokinetic transport simulations that span the magnetic separatrix of a tokamak are presented. The modeling is performed with the COGENT code, which is distinguished by fourth-order finite-volume discretization combined with mapped multiblock grid technology to handle the strong anisotropy of plasma transport and the complex X-point divertor geometry with high accuracy. The calculations take into account the effects of fully nonlinear Fokker-Plank collisions, electrostatic potential variations, and anomalous radial transport. Topics discussed include: (a) ion orbit loss and the associated toroidal rotation and (b) edge plasma relaxation in the presence of anomalous radial transport. 4. GAM observation in the TUMAN-3M tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bulanin, V. V.; Askinazi, L. G.; Belokurov, A. A.; Kornev, V. A.; Lebedev, V.; Petrov, A. V.; Tukachinsky, A. S.; Vildjunas, M. I.; Wagner, F.; Yashin, A. Yu 2016-04-01 Results of an experimental study of geodesic acoustic modes (GAM) in the TUMAN-3M tokamak are reported. With Doppler backscattering (DBS) the basic properties of the GAM such as frequency, conditions for the GAM existence and the GAM radial location have been identified. The two-frequency Doppler reflectometer system was employed to reveal an interplay between low frequency sheared poloidal rotation, ambient turbulence level and the GAM intensity. Bicoherence analysis of the DBS data evidences the presence of a nonlinear interaction between the GAM and plasma turbulence. 5. Halo current diagnostic system of experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. PubMed Chen, D L; Shen, B; Granetz, R S; Sun, Y; Qian, J P; Wang, Y; Xiao, B J 2015-10-01 The design, calibration, and installation of disruption halo current sensors for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak are described in this article. All the sensors are Rogowski coils that surround conducting structures, and all the signals are analog integrated. Coils with two different cross-section sizes have been fabricated, and their mutual inductances are calibrated. Sensors have been installed to measure halo currents in several different parts of both the upper divertor (tungsten) and lower divertor (graphite) at several toroidal locations. Initial measurements from disruptions show that the halo current diagnostics are working well. PMID:26520954 6. Oxygen impurity radiation from Tokamak-like plasmas NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rogerson, J. E.; Davis, J.; Jacobs, V. L. 1977-01-01 We have constructed a nonhydrodynamic coronal model for calculating radiation from impurity atoms in a heated plasma. Some recent developments in the calculation of dielectronic recombination rate coefficients and collisional excitation rate coefficients are included. The model is applied to oxygen impurity radiation during the first few milliseconds of a TFR Tokamak plasma discharge, and good agreement with experimental results is obtained. Estimates of total line and continuum radiation from the oxygen impurity are given. It is shown that impurity radiation represents a considerable energy loss. 7. Experimental study of the principles governing tokamak transport NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wagner, F.; Gruber, O.; Lackner, K.; Murmann, H. D.; Speth, E.; Becker, G.; Bosch, H. S.; Brocken, H.; Cattanei, G.; Dorst, D.; Eberhagen, A.; Elsner, A.; Erckmann, V.; Fussmann, G.; Gehre, O.; Gernhardt, J.; Gierke, G. V.; Glock, E.; Grieger, G.; Grigull, P.; Haas, G.; Hacker, H.; Hartfuss, H. J.; Jäckel, H.; Jaenicke, R.; Janeschitz, G.; Junker, J.; Karger, F.; Kasparek, W.; Keilhacker, M.; Kick, M.; Klüber, O.; Kornherr, M.; Kroiss, H.; Kuehner, M.; Lenoci, M.; Lisitano, G.; Maassberg, M.; Mahn, C.; Marlier, S.; Mayer, H. M.; McCormick, K.; Meisel, D.; Mertens, V.; Müller, E. R.; Müller, .; Müller, G.; Niedermeyer, H.; Ohlendorf, W.; Poschenrieder, W.; Rapp, H.; Rau, F.; Renner, H.; Riedler, H.; Ringler, H.; Sardei, F.; Schüller, P. G.; Schwörer, K.; Siller, G.; Söldner, F.; Steuer, K.-H.; Thumm, M.; Tutter, M.; Vollmer, O.; Weller, A.; Wilhelm, R.; Wobig, H.; Würsching, E.; Zippe, M. 1986-05-01 Both in ohmically and beam-heated L-mode discharges of ASDEX, the electron-temperature (Te) profile shape can be varied over a wide range by the choice of the safety factor qa. The power-deposition profile, on the contrary, has no effect on the Te-profile shape. In current-free WVII-A stellarator plasmas, no such invariance property is found. An independent constraint seems to fix the current distribution j(r) of the tokamak, which defines the conditions of electron heat transport. 8. Dynamic modeling of transport and positional control of tokamaks SciTech Connect Jardin, S.C.; Pomphrey, N.; DeLucia, J. 1985-10-01 We describe here a numerical model of a free boundary axisymmetric tokamak plasma and its associated control systems. The plasma is modeled with a hybrid method using two-dimensional velocity and flux functions with surface-averaged MHD equations describing the evolution of the adiabatic invariants. Equations are solved for the external circuits and for the effects of eddy currents in nearby conductors. The method is verified by application to several test problems and used to simulate the formation of a bean-shaped plasma in the PBX experiment. 9. Resistive MHD studies of high-beta Tokamak plasmas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lynch, V. E.; Hicks, H. R.; Holmes, J. A.; Carreras, B. A.; Garcia, L. 1982-02-01 The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity in high beta Tokamaks such as ISX-B was calculated. These initial value calculations are built on earlier low beta techniques, but the beta effects create several new numerical issues. In addition to time stepping modules, the system of computer codes includes equilibrium solvers (used to provide an initial condition) and output modules, such as a magnetic field line follower and an X-ray diagnostic code. The transition from current driven modes a low beta to predominantly pressure driven modes at high beta is described. The nonlinear studies yield X-ray emissivity plots which are compared with experiment. 10. Tokamak with liquid metal for inducing toroidal electrical field DOEpatents Ohkawa, Tihiro 1981-01-01 A tokamak apparatus includes a vessel for defining a reservoir and confining liquid therein. A toroidal liner disposed within said vessel defines a toroidal space within the liner confines gas therein. Liquid metal fills the reservoir outside the liner. A magnetic field is established in the liquid metal to develop magnetic flux linking the toroidal space. The gas is ionized. The liquid metal and the toroidal space are moved relative to one another transversely of the space to generate electric current in the ionized gas in the toroidal space about its major axis and thereby heat plasma developed in the toroidal space. 11. Tokamak with mechanical compression of toroidal magnetic field DOEpatents Ohkawa, Tihiro 1981-01-01 A tokamak apparatus includes a pressure vessel for defining a reservoir and confining liquid therein. A collapsible toroidal liner disposed within the pressure vessel defines a toroidal space within the liner. Liquid metal fills the reservoir outside said liner. A toroidal magnetic field is developed within the toroidal space about the major axis thereof. A toroidal plasma is developed within the toroidal space about the major axis thereof. Pressure is applied to the liquid metal to collapse the liner and reduce the volume of the toroidal space, thereby increasing the toroidal magnetic flux density therein. 12. Tokamak with in situ magnetohydrodynamic generation of toroidal magnetic field DOEpatents Schaffer, Michael J. 1986-01-01 A tokamak apparatus includes an electrically conductive metal pressure vessel for defining a chamber and confining liquid therein. A liner disposed within said chamber defines a toroidal space within the liner and confines gas therein. The metal vessel provides an electrically conductive path linking the toroidal space. Liquid metal is forced outwardly through the chamber outside of the toroidal space to generate electric current in the conductive path and thereby generate a toroidal magnetic field within the toroidal space. Toroidal plasma is developed within the toroidal space about the major axis thereof. 13. Information content of transient synchrotron radiation in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Fisch, N.J.; Kritz, A.H. 1989-04-01 A brief, deliberate, perturbation of hot tokamak electrons produces a transient, synchrotron radiation signal, in frequency-time space, with impressive informative potential on plasma parameters; for example, the dc toroidal electric field, not available by other means, may be measurably. Very fast algorithms have been developed, making tractable a statistical analysis that compares essentially all parameter sets that might possibly explain the transient signal. By simulating data numerically, we can estimate the informative worth of data prior to obtaining it. 20 refs., 2 figs. 14. Gyrokinetic simulation of isotope scaling in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Lee, W.W.; Santoro, R.A. 1995-07-01 A three-dimensional global gyrokinetic particle code in toroidal geometry has been used for investigating the transport properties of ion temperature gradient (ITG) drift instabilities in tokamak plasmas. Using the isotopes of hydrogen (H{sup +}), deuterium (D{sup +}) and tritium (T{sup +}), we have found that, under otherwise identical conditions, there exists a favorable isotope scaling for the ion thermal diffusivity, i.e., Xi decreases with mass. Such a scaling, which exists both at the saturation of the instability and also at the nonlinear steady state, can be understood from the resulting wavenumber and frequency spectra. 15. Divertor bypass in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Pitcher, C. S.; LaBombard, B.; Danforth, R.; Pina, W.; Silveira, M.; Parkin, B. 2001-01-01 The Alcator C-Mod divertor bypass has for the first time allowed in situ variations to the mechanical baffle design in a tokamak. The design utilizes small coils which interact with the ambient magnetic field inside the vessel to provide the torque required to control small flaps of a Venetian blind geometry. Plasma physics experiments with the bypass have revealed the importance of the divertor baffling to maintain high divertor gas pressures. These experiments have also indicated that the divertor baffling has only a limited effect on the main chamber pressure in C-Mod. 16. Lower hybrid current drive in the PLT tokamak SciTech Connect Bernabei, S.; Daughney, C.; Efthimion, P. 1982-07-01 Order of magnitude improvements in the level and duration of current driven by lower hybrid waves have been achieved in the PLT tokamak. Steady currents up to 175 kA have been maintained for three seconds and 400 kA for 0.3 sec by the rf power alone. The principal current carrier appears to be a high energy (approx. 100 keV) electron component, concentrated in the central 20 to 40 cm diameter core of the 80 cm PLT discharge. 17. Enhancement of the Bootstrap Current in a Tokamak Pedestal SciTech Connect Kagan, Grigory; Catto, Peter J. 2010-07-23 The strong radial electric field in a subsonic tokamak pedestal modifies the neoclassical ion parallel flow velocity, as well as the radial ion heat flux. Existing experimental evidence of the resulting alteration in the poloidal flow of a trace impurity is discussed. We then demonstrate that the modified parallel ion flow can noticeably enhance the pedestal bootstrap current when the background ions are in the banana regime. Only the coefficient of the ion temperature gradient drive term is affected. The revised expression for the pedestal bootstrap current is presented. The prescription for inserting the modification into any existing banana regime bootstrap current expression is given. 18. Radiation−condensation instability in tokamaks with mixed impurities SciTech Connect Morozov, D. Kh.; Pshenov, A. A. 2015-08-15 Radiation−condensation instability (RCI) is one of the possible mechanisms behind the formation of microfaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE) of a tokamak. It has been previously shown by the authors that RCI in carbon-seeded plasma can be stabilized using neon injection. Recently, beryllium- and tungsten-seeded plasmas became a subject of great interest. Therefore, in the present paper, RCI stability analysis of the edge plasma seeded with beryllium, tungsten, nitrogen, and carbon is performed. The influence of neutral hydrogen fluxes from the wall on the marginal stability limit is studied as well. 19. Halo current diagnostic system of experimental advanced superconducting tokamak SciTech Connect Chen, D. L.; Shen, B.; Sun, Y.; Qian, J. P. Wang, Y.; Xiao, B. J.; Granetz, R. S. 2015-10-15 The design, calibration, and installation of disruption halo current sensors for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak are described in this article. All the sensors are Rogowski coils that surround conducting structures, and all the signals are analog integrated. Coils with two different cross-section sizes have been fabricated, and their mutual inductances are calibrated. Sensors have been installed to measure halo currents in several different parts of both the upper divertor (tungsten) and lower divertor (graphite) at several toroidal locations. Initial measurements from disruptions show that the halo current diagnostics are working well. 20. Control And Data Acquisition System Of Tokamak KTM SciTech Connect Baystrukov, K. I.; Pavlov, V. M.; Sharnin, A. V.; Obhodskij, A. V.; Merkulov, S. V.; Golobokov, Y. N.; Mezentsev, A. A.; Ovchinnikov, A. V.; Tazhibaeva, I. L. 2008-04-07 The preliminary results of control and data acquisition system (CODAS) development for Kazakhstan tokamak for material testing (KTM) [1] are presented. The KTM CODAS is completely new system optimized for KTM facility and its regimes of operation. Its development is carrying out in Tomsk Polytechnic University by Russian specialists. The first KTM launching under the control of CODAS is planed on 2008 year. The base functionality of CODAS is presented, including short description of its subsystems, such as control system of conditioning process, plasma control system, digital control system of power supplies, protection and timing system, data acquisition system. 1. Geodesic Acoustic Mode Induced by Toroidal Rotation in Tokamaks SciTech Connect Wahlberg, C. 2008-09-12 The effect of toroidal rotation on the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) in a tokamak is studied. It is shown that, in addition to a small frequency upshift of the ordinary GAM, another GAM, with much lower frequency, is induced by the rotation. The new GAM appears as a consequence of the nonuniform plasma density and pressure created by the centrifugal force on the magnetic surfaces. Both GAMs in a rotating plasma are shown to exist both as continuum modes with finite mode numbers m and n at the rational surfaces q=m/n as well as in the form of axisymmetric modes with m=n=0. 2. Nonlinear Stability and Saturation of Ballooning Modes in Tokamaks* NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ham, C. J.; Cowley, S. C.; Brochard, G.; Wilson, H. R. 2016-06-01 The theory of tokamak stability to nonlinear "ballooning" displacements of elliptical magnetic flux tubes is presented. Above a critical pressure profile the energy stored in the plasma may be lowered by finite (but not infinitesimal) displacements of such tubes (metastability). Above a higher pressure profile, the linear stability boundary, such tubes are linearly and nonlinearly unstable. The predicted saturated flux tube displacement can be of the order of the pressure gradient scale length. Plasma transport from these displaced flux tubes may explain the rapid loss of confinement in some experiments. 3. Nonlinear Stability and Saturation of Ballooning Modes in Tokamaks. PubMed Ham, C J; Cowley, S C; Brochard, G; Wilson, H R 2016-06-10 The theory of tokamak stability to nonlinear "ballooning" displacements of elliptical magnetic flux tubes is presented. Above a critical pressure profile the energy stored in the plasma may be lowered by finite (but not infinitesimal) displacements of such tubes (metastability). Above a higher pressure profile, the linear stability boundary, such tubes are linearly and nonlinearly unstable. The predicted saturated flux tube displacement can be of the order of the pressure gradient scale length. Plasma transport from these displaced flux tubes may explain the rapid loss of confinement in some experiments. PMID:27341237 4. The tokamak density limit: A thermo-resistive disruption mechanism NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Gates, David 2015-11-01 A magnetic island growth mechanism based on radiative cooling of the internal island flux surfaces is shown to produce the correct physical scaling to explain one of the long standing mysteries of tokamak physics - the empirical Greenwald density limit. In this presentation we will review the phenomenology of the density limit and the correlation between the Greenwald limit and the onset threshold for radiation-driven tearing modes. The behavior of magnetic islands with a 3D electron temperature distribution which is consistent with a large ratio of radial to parallel heat conductivity - and a corresponding 3D resistivity profile - is examined for islands with near-zero net heating in the island interior. The effect of varying impurity mix on the local island onset threshold is consistent with the established experimental scalings for tokamaks at the density limit. A simple analytic theory is developed which reveals the effect of heating and cooling in the island interior as well as the effect of island asymmetry. It is shown that a new term accounting for the thermal effects of island asymmetry is a crucial addition to the Modified Rutherford Equation. The resultant model exhibits a robust onset of a rapidly growing tearing mode - consistent with the disruption mechanism observed at the density limit in tokamaks. Additionally, a fully non-linear 3D cylindrical calculation is performed that simulates the effect of net island heating / cooling by raising / suppressing the temperature in the core of the island. In both the analytic theory and the numerical simulation a sudden threshold for explosive growth is found to be due to the interaction between three distinct thermal non-linearities, which affect the island resistivity, thereby modifying the growth dynamics. Expanding on the model presented, we speculate that the mechanism described may be applicable to a much wider range of tokamak disruptions than just those near the Greenwald limit. This work is supported 5. Nonlinear tearing instabilities in tokamaks with locally flattened current profiles SciTech Connect Reiman, A.H. 1988-07-01 Nonlinear tearing stability is evaluated for current profiles which are linearly stabilized by flattening the current in the neighborhood of the rational surface. When marginally stable to the linear instability, these profiles remain unstable in the presence of a small but finite island. The growth of the island saturated only when the island reaches the width it would have attained in the absence of flattening. Implications are discused for proposed methods of tearing mode stabilization and for theories of the tokamak sawtooth oscillation. 19 refs., 1 fig. 6. Carborane films: Applications to first-wall problems in tokamaks SciTech Connect Doyle, B.L.; Walsh, D.S.; Wampler, W.R.; Hays, A.K. ); Dylla, H.F.; Manos, D.M.; Kilpatrick, S.J. ) 1991-07-01 RF plasma-assisted CVD and sputter deposition of amorphous boron-carbon layers similar to those being used in the TFTR tokamak at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory have been performed. The initial stoichiometry has been determined using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and elastic recoil detection. Films have also been implanted with deuterium in order to determine H-isotope pumping capacity. These studies, in addition to characterizations made of layers collected on probes in TFTR, have been used to optimize the boronization parameters and to better understand the effects of boronization on TFTR. 7. Ambipolarity in a tokamak with magnetic field ripple NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hazeltine, R. D. 2016-08-01 In view of the recognized importance of electrostatic fields regarding turbulent transport, the radial electric field in a tokamak with magnetic field ripple is reconsidered. Terms in the ambipolarity condition involving the radial derivative of the field are derived from an extended drift-kinetic equation, including effects of second order in the gyroradius. Such terms are of interest in part because of their known importance in rotational relaxation equations for the axisymmetric case. The electric field is found to satisfy a nonlinear differential equation that is universal in a certain sense, and that implies spatial relaxation of the potential to its conventionally predicted value. 8. Preliminary Safety Analysis Report for the Tokamak Physics Experiment SciTech Connect Motloch, C.G.; Bonney, R.F.; Levine, J.D.; McKenzie-Carter, M.A.; Masson, L.S.; Commander, J.C. 1995-04-01 This Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR), includes an indication of the magnitude of facility hazards, complexity of facility operations, and the stage of the facility life-cycle. It presents the results of safety analyses, safety assurance programs, identified vulnerabilities, compensatory measures, and, in general, the rationale describing why the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) can be safely operated. It discusses application of the graded approach to the TPX safety analysis, including the basis for using Department of Energy (DOE) Order 5480.23 and DOE-STD-3009-94 in the development of the PSAR. 9. Carborane films: Applications to first-wall problems in tokamaks SciTech Connect Doyle, B.L.; Walsh, D.S.; Wampler, W.R.; Hays, A.K. ); Dylla, H.F.; Manos, D.M.; Kilpatrick, S.J. . Plasma Physics Lab.) 1990-01-01 RF plasma-assisted CVD and sputter deposition of amorphous boron-carbon layers similar to those being used in the TFTR tokamak at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory have been performed. The initial stoichiometry has been determined using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and elastic recoil detection. Films have also been implanted with deuterium in order to determine H-isotope pumping capacity. These studies, in addition to characterizations made of layers collected on probes in TFTR, have been used to optimize the boronization parameters and to better understand the effects of boronization on TFTR. 10 refs., 3 figs. 10. Formation and Stability of Impurity "snakes" in Tokamak Plasmas SciTech Connect L. Delgado-Aparicio, et. al. 2013-01-28 New observations of the formation and dynamics of long-lived impurity-induced helical "snake" modes in tokamak plasmas have recently been carried-out on Alcator C-Mod. The snakes form as an asymmetry in the impurity ion density that undergoes a seamless transition from a small helically displaced density to a large crescent-shaped helical structure inside q < 1, with a regularly sawtoothing core. The observations show that the conditions for the formation and persistence of a snake cannot be explained by plasma pressure alone. Instead, many features arise naturally from nonlinear interactions in a 3D MHD model that separately evolves the plasma density and temperature 11. Neutron Dosimetry Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Lithium Blanket Module SciTech Connect Tsang, F.Y.; Harker, Y.D.; Anderl, R.A.; Nigg, D.W.; Jassby, D.L. 1986-11-01 The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) Lithium Blanket Module (LBM) program is a first-of-kind neutronics experiment involving a toroidal fusion neutron source. Qualification experiments have been conducted to develop primary measurement techniques and verify dosimetry materials that will be used to characterize the neutron environment inside and on the surfaces of the LBM. The deuterium-tritium simulation experiments utilizing a 14-MeV neutron generator and a fusion blanket mockup facility at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory are described. Results and discussions are presented that identify the quality and limitations of the measured integral reaction data, including the minimum fluence requirement for the TFTR experiment. 12. Turbulence studies in Tokamak boundary plasmas with realistic divertor geometry SciTech Connect Xu, X.Q. 1998-10-14 Results are presented from the 3D nonlocal electromagnetic turbulence code BOUT [1] and the linearized shooting code BAL[2] to study turbulence in tokamak boundary plasmas and its relationship to the L-H transition, in a realistic divertor plasma geometry. The key results include: (1) the identification of the dominant, resistive X-point mode in divertor geometry and (2) turbulence suppression in the L-H transition by shear in the ExB drift speed, ion diamagnetism and finite polarization. Based on the simulation results, a parameterization of the transport is given that includes the dependence on the relevant physical parameters. 13. Nonlinear saturation of ballooning modes in tokamaks and stellarators PubMed Central Bauer, F.; Garabedian, P.; Betancourt, O. 1988-01-01 The spectral code BETAS computes plasma equilibrium in a toroidal magnetic field B = [unk]s × [unk]Ψ with remarkable accuracy because the finite difference scheme employed in the radial direction allows for discontinuities of the flux function Ψ across the nested surfaces s = const. Instability of higher modes in stellarators like the Heliotron E can be detected in roughly an hour on the best supercomputers by calculating bifurcated equilibria that are defined over just one field period. The method has been validated by comparing results about nonlinear saturation of ballooning modes in tokamaks with numerical data from the PEST code. PMID:16593984 14. Plasma flows in scrape-off layer of Aditya tokamak SciTech Connect Sangwan, Deepak; Jha, Ratneshwar; Brotankova, Jana; Gopalkrishna, M. V. 2012-09-15 The magnetized Mach probe is used to make measurement of plasma flows in the scrape-off layer of the Aditya tokamak [R. Jha et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 51, 095010 (2009)]. This probe is further used to measure dependencies of Mach number on local plasma densities and radial distances of the probe in the scrape-off layer. The measured Mach number has contributions from E Multiplication-Sign B drift, Pfrisch-Schlueter, and transport driven flows. We have determined that the toroidal flow is towards the ion side of the limiter and the poloidal flow direction is towards the contact of the last closed flux surface with the limiter. 15. Diamagnetic thresholds for sawtooth cycling in tokamak plasmas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Halpern, Federico D.; Lütjens, Hinrich; Luciani, Jean-François 2011-10-01 The cycling dynamics of the internal kink mode, which drives sawtooth oscillations in tokamak plasmas, is studied using the three dimensional, non-linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code XTOR-2F [H. Lütjens and J.-F. Luciani, J. Comput. Phys. 229, 8130 (2010)]. It is found that sawtooth cycling, which is characterized by quiescent ramps and fast crashes in the experiment, can be recovered in two-fluid MHD provided that a criterion of diamagnetic stabilization is fulfilled. The simulation results indicate that diamagnetic effects alone may be sufficient to drive sawteeth with complete magnetic reconnection in high temperature Ohmic plasmas. 16. Tritium experience in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SciTech Connect Skinner, C.H.; Blanchard, W.; Hosea, J.; Mueller, D.; Nagy, A.; Brooks, J.N.; Hogan, J. 1998-07-01 Tritium management is a key enabling element in fusion technology. Tritium fuel was used in 3.5 years of successful deuterium-tritium (D-T) operations in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The D-T campaign enabled TFTR to explore the transport, alpha physics, and MHD stability of a reactor core. It also provided experience with tritium retention and removal that highlighted the importance of these issues in future D-T machines. In this paper, the authors summarize the tritium retention and removal experience in TFTR and its implications for future reactors. 17. Electron cyclotron heating experiments on the DIII-D tokamak SciTech Connect Prater, R.; Austin, M.E.; Bernabei, S. 1998-01-01 Initial experiments on heating and current drive using second harmonic electron cyclotron heating (ECH) are being performed on the DIII-D tokamak using the new 110 GHz ECH system. Modulation of the ECH power in the frequency range 50 to 300 Hz and detection of the temperature perturbation by ECE diagnostics is used to validate the location of the heating. This technique also determines an upper bound on the width of the deposition profile. Analysis of electron cyclotron current drive indicates that up to 0.17 MA of central current is driven, resulting in a negative loop voltage near the axis. 18. Evolution of the millimeter-wave collective Thomson scattering system of the high-field tokamak Frascati Tokamak Upgrade. PubMed Tartari, U; Grosso, G; Granucci, G; Gandini, F; Garavaglia, S; Grossetti, G; Simonetto, A; Mellera, V; Muzzini, V; Lubyako, L; Shalashov, A; Orsitto, F P; Ciccone, G; Volpe, F 2007-04-01 We first describe the improved receiving system of the diagnostic experiment of millimeter-wave collective Thomson scattering being run on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU), and then discuss some peculiar problems and new operating procedures related to the investigation of strong anomalous spectra of nonthermal origin, many-orders-of-magnitude stronger than the ion thermal feature merged in them, systematically observed in the experimentation, and finally ascribed to a perturbation of the gyrotron that generates the probing beam. Arguments in favor of a more general valence of the solutions actuated for the specific case of FTU are finally given. PMID:17477659 19. Electromagnetic effects on trace impurity transport in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Hein, T.; Angioni, C. 2010-01-15 The impact of electromagnetic effects on the transport of light and heavy impurities in tokamak plasmas is investigated by means of an extensive set of linear gyrokinetic numerical calculations with the code GYRO[J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] and of analytical derivations with a fluid model. The impurity transport is studied by appropriately separating diffusive and convective contributions, and conditions of background microturbulence dominated by both ion temperature gradient (ITG) and trapped electron modes (TEMs) are analyzed. The dominant contribution from magnetic flutter transport turns out to be of pure convective type. However it remains small, below 10% with respect to the ExB transport. A significant impact on the impurity transport due to an increase in the plasma normalized pressure parameter beta is observed in the case of ITG modes, while for TEM the overall effect remains weak. In realistic conditions of high beta plasmas in the high confinement (H-) mode with dominant ITG turbulence, the impurity diffusivity is found to decrease with increasing beta in qualitative agreement with recent observations in tokamaks. In contrast, in these conditions, the ratio of the total off-diagonal convective velocity to the diagonal diffusivity is not strongly affected by an increase in beta, particularly at low impurity charge, due to a compensation between the different off-diagonal contributions. 20. Feasibility study of a fission-suppressed tokamak fusion breeder SciTech Connect Moir, R.W.; Lee, J.D.; Neef, W.S.; Berwald, D.H.; Garner, J.K.; Whitley, R.H.; Ghoniem, N.; Wong, C.P.C.; Maya, I.; Schultz, K.R. 1984-12-01 The preliminary conceptual design of a tokamak fissile fuel producer is described. The blanket technology is based on the fission suppressed breeding concept where neutron multiplication occurs in a bed of 2 cm diameter beryllium pebbles which are cooled by helium at 50 atmospheres pressure. Uranium-233 is bred in thorium metal fuel elements which are in the form of snap rings attached to each beryllium pebble. Tritium is bred in lithium bearing material contained in tubes immersed in the pebble bed and is recovered by a purge flow of helium. The neutron wall load is 3 MW/m/sup 2/ and the blanket material is ferritic steel. The net fissile breeding ratio is 0.54 +- 30% per fusion reaction. This results in the production of 4900 kg of /sup 233/U per year from 3000 MW of fusion power. This quantity of fuel will provide makeup fuel for about 12 LWRs of equal thermal power or about 18 1 GW/sub e/ LWRs. The calculated cost of the produced uranium-233 is between23/g and $53/g or equivalent to$10/kg to \$90/kg of U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ depending on government financing or utility financing assumptions. Additional topics discussed in the report include the tokamak operating mode (both steady state and long pulse considered), the design and breeding implications of using a poloidal divertor for impurity control, reactor safety, the choice of a tritium breeder, and fuel management. 1. Decontamination and Decommissioning of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SciTech Connect E. Perry; J. Chrzanowski; K. Rule; M. Viola; M. Williams; R. Strykowsky 1999-11-01 The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is a one-of-a-kind, tritium-fueled fusion research reactor that ceased operation in April 1997. The Decontamination and Decommissioning (D and D) of the TFTR is scheduled to occur over a period of three years beginning in October 1999. This is not a typical Department of Energy D and D Project where a facility is isolated and cleaned up by ''bulldozing'' all facility and hardware systems to a greenfield condition. The mission of TFTR D and D is to: (a) surgically remove items which can be re-used within the DOE complex, (b) remove tritium contaminated and activated systems for disposal, (c) clear the test cell of hardware for future reuse, (d) reclassify the D-site complex as a non-nuclear facility as defined in DOE Order 420.1 (Facility Safety) and (e) provide data on the D and D of a large magnetic fusion facility. The 100 cubic meter volume of the donut-shaped reactor makes it the second largest fusion reactor in the world. The record-breaking deuterium-tritium experiments performed on TFTR resulted in contaminating the vacuum vessel with tritium and activating the materials with 14 Mev neutrons. The total tritium content within the vessel is in excess of 7,000 Curies while dose rates approach 75 mRem/hr. These radiological hazards along with the size and shape of the Tokamak present a unique and challenging task for dismantling. 2. Influence of plasma surface interactions on tokamak startup SciTech Connect Goswami, Rajiv 2013-08-15 The startup phase of a tokamak is a complex phenomenon involving burnthrough of the low-Z impurities and rampup of I{sub p}, the plasma current. The design considerations of a tokamak are closely connected with the startup modeling. Plasma evolution is analysed using a zero-dimensional model. The particle and energy balance is considered of two subclasses of plasmas which are penetrable by neutral gas, together with another component, neutrals trapped in the wall. The first subclass includes plasmas being penetrated by slow neutrals of (∼few eV) temperature. The second includes plasmas being penetrated only by fast neutrals having a temperature comparable to that of the ions. The impact of impurities on energy balance is considered through their generation by ion induced desorption of adsorbed oxygen on the first wall and physical and chemical sputtering of carbon. The paper demonstrates self-consistently that the evolution of initial phase of the discharge is intimately linked to the condition of the plasma facing components (PFCs) and the resultant plasma surface interactions. Gorelenkova, M. V.; Gorelenkov, N. N.; Azizov, E. A.; Romannikov, A. N.; Herrmann, H. W. 1998-05-01 In order to understand the individual charged particle behavior as well as plasma macroparameters (temperature, density, etc.) during the adiabatic major radius compression (R-compression) in a tokamak, a kinetic approach is used. The perpendicular electric field from the Ohm's law at zero resistivity is made use of in order to describe particle motion during the R-compression. Expressions for both passing and trapped particle energy and pitch angle change are derived for a plasma with high aspect ratio and circular magnetic surfaces. The particle behavior near the passing trapped boundary during the compression is studied to simulate the compression-induced collisional losses of alpha particles. Qualitative agreement is obtained with the alphas loss measurements in deuterium-tritium (D-T) experiments in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [World Survey of Activities in Controlled Fusion Research [Nucl. Fusion special supplement (1991)] (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1991)]. The plasma macroparameters evolution at the R-compression is calculated by solving the gyroaveraged drift kinetic equation. 4. The GBS code for tokamak scrape-off layer simulations Halpern, F. D.; Ricci, P.; Jolliet, S.; Loizu, J.; Morales, J.; Mosetto, A.; Musil, F.; Riva, F.; Tran, T. M.; Wersal, C. 2016-06-01 We describe a new version of GBS, a 3D global, flux-driven plasma turbulence code to simulate the turbulent dynamics in the tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL), superseding the code presented by Ricci et al. (2012) [14]. The present work is driven by the objective of studying SOL turbulent dynamics in medium size tokamaks and beyond with a high-fidelity physics model. We emphasize an intertwining framework of improved physics models and the computational improvements that allow them. The model extensions include neutral atom physics, finite ion temperature, the addition of a closed field line region, and a non-Boussinesq treatment of the polarization drift. GBS has been completely refactored with the introduction of a 3-D Cartesian communicator and a scalable parallel multigrid solver. We report dramatically enhanced parallel scalability, with the possibility of treating electromagnetic fluctuations very efficiently. The method of manufactured solutions as a verification process has been carried out for this new code version, demonstrating the correct implementation of the physical model. 5. The tokamak density limit: A thermo-resistive disruption mechanism SciTech Connect Gates, D. A.; Brennan, D. P.; Delgado-Aparicio, L.; White, R. B. 2015-06-15 The behavior of magnetic islands with 3D electron temperature and the corresponding 3D resistivity effects on growth are examined for islands with near-zero net heating in the island interior. We refer to the resulting class of non-linearities as thermo-resistive effects. In particular, the effects of varying impurity mix on the previously proposed local island onset threshold [Gates and Delgado-Aparicio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165004 (2012)] are examined and shown to be consistent with the well established experimental scalings for tokamaks at the density limit. A surprisingly simple semi-analytic theory is developed which imposes the effects of heating/cooling in the island interior as well as the effects of island geometry. For the class of current profiles considered, it is found that a new term that accounts for the thermal effects of island asymmetry is required in the modified Rutherford equation. The resultant model is shown to exhibit a robust onset of a rapidly growing tearing mode—consistent with the disruption mechanism observed at the density limit in tokamaks. A fully non-linear 3D cylindrical calculation is performed that simulates the effect of net island heating/cooling by raising/suppressing the temperature in the core of the island. In both the analytic theory and the numerical simulation, the sudden threshold for rapid growth is found to be due to an interaction between three distinct thermal non-linearities which affect the island resistivity, thereby modifying the growth dynamics. 6. First neutron spectrometry measurements in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak Tardini, G.; Zimbal, A.; Esposito, B.; Gagnon-Moisan, F.; Marocco, D.; Neu, R.; Schuhmacher, H.; the ASDEX Upgrade Team 2012-03-01 A compact neutron spectrometer based on the liquid scintillator BC501A has been installed on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The aim is to measure neutron energy distribution functions as footprints of fast ions distribution functions, generated mainly via Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) in present day tokamaks. A flexible and fast software has been developed to perform digital pulse shape separation and to evaluate pulse height spectra. First measurements of count rates and pulse height spectra show a good signal to noise ratio for integration times comparable to the NBI slowing down time and to the energy confinement time. Due to the perpendicular line of sight, D-d fusion with perpendicular NBI is detected more efficiently and the line broadening of the 2.45 MeV neutrons is higher. Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) combined to NBI exhibits a synergy effect, with count rates higher than the sum of the counts due to NBI and ICRH separately. Although the collimator is designed to screen gammas as much as possible, some qualitative gamma analysis is also possible, providing information in case of runaway electrons during disruptions. The experimental campaign for the characterisation of the system (detector + acquisition system) is complete and the determination of the response function is in progress. 7. Modeling of non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations in tokamaks Sun, Y.; Liang, Y.; Qian, J.; Shen, B.; Wan, B. 2015-04-01 A numerical model to evaluate the effects of the non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations on magnetic topology and magnetic field ripple in tokamaks is presented in this paper. It is illustrated by using an example magnetic field perturbation induced by a coil system on the EAST tokamak. The influence of the choice of the coordinates on the spectrum is presented. The amplitude of resonant components of the spectrum are found to be independent of the coordinates system, while that of the non-resonant components are not. A better way to describe the edge topology by using the Chirikov parameter profile is proposed and checked by the numerical Poincaré plot results. The contribution of the magnetic perturbation on local toroidal field ripple can be significant. One approximate method to model the helical ripple on the perturbed flux surface induced by a given non-axisymmetric magnetic field perturbation is presented. All of the spectrum analysis is applicable in case the plasma response is taken into account in the input of perturbed magnetic field. 8. HOMOCLINIC TANGLE BIFURCATIONS AND EDGE STOCHASTICITY IN DIVERTED TOKAMAKS SciTech Connect EVANS,TE; ROEDER,RKW; CARTER,JA; RAPOPORT,BI 2003-09-01 OAK-B135 The boundary and pedestal region of a poloidally diverted tokamak is particularly susceptible to the onset of vacuum magnetic field stochasticity due to small non-axisymmetric resonant perturbations. Recent calculations of the separatrix topology in diverted tokamaks, when subjected to small magnetic perturbations, show the existence of complex invariant manifold structures known as homoclinic tangles. These structures appear above a relatively low perturbation threshold that depends on certain equilibrium shape parameters. Homoclinic tangles represent a splitting of the unperturbed separatrix into stable and unstable invariant manifolds associated with each X-point (hyperbolic point). The manifolds that make up homoclinic tangles set the boundaries that prescribe how stochastic field line trajectories are organized i.e., how field lines from the inner domain of the unperturbed separatrix mix and are transported to plasma facing surfaces such as divertor target plates and protruding baffle structures. Thus, the topology of these tangles determines which plasma facing components are most likely to interact with escaping magnetic field lines and the parallel heat and particle flux they carry. 9. Modeling of ICRF Internal Transport Barrier Control for Advanced Tokamaks Sund, R. S.; Scharer, J. E. 1998-11-01 We present an analysis of TFTR ICRF current drive experiments carried out by Majeski et al.(R. Majeski, J. Rodgers, G. Schilling, C. Phillips, J. Hosea and the TFTR Group, private communication.) The influence of deuterium, tritium, minority specie, electron and alpha concentrations, temperatures and beam fractions are considered for the two-ion mode conversion current drive experiments. Direct comparison with experimental data is carried out by means of a nonlocal large gyroradius ICRF code(O. Sauter, Ph.D. thesis, Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne, Switzerland (1992).) which incorporates 1-D plasma profiles. It is found that substantial beam and alpha particle absorption can occur for some cases. Application of ion cyclotron range of frequencies internal transport barrier control requires further examination of fast wave mode conversion and the interaction of ion Bernstein waves with plasmas in advanced tokamaks. The effects of perpendicular and parallel magnetic gradients on the ion, electron, and alpha particle absorption are examined. A viable internal transport barrier control scheme for a reactor grade advanced tokamak will be discussed. 10. Kinetic analysis of MHD ballooning modes in tokamaks SciTech Connect Tang, W.M.; Rewoldt, G.; Cheng, C.Z.; Chance, M.S. 1984-10-01 A comprehensive analysis of the stability properties of the appropriate kinetically generalized form of MHD ballooning modes together with the usual trapped-particle drift modes is presented. The calculations are fully electromagnetic and include the complete dynamics associated with compressional ion acoustic waves. Trapped-particle effects along with all forms of collisionless dissipation are taken into account without approximations. The influence of collisions is estimated with a model Krook operator. Results from the application of this analysis to realistic tokamak operating conditions indicate that unstable short-wavelength modes with significant growth rates can extend from ..beta.. = 0 to value above the upper ideal-MHD-critical-beta associated with the so-called second stability regime. Since the strength of the relevant modes appears to vary gradually with ..beta.., these results support a soft beta limit picture involving a continuous (rather than abrupt or hard) modification of anomalous transport already present in low-..beta..-tokamaks. However, at higher beta the increasing dominance of the electromagnetic component of the perturbations indicated by these calculations could also imply significantly different transport scaling properties. SciTech Connect AUSTIN, ME; LOHR, J 2002-08-01 OAK A271 ECE RADIOMETER UPGRADE ON THE DIII-D TOKAMAK. The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) heterodyne radiometer diagnostic on DIII-D has been upgraded with the addition of eight channels for a total of 40. The new, higher frequency channels allow measurements of electron temperature into the magnetic axis in discharges at maximum field, 2.15 T. The complete set now extends over the full usable range of second harmonic emission frequencies at 2.0 T covering radii from the outer edge inward to the location of third harmonic overlap on the high field side. Full coverage permits the measurement of heat pulses and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluctuations on both sides of the magnetic axis. In addition, the symmetric measurements are used to fix the location of the magnetic axis in tokamak magnetic equilibrium reconstructions. Also, the new higher frequency channels have been used to determine central T{sub e} with good time resolution in low field, high density discharges using third harmonic ECE in the optically gray and optically thick regimes. 12. Comments on experimental results of energy confinement of tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Chu, T.K. 1989-04-01 The results of energy-confinement experiments on steady-state tokamak plasmas are examined. For plasmas with auxiliary heating, an analysis based on the heat diffusion equation is used to define heat confinement time (the incremental energy confinement time). For ohmically sustained plasmas, experiments show that the onset of the saturation regime of energy confinement, marfeing, detachment, and disruption are marked by distinct values of the parameter /bar n//sub e///bar j/. The confinement results of the two types of experiments can be described by a single surface in 3-dimensional space spanned by the plasma energy, the heating power, and the plasma density: the incremental energy confinement time /tau//sub inc/ = ..delta..W/..delta..P is the correct concept for describing results of heat confinement in a heating experiment; the commonly used energy confinement time defined by /tau//sub E/ = W/P is not. A further examination shows that the change of edge parameters, as characterized by the change of the effective collision frequency ..nu../sub e/*, governs the change of confinement properties. The totality of the results of tokamak experiments on energy confinement appears to support a hypothesis that energy transport is determined by the preservation of the pressure gradient scale length. 70 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab. 13. Negative hydrogen ion source for TOKAMAK neutral beam injector (invited) Okumura, Y.; Fujiwara, Y.; Kashiwagi, M.; Kitagawa, T.; Miyamoto, K.; Morishita, T.; Hanada, M.; Takayanagi, T.; Taniguchi, M.; Watanabe, K. 2000-02-01 Intense negative ion source producing multimegawatt hydrogen/deuterium negative ion beams has been developed for the neutral beam injector (NBI) in TOKAMAK thermonuclear fusion machines. Negative ions are produced in a cesium seeded multi-cusp plasma generator via volume and surface processes, and accelerated with a multistage electrostatic accelerator. The negative ion source for JT-60U has produced 18.5 A/360 keV (6.7 MW) H- and 14.3 A/380 keV (5.4 MW) D- ion beams at average current densities of 11 mA/cm2 (H-) and 8.5 mA/cm2 (D-). A high energy negative ion source has been developed for the next generation TOKAMAK such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The source has demonstrated to accelerate negative ions up to 1 MeV, the energy required for ITER. Higher negative ion current density of more than 20 mA/cm2 was obtained in the ITER concept sources. It was confirmed that the consumption rate of cesium is small enough to operate the source for a half year in ITER-NBI without maintenance. 14. Two Dimensional Particle Transport in the Cct Tokamak Edge Plasma Tynan, George Robert The physics of particle transport in the CCT tokamak plasma edge is studied experimentally in this dissertation. A full poloidal array of Langmuir probes is used to measure the equilibrium plasma and transport properties of the CCT edge plasma during Ohmic and H-mode discharges. During Ohmic L-mode, the equilibrium plasma density and electron temperature are found to vary on a magnetic flux surface. The equilibrium plasma distribution coincides with the distribution of particle transport. Inside the last closed flux surface, convective processes dominate particle transport. Several large convective cells are observed near the limiter radius. At and beyond the limiter radius, turbulent transport is significant. The turbulence appears to be driven by the convective plasma flows. In Ohmic L-mode-like discharges, plasma transport occurs predominantly through the low-field region of the tokamak with local bad curvature. The convective cells are destroyed at the L-H transition and replaced with a more poloidally symmetric, radially narrow jet of plasma flow at the limiter radius. The jet effectively isolates the plasma core from the scrape -off layer. The turbulence associated with the convective cells is reduced across the edge region. Radial particle transport across the limiter radius is thus inhibited and the global particle confinement is increased. The available data suggest that the residual H-mode particle transport is more poloidally symmetric. 15. The Lithium Tokamak eXperiment - Upgrade (LTX-U) Majeski, R.; Bell, R.; Boyle, D.; Diallo, A.; Kaita, R.; Kozub, T.; Leblanc, B.; Lucia, M.; Merino, E.; Schmitt, J. C.; Biewer, T. M.; Gray, T. K.; Kubota, S.; Peebles, W. A.; Hansen, C.; Jarboe, T.; Bialek, J.; Koel, B.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Widman, K.; Tritz, K. 2015-11-01 Results from the LTX program during the last 18 months have significantly advanced the concept of the liquid lithium-walled tokamak. These results include energy confinement times in an ohmic, wall-limited tokamak which exceed ITER ELMy H-mode scaling by a factor of 2-4, the development of very flat electron temperature profiles, and measurements of lithium concentrations in the core which are less than 0.5%, with a full liquid lithium wall. Although considerable investigation of ohmically heated discharges remains, the results strongly support an extension to regimes with strong auxiliary heating, in order to better determine whether liquid lithium walls should be deployed in a large confinement device. A widened operational window, in both toroidal field and plasma current, is also advisable, as well as eventual operation in diverted geometry. An upgrade of LTX, imaginatively named LTX-U, has been proposed. The upgraded device will be described. The results which form the basis for this next step will be briefly summarized. Supported by US DOE contracts DE-AC02-09CH11466 and DE-AC52-07NA27344. 16. Continuum Kinetic Modeling of the Tokamak Plasma Edge Dorf, Mikhail 2015-11-01 The problem of edge plasma transport provides substantial challenges for analytical or numerical analysis due to (a) complex magnetic geometry including both open and closed magnetic field lines B, (b) steep radial gradients comparable to ion drift-orbit excursions, and (c) a variation in the collision mean-free path along B from long to short compared to the magnetic connection length. Here, the first 4D continuum drift-kinetic transport simulations that span the magnetic separatrix of a tokamak are presented, motivated in part by the success of continuum kinetic codes for core physics and in part by the potential for high accuracy. The calculations include fully-nonlinear Fokker-Plank collisions and electrostatic potential variations. The problem of intrinsic toroidal rotation driven by ion orbit loss is addressed in detail. The code, COGENT, developed by the Edge Simulation Laboratory collaboration, is distinguished by a fourth-order finite-volume discretization combined with mapped multiblock grid technology to handle the strong anisotropy of plasma transport and the complex magnetic X-point divertor geometry with high accuracy. Previously, successful performance of high-order algorithms has been demonstrated in a simpler closed magnetic-flux-surface geometry for the problems of neoclassical transport and collisionless relaxation of geodesic acoustic modes in a tokamak pedestal, including the effects of a strong radial electric field under H-mode conditions. Work performed for USDOE, at LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. 17. Dynamic simulations of the cryogenic system of a tokamak Cirillo, R.; Hoa, C.; Michel, F.; Poncet, J. M.; Rousset, B. 2015-12-01 Power generation in the next decades could be provided by thermo-nuclear fusion reactors like tokamaks. There inside, the fusion reaction takes place thanks to the generation of plasmas at hundreds of millions of degrees that must be confined magnetically with superconductive coils, cooled down to 4.4K. The plasma works cyclically and the coil system is subjected to pulsed heat load which has to be handled by the refrigerator. By smoothing the variable loads, the refrigerator capacity can be set close to the average power; optimizing investment and operational costs. Within the “Broader Approach agreement” related to ITER project, CEA (Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives) is in charge of providing the cryogenic system for the Japanese tokamak (JT-60SA), that is currently under construction in Naka. The system has been designed to handle the pulsed heat loads. To prepare the acceptance tests of the cryogenic system foreseen in 2016, both dynamic modelling and experimental tests on a scaled down mock-up are of high interest for assessing pulsed load smoothing control. After explaining HELIOS (HElium Loop for hIgh lOad Smoothing) operating modes, a dynamic model is presented, with results on the pulsed heat load scenarios. All the simulations have been performed with EcosimPro® and the associated cryogenic library CRYOLIB. 18. Full f gyrokinetic method for particle simulation of tokamak transport SciTech Connect Heikkinen, J.A. Janhunen, S.J.; Kiviniemi, T.P.; Ogando, F. 2008-05-10 A gyrokinetic particle-in-cell approach with direct implicit construction of the coefficient matrix of the Poisson equation from ion polarization and electron parallel nonlinearity is described and applied in global electrostatic toroidal plasma transport simulations. The method is applicable for calculation of the evolution of particle distribution function f including as special cases strong plasma pressure profile evolution by transport and formation of neoclassical flows. This is made feasible by full f formulation and by recording the charge density changes due to the ion polarization drift and electron acceleration along the local magnetic field while particles are advanced. The code has been validated against the linear predictions of the unstable ion temperature gradient mode growth rates and frequencies. Convergence and saturation in both turbulent and neoclassical limit of the ion heat conductivity is obtained with numerical noise well suppressed by a sufficiently large number of simulation particles. A first global full f validation of the neoclassical radial electric field in the presence of turbulence for a heated collisional tokamak plasma is obtained. At high Mach number (M{sub p}{approx}1) of the poloidal flow, the radial electric field is significantly enhanced over the standard neoclassical prediction. The neoclassical radial electric field together with the related GAM oscillations is found to regulate the turbulent heat and particle diffusion levels particularly strongly in a large aspect ratio tokamak at low plasma current. 19. The tokamak density limit: A thermo-resistive disruption mechanism Gates, D. A.; Brennan, D. P.; Delgado-Aparicio, L.; White, R. B. 2015-06-01 The behavior of magnetic islands with 3D electron temperature and the corresponding 3D resistivity effects on growth are examined for islands with near-zero net heating in the island interior. We refer to the resulting class of non-linearities as thermo-resistive effects. In particular, the effects of varying impurity mix on the previously proposed local island onset threshold [Gates and Delgado-Aparicio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165004 (2012)] are examined and shown to be consistent with the well established experimental scalings for tokamaks at the density limit. A surprisingly simple semi-analytic theory is developed which imposes the effects of heating/cooling in the island interior as well as the effects of island geometry. For the class of current profiles considered, it is found that a new term that accounts for the thermal effects of island asymmetry is required in the modified Rutherford equation. The resultant model is shown to exhibit a robust onset of a rapidly growing tearing mode—consistent with the disruption mechanism observed at the density limit in tokamaks. A fully non-linear 3D cylindrical calculation is performed that simulates the effect of net island heating/cooling by raising/suppressing the temperature in the core of the island. In both the analytic theory and the numerical simulation, the sudden threshold for rapid growth is found to be due to an interaction between three distinct thermal non-linearities which affect the island resistivity, thereby modifying the growth dynamics. 20. Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy on the T-10 tokamak. PubMed Klyuchnikov, L A; Krupin, V A; Nurgaliev, M R; Korobov, K V; Nemets, A R; Dnestrovskij, A Yu; Tugarinov, S N; Serov, S V; Naumenko, N N 2016-05-01 The charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) diagnostics on the T-10 tokamak is described. The system is based on a diagnostic neutral beam and includes three high etendue spectrometers designed for the ITER edge CXRS system. A combined two-channel spectrometer is developed for simultaneous measurements of two beam-induced spectral lines using the same lines of sight. A basic element of the combined spectrometer is a transmitting holographic grating designed for the narrow spectral region 5291 ± 100 Å. The whole CXRS system provides simultaneous measurements of two CXRS impurity spectra and Hα beam line. Ion temperature measurements are routinely provided using the C(6+) CXRS spectral line 5291 Å. Simultaneous measurements of carbon densities and one more impurity (oxygen, helium, lithium etc.) are carried out. Two light collecting systems with 9 lines of sight in each system are used in the diagnostics. Spatial resolution is up to 2.5 cm and temporal resolution of 1 ms is defined by the diagnostic neutral beam diameter and pulse duration, respectively. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate a wide range of the CXRS diagnostic capabilities on T-10 for investigation of impurity transport processes in tokamak plasma. Developed diagnostics provides necessary experimental data for studying of plasma electric fields, heat and particle transport processes, and for investigation of geodesic acoustic modes. PMID:27250422 1. ADVANCES IN DUST DETECTION AND REMOVAL FOR TOKAMAKS SciTech Connect Campos, A.; Skinner, C.H. 2009-01-01 Dust diagnostics and removal techniques are vital for the safe operation of next step fusion devices such as ITER. In the tokamak environment, large particles or fi bers can fall on the electrostatic detector potentially causing a permanent short. An electrostatic dust detector developed in the laboratory is being applied to the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). We report on the development of a gas puff system that uses helium to clear such particles from the detector. Experiments at atmospheric pressure with varying nozzle designs, backing pressures, puff durations and exit fl ow orientations have given an optimal confi guration that effectively removes particles from a 25 cm² area. Similar removal effi ciencies were observed under a vacuum base pressure of 1 mTorr. Dust removal from next step tokamaks will be required to meet regulatory dust limits. A tri-polar grid of fi ne interdigitated traces has been designed that generates an electrostatic traveling wave for conveying dust particles to a “drain.” First trials with only two working electrodes have shown particle motion in optical microscope images. 2. Diamond Wire Cutting of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor SciTech Connect Keith Rule; Erik Perry; Robert Parsells 2003-01-31 The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is a one-of-a-kind, tritium-fueled fusion research reactor that ceased operation in April 1997. As a result, decommissioning commenced in October 1999. The 100 cubic meter volume of the donut-shaped reactor makes it the second largest fusion reactor in the world. The deuterium-tritium experiments resulted in contaminating the vacuum vessel with tritium and activating the materials with 14 MeV neutrons. The total tritium content within the vessel is in excess of 7,000 Curies, while dose rates approach 50 mRem/hr. These radiological hazards along with the size of the tokamak present a unique and challenging task for dismantling. Engineers at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) decided to investigate an alternate, innovative approach for dismantlement of the TFTR vacuum vessel: diamond wire cutting technology. In August 1999, this technology was successfully demonstrated and evaluated on vacuum vessel surrogates. Subsequently, the technology was improved and redesigned for the actual cutting of the vacuum vessel. Ten complete cuts were performed in a 6-month period to complete the removal of this unprecedented type of D&D (Decontamination and Decommissioning) activity. 3. DIAMOND WIRE CUTTING OF THE TOKAMAK FUSION TEST REACTOR SciTech Connect Rule, Keith; Perry, Erik; Parsells, Robert 2003-02-27 The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is a one-of-a-kind, tritium-fueled fusion research reactor that ceased operation in April 1997. As a result, decommissioning commenced in October 1999. The 100 cubic meter volume of the donut-shaped reactor makes it the second largest fusion reactor in the world. The deuterium-tritium experiments resulted in contaminating the vacuum vessel with tritium and activating the materials with 14 Mev neutrons. The total tritium content within the vessel is in excess of 7,000 Curies while dose rates approach 50 mRem/hr. These radiological hazards along with the size of the Tokamak present a unique and challenging task for dismantling. Engineers at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) decided to investigate an alternate, innovative approach for dismantlement of the TFTR vacuum vessel: diamond wire cutting technology. In August 1999, this technology was successfully demonstrated and evaluated on vacuum vessel surrogates. Subsequently, the techno logy was improved and redesigned for the actual cutting of the vacuum vessel. 10 complete cuts were performed in a 6-month period to complete the removal of this unprecedented type of D&D activity. 4. Intrinsic momentum transport in tokamaks with tilted elliptical flux surfaces Ball, Justin; Parra, Felix; Barnes, Michael; Dorland, William; Hammett, Gregory; Rodrigues, Paulo; Loureiro, Nuno 2014-10-01 Recent work demonstrated that breaking the up-down symmetry of tokamaks removes a constraint limiting intrinsic momentum transport, and hence toroidal rotation, to be small. We show, through MHD analysis, that ellipticity is most effective at introducing up-down asymmetry throughout the plasma. Using GS2, a local δf gyrokinetic code that self-consistently calculates momentum transport, we simulate tokamaks with tilted elliptical poloidal cross-sections and a Shafranov shift. These simulations show both the magnitude and poloidal dependence of nonlinear momentum transport. The results are consistent with TCV experimental measurements and suggest that this mechanism can generate rotation with an Alfven Mach number of several percent in a tilted elliptical ITER-like machine. It appears that rotation generated with up-down asymmetry may be sufficient to stabilize the resistive wall mode in reactor-sized devices. J.R.B. and F.I.P. were partially supported by the RCUK Energy Programme (grant number EP/I501045) and the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. 5. POLOIDAL MAGNETIC FIELD TOPOLOGY FOR TOKAMAKS WITH CURRENT HOLES SciTech Connect Puerta, Julio; Martin, Pablo; Castro, Enrique 2009-07-26 The appearance of hole currents in tokamaks seems to be very important in plasma confinement and on-set of instabilities, and this paper is devoted to study the topology changes of poloidal magnetic fields in tokamaks. In order to determine these fields different models for current profiles can be considered. It seems to us, that one of the best analytic descriptions is given by V. Yavorskij et al., which has been chosen for the calculations here performed. Suitable analytic equations for the family of magnetic field surfaces with triangularity and Shafranov shift are written down here. The topology of the magnetic field determines the amount of trapped particles in the generalized mirror type magnetic field configurations. Here it is found that the number of maximums and minimums of Bp depends mainly on triangularity, but the pattern is also depending of the existence or not of hole currents. Our calculations allow comparing the topology of configurations of similar parameters, but with and without whole currents. These differences are study for configurations with equal ellipticity but changing the triangularity parameters. Positive and negative triangularities are considered and compared between them. 6. Overview of the EUROfusion Medium Size Tokamak program Martin, Piero; Beurskens, Marc; Coda, Stefano; Eich, Thomas; Meyer, Hendrik; the EUROfusion MST1 Team 2015-11-01 As a result of the new organization of the European fusion programme, now under the umbrella of the EUROfusion Consortium, the MST (Medium Size Tokamaks) task force is in charge of executing the European science programme in the ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and MAST-U tokamaks. This paper will present an overview of the main results obtained in the 2014 campaign-where only ASDEX upgrade was operating-and the preliminary achievements of the recently started 2015/16 campaign, where also TCV will contribute. The main subjects of the experimental campaigns are (i) the development of scenarios relevant for the ITER Q=10 goal, in an all metal wall device (ii) the understanding of ELM mitigation/suppression with pellets and resonant magnetic perturbations, and in particular the effect of density versus collisionality, (iii) the understanding and optimization of methods for disruption mitigation or avoidance and runaway electrons control and (iv) the exploration of ITER and DEMO relevant scenarios with high normalized separatrix power flux, Psep / R , (Psep is the power through the separatrix, R the major radius) and tolerable target heat loads. The overview of the future programs in MST will be given. http://www.euro-fusionscipub.org/mst1 7. DSC -- Disruption Simulation Code for Tokamaks and ITER applications Galkin, S. A.; Grubert, J. E.; Zakharov, L. E. 2010-11-01 Arguably the most important issue facing the further development of magnetic fusion via advanced tokamaks is to predict, avoid, or mitigate disruptions. This recently became the hottest challenging topic in fusion research because of several potentially damaging effects, which could impact the ITER device. To address this issue, two versions of a new 3D adaptive Disruption Simulation Code (DSC) will be developed. The first version will solve the ideal reduced 3D MHD model in the real geometry with a thin conducting wall structure, utilizing the adaptive meshless technique. The second version will solve the resistive reduced 3D MHD model in the real geometry of the conducting structure of the tokamak vessel and will finally be parallelized. The DSC will be calibrated against the JET disruption data and will be capable of predicting the disruption effects in ITER, as well as contributing to the development of the disruption mitigation scheme and suppression of the RE generation. The progress on the first version of the 3D DSC development will be presented. 8. Thermal decomposition of Ti getter films from the DITE tokamak SciTech Connect Malinowski, M.E. 1981-04-01 The potential application of Ti gettering in tritium-using tokamaks will result in unacceptably high in-torus tritium inventories if the tritium cannot be recovered from the Ti thin films. To help assess the feasibility of tritium recovery by outgassing such films, several samples of getter films evaporated in the DITE tokamak were thermally decomposed in vacuum. Film samples from four different azimuthal torus positions were heated at approx.1/sup 0/C s/sup -1/ and all exhibited decomposition rate peaks at 410/sup 0/ +- 10/sup 0/C; every film had been fully decomposed by the time 475/sup 0/C was reached. Separate experiments showed that isothermal desorption at temperatures as low as 350/sup 0/C was sufficient to outgas such films in 10 min. Together with previous work on clean films, the present results indicated that films which have not been as heavily contaminated as the DITE samples could be desorbed in vacuum at temperatures between 250--350/sup 0/C in acceptably short times, and demonstrate that in situ outgassing of tritided films would be feasible. 9. Realtime capable first principle based modelling of tokamak turbulent transport Citrin, Jonathan; Breton, Sarah; Felici, Federico; Imbeaux, Frederic; Redondo, Juan; Aniel, Thierry; Artaud, Jean-Francois; Baiocchi, Benedetta; Bourdelle, Clarisse; Camenen, Yann; Garcia, Jeronimo 2015-11-01 Transport in the tokamak core is dominated by turbulence driven by plasma microinstabilities. When calculating turbulent fluxes, maintaining both a first-principle-based model and computational tractability is a strong constraint. We present a pathway to circumvent this constraint by emulating quasilinear gyrokinetic transport code output through a nonlinear regression using multilayer perceptron neural networks. This recovers the original code output, while accelerating the computing time by five orders of magnitude, allowing realtime applications. A proof-of-principle is presented based on the QuaLiKiz quasilinear transport model, using a training set of five input dimensions, relevant for ITG turbulence. The model is implemented in the RAPTOR real-time capable tokamak simulator, and simulates a 300s ITER discharge in 10s. Progress in generalizing the emulation to include 12 input dimensions is presented. This opens up new possibilities for interpretation of present-day experiments, scenario preparation and open-loop optimization, realtime controller design, realtime discharge supervision, and closed-loop trajectory optimization. 10. On resistive magnetohydrodynamic studies of sawtooth oscillations in tokamaks SciTech Connect Aydemir, A. Y. Kim, J. Y.; Park, B. H.; Seol, J. 2015-03-15 A fundamental requirement for the validity and accuracy of any large-scale computation is sufficiently well-resolved length and time scales relevant to the problem under study. Ironically, despite the enormous computational resources available today, poorly resolved length scales in sophisticated nonlinear calculations are not uncommon. Using the internal kink mode that is responsible for tokamak sawtooth oscillations as an example, consequences of not resolving in sufficient detail the linear and nonlinear layer widths of the resistive n = 1 mode and its nonlinear spectrum are examined. Poor radial and spectral resolution are shown to cause nonphysical, large-scale stochasticity that can be erroneously associated with a fast temperature collapse and sawtooth crash. With the assistance of a nonlinear mode coupling model, a sufficiently well-resolved toroidal spectrum is shown to require at least an order of magnitude more toroidal modes than is commonly used at dissipation levels relevant to today's tokamaks. A subgrid-scale model is introduced that helps with the spectral resolution problem by reducing the required number of degrees of freedom from that of a well-resolved direct numerical simulation. 11. Suprathermal electron dynamics and MHD instabilities in a tokamak Kamleitner, J.; Coda, S.; Decker, J.; Graves, J. P.; the TCV Team 2015-10-01 The dynamics of suprathermal electrons in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) activity and the excitation of MHD modes by suprathermal electrons are studied experimentally to improve the understanding of the interaction of fast particles with MHD instabilities in a tokamak. The study focuses on three different aspects of the internal kink mode with poloidal/toroidal mode number m/n=1/1 : the sawtooth instability, electron fishbones and coupled bursts alternating with sawtooth crashes (CAS), all located where the safety factor (q) profile approaches or takes the value q=1 . New quantitative results on suprathermal electron transport and an investigation of electron acceleration during sawtooth crashes are followed by the characterization of initial electron fishbone observations on the Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV). Finally, m/n=1/1 bursts associated with the sawtooth cycle, coupled to a persisting m/n=2/1 mode and alternating with sawtooth crashes, are discussed, in particular in view of the fast electron dynamics and their role in confinement degradation and mode excitation. 12. Ion temperature gradient driven transport in tokamaks with square shaping SciTech Connect Joiner, N.; Dorland, W. 2010-06-15 Advanced tokamak schemes which may offer significant improvement to plasma confinement on the usual large aspect ratio Dee-shaped flux surface configuration are of great interest to the fusion community. One possibility is to introduce square shaping to the flux surfaces. The gyrokinetic code GS2[Kotschenreuther et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 88, 128 (1996)] is used to study linear stability and the resulting nonlinear thermal transport of the ion temperature gradient driven (ITG) mode in tokamak equilibria with square shaping. The maximum linear growth rate of ITG modes is increased by negative squareness (diamond shaping) and reduced by positive values (square shaping). The dependence of thermal transport produced by saturated ITG instabilities on squareness is not as clear. The overall trend follows that of the linear instability, heat and particle fluxes increase with negative squareness and decrease with positive squareness. This is contradictory to recent experimental results [Holcomb et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 056116 (2009)] which show a reduction in transport with negative squareness. This may be reconciled as a reduction in transport (consistent with the experiment) is observed at small negative values of the squareness parameter. 13. In-vessel remote maintenance of the Compact Ignition Tokamak SciTech Connect Tabor, M.A.; Hager, E.R.; Creedon, R.L.; Fisher, M.V.; Atkin, S.D. 1987-01-01 The Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) is the first deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion device that will study the physics of an ignited plasma. The ability of the tokamak vacuum vessel to be maintained remotely while under vacuum has not been fully demonstrated on previous machines, and this ability will be critical to the efficient and safe operation of ignition devices. Although manned entry into the CIT vacuum vessel will be possible during the nonactivated stages of operation, remotely automated equipment will be used to assist in initial assembly of the vessel as well as to maintain all in-vessel components once the D-T burn is achieved. Remote maintenance and operation will be routinely required for replacement of thermal protection tiles, inspection of components, leak detection, and repair welding activities. Conceptual design to support these remote maintenance activities has been integrated with the conceptual design of the in-vessel components to provide a complete and practical remote maintenance system for CIT. The primary remote assembly and maintenance operations on CIT will be accomplished through two dedicated 37- x 100-cm ports on the main toroidal vessel. Each port contains a single articulated boom manipulator (ABM), which is capable of accessing half of the torus. The proposed ABM consists of a movable carriage assembly, telescoping two-part mast, and articulated link sections. 1 ref. 14. Magnetic Diagnostics for the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment SciTech Connect Berzak, L.; Kaita, R.; Kozub, T.; Majeski, R.; Zakharov, L. 2008-06-20 The Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) is a spherical tokamak with R0 = 0.4m, a = 0.26m, BTF ~ 3.4kG, IP ~ 400kA, and pulse length ~ 0.25s. The focus of LTX is to investigate the novel, low-recycling Lithium Wall operating regime for magnetically confined plasmas. This regime is reached by placing an in-vessel shell conformal to the plasma last closed flux surface. The shell is heated and then coated with liquid lithium. An extensive array of magnetic diagnostics is available to characterize the experiment, including 80 Mirnov coils (single and double-axis, internal and external to the shell), 34 flux loops, 3 Rogowskii coils, and a diamagnetic loop. Diagnostics are specifically located to account for the presence of a secondary conducting surface and engineered to withstand both high temperatures and incidental contact with liquid lithium. The diagnostic set is therefore fabricated from robust materials with heat and lithium resistance and is designed for electrical isolation from the shell and to provide the data required for highly constrained equilibrium reconstructions. 15. Finite pressure effects on the tokamak sawtooth crash SciTech Connect Nishimura, Yasutaro 1998-07-01 The sawtooth crash is a hazardous, disruptive phenomenon that is observed in tokamaks whenever the safety factor at the magnetic axis is below unity. Recently, Tokamak Test Fusion Reactor (TFTR) experimental data has revealed interesting features of the dynamical pressure evolution during the crash phase. Motivated by the experimental results, this dissertation focuses on theoretical modeling of the finite pressure effects on the nonlinear stage of the sawtooth crash. The crash phase has been studied numerically employed a toroidal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) initial value code deduced from the FAR code. For the first time, by starting from a concentric equilibrium, it has been shown that the evolution through an m/n = 1/1 magnetic island induces secondary high-n ballooning instabilities. The magnetic island evolution gives rise to convection of the pressure inside the inversion radius and builds up a steep pressure gradient across the island separatrix, or current sheet, and thereby triggers ballooning instabilities below the threshold for the axisymmetric equilibrium. Due to the onset of secondary ballooning modes, concomitant fine scale vortices and magnetic stochasticity are generated. These effects produce strong flows across the current sheet, and thereby significant modify the m = 1 driven magnetic reconnection process. The resultant interaction of the high-n ballooning modes with the magnetic reconnection process is discussed. 16. 42GHz ECRH assisted Plasma Breakdown in tokamak SST-1 Shukla, B. K.; Pradhan, S.; Patel, Paresh; Babu, Rajan; Patel, Jatin; Patel, Harshida; Dhorajia, Pragnesh; Tanna, V.; Atrey, P. K.; Manchanda, R.; Gupta, Manoj; Joisa, Shankar; Gupta, C. N.; Danial, Raju; Singh, Prashant; Jha, R.; Bora, D. 2015-03-01 In SST-1, 42GHz ECRH system has been commissioned to carry out breakdown and heating experiments at 0.75T and 1.5T operating toroidal magnetic fields. The 42GHz ECRH system consists of high power microwave source Gyrotron capable to deliver 500kW microwave power for 500ms duration, approximately 20 meter long transmission line and a mirror based launcher. The ECRH power in fundamental O-mode & second harmonic X-mode is launched from low field side (radial port) of the tokamak. At 0.75T operation, approximately 300 kW ECH power is launched in second harmonic X-mode and successful ECRH assisted breakdown is achieved at low loop_voltage ~ 3V. The ECRH power is launched around 45ms prior to loop voltage. The hydrogen pressure in tokamak is maintained ~ 1×10-5mbar and the pre-ionized density is ~ 4×1012/cc. At 1.5T operating toroidal magnetic field, the ECH power is launched in fundamental O-mode. The ECH power at fundamental harmonic is varied from 100 kW to 250 kW and successful breakdown is achieved in all ECRH shots. In fundamental harmonic there is no delay in breakdown while at second harmonic ~ 40ms delay is observed, which is normal in case of second harmonic ECRH assisted breakdown. 17. Excitation, propagation, and damping of electron Bernstein waves in tokamaks Ram, A. K.; Schultz, S. D. 2000-10-01 The conventional ordinary O-mode and the extraordinary X-mode in the electron cyclotron range of frequencies are not suitable for core heating in high-β spherical tokamak plasmas, like the National Spherical Torus Experiment [M. Ono, S. Kaye, M. Peng et al., in Proceedings of the 17th International Atomic Energy Agency Fusion Energy Conference (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1999), Vol. 3, p. 1135], as they are weakly damped at high harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. However, electron Bernstein waves (EBW) can be effective for heating and driving currents in spherical tokamak plasmas. Power can be coupled to EBWs via mode conversion of either the X-mode or the O-mode. The two mode conversions are optimized in different regions of the parameter space spanned by the parallel wavelength and wave frequency. The conditions for optimized mode conversion to EBWs are evaluated analytically and numerically using a cold plasma model and an approximate kinetic model. From geometric optics ray tracing it is found that the EBWs damp strongly near the Doppler-broadened resonance at harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. 18. NEXT-GENERATION PLASMA CONTROL IN THE DIII-D TOKAMAK SciTech Connect WALKER, ML; FERRON, JR; HUMPHREYS, DA; JOHNSON, RD; LEUER, JA; PENAFLOR, BG; PIGLOWSKI, DA; ARIOLA, M; PIRONTI, A; SCHUSTER, E 2002-10-01 OAK A271 NEXT-GENERATION PLASMA CONTROL IN THE DIII-D TOKAMAK. The advanced tokamak (AT) operating mode which is the principal focus of the DIII-D tokamak requires highly integrated and complex plasma control. Simultaneous high performance regulation of the plasma boundary and internal profiles requires multivariable control techniques to account for the highly coupled influences of equilibrium shape, profile, and stability control. This paper describes progress towards the DIII-D At mission goal through both significantly improved real-time computational hardware and control algorithm capability. 19. Radial transport and electron-cyclotron-current drive in the TCV and DIII-D tokamaks. PubMed Harvey, R W; Sauter, O; Prater, R; Nikkola, P 2002-05-20 Calculation of electron-cyclotron-current drive (ECCD) with the comprehensive CQL3D Fokker-Planck code for a TCV tokamak shot gives 550 kA of driven toroidal current, in marked disagreement with the 100-kA experimental value. Published ECCD efficiencies calculated with CQL3D in the much larger, higher-confinement DIII-D tokamak are in excellent agreement with experiment. The disagreement is resolved by including in the calculations electrostatic-type radial transport at levels given by global energy confinement in tokamaks. The radial transport of energy and toroidal current are in agreement. PMID:12005571 20. 3D simulation studies of tokamak plasmas using MHD and extended-MHD models SciTech Connect Park, W.; Chang, Z.; Fredrickson, E.; Fu, G.Y. 1996-12-31 The M3D (Multi-level 3D) tokamak simulation project aims at the simulation of tokamak plasmas using a multi-level tokamak code package. Several current applications using MHD and Extended-MHD models are presented; high-{beta} disruption studies in reversed shear plasmas using the MHD level MH3D code, {omega}{sub *i} stabilization and nonlinear island saturation of TAE mode using the hybrid particle/MHD level MH3D-K code, and unstructured mesh MH3D{sup ++} code studies. In particular, three internal mode disruption mechanisms are identified from simulation results which agree which agree well with experimental data. 1. Up-down symmetry of the turbulent transport of toroidal angular momentum in tokamaks SciTech Connect Parra, Felix I.; Barnes, Michael 2011-06-15 Two symmetries of the local nonlinear {delta}f gyrokinetic system of equations in tokamaks in the high flow regime are presented. The turbulent transport of toroidal angular momentum changes sign under an up-down reflection of the tokamak and a sign change of both the rotation and the rotation shear. Thus, the turbulent transport of toroidal angular momentum must vanish for up-down symmetric tokamaks in the absence of both rotation and rotation shear. This has important implications for the modeling of spontaneous rotation. 2. Theory of "clumps" in drift-wave turbulence in tokamak plasma Wang, Xiaogang; Qiu, Xiaoming; X, M. Qhiu 1986-08-01 Basing on the new method of trajectory stochastic treatment advanced by one of the authors of this paper, the theory of "clumps" in driftwave turbulence in tokamak plasmas has been developed. It is shown that, as a longer time behaviour, plasmas in tokamaks will have the same "clumps" effects as those in uniform magnetic fields, although the diffusion crossing magnetic field lines in tokamaks will be enhanced. The influence of the non-uniformity of the magnetic field, such as curvature, shear, etc., on the transverse diffusion and the "clump" life-time is discussed. 3. Spectroscopy of smooth deuterated carbon films redeposited from plasma discharge in the tokamak T-10 SciTech Connect Svechnikov, N. Yu. Stankevich, V. G.; Lebedev, A. M.; Men'shikov, K. A.; Kolbasov, B. N.; Kriventsov, V. V. 2006-12-15 Smooth deuterated carbon films redeposited from a deuterium plasma discharge in the tokamak T-10 vacuum chamber have been investigated by different spectroscopic methods and temperature measurements. The photoluminescence excitation spectra of sp{sup 3}-sp{sup 2} nanostructures of tokamak films and sp{sup 2} nanostructures of fullerite C60 films are compared. The effect of defect states on the photoluminescence and its temperature quenching is discussed. It is concluded that the mechanism of thermal luminescence quenching for smooth deuterated tokamak films is close to the corresponding mechanism for amorphous a-C:H films. 4. Centre-solenoid-free merging start-up of spherical tokamak plasmas in UTST Inomoto, M.; Watanabe, T. G.; Gi, K.; Yamasaki, K.; Kamio, S.; Imazawa, R.; Yamada, T.; Guo, X.; Ushiki, T.; Ishikawa, H.; Nakamata, H.; Kawakami, N.; Sugawara, T.; Matsuyama, K.; Noma, K.; Kuwahata, A.; Tanabe, H. 2015-03-01 A centre-solenoid-free merging start-up scheme for spherical tokamak plasmas was developed in a University of Tokyo spherical tokamak (UTST) experiment by using outer poloidal field coils. Torus breakdown was initiated at null points and two spherical tokamak plasmas with a total current up to 80 kA were generated inductively. Their merging process provided substantial ion and electron heating by magnetic reconnection. The obtained dependence of heating on plasma current suggests that high-temperature and high-current plasma suitable for neutral beam injection is attainable under the realistic conditions in the merging start-up method. 5. The residual zonal flow in tokamak plasmas toroidally rotating at arbitrary velocity SciTech Connect Zhou, Deng 2014-08-15 Zonal flows, initially driven by ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, may evolve due to the neoclassic polarization in a collisionless tokamak plasma. In our previous work [D. Zhou, Nucl. Fusion 54, 042002 (2014)], the residual zonal flow in a tokamak plasma rotating toroidally at sonic speed is found to have the same form as that of a static plasma. In the present work, the form of the residual zonal flow is presented for tokamak plasmas rotating toroidally at arbitrary velocity. The gyro-kinetic equation is analytically solved for low speed rotation to give the expression of residual zonal flows, and the expression is then generalized for cases with arbitrary rotating velocity through interpolation. The zonal flow level decreases as the rotating velocity increases. The numerical evaluation is in good agreement with the former simulation result for high aspect ratio tokamaks. 6. A Cross-Benchmarking and Validation Initiative for Tokamak 3D Equilibrium Calculations Reiman, A.; Turnbull, A.; Evans, T.; Ferraro, N.; Lazarus, E.; Breslau, J.; Cerfon, A.; Chang, C. S.; Hager, R.; King, J.; Lanctot, M.; Lazerson, S.; Liu, Y.; McFadden, G.; Monticello, D.; Nazikian, R.; Park, J. K.; Sovinec, C.; Suzuki, Y.; Zhu, P. 2014-10-01 We are pursuing a cross-benchmarking and validation initiative for tokamak 3D equilibrium calculations, with 11 codes participating: the linearized tokamak equilibrium codes IPEC and MARS-F, the time-dependent extended MHD codes M3D-C1, M3D, and NIMROD, the gyrokinetic code XGC, as well as the stellarator codes VMEC, NSTAB, PIES, HINT and SPEC. Dedicated experiments for the purpose of generating data for validation have been done on the DIII-D tokamak. The data will allow us to do validation simultaneously with cross-benchmarking. Initial cross-benchmarking calculations are finding a disagreement between stellarator and tokamak 3D equilibrium codes. Work supported in part by U.S. DOE under Contracts DE-ACO2-09CH11466, DE-FC02-04E854698, DE-FG02-95E854309 and DE-AC05-000R22725. 7. Laser system for high resolution Thomson scattering diagnostics on the COMPASS tokamak SciTech Connect Bohm, P.; Sestak, D.; Bilkova, P.; Aftanas, M.; Weinzettl, V.; Hron, M.; Panek, R.; Dunstan, M. R.; Naylor, G. 2010-10-15 A new Thomson scattering diagnostic has been designed and is currently being installed on the COMPASS tokamak in IPP Prague in the Czech Republic. The requirements for this system are very stringent with approximately 3 mm spatial resolution at the plasma edge. A critical part of this diagnostic is the laser source. To achieve the specified parameters, a multilaser solution is utilized. Two 30 Hz 1.5 J Nd:YAG laser systems, used at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm, are located outside the tokamak area at a distance of 20 m from the tokamak. The design of the laser beam transport path is presented. The approach leading to a final choice of optimal focusing optics is given. As well as the beam path to the tokamak, a test path of the same optical length was built. Performance tests of the laser system carried out using the test path are described. 8. ADVANCED TOKAMAK OPERATION USING THE DIII-D PLASMA CONTROL SYSTEM SciTech Connect HUMPHREYS,DA; FERRON,JR; GAROFALO,AM; HYATT,AW; JERNIGAN,TC; JOHNSON,RD; LAHAYE,RJ; LEUER,JA; OKABAYASHI,M; PENAFLOR,BG; SCOVILLE,JT; STRAIT,EJ; WALKER,ML; WHYTE,DG 2002-10-01 A271 ADVANCED TOKAMAK OPERATION USING THE DIII-D PLASMA CONTROL SYSTEM. The principal focus of experimental operations in the DIII-D tokamak is the advanced tokamak (AT) regime to achieve, which requires highly integrated and flexible plasma control. In a high performance advanced tokamak, accurate regulation of the plasma boundary, internal profiles, pumping, fueling, and heating must be well coordinated with MHD control action to stabilize such instabilities as tearing modes and resistive wall modes. Sophisticated monitors of the operational regime must provide detection of off-normal conditions and trigger appropriate safety responses with acceptable levels of reliability. Many of these capabilities are presently implemented in the DIII-D plasma control system (PCS), and are now in frequent or routine operational use. The present work describes recent development, implementation, and operational experience with AT regime control elements for equilibrium control, MHD suppression, and off-normal event detection and response. 9. Limitations of power conversion systems under transient loads and impact on the pulsed tokamak power reactor Sager, G. T.; Wong, C. P. C.; Kapich, D. D.; McDonald, C. F.; Schleicher, R. W. 1993-11-01 The impact of cyclic loading of the power conversion system of a helium-cooled, pulsed tokamak power plant is assessed. Design limits of key components of heat transport systems employing Rankine and Brayton thermodynamic cycles are quantified based on experience in gas-cooled fission reactor design and operation. Cyclic loads due to pulsed tokamak operation are estimated. Expected performance of the steam generator is shown to be incompatible with pulsed tokamak operation without load leveling thermal energy storage. The close cycle gas turbine is evaluated qualitatively based on performance of existing industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines. Advances in key technologies which significantly improve prospects for operation with tokamak fusion plants are reviewed. 10. Gyrotron Performance on the 110 GHZ Installation at the DIII-D Tokamak SciTech Connect Gorelov, I.; Lohr, J.M.; Ponce, D.; Callis, R.W.; Ikezi, H.; Legg, R.A.; Tsimring, S.E. 1999-06-01 The 110 GHz gyrotron system on the DIII-D tokamak comprises three different gyrotrons in the 1 MW class. The individual gyrotron characteristics and the operational experience with the system are described. 11. The ignition physics study group supports the compact ignition tokamak and engineering test reactor programs SciTech Connect Sheffield, J. 1987-01-01 This report presents a collection of Vugraphs dealing with the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) and the Engineering Test Reactor (ETR). The role of the Ignition Physics Study Group is defined. Several design goals are presented. (JDH) 12. Normal-zone detection in tokamak superconducting magnets with Co- wound voltage sensors SciTech Connect Martovetsky, N.N.; Chaplin, M.R. 1995-06-08 This paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of different locations of co-wound voltage sensors for quench detection in tokamak magnets with a cable-in-conduit conductor. The voltage sensor locations are analyzed and estimates of the anticipated noise vs. dB/dt are derived for transverse, parallel, and self fields. The LLNL Noise Rejection Experiment, also described here, is designed to verify theoretical expectations on a copper cable exposed to these fields that will simulate the tokamak field environment. 13. Excitation of large-{kappa}{sub {theta}} ion-Bernstein waves in tokamaks SciTech Connect Valeo, E.J.; Fisch, N.J. 1994-09-01 The mode-converted ion-Bernstein wave excited in tokamaks is shown to exhibit certain very interesting behavior, including the attainment of very small poloidal phase velocities, the reversal of poloidal direction, and up-down asymmetries in propagation and damping. Because of these effects, this wave holds promise for channeling {alpha}-particle power to ions, something that would make a tokamak fusion reactor far more attractive than presently envisioned. 14. First results on fast wave current drive in advanced tokamak discharges in DIII-D SciTech Connect Prater, R.; Cary, W.P.; Baity, F.W. 1995-07-01 Initial experiments have been performed on the DIII-D tokamak on coupling, direct electron heating, and current drive by fast waves in advanced tokamak discharges. These experiments showed efficient central heating and current drive in agreement with theory in magnitude and profile. Extrapolating these results to temperature characteristic of a power plant (25 keV) gives current drive efficiency of about 0.3 MA/m{sup 2}. 15. Steady-state tokamak reactor with non-divertor impurity control: STARFIRE SciTech Connect Baker, C.C. 1980-01-01 STARFIRE is a conceptual design study of a commercial tokamak fusion electric power plant. Particular emphasis has been placed on simplifying the reactor concept by developing design concepts to produce a steady-state tokamak with non-divertor impurity control and helium ash removal. The concepts of plasma current drive using lower hybrid rf waves and a limiter/vacuum system for reactor applications are described. 16. Final Technical Report: Global Field Aligned Mesh and Gyrokinetic Field Solver in a Tokamak Edge Geometry SciTech Connect Cummings, Julian C. 2013-05-15 This project was a collaboration between researchers at the California Institute of Technology and the University of California, Irvine to investigate the utility of a global field-aligned mesh and gyrokinetic field solver for simulations of the tokamak plasma edge region. Mesh generation software from UC Irvine was tested with specific tokamak edge magnetic geometry scenarios and the quality of the meshes and the solutions to the gyrokinetic Poisson equation were evaluated. 17. [Fusion research/tokamak]. Final report, 1 May 1988--30 April 1994 SciTech Connect 1994-12-31 The objectives of the Fusion Research Center Program are: (1) to advance /the transport studies of tokamaks, including the development and maintenance of the Magnetic Fusion Energy Database, and (2) to provide theoretical interpretation, modeling and equilibrium and stability studies for the text-upgrade tokamak. Work is described on five basic categories: (1) magnetic fusion energy database; (2) computational support and numerical modeling; (3) support for TEXT-upgrade and diagnostics; (4) transport studies; and (5) Alfven waves. 18. Mirnov Coil Analysis by Singular Value Decomposition Method in IR-T1 Tokamak 2010-10-01 The spatial and temporal structures of magnetic signal in the tokamak is analyzed using recently developed singular value decomposition (SVD) technique to determine the structure of current perturbation as the discharge progresses. In this work we use SVD technique for that purpose in IR-T1 tokamak.ootnotetextC. Nardonet, Multichannel Fluctuation Data Analysis By The Singular Value Decomposition Method Application To MHD Modes In Jet,'' Plasma Physics & Controlled Fusion, V. 34, No. 9, 1992, 1447-1465 19. Geodesic acoustic mode in toroidally rotating anisotropic tokamaks SciTech Connect Ren, Haijun 2015-07-15 Effects of anisotropy on the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) are analyzed by using gyro-kinetic equations applicable to low-frequency microinstabilities in a toroidally rotating tokamak plasma. Dispersion relation in the presence of arbitrary Mach number M, anisotropy strength σ, and the temperature ration τ is analytically derived. It is shown that when σ is less than 3 + 2τ, the increased electron temperature with fixed ion parallel temperature increases the normalized GAM frequency. When σ is larger than 3 + 2τ, the increasing of electron temperature decreases the GAM frequency. The anisotropy σ always tends to enlarge the GAM frequency. The Landau damping rate is dramatically decreased by the increasing τ or σ. 20. RF wave propagation and scattering in turbulent tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Horton, W. Michoski, C.; Peysson, Y.; Decker, J. 2015-12-10 Drift wave turbulence driven by the steep electron and ion temperature gradients in H-mode divertor tokamaks produce scattering of the RF waves used for heating and current drive. The X-ray emission spectra produced by the fast electrons require the turbulence broaden RF wave spectrum. Both the 5 GHz Lower Hybrid waves and the 170 GHz electron cyclotron [EC] RF waves experience scattering and diffraction by the electron density fluctuations. With strong LHCD there are bifurcations in the coupled turbulent transport dynamics giving improved steady-state confinement states. The stochastic scattering of the RF rays makes the prediction of the distribution of the rays and the associated particle heating a statistical problem. Thus, we introduce a Fokker-Planck equation for the probably density of the RF rays. The general frame work of the coupled system of coupled high frequency current driving rays with the low-frequency turbulent transport determines the profiles of the plasma density and temperatures. 1. A Lumped Parameter Model for Feedback Studies in Tokamaks Chance, M. S.; Chu, M. S.; Okabayashi, M.; Glasser, A. H. 2004-11-01 A lumped circuit model of the feedback stabilization studies in tokamaks is calculated. This work parallels the formulation by Boozer^a, is analogous to the studies done on axisymmetric modes^b, and generalizes the cylindrical model^c. The lumped circuit parameters are derived from the DCON derived eigenfunctions of the plasma, the resistive shell and the feedback coils. The inductances are calculated using the VACUUM code which is designed to calculate the responses between the various elements in the feedback system. The results are compared with the normal mode^d and the system identification^e approaches. ^aA.H. Boozer, Phys. Plasmas 5, 3350 (1998). ^b E.A. Lazarus et al., Nucl. Fusion 30, 111 (1990). ^c M. Okabayashi et al., Nucl. Fusion 38, 1607 (1998). ^dM.S. Chu et al., Nucl. Fusion 43, 441 (2003). ^eY.Q. Liu et al., Phys. Plasmas 7, 3681 (2000). 2. Vlasov tokamak equilibria with shearad toroidal flow and anisotropic pressure Throumoulopoulos, George; Kuiroukidis, Apostolos; Tasso, Henri 2015-11-01 By choosing appropriate deformed Maxwellian ion and electron distribution functions depending on the two particle constants of motion, i.e. the energy and toroidal angular momentum, we reduce the Vlasov axisymmetric equilibrium problem for quasineutral plasmas to a transcendental Grad-Shafranov-like equation. This equation is then solved numerically under the Dirichlet boundary condition for an analytically prescribed boundary possessing a lower X-point to construct tokamak equilibria with toroidal sheared ion flow and anisotropic pressure. Depending on the deformation of the distribution functions these steady states can have toroidal current densities either peaked on the magnetic axis or hollow. These two kinds of equilibria may be regarded as a bifurcation in connection with symmetry properties of the distribution functions on the magnetic axis. This work has received funding from (a) the National Programme for the Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, Hellenic Republic, (b) Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. 3. TRAIL: a Tokamak Rail Gun Limiter for fusion reactors SciTech Connect Powell, J R; Yu, W S; Fillo, J A; Usher, J L 1980-01-01 An attractive new limiter concept is investigated. The Tokamak Rail Gun Limiter (TRAIL) system impacts a stream of moderate velocity pellets (100 to 200 m/sec through the plasma edge region to absorb energy and define the plasma boundary. The pellets are recycled, after cooling, to the injector in an E-M mass accelerator. Heat fluxes of approx. 30,000 W/cm/sup 2/ can be readily accommodated by the pellets, with very low recirculating power requirements (approx. 0.1%) for the accelerator. The mass accelerator velocity requirements are well within the present state-of-the-art (several km/sec). Accelerators injecting pellets at approx. 1 km/sec can be used to control local plasma temperature and current profiles and to act as energy absorbers to shut down the plasma without damage to the first wall if a plasma disruption occurs. 4. Compact Ignition Tokamak Program: R and D needs SciTech Connect Flanagan, C.A. 1985-01-01 This report on the Compact Ignition Tokamak Program supplies information concerning: segmented vacuum vessel joint development; first wall tile attachments; first wall/tile development - composite materials; vacuum leak detection; high frequency rf sources; Faraday shield development; design and testing of rf launchers for high power, ling pulse operation; radiation hardened, low loss, dielectric windows for rf, IR, visible, UV and X-rays, mirrors for changing direction and focusing IR, visible and UV radiation; radiation resistant optical dielectric wave guides; radiation resistant HV insulation for diagnostic magnetic pickup coils; compact radiation and/or magnetic shielding for in-vault diagnostics that need some attenuation to reduce S/N ratio; radiation hardened line-of-sight sensors such as bolometers, UV and soft X-ray detectors, neutral particle analyzers, torus pressure gauges; special maintenance fixtures and tools; material properties - design data base - all materials; and insulation - electrical/thermal and mechanical properties. 5. Solid scintillator based neutron fluctuation measurement on EAST tokamak Pu, N.; Zhu, Y. B.; Zhong, G. Q.; Hu, L. Q.; Lin, S. Y.; Xu, L. Q. 2015-12-01 Microsecond level fast temporal resolved neutron flux and its fluctuation measurement system based on three types of solid scintillator detectors has been successfully established on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) for energetic particle (EP) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) instabilities relevant studies. The detector #1, where 50mm thick polyethylene is used for neutron thermalization, is mostly sensitive to thermal neutron. The detector #2 and #3 measure fast D-D neutrons directly with different gamma immunity. Design details together with detector test results with three types of radioisotope sources are presented. The system has been successfully implemented in EAST experiments for neutron and gamma identification. Typical fast MHD fluctuation related EAST experimental results from this system is also presented. 6. Low energy neutral outflux from the PLT Tokamak SciTech Connect Voss, D.E.; Cohen, S.A. 1980-05-01 A time-of-flight system has been developed to measure the energy spectrum of neutral deuterium atoms emitted from the PLT Tokamak plasma in the energy range 20 to 1000 eV. D/sup 0/ neutrals are mechanically chopped by a rotating 25 cm OD stainless steel disc with 24 .025 cm wide slots photo-etched at an 11.4 cm radius. The gated neutrals free stream 181 cm where they impinge on a Cu-Be disc, thereby ejecting secondary electrons which are collected and amplified by an electron multiplier. Since the energy dependence of the Cu-Be secondary emission coefficient as well as the multiplier gain are known from prior calibration, quantitative D/sup 0/ fluxes can be determined. 7. STARFIRE: a commercial tokamak fusion power plant study SciTech Connect Not Available 1980-09-01 STARFIRE is a 1200 MWe central station fusion electric power plant that utilizes a deuterium-tritium fueled tokamak reactor as a heat source. Emphasis has been placed on developing design features which will provide for simpler assembly and maintenance, and improved safety and environmental characteristics. The major features of STARFIRE include a steady-state operating mode based on continuous rf lower-hybrid current drive and auxiliary heating, solid tritium breeder material, pressurized water cooling, limiter/vacuum system for impurity control and exhaust, high tritium burnup and low vulnerable tritium inventories, superconducting EF coils outside the superconducting TF coils, fully remote maintenance, and a low-activation shield. A comprehensive conceptual design has been developed including reactor features, support facilities and a complete balance of plant. A construction schedule and cost estimate are presented, as well as study conclusions and recommendations. 8. Winding insulation in electromagnetic systems for Tokamak reactor plants Maslov, V. V.; Trubachev, S. G. 1985-01-01 Magnetic containment of the plasma in nuclear fusion reactors of the Tokamak type requires electromagnets with insulation which must withstand high temperatures and thermal shocks as well as ionizing radiation in various forms and electric fields, and mechanical loads. Insulation materials to ensure adequate thermophysical and mechanical properties are evaluated, followed by design of insulation systems with satisfactory performance characteristics. Data on neutron fluence energy characteristics and radiation absorption doses during neutron interactions are essential for such an evaluation. Materials considered for insulation in electromagnets with superconductor and cryoresistance windings are glass mica tape with epoxy compound impregnation, glass cloth with epoxy compound impregnation (STE), polyimide glass cloth with adhesive coating (LSNL), glass Textolite with epoxy phenolic binder (STEN), epoxy resin paste with mineral fillers (PE), and polyurethane compound modified by epoxy resin with mineral filler (KPU). 9. Elements of Neoclassical Theory and Plasma Rotation in a Tokamak Smolyakov, A. 2015-12-01 The following sections are included: * Introduction * Quasineutrality condition * Diffusion in fully ionized magnetized plasma and automatic ambipolarity * Toroidal geometry and neoclassical diffusion * Diffusion and ambipolarity in toroidal plasmas * Ambipolarity and equilibrium poloidal rotation * Ambipolarity paradox and damping of poloidal rotation * Neoclassical plasma inertia * Oscillatory modes of poloidal plasma rotation * Dynamics of the toroidal momentum * Momentum diffusion in strongly collisional, short mean free path regime * Diffusion of toroidal momentum in the weak collision (banana) regime * Toroidal momentum diffusion and momentum damping from drift-kinetic theory and fluid moment equations * Comments on non-axisymmetric effects * Summary * Acknowledgments * Appendix: Trapped (banana) particles and collisionality regimes in a tokamak * Appendix: Hierarchy of moment equations * Appendix: Plasma viscosity tensor in the magnetic field: parallel viscosity, gyroviscosity, and perpendicular viscosity * Appendix: Closure relations for the flux surface averaged parallel viscosity in neoclassical (banana and plateau) regimes * References 10. Improved timing sequence generator on the DIII-D tokamak Colio, R. A.; Finkenthal, D. F.; Deterly, T. M. 2011-10-01 The DIII-D tokamak uses a central clock source and trigger system to synchronize plant operations and diagnostics. The system uses a bi-phase encoding technique to send both clock and trigger signals to remote receivers, and supports both pre-programmed sequences of triggers as well as event-driven triggers. A 1 MHz timebase is used and triggers are encoded as eight-bit hexadecimal words. Currently, the system relies on a cascaded series of CAMAC-based delay generators to produce the trigger sequence. We present a modern and more versatile implementation based on a single FPGA (field programmable gate array) capable of providing clock rates upward of 100 MHz while maintaining compatibility with existing equipment. A proposal for system clock synchronization with GPS for improved precision is also presented. Work supported in part by US DOE under DE-FC02-04ER54698 and the National Undergraduate Fellowship in Fusion Science and Engineering. 11. Microinstability-based model for anomalous thermal confinement in tokamaks SciTech Connect Tang, W.M. 1986-03-01 This paper deals with the formulation of microinstability-based thermal transport coefficients (chi/sub j/) for the purpose of modelling anomalous energy confinement properties in tokamak plasmas. Attention is primarily focused on ohmically heated discharges and the associated anomalous electron thermal transport. An appropriate expression for chi/sub e/ is developed which is consistent with reasonable global constraints on the current and electron temperature profiles as well as with the key properties of the kinetic instabilities most likely to be present. Comparisons of confinement scaling trends predicted by this model with the empirical ohmic data base indicate quite favorable agreement. The subject of anomalous ion thermal transport and its implications for high density ohmic discharges and for auxiliary-heated plasmas is also addressed. 12. WILDCAT: a catalyzed D-D tokamak reactor SciTech Connect Evans, K. Jr.; Baker, C.C.; Brooks, J.N. 1981-11-01 WILDCAT is a conceptual design of a catalyzed D-D, tokamak, commercial, fusion reactor. WILDCAT utilizes the beneficial features of no tritium breeding, while not extrapolating unnecessarily from existing D-T designs. The reactor is larger and has higher magnetic fields and plasma pressures than typical D-T devices. It is more costly, but eliminates problems associated with tritium breeding and has tritium inventories and throughputs approximately two orders of magnitude less than typical D-T reactors. There are both a steady-state version with Alfven-wave current drive and a pulsed version. Extensive comparison with D-T devices has been made, and cost and safety analyses have been included. All of the major reactor systems have been worked out to a level of detail appropriate to a complete, conceptual design. 13. Vlasov tokamak equilibria with sheared toroidal flow and anisotropic pressure SciTech Connect Kuiroukidis, Ap; Throumoulopoulos, G. N.; Tasso, H. 2015-08-15 By choosing appropriate deformed Maxwellian ion and electron distribution functions depending on the two particle constants of motion, i.e., the energy and toroidal angular momentum, we reduce the Vlasov axisymmetric equilibrium problem for quasineutral plasmas to a transcendental Grad-Shafranov-like equation. This equation is then solved numerically under the Dirichlet boundary condition for an analytically prescribed boundary possessing a lower X-point to construct tokamak equilibria with toroidal sheared ion flow and anisotropic pressure. Depending on the deformation of the distribution functions, these steady states can have toroidal current densities either peaked on the magnetic axis or hollow. These two kinds of equilibria may be regarded as a bifurcation in connection with symmetry properties of the distribution functions on the magnetic axis. 14. Plasma density behavior in the Hefei tokamak-7 Gao, Xiang; Jie, Y. X.; Yang, Y.; Xia, C. Y.; Wei, M. S.; Zhang, S. Y.; Cheng, Y. F.; Hu, L. Q.; Mao, J. S.; Tong, X. D.; Wan, B. N.; Kuang, G. L.; Li, J. G.; Zhao, Y. P.; Luo, J. R.; Qiu, N.; Yang, K.; Li, G.; Xie, J. K.; Wan, Y. X. 2000-07-01 The density profiles were measured in the Hefei tokamak-7 (HT-7) [World Survey of Activities in Controlled Fusion Research, Nuclear Fusion Special Supplement (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1997), p. 61] ohmic discharges by means of a new multichannel far-infrared (FIR) laser interferometer. The progress on the extension of the HT-7 ohmic discharge operation region was introduced. The experiment results at the density limit, the multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE) phenomena, the rf (radio frequency) boronization experiments, and the fueling efficiency studies were reported. The plasma physics in the molecular beam injection (MBI), the pellet injection (PI), and the gas puffing (GP) fueling experiments was studied and discussed. 15. High Density Experiments in the HL-1M Tokamak Yan, Long-wen; Yao, Liang-hua; Zhou, Yan; Liu, Yong; Wang, En-yao; HL-1M Team 2000-10-01 The plasma performance of high density has been investigated in the HL-1M Tokamak. Different density limits are given for three fueling methods i.e. gas puffing, pellet injection and molecular beam injection (MBI). The maximum Murakami constant is CM = 3.4 × 1019 m-2T-1 for Ohmic discharge. A maximum line-averaged density of 8.2 × 1019 m-3 has been achieved for Ohmic discharge at qa = 4.4. A 1.4 times of the Greenwald limit is obtained at Ip = 120 kA. The rising rates and peak factors of density are discussed. The plasma confinement of high density is analyzed, including the behavior of density limit disruption. 16. Electron temperature gradient driven instability in the tokamak boundary plasma SciTech Connect Xu, X.Q.; Rosenbluth, M.N.; Diamond, P.H. 1992-12-15 A general method is developed for calculating boundary plasma fluctuations across a magnetic separatrix in a tokamak with a divertor or a limiter. The slab model, which assumes a periodic plasma in the edge reaching the divertor or limiter plate in the scrape-off layer(SOL), should provide a good estimate, if the radial extent of the fluctuation quantities across the separatrix to the edge is small compared to that given by finite particle banana orbit. The Laplace transform is used for solving the initial value problem. The electron temperature gradient(ETG) driven instability is found to grow like t{sup {minus}1/2}e{sup {gamma}mt}. 17. The Radial Electric Field in Tokamak with Reversed Magnetic Shear Zhu, Ping; Horton, Wendell; Sugama, Hideo 1998-10-01 Neoclassical theory with the impurity rotational velocity is used to evaluate the radial electric field Er in tokamaks. The result of the complete matrix method for the deuterium-carbon plasma is compared with a reduced analytic formula for determining Er [Ernst et al., (1998)]. The analytic formula is shown to overestimate the Er magnitude and its gradient. Then two transport measures of the effect of the Er shear are compared for the reverse shear and enhanced reversed shear discharges in TFTR [Mazzucato et al., (1996)]. We show that the combined Er and magnetic shear measure Υs from linear stability theory gives a higher correlation with the observed transition between the two discharges than the vorticity measure ωs from Er shear alone. 18. Edge profile measurements using Thomson scattering on the KSTAR tokamak SciTech Connect Lee, J. H. Ko, W. H.; Oh, S.; Lee, W. R.; Kim, K. P.; Lee, K. D.; Jeon, Y. M.; Yoon, S. W.; Cho, K. W.; Narihara, K.; Yamada, I.; Yasuhara, R.; Hatae, T.; Yatsuka, E.; Ono, T.; Hong, J. H. 2014-11-15 In the KSTAR Tokamak, a “Tangential Thomson Scattering” (TTS) diagnostic system has been designed and installed to measure electron density and temperature profiles. In the edge system, TTS has 12 optical fiber bundles to measure the edge profiles with 10–15 mm spatial resolution. These 12 optical fibers and their spatial resolution are not enough to measure the pedestal width with a high accuracy but allow observations of L-H transition or H-L transitions at the edge. For these measurements, the prototype ITER edge Thomson Nd:YAG laser system manufactured by JAEA in Japan is installed. In this paper, the KSTAR TTS system is briefly described and some TTS edge profiles are presented and compared against the KSTAR Charge Exchange Spectroscopy and other diagnostics. The future upgrade plan of the system is also discussed in this paper. 19. Edge profile measurements using Thomson scattering on the KSTAR tokamak. PubMed Lee, J H; Oh, S; Lee, W R; Ko, W H; Kim, K P; Lee, K D; Jeon, Y M; Yoon, S W; Cho, K W; Narihara, K; Yamada, I; Yasuhara, R; Hatae, T; Yatsuka, E; Ono, T; Hong, J H 2014-11-01 In the KSTAR Tokamak, a "Tangential Thomson Scattering" (TTS) diagnostic system has been designed and installed to measure electron density and temperature profiles. In the edge system, TTS has 12 optical fiber bundles to measure the edge profiles with 10-15 mm spatial resolution. These 12 optical fibers and their spatial resolution are not enough to measure the pedestal width with a high accuracy but allow observations of L-H transition or H-L transitions at the edge. For these measurements, the prototype ITER edge Thomson Nd:YAG laser system manufactured by JAEA in Japan is installed. In this paper, the KSTAR TTS system is briefly described and some TTS edge profiles are presented and compared against the KSTAR Charge Exchange Spectroscopy and other diagnostics. The future upgrade plan of the system is also discussed in this paper. PMID:25430170 20. Stationary density profiles in the Alcator C-mod tokamak SciTech Connect Kesner, J.; Ernst, D.; Hughes, J.; Mumgaard, R.; Shiraiwa, S.; Whyte, D.; Scott, S. 2012-12-15 In the absence of an internal particle source, plasma turbulence will impose an intrinsic relationship between an inwards pinch and an outwards diffusion resulting in a stationary density profile. The Alcator C-mod tokamak utilizes RF heating and current drive so that fueling only occurs in the vicinity of the separatrix. Discharges that transition from L-mode to I-mode are seen to maintain a self-similar stationary density profile as measured by Thomson scattering. For discharges with negative magnetic shear, an observed rise of the safety factor in the vicinity of the magnetic axis appears to be accompanied by a decrease of electron density, qualitatively consistent with the theoretical expectations. 1. Design and installation of a ferromagnetic wall in tokamak geometry. PubMed Hughes, P E; Levesque, J P; Rivera, N; Mauel, M E; Navratil, G A 2015-10-01 Low-activation ferritic steels are leading material candidates for use in next-generation fusion development experiments such as a prospective component test facility and DEMO power reactor. Understanding the interaction of plasmas with a ferromagnetic wall will provide crucial physics for these facilities. In order to study ferromagnetic effects in toroidal geometry, a ferritic wall upgrade was designed and installed in the High Beta Tokamak-Extended Pulse (HBT-EP). Several material options were investigated based on conductivity, magnetic permeability, vacuum compatibility, and other criteria, and the material of choice (high-cobalt steel) is characterized. Installation was accomplished quickly, with minimal impact on existing diagnostics and overall machine performance, and initial results demonstrate the effects of the ferritic wall on plasma stability. PMID:26520952 2. Forbidden line emission from highly ionized atoms in tokamak plasmas NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Feldman, U.; Doschek, G. A.; Bhatia, A. K. 1982-01-01 Considerable interest in the observation of forbidden spectral lines from highly ionized atoms in tokamak plasmas is related to the significance of such observations for plasma diagnostic applications. Atomic data for the elements Ti Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Kr have been published by Feldman et al. (1980) and Bhatia et al. (1980). The present investigation is concerned with collisional excitation rate coefficients and radiative decay rates, which are interpolated for ions of elements between calcium, and krypton and for levels of the 2s2 2pk, 2s 2p(k+1), and 2p(k+2) configurations, and for the O I, N I, C I, B I, and Be I isoelectronic sequences. The provided interpolated atomic data can be employed to calculate level populations and relative line intensities for ions of the considered sequences, taking into account levels of the stated configurations. Important plasma diagnostic information provided by the forbidden lines includes the ion temperature 3. On the avalanche generation of runaway electrons during tokamak disruptions SciTech Connect Martín-Solís, J. R.; Loarte, A.; Lehnen, M. 2015-08-15 A simple zero dimensional model for a tokamak disruption is developed to evaluate the avalanche multiplication of a runaway primary seed during the current quench phase of a fast disruptive event. Analytical expressions for the plateau runaway current, the energy of the runaway beam, and the runaway energy distribution function are obtained allowing the identification of the parameters dominating the formation of the runaway current during disruptions. The effect of the electromagnetic coupling to the vessel and the penetration of the external magnetic energy during the disruption current quench as well as of the collisional dissipation of the runaway current at high densities are investigated. Current profile shape effects during the formation of the runaway beam are also addressed by means of an upgraded one-dimensional model. 4. Stabilization of the resistive shell mode in tokamaks SciTech Connect Fitzpatrick, R.; Aydemir, A. 1995-02-01 The stability of current-driven external-kink modes is investigated in a tokamak plasma surrounded by an external shell of finite electrical conductivity. According to conventional theory, the ideal mode can be stabilized by placing the shell sufficiently close to the plasma, but the non-rotating resistive shell mode, which grows on the characteristic L/R time of the shell, always persists. It is demonstrated, using both analytic and numerical techniques, that a combination of strong edge plasma rotation and dissipation somewhere inside the plasma is capable of stabilizing the resistive shell mode. This stabilization mechanism does not necessarily depend on toroidicity or presence of resonant surfaces inside the plasma. 5. Composition And Electrical Properties Of Dust From Tokamak Compass SciTech Connect Vaverka, J.; Beranek, M.; Pavlu, J.; Richterova, I.; Vysinka, M.; Safrankova, J.; Nemecek, Z. 2011-11-29 In spite of the fact that fusion is a subject of the study for many years, there are still a lot of open questions. One of the interesting topics in fusion research is a presence of dust grains in reactors. In the paper, dust grains born in tokamak Compass are studied and compared with samples of a spherical geometry and well known composition. A unique experimental setup was used for investigations of charging properties of such grains and the SEM and EDX spectroscopy was applied for a study of grain composition. We focus on the secondary emission because this process plays a prominent role when a portion of energetic electrons is present in surroundings of a particular grain. It was shown that depending on the grain size and material, energetic electrons charge the grains to positive potentials comparable with the energy of impinging electrons. 6. Tokamak power reactor ignition and time dependent fractional power operation SciTech Connect Vold, E.L.; Mau, T.K.; Conn, R.W. 1986-06-01 A flexible time-dependent and zero-dimensional plasma burn code with radial profiles was developed and employed to study the fractional power operation and the thermal burn control options for an INTOR-sized tokamak reactor. The code includes alpha thermalization and a time-dependent transport loss which can be represented by any one of several currently popular scaling laws for energy confinement time. Ignition parameters were found to vary widely in density-temperature (n-T) space for the range of scaling laws examined. Critical ignition issues were found to include the extent of confinement time degradation by alpha heating, the ratio of ion to electron transport power loss, and effect of auxiliary heating on confinement. Feedback control of the auxiliary power and ion fuel sources are shown to provide thermal stability near the ignition curve. 7. Reflectometer measurements of density fluctuations in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Nazikian, R.; Mazzucato, E. 1994-08-01 We show that many anomalous features observed in reflectometer measurements of turbulent fluctuations in tokamak plasmas, such as loss of coherent reflection, large amplitude fluctuations, large angular divergence of the reflected waves and correlation lengths of the order of the free space wavelength of the probe beam, can be explained by modeling the plasma fluctuations as a poloidally varying random phase grating located at the cutoff with a phase magnitude given by 1D geometric optics. A key result of our analysis is that the turbulence spectrum cannot be inferred from phase measurements when large amplitude fluctuations are observed at the receiver. However, the turbulence spectrum may still be recovered from phase measurements by use of imaging optics, and wide angle phase sensitive receivers. 8. Validation of Tokamak Equilibria: Reconciling Theory and Observation Using BEAST von Nessi, Gregory; Hole, Matthew; Svensson, Jakob 2011-10-01 We present a new technique for reconciling force-balance models with diagnostic observations via the statistical theory of Bayesian analysis. This method forms the backbone of a new data analysis code called BEAST (Bayesian Equilibrium Analysis and Simulation Technique) and is based on refactoring the force-balance relation into two different forward models, each associated with a 'fractional' observation, which are subsequently used in the Bayesian inference of the plasma equilibrium. By using a variant of the nested sampling algorithm, the evidence of the inferred posterior distribution is calculated and provides a relative quantification of how much the inferred equilibrium differs from a force-balance solution. Results are presented for discharges on the Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST), which are calculated using pickup coil, flux loop and Motional-Stark Effect (MSE) diagnostic data. 9. MHD stability properties of bean-shaped tokamaks SciTech Connect Grimm, R.C.; Chance, M.S.; Todd, A.M.M.; Manickam, J.; Okabayashi, M.; Tang, W.M.; Dewar, R.L.; Fishman, H.; Mendelsohn, S.L.; Monticello, D.A. 1984-03-01 A study of the MHD stability properties of bean-shaped tokamak plasmas is presented. For ballooning modes, while increased indentation gives larger ..beta.. stable configurations, the existence and accessibility of the second stable region is sensitive to the pressure and safety factor profiles. The second stable region appears at lower ..beta.. values for large aspect ratio and moderately high q-values. Finite-Larmor-radius (FLR) kinetic effects can significantly improve the stability properties. For low q (< 1) operation, long wavelength (n approx. 2,3) internal pressure driven modes occur at modest ..beta../sub p/ values and accessibility to higher ..beta.. operation is unlikely. Indentation modifies the nature of the usually vertical axisymmetric instability, but the mode can be passively stabilized by placing highly conducting plates near to the tips of the plasma bean. At constant q, indentation has a stabilizing effect on tearing modes. 10. Advanced ICRF antenna design for R-TOKAMAK Kako, E.; Ando, R.; Ichimura, M.; Ogawa, Y.; Amano, T.; Watari, T. 1986-01-01 The advanced ICRF antennas designed for the R-TOKAMAK (a proposal in the Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya University) are described. They are a standard loop antenna and a panel heater antenna for fast wave heating, and a waveguide antenna for ion Bernstein wave heating. The standard loop antenna is made of Al-alloy and has a simple structure to install because of radioactivation by D-T neutrons. For high power heating, a new type antenna called Panel heater antenna is proposed. It has a wide radiation area and is able to select a parallel wave number k. The field pattern of the panel heater antenna is measured. The feasibility of the waveguide antenna is discussed for ion Bernstein wave heating. The radiation from the aperture of the double ridge waveguide is experimentally estimated with a load simulating the plasma. 11. Poloidal rotation in tokamaks with large electric field gradients SciTech Connect Hinton, F.L.; Kim, Y. 1995-01-01 The ion poloidal flow velocity near the plasma edge in a tokamak has been calculated by extending neoclassical theory to include orbit squeezing, which is the reduction of the ion banana widths due to radial electric field shear. The pressure gradient-driven ion parallel flow is reduced by orbit squeezing, and then no longer cancels the diamagnetic flow in its contribution to poloidal flow. This allows the poloidal flow velocity to be a significant fraction of the ion diamagnetic velocity, which can be much larger than the standard neoclassical value (proportional to the ion temperature gradient). Equations for determining the poloidal flow and radial electric field profiles self-consistently are given. {copyright} {ital 1995} {ital American} {ital Institute} {ital of} {ital Physics}. 12. Neoclassical momentum transport in an impure rotating tokamak plasma SciTech Connect Newton, S.; Helander, P. 2006-01-15 It is widely believed that transport barriers in tokamak plasmas are caused by radial electric-field shear, which is governed by angular momentum transport. Turbulence is suppressed in the barrier, and ion thermal transport is comparable to the neoclassical prediction, but experimentally angular momentum transport has remained anomalous. With this motivation, the collisional transport matrix is calculated for a low collisionality plasma with collisional impurity ions. The bulk plasma toroidal rotation velocity is taken to be subsonic, but heavy impurities undergo poloidal redistribution due to the centrifugal force. The impurities give rise to off-diagonal terms in the transport matrix, which cause the plasma to rotate spontaneously. At conventional aspect ratio, poloidal impurity redistribution increases the angular momentum flux by a factor up to {epsilon}{sup -3/2} over previous predictions, making it comparable to the 'banana' regime heat flux. The flux is primarily driven by radial pressure and temperature gradients. 13. Tritium pellet injector design for tokamak fusion test reactor SciTech Connect Fisher, P.W.; Baylor, L.R.; Bryan, W.E.; Combs, S.K.; Easterly, C.E.; Lunsford, R.V.; Milora, S.L.; Schuresko, D.D.; White, J.A.; Williamson, D.H. 1985-01-01 A tritium pellet injector (TPI) system has been designed for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) Q approx. 1 phase of operation. The injector gun utilizes a radial design with eight independent barrels and a common extruder to minimize tritium inventory. The injection line contains guide tubes with intermediate vacuum pumping stations and fast valves to minimize propellant leakage to the torus. The vacuum system is designed for tritium compatibility. The entire injector system is contained in a glove box for secondary containment protection against tritium release. Failure modes and effects have been analyzed, and structural analysis has been performed for most intense predicted earthquake conditions. Details of the design and operation of this system are presented in this paper. 14. Operational conditions in a W-clad tokamak Neu, R.; Hopf, Ch.; Kallenbach, A.; Pütterich, T.; Dux, R.; Greuner, H.; Gruber, O.; Herrmann, A.; Krieger, K.; Maier, H.; Rohde, V.; ASDEX Upgrade Team 2007-08-01 Experiments with tungsten plasma facing components (PFCs) are performed in the ASDEX Upgrade divertor tokamak and the area covered by W-PFCs has been increased steadily since 1999 reaching 85% for the 2005/2006 campaign. The configurations chosen are W-coatings on graphite and CFC. The different locations are subject to different power loads and erosion yields. This is taken into account by selecting different thicknesses in the W-coating manufactured either by physical vapour deposition or vacuum plasma spraying. Power loads in excess of 15 MW/m 2 can be handled in this way. The experiments on ASDEX Upgrade show that plasma operation is feasible with walls and divertor surfaces mostly covered with tungsten, but also reveal critical issues: fast particles from plasma heating can play a crucial role in W erosion and particle transport must be kept high enough to overcome high impurity content and to prevent central impurity accumulation. 15. Electron heating using lower hybrid waves in the PLT tokamak SciTech Connect Bell, R.E.; Bernabei, S.; Cavallo, A.; Chu, T.K.; Luce, T.; Motley, R.; Ono, M.; Stevens, J.; von Goeler, S. 1987-06-01 Lower hybrid waves with a narrow high velocity wave spectrum have been used to achieve high central electron temperatures in a tokamak plasma. Waves with a frequency of 2.45 GHz launched by a 16-waveguide grill at a power level less than 600 kW were used to increase the central electron temperature of the PLT plasma from 2.2 keV to 5 keV. The magnitude of the temperature increase depends strongly on the phase difference between the waveguides and on the direction of the launched wave. A reduction in the central electron thermal diffusivity is associated with the peaked electron temperature profiles of lower hybrid current-driven plasmas. 16 refs. 16. Ion radial transport induced by ICRF waves in tokamaks SciTech Connect Chen, L.; Vaclavik, J.; Hammett, G.W. 1987-05-01 The wave-induced fluxes of energetic-trapped ions during ICRF heating of tokamak plasmas are calculated using quasilinear equations. A simple single particle model of this transport mechanism is also given. Both a convective flux proportional to k/sub phi/vertical bar E/sub +/vertical bar/sup 2/ and a diffusive flux proportional to k/sub phi//sup 2/vertical bar E/sub +/vertical bar/sup 2/ are found. Here, k/sub phi/ is the toroidal wave number and E/sub +/ is the left-hand polarized wave field. The convective flux may become significant for large k/sub phi/ if the wave spectrum is asymmetric in k/sub phi/. But for the conditions of most previous experiments, these calculations indicate that radial transport driven directly by the ICRF wave is unimportant. 17. Transport properties of interacting magnetic islands in tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Gianakon, T.A.; Callen, J.D.; Hegna, C.C. 1993-10-01 This paper explores the equilibrium and transient transport properties of a mixed magnetic topology model for tokamak equilibria. The magnetic topology is composed of a discrete set of mostly non-overlapping magnetic islands centered on the low-order rational surfaces. Transport across the island regions is fast due to parallel transport along the stochastic magnetic field lines about the separatrix of each island. Transport between island regions is assumed to be slow due to a low residual cross-field transport. In equilibrium, such a model leads to: a nonlinear dependence of the heat flux on the pressure gradient; a power balance diffusion coefficient which increases from core to edge; and profile resiliency. Transiently, such a model also exhibits a heat pulse diffusion coefficient larger than the power balance diffusion coefficient. 18. Thermo-resistive disruptions and the tokamak density limit Gates, D. A.; Brennan, D. P.; Delgado-Aparicio, L.; Teng, Q.; White, R. B. 2016-05-01 The physical mechanism behind the tokamak density limit scaling is described in terms of a non-linear theory of tearing mode growth in cylindrical geometry coupled to a model for thermal transport in the island. Important new physics features of the model include: (1) island asymmetry due to finite island width in cylindrical geometry, (2) a model of radiation based on local coronal equilibrium including impurity radiation, (3) current perturbations due the perturbed resistivity, and (4) numerical solution of the cylindrical eigenfunctions and Δ' . The semi-analytic cylindrical model is then solved for a wide range of current profiles, magnetic field values, and plasma currents using reasonable assumptions for impurity densities and the Greenwald limit [M. Greenwald et al., Nucl. Fusion 28, 2199 (1988)] is reproduced. The limit is shown to be only weakly dependent on variations in the assumed parameters. 19. Continuum kinetic modeling of the tokamak plasma edge DOE PAGESBeta Dorf, M. A.; Dorr, M.; Rognlien, T.; Hittinger, J.; Cohen, R. 2016-03-10 In this study, the first 4D (axisymmetric) high-order continuum gyrokinetic transport simulations that span the magnetic separatrix of a tokamak are presented. The modeling is performed with the COGENT code, which is distinguished by fourth-order finite-volume discretization combined with mapped multiblock grid technology to handle the strong anisotropy of plasmatransport and the complex X-point divertor geometry with high accuracy. The calculations take into account the effects of fully nonlinear Fokker-Plank collisions, electrostatic potential variations, and anomalous radial transport. Topics discussed include: (a) ion orbit loss and the associated toroidal rotation and (b) edge plasma relaxation in the presence of anomalousmore » radial transport.« less 20. Resistive MHD studies of high-. beta. -tokamak plasmas SciTech Connect Lynch, V.E.; Carreras, B.A.; Hicks, H.R.; Holmes, J.A.; Garcia, L. 1981-01-01 Numerical calculations have been performed to study the MHD activity in high-..beta.. tokamaks such as ISX-B. These initial value calculations built on earlier low ..beta.. techniques, but the ..beta.. effects create several new numerical issues. These issues are discussed and resolved. In addition to time-stepping modules, our system of computer codes includes equilibrium solvers (used to provide an initial condition) and output modules, such as a magnetic field line follower and an X-ray diagnostic code. The transition from current driven modes at low ..beta.. to predominantly pressure driven modes at high ..beta.. is described. The nonlinear studies yield X-ray emissivity plots which are compared with experiment.
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https://www.thetanningguru.com/sunscreen/?wiki-maping=%5B49%5D
# Sunscreen Sunscreen (also commonly known as sunblock, sun tan lotion, sun screen, sunburn cream or block out)[1] is a lotion, spray, gel or other topical product that absorbs or reflects some of the sun‘s ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin exposed to sunlight and thus helps protect against sunburn. Skin-lightening products have sunscreen to protect lightened skin because light skin is more susceptible to sun damage than darker skin. A number of sunscreens have tanning powder to help the skin to darken or tan; however, tanning powder does not provide protection from UV rays. Sunscreens contain one or more of the following ingredients: • Organic chemical compounds that absorb ultraviolet light. • Inorganic zinc oxide, or a combination of both). • Organic particulates that mostly absorb light like organic chemical compounds, but contain multiple Tinosorb M. Since the UV-attenuating efficacy depends strongly on particle size, the material is micronised to particle sizes below 200 nm. The mode of action of this photostable filter system is governed to about 90% by absorption and 10% by scattering of UV light. Depending on the mode of action sunscreens can be classified into physical sunscreens (i.e., those that reflect the sunlight) or chemical sunscreens (i.e., those that absorb the UV light).[2] Medical organizations such as the [4] The use of broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreens can address this concern. Although sunscreen is sometimes called “suntan lotion”, the latter is different in that it is used to intensify UV rays whereas the former is used to block UV rays. ### History The first effective sunscreen may have been developed by chemist Franz Greiter in 1946. The product, called Gletscher Crème (Glacier Cream), subsequently became the basis for the company Piz Buin (named in honor of the place Greiter allegedly obtained the sunburn that inspired his concoction), which is still today a marketer of sunscreen products.[5] It has been estimated that Gletscher Crème had a sun protection factor of 2. The first widely used sunscreen was produced by Benjamin Green, an airman and later a Bain de Soleil branding in the early 1950s. Franz Greiter is credited with introducing the concept of sun protection factor (SPF) in 1962, which has become a worldwide standard for measuring the effectiveness of sunscreen when applied at an even rate of 2 milligrams per square centimeter (mg/cm2). Some controversy exists over the usefulness of SPF measurements, especially whether the 2 mg/cm2 application rate is an accurate reflection of people’s actual use. Newer sunscreens have been developed with the ability to better withstand contact with sweat. ## Measurements of sunscreen protection Sunscreen helps prevent sunburn, such as this, which has blistered ### Sun protection factor (SPF) and labeling requirements Two photographs showing the effect of applying sunscreen in visible light and in UVA. The photograph on the right was taken using ultraviolet photography shortly after application of sunscreen to half of the face. The sun protection factor of a sunscreen is a laboratory measure of the effectiveness of sunscreen — the higher the SPF, the more protection a sunscreen offers against UV-B (the ultraviolet radiation that causes sunburn).[2] The SPF is the amount of UV radiation required to cause sunburn on skin with the sunscreen on, as a multiple of the amount required without the sunscreen.[6] There is a popular oversimplification of how SPF determines how long one can stay in the sun. For example, many users believe that, if they normally get sunburn in one hour, then an SPF 15 sunscreen allows them to stay in the sun fifteen hours (i.e. fifteen times longer) without getting sunburn. This would be true if the intensity of UV radiation were the same for the whole fifteen hours as in the one hour, but this is not normally the case. Intensity of solar radiation varies considerably with time of day. During early morning and late afternoon, the sun's radiation intensity is highly diminished since it must pass through more of the Earth's atmosphere while it is near the horizon. In practice, the protection from a particular sunscreen depends, besides on SPF, on factors such as: • The skin type of the user. • The amount applied and frequency of re-application. • Activities in which one engages (for example, swimming leads to a loss of sunscreen from the skin). • Amount of sunscreen the skin has absorbed. The SPF is an imperfect measure of skin damage because invisible damage and skin aging are also caused by [12] Owing to consumer confusion over the real degree and duration of protection offered, labeling restrictions are in force in several countries. In the [16] Others have proposed restricting the active ingredients to an SPF of no more than 50, due to lack of evidence that higher dosages provide more meaningful protection (especially due to the logarithmic nature of the scale).[17] UV-B sunlight spectrum (on a summer day in the Netherlands), along with the CIE Erythemal action spectrum. The effective spectrum is the product of the former two. The SPF can be measured by applying sunscreen to the skin of a volunteer and measuring how long it takes before sunburn occurs when exposed to an artificial sunlight source. In the US, such an [19] Mathematically, the SPF is calculated from measured data as $mathrm{SPF} = frac{int A(lambda) E(lambda)dlambda}{int A(lambda) E(lambda)/mathrm{MPF}(lambda) , dlambda},$ where $E(lambda)$ is the solar irradiance spectrum, $A(lambda)$ the erythemal action spectrum, and $mathrm{MPF}(lambda)$ the monochromatic protection factor, all functions of the wavelength $lambda$. The MPF is roughly the inverse of the transmittance at a given wavelength. The above means that the SPF is not simply the inverse of the transmittance in the UV-B region. If that were true, then applying two layers of SPF 5 sunscreen would be equivalent to SPF 25 (5 times 5). The actual combined SPF is always lower than the square of the single-layer SPF. ### Measurements of UVA protection #### Persistent pigment darkening (PPD) The persistent pigment darkening (PPD) method is a method of measuring UVA protection, similar to the SPF method of measuring UVB light protection. Originally developed in Japan, it is the preferred method used by manufacturers such as L'Oréal. Instead of measuring erythema or reddening of the skin, the PPD method uses UVA radiation to cause a persistent darkening or tanning of the skin. Theoretically, a sunscreen with a PPD rating of 10 should allow a person 10 times as much UVA exposure as would be without protection. The PPD method is an in vivo test like SPF. In addition, Colipa has introduced a method that, it is claimed, can measure this in vitro and provide parity with the PPD method.[20] ### SPF equivalence The UVA seal used in the EU As part of revised guidelines for sunscreens in the EU, there is a requirement to provide the consumer with a minimum level of UVA protection in relation to the SPF. This should be a UVA PF of at least 1/3 of the SPF to carry the UVA seal. The implementation of this seal is in its phase-in period,[[21] A set of final U.S. FDA rules effective from summer 2012 defines the phrase “broad spectrum” as having a UVA SPF at least as high as the UVB SPF.[16] #### Star rating system In the UK and Ireland, the [17] #### PA system Asian brands, particularly Japanese ones, tend to use The Protection Grade of UVA (PA) system to measure the UVA protection a sunscreen provides. The Protection Grade of UVA (PA) system is based on the PPD reaction and is now widely adopted on the labels of sunscreens. According to the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association PA+ corresponds to a UVA protection factor between two and four, PA++ between four and eight, and PA+++ more than eight. ## Sunblock is a type of sunscreen A tube of SPF 15 sun block lotion Sunblock typically refers to opaque sunscreen that is effective at blocking both UVA and UVB rays and uses a heavy carrier oil to resist being washed off. zinc oxide are two of the important ingredients in sunblock. Unlike the organic sun-blocking agents used in many sunscreens, these metal oxides do not degrade with exposure to sunlight. The use of the word “sunblock” in the marketing of sunscreens is controversial. The FDA has considered banning such use because it can lead consumers to overestimate the effectiveness of products so labeled.[23] For total protection against damage from the sun, the skin needs to be protected from UVA, UVB and IRA (infrared light). Roughly 35% of solar energy is IRA.[24] ## Potential health risks As a defense against UV radiation, the amount of the brown pigment melanin in the skin increases when exposed to moderate (depending on skin type) levels of radiation; this is commonly known as a sun tan. The purpose of melanin is to absorb UV radiation and dissipate the energy as harmless heat, blocking the UV from damaging skin tissue. UVA gives a quick tan that lasts for days by oxidizing melanin that was already present and triggers the release of the melanin from melanocytes. UVB on the other hand yields a tan that takes roughly two days to develop because it stimulates the body to produce more melanin. The photochemical properties of melanin make it an excellent photoprotectant. Sunscreen chemicals, on the other hand, cannot dissipate the energy of the excited state as efficiently as melanin and therefore the penetration of sunscreen ingredients into the lower layers of the skin increases the amount of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS).[25] Some sunscreen lotions now include compounds such as Phlebodium aureum. Some sunscreen chemicals produce potentially harmful substances if they are illuminated while in contact with living cells.stratum corneum may be large enough to cause damage. In one study of sunscreens, the authors write: The question whether UV filters acts on or in the skin has so far not been fully answered. Despite the fact that an answer would be a key to improve formulations of sun protection products, many publications carefully avoid addressing this question.[29] In an experiment by Hanson et al. that was published in 2006, the amount of harmful reactive oxygen species was measured in untreated and in sunscreen-treated skin. In the first 20 minutes the film of sunscreen had a protective effect and the number of ROS species was smaller. After 60 minutes, however, the amount of absorbed sunscreen was so high that the amount of ROS was higher in the sunscreen-treated skin than in the untreated skin.[25] The authors emphasize that if enough sunscreen remains in the surface this effect would be eliminated, enhancing the message that sunscreen needs to be applied and reapplied sufficiently and correctly for it to work. George Zachariadis and E Sahanidou of the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, at Aristotle University, in Thessaloniki, Greece, have now carried out an ICP-AES analysis of several commercially available sunscreen creams and lotions. “The objective was the simultaneous determination of titanium and several minor, trace or toxic elements (aluminum, zinc, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, chromium, lead, and bismuth) in the final products,” the researchers say. They concluded that “Most of the commercial preparations that were studied showed generally good agreement to the ingredients listed on the product label.” However, they also point out that the quantitative composition of the products tested cannot be assessed because the product labels usually do not provide a detailed break down of all ingredients and their concentrations. They also point out that, worryingly, their tests consistently revealed the presence of elements not cited in the product formulation, which emphasized the need for a standardized and official testing method for multi-element quality control of these products.[30] Some epidemiological studies indicate an increased risk of [40] Adverse health effects may be associated with some synthetic compounds in sunscreens.[42] Concerns have been raised regarding the use of nanoparticles in sunscreen.[44] In 2006 the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia concluded a study and found: “There is evidence from isolated cell experiments that zinc oxide and titanium dioxide can induce free radical formation in the presence of light and that this may damage these cells (photo-mutagenicity with zinc oxide). However, this would only be of concern in people using sunscreens if the zinc oxide and titanium dioxide penetrated into viable skin cells. The weight of current evidence is that they remain on the surface of the skin and in the outer dead layer (stratum corneum) of the skin.” [43] ### Vitamin D Artificial sunscreen absorbs ultraviolet light and prevents it from reaching the skin. It has been reported that sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 8 based on the UVB spectrum can decrease vitamin D synthetic capacity by 95 percent, whereas sunscreen with an SPF of 15 can reduce synthetic capacity by 98 percent (Matsuoka et al., 1987).[45] This was leading to deficiency in Australia after a government campaign to increase sunscreen use.[48] ## Active ingredients The principal ingredients in sunscreens are usually [53] and various other photostabilisers. ### FDA allowable ingredients The following are the FDA allowable active ingredients in sunscreens: UV-filter Other names Maximum concentration Permitted in these countries Results of safety testing p-Aminobenzoic acid PABA 15% (EC- banned from sale to consumers from 8 October 2009) USA, AUS Protects against skin tumors in mice.[56] Shown to increase DNA defects, however, and is now less commonly used. Padimate O OD-PABA, octyldimethyl-PABA, σ-PABA 8% (EC,USA,AUS) 10% (JP) (Not currently supported in EU and may be delisted) EC, USA, AUS, JP Not tested Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid Ensulizole, Eusolex 232, PBSA, Parsol HS 4% (US,AUS) 8% (EC) 3% (JP) EC,USA, AUS, JP Genotoxic in bacteria[57] Cinoxate 2-Ethoxyethyl p-methoxycinnamate 3% (US) 6% (AUS) USA, AUS Not tested Dioxybenzone Benzophenone-8 3% USA, AUS Not tested Oxybenzone Benzophenone-3, Eusolex 4360, Escalol 567 6% (US) 10% (AUS,EU) 5% (JP) EC, USA, AUS, JP Not tested Homosalate Homomethyl salicylate, HMS 10% (EC, JP) 15% (US,AUS) EC, USA, AUS, JP Not tested Menthyl anthranilate Meradimate 5% USA, AUS Not tested Octocrylene Eusolex OCR, 2-Cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylic acid, 2-ethylhexylester 10% EC,USA, AUS, JP Increases ROS[25] Octyl methoxycinnamate Octinoxate, EMC, OMC, Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, Escalol 557, 2-Ethylhexyl-paramethoxycinnamate, Parsol MCX 7.5% (US) 10% (EC,AUS)20% (JP) EC,USA, AUS, JP Octyl salicylate Octisalate, 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate, Escalol 587, 5% (EC,USA,AUS) 10% (JP) EC,USA, AUS, JP Not tested Sulisobenzone 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid, 3-Benzoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid, Benzophenone-4, Escalol 577 5% (EC) 10% (US, AUS, JP) EC,USA, AUS, JP Trolamine salicylate Triethanolamine salicylate 12% USA, AUS Not tested Avobenzone 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-tert-butyl phenyl)propane-1,3-dione, Butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane, BMDBM, Parsol 1789, Eusolex 9020 3% (US) 5% (EC,AUS)10% (JP) EC, USA, AUS, JP Not available[58] Ecamsule Mexoryl SX, Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid 10% EC,AUS (US:Approved in certain formulations up to 3% via New Drug Application (NDA) Route) Protects against skin tumors in mice[61] Titanium dioxide CI77891 25% (No limit Japan) EC,USA, AUS, JP Not tested Zinc oxide 25% (US) 20% (AUS) (EC-25% provided particle size >100 nm) (Japan, No Limit) EC,USA, AUS, JP Protects against skin tumors in mice[59] Other ingredients approved within the EU[63] that have not been included in the current FDA Monograph: UV-filter Other names Maximum concentration Permitted in 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor Enzacamene, Parsol 5000, Eusolex 6300, MBC 4%* EC, AUS Tinosorb M Bisoctrizole, Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol, MBBT 10%* EC, AUS, JP Tinosorb S Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine, Bemotrizinol, BEMT, anisotriazine 10% (EC, AUS) 3% (JP)* EC, AUS, JP Neo Heliopan AP Bisdisulizole Disodium, Disodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate, bisimidazylate, DPDT 10% EC, AUS Mexoryl XL Drometrizole Trisiloxane 15% EC, AUS Benzophenone-9 Uvinul DS 49, CAS 3121-60-6, Sodium Dihydroxy Dimethoxy Disulfobenzophenone [64] 10% JP Uvinul T 150 Octyl triazone, ethylhexyl triazone, EHT 5% (EC, AUS) 3% (JP)* EC, AUS Uvinul A Plus Diethylamino Hydroxybenzoyl Hexyl Benzoate 10% (EC,JP) EC, JP Uvasorb HEB Iscotrizinol, Diethylhexyl butamido triazone, DBT 10% (EC) 5% (JP) * EC, JP Parsol SLX Dimethico-diethylbenzalmalonate, Polysilicone-15 10% EC, AUS, JP Isopentenyl-4-methoxycinnamate Isoamyl p-Methoxycinnamate, IMC, Neo Heliopan E1000, Amiloxate 10% * EC, AUS Many of the ingredients not approved by the FDA are relatively new and developed to absorb UVA.[65] * Time and Extent Application (TEA), Proposed Rule on FDA approval expected 2009 ## Application Protection of the skin through use of a beach umbrella Excessive exposure to direct sunlight is potentially harmful. Excessive exposure can result in sunburn if a person does not wear sun protective clothing or use suitable sunscreen. Products with a higher SPF (Sun Protection Factor) level provide greater protection against ultraviolet radiation. However, in 1998, the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science reported that some sunscreens advertising UVA and UVB protection do not provide adequate safety from UVA radiation and could give sun tanners a false sense of protection. A sunscreen should also be hypoallergenic and noncomedogenic so it does not cause a rash or clog the pores, which can cause acne. For those choosing to tan, some dermatologists recommend the following preventative measures: • Sunscreens that should block both UVA and UVB rays are called broad-spectrum sunscreens. • Sunscreens need to be applied thickly enough to get the full SPF protection. • Sunscreens should be applied 15 to 30 minutes before exposure, followed by one reapplication 15 to 30 minutes after the sun exposure begins. Further reapplication is necessary only after activities such as swimming, sweating, and rubbing.[66] • Sun rays are strongest between 10 am and 4 pm.[67] Sun rays are stronger at higher elevations (mountains) and latitudes near the equator. • Wearing a hat with a brim and anti-UV sunglasses can provide almost 100% protection against ultraviolet radiation's entering the eyes. • Reflective surfaces like snow and water can greatly increase the amount of UV radiation to which the skin is exposed. Recent evidence indicates that caffeine and caffeine sodium benzoate increase UVB-induced apoptosis both in topical and oral applications. In mice, UVB-induced hyperplasia was greatly reduced with administration of these substances. Although studies in humans remain untested, caffeine and caffeine sodium benzoate may be novel inhibitors of skin cancer.[68] ### Dosage The dose used in [49] Provided one assumes an “average” adult build of height 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) and weight 150 lb (68 kg) with a 32 in (82 cm) waist, that adult wearing a bathing suit covering the groin area should apply 29 g (approximately 1 oz) evenly to the uncovered body area. Considering only the face, this translates to about 1/4 to 1/3 of a teaspoon for the average adult face. Larger individuals should scale these quantities accordingly. Contrary to the common advice that sunscreen should be reapplied every 2–3 hours, some research has shown that the best protection is achieved by application 15–30 minutes before exposure, followed by one reapplication 15–30 minutes after the sun exposure begins. Further reapplication is only necessary after activities such as swimming, sweating, or rubbing/wiping.[69] More recent research at the [71] ### Label regulations Updated package labeling standards in the United States have been under development since 1978. A set of final FDA rules effective from summer 2012 bans “waterproof” claims, instead requiring claims of 40 or 80 minutes “water-resistant” protection. It also requires a standardized “Drug Facts” label and requires specific FDA approval for “sunblock” and “instant protection” labels. Claims of protection over two hours are not allowed without specific approval.[16] However, the compliance dates for these new sunscreen labeling requirements, published in June 2011, have been delayed by 6 months. The new implementation date for products with annual sales less than US \$25,000 is December 17, 2013 and that for all other products is December 17, 2012.[72] Due to requests by several trade associations and the personal care industry, the FDA ultimately decided to extend the implementation period for 6 months from the original compliance date. This decision allows manufacturers adequate time for thorough testing and the full implementation of the new labeling requirements which cover: • Use claims • “Waterproof,” “sweatproof” or “sunblock” claims • Water resistance claims • Drug facts • Maximum SPF value on sunscreen labels to “50 +” These changes shall enable consumers to identify and select suitable sunscreen products offering protection from sunburn, early skin aging and skin cancer.[73] ## Hair care Sunscreening agents are used in some hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners and styling agents to protect against protein degradation and color loss. Currently, Cinnamidopyltrimonium chloride and a few others are used to a much less degree. The common sunscreens used on skin are rarely used for hair products due to their texture and weight effects. ## Notes 1. ^ “Preventing melanoma”. Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 2009-09-22. 2. ^ What You Need To Know About Skin Cancer 3. ^ Terence SC Poon, Ross StC Barnetson and Gary M Halliday (2003). “Prevention of Immunosuppression by Sunscreens in Humans Is Unrelated to Protection from Erythema and Dependent on Protection from Ultraviolet A in the Face of Constant Ultraviolet B Protection”. J Invest Dermatol 121: 184-90. 4. ^ 70 years since the PIZ BUIN mountain inspired a man to invent the world's first sun protection cream 5. ^ “Sunburn Protection Factor (SPF)”. Food and Drug Administration (United States). 2009-04-30. . Retrieved 2009-09-25. 6. edit 7. edit 8. edit 9. 15140232. 10. ^ MSNBC.com : Sunscreen — protection or ‘snake oil?' 11. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1076-0512&date=2000&volume=26&issue=4&spage=309. 12. ^ Commission Recommendation of 22 September 2006 on the efficacy of sunscreen products and the claims made relating thereto. Official Journal of the European Union. 2006-09-22. Retrieved 2009-09-25. 13. ^ “UV Resource Guide – Sunscreens”. Arpansa. 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2009-09-25. 14. ^ Questions and Answers on the 2007 Sunscreen Proposed Rule 15. . Retrieved 2012-04-10. 16. . Retrieved 2012-04-10. 17. ^ Optometrics products 18. ^ Dominique Moyal “How to measure UVA protection afforded by suncreen products” www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576849 19. ^ Colipa UVA method 21. ^ [1] Questions and Answers on the 2007 Sunscreen Proposed Rule 22. http://www.ewg.org/2010sunscreen/faqs-2010/#28 23. ^ P. Schroeder, PhD and J. Krutmann, MD What is Needed for a Sunscreen to Provide Complete Protection 24. ^ 17015167. 25. 11421064. 26. 8405372. 27. 10232823. 28. http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=68291&ProduktNr=224219&Ausgabe=228903&filename=68291.pdf. 29. ^ David Bradley (August 15). “Toxic sunscreen testing”. Http://www.spectroscopynow.com/coi/cda/detail.cda?id=22103&type=Feature&chId=1&page=1 year=2009. 30. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/82/4/614. 31. 10861466. 32. 7790106. 33. 10537017. 34. ^ Vainio, H., Bianchini, F. (2000). “Cancer-preventive effects of sunscreens are uncertain”. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 26: 529–31. 35. 9764814. 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.its.uu.se/sites/entrez. 37. 2297503. 38. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12084704. 39. 14678916. 40. ^ Experts explore the safety of sunscreen | Straight.com 41. ^ CDC: Americans Carry Body Burden of Toxic Sunscreen Chemical | Environmental Working Group 42. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. 43. ^ Arthur Martin (12 November 2008). “Revealed: The toxic nanoparticles with asbestos-like properties found in everyday goods”. Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 14 June 2009. 44. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56078/ 45. ^ Sexton, Reid (2007-12-09). “Slip, slop, crack: the vitamin D crisis – National”. Melbourne: theage.com.au. Retrieved 2009-09-25. 46. ^ Sexton, Reid; Hall, Louise (2007-12-09). “Be sun-smart, avoid bone D-generation risks – National”. Melbourne: theage.com.au. Retrieved 2009-09-25. 47. ^ “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D”. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2007-09-10. Retrieved 2007-09-10. 48. . Retrieved 2009-09-25. 49. ^ Neutrogena | How Helioplex Works 50. ^ Banana Boat AvoTriplex 51. 11594052. 52. ^ DSM Nutritional Products North America – Cosmetics: Basis for Performance – Parsol 340 – Octocrylene 53. 2317082. 54. 1967881. 55. 6982950. 56. 17617675. 57. 16311166. 58. ^ 17693182. 59. 14528058. 60. 8863475. 61. ^ CL1976L0768EN0150010.0001 1..107 62. ^ Australian Regulatory Guidelines for OTC Medicines – Chapter 10 63. ^ 64. ^ Manage Account – Modern Medicine 65. 11712033. 67. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/php/2008/00000084/00000002/art00010. 68. 11712033. 69. 17493070. 70. 19614894. 71. ^ 72. ^ US FDA Delays Implementation Deadlines for Sunscreen Labeling Requirements SGS SafeGuard Bulletin, Retrieved 09/27/2012 ## ### 14 thoughts on “Sunscreen” 1. Amino energy and energy supplements Amino energy and energy supplements increase your body blood cells and metabolism that contains energy in the form of caffeine, amino that helps for the proper growth. The immune system in the human body is very sensitive, for proper growth in your body you should follow some proper amino energy supplements. 2. At FITTONE, We ensure that your life is improved through Fitness, Health and Beauty. We provides customized programs for your health through dedicated and passionate professionals. Our expertise in Beauty solutions makes you feel young. Your Success and Happiness is our Mission. Ensuring Health and Beauty to make each one of your Life Beautiful is our Goal! 3. Priyamstudycentre Great article related to sunscreen and helpful who used this type of products. Recent year sun rays causes problems for human life because we destroy ozone layer and uv light is directly attack our screen to cause different types of cancer. 4. The article was amazing. I like it very much. 5. The immune system in the human body is very sensitive, for proper growth in your body you should follow some proper amino energy supplements. 6. http://nenetv24.com Every the moment inside a even though we pick out blogs that we study. Listed beneath would be the most current sites that we choose
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/199856-prove-limit-print.html
# Prove this limit • Jun 9th 2012, 03:57 PM sluggerbroth Prove this limit lim as x goes to 1 (x^(2)-2x+4)=3 • Jun 10th 2012, 11:56 AM emakarov Re: Prove this limit If a function f is continuous at x0, then its limit as x -> x0 is f(x0). • Jun 10th 2012, 03:23 PM HallsofIvy Re: Prove this limit Using what "basis"? If you know about "continuous functions" and in particular that all polynomials are continous for all values of x then it is sufficient to say, as emakarov does, that the limit is $(1)^2-2(1)+ 4= 1- 2+ 4= 3$. If, on the other hand, you have only the definition of limit to work with, you need to look at $|f(x)- L|= |x^2- 2x+ 4- 3|= |x^2- 2x+ 1|= |x-1|^2< \epsilon$, then what can you say if you choose $\delta= \sqrt{\epsilon}$ so that $|x- 1|< \delta$ becomes $|x- 1|< \sqrt{\epsilon}$? • Jun 14th 2012, 11:54 AM richard1234 Re: Prove this limit The function $f(x) = x^2 - 2x + 4$ is continuous everywhere. Therefore $\lim_{x \to 1} (x^2 - 2x + 4) = (1)^2 - 2(1) + 4 = 3$
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https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/10962/generate-regular-expressions-for-matching-natural-numbers-between-m-and-n/10977
# Generate regular expressions for matching natural numbers between m and n The type of regular expression is PCRE. Write a program that output a valid PCRE such that it matches all natural numbers between m and n and does not match anything else. No leading zeros are allowed. For example, let m and n be 123 and 4321, then the program might output 1(2[3-9]|[3-9]\d)|[2-9]\d\d|[123]\d\d\d|4([012]\d\d|3([01]\d|2[01])). This matches the exact string, so ^ and $ anchors are implicit. One should try to balance the two: 1. The regular expression should have a reasonable size. 2. The code should be short. Let's optimize for code length in characters + 2*regular expression length for input 123456 and 7654321 Side Note: It be interesting if we can prove the shortest PCRE regular expression is of the size O(log n log log n) or something. • Can you define the winning criteria? Maybe something like re_size*5 + prog_size (smaller = better), where re_size is the maximum for m and n up to 5 digits. There are many other ways to do it - what matters is that we can grade the answers. Mar 21 '13 at 7:46 • "Write a program that output a valid PCRE such that it matches all natural numbers between m and n" Presumably "and fails to match all other inputs", no? Lest some smart arse offers print .* in some language. Mar 21 '13 at 13:00 • Would've been more fun with negative numbers :-D – J B Mar 21 '13 at 14:45 • if(min == 123456 && max == 7654321){print_hardcoded_regex}else{enumerate_range_and_join} Jun 10 '13 at 12:06 ## 4 Answers # Perl, score 455 191 chars, 132 regex length sub b{my$a=shift;$_=(@_>0&&$a.b(@_).($a-->0&&'|')).($a>=0&&($a>1 ?"[0-$a]":$a));/\|/?"($_)":$_}sub a{b(@a=split//,<>-1+$x++).(@a> 1&&"|.{1,$#a}")}print'(?!0|('.a.')$)(?=('.a.'$))^\d{1,'.@a.'}$' Input: 123456, 7654321 (?!0|((1(2(3(4(5[0-5]|[0-4])|[0-3])|[0-2])|1)|0)|.{1,5})$)(?=((7(6(5(4(3(21|1)|[0-2])|[0-3])|[0-4])|[0-5])|[0-6])|.{1,6}$))^\d{1,7}$ Update: I was able to further simplify this when I realized that most of the patterns ended with things like \d{3}. These were doing nothing more than enforcing a string length--and doing so very repetitively, since they occurred on every term. I eliminated this by using another lookahead to enforce the "less than" condition, only checking that either: 1) the first part of the number does not exceed the input or 2) the number is fewer digits than the input. Then the main regex just verifies that it is not too many digits. I also incorporated Peter Taylor's idea of negative look-ahead for checking the "greater than" condition. The key to simplifying this problem (at least for me) was to break the regex in two: a look-ahead makes sure the number is not less than the minimum, then the main part of the regex checks that it is not greater than the maximum. It is a little bit silly for small input, but it is not so bad for large input. Note: the 0| at the beginning is to exclude anything that starts with a zero from matching. This is required because of the recursive nature of the regex function: inner parts of the match can start with zero, but the entire number cannot. The regex function can't tell the difference, so I excluded any number starting with zero as a special case. Input: 1, 4 (?!0|(0)$)(?=([0-4]$))^\d{1,1}$ Unreasonably Long Regex Version, 29 chars: print'^',join('|',<>..<>),'$' • Don't forget that there's a special special case, which is that if m is 0 then you need to allow 0 despite it having a leading zero. Mar 25 '13 at 13:35 • @PeterTaylor, I thought "natural numbers" meant positive integers. Checking wikipedia, I see that there is actually no agreement on whether zero is a natural number. At this point, I choose to take refuge in the ambiguity rather than change my solution :) – user7486 Mar 25 '13 at 14:40 ## Javascript, score 118740839 function makere(m,n){r='(';for(i=m;i<n;)r+=i+++'|';return (r+i)+')';} I suppose whether or not you like this depends on how you define 'a reasonable size.' :-) • Not gonna test this. I believe you. Mar 21 '13 at 21:43 Haskell 2063+2*151=2365 It's guaranteed the generated regex has length O(log n log log n). matchIntRange 12345 7654321 1(2(3(4(5[6-9]|[6-9]\d)|[5-9]\d\d)|[4-9]\d{3})|[3-9]\d{4})|[2-9]\d{5}|[1-6]\d{6}|7([0-5]\d{5}|6([0-4]\d{4}|5([0-3]\d{3}|4([012]\d\d|3([01]\d|2[01]))))) import Data.Digits data RegEx = Range Int Int | MatchNone | All Int | Or RegEx RegEx | Concat [RegEx] alphabet = "\\d" instance Show RegEx where show (Range i j) | i == j = show i | i+1 == j = concat ["[",show i,show j,"]"] | i+2 == j = concat ["[",show i,show (i+1), show (i+2),"]"] | otherwise = concat ["[",show i,"-",show j,"]"] show (Or a b) = show a ++ "|" ++ show b show MatchNone = "^$" show (All n) | n < 3 = concat $replicate n alphabet | otherwise = concat [alphabet,"{",show n,"}"] show e@(Concat xs) | atomic e = concatMap show xs | otherwise = concatMap show' xs where show' (Or a b) = "("++show (Or a b)++")" show' x = show x atomic (Concat xs) = all atomic xs atomic (Or _ _) = False atomic _ = True -- Match integers in a certain range matchIntRange :: Int->Int->RegEx matchIntRange a b | 0 > min a b = error "Negative input" | a > b = MatchNone | otherwise = build (d a) (d b) where build :: [Int]->[Int]->RegEx build [] [] = Concat [] build (a@(x:xs)) (b@(y:ys)) | sl && x == y = Concat [Range x x, build xs ys] | sl && all9 && all0 = Concat [Range x y, All n] | sl && all0 = Or (Concat [Range x (y-1), All n]) upper | sl && all9 = Or lower (Concat [Range (x+1) y, All n]) | sl && x+1 <= y-1 = Or (Or lower middle) upper | sl = Or lower upper | otherwise = Or (build a (nines la)) (build (1:zeros la) b) where (la,lb) = (length a, length b) sl = la == lb n = length xs upper = Concat [Range y y, build (zeros n) ys] lower = Concat [Range x x, build xs (nines n)] middle = Concat [Range (x+1) (y-1), All n] all9 = all (==9) ys all0 = all (==0) xs zeros n = replicate n 0 nines n = replicate n 9 d 0 = [0] d n = digits 10 n The code below is a simple version that helps with understanding the algorithm, but it doesn't do any optimization to improve the regex size. matchIntRange 123 4321 (((1((2((3|[4-8])|9)|[3-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9))|[2-8]((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9)))|9((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9)))|((1((0((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9))|[1-8]((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9)))|9((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9)))|[2-3]((0((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9))|[1-8]((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9)))|9((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9))))|4((0((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9))|[1-2]((0((0|[1-8])|9)|[1-8]((0|[1-8])|9))|9((0|[1-8])|9)))|3((0((0|[1-8])|9)|1((0|[1-8])|9))|2(0|1))))) The regular expression has 680 characters. Here is the code import Data.Digits data RegEx = Range Int Int | MatchNone | Or RegEx RegEx | Concat [RegEx] alphabet = "\\d" instance Show RegEx where show (Range i j) | i == j = show i | otherwise = concat ["[",show i,"-",show j,"]"] show (Or a b) = concat ["(",show a,"|",show b,")"] show MatchNone = "^$" show (Concat xs) = concatMap show xs matchIntRange :: Int->Int->RegEx matchIntRange a b | 0 > min a b = error "Negative input" | a > b = MatchNone | otherwise = build (d a) (d b) where build :: [Int]->[Int]->RegEx build [] [] = Concat [] build (a@(x:xs)) (b@(y:ys)) | sl && x == y = Concat [Range x x, build xs ys] | sl && x+1 <= y-1 = Or (Or lower middle) upper | sl = Or lower upper | otherwise = Or (build a (nines la)) (build (1:zeros la) b) where (la,lb) = (length a, length b) sl = la == lb n = length xs upper = Concat [Range y y, build (zeros n) ys] lower = Concat [Range x x, build xs (nines n)] middle = Concat [Range (x+1) (y-1), build (zeros n) (nines n)] zeros n = replicate n 0 nines n = replicate n 9 d 0 = [0] d n = digits 10 n ## GolfScript (126 + 2*170 = 466) ~)]{:&,:_,{:i'('\_(<:/i&=48-:D 2<{D^i!!D*|1,*}{'['\i>2D<'-'*D(']?'3$)<}if/D!!*{'\d{'/i>'1,'*_(i-'}|'D}*}%_')'*]}%'(?!'\~'$)'\ For the given values it gives (?!(\d{1,5}|1([01]\d{4}|2([0-2]\d{3}|3([0-3]\d{2}|4([0-4]\d{1}|5([0-5]))))))\$)([1-6]?\d{1,6}|7([0-5]\d{5}|6([0-4]\d{4}|5([0-3]\d{3}|4([0-2]\d{2}|3([01]\d{1}|2([01]))))))) Dissection to follow, but the basic idea is to define a block of code which maps a single natural number to a regex matching any smaller natural number, and then turn the inputs lb and ub into a negative lookahead for (natural number smaller than lb) combined with the regex for (natural number smaller than ub+1). The logic is quite complicated, so even by GolfScript standards it's cryptic. Until I get round to writing a detailed dissection, here's a list of variables: & the whole number string i the current idx D the current digit / not-the-last-digit _ total number of digits • @dan1111, I looked at the documentation for PCRE but I didn't see anything forbidding out-of-order character classes, and the tester I used didn't give an error. I'll have to look into that. OTOH if your regex engine doesn't like an expression ending in | then that's a bug in your regex engine, not in my regex. Mar 21 '13 at 17:14 • sorry, I didn't realize that (a|) is actually valid. However, [1-0]` in your previous regex did not work in Perl or an online tester I tried. – user7486 Mar 22 '13 at 6:05 • @dan1111, after you pointed it out I realised that the online tester I was using was swallowing the error. I reproduced it on a machine with Perl, and wrote a test framework using Perl to check the regexes. Thanks for pointing it out. Mar 22 '13 at 8:49
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http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F1-4020-4528-X_12
Chapter Recent Advances in the Theory of Chemical and Physical Systems Volume 15 of the series Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics pp 253-283 # P,T-PARITYVIOLATIONEFFECTS INPOLARHEAVY-ATOM MOLECULES • A. V. TITOVAffiliated withPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute • , N. S. MOSYAGINAffiliated withPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute • , A. N. PETROVAffiliated withPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute • , T. A. ISAEVAffiliated withPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute • , D. P. DEMILLEAffiliated withPhysics Department, Yale University * Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT. ## Abstract Investigation of P,T-parity nonconservation (PNC) phenomena is of fundamental importance for physics. Experiments to search for PNC effects have been performed on TlF and YbF molecules and are in progress for PbO and PbF molecules. For interpretation of molecular PNC experiments it is necessary to calculate those needed molecular properties which cannot be measured. In particular, electronic densities in heavy-atom cores are required for interpretation of the measured data in terms of the P,T-odd properties of elementary particles or P,T-odd interactions between them. Reliable calculations of the core properties (PNC effect, hyperfine structure etc., which are described by the operators heavily concentrated in atomic cores or on nuclei) usually require accurate accounting for both relativistic and correlation effects in heavy-atom systems. In this paper, some basic aspects of the experimental search for PNC effects in heavy-atom molecules and the computational methods used in their electronic structure calculations are discussed. The latter include the generalized relativistic effective core potential (GRECP) approach and the methods of nonvariational and variational one-center restoration of correct shapes of four-component spinors in atomic cores after a two-component GRECP calculation of a molecule. Their efficiency is illustrated with calculations of parameters of the effective P,T-odd spin-rotational Hamiltonians in the molecules PbF, HgF, YbF, BaF, TlF, and PbO.
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https://www.sarthaks.com/2706401/which-following-addresses-exactly-given-gerhard-leimkugelstr-schoppenstedt-38170-gerhard?show=2706402
# Which one of the following four addresses is NOT EXACTLY same as the one given below? Gerhard Leimkugelstr. 13, SchOPpenstedt, 38170 (i) Gerhard Leim 14 views closed Which one of the following four addresses is NOT EXACTLY same as the one given below? Gerhard Leimkugelstr. 13, SchOPpenstedt, 38170 (i) Gerhard Leimkugelstr. 13, SchOPpenstebt, 38170 (ii) Gerhard Leimkugelstr. 13, SchOPpenstedt, 38170 (iii) Gerhard Leimkugelstr. 13, SchOPpenstedt, 38170 (iv) Gerhard Leimkugelstr. 13, SchOPpenstedt, 38170 1. iii 2. ii 3. iv 4. i by (30.0k points) selected Correct Answer - Option 4 : i The address which is not exactly the same given above is 'address (i)' as the word SchOPpenstedt is misspelt as SchOPpenstebt in it. The mistake has been shown in bold below: (i) Gerhard Leimkugelstr. 13, SchOPpenstebt, 38170 Hence, "address i" is not exactly same.
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https://im.kendallhunt.com/MS/teachers/3/8/6/index.html
Lesson 6 Finding Side Lengths of Triangles 6.1: Which One Doesn’t Belong: Triangles (5 minutes) Warm-up In this warm-up, students compare four triangles. To give all students access the activity, each triangle has one obvious reason it does not belong. One key thing for them to notice is whether the triangle is a right triangle or not. Launch Arrange students in groups of 2–4. Display the image of the four triangles for all to see. Ask students to indicate when they have noticed one triangle that does not belong and can explain why. Give students 1 minute of quiet think time and then time to share their thinking with their group. After everyone has conferred in groups, ask the group to offer at least one reason each figure doesn’t belong. Student Facing Which triangle doesn’t belong? Activity Synthesis Ask each group to share one reason why a particular triangle does not belong. Record and display the responses for all to see. After each response, ask the class if they agree or disagree. Since there is no single correct answer to the question of which one does not belong, attend to students’ explanations and ensure the reasons given make sense. If no student brings up the fact that Triangle B is the only one that is not a right triangle, be sure to point that out. 6.2: A Table of Triangles (15 minutes) Activity In this activity, students calculate the side lengths of the triangles by both drawing in tilted squares and reasoning about segments that must be congruent to segments whose lengths are known. Students then record both the side length and the area of the squares in tables and look for patterns. The purpose of this task is for students to think about the relationships between the squares of the side lengths of triangles as a lead up to the Pythagorean Theorem at the end of this lesson. Note that students do not have to draw squares to find every side length. Some squares are intentionally positioned so that students won't be able to draw squares and must find other ways to find the side lengths. Some segments are congruent to others whose lengths are already known. Launch Arrange students in groups of 2–3. Display the image of the triangle on a grid for all to see and ask students to consider how they would find the value of each of the side lengths of the triangle. After 1–2 minutes of quiet think time, ask partners to discuss their strategies and then calculate the values. Select 2–3 groups to share their strategies and the values for the side lengths they found ($$\sqrt{9}=3$$, $$\sqrt{10}$$, $$\sqrt{25}=5$$). Next, show the same image but with three squares drawn in, each using one of the sides of the triangle as a side length. This directly reflects work students have done previously for finding the length of a diagonal on a grid. Students may point out that for the side that is not diagonal, the square is not needed. This is true, but, if no student points it out, note that $$3 = \sqrt{9}$$, and so the strategy of drawing in a square still works. Tell students they will use their strategies to determine the side lengths of several triangles in the activity. Alert them to the fact that it's possible to figure out some of the side lengths without having to draw a square. Encourage groups to divide up the work completing the tables and discuss strategies to find the rest of the unknown side lengths. Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence. Connect a new concept to one with which students have experienced success. For example, reference examples from the previous lessons on finding the length of a diagonal of a grid by drawing squares to provide an entry point into this activity. Supports accessibility for: Social-emotional skills; Conceptual processing Conversing, Reading: MLR2 Collect and Display. As students work in groups on the task, circulate and listen to as they discuss what they notice about the values in the table for Triangles E and Q that does not apply to the other triangles. Write down the words and phrases students use on a visual display. As students review the language collected, encourage students to clarify the meaning of a word or phrase. For example, a phrase such as: “The values of $$a$$ and $$b$$ add up to $$c$$.” can be restated as “The sum of $$a^2$$ and $$b^2$$ is $$c^2$$. Encourage students to refer back to the visual display during whole-class discussions throughout the lesson and unit. This routine will provide feedback to students in a way that supports sense-making while simultaneously increasing meta-awareness of language. Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness Student Facing 1. Complete the tables for these three triangles: triangle  $$a$$   $$b$$   $$c$$ D E F triangle $$a^2$$ $$b^2$$ $$c^2$$ D E F 2. What do you notice about the values in the table for Triangle E but not for Triangles D and F? 3. Complete the tables for these three more triangles: triangle  $$a$$   $$b$$   $$c$$ P Q R triangle $$a^2$$ $$b^2$$ $$c^2$$ P Q R 4. What do you notice about the values in the table for Triangle Q but not for Triangles P and R? 5. What do Triangle E and Triangle Q have in common? Anticipated Misconceptions Some students may use the language hypotenuse and legs for all of the triangles in the activity. If you hear this, remind students that those words only apply to right triangles. Activity Synthesis Invite groups to share their responses to the activity and what they noticed about the relationships between specific triangles. Hopefully, someone noticed that $$a^2+b^2 = c^2$$ for triangles E and Q and someone else noticed they are right triangles. If so, ask students if any of the other triangles are right triangles (they are not). If students do not see these patterns, don’t give it away. Instead, tell students that we are going to look at more triangles to find a pattern. 6.3: Meet the Pythagorean Theorem (10 minutes) Activity In this task, students can use squares or count grid units to find side lengths and check whether the Pythagorean identity $$a^2+b^2 = c^2$$ holds or not. If students don’t make the connection that it works for the two right triangles but not the other one, this should be brought to their attention. In the synthesis of this activity or the lesson synthesis, the teacher formally states the Pythagorean Theorem and lets students know they will prove it in the next lesson. Launch Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 4 minutes of quiet work time followed by partner and then whole-class discussions. Student Facing 1. Find the missing side lengths. Be prepared to explain your reasoning. 2. For which triangles does $$a^2+b^2=c^2$$? Student Facing If the four shaded triangles in the figure are congruent right triangles, does the inner quadrilateral have to be a square? Explain how you know. Activity Synthesis Ask selected students to share their reasoning. Make sure the class comes to an agreement. Then tell students that the Pythagorean Theorem says: If $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$ are the sides of a right triangle, where $$c$$ is the hypotenuse, then $$\displaystyle a^2+b^2=c^2$$ It is important for students to understand that it only works for right triangles. Tell them we will prove that this is always true in the next lesson. Representation: Develop Language and Symbols. Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include that will support their understanding of the Pythagorean Theorem and hypotenuse. Supports accessibility for: Memory; Language Speaking, Listening: MLR7 Compare and Connect. Use this routine to help students consider audience when preparing a visual display of their work. Ask students to prepare a visual display that shows how they found the missing side lengths. Some students may wish to include notes, details or drawings to help communicate their thinking. Invite students to investigate each other’s work. Listen for and amplify the language students use to describe how they used squares to determine the side lengths of the triangle. Encourage students to make connections between the values of $$a^2$$, $$b^2$$, and $$c^2$$ and the squares in the diagram. For example, the value of $$a^2$$ represents the area of the square with side length $$a$$, and $$b^2$$ represents the area of the square with side length $$b$$. As a result, the equation $$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$$ suggests that the area of the square with side length $$c$$ is the sum of the areas of the square with side length $$a$$ and the square with side length $$b$$. This will foster students’ meta-awareness and support constructive conversations as they compare strategies for finding the exact side lengths of triangles and make connections between quantities and the areas they represent. Design Principles(s): Cultivate conversation; Maximize meta-awareness Lesson Synthesis Lesson Synthesis In this lesson we looked at the relationship between the side lengths of different triangles. We saw a pattern for right triangles that did not hold for non-right triangles. Ask students: • “What was the relationship we saw for the right triangles we looked at?” (The sum of the squares of the legs was equal to the square of the hypotenuse.) If time allows, draw a few right triangles with labeled side lengths marked $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$ and display for all to see. Ask students to check that the Pythagorean Theorem is true for these triangles. As students work, check to make sure they understand that when $$a^2+b^2$$, $$a$$ and $$b$$ need to be squared first, and then added. Some students may confuse exponents with multiplying by 2, and assume they can “factor” the expression. In the next lesson, we will actually prove that what we saw in these examples is always true for right triangles. Student Lesson Summary Student Facing A right triangle is a triangle with a right angle. In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse, and the two other sides are called its legs. Here are some right triangles with the hypotenuse and legs labeled: We often use the letters $$a$$ and $$b$$ to represent the lengths of the shorter sides of a triangle and $$c$$ to represent the length of the longest side of a right triangle. If the triangle is a right triangle, then $$a$$ and $$b$$ are used to represent the lengths of the legs, and $$c$$ is used to represent the length of the hypotenuse (since the hypotenuse is always the longest side of a right triangle). For example, in this right triangle, $$a=\sqrt{20}$$, $$b=\sqrt5$$, and $$c=5$$. Here are some right triangles: Notice that for these examples of right triangles, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs. In the first right triangle in the diagram, $$9+16=25$$, in the second, $$1+16=17$$, and in the third, $$9+9=18$$. Expressed another way, we have $$\displaystyle a^2+b^2=c^2$$ This is a property of all right triangles, not just these examples, and is often known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The name comes from a mathematician named Pythagoras who lived in ancient Greece around 2,500 BCE, but this property of right triangles was also discovered independently by mathematicians in other ancient cultures including Babylon, India, and China. In China, a name for the same relationship is the Shang Gao Theorem. In future lessons, you will learn some ways to explain why the Pythagorean Theorem is true for any right triangle. It is important to note that this relationship does not hold for all triangles. Here are some triangles that are not right triangles, and notice that the lengths of their sides do not have the special relationship $$a^2+b^2=c^2$$. That is, $$16+10$$ does not equal 18, and $$2+10$$ does not equal 16.
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/langevin-curve-fitting.241822/
Langevin curve fitting 1. Jun 24, 2008 mhill hi, there my question is let's suppose we have the magnetization (M) versus the applied field (H) as $$M(H,T)= \sum _{n=1}^{N} W(x_i ) (x_i ) Lang (H.A.x_{i}/T)$$ here 'A' is a constant 'T' is the temperature of system Lang(x) is the Langevin function coth(x)-1/x , My problem is how to use a curve fitting algorithm to solve the problem ,i am working under the assumption that $$W(x_i)$$ i=1,2,3,....,N is a log normal distribution depending only on the value x_i my curve fitting program is just 'Origin 7' i need the algorithm to curve-fitting to a certain given distribution W(x) thanks. P.D in case you see this post in another forum, sorry i made a mistake erase this post and keep only the one made in the 'programming' forum. Can you offer guidance or do you also need help? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Langevin curve fitting
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https://bernardparent.ca/viewtopic.php?f=60&t=1027&sid=2beb7e0ebc453797d65f5d5b3d8d17bd
Convective Heat Transfer Assignment 6 — Internal Convection Question #1 Starting from the energy equation for a constant density fluid in axisymmetric coordinates: $$\rho \left(\frac{\partial e}{\partial t} + u \frac{\partial e}{\partial x} + v \frac{\partial e}{\partial r} \right) = \frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(k\frac{\partial T}{\partial x} \right) + \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial }{\partial r} \left(kr \frac{\partial T}{\partial r} \right) + \mu \left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \right)^2 + \mu \left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r} \right)^2 + \mu \left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} \right)^2 + \mu \left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial r} \right)^2$$ In the thermally fully-developed region of a pipe of diameter $D$, show that $${\rm Nu}_D=\frac{h D}{k}=\frac{48}{11}$$ $${h}\equiv \frac{q_{\rm w}^{\prime\prime}}{T_{\rm w}-T_{\rm b}}$$ with $T_{\rm b}$ the bulk temperature. Outline all assumptions. Note: you can make use of the velocity profile in the fully-developed region $u=2 u_{\rm b}(1-r^2/R^2)$ with $u_{\rm b}$ the bulk velocity. 05.30.17 Question #2 The first design project given to you after you join a water distribution company is to prevent water flowing in an underground pipe from freezing. Consider a long 100 m pipe with a 0.15 m radius buried 2 m under ground (the center of the pipe is 2 m below the earth surface). Water flows in the pipe with the following properties: $$\rho=1000~{\rm kg/m}^3,~~~c_p=~4000~{\rm J/kgK},~~~k=0.6~{\rm W/m^\circ C},~~~\mu=10^{-3}~{\rm kg/ms}$$ On a cold winter day, the surface of the ground is measured to be $-10^\circ$C. Water enters the pipe at a bulk temperature of $20^\circ$C. To prevent freezing (with a safety margin), the water temperature should not drop below $3.3^\circ$C at any location. The ground conductivity can be taken as 1.5 W/m$^\circ$C, and the pipe walls can be assumed smooth and to oppose negligible resistance to heat flow. Do the following: (a) Determine the minimum water mass flow rate through the pipe that prevents the water temperature to fall below 3.3$^\circ$C anywhere within the pipe; make your design safe by taking into consideration that the ground surface temperature varies by as much as $\pm 2.4^\circ$C and that the ground conductivity varies by as much as $\rm \pm 0.5~W/m^\circ$C. (b) Determine the wall temperature of the pipe for the mass flow rate found in (a) (c) Determine the bulk temperature of the water exiting the pipe for the mass flow rate found in (a) Question #3 Consider a 30 m long pipe with a diameter of 1 cm and with a smooth interior wall surface. The pipe wall temperature is kept constant at 60$^\circ$C. (a) Some liquid enters the pipe with a temperature of 20$^\circ$C and exits the pipe with a mixing cup (bulk) temperature of 57$^\circ$C. Knowing that the mass flow rate of the liquid is of $0.015$ kg/s, that the liquid density is of 1000 kg/m$^3$, that the friction force exerted on the pipe due to the motion of fluid is equal to 0.144 N, determine the viscosity and the Prandtl number of the liquid. (b) Using the Prandtl number and viscosity found in part (a), estimate the bulk temperature at the exit of the pipe for the same inflow temperature as in (a) but with the mass flow rate increased to 0.15 kg/s. Hint: When the flow in a pipe is fully-developed, the friction factor is equal to: $$f=\frac{(-{\rm d}P/{\rm d}x)D}{\rho u_{\rm b}^2/2}$$ 2. 0.12 kg/s, $3.3^\circ$C, $7^\circ$C. 3. $0.001~{\rm kg/ms}$, $8.88$, $60^\circ{\rm C}$. $\pi$
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https://sealevel.colorado.edu/bibcite/reference/255
Sea level budget over 2003-2008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry, satellite altimetry and Argo Author Keywords Abstract From the IPCC 4th Assessment Report published in 2007, ocean thermal expansion contributed by not, vert, similar 50\% to the 3.1 mm/yr observed global mean sea level rise during the 1993\textendash2003 decade, the remaining rate of rise being essentially explained by shrinking of land ice. Recently published results suggest that since about 2003, ocean thermal expansion change, based on the newly deployed Argo system, is showing a plateau while sea level is still rising, although at a reduced rate (not, vert, similar 2.5 mm/yr). Using space gravimetry observations from GRACE, we show that recent years sea level rise can be mostly explained by an increase of the mass of the oceans. Estimating GRACE-based ice sheet mass balance and using published estimates for glaciers melting, we further show that ocean mass increase since 2003 results by about half from an enhanced contribution of the polar ice sheets \textendash compared to the previous decade \textendash and half from mountain glaciers melting. Taking also into account the small GRACE-based contribution from continental waters (< 0.2 mm/yr), we find a total ocean mass contribution of not, vert, similar 2 mm/yr over 2003\textendash2008. Such a value represents not, vert, similar 80\% of the altimetry-based rate of sea level rise over that period. We next estimate the steric sea level (i.e., ocean thermal expansion plus salinity effects) contribution from: (1) the difference between altimetry-based sea level and ocean mass change and (2) Argo data. Inferred steric sea level rate from (1) (not, vert, similar 0.3 mm/yr over 2003\textendash2008) agrees well with the Argo-based value also estimated here (0.37 mm/yr over 2004\textendash2008). Furthermore, the sea level budget approach presented in this study allows us to constrain independent estimates of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) correction applied to GRACE-based ocean and ice sheet mass changes, as well as of glaciers melting. Values for the GIA correction and glacier contribution needed to close the sea level budget and explain GRACE-based mass estimates over the recent years agree well with totally independent determinations. Year of Publication 2009 Journal Global and Planetary Change Volume 65 Number of Pages 83-88 Date Published 01/2009 URL http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GPC....65...83C DOI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.004
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/194387/let-f-x-2x-show-that
# Let $f (x) = 2^x$. Show that… Let $f(x) = 2^x$. Show that $\dfrac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h} = \dfrac{2^x(2^h-1)}{h}$. First day of my precalc class in college, and I have no idea where to start to solve this one. Can anyone point me in the right direction? - Can you find $f(x+h)$? Are you sure you mean $\dfrac{f(x+h) + f(x)}{h}$ rather than $\dfrac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}$? –  JavaMan Sep 11 '12 at 22:08 Don't you mean $f(x+h)-f(x)$? –  Per Manne Sep 11 '12 at 22:11 Do you know how to evaluate a function at a point at all? If $f(x) = \text{ expression in } x$. Then $f(x+h) = \text{ the same expression, but in } x+h$. Also, $2^{x\pm h} = 2^{x} \cdot 2^{\pm h}$. –  user2468 Sep 11 '12 at 22:14 I'm guessing that plus outside the parentheses should be a minus. Also, you'll be seeing that slope equation on the left side again once you get to calculus. –  Mike Sep 11 '12 at 22:15 Nominated for Today's Most Incipit Question Title. –  Henning Makholm Sep 11 '12 at 23:46 Start by plugging in what you know. You're trying to figure out what $(f(x+h) - f(x))/h$ is equal to, and you know what $f(x)$ equals. So why don't you plug in all that and see what you get. From there, just remember the exponent formula $x^{a +b} = (x^a)(x^b)$. - thank you,this problem is very simple when reading neat text. On my binder paper I had written f(x)+h instead of the correct f(x+h). –  Thumbtack Sep 11 '12 at 23:37 Let $f(x)=2^x$, then $f(x+h)$ is the same that replace the original function by $x+h$, then $f(x+h)=2^{(x+h)}$, which by basic school algebra is $2^x$ times $2^h$, then, you can replace your function $\dfrac{f(x+h) + f(x)}{h}$ by $\dfrac{(2^x)(2^h)+2^x}{h}$ if you factorize it, you get $\dfrac{2^x(2^h+1)}{h}$ which is what you nedded, then you get your answer. - $\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}=\frac{2^{(x+h)}-2^x}{h}$using laws of exponentiation we know that for real numbers a,b and c $a^b*a^c=a^{(b+c)}$using this we get that $\frac{2^{(x+h)}-2^x}{h}=\frac{2^x(2^h-1)}{h}$ - I don't understand the downvote for this one. –  Ross Millikan Sep 11 '12 at 23:34 You have $f(x) = 2^x$. So for example you would have $f(2) = 2^2$ and $f(7) = 2^7$. So, when you evaluate $f$ at some number, then you just put that number in where the $x$ is. You also have for example $f(x + h) = 2^{x+ h}$. So: $$\dfrac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h} = \dfrac{2^{x + h} - 2^x}{h}.$$ All you do then is factor out an $2^x$ in the numerator (which I will assume that you know how to do). - I don't understand the downvote for this one. –  Ross Millikan Sep 11 '12 at 23:34
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http://noobstarter.com/brainpop-jr-food-chain-nootropics-tianeptine.html
Jump up ^ Sattler, Sebastian; Forlini, Cynthia; Racine, Éric; Sauer, Carsten (August 5, 2013). "Impact of Contextual Factors and Substance Characteristics on Perspectives toward Cognitive Enhancement". PLOS ONE. PLOS. 8 (8): e71452. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871452S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071452. ISSN 1932-6203. LCCN 2006214532. OCLC 228234657. PMC 3733969. PMID 23940757. Retrieved April 5, 2014. One study of helicopter pilots suggested that 600 mg of modafinil given in three doses can be used to keep pilots alert and maintain their accuracy at pre-deprivation levels for 40 hours without sleep.[60] However, significant levels of nausea and vertigo were observed. Another study of fighter pilots showed that modafinil given in three divided 100 mg doses sustained the flight control accuracy of sleep-deprived F-117 pilots to within about 27% of baseline levels for 37 hours, without any considerable side effects.[61] In an 88-hour sleep loss study of simulated military grounds operations, 400 mg/day doses were mildly helpful at maintaining alertness and performance of subjects compared to placebo, but the researchers concluded that this dose was not high enough to compensate for most of the effects of complete sleep loss. Professor David O Kennedy published a book in 2014 called Plants and the Human Brain. In his book he summarizes the last 15 years of research into cognitive nutrition, including the work he's done with colleagues at the Brain Performance Nutrition Research Center at Northumbria University. It's a great read and a good guide to what sorts of herbs and other plants to include in our weekly diet and it is all based on hard science rather than mere assertion or trendy but unsubstantiated beliefs. ##### These actually work! I purchased these because of some focus and clarity issues. I like that there are two formulas, one for morning and one for night, and that they both help with the appropriate things at the appropriate times. The pills are easy to take, and not too large, which I have found to be an issue with some other supplements. They are capsules with what appears to be powder in them and appear to be well-made. There is no funky after taste or after effects. When several other natural approaches have not worked, these did, and the wait to see a difference was not long at all! The increase in focus and clarity and even some energy was evident within 2 days. They also come in 60 count bottles, so if you only take 1 per day, they will last 2 months!! I am incredibly impressed with these supplements and will likely be ordering them again. And yet when enthusiasts share their vision of our neuroenhanced future it can sound dystopian. Zack Lynch, of NeuroInsights, gave me a rationale for smart pills that I found particularly grim. "If you're a 55-year-old in Boston, you have to compete with a 26-year-old from Mumbai now, and those kinds of pressures are only going to grow," he began. Countries other than the US might tend to be a little looser with their regulations and offer approval of new cognitive enhancers first. "And if you're a company that's got 47 offices worldwide, and all of a sudden your Singapore office is using cognitive enablers, and you're saying to Congress: 'I'm moving all my financial operations to Singapore and Taiwan, because it's legal to use those there', you bet that Congress is going to say: 'Well, OK.' It will be a moot question then. Began double-blind trial. Today I took one pill blindly at 1:53 PM. at the end of the day when I have written down my impressions and guess whether it was one of the Adderall pills, then I can look in the baggy and count and see whether it was. there are many other procedures one can take to blind oneself (have an accomplice mix up a sequence of pills and record what the sequence was; don’t count & see but blindly take a photograph of the pill each day, etc.) Around 3, I begin to wonder whether it was Adderall because I am arguing more than usual on IRC and my heart rate seems a bit high just sitting down. 6 PM: I’ve started to think it was a placebo. My heart rate is back to normal, I am having difficulty concentrating on long text, and my appetite has shown up for dinner (although I didn’t have lunch, I don’t think I had lunch yesterday and yesterday the hunger didn’t show up until past 7). Productivity wise, it has been a normal day. All in all, I’m not too sure, but I think I’d guess it was Adderall with 40% confidence (another way of saying placebo with 60% confidence). When I go to examine the baggie at 8:20 PM, I find out… it was an Adderall pill after all. Oh dear. One little strike against Adderall that I guessed wrong. It may be that the problem is that I am intrinsically a little worse today (normal variation? come down from Adderall?). The available literature on cognitive enhancing practices at times appears to lump together nootropics and “smart drugs.” Smart drugs are not officially defined, but references to this group generally include Provigil (modafinil), Adderall and Ritalin. Any confusion about the addiction potential of different brain-enhancing drugs can spread misinformation about the individual drugs. There are many nootropics on the market, so the best practice is to focus on the addiction potential of each nootropic of interest or concern. In this large population-based cohort, we saw consistent robust associations between cola consumption and low BMD in women. The consistency of pattern across cola types and after adjustment for potential confounding variables, including calcium intake, supports the likelihood that this is not due to displacement of milk or other healthy beverages in the diet. The major differences between cola and other carbonated beverages are caffeine, phosphoric acid, and cola extract. Although caffeine likely contributes to lower BMD, the result also observed for decaffeinated cola, the lack of difference in total caffeine intake across cola intake groups, and the lack of attenuation after adjustment for caffeine content suggest that caffeine does not explain these results. A deleterious effect of phosphoric acid has been proposed (26). Cola beverages contain phosphoric acid, whereas other carbonated soft drinks (with some exceptions) do not. Tomatoes - does that include tinned? And what about passata? And while we are at it, are frozen veg as good [or very nearly] as fresh? I'm particularly thinking of green veg like peas, broad beans, green beans. Fresh peas are a seasonal rarity, so are broad beans and green beans in supermarkets are often rather tired after their long trip from Kenya. Working memory has been likened to a mental scratch pad: you use it to keep relevant data in mind while you're completing a task. (Imagine a cross-examination, in which a lawyer has to keep track of the answers a witness has given and formulate new questions based on them.) In one common test subjects are shown a series of items - usually letters or numbers - and then presented with challenges: was this number or letter in the series? Was this one? In the working-memory tests, subjects performed better on neuroenhancers, though several of the studies suggested that the effect depended on how good a subject's working memory was to begin with: the better it was, the less benefit the drugs provided. ### Chocolate or cocoa powder (Examine.com), contains the stimulants caffeine and the caffeine metabolite theobromine, so it’s not necessarily surprising if cocoa powder was a weak stimulant. It’s also a witch’s brew of chemicals such as polyphenols and flavonoids some of which have been fingered as helpful10, which all adds up to an unclear impact on health (once you control for eating a lot of sugar). Last spring, 100 people showed up at a Peak Performance event where psychedelic psychologist James Fadiman said the key to unleashing the cognition-enhancing effects of LSD — which he listed as less anxiety, better focus, improved sleep, greater creativity — was all in the dosage. He recommended a tenth of a “party dose” — enough to give you “the glow” and enhance your cognitive powers without “the trip.” Safety Warning Do not exceed recommended dose. Not intended for pregnant or nursing mothers or children under the age of 18. Individuals taking blood thinners, any other medications, or have any known medical conditions should consult a physician before using any herbal supplements. Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur. Not intended to treat obesity; consult a physician before beginning any weight loss program. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. DO NOT USE IF SAFETY SEAL IS DAMAGED OR MISSING. KEEP BOTTLE CLOSED TIGHTLY AND STORE IN A COOL, DRY PLACE. Do not exceed recommended dose. Not intended for pregnant or nursing mothers or children under the age of 18. Individuals taking blood thinners, any other medications, or have any known medical conditions should consult a physician before using any herbal supplements. Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur. Not intended to medical conditions; consult a physician before beginning any weight loss program. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. DO NOT USE IF SAFETY SEAL IS DAMAGED OR MISSING. KEEP BOTTLE CLOSED TIGHTLY AND STORE IN A COOL, DRY PLACE. CAUTION: Do not exceed recommended dose. St. John’s Wort may contribute to photosensitivity resulting in skin irritation and redness in persons exposed to strong sunlight or tanning booths. Avoid use in patients at risk of bleeding, taking anticoagulants, or with clotting disorders, based on case reports of bleeding. Discontinue use 2-3 weeks prior to some surgical and dental procedures due to increased risk of bleeding. Avoid use in couples who are trying to conceive, based on theoretical reduction of fertility. Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, individuals with history of seizure, taking MAO inhibiting drugs, or with a known medical condition should consult a physician before using this or any dietary supplement. This product is manufactured and packaged in a facility which may also process milk, soy, wheat, egg, peanuts, tree nuts, fish and crustacean shellfish. — This product is a dietary supplement. If you feel an adverse reaction, please contact our support staff immediately to notify us of the issue so that we can offer assistance. Please consult with a physician prior to beginning this supplement. This product has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keep out of reach of children. Do not use if safety seal is damaged or missing. Store at a room temperature. Avoid in patients at risk of bleeding, taking anticoagulants, or with clotting disorders, based on case reports of bleeding. Discontinue use 2-3 weeks prior to some surgical and dental procedures due to increased risk of bleeding. Use cautiously in patients with history of seizure, based on reports of seizure due to Ginkgo seed ingestion. Not intended for children under 18 years of age. Avoid use in couples who are trying to conceive, based on theoretical reduction of fertility. Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under 18, individuals making MAO inhibiting Drugs, or with a known medical condition should consult a physician before using this or any dietary supplement. See Melatonin for information on effects & cost; I regularly use melatonin to sleep (more to induce sleep than prolong or deepen it), and investigating with my Zeo, it does seem to improve & shorten my sleep. Some research suggests that higher doses are not necessarily better and may be overkill, so each time I’ve run out, I’ve been steadily decreasing the dose from 3mg to 1.5mg to 1mg, without apparently compromising the usefulness. She says purified water is bad because essential minerals are missing. She makes the ludicrous claim that purified water is “entirely incapable of hydrating you”! As sources of water she recommends coconut water and aloe vera juice, but she doesn’t provide any evidence that they have significantly beneficial effects compared to plain old tap water. She says energy drinks are not good for you because they are “chockful of manufactured minerals and salts.” Again, no references. Of course, before wrapping up this section on psychedelics, I’ll address the topics of where to actually buy the stuff. There are a variety of websites that sell psychedelics, but not all ingredient, chemical or quality sourcing is created equal, nor is there any guarantee that any substance you are purchasing is not laced with undesirable compounds. Heck, I get my psilocybin from a farmer in Wisconsin who is a personal friend, and other ingredients from close acquaintances who have their own sources. I know it may seem unfair, but sometimes sourcing comes down to “who ya know” and doing your own due diligence on that person’s source. How exactly – and if – nootropics work varies widely. Some may work, for example, by strengthening certain brain pathways for neurotransmitters like dopamine, which is involved in motivation, Barbour says. Others aim to boost blood flow – and therefore funnel nutrients – to the brain to support cell growth and regeneration. Others protect brain cells and connections from inflammation, which is believed to be a factor in conditions like Alzheimer's, Barbour explains. Still others boost metabolism or pack in vitamins that may help protect the brain and the rest of the nervous system, explains Dr. Anna Hohler, an associate professor of neurology at Boston University School of Medicine and a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology. Power times prior times benefit minus cost of experimentation: (0.20 \times 0.30 \times 540) - 41 = -9. So the VoI is negative: because my default is that fish oil works and I am taking it, weak information that it doesn’t work isn’t enough. If the power calculation were giving us 40% reliable information, then the chance of learning I should drop fish oil is improved enough to make the experiment worthwhile (going from 20% to 40% switches the value from -$9 to +$23.8). Jump up ^ Weyandt LL, Oster DR, Marraccini ME, Gudmundsdottir BG, Munro BA, Zavras BM, Kuhar B (September 2014). "Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants". Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 7: 223–249. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S47013. PMC 4164338. PMID 25228824.
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https://doc.cgal.org/4.12.1/BGL/group__PkgBGLTraits.html
CGAL 4.12.1 - CGAL and the Boost Graph Library Specializations of boost::graph_traits The Bgl defines the class template boost::graph_traits as a uniform interface to the properties and types of graph types. We provide specializations of this class template for several CGAL data structures. # Specialization for the Surface_mesh Class Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Surface_mesh.h> We provide partial specialization for the class CGAL::Surface_mesh so that it is a model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph, VertexAndEdgeListGraph, AdjacencyMatrix, and MutableFaceGraph. The const specialization, boost::graph_traits< CGAL::Surface_mesh<Traits> const> is also defined, using the constant handles in the surface mesh. The traits class boost::graph_traits< CGAL::Surface_mesh<T> > provides the following types: Member Value Description vertex_descriptor Surface_mesh::Vertex_index Identify vertices in the graph. edge_descriptor Surface_mesh::Edge_index Identify edges in the graph. halfedge_descriptor Surface_mesh::Halfedge_index Identify halfedges in the graph. face_descriptor Surface_mesh::Face_index Identify faces in the graph. adjacency_iterator CGAL::Vertex_around_target_iterator<Surface_mesh<P> > An iterator to traverse through the vertices adjacent to a vertex. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. out_edge_iterator CGAL::Out_edge_iterator<Surface_mesh<P> > An iterator to traverse through the outgoing edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. in_edge_iterator CGAL::In_edge_iterator<Surface_mesh<P> > An iterator to traverse through the incoming edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. vertex_iterator Surface_mesh::Vertex_iterator An iterator to traverse through the vertices of the graph. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. edge_iterator Surface_mesh::Edge_iterator An iterator to traverse through the edges of the graph. Its value type is edge_descriptor. halfedge_iterator Surface_mesh::Halfedge_iterator An iterator to traverse through the halfedges of the graph. Its value type is halfedge_descriptor. face_iterator Surface_mesh::Face_iterator An iterator to traverse through the faces of the graph. Its value type is face_descriptor. directed_category boost::undirected_tag This graph is not directed. edge_parallel_category boost::disallow_parallel_edge_tag This graph does not support multiedges. traversal_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag, and boost::edge_list_graph_tag The ways in which the vertices in the graph can be traversed. vertices_size_type Surface_mesh::vertices_size_type The size type of the vertex list. edges_size_type Surface_mesh::edges_size_type The size type of the edge list. degree_size_type Surface_mesh::degree_size_type The size type of the adjacency list. # Specialization for the Polyhedron Class Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Polyhedron_3.h> We provide partial specialization for the class CGAL::Polyhedron_3 so that it is a model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph, VertexAndEdgeListGraph, AdjacencyMatrix, and MutableFaceGraph. The const specialization, boost::graph_traits< CGAL::Polyhedron_3<Traits> const> is also defined, using the constant handles in the polyhedron. The traits class boost::graph_traits< CGAL::Polyhedron_3<T> > provides the following types: Member Value Description vertex_descriptor Polyhedron_3::Vertex_handle Identify vertices in the graph. edge_descriptor unspecified_type Identify edges in the graph. halfedge_descriptor Polyhedron_3::Halfedge_handle Identify halfedges in the graph. face_descriptor Polyhedron_3::Face_handle Identify faces in the graph. adjacency_iterator CGAL::Vertex_around_target_iterator<Polyhedron_3<T> > An iterator to traverse through the vertices adjacent to a vertex. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. out_edge_iterator CGAL::Out_edge_iterator<Polyhedron_3<T> > An iterator to traverse through the outgoing edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. in_edge_iterator CGAL::In_edge_iterator<Polyhedron_3<T> > An iterator to traverse through the incoming edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. vertex_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the vertices of the graph. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. edge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the edges of the graph. Its value type is edge_descriptor. halfedge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the halfedges of the graph. Its value type is halfedge_descriptor. face_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the faces of the graph. Its value type is face_descriptor. directed_category boost::undirected_tag This graph is not directed. edge_parallel_category boost::disallow_parallel_edge_tag This graph does not support multiedges. traversal_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag, and boost::edge_list_graph_tag The ways in which the vertices in the graph can be traversed. vertices_size_type Polyhedron_3::size_type The size type of the vertex list. edges_size_type Polyhedron_3::size_type The size type of the edge list. degree_size_type Polyhedron_3::size_type The size type of the adjacency list. For convenience, the type edge_descriptor is hashable using the functor CGAL::Handle_hash_function, which is the default hash functor of CGAL::Unique_hash_map. # Specialization for the Linear_cell_complex_for_combinatorial_map Class Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Linear_cell_complex_for_combinatorial_map.h> We provide partial specialization for the class CGAL::Linear_cell_complex_for_combinatorial_map so that it is a model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph, VertexAndEdgeListGraph, AdjacencyMatrix, and MutableFaceGraph. The const specialization is also defined, using the constant handles in the linear cell complex. Let us denote by LCC an instantiation of CGAL::Linear_cell_complex_for_combinatorial_map<...> class. The traits class boost::graph_traits<LCC> provides the following types: Member Value Description vertex_descriptor LCC::Vertex_attribute_handle The vertex descriptor edge_descriptor unspecified_type The edge descriptor halfedge_descriptor LCC::Dart_handle The halfedge descriptor face_descriptor unspecified_type The face descriptor adjacency_iterator CGAL::Vertex_around_target_iterator<LCC> Iterates through adjacent vertices out_edge_iterator CGAL::Out_edge_iterator<LCC> Iterate through the out-edges of a vertex. in_edge_iterator CGAL::Out_edge_iterator<LCC> Iterate through the in-edges of a vertex. vertex_iterator unspecified_type Iterate through the vertices of LCC. edge_iterator unspecified_type Iterate through the edges of LCC. halfedge_iterator unspecified_type Iterate through the halfedges of LCC. face_iterator unspecified_type Iterate through the faces of LCC. directed_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag and boost::edge_list_graph_tag edge_parallel_category boost::disallow_parallel_edge_tag Indicates that this graph does not support multiedges traversal_category boost::bidirectional_graph_tag Indicates that this graph is bidirectional vertices_size_type LCC::size_type The size type of the vertex list edges_size_type LCC::size_type The size type of the edge list degree_size_type LCC::size_type The size type of the adjacency list For convenience, the type edge_descriptor is hashable using the functor CGAL::Handle_hash_function that is the default hash functor of CGAL::Unique_hash_map. ## Requirements • The item class used by CGAL::Linear_cell_complex_for_combinatorial_map must have both 0-attributes and 2-attributes enabled. • No dart is 1-free, nor 2-free. Holes in a mesh are represented by using the same convention than for CGAL::Polyhedron_3 and CGAL::Surface_mesh: a dart d belongs to a border if the 2-attribute of beta<2>(d) is NULL. • All darts of the linear cell complexes must be associated with a 2-attribute, except darts that represent holes. • In order to use property maps, darts and types associated with of 0- and 2-attributes must define the two fonctions: int id() const; // Returns the index. int& id(); // Returns a reference to the index stored in the attribute. For darts, this can be done by defining Darts_with_id as CGAL::Tag_true in the Dart_wrapper struct of the item class. For attributes, it is possible to use CGAL::Cell_attribute_with_id and CGAL::Cell_attribute_with_point_and_id classes to define your item class using attributes with id. You can also use the CGAL::Linear_cell_complex_bgl_min_items item class, or you can use directly the CGAL::Linear_cell_complex_for_bgl_combinatorial_map_helper class. # Specializations for the 2D Triangulation Classes Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Triangulation_2.h>, <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h>, <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Regular_triangulation_2.h>, <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2.h>, <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Constrained_triangulation_2.h>, <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Constrained_triangulation_plus_2.h>, and <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Triangulation_hierarchy_2.h>. We provide partial specialization for the classes CGAL::Triangulation_2, CGAL::Delaunay_triangulation_2, CGAL::Regular_triangulation_2, CGAL::Constrained_triangulation_2, CGAL::Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation_2, CGAL::Constrained_triangulation_plus_2, and CGAL::Triangulation_hierarchy_2 so that they are model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph, VertexAndEdgeListGraph, and FaceListGraph. The mapping between vertices and edges of the triangulation and the graph is rather straightforward, but there are some subtleties. The value type of the Bgl iterators is the vertex or edge descriptor, whereas in CGAL all iterators and circulators are also handles and hence have as value type Vertex or Edge. The graph traits class for triangulations does not distinguish between finite and infinite vertices and edges. As the edge weight computed with the default property map of Bgl algorithms (obtained with get(t, boost::edge_weight)) is the length of the edge, the edge weight is not well defined for infinite edges. For algorithms that make use of the edge weight, the user must therefore define a boost::filtered_graph or pass a property map to the algorithm that returns "infinity" for infinite edges. Member Value Description vertex_descriptor Triangulation::Vertex_handle Identify vertices in the graph. edge_descriptor unspecified_type Identify edges in the graph. It is constructible from and convertible to Triangulation::Edge. It is not a simple typedef, but a proper class, because in an undirected graph the edges (u,v) and (v,u) must be equal. This is not the case for the Edge type of the triangulation. adjacency_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the vertices adjacent to a vertex. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. out_edge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the outgoing edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. in_edge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the incoming edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. vertex_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the vertices of the graph. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. edge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the edges of the graph. Its value type is edge_descriptor. directed_category boost::undirected_tag This graph is not directed. edge_parallel_category boost::disallow_parallel_edge_tag This graph does not support multiedges. traversal_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::adjacency_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag, and boost::edge_list_graph_tag The ways in which the vertices in the graph can be traversed.. vertices_size_type Triangulation::size_type The size type of the vertex list. edges_size_type Triangulation::size_type The size type of the edge list. degree_size_type Triangulation::size_type The size type of the adjacency list. # Specialization for the Arrangement Classes Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Arrangement_2.h> We provide partial specialization for the class CGAL::Arrangement_2 so that it is model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph and VertexAndEdgeListGraph. The const specialization, boost::graph_traits< CGAL::Arrangement_2<Traits, Dcel> const> is also defined, using the constant handles in the arrangement. The traits class boost::graph_traits< CGAL::Arrangement_2<T, Dcel> > provides the following types: Member Value Description vertex_descriptor Arrangement_2::Vertex_handle Identify vertices in the graph. edge_descriptor Arrangement_2::Halfedge_handle Identify edges in the graph. adjacency_iterator Not provided out_edge_iterator unspecified_type An edge iterator which only iterates over the outgoing halfedges around a vertex. It corresponds to a Arrangement_2::Halfedge_around_vertex_circulator with the difference that its value type is an edge descriptor and not Arrangement_2::Halfedge in_edge_iterator unspecified_type An edge iterator which only iterates over the incoming edges around a vertex. It corresponds to a Arrangement_2::Halfedge_around_vertex_circulator with the difference that its value type is an edge descriptor and not Arrangement_2::Halfedge vertex_iterator unspecified_type An iterator corresponding to Arrangement_2::Vertex_iterator, with the difference that its value type is a vertex descriptor and not Arrangement_2::Vertex edge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator corresponding to Arrangement_2::Halfedge_iterator with the difference that its value type is an edge descriptor and not Arrangement_2::Halfedge directed_category boost::directed_tag This graph is directed. edge_parallel_category boost::allow_parallel_edge_tag This graph supports multiedges. traversal_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag, and boost::edge_list_graph_tag The ways in which the vertices in the graph can be traversed. vertices_size_type Arrangement_2::Size The size type of the vertex list. edges_size_type Arrangement_2::Size The size type of the edge list. degree_size_type Arrangement_2::Size The size type of the adjacency list. # Specialization for the OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT Class Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT.h> We provide partial specialization for the class OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT so that it is a model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph, VertexAndEdgeListGraph, AdjacencyMatrix, and MutableFaceGraph. The traits class boost::graph_traits<OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT<K> > provides the following types: Member Value Description vertex_descriptor OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT::VertexHandle Identify vertices in the graph. edge_descriptor unspecified_type Identify edges in the graph. halfedge_descriptor OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT::HalfedgeHandle Identify halfedges in the graph. face_descriptor OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT::FaceHandle Identify faces in the graph. adjacency_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the vertices adjacent to a vertex. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. out_edge_iterator CGAL::Out_edge_iterator<OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT<K> > An iterator to traverse through the outgoing edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. in_edge_iterator CGAL::In_edge_iterator<OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT<K> > An iterator to traverse through the incoming edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. vertex_iterator OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT::VertexIter An iterator to traverse through the vertices of the graph. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. edge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the edges of the graph. Its value type is edge_descriptor. halfedge_iterator OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT::HalfedgeIter An iterator to traverse through the halfedges of the graph. Its value type is halfedge_descriptor. face_iterator OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT::FaceIter An iterator to traverse through the faces of the graph. Its value type is face_descriptor. directed_category boost::undirected_tag This graph is not directed. edge_parallel_category boost::disallow_parallel_edge_tag This graph does not support multiedges. traversal_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag, and boost::edge_list_graph_tag The ways in which the vertices in the graph can be traversed. vertices_size_type unsigned int The size type of the vertex list. edges_size_type unsigned int The size type of the edge list. degree_size_type unsigned int The size type of the adjacency list. # Specialization for the OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT Class Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_TriMesh_ArrayKernelT.h> We provide partial specialization for the class OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT so that it is a model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph, VertexAndEdgeListGraph, AdjacencyMatrix, and MutableFaceGraph. The traits class boost::graph_traits<OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT<K> > provides the following types: Member Value Description vertex_descriptor OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT::VertexHandle Identify vertices in the graph. edge_descriptor unspecified_type Identify edges in the graph. halfedge_descriptor OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT::HalfedgeHandle Identify halfedges in the graph. face_descriptor OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT::FaceHandle Identify faces in the graph. adjacency_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the vertices adjacent to a vertex. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. out_edge_iterator CGAL::Out_edge_iterator<OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT<K> > An iterator to traverse through the outgoing edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. in_edge_iterator CGAL::In_edge_iterator<OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT<K> > An iterator to traverse through the incoming edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. vertex_iterator OpenMesh::PolyMesh_ArrayKernelT::VertexIter An iterator to traverse through the vertices of the graph. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. edge_iterator unspecified_type An iterator to traverse through the edges of the graph. Its value type is edge_descriptor. halfedge_iterator OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT::HalfedgeIter An iterator to traverse through the halfedges of the graph. Its value type is halfedge_descriptor. face_iterator OpenMesh::TriMesh_ArrayKernelT::FaceIter An iterator to traverse through the faces of the graph. Its value type is face_descriptor. directed_category boost::undirected_tag This graph is not directed. edge_parallel_category boost::disallow_parallel_edge_tag This graph does not support multiedges. traversal_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag, and boost::edge_list_graph_tag The ways in which the vertices in the graph can be traversed. vertices_size_type unsigned int The size type of the vertex list. edges_size_type unsigned int The size type of the edge list. degree_size_type unsigned int The size type of the adjacency list. # Specialization for the Seam_mesh Class Defined in <CGAL/boost/graph/graph_traits_Seam_mesh.h> We provide partial specialization for the class CGAL::Seam_mesh so that it is a model of the graph concepts BidirectionalGraph, VertexAndEdgeListGraph, AdjacencyMatrix, and FaceListGraph. The traits class boost::graph_traits< CGAL::Seam_mesh<T> > provides the following types: Member Value Description vertex_descriptor Seam_mesh::vertex_descriptor Identify vertices in the graph. edge_descriptor Seam_mesh::edge_descriptor Identify edges in the graph. halfedge_descriptor Seam_mesh::halfedge_descriptor Identify halfedges in the graph. face_descriptor Seam_mesh::face_descriptor Identify faces in the graph. adjacency_iterator CGAL::Vertex_around_target_iterator<CGAL::Seam_mesh<T> > An iterator to traverse through the vertices adjacent to a vertex. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. out_edge_iterator CGAL::Out_edge_iterator<CGAL::Seam_mesh<T> > An iterator to traverse through the outgoing edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. in_edge_iterator CGAL::In_edge_iterator<CGAL::Seam_mesh<T> > An iterator to traverse through the incoming edges incident to a vertex. Its value type is edge_descriptor. vertex_iterator Seam_mesh::vertex_iterator An iterator to traverse through the vertices of the graph. Its value type is vertex_descriptor. edge_iterator Seam_mesh::edge_iterator An iterator to traverse through the edges of the graph. Its value type is edge_descriptor. halfedge_iterator Seam_mesh::halfedge_iterator An iterator to traverse through the halfedges of the graph. Its value type is halfedge_descriptor. face_iterator Seam_mesh::face_iterator An iterator to traverse through the faces of the graph. Its value type is face_descriptor. directed_category boost::undirected_tag This graph is not directed. edge_parallel_category boost::disallow_parallel_edge_tag This graph does not support multiedges. traversal_category Inherits from boost::bidirectional_graph_tag, boost::vertex_list_graph_tag, and boost::edge_list_graph_tag The ways in which the vertices in the graph can be traversed. vertices_size_type Seam_mesh::vertices_size_type The size type of the vertex list. edges_size_type Seam_mesh::edges_size_type The size type of the edge list. degree_size_type Seam_mesh::degree_size_type The size type of the adjacency list.
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/caseys-thread-of-annoying-linear-algebra-questions.240564/
# Casey's thread of annoying Linear Algebra questions • #1 3,003 2 ## Main Question or Discussion Point So, I am attempting to learn linear algebra on my own and I am using Sharipov's "Linear Algebra and Multidimensional Geometry" since mathwonk is always ranting and ravong about it. So far, I hate it. Clearly I am not a mathematician at heart. I thought I could periodically post questions in this thread (instead of starting a new one every time). My questions might seem dumb to some of you, but take it easy on me:shy:. So since the edit button only works for 30 minutes now (lame), when I ask a new question, I will head it like this: NEW QUESTION: that way it will be easy to spot my latest entry. Hopefully this works out, but more like is that people will just get annoyed with me. So here we go NEW QUESTION What is this all about? I mean if the set $f^{-1}(y)$ is just X, why do we need a name for this? Can someone tell me what the total preimage is in laymen's terms? Thanks! ## Answers and Replies Related Linear and Abstract Algebra News on Phys.org • #2 655 3 http://img253.imageshack.us/img253/2554/preimagery4.png [Broken] Last edited by a moderator: • #3 mathwonk Science Advisor Homework Helper 10,780 952 learning math is not meant to be suffering. use whatever book you enjoy. try the book by sergei treil on his webpage at the brown math dept, if sharipov is too dry for you. enjoy! and the total preimage (under f) of a point y is the set of all solutions x of y = f(x). so finding a total preimage is finding all solutions of a problem. • #4 Fredrik Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member 10,851 406 One place where the idea of a preimage is useful is in the definition of a continuous function: A function $f:X\rightarrow Y$ is said to be continuous if $f^{-1}(U)$ is an open set for every open $U\subset Y$. If $X=Y=\mathbb R$ (or more generally, when X and Y are metric spaces), then the definition above is equivalent to the one you're familiar with. Also, the preimage of y is not X. For example, if $f:\mathbb R\rightarrow\mathbb R$ is defined by $f(x)=x^2$, then $f^{-1}(1)=\{-1,1\}$. • #5 3,003 2 learning math is not meant to be suffering. use whatever book you enjoy. try the book by sergei treil on his webpage at the brown math dept, if sharipov is too dry for you. enjoy! and the total preimage (under f) of a point y is the set of all solutions x of y = f(x). so finding a total preimage is finding all solutions of a problem. Thanks! I'll check that one out and see how it is. • #6 hello all I also have an annoying question, I also d like to attempt to learn some linear algebra on my own, I was wondering what do I need to previously know in order to start learning it? Do I need any calculus or it would be ok with just to know high school algebra? • #7 Fredrik Staff Emeritus Science Advisor Gold Member 10,851 406 You don't need calculus. You need to understand what functions are and have some idea what sets are to understand the definition of a vector space, and you need know how to add and multiply real numbers (e.g. rules like (a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd). But that's it. • #8 You don't need calculus. You need to understand what functions are and have some idea what sets are to understand the definition of a vector space, and you need know how to add and multiply real numbers (e.g. rules like (a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd). But that's it. thanks a lot • Last Post Replies 4 Views 2K • Last Post Replies 11 Views 6K • Last Post Replies 1 Views 924
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https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/090M
Proof. Formally this follows from Lemma 10.26.1 and Lemma 10.17.11. See also discussion above. $\square$ In your comment you can use Markdown and LaTeX style mathematics (enclose it like $\pi$). A preview option is available if you wish to see how it works out (just click on the eye in the toolbar).
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http://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/abs/2111.13942
math.FA (what is this?) # Title: Leibniz rules and Gauss-Green formulas in distributional fractional spaces Abstract: We apply the results established in arXiv:2109.15263 to prove some new fractional Leibniz rules involving $BV^{\alpha,p}$ and $S^{\alpha,p}$ functions, following the distributional approach adopted in the previous works arXiv:1809.08575, arXiv:1910.13419, arXiv:2011.03928. In order to achieve our main results, we revise the elementary properties of the fractional operators involved in the framework of Besov spaces and we rephraze the Kenig-Ponce-Vega Leibniz-type rule in our fractional context. Subjects: Functional Analysis (math.FA) MSC classes: 46E35, 26B20 Cite as: arXiv:2111.13942 [math.FA] (or arXiv:2111.13942v2 [math.FA] for this version) ## Submission history From: Giovanni Eugenio Comi [view email] [v1] Sat, 27 Nov 2021 17:09:09 GMT (27kb) [v2] Tue, 30 Nov 2021 10:41:18 GMT (27kb) Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.
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https://shelah.logic.at/papers/391/
# Sh:391 • Hodges, W., Hodkinson, I. M., Lascar, D., & Shelah, S. (1993). The small index property for \omega-stable \omega-categorical structures and for the random graph. J. London Math. Soc. (2), 48(2), 204–218. • published version (15p) Bib entry @article{Sh:391, author = {Hodges, Wilfrid and Hodkinson, Ian Martin and Lascar, Daniel and Shelah, Saharon}, title = {{The small index property for $\omega$-stable $\omega$-categorical structures and for the random graph}}, journal = {J. London Math. Soc. (2)}, fjournal = {Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {204--218}, issn = {0024-6107}, mrnumber = {1231710}, mrclass = {03C45 (03C35 05C80 22A05)}, doi = {10.1112/jlms/s2-48.2.204} }
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http://lambda1.jimpryor.net/reader_monad_for_variable_binding/
## Substitution versus Environment-based Semantics Let's step back and consider the semantics we've assumed so far for our lambda calculi. We've been doing this: (\x. M) N ~~> M {x <- N} where M {x <- N} is the result of substituting N in for free occurrences of x in M. What do I mean by calling this a "semantics"? Wasn't this instead part of our proof-theory? Haven't we neglected to discuss any model theory for the lambda calculus? Well, yes, that's right, we haven't much discussed what computer scientists call denotational semantics for the lambda calculus. That's what philosophers and linguists tend to think of as "semantics." But computer scientists also recognize what they call operational semantics and axiomatic semantics. The former consists in the specification of an "abstract machine" for evaluating complex expressions of the language. The latter we won't discuss. When it comes down to it, I'm not sure what difference there is between an operational semantics and a proof theory; though it should be noted that the operational semantics generally don't confine themselves to only using abstract machines whose transitions are identical to the ones licensed in the formal system being interpreted. Instead, any viable algorithm for reducing expressions to some sort of normal form (when they can be so reduced) would be entertained. If we think of the denotations of lambda terms as sets of inter-convertible terms, and let the sets which have normal forms use that normal form as their representative, then operational semantics can be thought of as algorithms for deriving what a formula's denotation is. But it's not necessary to think of the denonations of lambda terms in that way; and even if we do, matters are complicated by the presence of non-normalizing terms. In any case, the lambda evaluator we use on our website does evaluate expressions using the kind of operational semantics described above. We can call that a "substitution-based" semantics. Let's consider a different kind of operational semantics. Instead of substituting N in for x, why don't we keep some extra data-structure on the side, where we note that x should now be understood to evaluate to whatever N does? In computer science jargon, such a data-structure is called an environment. Philosophers and linguists would tend to call it an assignment (though there are some subtleties about whether these are the same thing, which we'll discuss). [Often in computer science settings, the lambda expression to be evaluated is first translated into de Bruijn notation, which we discussed in the first week of term. That is, instead of: \x. x (\y. y x) we have: \. 1 (\. 1 2) where each argument-occurrence records the distance between that occurrence and the \ which binds it. This has the advantage that the environment can then just be a stack, with the top element of the stack being what goes in for the outermost-bound argument, and so on. Some students have asked: why do we need de Bruijn notation to represent environments that way? Can't we just assume our variables are of the form x1, x2, x3, and so on? And then the values that get assigned to those variables could just be kept in a stack, with the first value understood to be assigned to x1, and so on. Yes, we could do that. But the advantage of the de Bruijn notation is that we don't have to keep track of which variable is associated with which lambda binder. In the de Bruijn framework, the outermost binder always goes with the top-most member of the stack. In the proposed alternative, that's not so: we could have: \x2. x2 (\x8. x8 x2) In any event, though, we won't make use of de Bruijn notation because, though it makes the semantic algorithms more elegant, it also adds an extra level of conceptual complexity, which we don't want to do.] Now with the environment-based semantics, instead of evaluating terms using substitution, like this: (\x. M) N ~~> M {x <- N} we'll instead evaluate them by manipulating their environment. To intepret (\x. M) N in environment e, we'll interpret M in an environment like e {x:= N} where x may have been changed to now be assigned to N. A few comments. First, what the environment associates with the variable x will be expressions of the lambda calculus we're evaluating. If we understand the evaluation to be call-by-name, these expressions may be complexes of the form N P. If on the other hand, we understand the evaluation to be call-by-value, then these expressions will always be fully evaluated before being inserted into the environment. That means they'll never be of the form N P; but only of the form y or \y. P. The latter kinds of expressions are called "values." But "values" here are just certain kinds of expressions. (They could be the denotations of lambda expressions, if one thinks of the lambda expressions as all having normal-form lambda terms as their denotations, when possible.) Second, there is a subtlety here we haven't yet discussed. Consider what should be the result of this: let x = 1 in let f = \y. x in let x = 2 in f 0 If we interpret the x in \y. x by the value it had where that function was being declared, and bound to f, then this complex expression should return 1. If on other hand we interpret the x to have the value it has where that function is given an argument and reduced, then the complex should return 2. There is no right or wrong behavior here. Both are reasonable. The former behavior is called lexical scoping, and it's what we get in the untyped lambda calculus, for example. It's also what's most common in functional programming languages. It's easier for programmers to reason about. The latter behavior is called dynamic scoping. Often it's easier for language-designers to implement. It is also useful in certain settings. But we will assume we're dealing with lexical scoping. To implement lexical scoping, you can't just associate the bare formula \y. x to the variable f in an environment. You also have to keep track of what is the value in that context of all the free variables in the formula. This combination of a function expression together with the values of its free variables is called a function closure. There are different techniques for handling these. The technique we'll use here is conceptually simple: it just stashes away both the formula \y. x and a copy of the current environment. So even if we're later asked to evaluate f in a different environment, we have the original environment to use to lookup values forf's free variables. This is conceptually simple---but inefficient, because it stashes a copy of the entire current environment, when really we only need that part of the environment relevant to a few free variables. If you care to read up more about operational semantics for the lambda calculus, or the underpinnings of how Scheme or OCaml interpreters work under the hood, you can learn about other more elegant techniques. Here we'll keep things conceptually simple. With these ideas settled, then, we can present an environment-based operational semantics for the untyped lambda calculus. Here is a call-by-value version, which assumes that expressions are always fully evaluated before being inserted into the environment. 1. When e assigns some term v to x, then x fully (that is, terminally) reduces in environment e to v. We write that as: (e |- x) ==> v. 2. (e |- \x. M) ==> closure(e, \x. M), where a closure is some data-structure (it might just be a pair of the environment e and the formula \x. M). 3. If (e |- M) ==> closure(e2, \x. M2) and (e |- N) ==> v and (e2 {x:=v} |- M2) ==> u, then (e |- M N) ==> u. Here e2 {x:=v} is the environment which is just like e2 except it assigns v to x. ## Explicitly manipulating the environment In the machinery we just discussed, the environment handling was no part of the language being interpreted. It all took place in the interpreting algorithm. Sometimes, though, it's convenient to explicitly manipulate the environment in your program; or at least, some special portion of the environment, set aside to be manipulated in that way. For example, a common programming exercise when students are learning languages like OCaml is to implement a simple arithmetic calculator. You'll suppose you're given some expressions of the following type: type term = Constant of int | Multiplication of (term * term) | Variable of char | Let of (char*term*term);; and then you'd evaluate it something like this: let rec eval (t : term) = match t with Constant x -> x | Multiplication (t1,t2) -> (eval t1) * (eval t2) | Addition (t1,t2) -> (eval t1) + (eval t2) | Variable c -> ... (* we'll come back to this *) | Let (c,t1,t2) -> ... (* this too *) With that in hand, you could then evaluate complex terms like Addition(Constant 1, Multiplication(Constant 2, Constant 3)). But then how should you evaluate terms like Let('x',Constant 1,Addition(Variable 'x', Constant 2))? We'd want to carry along an environment that recorded that 'x' had been associated with the term Constant 1, so that we could retrieve that value when evaluating Addition(Variable 'x', Constant 2). Notice that here our environments associate variables with (what from the perspective of our calculator language are) real values, like 2, not just value-denoting terms like Constant 2. We'll work with a simple model of environments. They'll just be lists. So the empty environment is []. To modify an environment e like this: e {x:=1}, we'll use: ('x', 1) :: e that is, e is a list of pairs, whose first members are chars, and whose second members are evaluation results. To lookup a value 'x' in e, we can use the List.assoc function, which behaves like this: # List.assoc 'x' [('x',1); ('y',2)];; - : int = 1 # List.assoc 'z' [('x',1); ('y',2)];; Exception: Not_found. Then we should give our eval function an extra argument for the environment: let rec eval (t : term) (e: (char * int) list) = match t with Constant x -> x | Multiplication (t1,t2) -> (eval t1 e) * (eval t2 e) | Addition (t1,t2) -> (eval t1 e) + (eval t2 e) | Variable c -> (* lookup the value of c in the current environment This will fail if c isn't assigned anything by e *) List.assoc c e | Let (c,t1,t2) -> (* evaluate t2 in a new environment where c has been associated with the result of evaluating t1 in the current environment *) eval t2 ((c, eval t1 e) :: e) Great! Now we've built a simple calculator with let-expressions. As the calculator gets more complex though, it will become more tedious and unsatisfying to have all the clauses like: | Addition (t1,t2) -> (eval t1 e) + (eval t2 e) have to explicitly pass around an environment that they're not themselves making any use of. Would there be any way to hide that bit of plumbing behind the drywall? Yes! You can do so with a monad, in much the same way we did with our checks for divide-by-zero failures. (* we assume we've settled on some implementation of the environment *) type env = (char * int) list;; type 'a reader = env -> 'a;; ignores the environment and returns x *) let unit x = fun (e : env) -> x;; (* here's our bind operation; how does it work? *) (* this can be written more compactly, but having it spelled out like this will be useful down the road *) fun (e : env) -> let a = u e in let u' = f a in u' e (* we also define two special-purpose operations on our reader-monad values *) (* evaluate a reader-monad value in a shifted environment; how does this work? *) let shift (c : char) (v : int reader) (u : 'a reader) = fun (e : env) -> u ((c, v e) :: e) (* lookup the value of c in the current environment this will fail if c isn't assigned anything by that environment a fuller solution would return an int option instead of returning an int or failing *) let lookup (c : char) : int reader = fun (e : env) -> List.assoc c e With this in hand, we can then do our calculator like this. Instead of ints, evaluating a term now returns an int reader, a monadic value of our new reader-monad type: let rec eval (t : term) = match t with Constant x -> unit x | Multiplication (t1,t2) -> lift2 ( * ) (eval t1) (eval t2) | Addition (t1,t2) -> lift2 ( + ) (eval t1) (eval t2) | Variable c -> lookup c | Let (c,t1,t2) -> shift c (eval t1) (eval t2);; Now if we try: # let result = eval (Let('x',Constant 1,Addition(Variable 'x',Constant 2)));; - : int reader = <fun> How do we see what integer that evaluates to? Well, it's an int-Reader monad, which is a function from an env to an int, so we need to give it some env to operate on. We can give it the empty environment: # result [];; - : int = 3 Great! Now our calculator uses a monad, so it's much higher-tech. ## Ummm...and why is this useful? I guess you haven't you been paying close enough attention, or you don't have much practical experience in linguistics yet. In Heim and Kratzer's textbook Semantics in Generative Grammar, the interpretation of complex phrases like [[interprets complex phrases]] are trees that look like this: VP / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / NP / / \ / / \ V / \ | / \ [[interprets]] AP N / \ | [[complex]] [[phrases]] Now the normal way in which the nodes of such trees are related to each other is that the semantic value of a parent node is the result of applying the functional value of one of the daughter nodes to the value of the other daughter node. (The types determine which side is the function and which side is the argument.) One exception to this general rule concerns intersective adjectives. (How does [[complex]] combine with [[phrases]]?) We'll ignore that though. Another exception is that Heim and Kratzer have to postulate a special rule to handle lambda abstraction. (This is their "Predicate Abstraction Rule.") Not only is it a special rule, but it's arguably not even a compositional rule. The basic idea is this. The semantic value of: [[man who(i): Alice spurned i]] is the result of combining [[man]], an e->t type predicate value, with the adjective-type value of [[who(i): Alice spurned i]]. As I said, we'll ignore complexities about their treatment of adjectives. But how is [[who(i): Alice spurned i]] derived? Heim and Kratzer say this is defined only relative to an assignment g, and it's defined to be a function from objects x in the domain to the value that [[Alice spurned i]] has relative to shifted assignment g {i:=x}, which is like g except for assigning object x to variable i. So this is not the result of taking some value [[who(i)]], and some separate value [[Alice spurned i]], and supplying one of them to the other as argument to function. Getting any ideas? Yes! We can in fact implement this as a Reader monad. And in doing so, we will get a value [[who(i)]] which is a function, and another value [[Alice spurned i]], to be its argument. So the semantics in the first place again becomes compositional, and in the second place doesn't need any special rule for how [[who(i): Alice spurned i]] is derived. It uses the same composition rule as other complex expressions. How does this work? We set [[i]] = the reader-monad value lookup i. We set [[Alice]] = the reader-monad value unit Alice. We have to lift the semantic values of predicates into the Reader monad. So if before we were taking the semantic value of "spurned" to be a function S of type e -> e -> t, now we set [[spurned]] = lift2 S. Finally, we set [[who(i)]] to be: fun (u : bool reader) (v : entity reader) -> fun (g : env) -> u (g {i:=v g}) That is, it takes as arguments a clause-type reader-monad u, and an entity-type reader-monad v, and returns a reader-monad that evaluates u in an environment that's modified to assign v's value in that environment to the variable i. In other words, this is: fun (u : bool reader) (v : entity reader) -> shift i v u You can trace through what happens then if we apply [[who(i)]] to [[Alice spurned i]]: [[Alice spurned i]] = [[spurned]] [[i]] [[Alice]] = (lift2 S) (lookup i) (unit Alice) = bind (lookup i) (fun x -> bind (unit Alice) (fun y -> unit (S x y))) because of the left-identity rule for unit, this is the same as: = bind (lookup i) (fun x -> unit (S x Alice)) Substituting in the definition of bind for the reader-monad, this is: = fun e -> (fun x -> unit (S x Alice)) (lookup i e) e = fun e -> unit (S (lookup i e) Alice) e Substituting in the definition of unit, this is: = fun e -> S (lookup i e) Alice And now supplying [[Alice spurned i]] as an argument to [[who(i)]], we get: [[who(i): Alice spurned i]] = [[who(i)]] [[Alice spurned i]] = (fun u v -> shift i v u) (fun e -> S (lookup i e) Alice) = fun v -> shift i v (fun e -> S (lookup i e) Alice) Substituting in the definition of shift, this is: = fun v -> (fun c v u e -> u ((c, v e) :: e)) i v (fun e -> S (lookup i e) Alice) = fun v -> (fun u e -> u ((i, v e) :: e)) (fun e -> S (lookup i e) Alice) = fun v -> (fun e -> (fun e -> S (lookup i e) Alice) ((i, v e) :: e)) = fun v -> (fun e -> S (lookup i ((i, v e) :: e)) Alice) = fun v -> (fun e -> S (v e) Alice) In other words, it's a function from entity-Reader monads to a function from assignment functions to the result of applying S to the value of that entity reader-monad under that assignment function, and to Alice. Essentially the same as Heim and Kratzer's final value, except here we work with monadic values, such as functions from assignments to entities, rather than bare entities. And our derivation is completely compositional and uses the same composition rules for joining [[who(i)]] to [[Alice spurned i]] as it uses for joining [[spurned]] to [[i]] and [[Alice]]. What's not to like? Well, some of our semantic values here are assignment-shifters: [[who(i)]] = fun u v -> shift i v u and some philosophers count assignment-shifters as "monsters" and think there can't be any such thing. Well, everyone has their own issues they need to work through. Later, techniques parallel to what we do here can be used to implement semantics for mutation and dynamic predicate logic. And then again, parallel techniques can be used to implement the "coordinated" semantics that Kit Fine and Jim Pryor favor. We just need different monads in each case. Want more right now? Then let's look at doing the same thing for Intensionality.
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https://nbviewer.org/github/FBosler/AdvancedPlotting/blob/master/The%20quick%2C%20the%20pretty%2C%20and%20the%20awesome.ipynb
# Load Data¶ In [135]: import plotly import pandas as pd import numpy as np import seaborn as sns import plotly.express as px import matplotlib import matplotlib.pyplot as plt assert matplotlib.__version__ == "3.1.0",""" Please install matplotlib version 3.1.0 by running: 1) !pip uninstall matplotlib 2) !pip install matplotlib==3.1.0 """ %matplotlib inline In [136]: from IPython.core.display import display, HTML display(HTML("<style>.container {width:90% !important;}</style>")) In [137]: data = pd.read_csv('combined_set.csv') In [138]: data['Mean Log GDP per capita'] = data.groupby('Year')['Log GDP per capita'].transform( pd.qcut, q=5, labels=(['Lowest','Low','Medium','High','Highest']) ).fillna('Lowest') In [139]: print(f'total number of missings vals: {data.isnull().sum().sum()} out of {data.shape[0] * data.shape[1]}') total number of missings vals: 228 out of 36024 • Life Ladder respondents measure of the value their lives today on a 0 to 10 scale (10 best) based on Cantril ladder • Log GDP per capita GDP per capita is in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) adjusted to constant 2011 international dollars, taken from the World Development Indicators (WDI) released by the World Bank on November 14, 2018 • Social support Answer to question: “If you were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you whenever you need them, or not?” • Healthy life expectancy at birth life expectancy at birth are constructed based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory data repository, with data available for 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2016. To match this report’s sample period, interpolation and extrapolation are used. • Freedom to make life choices Answer to question: “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you do with your life?” • Generosity Responses to “Have you donated money to a charity in the past month?” compared to GDP per capita • Perceptions of corruption Answer to “Is corruption widespread throughout the government or not?” and “Is corruption widespread within businesses or not?” • Positive affect comprises the average frequency of happiness, laughter and enjoyment on the previous day. • Negative affect comprises the average frequency of worry, sadness and anger on the previous day. • Confidence in national government self explanatory • Democratic Quality how democratic is a country • Delivery Quality How well a country delivers on • Gapminder Life Expectancy Life expectancy from Gapminder • Gapminder Population Population of country # Intro¶ I started learning Python more seriously about two years ago. Since then rarely a week has passed where I did not marvel at the simplicity and ease of use of Python itself or one of the many amazing open source libraries in the ecosystem. The more commands, patterns and concepts I become familiar with, the more everything just makes sense. The opposit holds true for plotting with Python. Initially almost every chart I created looked like a crime escaped from the eighties. What makes matters worse is that to create said abonominations most of the time I had to spend hours on Stackoverflow researching nitty-gritty commands to change the slant of the x-ticks or something similiar silly. Don't even get me started on multi charts. While the results often looks fairly impressive and it is wonderful to create those charts programatically (e.g. 50 in a row), it is just so much work. For a brief glimps in time I thought Bokeh >Link< would become my goto solution. I came accross Bokeh when I was working on geospartial visualizations. However, I quickly realized that Bokeh, while different, was just as stupidly complicated as matplotlib. I did try out plot.ly a while ago while, again, working on visualization of geospartial data. Back that it seemed even more stupid than the afforementioned libraries. You needed an account and everything was rendered online and you would then download it. I quickly discarded plot.ly. Ultimately I settled on using Pandas native plotting for quick inspections and Seaborn for charts for reports and presentations (where visuals matter). However, recently I watched a Youtube video about plotly express, where most importantly they got rid of all this online nonsese. I played around with it and must say, this might actually change my plotting life for the better. In the following article, I will talk about: • my general approach to visual data exploration on a conceptual level • basic plotting with pandas • advanced plotting with Seaborn • creating beautiful advanced plots with plotly ## General approach¶ I tought statistics (Stats 119) whilst studying at Universtity in San Diego. Stats 119 is an into class to statistics. The curiculum included statistical fundamentals like data aggregation (visual and quantitative), concepts of odds and probabilities, regression, sampling, and - to me the most important one - distributions. This was the time my understanding of quantities and phenomena almost entirely shifted to a representation through distributions (most of the time Guassian). To this day I find it astonishing how far the two quantities mean and standard deviation can get you in really grasping a distribution, the meaning and its implications. By knowing these two numbers it is straightforward to conclude how likely a certain outcome is, one immediately knows, where the bulk of the results are going to be. It gives you a framework of reference to distinguise anecodatal events from statistically significant ones. In [140]: np.exp(data[data['Year']==2018]['Log GDP per capita']).plot( kind='hist' ) Out[140]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x12b6a47f0> In [141]: data['Year'].plot( kind='hist', figsize=(17,6), title='Number of countries (y-axis) with certain nubmer of observations (x-axis)', xlim=(2000,2025), # makes no sense ylim=(2,50), # makes no sense ) Out[141]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1318a57b8> In [142]: data[data['Year'] == 2018]['Life Ladder'].plot( kind='hist' ) Out[142]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x130d40668> In [143]: data[data['Year'] == 2018]['Life Ladder'].plot( kind='hist', bins=np.arange(2,8,0.25) ) Out[143]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1333aa080> In [144]: data[ data['Year'] == 2018 ].set_index('Country name')['Life Ladder'].nlargest(15).plot( kind='bar', figsize=(12,8) ) Out[144]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1332f2f98> In [145]: np.exp(data[ data['Year'] == 2018 ].groupby('Continent')['Log GDP per capita']\ .mean()).sort_values().plot( kind='barh', figsize=(12,8) ) Out[145]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x130e24080> In [146]: data['Life Ladder'].plot( kind='box', figsize=(12,8) ) Out[146]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x13117af60> In [147]: data[['Healthy life expectancy at birth','Gapminder Life Expectancy']].plot( kind='scatter', x='Healthy life expectancy at birth', y='Gapminder Life Expectancy', figsize=(12,8) ) Out[147]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x13152a080> In [148]: data[data['Year'] == 2018].plot( kind='hexbin', x='Healthy life expectancy at birth', y='Generosity', C='Life Ladder', gridsize=20, figsize=(12,8), cmap="Blues", # defaults to greenish sharex=False # required to get rid of a bug ) Out[148]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x130f6bb70> In [149]: data[data['Year'] == 2018].groupby( ['Continent'] )['Gapminder Population'].sum().plot( kind='pie', figsize=(16,10), cmap="Blues_r", # defaults to orange ) Out[149]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x13341f7b8> In [150]: data.groupby( ['Year','Continent'] )['Gapminder Population'].sum().unstack().plot( kind='area', figsize=(12,8), cmap="Blues", # defaults to orangish ) Out[150]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x133460a20> In [151]: data[ data['Country name'] == 'Germany' ].set_index('Year')['Life Ladder'].plot( kind='line', figsize=(12,8) ) Out[151]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1335ced68> # Seaborn¶ ## Plotting univariate distributions¶ As mentioned before, I am a big fan of distributions. Histograms and Kernel density alike are potent ways of visualizing a the key features of a particular variable. Let's look at how we generate distributions for In [152]: sns.reset_defaults() In [153]: sns.set( style="white", palette="muted" # prettier colors ) In [154]: sns_data = data[ (data['Year'] == 2018) & (data['Continent'] == 'Asia') ] sns.distplot( sns_data['Life Ladder'], label='Life Ladder' ) sns.despine() # pretty graphs In [155]: __sns_data = {} for val in data['Mean Log GDP per capita'].cat.categories: __sns_data[val] = data[ (data['Year'] == 2018) & (data['Mean Log GDP per capita'] == val) ] sns.kdeplot( __sns_data[val]['Life Ladder'], label=val ) sns.despine() ## Plotting bivariate distributions¶ Whenever I want to visualy explore the relationship between two or multiple variables it typically comes down to some form of scatterplot and an assessment of joint distributions. There are three variations of a conceptually similar plot, where a in the center graph a form of joint distribution is shown and at the right and top side of the center graph the marginal distributions are depicted. In [156]: sns.reset_defaults() sns.set( rc={'figure.figsize':(7,5)}, style="white" ) In [157]: sns.jointplot( x='Log GDP per capita', y='Life Ladder', data=data, kind='scatter' ) Out[157]: <seaborn.axisgrid.JointGrid at 0x134fb22e8> In [158]: sns.jointplot( x='Log GDP per capita', y='Life Ladder', data=data, kind='kde' ) Out[158]: <seaborn.axisgrid.JointGrid at 0x13534abe0> In [159]: sns.jointplot( x='Log GDP per capita', y='Life Ladder', data=data, kind='hex' ) Out[159]: <seaborn.axisgrid.JointGrid at 0x134decf98> In [160]: sns.scatterplot( x='Log GDP per capita', y='Life Ladder', hue='Continent', data=data[data['Year'] == 2018], ) sns.despine() In [161]: sns.scatterplot( x='Log GDP per capita', y='Life Ladder', hue='Continent', data=data[data['Year'] == 2018], size='Gapminder Population' ) sns.despine() In [162]: sns.set( rc={'figure.figsize':(18,6)}, style="white" ) sns.violinplot( x='Continent', y='Life Ladder', hue='Mean Log GDP per capita', data=data ) sns.despine() In [163]: sns.set( style="white", palette="muted", color_codes=True ) g = sns.pairplot( data[data.Year == 2018][[ 'Life Ladder','Log GDP per capita', 'Social support','Healthy life expectancy at birth', 'Freedom to make life choices','Generosity', 'Perceptions of corruption', 'Positive affect','Negative affect', 'Confidence in national government',"Mean Log GDP per capita"]].dropna(), hue="Mean Log GDP per capita" ) g.fig.savefig('yolo.png')
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/262846/plot-a-probability-distribution
# Plot a probability distribution Say we sample $x$ integers uniformly with replacement from $\{1,\dots,n\}$. I want to know the probability that the sample contains two arbitrary values from $\{1,\dots,n\}$. Say for concreteness the values $1$ and $2$. The cdf for the probability of finding both values in a sample of size $x$ is $$1-2\left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)^x + \left(\frac{n-2}{n}\right)^x$$ What is the pmf, that is the probability that the second of the two integers is found after exactly $x$ samples and what can I use that will let me plot it reasonably accurately? I will need some approximation I assume as $n$ will be at least $10000$ in my case. Update: What is the expect value of the variable $X$ which is the number of samples until both items are found? Update 2: The answer is given below. However python can't cope with it it seems. The following code has yet to terminate on my home PC. #!/usr/bin/python from __future__ import division import matplotlib.pyplot as plt def pmf(n, x): return 2*((n-1)**(x-1) - (n-2)**(x-1))/n**x n = 5000 pmfgraph = [pmf(n,x) for x in xrange(5*n)] plt.plot(pmggraph) plt.show() You have to use the other formulation to get it to work. return (2/n)*(((n-1)/n)**(x-1) - ((n-2)/n)**(x-1)) - [EDITED to correct error] Break it up into two parts: you're asking for the probability that the first $x-1$ values contain exactly one from $\{1,2\}$ and that the $x$'th value is whichever of those two was left out of the first $x-1$. The probability that the first $x-1$ contain at least one $1$ and no $2$ is $$\left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)^{x-1} - \left(\frac{n-2}{n}\right)^{x-1}$$ and the same for at least one $2$ and no $1$. The probability that the $x$'th is whichever was left out is $1/n$. So your answer is $$\frac{2}{n} \left(\left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)^{x-1} - \left(\frac{n-2}{n}\right)^{x-1} \right) = \frac{2 \left((n-1)^{x-1} - (n-2)^{x-1}\right)}{n^x}$$ Any modern plotting software should be able to handle this nicely without approximations. Here it is for $n=10000$, $x = 0$ to $50000$, in Maple 16. The expected value is $3n/2$. - Thank you very much. –  Whitehead Dec 20 '12 at 20:07 I posted a follow up to math.stackexchange.com/questions/262901/… . –  Whitehead Dec 21 '12 at 14:18
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/127897-help-differentiate-functions-print.html
# Help with differentiate functions • February 8th 2010, 07:36 PM rhcp1231 Help with differentiate functions how would i go about finding the differentiate of: f(t) = 2-(2/3)t i know the power rule and all that but i just dont know where to start.... • February 8th 2010, 07:46 PM dedust Quote: Originally Posted by rhcp1231 how would i go about finding the differentiate of: f(t) = 2-(2/3)t i know the power rule and all that but i just dont know where to start.... let $y = \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^t$, then $\ln y = t \ln \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)$ differentiate both side with respect to t $\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dt} = \ln \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)$ or $\frac{dy}{dt} = y \ln \left(\frac{2}{3}\right) = \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^t \ln \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)$
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/283400/wolfram-alpha-how-to-define-constants-in-a-system-of-equations
# Wolfram Alpha: How to define constants in a system of equations? I'd like to use WA to solve a small system of nonlinear equations, that involve both constants and the variables of interest. How do I "tell" WA which variables are the constants, and which are the ones I want it to solve for? Solve [equations separated by commas] for [variables separated by commas] In Wolfram Mathematica it's Solve[{eq1,eq2,...},{x1,x2,...}] so it should work in WA too. • It deserved to be an accepted one here. +1 – mrs Feb 1 '13 at 14:44 • This isn't working for a larger system I'm attempting to solve: solve i(p-s)+j(p-n)=0, k(n)+l(n-o)=0, l(o-A(p-n))+mo=0 for p, n, A – sudo Oct 9 '15 at 17:33 • @sudo that's probably because k(n) seems like a function. You probably meant kn. And also mo instead of mo. – Džuris May 9 '16 at 12:23 The following works for me solve a+b+x -y = 5 , b-x-y = 10 for x and y or solve a+b+x-y = 5 , b-x-y +z= 10, x+z=0 for x ,y, z See the results here or here. • This is a question; sorry. How can i solve Diophantine equations over the integers with Wolfram alpha? For instance:solve 3x^2-y^2=2,8x^2-z^2=7 for x , y ,z over the integers. – user55514 Jan 21 '13 at 15:08 • extracted from the Wolfram Alpha this should work solve 3x+4y=5 , y+z=2 over the integers see wolframalpha.com/input/… – k1next Jan 21 '13 at 15:44
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https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/204306/cut-and-paste-non-math-text-from-ms-word-to-a-tex-file/204370
# Cut and Paste Non-Math Text from MS Word to a .tex file I am helping a friend use LaTeX to generate a book of short stories. The stories are received from the authors in MS Word -- unfortunately that is only text editor most of the world knows. There is no math content to worry about, just plain text. However, Word likes to convert some plain text into other characters: The two that I have noticed so far are the quotes and .... I tried the suggested approach of using inputenc without any success even with various input encoding. I am using \inputencoding as opposed to a package option as I feel as if I might need to change them between various stories. So, what is the suggested approach to handle this? Ideally, I'd prefer to have some way of mapping these characters to the appropriate LaTeX friendly ones. ## Notes: • I personally don't like leaving the smart quotes as there are cases where the authors have missed a closing quote and then all the subsequent quotes are incorrect. If this is caught early on, it can easily be corrected in the Word doc before pasting into a .tex file. But often, the editor has made significant edits to the .tex file before this problem is noticed. Hence, the preference to have csquotes handle this problem rather than using the specific open and close quotes. ## Code: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{inputenc} \usepackage{csquotes} \MakeOuterQuote{"} %\inputencoding{utf8} %\inputencoding{latin1} %\inputencoding{ansinew} \inputencoding{cp1252} \begin{document} "It's too late now…" (should have \ldots\ before end quote) “Please, sir, don’t.” (should have left and right quotes) \end{document} • Perhaps the best way would be to import in Libre Office, convert to odt format and then use writer2latex. – Bernard Oct 3 '14 at 0:59 • At the end, for complex texts often the best form me is convert to plain text and build the LaTeX file from here. One could obtain more or less good conversions through .odt, .html or .rtf files but also lot of garbage/odd coding that need a lot of manual work. The exception are texts (even simple texts) with tons of emphasized words, lists, etc. that must be maintained, so making this from the scratch is very tedious. Then export to "very simple LaTeX article" in LibreOffice or may be with Abiword could be a good starting point. – Fran Oct 3 '14 at 8:19 • What's the question here? I'm not sure what's the problem. It does compile fine here, if I save the document with utf8 encoding, then utf8 encoding works well, and the same for cp1252. – Manuel Oct 3 '14 at 9:21 • @Manuel: I found the problem -- see comment I left Ulrike's answer. – Peter Grill Oct 3 '14 at 23:05 ### Regarding the inputenc question Your example works without problem if I copy it in an utf8-document and declare the inputenc encoding accordingly as utf8. Ditto with ansinew. I can't really imagine how you could get the output in your image -- it can be created but imho not with the standard files. None of them would replace non-ascii chars with question marks. ### Regarding quotes Straight quotes (") are active in german tex documents and used for a lot of useful things like adding break points and hyphens. So I would never use them for real quotes and I prefer word files with smart quotes. When copying from word with (german) smart quotes to tex I use \MakeAutoQuote{„}{“} in the tex document. As such quotes creates a group I get warnings or errors if the smart quotes in word document are not correctly balanced which avoids most errors. But word files are never perfect and so an simple copy & paste is never enough. One always has to read and check the result. • I guess my problem is how do I copy it into an utf8 document. Using TeXShop's File/New menu and pasting the above MWE (with \inputencoding{utf8} does not seem to do it. – Peter Grill Oct 3 '14 at 18:36 • I think I found a fix. Adding % !TEX encoding = UTF-8 Unicode as the first lines fixes the problem. I guess I had the incorrect encoding set up in TeXShop. – Peter Grill Oct 3 '14 at 23:03 this is the kind of job I use to do sometimes. Well, there are few tools you can use for solve this. Maybe the best and automatic way is with pandoc, but sincerely the truth is that I have not tested enough and have not had a satisfactory experience with it yet. Another choice is to do what @Bernard suggests. Formerly I used AbiWord for open doc files and export int LateX, it was not a nice solution for me because doesn't respect the document structure and all the diacritics are coded in ascii mode. Bot perhaps for a short text in english could be a good option. What works best in my experience and I like to pass text from Word to LaTeX is Sublime Text 2. Yes, perhaps for others is stupid and not the best solution, much less automatic, but it works pretty well. The first advantage I find is that allows you to handle with encodings. You can open a file using the encoding you want (or almost) and re-encode it to whatever you need, usually I spend all to utf8. You can still reopen it or save it with encoding you need and not get weird symbols such as when you try with Texmaker. (In this case I have it set to utf8 and whenever I open a file let me know if it is in another encoding). The second advantage has to do with the color schemes and the syntax. By default uses a pretty scheme called Monokai, I use to switch to Monokai bright (the difference is the color used for the highlighted selections, in Monokai bright is orange instead the gray by default). The syntax for LaTeX is very comfortable to the eyes and also let us detect easily the quotation marks. Surelly we can achieve the same in vim or emacs but here is very easy. If whe have the common and wrong quotation marks " then Sublime Text with this color scheme highlight the text between in a lively pink color. So is very easy to see where we have to make corrections. Unfortunately if the author or the editor forget to close the quotes, we don't see them in color, but the editr allow us to find them all easily yet. When the quotes are right composed in the ascii mode: '' we'll see the text in yellow instead of white. The third advantage has to do with the simultaneous use of cursors in real time, and the use of regular expressions that allows to quickly correct many things, for example the ellipsis. You can select the ... writed in Word and using [Ctrl]+[D] ([Cmd]+[D] in Mac) for select all occurrences in the document, and once selected change it to \ldots just writing it. So the change is not in one but in all selections at once. Fast and easy. You don't need any special tool for achieve this, but you can also enhance the editor for compile directly on it if you want or for get more tools, yopu can do that installing the Package Control and with it easily get LaTeXTool package and another. I know that this editor is very popular among people who do web, but I think for LaTeX also has some interesting features, try it and see if it convinces you. For achieve correctly all this I told before, I usually use both packages: inpuntenc(with utf8) and fontenc(with T1 is enought for western european languages without maths). • I tried to share my experience with the tool that let me work better when I have to edit texts from MS Word until now. I certainly have not tested enough yet Pandoc I guess is the logical and preferred choice of most. And about the tools I've used, this is what has worked best for me, and I tried to explain some of the reasons why. But well, the answers can also be edited if they are not quite right. – Aradnix Oct 3 '14 at 6:33 Pandoc is a command-line tool that can covert docx files to LaTeX files. As for dealing with ellipses and quote marks, I think that the best way to handle those is using the search and replace function in your LaTeX editor. • I just tried the online pandoc conversion of the above content and while the quotes and \ldots were correctly converted, the new line was removed. It would be preferable to not do a conversion if at all possible. – Peter Grill Oct 3 '14 at 1:27 • @PeterGrill If you copied the text from Microsoft Word into the online converter, then you can expect the formatting to be garbled as it is copied from Word into your browser. The only way to test this is to install pandoc on your computer. – ChrisS Oct 3 '14 at 9:24
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https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/version/1.2.2/reference/api/pandas.Period.to_timestamp.html
# pandas.Period.to_timestamp¶ Period.to_timestamp() Return the Timestamp representation of the Period. Uses the target frequency specified at the part of the period specified by how, which is either Start or Finish. Parameters freqstr or DateOffset Target frequency. Default is ‘D’ if self.freq is week or longer and ‘S’ otherwise. howstr, default ‘S’ (start) One of ‘S’, ‘E’. Can be aliased as case insensitive ‘Start’, ‘Finish’, ‘Begin’, ‘End’. Returns Timestamp
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https://doc.cgal.org/latest/Kernel_d/index.html
CGAL 4.12 - dD Geometry Kernel User Manual # Introduction This part of the reference manual covers the higher-dimensional kernel. The kernel contains objects of constant size, such as point, vector, direction, line, ray, segment, circle. With each type comes a set of functions which can be applied to an object of this type. You will typically find access functions (e.g. to the coordinates of a point), tests of the position of a point relative to the object, a function returning the bounding box, the length, or the area of an object, and so on. The CGAL kernel further contains basic operations such as affine transformations, detection and computation of intersections, and distance computations. Note that this section partly recapitulates facts already mentioned for the lower-dimensional kernel. ## Robustness The correctness proof of nearly all geometric algorithms presented in theory papers assumes exact computation with real numbers. This leads to a fundamental problem with the implementation of geometric algorithms. Naively, often the exact real arithmetic is replaced by inexact floating-point arithmetic in the implementation. This often leads to acceptable results for many input data. However, even for the implementation of the simplest geometric algorithms this simplification occasionally does not work. Rounding errors introduced by inaccurate arithmetic may lead to inconsistent decisions, causing unexpected failures for some correct input data. There are many approaches to this problem, one of them is to compute exactly (compute so accurate that all decisions made by the algorithm are exact) which is possible in many cases but more expensive than standard floating-point arithmetic. C. M. Hoffmann [2], [1] illustrates some of the problems arising in the implementation of geometric algorithms and discusses some approaches to solve them. A more recent overview is given in [3]. The exact computation paradigm is discussed by Yap and Dubé [4] and Yap [5]. In CGAL you can choose the underlying number types and arithmetic. You can use different types of arithmetic simultaneously and the choice can be easily changed, e.g. for testing. So you can choose between implementations with fast but occasionally inexact arithmetic and implementations guaranteeing exact computation and exact results. Of course you have to pay for the exactness in terms of execution time and storage space. See the dedicated chapter for more details on number types and their capabilities and performance. ## Genericity To increase generic usage of objects and predicates the higher-dimensional kernel makes heavy use of iterator ranges as defined in the STL for modeling tuples. Iterators conceptualize C++ pointers. For an iterator range [first,last) we define T = tuple [first,last) as the ordered tuple $$(T[0],T[1], \ldots T[d-1])$$ where $$S[i] = *++^{(i)}\mathit{first}$$ (the element obtained by $$i$$ times forwarding the iterator by operator ++ and then dereferencing it to get the value to which it points). We write d = size [first,last) and S = set [first,last) to denote the unordered set of elements of the corresponding tuple. This extends the syntax of random access iterators to input iterators. If we index the tuple as above then we require that $$++^{(d)}\mathit{first} = \mathit{last}$$. # Kernel Representations Our object of study is the $$d$$-dimensional affine Euclidean space, where $$d$$ is a parameter of our geometry. Objects in that space are sets of points. A common way to represent the points is the use of Cartesian coordinates, which assumes a reference frame (an origin and $$d$$ orthogonal axes). In that framework, a point is represented by a $$d$$-tuple $$(c_0,c_1,\ldots,c_{d-1})$$, and so are vectors in the underlying linear space. Each point is represented uniquely by such Cartesian coordinates. Another way to represent points is by homogeneous coordinates. In that framework, a point is represented by a $$(d+1)$$-tuple $$(h_0,h_1,\ldots,h_d)$$. Via the formulae $$c_i = h_i/h_d$$, the corresponding point with Cartesian coordinates $$(c_0,c_1,\ldots,c_{d-1})$$ can be computed. Note that homogeneous coordinates are not unique. For $$\lambda\ne 0$$, the tuples $$(h_0,h_1,\ldots,h_d)$$ and $$(\lambda\cdot h_0,\lambda\cdot h_1,\ldots,\lambda\cdot h_d)$$ represent the same point. For a point with Cartesian coordinates $$(c_0,c_1,\ldots,c_{d-1})$$ a possible homogeneous representation is $$(c_0,c_1,\ldots,c_{d-1},1)$$. Homogeneous coordinates in fact allow to represent objects in a more general space, the projective space $$\mathbb{P}^d$$. In CGAL, we do not compute in projective geometry. Rather, we use homogeneous coordinates to avoid division operations, since the additional coordinate can serve as a common denominator. ## Genericity through Parameterization Almost all the kernel objects (and the corresponding functions) are templates with a parameter that allows the user to choose the representation of the kernel objects. A type that is used as an argument for this parameter must fulfill certain requirements on syntax and semantics. The list of requirements defines an abstract kernel concept. In CGAL such a kernel concept is often also called a representation class and denoted by R. A representation class provides the actual implementations of the kernel objects. For all kernel objects Kernel_object of a representation class R based on Cartesian_d or Homogeneous_d, the types CGAL::Kernel_object<R> and R::Kernel_object are identical. CGAL offers three families of concrete models for the concept representation class, two based on the Cartesian representation of points and one based on the homogeneous representation of points. The interface of the kernel objects is designed such that it works well with both Cartesian and homogeneous representation, for example, points have a constructor with a range of coordinates plus a common denominator (the $$d+1$$ homogeneous coordinates of the point). The common interfaces parameterized with a representation class allow one to develop code independent of the chosen representation. We said "families" of models, because both families are parameterized too. A user can choose the number type used to represent the coordinates and the linear algebra module used to calculate the result of predicates and constructions. For reasons that will become evident later, a representation class provides two typenames for number types, namely R::FT and R::RT. The type R::FT must fulfill the requirements on what is called a field type in CGAL. This roughly means that R::FT is a type for which operations $$+$$, $$-$$, $$*$$ and $$/$$ are defined with semantics (approximately) corresponding to those of a field in a mathematical sense. Note that, strictly speaking, the built-in type int does not fulfill the requirements on a field type, since ints correspond to elements of a ring rather than a field, especially operation $$/$$ is not the inverse of $$*$$. The requirements on the type R::RT are weaker. This type must fulfill the requirements on what is called a Euclidean ring type in CGAL. This roughly means that R::RT is a type for which operations $$+$$, $$-$$, $$*$$ are defined with semantics (approximately) corresponding to those of a ring in a mathematical sense. A very limited division operation $$/$$ must be available as well. It must work for exact (i.e., no remainder) integer divisions only. Furthermore, both number types should fulfill CGAL's requirements on a number type. ## Cartesian Kernel With Cartesian_d<FieldNumberType,LinearAlgebra> you can choose Cartesian representation of coordinates. The type LinearAlgebra must me a linear algebra module working on numbers of type FieldNumberType. The second parameter defaults to module delivered with the kernel so for short a user can just write Cartesian_d<FieldNumberType> when not providing her own linear algebra. When you choose Cartesian representation you have to declare at least the type of the coordinates. A number type used with the Cartesian_d representation class should be a field type as described above. Both Cartesian_d<FieldNumberType>::FT and Cartesian_d<FieldNumberType>::RT are mapped to number type FieldNumberType. Cartesian_d<FieldNumberType,LinearAlgebra>::LA is mapped to the type LinearAlgebra. Cartesian_d<FieldNumberType> uses reference counting internally to save copying costs. ## Homogeneous Kernel As we mentioned before, homogeneous coordinates permit to avoid division operations in numerical computations, since the additional coordinate can serve as a common denominator. Avoiding divisions can be useful for exact geometric computation. With Homogeneous_d<RingNumberType,LinearAlgebra> you can choose homogeneous representation of coordinates with the kernel objects. As for Cartesian representation you have to declare at the same time the type used to store the homogeneous coordinates. Since the homogeneous representation allows one to avoid the divisions, the number type associated with a homogeneous representation class must be a model for the weaker concept Euclidean ring type only. The type LinearAlgebra must me a linear algebra module working on numbers of type RingNumberType. Again the second parameter defaults to module delivered with the kernel so for short one can just write Homogeneous_d<RingNumberType> when replacing the default is no issue. However, some operations provided by this kernel involve division operations, for example computing squared distances or returning a Cartesian coordinate. To keep the requirements on the number type parameter of Homogeneous low, the number type Quotient<RingNumberType> is used instead. This number type turns a ring type into a field type. It maintains numbers as quotients, i.e. a numerator and a denominator. Thereby, divisions are circumvented. With Homogeneous_d<RingNumberType>, Homogeneous_d<RingNumberType>::FT is equal to Quotient<RingNumberType> while Homogeneous_d<RingNumberType>::RT is equal to RingNumberType. Homogeneous_d<RingNumberType,LinearAlgebra>::LA is mapped to the type LinearAlgebra. ## Epick_d Kernel The kernel Epick_d<DimensionTag>, short for Exact Predicates Inexact Constructions Kernel is a kernel particularly useful when the dimension of the space is known at compile-time; The template parameter DimensionTag is then Dimension_tag<d> where d is an integer representing the dimension. It may also be used with parameter Dynamic_dimension_tag, in which case the dimension does not need to be known at compile-time. It uses a Cartesian representation and supports construction of points from double coordinates. It provides exact geometric predicates, but the geometric constructions are not guaranteed to be exact. Note that it provides few interfaces in addition to those documented in the Kernel_d concept. In particular, the type of a point is only available as Epick_d<DimensionTag>::Point_d, not Point_d<Epick_d<DimensionTag>>. ## Naming Conventions The use of representation classes does not only avoid problems, it also makes all CGAL classes very uniform. Like Cartesian_d<double>::Point_d, they always consist of: 1. The capitalized base name of the geometric object, such as Point, Segment, Triangle. 2. Followed by _d. 3. A representation class, which itself may be parameterized with a number type, such as Cartesian_d<double> or Homogeneous_d<leda_integer>, where the type can be found, except for Epick_d<DimensionTag> where the number type is implicitly double. ## Kernel as a Traits Class Algorithms and data structures in the basic library of CGAL are parameterized by a traits class that subsumes the objects on which the algorithm or data structure operates as well as the operations to do so. For most of the algorithms and data structures in the basic library you can use a kernel as a traits class. For some algorithms you even do not have to specify the kernel; it is detected automatically using the types of the geometric objects passed to the algorithm. In some other cases, the algorithms or data structures need more than is provided by a kernel. In these cases, a kernel can not be used as a traits class. ## Choosing a Kernel If you start with integral Cartesian coordinates, many geometric computations will involve integral numerical values only. Especially, this is true for geometric computations that evaluate only predicates, which are tantamount to determinant computations. Examples are triangulation of point sets and convex hull computation. The dimension $$d$$ of our affine space determines the dimension of the matrix computations in the mathematical evaluation of predicates. As rounding errors accumulate fast the homogeneous representation used with multi-precision integers is the kernel of choice for well-behaved algorithms. Note, that unless you use an arbitrary precision integer type, incorrect results might arise due to overflow. If new points are to be constructed, for example the intersection point of two lines, computation of Cartesian coordinates usually involves divisions, so you need to use a field type with Cartesian representation or have to switch to homogeneous representation. double is a possible, but imprecise field type. You can also put any ring type into Quotient to get a field type and put it into Cartesian_d, but you better put the ring type into Homogeneous. leda_rational and leda_real are valid field types, too. Still other people will prefer the built-in type double, because they need speed and can live with approximate results, or even algorithms that, from time to time, crash or compute incorrect results due to accumulated rounding errors. The Epick_d kernel provides a compromise using double coordinates. It evaluates predicates exactly, which is slower than plain double computations, but still faster than using an exact number type thanks to filtering techniques. Constructions are inexact, computed with double. You need just to include a representation class to obtain the geometric objects of the kernel that you would like to use with the representation class, i.e., CGAL/Cartesian_d.h or CGAL/Homogeneous_d.h # Kernel Geometry ## Points and Vectors In CGAL, we strictly distinguish between points, vectors and directions. A point is a point in the Euclidean space $$\E^d$$, a vector is the difference of two points $$p_2$$, $$p_1$$ and denotes the direction and the distance from $$p_1$$ to $$p_2$$ in the vector space $$\mathbb{R}^d$$, and a direction is a vector where we forget about its length. They are different mathematical concepts. For example, they behave different under affine transformations and an addition of two points is meaningless in affine geometry. By putting them in different classes we not only get cleaner code, but also type checking by the compiler which avoids ambiguous expressions. Hence, it pays twice to make this distinction. CGAL defines a symbolic constant ORIGIN of type Origin which denotes the point at the origin. This constant is used in the conversion between points and vectors. Subtracting it from a point $$p$$ results in the locus vector of $$p$$. double coord[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}; Cartesian_d<double>::Point_d p(4,coord,coord+4), q(4); Cartesian_d<double>::Vector_d v(4); v = p - ORIGIN; q = ORIGIN + v; assert( p == q ); In order to obtain the point corresponding to a vector $$v$$ you simply have to add $$v$$ to ORIGIN. If you want to determine the point $$q$$ in the middle between two points $$p_1$$ and $$p_2$$, you can writeyou might call midpoint(p_1,p_2) instead q = p_1 + (p_2 - p_1) / 2.0; Note that these constructions do not involve any performance overhead for the conversion with the currently available representation classes. ## Kernel Objects Besides points (R::Point_d), vectors (R::Vector_d), and directions (R::Direction_d), CGAL provides lines, rays, segments, hyperplanes, and spheres. Lines (R::Line_d) in CGAL are oriented. A ray (R::Ray_d) is a semi-infinite interval on a line, and this line is oriented from the finite endpoint of this interval towards any other point in this interval. A segment (R::Segment_d) is a bounded interval on a directed line, and the endpoints are ordered so that they induce the same direction as that of the line. Hyperplanes are affine subspaces of dimension $$d-1$$ in $$\E^d$$, passing through $$d$$ points. Hyperplanes are oriented and partition space into a positive side and a negative side. In CGAL, there are no special classes for halfspaces. Halfspaces are supposed to be represented by oriented hyperplanes. All kernel objects are equality comparable via operator== and operator!=. For those oriented objects whose orientation can be reversed (segments, lines, hyperplanes, spheres) there is also a global function weak_equality() that allows to test for point set equality disregarding the orientation. ## Orientation and Relative Position Geometric objects in CGAL have member functions that test the position of a point relative to the object. Full dimensional objects and their boundaries are represented by the same type, e.g. halfspaces and hyperplanes are not distinguished, neither are balls and spheres. Such objects split the ambient space into two full-dimensional parts, a bounded part and an unbounded part (e.g. spheres), or two unbounded parts (e.g. hyperplanes). By default these objects are oriented, i.e., one of the resulting parts is called the positive side, the other one is called the negative side. Both of these may be unbounded. For these objects there is a function oriented_side() that determines whether a test point is on the positive side, the negative side, or on the oriented boundary. These function returns a value of type Oriented_side. Those objects that split the space in a bounded and an unbounded part, have a member function bounded_side() with return type Bounded_side. If an object is lower dimensional, e.g. a segment in $$d$$-dimensional space, there is only a test whether a point belongs to the object or not. This member function, which takes a point as an argument and returns a Boolean value, is called has_on() # Predicates and Constructions ## Predicates Predicates are at the heart of a geometry kernel. They are basic units for the composition of geometric algorithms and encapsulate decisions. Hence their correctness is crucial for the control flow and hence for the correctness of an implementation of a geometric algorithm. CGAL uses the term predicate in a generalized sense. Not only components returning a Boolean value are called predicates but also components returning an enumeration type like a Comparison_result or an Orientation. We say components, because predicates are implemented both as functions and function objects (also called functors and provided by a kernel class). CGAL provides predicates for the orientation of point sets (orientation), for comparing points according to some given order, especially for comparing Cartesian coordinates (e.g. lexicographically_xy_smaller), in-sphere tests, and predicates to compare distances. ## Constructions Functions and function objects that generate objects that are neither of type bool nor enum types are called constructions. Constructions involve computation of new numerical values and may be imprecise due to rounding errors unless a kernel with an exact number type is used. Affine transformations (R::Aff_transformation_d) allow to generate new object instances under arbitrary affine transformations. These transformations include translations, rotations (within planes) and scaling. Most of the geometric objects in a kernel have a member function transform(Aff_transformation_d t) which applies the transformation to the object instance. CGAL also provides a set of functions that detect or compute the intersection between objects and functions to calculate their squared distance. Moreover, some member functions of kernel objects are constructions. So there are routines that compute the square of the Euclidean distance, but no routines that compute the distance itself. Why? First of all, the two values can be derived from each other quite easily (by taking the square root or taking the square). So, supplying only the one and not the other is only a minor inconvenience for the user. Second, often either value can be used. This is for example the case when (squared) distances are compared. Third, the library wants to stimulate the use of the squared distance instead of the distance. The squared distance can be computed in more cases and the computation is cheaper. We do this by not providing the perhaps more natural routine, The problem of a distance routine is that it needs the sqrt operation. This has two drawbacks: • The sqrt operation can be costly. Even if it is not very costly for a specific number type and platform, avoiding it is always cheaper. • There are number types on which no sqrt operation is defined, especially integer types and rationals. ## Intersections Intersections on kernel objects currently cover only those objects that are part of flats (R::Segment_d, R::Ray_d, R::Line_d, and R::Hyperplane_d). For any pair of objects $$o1$$, $$o2$$ of these types the operation intersection(o1,o2) returns a boost::optional< boost::variant< T... > > where T... is a list of all possible resulting geometric objects. The exact result type of an intersection can be determined by using cpp11::result_of<Kernel::Intersect_d(Type1, Type2)>::type where Type1 and Type2 are the types of the objects used in the intersection computation. ### Example In the following example, the object type is used as a return value for the intersection computation, as there are possibly different return values. typedef Cartesian_d<double> K; typedef Point_d<K> Point; typedef Segment_d<K> Segment; Segment s1, s2; std::cin >> s1 >> s2; v = intersection(s1, s2); if(v) { // not empty if (const Point *p = boost::get<Point>(&*v) ) { // do something with *p } else { const Segment *s = boost::get<Segment>(&*v) ) { // do something with *s } } else { // empty intersection } ## Constructive Predicates For testing where a point $$p$$ lies with respect to a hyperplane defined by an array $$P$$ of points $$p_1$$, ... , $$p_d$$, one may be tempted to construct the hyperplane R::Hyperplane_d(d,P,P+d) and use the method oriented_side(p). This may pay off if many tests with respect to the plane are made. Nevertheless, unless the number type is exact, the constructed plane is only approximated, and round-off errors may lead oriented_side(p) to return an orientation which is different from the orientation of $$p_1$$, ... , $$p_d$$, $$p$$. In CGAL, we provide predicates in which such geometric decisions are made directly with a reference to the input points in $$P$$ without an intermediary object like a plane. For the above test, the recommended way to get the result is to use $$\mathrm{orientation}(P',P'+d)$$, where $$P'$$ is an array containing the points $$p_1$$, ... , $$p_d$$, $$p$$. For exact number types like leda_real, the situation is different. If several tests are to be made with the same plane, it pays off to construct the plane and to use oriented_side(p). # Design and Implementation History This higher-dimensional kernel is the result of a long evolving development. A first version of the kernel was offered as a LEDA extension package ddgeo by Kurt Mehlhorn and Michael Seel. The original design was driven by the realization of a d-dimensional convex hull data type developed at the Max-Planck Institut für Informatik. The code base was discussed and reviewed within the CGAL kernel group (of the low-dimensional kernel). This led to the identification of the concept interfaces and in parallel to adaptations according to the evolution of the low-dimensional kernel. The kernel was revised based on suggestions by Hervé Brönnimann, Michael Hoffmann, and Stefan Schirra. Epick_d was added by Marc Glisse in 2014. ## Acknowledgments This work was supported by ESPRIT IV Long Term Research Projects No. 21957 (CGAL) and No. 28155 (GALIA). The Epick_d kernel was partially supported by the IST Programme of the EU (FET Open) Project under Contract No IST-25582 – (CGL - Computational Geometric Learning).
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http://stem.utm.edu/cats/index.php/Solving_systems_via_Cramer%E2%80%99s_Rule
# Solving systems via Cramer’s Rule Chpt: Matrices << prev chpt home >> ## 1 Cramer's rule for systems of two linear equations Cramer’s Rule is a way to solve a system of linear equations using determinants. Let’s start with a system of two linear equations in two variables. In the system below, we will use generic letters to represent the coefficients of x and y and the numbers on the right-hand side of the equation. ax + by = e cx + dy = f (Here, a, b, c, d, e, and f represent real numbers.) Recall that the coefficient matrix associated with this system is simply the 2 x 2 matrix consisting of the coefficients of x and y: Coefficient matrix: $\begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix}$ For Cramer’s Rule, we will need the determinant of the coefficient matrix. In many textbooks, the determinant of the coefficient matrix is represented by D: $D = {\rm det} \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}$ . Warning: If D = 0, then Cramer’s Rule should be abandoned and another method, such as substitution or elimination, should be used. Your answer will be either no solution or a solution that requires a generic variable in the answer. See the following note for more information: When D=0 To finish solving a system of two linear equations using Cramer’s Rule, you will need to evaluate two additional determinants, Dx and Dy. The matrices for these determinants are formed by using the numbers on the right-hand side of the equations in place of the appropriate column in the coefficient matrix. Thus: $D_x = {\rm det} \begin{bmatrix} e & b \\ f & d \end{bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} e & b \\ f & d \end{vmatrix}$ Note that the “x” column in this matrix is replaced by the numbers on the right-hand side. $D_y = {\rm det} \begin{bmatrix} a & e \\ c & f \end{bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a & e \\ c & f \end{vmatrix}$ Note that the “y” column in this matrix is replaced by the numbers on the right-hand side. Finally, we are ready to solve our system. To find the solution (x,y), we simply use our determinants: $x = \frac{D_x}{D}$ and $y = \frac{D_y}{D}$ . ## 2 Example (system of two linear equations) Suppose we need to solve the system: 9x − 4y = 13 3x + 10y = 10 We need to compute three determinants: D, Dx, and Dy. We have: $D = \begin{vmatrix} 9 & -4 \\ 3 & 10 \end{vmatrix} = (9)(10) - (3)(-4) = 102$ (This uses the coefficient matrix.) $D_x = \begin{vmatrix} 13 & -4 \\ 10 & 10 \end{vmatrix} = (13)(10)-(10)(-4) = 170$ (Note that the "x" column has been replaced by the numbers on the right-hand side of the equations.) $D_y = \begin{vmatrix} 9 & 13 \\ 3 & 10 \end{vmatrix} = (9)(10)-(13)(3) = 51$ (Note that the "y" column has been replaced by the numbers on the right-hand side of the equations.) Now, we need to find x and y: $x = \frac{D_x}{D} = \frac{170}{102} = \frac{5}{3}$ and $y = \frac{D_y}{D} = \frac{51}{102} = \frac{1}{2}$ Our solution: $\left(\frac{5}{3}, \frac{1}{2}\right)$. ## 3 Cramer’s Rule—system of three linear equations in three variables We can extend Cramer’s Rule to systems of three equations, four equations, etc., using the same ideas that we used in our system of two linear equations and two variables. Suppose our system is: ax + by + cz = r dx + ey + fz = s gx + hy + iz = t We begin by forming the coefficient matrix and taking its determinant: $D = {\rm det} \begin{bmatrix} a & b & c\\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a & b & c\\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{vmatrix}$ We also need the determinants formed by replacing a column by the numbers on the right-hand side of the equation. Thus: $D_x = {\rm det} \begin{bmatrix} r & b & c\\ s & e & f \\ t & h & i \end{bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} r & b & c\\ s & e & f \\ t & h & i \end{vmatrix}$ Note that the “x” column is replaced. $D_y = {\rm det} \begin{bmatrix} a & r & c\\ d & s & f \\ g & t & i \end{bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a & r & c\\ d & s & f \\ g & t & i \end{vmatrix}$ Note that the “y” column is replaced. $D_z = {\rm det} \begin{bmatrix} a & b & r\\ d & e & s \\ g & h & t \end{bmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} a & b & r\\ d & e & s \\ g & h & t \end{vmatrix}$ Note that the “z” column is replaced. To find our solution (x,y,z), we compute: $x = \frac{D_x}{D}$, $y = \frac{D_y}{D}$, and $z = \frac{D_z}{D}$. ## 4 Example (system of three linear equations) Suppose we want to solve the system: x − 5y + 2z = − 7 4x + 10y + z = 11 − 2x − 3z = 5 We need to compute D, Dx, Dy, and Dz. We have: $D=\begin{vmatrix} 1 & -5 & 2\\ 4 & 10 & 1 \\ -2 & 0 & -3\end{vmatrix} = -40$ $D_x=\begin{vmatrix} -7 & -5 & 2\\ 11 & 10 & 1 \\ 5& 0 & -3\end{vmatrix} = -80$ $D_y=\begin{vmatrix} 1 & -7 & 2\\ 4 & 11 & 1 \\ -2 &5 & -3\end{vmatrix} = -24$ $D_z=\begin{vmatrix} 1 & -5 & -7\\ 4 & 10 & 11 \\ -2 & 0 & 5\end{vmatrix} = 120$ Then $\displaystyle x = \frac{D_x}{D} = \frac{-80}{-40} = 2$ , $y = \frac{D_y}{D} = \frac{-24}{-40}= \frac{3}{5}$ , and $z = \frac{D_z}{D}=\frac{120}{-40}=-3$. Our solution is $\left(2, \frac{3}{5}, -3\right)$. Try to solve the following systems using Cramer's Rule on your own. Check you answer by mousing on the black rectangle. If you need additional help, look at the pencasts. Check yourself! System Solution 6x − 3y = 7 12x + 9y = 4 (56,-23) 9x −   4y = 13 3x + 10y = 10 (53,12) 4x − 3y +   8z =  33 6y + 10z =  31 -8x + 6y −   4z = -24 (34,-23,72) ## 6 When D = 0 Recall that the solution to a system of linear equations is either no solution, a unique solution, or infinitely many solutions. As we saw in this section, if in application of Cramer's Rule, D ≠ 0, then the system has a unique solution. In the case that D=0, we have the following (in terms of a system of 3 linear equations in 3 variables): 1. If D = 0, and at least one of Dx, Dy, or Dz is non-zero, then the system has no solution. 2. If D = 0, and Dx = Dy = Dz = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions. Note that Cramer's Rule does not give us a method to write the general solution to a system with infinitely many solutions. It merely allows us to determine number of solutions to the system and find the solution when it is unique. <center> 1
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https://www.zbmath.org/?q=ai%3Aziegenhagel.albert+se%3A00000064
× # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics Orbital-enriched flat-top partition of unity method for the Schrödinger eigenproblem. (English) Zbl 1440.65163 Summary: Quantum mechanical calculations require the repeated solution of a Schrödinger equation for the wavefunctions of the system, from which materials properties follow. Recent work has shown the effectiveness of enriched finite element type Galerkin methods at significantly reducing the degrees of freedom required to obtain accurate solutions. However, time to solution has been adversely affected by the need to solve a generalized rather than standard eigenvalue problem and the ill-conditioning of associated system matrices. In this work, we address both issues by proposing a stable and efficient orbital-enriched partition of unity method to solve the Schrödinger boundary-value problem in a parallelepiped unit cell subject to Bloch-periodic boundary conditions. In the proposed partition of unity method, the three-dimensional domain is covered by overlapping patches, with a compactly-supported weight function associated with each patch. A key ingredient in our approach is the use of non-negative weight functions that possess the flat-top property, i.e., each weight function is identically equal to unity over some finite subset of its support. This flat-top property provides a pathway to devise a stable approximation over the whole domain. On each patch, we use $$p$$ th degree orthogonal (Legendre) polynomials that ensure $$p$$ th order completeness, and in addition include eigenfunctions of the radial Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, we adopt a variational lumping approach to construct a (block-)diagonal overlap matrix that yields a standard eigenvalue problem for which there exist efficient eigensolvers. The accuracy, stability, and efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated for the Schrödinger equation with a harmonic potential as well as a localized Gaussian potential. We show that the proposed approach delivers optimal rates of convergence in the energy, and the use of orbital enrichment significantly reduces the number of degrees of freedom for a given desired accuracy in the energy eigenvalues while the stability of the enriched approach is fully maintained. ##### MSC: 65N25 Numerical methods for eigenvalue problems for boundary value problems involving PDEs 81Q05 Closed and approximate solutions to the Schrödinger, Dirac, Klein-Gordon and other equations of quantum mechanics PUMA Full Text: ##### References: [1] Ashcroft, N. W.; Mermin, N. D., Solid State Physics (1976), Holt, Rinehart and Winston: Holt, Rinehart and Winston New York · Zbl 1118.82001 [2] Sukumar, N.; Pask, J. E., Classical and enriched finite element formulations for Bloch-periodic boundary conditions, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg., 77, 8, 1121-1138 (2009) · Zbl 1156.81313 [3] Lin, L.; Lu, J.; Ying, L.; E, W., Adaptive local basis set for Kohn-Sham density functional theory in a discontinuous Galerkin framework I: Total energy calculation, J. Comput. Phys., 231, 4, 2140-2154 (2012) · Zbl 1251.82008 [4] Zhang, G.; Lin, L.; Hu, W.; Yang, C.; Pask, J. E., Adaptive local basis set for Kohn-Sham density functional theory in a discontinuous Galerkin framework II: Force, vibration, and molecular dynamics calculations, J. Comput. Phys., 335, 426-443 (2017) · Zbl 1375.82015 [5] Pask, J. E.; Sukumar, N., Partition of unity finite element method for quantum mechanical materials calculations, Extreme Mech. Lett., 11, 8-17 (2017) [6] Yamakawa, S.; Hyodo, S., Electronic state calculation of hydrogen in metal clusters based on Gaussian-fem mixed basis function, J. Alloys Compd., 356-357, 231-235 (2003) [7] Yamakawa, S.; Hyodo, S., Gaussian finite-element mixed-basis method for electronic structure calculations, Phys. Rev. B, 71, 3, 035113 (2005) [8] Chen, J. S.; Hu, W.; Puso, M., Orbital $$h p$$-cloud for solving Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 196, 3693-3705 (2007) · Zbl 1173.81301 [10] Pask, J. E.; Sukumar, N.; Mousavi, S. E., Linear scaling solution of the all-electron Coulomb problem in solids, Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng., 10, 1, 83-99 (2012) [11] Banerjee, A. S.; Lin, L.; Hu, W.; Yang, C.; Pask, J. E., Chebyshev polynomial filtered subspace iteration in the discontinuous Galerkin method for large-scale electronic structure calculations, J. Chem. Phys., 145, 15, 154101 (2016) [12] Kanungo, B.; Gavini, V., Large-scale all-electron density functional theory calculations using an enriched finite-element basis, Phys. Rev. B, 95, 035112 (2017) [13] Davydov, D.; Gerasimov, T.; Pelteret, J.-P.; Steinmann, P., Convergence study of the $$h$$-adaptive pum and the $$h p$$-adaptive fem applied to eigenvalue problems in quantum mechanics, Adv. Model. Simul. Eng. Sci., 4, 1, 7 (2017) [14] Melenk, J. M.; Babuška, I., The partition of unity finite element method: Basic theory and applications, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 139, 289-314 (1996) · Zbl 0881.65099 [15] Babuška, I.; Melenk, J. M., The partition of unity method, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg., 40, 727-758 (1997) · Zbl 0949.65117 [16] Griebel, M.; Schweitzer, M. A., A particle-partition of unity method—Part II: Efficient cover construction and reliable integration, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 23, 5, 1655-1682 (2002) · Zbl 1011.65069 [17] Schweitzer, M. A., Stable enrichment and local preconditioning in the particle-partition of unity method, Numer. Math., 118, 1, 137-170 (2011) · Zbl 1217.65210 [18] Schweitzer, M. A., Variational mass lumping in the partition of unity method, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 35, 2, A1073-A1097 (2013) · Zbl 1266.65162 [19] Ihlenburg, F., (Finite Element Analysis of Acoustic Scattering. Finite Element Analysis of Acoustic Scattering, Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 132 (1998), Springer-Verlag: Springer-Verlag New York, NY) · Zbl 0908.65091 [20] (Deymier, P. A., Acoustic Metamaterials and Phononic Crystals. Acoustic Metamaterials and Phononic Crystals, Spring Series in Solid-State Sciences (2013), Springer: Springer New York, NY) [21] Joannopoulos, J. D.; Johnson, S. G.; Winn, J. N.; Meade, R. D., Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light (2008), Princeton University Press: Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ · Zbl 1144.78303 [22] Schweitzer, M. A., (A Parallel Multilevel Partition of Unity Method for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations. A Parallel Multilevel Partition of Unity Method for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations, Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, vol. 29 (2003), Springer) · Zbl 1016.65099 [23] Klaar, C., A Partition of Unity Method for Quantum Mechanical Material Calculations (2016), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Institut für Numerische Simulation, (Master’s thesis) [24] Fries, T.-P.; Belytschko, T., The extended/generalized finite element method: An overview of the method and its applications, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg., 84, 3, 253-304 (2010) · Zbl 1202.74169 [25] Schweitzer, M. A., Generalizations of the finite element method, Cent. Eur. J. Math., 10, 1, 3-24 (2012) · Zbl 1245.65159 [26] Babuška, I.; Caloz, G.; Osborn, J. E., Special finite element methods for a class of second order elliptic problems with rough coefficients, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 31, 945-981 (1994) · Zbl 0807.65114 [27] Schweitzer, M. A., Generalized Finite Element and Meshfree Methods (2008), Habilitation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univeristät Bonn [28] Griebel, M.; Schweitzer, M. A., A particle-partition of unity method—Part VII: Adaptivity, (Griebel, M.; Schweitzer, M. A., Meshfree Methods for Partial Differential Equations III. Meshfree Methods for Partial Differential Equations III, Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, vol. 57 (2006), Springer), 121-148 [29] Schweitzer, M. A., An adaptive hp-version of the multilevel particle-partition of unity method, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 198, 1260-1272 (2009) · Zbl 1157.65494 [30] Strouboulis, T.; Babuška, I.; Hidajat, R., The generalized finite element method for Helmholtz equation: Theory, computation, and open problems, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 195, 37-40, 4711-4731 (2006) · Zbl 1120.76044 [31] Strouboulis, T.; Hidajat, R.; Babuška, I., The generalized finite element method for Helmholtz equation. Part II: Effect of choice of handbook functions, error due to absorbing boundary conditions and its assessment, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 197, 5, 364-380 (2008) · Zbl 1169.76397 [32] Duarte, C. A.M.; Oden, J. T., $$h p$$ clouds -A meshless method to solve boundary value problems, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 12, 673-705 (1996) · Zbl 0869.65069 [33] Belytschko, T.; Lu, Y. Y.; Gu, L., Crack propagation by element-free Galerkin methods, Eng. Fract. Mech., 51, 295-315 (1995) [34] Schweitzer, M. A., A Parallel Multilevel Partition of Unity Method for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations (2002), Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Bonn, (Dissertation) [35] Huerta, A.; Belytschko, T.; Fernández-Méndez, T.; Rabczuk, T., (Meshfree Methods. Meshfree Methods, Encyclopedia of Computational Mechanics, vol. 1 (2004), Wiley), 279-309, (Chapter 10) [36] Moës, N.; Dolbow, J.; Belytschko, T., A finite element method for crack growth without remeshing, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg., 46, 131-150 (1999) · Zbl 0955.74066 [37] Babuška, I.; Banerjee, U., Stable generalized finite element method (SGFEM), Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 201-204, Supplement C, 91-111 (2012) · Zbl 1239.74093 [38] Hu, J.; Huang, Y.-Q.; Shen, H., The lower approximation of eigenvalue by lumped mass finite element method, J. Comput. Math., 22, 4, 545-556 (2004) · Zbl 1069.65122 [39] Strang, G.; Fix, G. J., An Analysis of the Finite Element Method (1973), Prentice-Hall · Zbl 0278.65116 [40] Tong, P.; Pian, T. H.H.; Bucciarblli, L. L., Mode shapes and frequencies by finite element method using consistent and lumped masses, Comput. Struct., 1, 4, 623-638 (1971) [41] Hughes, T. J.R., (The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis. The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis, Dover Civil and Mechanical Engineering Series (2000), Dover Publications) · Zbl 1191.74002 [42] Zhou, Y.; Tiago, Y. Saad M. L.; Chelikowsky, J. R., Self-consistent-field calculations using Chebyshev-filtered subspace iteration, J. Comput. Phys., 219, 1, 172-184 (2006) · Zbl 1105.65111 [43] Griebel, M.; Schweitzer, M. A., A particle-partition of unity method—part v: Boundary conditions, (Hildebrandt, S.; Karcher, H., Geometric Analysis and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (2002), Springer), 517-540 [44] Schweitzer, M. A., An algebraic treatment of essential boundary conditions in the particle-partition of unity method, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 31, 2, 1581-1602 (2009) · Zbl 1189.65284 This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching.
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https://kth.kattis.com/problems/tornbygge
# Tower Construction Towers corresponding to Sample $1$ Kim’s current obsession is to build towers from ordered sequences of Lego bricks. The towers are built one at a time, brick by brick. The first available brick is the base of the first tower. If the next available brick is wider than the top of the current tower, we say that the current tower is finished and make the brick the base of a new tower. Otherwise, the brick is placed (in an arbitrary fashion) on top of the current tower. Given the ordering and widths of the bricks, how many towers is Kim going to build? ## Input An integer $N$ with $1 \leq N \leq 10^5$, followed by a line consisting of $N$ integers $x_ i$, where $1 \leq x_ i \leq 10^6$, corresponding to the width of the bricks in the order they are available. ## Output A single integer, the number of resulting towers. Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1 10 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 1
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https://math.eretrandre.org/tetrationforum/showthread.php?tid=936&pid=7553#pid7553
• 0 Vote(s) - 0 Average • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 [2014] Representations by 2sinh^[0.5] tommy1729 Ultimate Fellow Posts: 1,493 Threads: 356 Joined: Feb 2009 11/15/2014, 01:21 PM As mentioned before Im considering number theory connections to tetration. One of those ideas is representations. Every integer M is the sum of 3 triangular number ... or 4 squares. Also every integer M is the sum of at most O(ln(M)) powers of 2. This is all classical and pretty well known. But there are functions that have growth between polynomials and powers of 2. So since 2sinh is close to exp and 2sinh^[0.5](0) = 0 , it is natural to ask 2S(n) := floor 2sinh^[0.5](n) 2S-1(n) := floor 2sinh^[-0.5](n) 2S numbers := numbers of type 2S(n) 2S-1 numbers := numbers of type 2S-1(n) 1) Every positive integer M is the sum of at most A(M) 2S numbers. A(M) = ?? 2) Every positive integer M is the sum of at most 2S(M) B numbers. B numbers := B(n) = ?? Of course we want sharp bounds on A(M) and B(n). ( A(M) = 4 + 2^M works fine but is not intresting for instance ) regards tommy1729 tommy1729 Ultimate Fellow Posts: 1,493 Threads: 356 Joined: Feb 2009 11/16/2014, 07:40 PM To estimate A(M) I use the following Tommy's density estimate *** Let f(n) be a strictly increasing integer function such that f(n)-f(n-1) is also a strictly increasing integer function. Then to represent a positive density of primes between 2 and M we need to take T_f(M) elements of f(n). T_f(M) is about ln(M)/ln(f^[-1](M)). This is an upper estimate. *** In this case to represent a positive density of primes between 2 and M we then need about ln(M)/ln^[3/2](M) 2S numbers. This is a brute upper estimate. A(M) is estimated as sqrt( ln(M)/ln^[3/2](M) ). Improvement should be possible. regards tommy1729 « Next Oldest | Next Newest » Possibly Related Threads... Thread Author Replies Views Last Post tommy's simple solution ln^[n](2sinh^[n+x](z)) tommy1729 1 5,205 01/17/2017, 07:21 AM Last Post: sheldonison 2sinh^[r](z) = 0 ?? tommy1729 0 2,691 02/23/2016, 11:13 PM Last Post: tommy1729 [2014] Beyond Gamma and Barnes-G tommy1729 1 4,410 12/28/2014, 05:48 PM Last Post: MphLee [2014] Uniqueness of periodic superfunction tommy1729 0 3,579 11/09/2014, 10:20 PM Last Post: tommy1729 [2014] The angle fractal. tommy1729 1 4,233 10/19/2014, 03:15 PM Last Post: tommy1729 [2014] " statistical dynamics " tommy1729 0 3,123 08/31/2014, 11:53 PM Last Post: tommy1729 [2014] exp^[s](z) = z tommy1729 0 2,846 08/26/2014, 07:45 PM Last Post: tommy1729 [2014] composition of 3 functions. tommy1729 0 3,262 08/25/2014, 12:08 AM Last Post: tommy1729 [2014] combining some recent ideas. tommy1729 0 3,023 08/19/2014, 12:25 PM Last Post: tommy1729 [2014] Inconsistant equation ? tommy1729 0 3,252 07/27/2014, 02:38 PM Last Post: tommy1729 Users browsing this thread: 1 Guest(s)
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/97898/translation-from-natural-language-to-first-order-logic
# Translation from natural language to First Order Logic I have this exercise from Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach: I wrote this solution and I would like to know if I made any mistakes: a) Occupation(Emily,Surgeon) V Occupation(Emily, Lawyer). b) Occupation(Joe,Actor) ∧ ∃x( Occupation(Joe,x) ∧ x≠Actor ) c) ∀x ( Occupation(x,Surgeon) -> Occupation (x,Doctor) ) d) ∀x Customer(Joe,x) -> ( ∀y Occupation(x,y) -> y≠Lawyer ) e) ∃x Boss(x,Emily) ∧ Occupation(x,Lawyer) f) ∃x Occupation(x,Lawyer) ∧ (∀y Customer(y,x) -> Occupation(y,Doctor)) g) ∀x Occupation(x,Surgeon) -> ∃y (Occupation(y,Lawyer) ∧ Customer(x,y) ) Besides, how can I check if my translation is correct (some kind of counter proof)? - Great reference book! –  magma Jan 11 '12 at 2:36 ## 1 Answer Everything seems good to me, except perhaps that your use of parenthesis does not seem consistent. For example: in the second part of b you use () to delimit Exists, but in e you don’t. You should though. Same thing in g: nothing to bind the x in the antecedent to the x in the consequent. It is difficult to have an independent check of a translation by other means. Basically you have to rephrase the English sentences in a standard form like: All F are G or Some F are G, ect (basic syllogistic forms) and then use the available vocabulary. But this is what you did i guess, so I have no better suggestion to give you - Thank you very much! I'll pay attention over parenthesis... –  Saphrosit Jan 12 '12 at 14:06
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http://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/tc/1994/03/t0374-abs.html
Subscribe Issue No.03 - March (1994 vol.43) pp: 374-380 ABSTRACT <p>Presents an algorithm that solves the conflict resolution problem in fault-tolerant multicast-connected MINs. Without loss of generality, the authors apply the algorithm to reconfigure a four-path cube-based network. An intensive simulation study is conducted to reveal the performance improvement gained by the conflict resolution and fault-free path selection algorithm on the network under study. The simulation results indicate that the probability of failure to provide multicast connections using two paths is comparable to that of using three and four paths under various fault scenarios. The results also indicate that an effective reconfiguration algorithm based on two alternate paths has a great impact on the network performance in the presence of faults and conflicts.</p> INDEX TERMS multiprocessor interconnection networks; fault tolerant computing; conflict resolution; multicast-connected; cube-based; MINs; fault-free path selection; performance improvement; simulation results; probability of failure; multicast connections; reconfiguration algorithm; network performance; faults; conflicts. CITATION A.A. Abonamah, F.N. Sibai, N.K. Sharma, "Conflict Resolution and Fault-Free Path Selection in Multicast-Connected Cube-Based Networks", IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.43, no. 3, pp. 374-380, March 1994, doi:10.1109/12.272439
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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepja%2Fi2002-10248-8
Advertisement # Measurement of $$\pi^-$$ and $$\pi^ +$$ photoproduction in deuterium at large momentum transfer for E = 1.7-5.6 GeV • H. Xiang Article ## Abstract. Single-$$\pi^{-}$$ and -$$\pi^{ + }$$ photoproduction from deuterium has been measured at energies E = 1.7-5.6 GeV and momentum transfers |t| = 0.4-5.6 (GeV/c 2). The ratio $$\pi^{-}$$/ $$\pi^{ + }$$ for data taken at E = 3.4 GeV is presented. Also the ratio of the $$\pi^{ + }$$ from hydrogen to the $$\pi^{ + }$$ from deuterium is extracted to examine the nucleon spectator assumption used in the cross-section ratio analysis. Results are discussed in conjunction with the existing measurements with frameworks ranging from a hadronic description to parton constituent models which successfully characterize the scaling behaviors observed in the exclusive measurements. ## Keywords Hydrogen Deuterium Momentum Transfer Large Momentum Ratio Analysis These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. ## Preview Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. ## References 1. 1. M. Guidal, Phys. Lett. B 400, 6 (1997). 2. 2. M. Rahnama, J.K. Storrow, J. Phys. G, 17, 243 (1991).Google Scholar 3. 3. E.C. Schulte, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 102302 (2001).Google Scholar 4. 4. C. Bochna, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4576 (1998). 5. 5. E. Auge, Phys. Lett. B 168, 163 (1986). 6. 6. P. Aurenche, Phys. Lett. B 135, 164 (1984). 7. 7. K. Wijesooriya, Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 2975 (2001). 8. 8. K. Wijesooriya, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 034614 (2002). 9. 9. S.J. Brodsky, Phys. Lett. B 449, 306 (1997). 10. 10. X. Ji, Phys. Rev. D 55, 7114 (1997). 11. 11. X. Ji, J. Osborne, Phys. Rev. D 58, 094018 (1998). 12. 12. A.V. Radyushkin, Phys. Rev. D 56, 5524 (1997). 13. 13. J.C. Collins, Phys. Rev. D 56, 2982 (1997). 14. 14. C.E. Carlson, A.B. Wakely, Phys. Rev. D 48, 2000 (1993). 15. 15. A. Afanasev, C.E. Carlson, C. Wahlquist, Phys. Rev. D 58, 054007 (1998). 16. 16. Z. Bar-Yam, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 40 (1967). 17. 17. P. Heide, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 248 (1968). 18. 18. A.M. Boyarski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 1767 (1968). 19. 19. H. Gao, R. Holt, JLab experiment E94-104.Google Scholar 20. 20. R.L. Anderson, Phys. Rev. D 14, 679 (1976). 21. 21. L.Y. Zhu, in preparation.Google Scholar 22. 22. S.J. Brodsky, G.R. Farrar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 1153 (1973). 23. 23. S.J. Brodsky, G.R. Farrar, Phys. Rev. D 11, 1309 (1975). 24. 24. V.A. Matveev, Lett. Nuovo Cimento 7, 719 (1973).Google Scholar 25. 25. G. Zweig, Nuovo Cimento 32, 689 (1964).Google Scholar 26. 26. P. Stichel, Z. Phys. 178, 519 (1964).Google Scholar ## Copyright information © Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg 2003 ## Authors and Affiliations 1. 1.MIT Laboratory for Nuclear ScienceCambridgeUSA
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http://mathhelpforum.com/differential-geometry/195252-finding-specific-operator-print.html
# finding a specific operator • Jan 13th 2012, 07:21 PM Zeke finding a specific operator Hi! I am kinda going mad trying to find the following operator. Here goes the problem: Let $(z_n)$ be a complex seq. such that $\lim z_n=0$ and let $(x_n)$ be a seq. of pos. numbers such that $\lim x_n=\infty$. Show that there exists (i.e. find) a compact operator $P$ on $l^2$ so that the following two are satisfied: (a) $\lim_n \frac{\|(z_n I-P)^{-1}\|}{ x_n}=\infty$ and (b) All the $z_n$ lie in the resolvent of $P$. Thank You! • Jan 14th 2012, 04:45 AM girdav Re: finding a specific operator I've not done the computations, but did you try with $P$ diagonal? • Jan 14th 2012, 08:14 AM Zeke Re: finding a specific operator yes I did try... I'm not sure how that helps. • Jan 14th 2012, 09:44 AM girdav Re: finding a specific operator It would reduce the problem to find a sequence instead of an operator. • Jan 15th 2012, 12:58 AM Zeke Re: finding a specific operator I'm sorry but I just can't get it to work. How am I supposed to find it? • Jan 15th 2012, 04:44 AM girdav Re: finding a specific operator There is something I don't understand: if $z_n=0$ for all $n$, then $P$ has to be both compact and invertible in order to make the expression have a sense. It's impossible since $\ell^2$ is infinite dimensional. • Jan 15th 2012, 05:28 AM Zeke Re: finding a specific operator The assumptio is not $z_n=0$ $\forall n$, it is that $\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} z_n=0$ • Jan 15th 2012, 05:48 AM girdav Re: finding a specific operator Yes, but $z_n=0$ for all n is a particular case of $\lim_{n\to \infty}z_n=0$. So we have to assume that $z_n\neq 0$ for all $n$ otherwise $P$ would be invertible. • Jan 15th 2012, 06:21 AM Zeke Re: finding a specific operator I see what you mean. Ok, how would I proceed after removing that special case. • Jan 15th 2012, 10:32 AM Opalg Re: finding a specific operator Quote: Originally Posted by Zeke Hi! I am kinda going mad trying to find the following operator. Here goes the problem: Let $(z_n)$ be a complex seq. such that $\lim z_n=0$ and let $(x_n)$ be a seq. of pos. numbers such that $\lim x_n=\infty$. Show that there exists (i.e. find) a compact operator $P$ on $l^2$ so that the following two are satisfied: (a) $\lim_n \frac{\|(z_n I-P)^{-1}\|}{ x_n}=\infty$ and (b) All the $z_n$ lie in the resolvent of $P$. Thank You! As girdav pointed out, none of the $z_n$ can be 0. So make that assumption. Following girdav again, let P be the operator on $\l^2(\mathbb{N})$ whose matrix (with respect to the standard basis) is diagonal, with diagonal elements $\alpha_n.$ Let $Z = \{z_n\}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\cup\{0\}.$ For each n, choose $\alpha_n$ so that $\alpha_n\notin Z$ and $|\alpha_n-z_n| < (nx_n)^{-1}.$ Then P is compact (because $\alpha_n\to0$). The spectrum of P is $A = \{\alpha_n\}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\cup\{0\}.$ Since, for each n, $z_n\notin A,$ it follows that (b) holds. Finally, $\|(z_nI-P)^{-1}\| = \max_{k\in\mathbb{N}}|z_n-\alpha_k|^{-1}\geqslant|z_n-\alpha_n|^{-1}>nx_n.$
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http://cms.math.ca/cmb/msc/20?page=2
location:  Publications → journals Search results Search: MSC category 20 ( Group theory and generalizations ) Expand all        Collapse all Results 26 - 50 of 116 26. CMB 2013 (vol 56 pp. 795) MacDonald, Mark L. Upper Bounds for the Essential Dimension of $E_7$ This paper gives a new upper bound for the essential dimension and the essential 2-dimension of the split simply connected group of type $E_7$ over a field of characteristic not 2 or 3. In particular, $\operatorname{ed}(E_7) \leq 29$, and $\operatorname{ed}(E_7;2) \leq 27$. Keywords:$E_7$, essential dimension, stabilizer in general positionCategories:20G15, 20G41 27. CMB 2012 (vol 56 pp. 881) Xie, BaoHua; Wang, JieYan; Jiang, YuePing Free Groups Generated by Two Heisenberg Translations In this paper, we will discuss the groups generated by two Heisenberg translations of $\mathbf{PU}(2,1)$ and determine when they are free. Keywords:free group, Heisenberg group, complex triangle groupCategories:30F40, 22E40, 20H10 28. CMB 2012 (vol 57 pp. 303) Gille, Philippe Octonion Algebras over Rings are not Determined by their Norms Answering a question of H. Petersson, we provide a class of examples of pair of octonion algebras over a ring having isometric norms. Keywords:octonion algebras, torsors, descentCategories:14L24, 20G41 29. CMB 2012 (vol 57 pp. 97) Levy, Jason Rationality and the Jordan-Gatti-Viniberghi decomposition We verify our earlier conjecture and use it to prove that the semisimple parts of the rational Jordan-Kac-Vinberg decompositions of a rational vector all lie in a single rational orbit. Keywords:reductive group, $G$-module, Jordan decomposition, orbit closure, rationalityCategories:20G15, 14L24 30. CMB 2012 (vol 57 pp. 326) Ivanov, S. V.; Mikhailov, Roman On Zero-divisors in Group Rings of Groups with Torsion Nontrivial pairs of zero-divisors in group rings are introduced and discussed. A problem on the existence of nontrivial pairs of zero-divisors in group rings of free Burnside groups of odd exponent $n \gg 1$ is solved in the affirmative. Nontrivial pairs of zero-divisors are also found in group rings of free products of groups with torsion. Keywords:Burnside groups, free products of groups, group rings, zero-divisorsCategories:20C07, 20E06, 20F05, , 20F50 31. CMB 2012 (vol 57 pp. 424) Sołtan, Piotr M.; Viselter, Ami A Note on Amenability of Locally Compact Quantum Groups In this short note we introduce a notion called quantum injectivity'' of locally compact quantum groups, and prove that it is equivalent to amenability of the dual. Particularly, this provides a new characterization of amenability of locally compact groups. Keywords:amenability, conditional expectation, injectivity, locally compact quantum group, quantum injectivityCategories:20G42, 22D25, 46L89 32. CMB 2012 (vol 57 pp. 132) Mubeena, T.; Sankaran, P. Twisted Conjugacy Classes in Abelian Extensions of Certain Linear Groups Given a group automorphism $\phi:\Gamma\longrightarrow \Gamma$, one has an action of $\Gamma$ on itself by $\phi$-twisted conjugacy, namely, $g.x=gx\phi(g^{-1})$. The orbits of this action are called $\phi$-twisted conjugacy classes. One says that $\Gamma$ has the $R_\infty$-property if there are infinitely many $\phi$-twisted conjugacy classes for every automorphism $\phi$ of $\Gamma$. In this paper we show that $\operatorname{SL}(n,\mathbb{Z})$ and its congruence subgroups have the $R_\infty$-property. Further we show that any (countable) abelian extension of $\Gamma$ has the $R_\infty$-property where $\Gamma$ is a torsion free non-elementary hyperbolic group, or $\operatorname{SL}(n,\mathbb{Z}), \operatorname{Sp}(2n,\mathbb{Z})$ or a principal congruence subgroup of $\operatorname{SL}(n,\mathbb{Z})$ or the fundamental group of a complete Riemannian manifold of constant negative curvature. Keywords:twisted conjugacy classes, hyperbolic groups, lattices in Lie groupsCategory:20E45 33. CMB 2012 (vol 56 pp. 630) Sundar, S. Inverse Semigroups and Sheu's Groupoid for the Odd Dimensional Quantum Spheres In this paper, we give a different proof of the fact that the odd dimensional quantum spheres are groupoid $C^{*}$-algebras. We show that the $C^{*}$-algebra $C(S_{q}^{2\ell+1})$ is generated by an inverse semigroup $T$ of partial isometries. We show that the groupoid $\mathcal{G}_{tight}$ associated with the inverse semigroup $T$ by Exel is exactly the same as the groupoid considered by Sheu. Keywords:inverse semigroups, groupoids, odd dimensional quantum spheresCategories:46L99, 20M18 34. CMB 2011 (vol 56 pp. 395) Oancea, D. Coessential Abelianization Morphisms in the Category of Groups An epimorphism $\phi\colon G\to H$ of groups, where $G$ has rank $n$, is called coessential if every (ordered) generating $n$-tuple of $H$ can be lifted along $\phi$ to a generating $n$-tuple for $G$. We discuss this property in the context of the category of groups, and establish a criterion for such a group $G$ to have the property that its abelianization epimorphism $G\to G/[G,G]$, where $[G,G]$ is the commutator subgroup, is coessential. We give an example of a family of 2-generator groups whose abelianization epimorphism is not coessential. This family also provides counterexamples to the generalized Andrews--Curtis conjecture. Keywords:coessential epimorphism, Nielsen transformations, Andrew-Curtis transformationsCategories:20F05, 20F99, 20J15 35. CMB 2011 (vol 55 pp. 783) Motallebi, M. R.; Saiflu, H. Products and Direct Sums in Locally Convex Cones In this paper we define lower, upper, and symmetric completeness and discuss closure of the sets in product and direct sums. In particular, we introduce suitable bases for these topologies, which leads us to investigate completeness of the direct sum and its components. Some results obtained about $X$-topologies and polars of the neighborhoods. Keywords:product and direct sum, duality, locally convex coneCategories:20K25, 46A30, 46A20 36. CMB 2011 (vol 56 pp. 272) Cheng, Lixin; Luo, Zhenghua; Zhou, Yu On Super Weakly Compact Convex Sets and Representation of the Dual of the Normed Semigroup They Generate In this note, we first give a characterization of super weakly compact convex sets of a Banach space $X$: a closed bounded convex set $K\subset X$ is super weakly compact if and only if there exists a $w^*$ lower semicontinuous seminorm $p$ with $p\geq\sigma_K\equiv\sup_{x\in K}\langle\,\cdot\,,x\rangle$ such that $p^2$ is uniformly Fréchet differentiable on each bounded set of $X^*$. Then we present a representation theorem for the dual of the semigroup $\textrm{swcc}(X)$ consisting of all the nonempty super weakly compact convex sets of the space $X$. Keywords:super weakly compact set, dual of normed semigroup, uniform Fréchet differentiability, representationCategories:20M30, 46B10, 46B20, 46E15, 46J10, 49J50 37. CMB 2011 (vol 56 pp. 13) Ordering the Representations of $S_n$ Using the Interchange Process Inspired by Aldous' conjecture for the spectral gap of the interchange process and its recent resolution by Caputo, Liggett, and Richthammer, we define an associated order $\prec$ on the irreducible representations of $S_n$. Aldous' conjecture is equivalent to certain representations being comparable in this order, and hence determining the Aldous order'' completely is a generalized question. We show a few additional entries for this order. Keywords:Aldous' conjecture, interchange process, symmetric group, representationsCategories:82C22, 60B15, 43A65, 20B30, 60J27, 60K35 38. CMB 2011 (vol 55 pp. 673) Aizenbud, Avraham; Gourevitch, Dmitry Multiplicity Free Jacquet Modules Let $F$ be a non-Archimedean local field or a finite field. Let $n$ be a natural number and $k$ be $1$ or $2$. Consider $G:=\operatorname{GL}_{n+k}(F)$ and let $M:=\operatorname{GL}_n(F) \times \operatorname{GL}_k(F)\lt G$ be a maximal Levi subgroup. Let $U\lt G$ be the corresponding unipotent subgroup and let $P=MU$ be the corresponding parabolic subgroup. Let $J:=J_M^G: \mathcal{M}(G) \to \mathcal{M}(M)$ be the Jacquet functor, i.e., the functor of coinvariants with respect to $U$. In this paper we prove that $J$ is a multiplicity free functor, i.e., $\dim \operatorname{Hom}_M(J(\pi),\rho)\leq 1$, for any irreducible representations $\pi$ of $G$ and $\rho$ of $M$. We adapt the classical method of Gelfand and Kazhdan, which proves the multiplicity free" property of certain representations to prove the multiplicity free" property of certain functors. At the end we discuss whether other Jacquet functors are multiplicity free. Keywords:multiplicity one, Gelfand pair, invariant distribution, finite groupCategories:20G05, 20C30, 20C33, 46F10, 47A67 39. CMB 2011 (vol 54 pp. 654) Forrest, Brian E.; Runde, Volker Norm One Idempotent $cb$-Multipliers with Applications to the Fourier Algebra in the $cb$-Multiplier Norm For a locally compact group $G$, let $A(G)$ be its Fourier algebra, let $M_{cb}A(G)$ denote the completely bounded multipliers of $A(G)$, and let $A_{\mathit{Mcb}}(G)$ stand for the closure of $A(G)$ in $M_{cb}A(G)$. We characterize the norm one idempotents in $M_{cb}A(G)$: the indicator function of a set $E \subset G$ is a norm one idempotent in $M_{cb}A(G)$ if and only if $E$ is a coset of an open subgroup of $G$. As applications, we describe the closed ideals of $A_{\mathit{Mcb}}(G)$ with an approximate identity bounded by $1$, and we characterize those $G$ for which $A_{\mathit{Mcb}}(G)$ is $1$-amenable in the sense of B. E. Johnson. (We can even slightly relax the norm bounds.) Keywords:amenability, bounded approximate identity, $cb$-multiplier norm, Fourier algebra, norm one idempotentCategories:43A22, 20E05, 43A30, 46J10, 46J40, 46L07, 47L25 40. CMB 2011 (vol 55 pp. 48) Chebolu, Sunil K.; Christensen, J. Daniel; Mináč, Ján Freyd's Generating Hypothesis for Groups with Periodic Cohomology Let $G$ be a finite group, and let $k$ be a field whose characteristic $p$ divides the order of $G$. Freyd's generating hypothesis for the stable module category of $G$ is the statement that a map between finite-dimensional $kG$-modules in the thick subcategory generated by $k$ factors through a projective if the induced map on Tate cohomology is trivial. We show that if $G$ has periodic cohomology, then the generating hypothesis holds if and only if the Sylow $p$-subgroup of $G$ is $C_2$ or $C_3$. We also give some other conditions that are equivalent to the GH for groups with periodic cohomology. Keywords:Tate cohomology, generating hypothesis, stable module category, ghost map, principal block, thick subcategory, periodic cohomologyCategories:20C20, 20J06, 55P42 41. CMB 2011 (vol 55 pp. 390) Riedl, Jeffrey M. Automorphisms of Iterated Wreath Product $p$-Groups We determine the order of the automorphism group $\operatorname{Aut}(W)$ for each member $W$ of an important family of finite $p$-groups that may be constructed as iterated regular wreath products of cyclic groups. We use a method based on representation theory. Categories:20D45, 20D15, 20E22 42. CMB 2011 (vol 54 pp. 663) Haas, Ruth; G. Helminck, Aloysius Admissible Sequences for Twisted Involutions in Weyl Groups Let $W$ be a Weyl group, $\Sigma$ a set of simple reflections in $W$ related to a basis $\Delta$ for the root system $\Phi$ associated with $W$ and $\theta$ an involution such that $\theta(\Delta) = \Delta$. We show that the set of $\theta$-twisted involutions in $W$, $\mathcal{I}_{\theta} = \{w\in W \mid \theta(w) = w^{-1}\}$ is in one to one correspondence with the set of regular involutions $\mathcal{I}_{\operatorname{Id}}$. The elements of $\mathcal{I}_{\theta}$ are characterized by sequences in $\Sigma$ which induce an ordering called the Richardson-Springer Poset. In particular, for $\Phi$ irreducible, the ascending Richardson-Springer Poset of $\mathcal{I}_{\theta}$, for nontrivial $\theta$ is identical to the descending Richardson-Springer Poset of $\mathcal{I}_{\operatorname{Id}}$. Categories:20G15, 20G20, 22E15, 22E46, 43A85 43. CMB 2011 (vol 55 pp. 98) Glied, Svenja Similarity and Coincidence Isometries for Modules The groups of (linear) similarity and coincidence isometries of certain modules $\varGamma$ in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space, which naturally occur in quasicrystallography, are considered. It is shown that the structure of the factor group of similarity modulo coincidence isometries is the direct sum of cyclic groups of prime power orders that divide $d$. In particular, if the dimension $d$ is a prime number $p$, the factor group is an elementary abelian $p$-group. This generalizes previous results obtained for lattices to situations relevant in quasicrystallography. Categories:20H15, 82D25, 52C23 44. CMB 2011 (vol 55 pp. 38) Butske, William Endomorphisms of Two Dimensional Jacobians and Related Finite Algebras Zarhin proves that if $C$ is the curve $y^2=f(x)$ where $\textrm{Gal}_{\mathbb{Q}}(f(x))=S_n$ or $A_n$, then ${\textrm{End}}_{\overline{\mathbb{Q}}}(J)=\mathbb{Z}$. In seeking to examine his result in the genus $g=2$ case supposing other Galois groups, we calculate $\textrm{End}_{\overline{\mathbb{Q}}}(J)\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{F}_2$ for a genus $2$ curve where $f(x)$ is irreducible. In particular, we show that unless the Galois group is $S_5$ or $A_5$, the Galois group does not determine ${\textrm{End}}_{\overline{\mathbb{Q}}}(J)$. Categories:11G10, 20C20 45. CMB 2011 (vol 55 pp. 188) Steinberg, Benjamin Yet Another Solution to the Burnside Problem for Matrix Semigroups We use the kernel category to give a finiteness condition for semigroups. As a consequence we provide yet another proof that finitely generated periodic semigroups of matrices are finite. Keywords:Burnside problem, kernel categoryCategories:20M30, 20M32 46. CMB 2011 (vol 54 pp. 487) Kong, Xiangjun Some Properties Associated with Adequate Transversals In this paper, another relationship between the quasi-ideal adequate transversals of an abundant semigroup is given. We introduce the concept of a weakly multiplicative adequate transversal and the classic result that an adequate transversal is multiplicative if and only if it is weakly multiplicative and a quasi-ideal is obtained. Also, we give two equivalent conditions for an adequate transversal to be weakly multiplicative. We then consider the case when $I$ and $\Lambda$ (defined below) are bands. This is analogous to the inverse transversal if the regularity condition is adjoined. Keywords:abundant semigroup, adequate transversal, Green's $*$-relations, quasi-idealCategory:20M10 47. CMB 2011 (vol 54 pp. 255) Dehaye, Paul-Olivier On an Identity due to Bump and Diaconis, and Tracy and Widom A classical question for a Toeplitz matrix with given symbol is how to compute asymptotics for the determinants of its reductions to finite rank. One can also consider how those asymptotics are affected when shifting an initial set of rows and columns (or, equivalently, asymptotics of their minors). Bump and Diaconis obtained a formula for such shifts involving Laguerre polynomials and sums over symmetric groups. They also showed how the Heine identity extends for such minors, which makes this question relevant to Random Matrix Theory. Independently, Tracy and Widom used the Wiener-Hopf factorization to express those shifts in terms of products of infinite matrices. We show directly why those two expressions are equal and uncover some structure in both formulas that was unknown to their authors. We introduce a mysterious differential operator on symmetric functions that is very similar to vertex operators. We show that the Bump-Diaconis-Tracy-Widom identity is a differentiated version of the classical Jacobi-Trudi identity. Keywords:Toeplitz matrices, Jacobi-Trudi identity, Szegő limit theorem, Heine identity, Wiener-Hopf factorizationCategories:47B35, 05E05, 20G05 48. CMB 2011 (vol 54 pp. 297) Johnson, Marianne; Stöhr, Ralph Lie Powers and Pseudo-Idempotents We give a new factorisation of the classical Dynkin operator, an element of the integral group ring of the symmetric group that facilitates projections of tensor powers onto Lie powers. As an application we show that the iterated Lie power $L_2(L_n)$ is a module direct summand of the Lie power $L_{2n}$ whenever the characteristic of the ground field does not divide $n$. An explicit projection of the latter onto the former is exhibited in this case. Categories:17B01, 20C30 49. CMB 2010 (vol 54 pp. 237) Creedon, Leo; Gildea, Joe The Structure of the Unit Group of the Group Algebra ${\mathbb{F}}_{2^k}D_{8}$ Let $RG$ denote the group ring of the group $G$ over the ring $R$. Using an isomorphism between $RG$ and a certain ring of $n \times n$ matrices in conjunction with other techniques, the structure of the unit group of the group algebra of the dihedral group of order $8$ over any finite field of chracteristic $2$ is determined in terms of split extensions of cyclic groups. Categories:16U60, 16S34, 20C05, 15A33 50. CMB 2010 (vol 54 pp. 3) Bakonyi, M.; Timotin, D. Extensions of Positive Definite Functions on Amenable Groups Let $S$ be a subset of an amenable group $G$ such that $e\in S$ and $S^{-1}=S$. The main result of this paper states that if the Cayley graph of $G$ with respect to $S$ has a certain combinatorial property, then every positive definite operator-valued function on $S$ can be extended to a positive definite function on $G$. Several known extension results are obtained as corollaries. New applications are also presented. Categories:43A35, 47A57, 20E05 Page Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next top of page | contact us | privacy | site map |
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http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/42011-problem-solving-print.html
# Problem Solving • Jun 19th 2008, 04:47 PM not happy jan Problem Solving Harry, Annie and Mitch decided to paint the living room. Harry could paint the room by himself in 3 hours. Annie could do it in 4 hours and Mitch would take 6 hours on his own. If they all work together and dont get in each others way, how long will the job take? • Jun 19th 2008, 04:54 PM TheEmptySet Quote: Originally Posted by not happy jan Harry, Annie and Mitch decided to paint the living room. Harry could paint the room by himself in 3 hours. Annie could do it in 4 hours and Mitch would take 6 hours on his own. If they all work together and dont get in each others way, how long will the job take? Since Harry can paint the room in 3 hours he can paint the $\frac{1}{3}$ of the room in 1 hour. Using the same argument for the other's we get Annie $\frac{1}{4}$ of the room in 1 hour Mitch $\frac{1}{6}$ of the room in 1 hour Now we can add the rates that each of them work $\underbrace{\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4} +\frac{1}{6}\right)}_{\mbox{how fast they are together}}\cdot \underbrace{t}_{time}=\underbrace{1}_{\mbox{one room}}$ Simplifying we get $\frac{3}{4}t=1 \iff t=\frac{4}{3}$ so it will take them One and one thirds hours or 1 hour and 20 min. I hope this helps. • Jun 19th 2008, 04:56 PM Jhevon Why are you not happy, Jan? Quote: Originally Posted by not happy jan Harry, Annie and Mitch decided to paint the living room. Harry could paint the room by himself in 3 hours. Annie could do it in 4 hours and Mitch would take 6 hours on his own. If they all work together and dont get in each others way, how long will the job take? just add their rates. let painting the living room be the job for Harry, he does $\frac {1 \mbox{ Job}}{3 \mbox{ Hours}}$ Annie does $\frac {1 \mbox{ Job}}{4 \mbox{ Hours}}$ Mitch does $\frac {1 \mbox{ Job}}{6 \mbox{ Hours}}$ together they can do: $\frac 13 + \frac 14 + \frac 16 = \frac 34 = \frac 1{4/3}$ that is, $\frac {1 \mbox{ Job}}{{\color{red}4/3 \mbox{ Hours}}}$ EDiT: Thanks a lot, TES :p you look different with long hair
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https://mailman.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-context/2012/065980.html
[NTG-context] Custom itemize Symbols Wolfgang Schuster schuster.wolfgang at googlemail.com Wed Mar 21 13:11:55 CET 2012 Am 21.03.2012 um 10:19 schrieb Malte Stien: > Hi all, > > Is there a way to define your own itemize symbols? I would like a solid square, as in symbol 8 (referring to Table 10.1 in the Context Manual, but solid/filled whereas 8 is hollow. > > I tried to declare my own bullet point, as in: > > \def\squarebullet{\vrule height .9ex width .8ex depth -.1ex } % square bullet > > and then tried to use it in the \startitemize command, but it appears that command does not take commands as its first argument: > > \startitemize[\squarebullet, packed] > \item foo > \item baz > ... > \stopitemize > > So here goes that idea. Other idea was to use \sym{\squarebullet}. That actually works, however, the problem is that it needs to be specified for the individual bullet point. I need something that can be specified in \setupitemize, such that my writers get that symbol automatically without having any control over it. > > Any ideas? \definesymbol[blacksquare][\textmath\blacksquare] \setupitemize[1][blacksquare] \starttext \startitemize \item One \item Two \item Three \stopitemize \stoptext Wolfgang More information about the ntg-context mailing list
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https://www.srdlawnotes.com/2018/05/law-of-evidence-solved-question-paper-20.html
# Law of Evidence Solved Question Paper - 20 ### Question 9 is Compulsory. Out of the remaining attempt any Five 1) State and Explain the various provisions relating to 'Presumptions' under the Evidence Act. >>>>> Meaning Definition of Presumptions under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 >>>>> Classification of Presumptions under the Indian Evidence Act 1872 >>>>> Confession and Kinds of Confession >>>>> What is Admission and who can make Admissions under the Indian Evidence Act 1872 >>>>> Difference between Confession and Admission 3)  Explain the provisions of the Evidence Act relating to Statement made by a person who cannot be called as a witness. >>>>> What is Dying Declaration >>>>> Statement by person who cannot be called as witness (Dying declaration) | Indian Evidence Act 1872 4) Discuss the doctrine of Estoppel under the Law of Evidence >>>> Meaning and Kinds of Estoppel >>>> Difference Between an Admissions and Estoppel >>>> Difference Between Estoppel and Res Judicata 5)  What is Expert Witness? Describe the various modes of proving the handwriting of a person. >>>> Expert Witness >>>> When opinions of third persons are relevant. (Expert opinion) >>>> The Concept of Opinion of Expert and its Evidentiary value 6)  "Hearsay evidence is no evidence" State and explain the exception to this rule. >>>> Hearsay Evidence is No Evidence 7) Explain the following Privileged communications Examination of witnesses 8)  Define the term 'Fact' and discuss the law relating to facts which need not be proved. >>>> Meaning of Fact and the concept of fact in Issue >>>> The provisions regarding Facts which need not be proved ### 9)  Explain any two of the following A) Relevancy of character in Civil and criminal proceedings B) Burden of proof C) Res gestae and plea of alibi >>>> Doctrine of Res Gestae >>>> Meaning Definition and Example of Plea of Alibi D) Difference Between Public and Private documents E) Concepts of hostile witness, dumb witness and child witness >>>> Hostile witness >>>> Dumb witness >>>> Child witness
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/57842/subgroups-of-abelian-groups-theorem-of-finite-abelian-groups
# Subgroups of Abelian Groups, Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups If the order of a group G is divisible by $p^n$ for some prime p and natural number n, then prove G has a subgroup of order $p^n$. My try has been by induction on the exponent of divisor $p^n$. I use Cauchy's Theorem for Abelian case which basically is a corollary of Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups. Note that I want to prove this without Sylow's theorems. $n = 1$ it is clearly true, as Cauchy's Theorem for Abelian Groups says that if order of G is divisible by p, then it contains an element a of order p which clearly generates a cyclic group $<a>$ of order p. Inductive assumption will then of course be that if order of G is divisible by $p^{n-1}$, then G contains a subgroup of this order. Assume order of G is divisible by $p^n$. Then it certainly also is divisible by $p^{n-1}$, so it contains a nontrivial subgroup of order $p^{n-1}$. Call this subgroup for S. Then, since G is abelian, quotient group $G/S$ certainly exists, and we have relation of orders of groups: $|G| = |G/S||S|$ Since order of G is divisible by $p^n$, then it follows from the relation that p divides $|G/S|$ and by Cauchy's Theorem, G/S contains an element of order p. Could I somehow 'construct' a group of order $p^n$ by direct product of the S and the group generated by element of order P in G/S? I'm pretty much stuck. Is there a way to go on, or have I hit a wall? If somebody knows, could you point me to a place on the internet where this or similar proof has been written out? - Are you allowed to use the classification of finite abelian groups? –  Pierre-Yves Gaillard Aug 16 '11 at 14:44 Look at the correspondence theorem between groups and their quotient groups. –  Joe Aug 16 '11 at 14:51 By the classification, $G=A\times B$ where $A$ is a $p$-group and the order of $B$ is prime to $p$, and $A=A_1\times\cdots\times A_n$ where each $A_i$ is a cyclic $p$-group. The order of $A$ is $p^k$ with $k\ge n$. Take $H=A_1\times\cdots\times A_i$ such that the order $p^ j$, say, of $H$ divides $p^n$, and $i$ is maximal for this property. Then $A_{i+1}$ has a subgroup $K$ of order $p^ {n-j}$, and $H\times K$ does the job. –  Pierre-Yves Gaillard Aug 16 '11 at 15:22 Variation: $A_i$ is cyclic of order $p^ {f(i)}$. The sum of the $f(i)$ is $\ge n$. For all $i$ choose $0\le g(i)\le f(i)$ such that the sum of the $g(i)$ is $n$. Each $A_i$ has a subgroup of order $p^ {g(i)}$. Take the product of these subgroups. –  Pierre-Yves Gaillard Aug 16 '11 at 15:37 If it looks complicated, it means that I didn’t express myself well. A way to think about the argument is to start with particular cases. Case 1: $G$ is a cyclic $p$-group. Case 2: $G$ is a product of cyclic $p$-groups. Case 3 (general case): $G$ is the product of a product of cyclic $p$-groups by a group of order prime to $p$ (this last factor won’t count). [About the notification system: sometimes it works even without the @, but not always. Also it suffices to write @x where x is the first part of the user's name (for instance, for me, you can write @Pierre-Yves, or even @Pierre).] –  Pierre-Yves Gaillard Aug 16 '11 at 15:51 You are almost there. So you have a surjective homomorphism of abelian groups $G\longrightarrow G/S$, which simply sends $g$ to the coset $gS$. The group $G/S$ has a subgroup or order $p$. What can you say about the pre-image of this subgroup under the above homomorphism? I've tried to follow up on your thought. Since $G/S$ contains a subgroup of order $p$, this subgroup is cyclic and generated by some element $a$. Then $(Sa)^p = Sa^p = S$, so we see that $a^p \in S$. Also, $a$'s order in G is a multiple of p. Actually this is true for any member $a^d$ of subgroup generated by $a$, as for example if $d = 2$, $(Sa^2)^p = Sa^{2p} = S$. Am I on the right track, is there some fact I'm missing? –  Malman Aug 16 '11 at 15:58 @Barre If $\overline{a}=aS$ generates a cyclic subgroup of $G/S$ of order $p$, then the preimage of that subgroup in $G$ is simply the disjoint union $$\bigsqcup_{i=0}^{p-1} a^iS.$$ What is its order? Show that it's a subgroup of $G$ and you are done. –  Alex B. Aug 16 '11 at 16:34
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http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/114245-real-zeros-print.html
# REal Zeros • Nov 12th 2009, 09:30 PM refresh REal Zeros Find all the real zeros of the polynomial f(x)= X^4-80x^2+1024 and determine the multiplicity of each. • Nov 12th 2009, 10:28 PM Amer Quote: Originally Posted by refresh Find all the real zeros of the polynomial f(x)= X^4-80x^2+1024 and determine the multiplicity of each. let $u=x^2$ $f(u) = u^2 - 80u +1024$ $u = \frac{-(-80) \mp \sqrt{(80)^2 -4(1024)}}{2}$ $u = \frac{80 \mp 48}{2}$ $u = 40+24 = 64$ $u = 40-24 = 16$ so $f(u) = (u-16)(u-64)$ but $f(x) = (x^2-16)(x^2-64)$ $f(x)=(x-4)(x+4)(x-8)(x+8)$ roots $x={-8,-4,4,8}$ the multiplicity is one for all roots • Nov 12th 2009, 10:44 PM refresh Quote: Originally Posted by Amer let $u=x^2$ $f(u) = u^2 - 80u +1024$ $u = \frac{-(-80) \mp \sqrt{(80)^2 -4(1024)}}{2}$ $u = \frac{80 \mp 48}{2}$ $u = 40+24 = 64$ $u = 40-24 = 16$ so $f(u) = (u-16)(u-64)$ but $f(x) = (x^2-16)(x^2-64)$ $f(x)=(x-4)(x+4)(x-8)(x+8)$ roots $x={-8,-4,4,8}$ the multiplicity is one for all roots OMG!!! Thank you so much. i have been waiting for help on this for 2 hours you are the best! i was stuck because i didnt know what multiplicity was. so i got confuse ass to is the 2 multipicity or 1 because its a positive and a negative. well thank you so much. • Nov 12th 2009, 10:49 PM Amer Quote: Originally Posted by refresh OMG!!! Thank you so much. i have been waiting for help on this for 2 hours you are the best! i was stuck because i didnt know what multiplicity was. so i got confuse ass to is the 2 multipicity or 1 because its a positive and a negative. well thank you so much. multiplicity is the power of the roots example suppose we have this function $f(x)= (x-3)^2 (x+2)^4(x-1)$ here the root -2 has the multiplicity 4 the root 3 has the multiplicity 2 the root 1 has the multiplicity 1
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https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/82675/how-to-defend-against-bad-drivers-and-alien-threats-in-a-slower-than-light-trans?noredirect=1
# How to defend against bad drivers and alien threats in a slower than light transportation scenario You don't need to be traveling faster than the speed of light to encounter some pretty major problems. At just 30% the speed of light (90 Mm/s) a spaceship of mass 4 x 10^5 kg (about the mass of the ISS) colliding with a planet would impart 1.736 x 10^21 Joules of energy (Zettajoules) accounting for relativistic kinetic energy. That's a lot of energy, approximately the same as a 1km asteroid colliding with earth or the total energy of a large hurricane (although the second one doesn't sound as impressive). That's a 20km (diameter) crater! Actually, this isn't really that bad. The effects would at best be regional, although it could be devastating for a city if the impact was aimed well. However, 0.3c isn't very practical for transportation. What happens at 0.7c? With a craft of the same mass (still rather impractical, but maybe it's more of a one-seater), an impact would release 1.439 x 10^22 Joules, the equivalent of 3 teratons of TNT. In case you're wondering, this much energy would easily destroy any Earth-sized planet. So the question is, how does a planet defend against such a threat? In a developed civilization, crafts traveling at such speed would likely become a normal form of transportation, at least within solar systems. Even undeveloped planets are at risk from malicious alien simulations. And considering how much damage drunk drivers do in cars traveling less than 100 mph, imagine how bad of a problem drunk flyers could be. Possible solutions: 1. An interplanetary tracking network and a system of lasers designed to shoot down problem ships. 2. Complete automation of spaceflight. You punch everything into a computer, it takes you there. No manual flying option available. However, this doesn't defend against malicious attacks. 3. Strict licensing and regulation would cut down on dangerous drivers, but there is still such a huge risk of mistakes with catastrophic consequences. 4. Some sort of force-field that absorbs the energy from these impacts. This seems like the most practical but most advanced solution. What other options are there? I'm looking for realistic solutions, as the premise of this question is realistic (no FTL). Also, feel free to critique or modify the four that I proposed. • Planetary shields are common in SF as are orbital fortresses, interceptors, sensors. Licensing is a little silly, personally no offense intended. Automation and complexity are always interesting though. If you want to deal with the problem children then you can expand. If not, then you can safely ignore it. Let me know, which direction you are headed. – dcy665 Jun 3 '17 at 23:23 • Generally, you just need to turn a hit into a near-miss. Requires detection of inbound objects coupled with a method of slightly changing their trajectory before any final course corrections are made. You can burn off their engines with energy weapons, or use a kinetic interceptor to bump them. Either might be fatal to people inside the object, which introduces moral tradeoffs. – user535733 Jun 3 '17 at 23:49 • @NathanielD.Hoffman problem children re rich kids stealing daddy's space yacht and/or terrorists. If those are interesting plot points. If they aren't, ignore it. The modern terrorist has easy access to transport. There is nothing that suggests the very, very expensive and resource intensive space travel will allow the same. – dcy665 Jun 3 '17 at 23:53 • You are describing a relativistic kinetic kill vehicle. It's come up a few times in other questions. Your first few paragraphs introduce the idea from scratch rather than referring to it. That's what makes me think that the question is not considering what's already been discussed. – JDługosz Jun 4 '17 at 9:12 • "In case you're wondering, this much energy would easily destroy any Earth-sized planet." - no, it's not. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_binding_energy - Earth 2.24 x $10^{32}$ J – MolbOrg Jun 4 '17 at 15:41 If you looking for a realistic premise, then you should first define what is used to accelerate the craft to the speeds. At an acceleration rate of 100g, the craft will achieve the 0.7c speed after covering the distance of about 150 a.u. To slow down it also requires about the same distance. (for 0.3c the distance 27 a.u). 10 g acceleration and the distances will be 10 times longer, 1g and the distances will be 100 times longer. Pluto, a former planet, is about 40 a.u. away from the Sun. Top speed at 1 a.u. acceleration distance at 100 g acceleration rate will end with resulting speed of 17'000 km/s or 0.0577c. and that speed is way enough to travel between major celestial bodies of our star system. Regulation is not a help in the situation, same as automation of the flight. Everything can be violated and broken. However shooting down as the first option isn't smart too, instead it should be - inform, rescue, deflect, destroy. A transporting ship(it trasport humans) most likely isn't build to penetrate defense compared to a thing which is specially designed to do so. However, it can be used as destruction device and be designed for that, and the moment you should clarify for yourself in your setting. But it is expected that automated systems, no humans on board, can accelerate faster than those with humans, so it is possible to send automated rescue mission to a ship on a collision course with goals to rescue people, slow down the ship, change the ship course etc. For interstellar travel, it depends on what do you use as mean to accelerate the ship to interstellar velocities. having the fuel and reactive mass on a board of the ship might be not the most practical way to do so, thus there might be external means to accelerate and deaccelerate craft. So, prior of thinking about collision problem and drunk drivers you should determine different use cases and parameters for your ships. Option 1 is ok - if we mean to inform, rescue, deflect, destroy. Option 4 is ok - if we mean field of impactors which will disperse the ship's energy or deflect it from collision course or a system which is used to accelerate-deaccelerate ships. • If you plan to rescue the ship, you have to match speeds with them. If you just plan to deflect them, smashing into them is all that it takes. – BobTheAverage Jun 5 '17 at 4:09 • @BobTheAverage yes, both statements are correct. I would say gently smashing, basically no smashing at all to prevent producing debris flying in the direction you do not want them to fly, so basically space tug if it is possible it requires to change speed vector a little. It is not fair to suggest the answer as it is how to wage a war with a network of drones in the solar system, but such system of drones could be used for all 4 tasks of option 1 and option 4. It can be used for multiple purposes including OP's situation. – MolbOrg Jun 5 '17 at 5:42 Summary: Your problem is a doozy. No solution is perfect. Murphy's law will get everyone killed. Greed, and laziness are dangerous. Well funded malice is almost impossible to defend against. Note: I will use Earth and other objects in our Solar System as a short hand. Adjust the details to fit the setting. Solution 1: Lasers Lasers are problematic. If a craft is speeding on an intercept course with Earth, and you shoot it with a laser you now have a piece of wreckage on an intercept course with Earth. The laser does not actually change the trajectory of the ship. A mega-powerful laser could possibly explode the thing into a million pieces that would then scatter and expand like buckshot. This would make a lot of smaller craters, which is almost as bad. Switching from lasers to giant bullets or missiles might be more effective, but it brings up a ton of problems. Your bullets would have to be as big as the craft they are knocking out of the way, and you would have to launch them way early, because they move slower than lasers. For any solution, your early detection system would have to be incredible. You have to be able to spot objects that are tiny on an astronomical scale while they are at least 10AU away, and when you first see an approaching craft traveling at 0.3c, it is already 30% of the way to you. Any solution that knocks dangerous craft out of the sky is problematic for many reasons. On the other hand, it is the future. I assume you have some great technology. Another early detection problem is that it would be nearly impossible to tell the difference between a ship that would impact Earth and one that would stop next to Earth. They are on nearly the same trajectory. I think it can be assumed that the people running these defense systems are grim and humorless. They would be required to blow up people if there was any chance they were a terrorist, or if they were off course headed towards Earth. Zero tolerance for mistakes or malfunctions. Plenty of innocent ships would get killed. Solution 2: Completely automated space flight. Completely automating things helps, but machines aren't perfect. Machines designed, installed, and maintained by humans are prone to error. Human error or equipment breaking down will cause screw ups. Not too long ago, Air France Flight 447 crashed after a air speed sensor iced over. The autopilot disconnected when it sensed an equipment malfunction and the human pilots reacted wrong. If your relativistic flight becomes as common place as air travel, things will go wrong. Murphy's law is about human nature, not technology. You can make the pilots machines, but the technicians who install the machines might still be bozos, or the engineers who designed it might have missed something, or an unexpected solar flare pops up, or any of the other 1000 things that no one has thought of yet. Solution 3: Strict Licensing and Regulation Regulation is not a perfect solution. If you put super strict regulations on modern airlines, you would have an entire industry looking for ways to cut corners. The airlines are in a bitter cost cutting war right now. Some of them would try to evade the regulators, because that could be cheaper than following the regulations. If you sent an army of regulators, some of them would take bribes. If you sent an army of unbribable regulators, the industry would buy lobbyists. A small number of very rich, highly motivated transportation executives could inadvertently destroy your fictional Earth. Nuclear power presents a good counter-example to air travel. The potential for disaster is there, but it so far hasn't happened outside of Russia. Everything went wrong in Fukashima, but the damage was contained with minimal loss of life. There are fewer people involved in nuclear power than the airline industry, the profit margins are not as thin, and the government regulation is a lot stricter. Nuclear power spends a lot of time and money on a system of layered fail safes to keep giant disasters at bay. These safe guards are expensive and time consuming. We have them because the accidents we did have made us believe that nuclear power is scary stuff. If the Earth had a "minor" accident in your universe, it would be more plausible for people to take extreme precautions. Maybe the kind of minor accident that just destroy's a couple of states, not a continent. If there are no near misses, people eventually let their guard down. Conversely, if the public is terrified of something, no amount of lobbying can relax those regulations. It also helps that there are relatively few nuclear power plants. We live in an age of air travel where airlines run thousands of flight per day while trying to cut costs to the bone. If you are imagining an equivalent system of relativistic rockets, Earth is doomed. If there are a handful of giant flights per week, we might do ok. A lot of my discussion has been under the assumption that you would have private industry running the show, and government regulating it from outside. It could be a government run program in the first place. Then all the concerns about lobbying and regulation get a lot weirder. If it is a government program that is making a ton of money on ticket sales, you get to have all of the problems with greedy private industry AND all the problems with hidebound government bureaucracy. Solution 4: Force fields Handwavium powered force fields can solve any problem ever. I assume yours will combine nano-technology with applied phlebotinum. I don't think there is a hard science way to do this. I could be wrong. New Solution: Inbound speed limits If you are headed towards Earth and closer than Jupiter you have to limit your speed way down. This makes the giant bullets proposed as an alternative to the lasers far more effective. This also gives defense stations a little more warning for malicious attacks. When someone doesn't slow down after passing Jupiter, blow them up. New Solution: Be VERY VERY nice to anyone powerful outside the system. If an enemy government outside the system wants to destroy Earth they can. Simply launch a field of gravel at Earth at relativistic speeds. It could be hard to detect, and even harder to shoot down. The lasers or massive bullets would take out one pebble each. The only defense here is your handwavium powered force fields, and I imagine they can be overwhelmed. The pebbles would slam into the Earth's atmosphere so hard they would cause fusion explosions. That's what happens when something travels at relativistic speeds in an atmosphere. New Solution: Gravel Launchers and Diplomacy Build your own gravel launchers and make it clear to the space Soviets, that you will destroy them if your own planet gets destroyed. Mutually Assured Destruction. New Solution: Off planet terminals All relativistic travel must slow to a stop at the L4 and L5 Earth Sun Lagrange points. These are stable orbital points about 1AU from Earth. They are a nice place to park an orbiting bus station. The bus station is much smaller than a planet, therefore it is less likely to get hit on accident. It also doesn't have 10 billion people living on it. Any ship seen not heading for a bus station, will be destroyed. The distance from Earth means that it is much easier to tell if a ship is heading towards them or towards Earth. Therefore you have more time to deal with rogue ships. • Lasers are a better solution than you think. " This would make a lot of smaller craters, which is almost as bad." Not so, as long as the intercept is far enough away that the debris field can expand to much greater than the diameter of the Earth. Then most of the debris will miss. Also, the debris will (arguably) have a wide range of velocities, which will produce a large time spread in impacts, which will allow time for secondary intercepts. Or had you assumed any lasers must be one-shots? – WhatRoughBeast Jun 4 '17 at 16:03 • @WhatRoughBeast What makes you think the craft will break into an EXPANDING cloud of small pieces? You are thinking of sci-fi laser explosions. Lasers are great at delivering a lot of heat to a target, but terrible at delivering any change in momentum. – BobTheAverage Jun 5 '17 at 4:07 If it's going fast enough to be a problem, apply another dose of whatever got it going that fast in the first place, in a less dangerous direction. Odds are your joyrider's not going to be particularly stealthy (and if they're trying, out come the military-grade countermeasures), so sending out a stellar tugboat-equivalent (or police car-equivalent) to provide course corrections should be economically viable provided the ratio of joyriders to sane drivers is sufficiently low. Depending on how much acceleration your Hypothetical Sublight Propulsion provides (see MolbOrg's answer), tugboat intercepts may be started anywhere from seconds to months in advance of the potential problem. Also, it should probably be explicitly noted that the tugboats in question are likely to be stationed in orbits around the star where they can perform their friendlier intercepts with a minimum of delta-v, rather than, say, in orbits around the planet (or worse, on the planet's surface). I'm thinking very strict "space traffic control" would be required within solar systems. Much like our current air traffic control systems here on Earth... Pilots would be required to send in flight plans and follow commands from space traffic controllers. With crafts moving this fast, following pre-approved flight plans would be essential, you're simply going too fast to see and avoid other crafts. On approach to a planet or high traffic area the pilots would be in close communication with traffic controllers​ that would issue orders on how to safely navigate the area or when and where to land/dock. With all this pre-planning and communication it becomes a bit easier to spot errant crafts. This is the fun part... Speed limits and air traffic control orders are strictly enforced. Any unidentified craft or craft that deviates from it's flight path can and will be fired upon. First think flying a large jet, not driving a car. Then think military air base rules, not commercial airport rules. To be honest, if you're concerned about this type of stuff, you would also have to consider the problem that any ship traveling at 0.7c would long be destroyed by collision with space dust or other debris before even hitting the planet (unless their shields are strong enough to tank explosions on the level of nuclear bombs with ease). But if you still want to go down this route then: 1. Having the ships be in some type of pseudoscientific phased state which will allow it to push aside low mass objects and be "knocked out" of the state by any high mass ones 2. Bypassing commercial high speed travel altogether in favor of wormholes or some type of spatial bridging technology. And maybe have some other type of super expensive FTL/super-fast travel tech only available on the rarest ships A commercial, long term use spacecraft would likely be built in space and rely on some form of deflective shield to protect it and it's cargo from space debris. Being built in space would reduce cost and allow it's construction to be far lighter than planet side build vessels. This would also mean that they aren't built for reentry and could be designed to break-up and disintegrate before colliding with a planet. The cargo, be it travelers or objects, would need to be transferred to either orbiting stations or space elevators where it could be safely transported planet side. This still leaves man made structures in space vulnerable to collision, but those can be rebuilt in a way ecosystems can not.
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https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/197252/prevent-full-page-image-in-multicols
# Prevent full page image in multicols While placing a full-width image in the multicols environment using \begin{figure*} ... \end{figure*} if the figure is larger than some fraction of the page, it takes up a whole page on its own, with copious white space above and below it. Is there a way to prevent the figure from taking a whole page, forcing the figure back to the top of the page and filling the white space below it with text? • I managed to solve this problem myself by accident: while multicols does not support image floating, using the \begin{figure*}[htb] will prevent page floating and prevent the creation of a full-page image. – James Aug 20 '14 at 19:38 • Could you make your comment here into a self-answer? – Joseph Wright Aug 28 '14 at 6:17 instead of only forcing the placement (btw, I suggest to use only [tb]), you can try to adapt the figure to the page width: \begin{figure*}
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https://sbebo.github.io/posts/2020/03/14/attention/
One of the most common building blocks of neural networks is attention. Attention mechanisms, first introduced in a few years ago in the context of neural machine translation1, help a model focus on what’s important for the task at hand. A great overview is this blog post, that mentions a number of different flavors and applications of attention. Consider a setting where we have an image $x$ that contains a number of symbols, with different colors, sampled from a finite alphabet $\Gamma$. Let $\gamma$ be a query image, that contains the representation of a symbol from $\Gamma$. Then, given the pair $(x,\gamma)$, what is the color (in the image $x$) of the symbol represented in the query image $\gamma$? We can use some sort of visual attention to answer the question. ## Colored MNIST Consider the MNIST dataset, that contains 10 “symbols” (the 0 to 9 digits). We can define a new ColoredMNIST dataset, as a (more or less) infinite stream where each sample contains: • a query B&W image $\gamma$, randomly extracted from MNIST; • an input RGB image $x$, with 3 differently colored symbols from MNIST; • the target color (that is, the color of the queried symbol within the input image). For sake of simplicity, we use only the 3 primary colors, RGB, so that $y \in [0,1,2]$. Here’s a batch of 10 generated examples: The idea is to learn a model that, at inference time, can focus its attention on different locations of the input image based on the content of the query. Here’s a simple architecture: The lower branch of the network encodes the query image $\gamma$ into a vector $q \in \mathbb{R}^c$. The upper branch of the network encodes the input image $x \in \mathbb{R}^{3 \times h\times w}$ into a feature map $K\in \mathbb{R}^{c \times h’\times w’}$, that can be seen as a set of feature vectors $k_{ij}\in \mathbb{R}^c$ for each position $(i,j)$. Then, for each location $(i,j)$, we compute a similarity score between the local features $k_{ij}$ and the query $q$: The score measures if the model should focus on the position $(i,j)$, given the input query $q$, using a simple scaled dot-product attention2. The final attention mask is obtained applying a (spatial) softmax on the obtained scores. The resulting mask $\alpha \in R^{h’\times w’}$ is upsampled to the size of the input image, and used to attend to the part of the input image that better matches the query. At this point, if the attention mechanism has focused on the correct symbol, and discarded the rest of the image, taking a Global Average Pooling over the masked image should yield a 3-dimensional vector whose argmax is exactly the prediction we want. (Here's the pytorch code to define the model.) class ColorNetImage(nn.Module): """ 1. Extract set of spatial features from input image 2. Extract set of features from query image 3. Use those features to query the features from the input image in space 4. Use attention mask to extract a glimpse of the input image 5. Classify it with a final global average pooling + dense """ def __init__(self, debug=False): super().__init__() self.conv_features = nn.Sequential( nn.BatchNorm2d(8), nn.ReLU(), nn.BatchNorm2d(16), nn.ReLU(), nn.BatchNorm2d(32), nn.ReLU() ) self.query_features = nn.Sequential( nn.BatchNorm2d(8), nn.ReLU(), nn.BatchNorm2d(16), nn.ReLU(), nn.BatchNorm2d(32), nn.ReLU() ) self.fc = nn.Linear(3, 3) self.fc.weight.data = 60*torch.eye(3) - 10 def forward(self, x, debug=False): image, query = x["image"], x["query"] N = image.size(0) K = self.conv_features(image) # Dot-product attention. Compute score(K(i,j),Q) for each (i,j) score = torch.einsum('bcij,bc->bij', K, Q)/np.sqrt(K.size(1)) alpha = F.softmax(score.view(N, -1), dim=1).view_as(score).unsqueeze(1) alpha_upsampled = F.interpolate(alpha, size=(image.size(2), image.size(3))).squeeze(1) # Then use alpha to mask the input image # Global average pooling + a tiny dense to help with scaling if debug: return out, score, alpha_upsampled return out This (small) model has 12668 trainable parameters. I set an epoch to contain 10000 samples (an arbitrary number, since the training set is effectively infinite). At the end of each epoch the performance is validated on a held-out set of 1000 examples. I used Adam with learning rate 0.001, and a batch size of 128. Each epoch takes roughly 7/8 seconds in Google Colab (with an NVidia T4 – by the way, Colab is awesome for this kind of quick experiments). After a hundred training epochs (around 10 minutes), the model reaches more than 90% accuracy on the validation set, and you can easily get up to 95% if you keep training. Still far from the 98%+ accuracy one easily gets on MNIST with a similarly sized CNN, showing there’s significant room for improvement here. This is an example of the predictions of the best model on a batch of randomly generated data: Similar results, with slightly worse accuracy (~85%), can be obtained on FashionMNIST. Things that worked • Good initialization and input normalization. • To avoid any risk of overfitting, the training samples must be generated randomly and non-deterministically for each batch and epoch; while the (random) validation set must be generated in a deterministic way, to obtain comparable results. • In principle, since the task is simply to predict one of the 3 primary colors, applying a Global Pooling on the masked image would be enough. However, since only a small portion of the mask image will be non-zero, the spatial average of the 3 channels will be very similar (close to 0) and the output of the final softmax will be almost uniform. It is super-helpful to add a scaling with a linear layer, initialized with a diagonal-heavy matrix. • Padding is helpful to ensure that the size of $K$ is a multiple of the input image. This way, after the upsampling, the attention mask maps precisely to the input image. Without padding, small localization errors are introduced, bringing down the overall accuracy a little bit. • Unsurprisingly, adding batch normalization helps. What didn’t work • Using attention to attend to the feature map $K$ itself, rather than the raw input image $x$. It led to much slower convergence and inferior results; the attention mask was also much less interpretable – it didn’t focus on the correct area of the image. • An (extremely) silly, no-learning baseline: compute the spatial convolution between the query image and the input image, and take the argmax (the silliest kind of pattern matching). It didn’t work at all (only a bit better than random guessing). Things one could have tried – but I didn’t, for lack of time • Pre-training the encoders on MNIST. • Fiddling with the architecture – the training is a bit too slow, something might be off. • Fiddling with hyperparameters and/or learning rate schedules. The loss goes down pretty quickly at the beginning; when the training seems to plateau, reducing the learning rate could help. A notebook with all the code needed to define the dataset and train the model can be found here. It can also be easily run on CPU (an epoch takes roughly 20 seconds on my laptop). 1. Bahdanau, Dzmitry, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. “Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473 (2014). 2. Vaswani, Ashish, et al. “Attention is all you need.” Advances in neural information processing systems. 2017.
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https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/110099/determining-the-math-class-of-a-non-keyboard-symbol
# Determining the math class of a non-keyboard symbol What is the "right" way of determining the math class (e.g. ordinary/0, relation/3, closing/5, etc.) of a non-keyboard symbol? Something like \oplus is easy enough to guess, but I wasn't immediately sure about \upuparrows (); on the one hand, my impression is that arrow symbols are generally treated as relations, while I know that Knuth's up-arrow notation uses it to denote a binary operation. I tried writing \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \begin{document} \the\mathcode\upuparrows \end{document} but this produced an error: Bad character code (13332) \the\mathcode\upuparrows Note that 13332 is the right number: writing \def\test{\mathchar 13332 } $\test$ does not produce an error, and gives the double-up-arrow symbol. And 13332 is equal to the hex number 3414, which starts with 3, correctly indicating that it is a relation. How did I end up figuring out that is correct? Because I ran the following extremely silly code: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \begin{document} \newlength{\test} \setbox0=\hbox{$a\mathord{\upuparrows}b$} \setbox1=\hbox{$a\mathop{\upuparrows}b$} \setbox2=\hbox{$a\mathbin{\upuparrows}b$} \setbox3=\hbox{$a\mathrel{\upuparrows}b$} \setbox4=\hbox{$a\mathopen{\upuparrows}b$} \setbox5=\hbox{$a\mathclose{\upuparrows}b$} \setbox6=\hbox{$a\mathpunct{\upuparrows}b$} \setbox7=\hbox{$a\upuparrows b$} \begin{tabular}{ll} mathord & \setlength{\test}{\wd0} \the\test\\ mathop & \setlength{\test}{\wd1} \the\test\\ mathbin & \setlength{\test}{\wd2} \the\test\\ mathrel & \setlength{\test}{\wd3} \the\test\\ mathopen & \setlength{\test}{\wd4} \the\test\\ mathclose & \setlength{\test}{\wd5} \the\test\\ mathpunct & \setlength{\test}{\wd6} \the\test\\[0.1in] ACTUAL & \setlength{\test}{\wd7} \the\test\\ \end{tabular} \end{document} producing: Obviously this is not the right way of going about it either; besides the silliness, there is the issue that several math classes can have the same length. Now in contrast, writing \the\mathcode< worked fine; it produced 12604 (which is 313C in hexadecimal, which has leading digit 3 = mathrel, as it should). I did try adding the backtick in front of \upuparrows, but this just produced the errors Improper alphabetic constant \the\mathcode\upuparrows Missing $inserted \the\mathcode\upuparrows Missing$ inserted (Incidentally, what is the backtick doing exactly? I am reading the TeXbook and the examples given there use it, e.g. but I couldn't find an explanation.) I also tried the approach that seemed to be suggested by this TeX.SE thread: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \begin{document} \the\mathcode\string\upuparrows \end{document} but that produced Missing number, treated as zero \the\mathcode\string\upuparrows • The backquote denotes an "alphabetical constant": b when TeX is looking for a number denotes the position of b in the ASCII code. It can be used only in front of a character or a (not necessarily defined) control sequence whose name consists of one character. Thus \the\mathcode\\ is legal although not very useful because it gives the mathcode of the backslash. Only characters have a mathcode. – egreg Apr 22 '13 at 20:02 Use \show\upuparrows instead. You will get this response: > \upuparrows=\mathchar"3414. Now you need to decode that. As explained in section 21.1 of TeX by Topic, that code is parsed as "xyzz where x is the math class, answering your question right there – while y is the font family number and zz is the position of the character in the font. To add a little detail, \mathchar is a command to typeset the given character with the given class and family. And as you might guess, that is how non-keyboard characters are handled. Only actual characters have an associated \mathcode. Rather than showing each command separately you can get TeX to show you the current math list structure. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \begin{document} $a \sin b \upuparrows \times 2 \showoutput \showlists$ \end{document} Produces, on the terminal and log: ### math mode entered at line 5 \mathord .\fam1 a \mathop\nolimits .\mathord ..\fam0 s .\mathord ..\fam0 i .\mathord ..\fam0 n \mathord .\fam1 b \mathrel .\fam4 ^^T \mathbin .\fam2 ^^B \mathord .\fam0 2 which tells you in that expression \upuparrows produced a mathrel atom followed by the mathbin from \times`.
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http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/31466/symbol-for-skeptical-consequence
# Symbol for skeptical consequence I'm looking for a symbol for skeptical consequence so that I can write that something, B, is a skeptical consequence of something else, A. In a book I read it's written like $$A \vdash B$$ or $$A \sststile{}{} B$$ but the horizontal line is wavy like \sim, has the same width as the vertical line and does not vary in width. So, what I'm looking for is a binary relation symbol that is similar to the combination of the first two and the last relation in the following image: That is, something similar to the following mockup but the wavy line should be such that it has a constant width and the same width as the vertical line: I've tried Detexify without success. - Well, there's always the Big List you can try: ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive –  Ulrich Schwarz Oct 13 '11 at 14:12 ugly way: $|\!\!\!\sim$. This might not scale well... –  Roelof Spijker Oct 13 '11 at 14:20 @N.N.: Unable to find it anywhere in the comprehensive list... –  DevSolar Oct 13 '11 at 14:31 Best I've found as yet is ⍭ –  Loop Space Oct 13 '11 at 14:42 There's a follow up to this question at tex.stackexchange.com/questions/32244/… –  N.N. Oct 25 '11 at 7:18 What you describe seems similar to the nonmonotonic inference relation symbol used in this paper. The main difference being that this a small space between the two characters, which I think actually looks better than having them touch. \documentclass{article} \newcommand*{\nc}[2]{#1\mathbin{\left| \sim \vphantom{#1#2} \right.}#2}% \begin{document} $\nc{A}{B} \qquad \nc{\frac{A}{C}}{B}$ \end{document} Update: Here is a version where both the straight and wavy line are re-sized and the two symbols touch: I have used \scalebox from the \graphicx package to resize the symbols (resize horizontally for the wavy line and vertically for the vertical bar) based on the height of the operands on either side. The \mathrlap is obtained from a TUGboat 22 article entitled a complement to \smash, \llap, and \rlap. I am not an expert in the use of the rlap type command, so perhaps some of the resize code could be simplified. I also used pgf to do the math, and this is probably overkill but I am more familiar with that then doing math in plain TeX. \documentclass[border=2pt]{standalone} \usepackage{amsmath}% only needed for \dfrac \usepackage{graphicx}% needed for \scalebox \usepackage{pgf}% needed for the math calculations % http://math.arizona.edu/~aprl/publications/mathclap/ \def\mathrlap{\mathpalette\mathrlapinternal}% \def\mathrlapinternal#1#2{\rlap{$\mathsurround=0pt#1{#2}$}}% \makeatletter \newdimen\@mydimen% \newdimen\@myHeightOfBar% \settoheight{\@myHeightOfBar}{$|$}% \newcommand{\SetScaleFactor}[1]{% \settoheight{\@mydimen}{#1}% \pgfmathsetmacro{\scaleFactor}{\@mydimen/\@myHeightOfBar}% }% \newcommand*{\Scale}[2][3]{\scalebox{#1}{\ensuremath{#2}}}% \newcommand*{\nct}[2]{% \SetScaleFactor{\vphantom{\ensuremath{#1#2}}}% Compute scale to be applied #1% \mathrel{\Scale[\scaleFactor]{|\mathrlap{\kern-0.48ex\sim}\hphantom{\kern-0.41ex\sim}}}% #2% }% \begin{document} $\nct{a}{b} \qquad \nct{\frac{A}{C}}{B} \qquad \nct{\dfrac{A}{C}}{B}$ \end{document} An enhanced version of this solution that allows you to specify a character to be placed above and below the wavy line is available at the follow-up question: Symbol for skeptical consequence that matches the turnstile package - The book I found the symbol in treats the same topic as the article you link, that is, default logic. I think what would look best is having them connected but the wavy sign being constant in width and having the same width as the vertical line. –  N.N. Oct 13 '11 at 15:15 @N.N.: Have updated the solution where the vertical and wavy lines touch and both get resized. –  Peter Grill Oct 13 '11 at 23:08 Maybe it would be more correct to define the symbol with \mathrel rather than \mathbin? It expresses a relation rather than an operation. But maybe I'm wrong, my only knowledge of types of math symbols is from tex.stackexchange.com/questions/21336/… –  N.N. Oct 19 '11 at 21:20 Good point. Have updated it to use \mathrel. Also took this opportunity to fix the horizontal spacing issue present in the earlier solution. –  Peter Grill Oct 19 '11 at 21:40 In the equation with \dfrac the left edge of \sim is noticeable but it's not in the other equations. Is this possible to fix? –  N.N. Oct 20 '11 at 6:19 The following uses \medvert and a clipped version of \sim from the MnSymbol package. Clipping is provided by adjustbox's \clipbox: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{MnSymbol}% http://ctan.org/pkg/mnsymbol \usepackage{amsmath}% http://ctan.org/pkg/amsmath \begin{document} \newcommand*{\skepcon}{\ensuremath{\mathrel{\medvert\mskip-5.7mu\clipbox{1 0 0 0}{$\sim$}}}} $A\skepcon B$ \end{document} These two symbols have the same fixed width, as opposed to the varied width of \sim when not loading MnSymbol. - Is it possible to fix so that the left bottom edge of \sim is not not noticable as it merges with \medvert? I want them to look as they're one symbol rather than two merged. –  N.N. Oct 20 '11 at 7:37 @N.N.: I've updated my answer to clip the \sim symbol using adjustbox's \clipbox macro. –  Werner Oct 20 '11 at 7:46 This site recommends: \newcommand{\nc}{\,\mid\!\sim\,} Though perhaps it would be worth wrapping it in a \mathrel or something for proper spacing? -
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/160927-function-derivative.html
# Math Help - function with derivative 1. ## function with derivative Right I was given this problem to solve. Some of the questions I can do, others i am stuck with and need a maths guru to help. So here goes, I am given on a grid the drawing of the graph y = xsquared - 2x -4 1 - I am asked to write down the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve - THIS I CAN DO, NO HELP NEEDED 2 - Use the graph to find estimates of the solutions to the equation xsquared - 2x - 4 = 0. Give your answer to 1d.p. THIS I CAN DO, NO HELP NEED 3 - Draw a suitable straight line on the grid to find estimates of the solutions of the equation xsquared - 3x - 6 = 0 THIS I CANNOT DO, AS IT IS A QUADRATIC AND THEREFORE WOULD PRODUCE A BELL SHAPE CURVE AND NOT A STRAIGHT LINE AS THEY SAY, NEED HELP PLEASE 4 - For y = xsquared - 2x - 4 4a) Find dy/dx CAN DO THIS, NO HELP NEEDED 4b) find the gradient of the curve at the point where x = 6 NEED HELP WITH THIS PLEASE Nat 2. Originally Posted by Natasha1 Right I was given this problem to solve. Some of the questions I can do, others i am stuck with and need a maths guru to help. So here goes, I am given on a grid the drawing of the graph y = xsquared - 2x -4 1 - I am asked to write down the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve - THIS I CAN DO, NO HELP NEEDED 2 - Use the graph to find estimates of the solutions to the equation xsquared - 2x - 4 = 0. Give your answer to 1d.p. THIS I CAN DO, NO HELP NEED 3 - Draw a suitable straight line on the grid to find estimates of the solutions of the equation xsquared - 3x - 6 = 0 THIS I CANNOT DO, AS IT IS A QUADRATIC AND THEREFORE WOULD PRODUCE A BELL SHAPE CURVE AND NOT A STRAIGHT LINE AS THEY SAY, NEED HELP PLEASE 4 - For y = xsquared - 2x - 4 4a) Find dy/dx CAN DO THIS, NO HELP NEEDED 4b) find the gradient of the curve at the point where x = 6 NEED HELP WITH THIS PLEASE Nat For (3) $x^2-3x-6=\left(x^2-2x-4\right)-(x+2)$ This is zero where $x^2-2x-4=x+2$ Hence draw the line $y=x+2$ and find where it intersects $x^2-2x-4$ 3. Not sure I fully understand this, how about 4b? 4. Originally Posted by Natasha1 Not sure I fully understand this, how about 4b? $y=x+2$ is a line. If you subtract the linear equation from the quadratic, you get the new quadratic. Subtracting 2 things that are equal give zero, and they are equal at the points of intersection. (4) $\displaystyle\frac{dy}{dx}$ is the slope of the tangent to the curve (the gradient of the curve) over the domain of x. So you first calculate the derivative (instantaneous gradient of the curve) which is $\displaystyle\frac{dy}{dx}$ and evaluate it for x=6 (the derivative will be in terms of x). 5. Ok so dy/dx = 2x - 2 but how do you evaluate it for x = 6, I have never done this. Just need clear explanation to hopefully understand. 6. Originally Posted by Natasha1 Ok so dy/dx = 2x - 2 but how do you evaluate it for x = 6, I have never done this. Just need clear explanation to hopefully understand. Ok, you have evaluated the derivative. This is a formula for the gradient of the curve, which varies with x (imagine the tangent to the curve changing slope as you move from one value of x to another along the x axis). If you now place any real value of x into the derivative (formula for calculating the gradient), you will evaluate the curve gradient at that value of x. So, if you substitute x with 6 in 2x-2, to get 2(6)-2, that will be the curve gradient when x is 6. 7. So the gradient of the curve is 10 8. Originally Posted by Natasha1 So the gradient of the curve is 10 Yes, when x is 6 only. 9. Thanks for clearly explaining 10. You're welcome Natasha, here is a graph of the situation Attached Thumbnails 11. Here is a graph for part (3) Attached Thumbnails
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http://hyperspacewiki.org/index.php/Lindel%C3%B6f
# Lindelöf Jump to: navigation, search Let $(X,\tau)$ be a topological space. We say that $(X,\tau)$ is Lindelöf if every open cover has a countable subcover.
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http://clay6.com/qa/26347/a-bag-contains-4-balls-two-balls-are-drawn-at-random-and-are-found-to-be-wh
Browse Questions # A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random and are found to be white. What is the probability that the bag has 3 white balls. (A)$\large\frac{1}{10}$ (B) $\large\frac{3}{5}$ (C) $\large\frac{2}{5}$ (D) $\large\frac{3}{10}$ Toolbox: • Baye's Theorem:Given $E_1, E_2, E_3.....E_n$ are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, we can find the conditional probability $P(E_i|A)$ for any event A associated with $E_i$ as follows: $\;P(E_i/A)$=$\large \frac{P(E_i)P(A/E_i)}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\;P(E_i)P(A/E_i)}$ Let $A$ be the event of drawing $2$ white balls from the bag containing 4 balls. The remaining $2$ balls of the bag has three options. Let $E_1$ be the event that the remaining $2$ balls of the bag are not white. Let $E_2$ be the event that the remaining $2$ balls of the bag are one white and one not white. Let $E_2$ be the event that the remaining $2$ balls of the bag are white. All the three options are equally likely. $\therefore\:P(E_1) = P(E_2)=P(E_3)= \large\frac{1}{3}$ $P(A/E_1)=P($ drawing $2$ white balls from the bag containing $2$ white and $2$ non white balls.) $=\large\frac{^2C_2}{^4C_2}=\frac{1}{6}$ $P(A/E_2)=P($ drawing $2$ white balls from the bag containing $3$ white and $1$ non white balls.) $=\large\frac{^3C_2}{^4C_2}=\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2}$ $P(A/E_3)=P($ drawing $2$ white balls from the bag containing $4$ white balls) $=1$ We have to find the probability that the remaining balls are $1$ white and $1$ non white. $i.e.,$ We have to find $P(E_2/A)$ According to Baye's theorem, $P(E_2|A) = \large\frac{P(E_2)(P(A|E_2)}{P(E_1)P(A|E_1) + P(E_2)P(A|E_2) + P(E_3)(PA|E_3)}$ $P(E_1)P(A|E_1) + P(E_2)P(A|E_2) + P(E_3)(PA|E_3)$ $=\large\frac{1}{3}$$\times\large\frac{1}{6}$$+\large\frac{1}{3}$$\times\large\frac{1}{2}$$+\large\frac{1}{3}$$\times 1=\large\frac{1}{3}$$(\large\frac{1}{6}$$+\large\frac{1}{2}$$+1)$$=\large\frac{1}{3}$$\times\large\frac{5}{3}$ $\therefore\:P(E_2/A)=\large\frac{\large\frac{1}{3}\times\frac{1}{2}}{\large\frac{1}{3}\times \frac{5}{3}}=\frac{3}{10}$ edited Jan 31, 2014
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http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pierre-Simon_Laplace
# Talk:Pierre-Simon Laplace Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team B This article has been rated as B-Class on the quality scale. ## Untitled Can we see his calculation of the mass of Saturn? ↑Jump back a section ## Pronunciation How do you pronounce his name? "Lap-lace", or "law-plause"? Anyone trying to record the Featured article on Free Will needs to know this. -William Morgan it's pronounced "la" (the a is sounded as in father) - "plass" (rhymes with glass) --Sysys 00:46, 6 March 2006 (UTC) You are correct on the first syllable, but not the second. The "a" in both syllables rhymes with the a in "father." So the correct pronunciation is "Lahh - plahhss". -- Metacomet 01:55, 6 March 2006 (UTC) I can't imagine any French-speaking person pronouncing it that way. If split into the root words "la" and "place" ("the" and "place" in English), both a's are pronounced as the one in "glass". Dictionary.com seems to disagree, but I can't see why the name would have such an odd pronunciation given that it's constructed from such simple words (unless they're unrelated, which would seem bizarre). -- 70.81.118.123 09:28, 28 April 2006 (UTC) A French dictionnary gives the pronunciation in international phonetic spelling (for both root words) [la] [plas]. It is not Lap-lace but La-place (two syllables with a close to "glass" — although I don't know the difference between the "a" in "father" and in "glass"...) Santa Sangre 15:57, 4 June 2006 (UTC) The problem with your discussion on how the 'a' in glass should sound probably lies with the fact that one of you two is american, the other british? Both a's in laplace are pronounced as they are in father, or the british pronunciation of glass —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.89.192.56 (talk) 13:37, 26 June 2006 F(AW)ther... Gl(AH)ss... I guess it depends on how you normally pronounce the words. - 70.81.118.123 15:12, 26 June 2006 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Rule of succession promenence It is weird that so MUCH of this article is about the rule of succession, one of the less well-known things associated with Laplace, and so little about the many other things associated with him. Michael Hardy 00:10, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC) Thanks for volunteering to rewrite it. :-) -- Curps 19:23, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC) I've noticed that there are a lot of active Bayesians writing here at wikipedia and that's cool. But to call Laplace a Bayesian is an anachronism that is a little too much I think. Laplace did so much so it can be hard for a mere mortal to grasp, but the induction rule referred to in the article was definitely not on of his greatest achievements. INic 22:13, 18 October 2005 (UTC) This statement is conceptually narrow and potentially false: "The discoveries of modern physics, especially quantum physics and uncertainty principle proved that the existence of such an intellect is not possible even in principle." As displayed in Interpretation of quantum mechanics, quantum theory has not ruled out causal determinism and only interpretations of it make Laplace's demon impossible. --Psients 10:17, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## celestial mechanics Could we have more on his celestial mechanics? Charles Matthews 15:21, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC) Express evidence that Laplace saw himself as an atheist, rather than a deist or agnostic. for example, should be supplied. It will be difficult to come by for anyone favored by the Restoration Bourbons, of course... The famous anecdote about Napoleon and the Celestial Mechanics is not sufficient. Septentrionalis 15:35, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## creationist slant? The last paragraph seems a bit off-topic and seems to be trying to inject a creationist argument.Blaise 08:28, September 6, 2005 (UTC) You mean, I suppose, the following sentence, which is unsourced, unevidenced, and (to my mind) unlikely. I have removed it: Predicting the rise of life in the universe, for example, requires vastly more data than this, and so, according to the theory, is computationally infeasible to predict. ↑Jump back a section ## Confused -Tlozano Laplace was obviously a determinist, that's the sense of "Laplace's demon". I don't know why you would want to oppose that to Catholic faith; both are not contradictory. Science & faith is not contradictory since Kant's critique, which limited the assertions that Reason can make to a specific field; further on from this field lies questions which science can't resolve, such as, in Kant's words, the existence (or not) of an immortal soul, the existence of God, the existence of liberty, etc. The Catholic Encyclopedia seems to be biased in claiming determinism is opposed to religion. Santa Sangre 15:49, 4 June 2006 (UTC) ps: since Kant who resolved this conflict between science & religion, only Fundamentalists (whatever their religion) oppose both. Santa Sangre 15:59, 4 June 2006 (UTC) If Laplace died in communion with the Church of France (as is almost certain for a Restoration civil servant) that does not mean he was not a determinist. It would not surprise me if the Catholic Encyclopedia is misleading here; nor would it surprise me if they had edifying anecdotes about Voltaire's deathbed either. None of this justifies the category atheist, or any or its subcats, without discussion and sources in the article. Septentrionalis 19:59, 16 June 2006 (UTC) Well according to a biography of Laplace, it states: "The Catholic newspaper La Quotidienne announced that Laplace had died in the arms of two curts (priests), implying that he had a proper Catholic end, but this is not credible. To the end, he remained a skeptic, wedded to his deterministic creed and to an uncompromised ethos derived from his vast scientific experience." Roger Hahn, Pierre Simon Laplace, 1749-1827: a determined scientist, page 204. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.253.213 (talk) 22:08, 10 March 2012 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Maximum computability The article talks about the maximum data computable (at the end of the section on laplace's demon), but provides no reference. Can someone please look to providing a reference for this? 129.78.64.106 05:52, 15 September 2006 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Cleanup I am not going to attempt the article that Laplace actually deserves, I neither have the knowledge nor the particular interest, but I am going to try to establish a basis for others to build on. The article is a direct copy of the chapter from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball with some modern, and possibly less than felicitous, interpolations. Though Rouse Ball is out of copyright it is also out of date. I am going to start by adding in-line citations for Ball and flagging missing citations. I am going to try my best to upate what I know about (which is not much). The article then needs a layered detailing, not by me, starting with the St Andrews website then from DSB then an up to date bio. Unfortunately I suspect that there are other mathematicians in a similar state.Cutler 19:22, 24 August 2007 (UTC) I have made a start so at least the Rouse Ball stuff is cited and the uncited stuff is flagged. The article was an odd mixture of anachronisms mixing "is there anything in the nebular hypothesis?" with "Laplace discovered black holes". I have eliminated/ revised the worst but there is much to do. Here are my thoughts on the current sections: • Biography Need more on early life if poss. Some of this belongs in the head para, some in a new section on personality etc. Did this guy marry? Have children? • Probability theory This looks like good NPOV stuff. It properly belongs under Analytic theory of probabilities but I have left it here as it totally lacks references. I have nothing to hand. • Laplace's demon This needs to go to bottom of article if anywhere. It is really about other people's interpretation of Laplace or their own ideas in which they find Laplacian resonances (sic). • Spherical harmonics and potential theory Important stuff but it should be up to the technical articles to define in detail what theses things are. Frankly I wouldn't have recognised the definition of a spherical harmonic from Rouse Ball's def but this is not really my cup of tea. Probably needs expert. • Planetary inequalities This is where I came in. Laplace got the secular acceleration of the moon only partially right as John Couch Adams showed in 1853 (so Rouse Ball should have known!) Section needs updating - this is important. I only got involved because I was working on the Adams article and I only got involved in that because I wanted to create William Grylls Adams. • Celestial mechanics OK as far as it goes now the anachronisms are taken out but this is a big deal and ultimately needs its own article. • Science as prediction looks like somebody pushing a position but content it OK (once verified) • Black hole needs verification and scrutiny from an expert. • Analytic theory of probabilities Needs more to do it justice - see Proability theory supra. One odd contribution that I have discussed below. • Minor discoveries and accomplishments OK but would like more on political career and relationship with Napoleon. The collaboration with Lavoisier is more important than is suggested here. • Quotes don't think we need this as all quotes appear in narrative I will work away but it's really low on my priorities. Hope others can help.Cutler 22:17, 24 August 2007 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Analytic theory of probabilities In this section, Rouse Ball says: In 1812, Laplace issued his Théorie analytique des probabilités. The method of estimating the ratio of the number of favourable cases, compared to the whole number of possible cases, had been previously indicated by Laplace in a paper written in 1779. It consists of treating the successive values of any function as the coefficients in the expansion of another function, with reference to a different variable. The latter is therefore called the generating function of the former. Laplace then shows how, by means of interpolation, these coefficients may be determined from the generating function. Next he attacks the converse problem, and from the coefficients he finds the generating function; this is effected by the solution of a finite difference equation. This is, I think, a description of Laplace's development of the concept of the generating function of a probability distribution. However, somebody else had added this: The method is cumbersome and leads most of the time to a normal probability distribution the so called Laplace-Gauss distribution. I have no idea what this means and it is unreferenced. Any ideas? Is somebody just saying "Why bother with all that tricksy math stuff, just bung in a normal distribtion"?Cutler 22:33, 24 August 2007 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Significance of scalar operator Laplace's equation, or the more general form $\nabla^2 V=- 4 \pi \rho$, appears in all branches of mathematical physics. According to some writers this follows at once from the fact that $\nabla^2$ is a scalar operator ... From Rouse Ball (1908) I have no idea what this can mean. I can even see that the following assertion has some sort of meaning but this quote ... . Any ideas?Cutler 12:18, 25 August 2007 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Laplace's demon As I understand it, Laplace's demon is a concept used by 20th century thinkers, articles are very unclear but I think by Suppes originally in the 1930s, in their post-Copenhagen discussions of determinism. It's not really about Laplace. Further, the quotation from Laplace in this section is misleading as it is only part of a longer quote found on pp26-27 of Gillispie (1997). I proposed: • Rename this section "Laplace's determinism"; • As the full quote is too long for an article, move it to Wikisource and paraphrase it in the article; • Deal properly with Laplace's complex attitudes to determinism and probability; • Mention the demon in passing. Discuss. I have a copy of Gillispie now and am using it to update this article though it is not an easy book.Cutler 11:33, 31 August 2007 (UTC) Well, this quotation is definitely misleading without the other half but that would be too big an extract for the article (though still under 500 words so potentially fair use). However, it can't go to Wikisource as they no longer allow fair use and this is a modern translation of the French. I think my solution is to delete the quote and paraphrase the longer quote. I will see if anybody complains.Cutler 21:01, 3 September 2007 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Laplace and Napoleon I have removed the following as apocryphal: Laplace then declared: "Cette hypothèse, Sire, explique en effet tout, mais ne permet de prédire rien. En tant que savant, je me dois de vous fournir des travaux permettant des prédictions" ("This hypothesis, Sire, does explain everything, but does not permit to predict anything. As a scholar, I must provide you with works permitting predictions." - quoted by Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen). Laplace thus defined science as a predicting tool. I have not found it in de Morgan or anywhere else, and it has had a Fact tag since August 2007. NBeale (talk) 16:21, 5 April 2008 (UTC) Your action was most admirable, however, you may be too late to save the truth. The "prediction" quote is plastered all over the internet. I doubt it will ever be forgotten, alas. The Ball quote does not make it clear when Lagrange's reply was made. Some sources suggest it was all one exchange, others that Lagrange was not present at the submission and that the reply came later. It would be good to have further clarification of this. Obviously, if the reply came after, there is much less chance of the Laplace rebuttal having occurred. ObsessiveMathsFreak (talk) 15:17, 16 September 2009 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section While what Laplace predicted about astronomical phenomena are admirable and very visionary, the text post-rationalize his theories a little too much for my taste: 1. he never conjectured black holes, he conjectured "dark stars" from which some light always can leave, but all lesser the heavier that "dark star" is. Only when adding the 20th century theory of relativity, the "dark star" becomes a black hole; 2. he conjectured one variant of the Nebular Theory that is nowadays disproven: a fastly rotating (proto)star is releasing momentum by successively releasing rings of star matter along the equator, who thereby gains momentum, while the (proto)star looses monentum; this variant works considerably worse than the earlier Kant Nebular Theory, consisting of rings of cold dust clouds in a fractally rotating circular pattern, which happen to fit very much better with the modern opinion. That said, these theories of him were still very visionary and important for 2 centuries of coming astronomy. Said: Rursus () 19:28, 9 September 2008 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Wrong translation of Napoleon quote? In a quote about Laplace political work, the article says Napoleon said something about Laplace bringing the spirit of "infiniment petits" to his affairs. Shouldn't the translation reflect the fact that "infiniment petits" means infinitesimals? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.161.121.122 (talk) 22:04, 16 September 2008 (UTC) I agree with you and edited your suggestion. I also changed the "objectively" to "from the right angle", as I felt it more closely matched what Bonaparte said. I do not find clear whether the quote is 1/ entirely from W. W. Rouse Ball, in which case it's debatable whether I should have done the change or 2/ French from Bonaparte memoirs and English provided by a wikepedian, in which case the correction was I think the right thing to do. If I am not the only one to whom this isn't clear, it should be clarified--Ptranouez (talk) 14:05, 10 February 2010 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Inductive probability The example in the last two paragraphs is really unclear. If it is 'famous' it needs a reference, and it definitely needs to be clearer. I'm also not sure that it's in the right place - surely there is another page for controversies about inductive probability? --Ac1201 (talk) 01:24, 2 April 2009 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Lucien Lucien, Napoleon's brother, was given Laplace's job. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.137.170.8 (talk) 13:08, 19 May 2009 (UTC) This was at the Ministry of the Interior. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.63.109 (talk) 09:32, 25 May 2009 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section The {{skiptotoctalk}} template has been added to the top of this Talk page for those who want to "get right down to it".  .^) Paine Ellsworthdisscuss (^`.  22:11, 30 May 2009 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Laplace's student This article says that Poisson was Laplace's student yet Poisson's article claims that Lagrange was his doctoral advisor. Also, Lagrange's article says that was Poisson was his student. Can anyone clear this up please? --Hamsterlopithecus (talk) 18:01, 3 December 2009 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## error probability A occurring given B has occurred (assuming they are not correlated) is not P(A)/P(B). it is P(A intersect B)/P(B). I corrected it. 99.67.184.222 (talk) 23:41, 27 March 2010 (UTC)Dan ↑Jump back a section ## What is the date of publication of the Philosophical Essay on Probabilities? Is it 1814, 1816, or 1819? I have seen all three dates being cited! --Forich (talk) 15:40, 27 October 2010 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section ## Green citation I tidied up the statement about the first use of the word potential - see Whittaker Volume 1. Also introduced missing reference to Green. Harry "Snapper" Organs (talk) 19:54, 13 December 2010 (UTC) ↑Jump back a section
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/89970-stirling-factorials.html
1. ## Stirling and factorials Okay so I have 1000 houses in an area where lightning strikes one house at random every week, and I need to approximate the probablity of lightning striking the same house twice (or more, presumably) within one year (52 weeks), and then for two years. I'm allowed to use the Stirling Formula: $\displaystyle \sqrt{2\pi}n^{n+\frac{1}{2}}e^{-n}<n!<\sqrt{2\pi}n^{n+\frac{1}{2}}e^{-n+\frac{1}{12(n-1)}}$. Now if I did this right, with n multichoose k = $\displaystyle \left(\begin{array}{c} n+k-1\\ k\end{array}\right)$ I have $\displaystyle \left(\begin{array}{c} 1051\\ 52\end{array}\right)$ possible outcomes with $\displaystyle \left(\begin{array}{c} 1051\\ 52\end{array}\right)-\left(\begin{array}{c} 1000\\ 52\end{array}\right)$ favorible outcomes which expanding with $\displaystyle \left(\begin{array}{c} n\\ k\end{array}\right)=\frac{n!}{(n-k)!k!}$ and then dividing leaves me with $\displaystyle \frac{1000!999!}{948!1051!}$(kind of messy). Is there some way to further simplify this before plugging it into Stirling, or perhaps a simpler way of going about this altogether? 2. ## Not as messy as you think... $\displaystyle \frac{1000!999!}{948!1051!}$ $\displaystyle = \frac{999*998*997*...*950*949}{1051*1050*...*1002* 1001}$ $\displaystyle =\frac{949}{1001}*\frac{950}{1002}*...*\frac{999}{ 1051}$ $\displaystyle = \prod_{n=1}^{51}\frac{948+n}{1000+n}$ $\displaystyle \approx 7.04\%$ This can be done with a simple program on a graphing calculator. (I did not check your work up to this point, but 7% seems a bit high for the likelihood of getting struck by lightning twice - or maybe I've just been lucky.) 3. The idea is to do it without a computer. With a normal calculator at most. 4. Originally Posted by realpart1/2 The idea is to do it without a computer. With a normal calculator at most. With apologies to Keith Devlin, I say that is like the local vocational education department insisting that horse shoeing is an in demand job. 5. Originally Posted by Plato With apologies to Keith Devlin, I say that is like the local vocational education department insisting that horse shoeing is an in demand job. I don't make the rules, I'm just bound to them. 6. Originally Posted by realpart1/2 I don't make the rules, I'm just bound to them. Only if you choose to be. Students can walk away from a outdated program. 7. Originally Posted by Plato Only if you choose to be. My professor's ability to fail me is a pretty good motivation. Now, can I get some genuine help on this? 8. ## The Fundamental Counting Principle If I'm reading this problem right, you shouldn't be using the formula for $\displaystyle _nC_r$ at all. Picture yourself living in one of the 1000 houses. Every week, you have a .1% chance of getting hit, and a 99.9% chance of not getting hit. So your chances of not getting hit two weeks in a row is $\displaystyle (.999)^2\approx$99.8%. So after 52 weeks, you have a $\displaystyle (.999)^{52} \approx$ 94.93% chance of not getting hit, and a 5.07% chance of getting hit. Wouldn't then the chance of getting hit twice in that same timeframe be $\displaystyle (.0507)^2 \approx$ .26% ?
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/147983-euclidean-distance-between-points.html
# Math Help - Euclidean distance between points 1. ## Euclidean distance between points Hi, I'm not sure what to do for euclidean distance. Any help is appreciated Find the Euclidean distance between the points (1,2) and (3,3) in R2. (You Find the set of convex combinations of the points (1,2) and (3,3). Graph and describe the convex combinations. (You don't need to hand in the graph, but the description should be as complete as possible. Find the convex combination when = 1/2. 2. Did you bother to look it up? Euclidean_distance 3. ## distances I'm not sure about the convex stuff, but I am sure about the euclidean distance. Since any point is defined by ist x and y distance from the origin, it forms a triangle. When you have to points, you can draw a line between them as the hypoteneus of a right triangle who's sides are parralle to the respective axi . So in your case we have $Distance = sqrt( (1-3)^2 + (2-3)^2 ) = sqrt( 5 ) = 2.2360679774998.....$
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http://moriahtown.com/download/probability-and-statistics-in-experimental-physics
# Probability and statistics in experimental physics by Byron P. Roe By Byron P. Roe This publication is a pragmatic creation to using chance and facts in experimental physics for graduate scholars and complicated undergraduates. it's meant as a realistic consultant, no longer as a accomplished textual content in chance and facts. The emphasis is on purposes and figuring out, on theorems and strategies which are truly utilized in experimental physics. Proofs of theorems are in general passed over until they give a contribution to the instinct in figuring out and utilizing the concept. the issues, a few with labored recommendations, introduce the scholar to using pcs; occasional reference is made to a few of the Fortran exercises to be had within the CERN library, yet different platforms, reminiscent of Maple, can be valuable. themes lined comprise: easy techniques and definitions; common effects, self reliant of particular distributions; discrete distributions; the traditional distribution and different non-stop distributions; producing and attribute services; the Monte Carlo approach and machine simulations; multi-dimensional distributions; the critical restrict theorem; inverse likelihood and self assurance limits; estimation tools; curve becoming, robustness estimates, and chance ratios; interpolating features and unfolding difficulties; becoming facts with constraints; powerful estimation tools Similar mathematical physics books Selected papers of Morikazu Toda This quantity includes chosen papers of Dr Morikazu Toda. The papers are prepared in chronological order of publishing dates. between Dr Toda's many contributions, his works on drinks and nonlinear lattice dynamics may be pointed out. The one-dimensional lattice the place nearest neighboring debris engage via an exponential strength is termed the Toda lattice that is a miracle and certainly a jewel in theoretical physics. Solution of Initial Value Problems in Classes of Generalized Analytic Functions The aim of the current e-book is to unravel preliminary worth difficulties in sessions of generalized analytic services in addition to to provide an explanation for the functional-analytic historical past fabric intimately. From the perspective of the idea of partial differential equations the publication is intend­ ed to generalize the classicalCauchy-Kovalevskayatheorem, while the functional-analytic history hooked up with the strategy of successive approximations and the contraction-mapping precept ends up in the con­ cept of so-called scales of Banach areas: 1. Extra resources for Probability and statistics in experimental physics Example text And the (1) for the comment on the easier case of the CAR algebra. Weyl algebra. (,;) under the Weyl operators and the commutation properties of the number operator NOJ determined by /lojWe next prove the quently, we implications (3) =^ (2) =^ The OBSERVATION l /' 1 u;;v/"" \{\\^<^(t~'(W(tfi]-^]m~ - Our immediate aim is equilibrium formalism for such Systems in the Gibbs grand to describe the canonical ensemble and in this subsection we consider fermions. We begin with general discussion of noninteracting Systems and subsequently specialize to point particles in the configuration space. Let 5_(l)) be the anti-symmetric Fock space built over the one-particle Hubert space I). The dynamics of a System with an arbitrary number of fer mions moving independently is dictated by the Schrödinger equation a in'^-^ on 5_(f)). Cannot be dense and this contradiction proves that (3) orem Let be 71 there exists R is not coimtable A^ nonseparable. representation of 5I(//), then by the first Statement of the the*-isomorphism a from '^l(H} onto n(^l(H)) such that a(PF(/)) = for all / G //. But then Hence the kernel of TI is zero. But n This follows ^2(/) äs is a a n(W(f}) (4) But ^l(H") by applying (x = was the because n ^l(//) is generated by the W(f). arbitrary and therefore ^(H) must be simple. uniqueness Statement to W\ (/) W(f) and = W(Tf].
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http://blog.ezyang.com/
Existential Pontification and Generalized Abstract Digressions ## New theme! Hello loyal readers: Inside 206-105 has a new theme! I’m retiring Manifest, which was a pretty nice theme but (1) the text size was too small and (2) I decided I didn’t really like the fonts, I’ve reskinned my blog with a theme based on Brent Jackson’s Ashley, but ported to work on WordPress. I hope you like it, and please report any rendering snafus you might notice on older pages. Thanks! • July 26, 2014 ## Type classes: confluence, coherence and global uniqueness Today, I'd like to talk about some of the core design principles behind type classes, a wildly successful feature in Haskell. The discussion here is closely motivated by the work we are doing at MSRC to support type classes in Backpack. While I was doing background reading, I was flummoxed to discover widespread misuse of the terms "confluence" and "coherence" with respect to type classes. So in this blog post, I want to settle the distinction, and propose a new term, "global uniqueness of instances" for the property which people have been colloquially referred to as confluence and coherence. Let's start with the definitions of the two terms. Confluence is a property that comes from term-rewriting: a set of instances is confluent if, no matter what order constraint solving is performed, GHC will terminate with a canonical set of constraints that must be satisfied for any given use of a type class. In other words, confluence says that we won't conclude that a program doesn't type check just because we swapped in a different constraint solving algorithm. Confluence's closely related twin is coherence (defined in the paper "Type classes: exploring the design space"). This property states that every different valid typing derivation of a program leads to a resulting program that has the same dynamic semantics. Why could differing typing derivations result in different dynamic semantics? The answer is that context reduction, which picks out type class instances, elaborates into concrete choices of dictionaries in the generated code. Confluence is a prerequisite for coherence, since one can hardly talk about the dynamic semantics of a program that doesn't type check. So, what is it that people often refer to when they compare Scala type classes to Haskell type classes? I am going to refer to this as global uniqueness of instances, defining to say: in a fully compiled program, for any type, there is at most one instance resolution for a given type class. Languages with local type class instances such as Scala generally do not have this property, and this assumption is a very convenient one when building abstractions like sets. So, what properties does GHC enforce, in practice? In the absence of any type system extensions, GHC's employs a set of rules to ensure that type class resolution is confluent and coherent. Intuitively, it achieves this by having a very simple constraint solving algorithm (generate wanted constraints and solve wanted constraints) and then requiring the set of instances to be nonoverlapping, ensuring there is only ever one way to solve a wanted constraint. Overlap is a more stringent restriction than either confluence or coherence, and via the OverlappingInstances and IncoherentInstances, GHC allows a user to relax this restriction "if they know what they're doing." Surprisingly, however, GHC does not enforce global uniqueness of instances. Imported instances are not checked for overlap until we attempt to use them for instance resolution. Consider the following program: -- T.hs data T = T -- A.hs import T instance Eq T where -- B.hs import T instance Eq T where -- C.hs import A import B When compiled with one-shot compilation, C will not report overlapping instances unless we actually attempt to use the Eq instance in C. This is by design: ensuring that there are no overlapping instances eagerly requires eagerly reading all the interface files a module may depend on. We might summarize these three properties in the following manner. Culturally, the Haskell community expects global uniqueness of instances to hold: the implicit global database of instances should be confluent and coherent. GHC, however, does not enforce uniqueness of instances: instead, it merely guarantees that the subset of the instance database it uses when it compiles any given module is confluent and coherent. GHC does do some tests when an instance is declared to see if it would result in overlap with visible instances, but the check is by no means perfect; truly, type-class constraint resolution has the final word. One mitigating factor is that in the absence of orphan instances, GHC is guaranteed to eagerly notice when the instance database has overlap (assuming that the instance declaration checks actually worked...) Clearly, the fact that GHC's lazy behavior is surprising to most Haskellers means that the lazy check is mostly good enough: a user is likely to discover overlapping instances one way or another. However, it is relatively simple to construct example programs which violate global uniqueness of instances in an observable way: -- A.hs module A where data U = X | Y deriving (Eq, Show) -- B.hs module B where import Data.Set import A instance Ord U where compare X X = EQ compare X Y = LT compare Y X = GT compare Y Y = EQ ins :: U -> Set U -> Set U ins = insert -- C.hs module C where import Data.Set import A instance Ord U where compare X X = EQ compare X Y = GT compare Y X = LT compare Y Y = EQ ins' :: U -> Set U -> Set U ins' = insert -- D.hs module Main where import Data.Set import A import B import C test :: Set U test = ins' X $ins X$ ins Y $empty main :: IO () main = print test -- OUTPUT$ ghc -Wall -XSafe -fforce-recomp --make D.hs [1 of 4] Compiling A ( A.hs, A.o ) [2 of 4] Compiling B ( B.hs, B.o ) B.hs:5:10: Warning: Orphan instance: instance [safe] Ord U [3 of 4] Compiling C ( C.hs, C.o ) C.hs:5:10: Warning: Orphan instance: instance [safe] Ord U [4 of 4] Compiling Main ( D.hs, D.o ) $./D fromList [X,Y,X] Locally, all type class resolution was coherent: in the subset of instances each module had visible, type class resolution could be done unambiguously. Furthermore, the types of ins and ins' discharge type class resolution, so that in D when the database is now overlapping, no resolution occurs, so the error is never found. It is easy to dismiss this example as an implementation wart in GHC, and continue pretending that global uniqueness of instances holds. However, the problem with global uniqueness of instances is that they are inherently nonmodular: you might find yourself unable to compose two components because they accidentally defined the same type class instance, even though these instances are plumbed deep in the implementation details of the components. This is a big problem for Backpack, or really any module system, whose mantra of separate modular development seeks to guarantee that linking will succeed if the library writer and the application writer develop to a common signature. • July 11, 2014 ## Parsec: “try a <|> b” considered harmful tl;dr The scope of backtracking try should be minimized, usually by placing it inside the definition of a parser. Have you ever written a Parsec parser and gotten a really uninformative error message? "test.txt" (line 15, column 7): unexpected 'A' expecting end of input The line and the column are randomly somewhere in your document, and you're pretty sure you should be in the middle of some stack of parser combinators. But wait! Parsec has somehow concluded that the document should be ending immediately. You noodle around and furthermore discover that the true error is some ways after the actually reported line and column. You think, “No wonder Parsec gets such a bad rep about its error handling.” Assuming that your grammar in question is not too weird, there is usually a simple explanation for an error message like this: the programmer sprinkled their code with too many backtracking try statements, and the backtracking has destroyed useful error state. In effect, at some point the parser failed for the reason we wanted to report to the user, but an enclosing try statement forced the parser to backtrack and try another (futile possibility). This can be illustrated by way of an example. A Haskeller is playing around with parse combinators and decides to test out their parsing skills by writing a parser for Haskell module imports: stmt ::= import qualified A as B | import A Piggy-backing off of Parsec’s built in token combinators (and the sample code), their first version might look something like this: import Text.Parsec import qualified Text.Parsec.Token as P import Text.Parsec.Language (haskellDef) data Stmt = QualifiedImport String String | Import String deriving (Show) pStmt = pQualifiedImport <|> pImport pQualifiedImport = do reserved "import" reserved "qualified" i <- identifier reserved "as" i' <- identifier return (QualifiedImport i i') pImport = do reserved "import" i <- identifier return (Import i) lexer = P.makeTokenParser (haskellDef { P.reservedNames = P.reservedNames haskellDef ++ ["qualified", "as"] }) identifier = P.identifier lexer reserved = P.reserved lexer parseStmt input = parse (pStmt >> eof) "(unknown)" input Unfortunately, the parser doesn't work for regular imports—they get this error message: *Main> parseStmt "import Foo" Left "(unknown)" (line 1, column 8): unexpected "F" expecting "qualified" After a little Googling, they discover that Parsec doesn’t backtrack by default. Well, that’s fine; why not just insert a try into the parser. pStmt = try pQualifiedImport <|> pImport This fixes both parses and suggests the following rule for writing future parsers: If I need choice over multiple parsers, but some of these parsers might consume input, I better tack a try onto each of the parsers, so that I can backtrack. Unbeknownst to the user, they have introduced bad error reporting behavior: *Main> parseStmt "import qualified Foo s B" Left "(unknown)" (line 1, column 17): unexpected reserved word "qualified" expecting letter or digit or "#" Wait a second! The error we wanted was that there was an unexpected identifier s, when we were expecting as. But instead of reporting an error when this occurred, Parsec instead backtracked, and attempted to match the pImport rule, only failing once that rule failed. By then, the knowledge that one of our choice branches failed had been forever lost. How can we fix it? The problem is that our code backtracks when we, the developer, know it will be futile. In particular, once we have parsed import qualified, we know that the statement is, in fact, a qualified import, and we shouldn’t backtrack anymore. How can we get Parsec to understand this? Simple: reduce the scope of the try backtracking operator: pStmt = pQualifiedImport <|> pImport pQualifiedImport = do try$ do reserved "import" reserved "qualified" i <- identifier reserved "as" i' <- identifier return (QualifiedImport i i') Here, we have moved the try from pStmt into pQualifiedImport, and we only backtrack if import qualified fails to parse. Once it parses, we consume those tokens and we are now committed to the choice of a qualified import. The error messages get correspondingly better: *Main> parseStmt "import qualified Foo s F" Left "(unknown)" (line 1, column 22): unexpected "s" expecting "as" The moral of the story: The scope of backtracking try should be minimized, usually by placing it inside the definition of a parser. Some amount of cleverness is required: you have to be able to identify how much lookahead is necessary to commit to a branch, which generally depends on how the parser is used. Fortunately, many languages are constructed specifically so that the necessary lookahead is not too large, and for the types of projects I might use Parsec for, I’d be happy to sacrifice this modularity. Another way of looking at this fiasco is that Parsec is at fault: it shouldn’t offer an API that makes it so easy to mess up error messages—why can’t it automatically figure out what the necessary lookahead is? While a traditional parser generator can achieve this (and improve efficiency by avoiding backtracking altogether in our earlier example), there are some fundamental reasons why Parsec (and monadic parser combinator libraries like it) cannot automatically determine what the lookahead needs to be. This is one of the reasons (among many) why many Haskellers prefer faster parsers which simply don’t try to do any error handling at all. Why, then, did I write this post in the first place? There is still a substantial amount of documentation recommending the use of Parsec, and a beginning Haskeller is more likely than not going to implement their first parser in Parsec. And if someone is going to write a Parsec parser, you might as well spend a little time to limit your backtracking: it can make working with Parsec parsers a lot more pleasant. • May 17, 2014 ## GHC and mutable arrays: a DIRTY little secret I've been looking into an issue in a library in which as more mutable arrays are allocated, GC dominates (I think I verified this?) and all code gets slower in proportion to the number of mutable arrays that are hanging around. ...to which I replied: In the current GC design, mutable arrays of pointers are always placed on the mutable list. The mutable list of generations which are not being collected are always traversed; thus, the number of pointer arrays corresponds to a linear overhead for minor GCs. If you’re coming from a traditional, imperative language, you might find this very surprising: if you paid linear overhead per GC in Java for all the mutable arrays in your system... well, you probably wouldn't use Java ever, for anything. But most Haskell users seem to get by fine; mostly because Haskell encourages immutability, making it rare for one to need lots of mutable pointer arrays. Of course, when you do need it, it can be a bit painful. We have a GHC bug tracking the issue, and there is some low hanging fruit (a variant of mutable pointer arrays which has more expensive write operation, but which only gets put on the mutable list when you write to it) as well as some promising directions for how to implement card-marking for the heap, which is the strategy that GCs like the JVM's use. On a more meta-level, implementing a perfomant generational garbage collector for an immutable language is far, far easier than implementing one for a mutable language. This is my personal hypothesis why Go doesn’t have a generational collector yet, and why GHC has such terrible behavior on certain classes of mutation. Postscript. The title is a pun on the fact that “DIRTY” is used to describe mutable objects which have been written to since the last GC. These objects are part of the remembered set and must be traversed during garbage collection even if they are in an older generation. • May 9, 2014 ## Elimination with a Motive (in Coq) Elimination rules play an important role in computations over datatypes in proof assistants like Coq. In his paper "Elimination with a Motive", Conor McBride argued that "we should exploit a hypothesis not in terms of its immediate consequences, but in terms of the leverage it exerts on an arbitrary goal: we should give elimination a motive." In other words, proofs in a refinement setting (backwards reasoning) should use their goals to guide elimination. I recently had the opportunity to reread this historical paper, and in the process, I thought it would be nice to port the examples to Coq. Here is the result: http://web.mit.edu/~ezyang/Public/motive/motive.html It's basically a short tutorial motivating John Major equality (also known as heterogenous equality.) The linked text is essentially an annotated version of the first part of the paper—I reused most of the text, adding comments here and there as necessary. The source is also available at: http://web.mit.edu/~ezyang/Public/motive/motive.v • May 7, 2014 ## The cost of weak pointers and finalizers in GHC Weak pointers and finalizers are a very convenient feature for many types of programs. Weak pointers are useful for implementing memotables and solving certain classes of memory leaks, while finalizers are useful for fitting "allocate/deallocate" memory models into a garbage-collected language. Of course, these features don’t come for free, and so one might wonder what the cost of utilizing these two (closely related) features are in GHC. In this blog post, I want to explain how weak pointers and finalizers are implemented in the GHC runtime system and characterize what extra overheads you incur by using them. These post assumes some basic knowledge about how the runtime system and copying garbage collection work. ### The userland API The API for weak pointers is in System.Mem.Weak; in its full generality, a weak pointer consists of a key and a value, with the property that if the key is alive, then the value is considered alive. (A "simple" weak reference is simply one where the key and value are the same.) A weak pointer can also optionally be associated with a finalizer, which is run when the object is garbage collected. Haskell finalizers are not guaranteed to run. Foreign pointers in Foreign.ForeignPtr also have a the capability to attach a C finalizer; i.e. a function pointer that might get run during garbage collection. As it turns out, these finalizers are also implemented using weak pointers, but C finalizers are treated differently from Haskell finalizers. ### Representation of weak pointers A weak pointer is a special type of object with the following layout: typedef struct _StgWeak { /* Weak v */ StgClosure *cfinalizers; StgClosure *key; StgClosure *value; /* v */ StgClosure *finalizer; } StgWeak; As we can see, we have pointers to the key and value, as well as separate pointers for a single Haskell finalizer (just a normal closure) and C finalizers (which have the type StgCFinalizerList). There is also a link field for linking weak pointers together. In fact, when the weak pointer is created, it is added to the nursery's list of weak pointers (aptly named weak_ptr_list). As of GHC 7.8, this list is global, so we do have to take out a global lock when a new weak pointer is allocated; however, the lock has been removed in HEAD. ### Garbage collecting weak pointers Pop quiz! When we do a (minor) garbage collection on weak pointers, which of the fields in StgWeak are considered pointers, and which fields are considered non-pointers? The correct answer is: only the first field is considered a “pointer”; the rest are treated as non-pointers by normal GC. This is actually what you would expect: if we handled the key and value fields as normal pointer fields during GC, then they wouldn’t be weak at all. Once garbage collection has been completed (modulo all of the weak references), we then go through the weak pointer list and check if the keys are alive. If they are, then the values and finalizers should be considered alive, so we mark them as live, and head back and do more garbage collection. This process will continue as long as we keep discovering new weak pointers to process; however, this will only occur when the key and the value are different (if they are the same, then the key must have already been processed by the GC). Live weak pointers are removed from the "old" list and placed into the new list of live weak pointers, for the next time. Once there are no more newly discovered live pointers, the list of dead pointers is collected together, and the finalizers are scheduled (scheduleFinalizers). C finalizers are run on the spot during GC, while Haskell finalizers are batched together into a list and then shunted off to a freshly created thread to be run. That's it! There are some details for how to handle liveness of finalizers (which are heap objects too, so even if an object is dead we have to keep the finalizer alive for one more GC) and threads (a finalizer for a weak pointer can keep a thread alive). ### Tallying up the costs To summarize, here are the extra costs of a weak pointer: 1. Allocating a weak pointer requires taking a global lock (will be fixed in GHC 7.10) and costs six words (fairly hefty as far as Haskell heap objects tend to go.) 2. During each minor GC, processing weak pointers takes time linear to the size of the weak pointer lists for all of the generations being collected. Furthermore, this process involves traversing a linked list, so data locality will not be very good. This process may happen more than once, although once it is determined that a weak pointer is live, it is not processed again. The cost of redoing GC when a weak pointer is found to be live is simply the cost of synchronizing all parallel GC threads together. 3. The number of times you have to switch between GC'ing and processing weak pointers depends on the structure of the heap. Take a heap and add a special "weak link" from a key to its dependent weak value. Then we can classify objects by the minimum number of weak links we must traverse from a root to reach the object: call this the "weak distance". Supposing that a given weak pointer's weak distance is n, then we spend O(n) time processing that weak pointer during minor GC. The maximum weak distance constitutes how many times we need to redo the GC. In short, weak pointers are reasonably cheap when they are not deeply nested: you only pay the cost of traversing a linked list of all of the pointers you have allocated once per garbage collection. In the pessimal case (a chain of weak links, where the value of each weak pointer was not considered reachable until we discovered its key is live in the previous iteration), we can spend quadratic time processing weak pointers. • May 4, 2014 ## Calculating Shanten in Mahjong Move aside, poker! While the probabilities of various poker hands are well understood and tabulated, the Chinese game of chance Mahjong [1] enjoys a far more intricate structure of expected values and probabilities. [2] This is largely due in part to the much larger variety of tiles available (136 tiles, as opposed to the standard playing card deck size of 52), as well as the turn-by-turn game play, which means there is quite a lot of strategy involved with what is ostensibly a game of chance. In fact, the subject is so intricate, I’ve decided to write my PhD thesis on it. This blog post is a condensed version of one chapter of my thesis, considering the calculation of shanten, which we will define below. I’ll be using Japanese terms, since my favorite variant of mahjong is Riichi Mahjong; you can consult the Wikipedia article on the subject if you need to translate. ### Calculating Shanten The basic gameplay of Mahjong involves drawing a tile into a hand of thirteen tiles, and then discarding another tile. The goal is to form a hand of fourteen tiles (that is, after drawing, but before discarding a tile) which is a winning configuration. There are a number of different winning configurations, but most winning configurations share a similar pattern: the fourteen tiles must be grouped into four triples and a single pair. Triples are either three of the same tile, or three tiles in a sequence (there are three “suits” which can be used to form sequences); the pair is two of the same tiles. Here is an example: Represented numerically, this hand consists of the triples and pairs 123 55 234 789 456. One interesting quantity that is useful to calculate given a mahjong hand is the shanten number, that is, the number of tiles away from winning you are. This can be used to give you the most crude heuristic of how to play: discard tiles that get you closer to tenpai. The most widely known shanten calculator is this one on Tenhou’s website [3]; unfortunately, the source code for this calculator is not available. There is another StackOverflow question on the subject, but the “best” answer offers only a heuristic approach with no proof of correctness! Can we do better? Naïvely, the shanten number is a breadth first search on the permutations of a hand. When a winning hand is found, the algorithm terminates and indicates the depth the search had gotten to. Such an algorithm is obviously correct; unfortunately, with 136 tiles, one would have to traverse $((136-13)\times 14)^n$ hands (choices of new tiles times choices of discard) while searching for a winning hand that is n-shanten away. If you are four tiles away, you will have to traverse over six trillion hands. We can reduce this number by avoiding redundant work if we memoize the shanten associated with hands: however, the total number of possible hands is roughly $136 \choose 13$, or 59 bits. Though we can fit (via a combinatorial number system) a hand into a 64-bit integer, the resulting table is still far too large to hope to fit in memory. The trick is to observe that shanten calculation for each of the suits is symmetric; thus, we can dynamic program over a much smaller space of the tiles 1 through 9 for some generic suit, and then reuse these results when assembling the final calculation. $9 \times 4 \choose 13$ is still rather large, so we can take advantage of the fact that because there are four copies of each tile, an equivalent representation is a 9-vector of the numbers zero to four, with the constraint that the sum of these numbers is 13. Even without the constraint, the count $5^9$ is only two million, which is quite tractable. At a byte per entry, that’s 2MB of memory; less than your browser is using to view this webpage. (In fact, we want the constraint to actually be that the sum is less than or equal to 13, since not all hands are single-suited, so the number of tiles in a hand is less. The breadth-first search for solving a single suit proceeds as follows: 1. Initialize a table A indexed by tile configuration (a 9-vector of 0..4). 2. Initialize a todo queue Q of tile configurations. 3. Initialize all winning configurations in table A with shanten zero (this can be done by enumeration), recording these configurations in Q. 4. While the todo queue Q is not empty, pop the front element, mark the shanten of all adjacent uninitialized nodes as one greater than that node, and push those nodes onto the todo queue. With this information in hand, we can assemble the overall shanten of a hand. It suffices to try every distribution of triples and the pairs over the four types of tiles (also including null tiles), consulting the shanten of the requested shape, and return the minimum of all these configurations. There are $4 \times {4 + 4 - 1 \choose 4}$ (by stars and bars) combinations, for a total of 140 configurations. Computing the shanten of each configuration is a constant time operation into the lookup table generated by the per-suit calculation. A true shanten calculator must also accomodate the rare other hands which do not follow this configuration, but these winning configurations are usually highly constrained, and quite easily to (separately) compute the shanten of. With a shanten calculator, there are a number of other quantities which can be calculated. Uke-ire refers to the number of possible draws which can reduce the shanten of your hand: one strives for high uke-ire because it means that probability that you will draw a tile which moves your hand closer to winning. Given a hand, it's very easy to calculate its uke-ire: just look at all adjacent hands and count the number of hands which have lower shanten. ### Further extensions Suppose that you are trying to design an AI which can play Mahjong. Would the above shanten calculator provide a good evaluation metric for your hand? Not really: it has a major drawback, in that it does not consider the fact that some tiles are simply unavailable (they were discarded). For example, if all four “nine stick” tiles are visible on the table, then no hand configuration containing a nine stick is actually reachable. Adjusting for this situation is actually quite difficult, for two reasons: first, we can no longer precompute a shanten table, since we need to adjust at runtime what the reachability metric is; second, the various suits are no longer symmetric, so we have to do three times as much work. (We can avoid an exponential blowup, however, since there is no inter-suit interaction.) Another downside of the shanten and uke-ire metrics is that they are not direct measures of “tile efficiency”: that is, they do not directly dictate a strategy for discards which minimizes the expected time before you get a winning hand. Consider, for example, a situation where you have the tiles 233, and only need to make another triple in order to win. You have two possible discards: you can discard a 2 or a 3. In both cases, your shanten is zero, but discarding a 2, you can only win by drawing a 3, whereas discarding a 3, you can win by drawing a 1 or a 4. Maximizing efficiency requires considering the lifetime ure-kire of your hands. Even then, perfect tile efficiency is not enough to see victory: every winning hand is associated with a point-score, and so in many cases it may make sense to go for a lower-probability hand that has higher expected value. Our decomposition method completely falls apart here, as while the space of winning configurations can be partitioned, scoring has nonlocal effects, so the entire hand has to be considered as a whole. In such cases, one might try for a Monte Carlo approach, since the probability space is too difficult to directly characterize. However, in the Japanese Mahjong scoring system, there is yet another difficulty with this approach: the scoring system is exponential. Thus, we are in a situation where the majority of samples will be low scoring, but an exponentially few number of samples have exponential payoff. In such cases, it’s difficult to say if random sampling will actually give a good result, since it is likely to miscalculate the payoff, unless exponentially many samples are taken. (On the other hand, because these hands are so rare, an AI might do considerably well simply ignoring them.) To summarize, Mahjong is a fascinating game, whose large state space makes it difficult to accurately characterize the probabilities involved. In my thesis, I attempt to tackle some of these questions; please check it out if you are interested in more. [1] No, I am not talking about the travesty that is mahjong solitaire. [2] To be clear, I am not saying that poker strategy is simple—betting strategy is probably one of the most interesting parts of the game—I am simply saying that the basic game is rather simple, from a probability perspective. [3] Tenhou is a popular Japanese online mahjong client. The input format for the Tenhou calculator is 123m123p123s123z, where numbers before m indicate man tiles, p pin tiles, s sou tiles, and z honors (in order, they are: east, south, west, north, white, green, red). Each entry indicates which tile you can discard to move closer to tenpai; the next list is of ure-kire (and the number of tiles which move the hand further). • April 1, 2014 So you may have heard about this popular new programming language called Haskell. What's Haskell? Haskell is a non-dependently typed programming language, sporting general recursion, type inference and built-in side-effects. It is true that dependent types are considered an essential component of modern, expressive type systems. However, giving up dependence can result in certain benefits for other aspects of software engineering, and in this article, we'd like to talk about the omissions that Haskell makes to support these changes. ### Syntax There are a number of syntactic differences between Coq and Haskell, which we will point out as we proceed in this article. To start with, we note that in Coq, typing is denoted using a single colon (false : Bool); in Haskell, a double colon is used (False :: Bool). Additionally, Haskell has a syntactic restriction, where constructors must be capitalized, while variables must be lower-case. Similar to my OCaml for Haskellers post, code snippets will have the form: (* Coq *) {- Haskell -} ### Universes/kinding A universe is a type whose elements are types. They were originally introduced to constructive type theory by Per Martin-Löf. Coq sports an infinite hierarchy of universes (e.g. Type (* 0 *) : Type (* 1 *), Type (* 1 *) : Type (* 2 *), and so forth). Given this, it is tempting to draw an analogy between universes and Haskell’s kind of types * (pronounced “star”), which classifies types in the same way Type (* 0 *) classifies primitive types in Coq. Furthermore, the sort box classifies kinds (* : BOX, although this sort is strictly internal and cannot be written in the source language). However, the resemblance here is only superficial: it is misleading to think of Haskell as a language with only two universes. The differences can be summarized as follows: 1. In Coq, universes are used purely as a sizing mechanism, to prevent the creation of types which are too big. In Haskell, types and kinds do double duty to enforce the phase distinction: if a has kind *, then x :: a is guaranteed to be a runtime value; likewise, if k has sort box, then a :: k is guaranteed to be a compile-time value. This structuring is a common pattern in traditional programming languages, although knowledgeable folks like Conor McBride think that ultimately this is a design error, since one doesn’t really need a kinding system to have type erasure. 2. In Coq, universes are cumulative: a term which has type Type (* 0 *) also has type Type (* 1 *). In Haskell, there is no cumulativity between between types and kinds: if Nat is a type (i.e. has the type *), it is not automatically a kind. However, in some cases, partial cumulativity can be achieved using datatype promotion, which constructs a separate kind-level replica of a type, where the data constructors are now type-level constructors. Promotion is also capable of promoting type constructors to kind constructors. 3. In Coq, a common term language is used at all levels of universes. In Haskell, there are three distinct languages: a language for handling base terms (the runtime values), a language for handling type-level terms (e.g. types and type constructors) and a language for handling kind-level terms. In some cases this syntax is overloaded, but in later sections, we will often need to say how a construct is formulated separately at each level of the kinding system. One further remark: Type in Coq is predicative; in Haskell, * is impredicative, following the tradition of System F and other languages in the lambda cube, where kinding systems of this style are easy to model. ### Function types In Coq, given two types A and B, we can construct the type A -> B denoting functions from A to B (for A and B of any universe). Like Coq, functions with multiple arguments are natively supported using currying. Haskell supports function types for both types (Int -> Int) and kinds (* -> *, often called type constructors) and application by juxtaposition (e.g. f x). (Function types are subsumed by pi types, however, we defer this discussion for later.) However, Haskell has some restrictions on how one may construct functions, and utilizes different syntax when handling types and kinds: For expressions (with type a -> b where a, b :: *), both direct definitions and lambdas are supported. A direct definition is written in an equational style: Definition f x := x + x. f x = x + x while a lambda is represented using a backslash: fun x => x + x \x -> x + x For type families (with type k1 -> k2 where k1 and k2 are kinds), the lambda syntax is not supported. In fact, no higher-order behavior is permitted at the type-level; while we can directly define appropriately kinded type functions, at the end of the day, these functions must be fully applied or they will be rejected by the type-checker. From an implementation perspective, the omission of type lambdas makes type inference and checking much easier. 1. Type synonyms: Definition Endo A := A -> A. type Endo a = a -> a Type synonyms are judgmentally equal to their expansions. As mentioned in the introduction, they cannot be partially applied. They were originally intended as a limited syntactic mechanism for making type signatures more readable. 2. Closed type (synonym) families: Inductive fcode := | intcode : fcode | anycode : fcode. Definition interp (c : fcode) : Type := match c with | intcode -> bool | anycode -> char end. type family F a where F Int = Bool F a = Char While closed type families look like the addition of typecase (and would violate parametricity in that case), this is not the case, as closed type families can only return types. In fact, closed type families correspond to a well-known design pattern in Coq, where one writes inductive data type representing codes of types, and then having an interpretation function which interprets the codes as actual types. As we have stated earlier, Haskell has no direct mechanism for defining functions on types, so this useful pattern had to be supported directly in the type families functionality. Once again, closed type families cannot be partially applied. In fact, the closed type family functionality is a bit more expressive than an inductive code. In particular, closed type families support non-linear pattern matches (F a a = Int) and can sometimes reduce a term when no iota reductions are available, because some of the inputs are not known. The reason for this is because closed type families are “evaluated” using unification and constraint-solving, rather than ordinary term reduction as would be the case with codes in Coq. Indeed, nearly all of the “type level computation” one may perform in Haskell, is really just constraint solving. Closed type families are not available in a released version of GHC (yet), but there is a Haskell wiki page describing closed type families in more detail. 3. Open type (synonym) families: (* Not directly supported in Coq *) type family F a type instance F Int = Char type instance F Char = Int Unlike closed type families, open type families operate under an open universe, and have no analogue in Coq. Open type families do not support nonlinear matching, and must completely unify to reduce. Additionally, there are number of restrictions on the left-hand side and right-hand side of such families in order maintain decidable type inference. The section of the GHC manual Type instance declarations expands on these limitations. Both closed and type-level families can be used to implement computation at the type-level of data constructors which were lifted to the type-level via promotion. Unfortunately, any such algorithm must be implemented twice: once at the expression level, and once at the type level. Use of metaprogramming can alleviate some of the boilerplate necessary; see, for example, the singletons library. ### Dependent function types (Π-types) A Π-type is a function type whose codomain type can vary depending on the element of the domain to which the function is applied. Haskell does not have Π-types in any meaningful sense. However, if you only want to use a Π-type solely for polymorphism, Haskell does have support. For polymorphism over types (e.g. with type forall a : k, a -> a, where k is a kind), Haskell has a twist: Definition id : forall (A : Type), A -> A := fun A => fun x => x. id :: a -> a id = \x -> x In particular, the standard notation in Haskell is to omit both the type-lambda (at the expression level) and the quantification (at the type level). The quantification at the type level can be recovered using the explicit universal quantification extension: id :: forall a. a -> a However, there is no way to directly explicitly state the type-lambda. When the quantification is not at the top-level, Haskell requires an explicit type signature with the quantification put in the right place. This requires the rank-2 (or rank-n, depending on the nesting) polymorphism extension: Definition f : (forall A, A -> A) -> bool := fun g => g bool true. f :: (forall a. a -> a) -> Bool f g = g True Polymorphism is also supported at the kind-level using the kind polymorphism extension. However, there is no explicit forall for kind variables; you must simply mention a kind variable in a kind signature. Proper dependent types cannot be supported directly, but they can be simulated by first promoting data types from the expression level to the type-level. A runtime data-structure called a singleton is then used to refine the result of a runtime pattern-match into type information. This pattern of programming in Haskell is not standard, though there are recent academic papers describing how to employ it. One particularly good one is Hasochism: The Pleasure and Pain of Dependently Typed Haskell Program, by Sam Lindley and Conor McBride. ### Product types Coq supports cartesian product over types, as well as a nullary product type called unit. Very similar constructs are also implemented in the Haskell standard library: (true, false) : bool * bool (True, False) :: (Bool, Bool) tt : unit () :: () Pairs can be destructed using pattern-matching: match p with | (x, y) => ... end case p of (x, y) -> ... Red-blooded type theorists may take issue with this identification: in particular, Haskell’s default pair type is what is considered a negative type, as it is lazy in its values. (See more on polarity.) As Coq’s pair is defined inductively, i.e. positively, a more accurate identification would be with a strict pair, defined as data SPair a b = SPair !a !b; i.e. upon construction, both arguments are evaluated. This distinction is difficult to see in Coq, since positive and negative pairs are logically equivalent, and Coq does not distinguish between them. (As a total language, it is indifferent to choice of evaluation strategy.) Furthermore, it's relatively common practice to extract pairs into their lazy variants when doing code extraction. ### Dependent pair types (Σ-types) Dependent pair types are the generalization of product types to be dependent. As before, Σ-types cannot be directly expressed, except in the case where the first component is a type. In this case, there is an encoding trick utilizing data types which can be used to express so-called existential types: Definition p := exist bool not : { A : Type & A -> bool } data Ex = forall a. Ex (a -> Bool) p = Ex not As was the case with polymorphism, the type argument to the dependent pair is implicit. It can be specified explicitly by way of an appropriately placed type annotation. ### Recursion In Coq, all recursive functions must have a structurally decreasing argument, in order to ensure that all functions terminate. In Haskell, this restriction is lifted for the expression level; as a result, expression level functions may not terminate. At the type-level, by default, Haskell enforces that type level computation is decidable. However, this restriction can be lifted using the UndecidableInstances flag. It is generally believed that undecidable instances cannot be used to cause a violation of type safety, as nonterminating instances would simply cause the compiler to loop infinitely, and due to the fact that in Haskell, types cannot (directly) cause a change in runtime behavior. ### Inductive types/Recursive types In Coq, one has the capacity to define inductive data types. Haskell has a similar-looking mechanism for defining data types, but there are a number of important differences which lead many to avoid using the moniker inductive data types for Haskell data types (although it’s fairly common for Haskellers to use the term anyway.) Basic types like boolean can be defined with ease in both languages (in all cases, we will use the GADT syntax for Haskell data-types, as it is closer in form to Coq’s syntax and strictly more powerful): Inductive bool : Type := | true : bool | false : bool. data Bool :: * where True :: Bool False :: Bool Both also support recursive occurrences of the type being defined: Inductive nat : Type := | z : nat | s : nat -> nat. data Nat :: * where Z :: Nat S :: Nat -> Nat One has to be careful though: our definition of Nat in Haskell admits one more term: infinity (an infinite chain of successors). This is similar to the situation with products, and stems from the fact that Haskell is lazy. Haskell’s data types support parameters, but these parameters may only be types, and not values. (Though, recall that data types can be promoted to the type level). Thus, the standard type family of vectors may be defined, assuming an appropriate type-level nat (as usual, explicit forall has been omitted): Inductive vec (A : Type) : nat -> Type := | vnil : vec A 0 | vcons : forall n, A -> vec A n -> vec A (S n) data Vec :: Nat -> * -> * where VNil :: Vec Z a VCons :: a -> Vec n a -> Vec (S n) a As type-level lambda is not supported but partial application of data types is (in contrast to type families), the order of arguments in the type must be chosen with care. (One could define a type-level flip, but they would not be able to partially apply it.) Haskell data type definitions do not have the strict positivity requirement, since we are not requiring termination; thus, peculiar data types that would not be allowed in Coq can be written: data Free f a where Free :: f (Free f a) -> Free f a Pure :: a -> Free f a data Mu f where Roll :: f (Mu f) -> Mu f ### Inference Coq has support for requesting that a term be inferred by the unification engine, either by placing an underscore in a context or by designating an argument as implicit (how one might implement in Coq the omission of type arguments of polymorphic functions as seen in Haskell). Generally, one cannot expect all inference problems in a dependently typed language to be solvable, and the inner-workings of Coq’s unification engines (plural!) are considered a black art (no worry, as the trusted kernel will verify that the inferred arguments are well-typed). Haskell as specified in Haskell'98 enjoys principal types and full type inference under Hindley-Milner. However, to recover many of the advanced features enjoyed by Coq, Haskell has added numerous extensions which cannot be easily accomodated by Hindley-Milner, including type-class constraints, multiparameter type classes, GADTs and type families. The current state-of-the-art is an algorithm called OutsideIn(X). With these features, there are no completeness guarantee. However, if the inference algorithm accepts a definition, then that definition has a principal type and that type is the type the algorithm found. ### Conclusion This article started as a joke over in OPLSS'13, where I found myself explaining some of the hairier aspects of Haskell’s type system to Jason Gross, who had internalized Coq before he had learned much Haskell. Its construction was iced for a while, but later I realized that I could pattern the post off of the first chapter of the homotopy type theory book. While I am not sure how useful this document will be for learning Haskell, I think it suggests a very interesting way of mentally organizing many of Haskell’s more intricate type-system features. Are proper dependent types simpler? Hell yes. But it’s also worth thinking about where Haskell goes further than most existing dependently typed languages... ### Postscript Bob Harper complained over Twitter that this post suggested misleading analogies in some situations. I've tried to correct some of his comments, but in some cases I wasn't able to divine the full content of his comments. I invite readers to see if they can answer these questions: 1. Because of the phase distinction, Haskell’s type families are not actually type families, in the style of Coq, Nuprl or Agda. Why? 2. This post is confused about the distinction between elaboration (type inference) and semantics (type structure). Where is this confusion? 3. Quantification over kinds is not the same as quantification over types. Why? • March 17, 2014 ## Equality, roughly speaking In Software Foundations, equality is defined in this way: Even Coq's equality relation is not built in. It has (roughly) the following inductive definition. Inductive eq0 {X:Type} : X -> X -> Prop := refl_equal0 : forall x, eq0 x x. Why the roughly? Well, as it turns out, Coq defines equality a little differently (reformatted to match the Software Foundations presentation): Inductive eq1 {X:Type} (x:X) : X -> Prop := refl_equal1 : eq1 x x. What’s the difference? The trick is to look at the induction principles that Coq generates for each of these: eq0_ind : forall (X : Type) (P : X -> X -> Prop), (forall x : X, P x x) -> forall y y0 : X, eq0 y y0 -> P y y0 eq1_ind : forall (X : Type) (x : X) (P : X -> Prop), P x -> forall y : X, eq1 x y -> P y During our Homotopy Type Theory reading group, Jeremy pointed out that the difference between these two principles is exactly the difference between path induction (eq0) and based path induction (eq1). (This is covered in the Homotopy Type Theory book in section 1.12) So, Coq uses the slightly weirder definition because it happens to be a bit more convenient. (I’m sure this is folklore, but I sure didn’t notice this until now! For more reading, check out this excellent blog post by Dan Licata.) • January 30, 2014 ## How to maintain a pristine copy of your configuration files etckeeper is a pretty good tool for keeping your /etc under version control, but one thing that it won’t tell you is what the diff between your configuration and a pristine version of your configuration (if you installed the same packages on the system, but didn’t change any configuration). People have wanted this, but I couldn’t find anything that actually did this. A month ago, I figured out a nice, easy way to achieve this under etckeeper with a Git repository. The idea is to maintain a pristine branch, and when an upgrade occurs, automatically apply the patch (automatically generated) to a pristine branch. This procedure works best on a fresh install, since I don’t have a good way of reconstructing history if you haven’t been tracking the pristine from the start. Here’s how it goes: 1. Install etckeeper. It is best if you are using etckeeper 1.10 or later, but if not, you should replace 30store-metadata with a copy from the latest version. This is important, because pre-1.10, the metadata store included files that were ignored, which means you’ll get lots of spurious conflicts. 2. Initialize the Git repository using etckeeper init and make an initial commit git commit. 3. Create a pristine branch: git branch pristine (but stay on the master branch) 4. Modify the etckeeper configuration so that VCS="git", AVOID_DAILY_AUTOCOMMITS=1 and AVOID_COMMIT_BEFORE_INSTALL=1: diff --git a/etckeeper/etckeeper.conf b/etckeeper/etckeeper.conf index aedf20b..99b4e43 100644 --- a/etckeeper/etckeeper.conf +++ b/etckeeper/etckeeper.conf @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ # The VCS to use. #VCS="hg" -#VCS="git" -VCS="bzr" +VCS="git" +#VCS="bzr" #VCS="darcs" # Options passed to git commit when run by etckeeper. @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ DARCS_COMMIT_OPTIONS="-a" # Uncomment to avoid etckeeper committing existing changes # to /etc automatically once per day. -#AVOID_DAILY_AUTOCOMMITS=1 +AVOID_DAILY_AUTOCOMMITS=1 # Uncomment the following to avoid special file warning # (the option is enabled automatically by cronjob regardless). @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ DARCS_COMMIT_OPTIONS="-a" # Uncomment to avoid etckeeper committing existing changes to # /etc before installation. It will cancel the installation, # so you can commit the changes by hand. -#AVOID_COMMIT_BEFORE_INSTALL=1 +AVOID_COMMIT_BEFORE_INSTALL=1 # The high-level package manager that's being used. # (apt, pacman-g2, yum, zypper etc) 5. Apply this patch to etckeeper/commit.d/50vcs-commit. This patch is responsible for keeping the pristine branch up-to-date (more explanation below). 6. Create a .gitattributes file with contents .etckeeper merge=union. This makes merges on the metadata file use the union strategy, which reduces spurious conflicts dramatically: diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7a1f4d --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +.etckeeper merge=union 7. Commit these changes. 8. Permit pushes to the checked out /etc by running git config receive.denyCurrentBranch warn 9. All done! Try installing a package that has some configuration and then running sudo gitk in /etc to view the results. You can run a diff by running sudo git diff pristine master. So, what’s going on under the hood? The big problem that blocked me from a setup like this in the past is that you would like the package manager to apply its changes into the pristine etc, so that you can merge in the changes yourself on the production version, but it’s not obvious how to convince dpkg that /etc lives somewhere else. Nor do you want to revert your system configuration to pristine version, apply the update, and then revert back: this is just asking for trouble. So the idea is to apply the (generated) patch as normal, but then reapply the patch (using a cherry-pick) to the pristine branch, and then rewrite history so the parent pointers are correct. All of this happens outside of /etc, so the production copy of the configuration files never gets touched. Of course, sometimes the cherry-pick might fail. In that case, you’ll get an error like this: Branch pristine set up to track remote branch pristine from origin. Switched to a new branch 'pristine' error: could not apply 4fed9ce... committing changes in /etc after apt run hint: after resolving the conflicts, mark the corrected paths hint: with 'git add <paths>' or 'git rm <paths>' hint: and commit the result with 'git commit' Failed to import changes to pristine TMPREPO = /tmp/etckeeper-gitrepo.CUCpBEuVXg TREEID = 8c2fbef8a8f3a4bcc4d66d996c5362c7ba8b17df Do not fret: all that has happened is that the pristine branch is not up-to-date. You can resolve this problem by looking at \$TMPREPO/etc, where you will see some sort of merge conflict. Resolve the conflict and commit. Now you will need to manually complete the rest of the script, this can be done with: git checkout master
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https://www.xaprb.com/blog/2005/10/26/adblock-patterns/
### Baron Schwartz's Blog One of the greatest things about Firefox is the ability to customize the browser with extensions. By far my favorite extension is Adblock. It allows you to specify arbitrary regular expression patterns to block your browser from fetching and displaying content. The regular expression syntax is standard JavaScript syntax, based on Perl 5. Blocking content is a delicate dance. It’s very easy to block too much, so the patterns need to be fairly specific. The following patterns will match almost any content I don’t want to see on the Internet, and rarely block something I do want to see. Note that these are regular expressions. • .swf • 2o7 • a1.yimg • atdmt • atwola • banner • bizrate • bluestreak • burstnet • casalemedia • coremetrics • doubleclick • falkag • fastclick • feedstermedia • hitbox • imiclk • intellitxt • js.overture • kanoodle • kontera • mediaplex • nextag • pointroll • qksrv • rightmedia • speedera • statcounter • tribalfusion • webtrends To use it, join the entire list with | and start and end it with /. The following is everything together as a single regular expression. This is my one and only Adblock filter: /\bads\b|2o7|a1\.yimg|adbrite|adclick|adfarm|adrevolver|adserver|adtech|advert|atdmt|atwola|banner|bizrate|blogads|bluestreak|burstnet|casalemedia|coremetrics|doubleclick|falkag|fastclick|feedstermedia|googlesyndication|hitbox|httpads|imiclk|intellitxt|js\.overture|kanoodle|kontera|mediaplex|nextag|pointroll|qksrv|rightmedia|speedera|statcounter|tribalfusion|webtrends/ If you’re familiar with regular expressions, you will have realized some of the entries can be combined into one with grouping. Without taking this to extremes, here is the shorter version: /\bads\b|2o7|a1\.yimg|ad(brite|click|farm|revolver|server|tech|vert)|at(dmt|wola)|banner|bizrate|blogads|bluestreak|burstnet|casalemedia|coremetrics|(double|fast)click|falkag|(feedster|right)media|googlesyndication|hitbox|httpads|imiclk|intellitxt|js\.overture|kanoodle|kontera|mediaplex|nextag|pointroll|qksrv|speedera|statcounter|tribalfusion|webtrends/ I don’t block swf because the flashblock extension blocks Flash more conveniently than AdBlock, in my opinion. I'm Baron Schwartz, the founder and CEO of VividCortex. I am the author of High Performance MySQL and lots of open-source software for performance analysis, monitoring, and system administration. I contribute to various database communities such as Oracle, PostgreSQL, Redis and MongoDB. More about me.
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https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/jmd.2008.2.129
# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences • Previous Article Explicit Jenkins-Strebel representatives of all strata of Abelian and quadratic differentials • JMD Home • This Issue • Next Article On measures invariant under diagonalizable actions: the Rank-One case and the general Low-Entropy method January  2008, 2(1): 129-138. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2008.2.129 ## Simultaneous diophantine approximation with quadratic and linear forms 1 School of Mathematics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India Received  August 2007 Revised  October 2007 Published  October 2007 Let $Q$ be a nondegenerate indefinite quadratic form on $\mathbb{R}^n$, $n\geq 3$, which is not a scalar multiple of a rational quadratic form, and let $C_Q=\{v\in \mathbb R^n | Q(v)=0\}$. We show that given $v_1\in C_Q$, for almost all $v\in C_Q \setminus \mathbb R v_1$ the following holds: for any $a\in \mathbb R$, any affine plane $P$ parallel to the plane of $v_1$ and $v$, and $\epsilon >0$ there exist primitive integral $n$-tuples $x$ within $\epsilon$ distance of $P$ for which $|Q(x)-a|<\epsilon$. An analogous result is also proved for almost all lines on $C_Q$. Citation: Shrikrishna G. Dani. Simultaneous diophantine approximation with quadratic and linear forms. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2008, 2 (1) : 129-138. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2008.2.129 [1] Dmitry Kleinbock, Barak Weiss. Dirichlet's theorem on diophantine approximation and homogeneous flows. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2008, 2 (1) : 43-62. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2008.2.43 [2] Jiyoung Han, Seonhee Lim, Keivan Mallahi-Karai. Asymptotic distribution of values of isotropic here quadratic forms at S-integral points. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2017, 11: 501-550. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2017020 [3] Nimish Shah, Lei Yang. Equidistribution of curves in homogeneous spaces and Dirichlet's approximation theorem for matrices. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (9) : 5247-5287. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020227 [4] Chao Ma, Baowei Wang, Jun Wu. Diophantine approximation of the orbits in topological dynamical systems. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2019, 39 (5) : 2455-2471. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019104 [5] Hans Koch, João Lopes Dias. Renormalization of diophantine skew flows, with applications to the reducibility problem. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2008, 21 (2) : 477-500. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.21.477 [6] Sanghoon Kwon, Seonhee Lim. Equidistribution with an error rate and Diophantine approximation over a local field of positive characteristic. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2018, 38 (1) : 169-186. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018008 [7] Arturo Echeverría-Enríquez, Alberto Ibort, Miguel C. Muñoz-Lecanda, Narciso Román-Roy. Invariant forms and automorphisms of locally homogeneous multisymplectic manifolds. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2012, 4 (4) : 397-419. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2012.4.397 [8] Anish Ghosh, Dubi Kelmer. A quantitative Oppenheim theorem for generic ternary quadratic forms. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2018, 12: 1-8. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2018001 [9] X. X. Huang, D. Li, Xiaoqi Yang. Convergence of optimal values of quadratic penalty problems for mathematical programs with complementarity constraints. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2006, 2 (3) : 287-296. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2006.2.287 [10] Constantin N. Beli. Representations of integral quadratic forms over dyadic local fields. Electronic Research Announcements, 2006, 12: 100-112. [11] Jyrki Lahtonen, Gary McGuire, Harold N. Ward. Gold and Kasami-Welch functions, quadratic forms, and bent functions. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2007, 1 (2) : 243-250. doi: 10.3934/amc.2007.1.243 [12] Livio Flaminio, Giovanni Forni, Federico Rodriguez Hertz. Invariant distributions for homogeneous flows and affine transformations. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2016, 10: 33-79. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2016.10.33 [13] Daniel Guan. Classification of compact complex homogeneous spaces with invariant volumes. Electronic Research Announcements, 1997, 3: 90-92. [14] Daniel Guan. Classification of compact homogeneous spaces with invariant symplectic structures. Electronic Research Announcements, 1997, 3: 52-54. [15] Maxim Sølund Kirsebom. Extreme value theory for random walks on homogeneous spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2014, 34 (11) : 4689-4717. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.4689 [16] Danijela Damjanovic, James Tanis, Zhenqi Jenny Wang. On globally hypoelliptic abelian actions and their existence on homogeneous spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020  doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020164 [17] Yong Fang, Patrick Foulon, Boris Hasselblatt. Longitudinal foliation rigidity and Lipschitz-continuous invariant forms for hyperbolic flows. Electronic Research Announcements, 2010, 17: 80-89. doi: 10.3934/era.2010.17.80 [18] Jaeyoo Choy, Hahng-Yun Chu. On the dynamics of flows on compact metric spaces. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2010, 9 (1) : 103-108. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2010.9.103 [19] Betseygail Rand, Lorenzo Sadun. An approximation theorem for maps between tiling spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2011, 29 (1) : 323-326. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.29.323 [20] Ling-Xiong Han, Wen-Hui Li, Feng Qi. Approximation by multivariate Baskakov–Kantorovich operators in Orlicz spaces. Electronic Research Archive, 2020, 28 (2) : 721-738. doi: 10.3934/era.2020037 2019 Impact Factor: 0.465
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https://hyhokowilebonofip.scrapbookingnadiastpierre.com/beta-decay-book-38826lr.php
Last edited by Zolosida Wednesday, August 5, 2020 | History 2 edition of Beta decay found in the catalog. Beta decay Otto Kofoed-Hansen # Beta decay ## by Otto Kofoed-Hansen Written in English Subjects: • Beta rays, • Edition Notes Classifications The Physical Object Statement [by O.M. Kofoed-Hansen and C.J. Christensen] Series Handbuch der Physik ;, Bd. 41:2 Contributions Christensen, C. J., joint author. LC Classifications QC21 .H327 Bd. 41. t. 2 Pagination 117 p. Number of Pages 117 Open Library OL5874008M LC Control Number 63002092 OCLC/WorldCa 12896940 Beta Decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is transformed into a neutron or vice versa inside the nucleus of the radioactive sample. Processes like this and alpha decay allow the nucleus of the radioactive sample to get as close as possible to the optimum neutron/ proton ratio. While doing so, the nucleus emits a beta particle.   texts All Books All Texts latest This Just In Smithsonian Libraries FEDLINK (US) Genealogy Lincoln Collection. National Emergency Library. Top Beta decay by Wu, C. S. (Chien-shiung), Publication date Topics Beta decay Publisher New York: Interscience Publishers CollectionPages: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Wu, Chien-shiung. Beta decay. New York, Interscience Publishers [] (OCoLC) Document Type: Book. Beta Decay []. Among the three types of radioactivity, the and rays were easily explained. The emission of particle is kind of lop-sided fission reaction, when an initial nucleus spontaneously decays in two fragments one of which is the nucleus He (i.e. particle). The rays are electromagnetic quanta (photons) emitted by a nuclear system when it transits from one . Beta decay occurs when, in a nucleus with too many protons or too many neutrons, one of the protons or neutrons is transformed into the other. In beta minus decay, as shown in Fig. a, a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino: n Æ p + e-+—n. In beta plus decay, shown in Fig. b, a proton decays into. beta decay. In beta decay. In positron emission, also called positive beta decay (β +-decay), a proton in the parent nucleus decays into a neutron that remains in the daughter nucleus, and the nucleus emits a neutrino and a positron, which is a positive particle like an ordinary electron in mass but Read More; radioactivity classifications. You might also like Our government, for spoils or service? Our government, for spoils or service? Sidney Janis presents an exhibition of 75 collages by Schwitters Sidney Janis presents an exhibition of 75 collages by Schwitters Two novels Two novels Renaissance velvets Renaissance velvets book of the Sines. book of the Sines. Soil survey of Prince Edward Island Soil survey of Prince Edward Island Iterations Iterations Facility and telecommunications needs of tribally controlled community colleges Facility and telecommunications needs of tribally controlled community colleges Friedrich Hebbels Herod and Marianne Friedrich Hebbels Herod and Marianne Modal counterpoint in the style of the sixteenth century Modal counterpoint in the style of the sixteenth century S.C.O.R.E. for Life (R) S.C.O.R.E. for Life (R) vestry minute-book of the Parish of Stratford-on-Avon from 1617 to 1699 A.D vestry minute-book of the Parish of Stratford-on-Avon from 1617 to 1699 A.D Mama! Why Did You Kill Us? Mama! Why Did You Kill Us? Online shopping from a great selection at Books Store. Controversy and Consensus: Nuclear Beta Decay – (Science Networks. Beta Decay Hardcover – January 1, by S.A. Moszkowski (Author), C.S. Wu (Author) See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editionsAuthors: C.S. Wu, S.A. Moszkowski. 3-decay interaction allowed transitions angle angular correlation angular distribution angular momentum annihilation antineutrino approximation asymmetry atomic axis beta decay boson C.V.C. theory calculated capture rate Chap charge conjugation circular polarization circularly combination components correction Coulomb coupling constants cross section Decay scheme. The Theory of Beta-Decay covers the formulas, theories, probabilities, and spectra of beta-decay. This book is divided into 2 parts compassing 12 chapters, and starts with the introduction to the neutrino and the quantum theoretical background, explaining the basic phenomenon of beta-decay and the emission of electrons. The Theory of Beta-Decay covers the formulas, theories, probabilities, and spectra of beta-decay. This book is divided into 2 parts compassing 12 chapters, and starts with the introduction to the Beta decay book and the quantum theoretical background, explaining the basic phenomenon of beta-decay and the emission of Edition: 1. Beta Decay. By C. Wu and S. Moszkowski. (Interscience Monographs and Texts in Physics and Astronomy, Vol. ) Pp. xiv + (New York and London: Interscience Cited by: 3. A particle physics picture of β−-decay is given in Figure Figure The particle physics view of β−-decay. In this case, the Beta decay book force is carried by the intermediate vector boson, the W−. In the case of β−-decay, the weak force is carried by the intermediate vector boson, the W+, the antiparticle to the W−.File Size: KB. 2 alpha!decay,!angular!momentumplays!a!crucial!role!in!understanding!the!process.!Let!us. consider!the!simplest!formof!tonandthe!File Size: 2MB. Beta Decay. Beta decay is somewhat more complex than alpha decay is. These points present a simplified view of what beta decay actually is: 1) A neutron inside the nucleus of an atom breaks down, changing into a proton. 2) It emits an electron and an antineutrino (more on this later), both of which go zooming off into space. Beta decay, any of three processes of radioactive disintegration by which some unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously dissipate excess energy and undergo a change of one unit of positive charge without any change in mass number. The three processes are electron emission, positron (positive electron) emission, and electron capture. The second type of beta decay is less common than the first. It is $$\beta^+$$ decay. Certain nuclides decay by the emission of a positive electron. This is antielectron or positron decay (Figure $$\PageIndex{5}$$). Figure $$\PageIndex{5}$$: $$\beta^+$$ decay is the emission of a positron that eventually finds an electron to annihilate, characteristically producing gammas in. Beta decay converts a neutron to a proton and emits a high-energy electron, producing a daughter nucleus with the same mass number as the parent and an atomic number that is higher by 1. Positron emission is the opposite of beta decay and converts a proton to a neutron plus a positron. Positron emission does not change the mass number of the. Beta decay is the loss of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. In Beta decay, a high-energy electron (called a beta particle) is emitted from a neutron in the nucleus of a radioactive atom. That neutron may be thought of as a combination of a beta particle (negative charge) with a proton (positive charge). The loss of the negatively charged beta particle leaves behind a. A Fermi transition or a Gamow–Teller transition are types of nuclear beta decay determined by changes in angular momentum or spin. In the Fermi transition, the spins of the emitted particles are antiparallel, coupling to =, so the angular momentum of the initial and final angular momentum states of the nucleus are unchanged (=).This is in contrast to a Gamow-Teller transition, where. Beta Decay. likes 1 talking about this. This is our Dark Fairytale ; lowers: Beta decays tend to allow the nucleus to approach the optimal proton/neutron ratio. When there are too many neutrons related to the protons, negative beta decay occurs; when there are too many protons related to the neutrons, positive beta decay takes place. This book has been divided into four chapters Radioactivity and Isotopes, X-particles, Bdecay, Y Radiations. This book is very helpful for the students of. colorado lab answers beta decay librarydoc65 PDF may not make exciting reading, but phet colorado lab answers beta decay librarydoc65 is packed with valuable instructions, information and warnings. We also have many ebooks and user guide is also related with phet colorado lab answers beta decayFile Size: 64KB. Krane’s book first. This reading is supplementary to that, and the subsection ordering will mirror that of Krane’s, at least until further notice. The Radioactive Decay Law Exponential decay law Consider a system of particles, N 0 in number at time, t= 0. Each of these particles has an independent, but equal probability of decay per File Size: KB. In this graduate-level text, Harry J. Lipkin presents simply, but without oversimplification, the aspects of beta decay that can be understood without reference to the formal theory; that is, the reactions that follow directly from conservation laws and elementary quantum :. Beta decay (cont) • The second type of beta decay is β+ (positron) decay. • In this decay, ΔZ = -1, ΔN =+1, ΔA =0, i.e., a nuclear proton changes into a nuclear neutron with the emission of a positron, β+, and an electron neutrino, ν e • An example of this decay is • Like β- decay, in β+ decay, the decay energy is shared between theFile Size: 8MB.Beta decay is one process that unstable atoms can use to become more stable. There are two types of beta decay, beta-minus and beta-plus. During beta-minus decay, a neutron in an atom's nucleus turns into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino. The electron and antineutrino fly away from the nucleus.Beta decay is radioactive decay (see radioactivity) by emission of a beta process proceeds via the weak interaction and includes all nuclear decays in which the mass number, A, remains constant and the atomic number, Z, changes by one unit. There are three main types of beta decay.
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http://www.birs.ca/events/2018/5-day-workshops/18w5011/schedule
# Schedule for: 18w5011 - Lipschitz Geometry of Singularities Arriving in Oaxaca, Mexico on Sunday, October 21 and departing Friday October 26, 2018 Sunday, October 21 14:00 - 23:59 Check-in begins (Front desk at your assigned hotel) 19:30 - 22:00 Dinner (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) 20:30 - 21:30 Informal gathering (Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) Monday, October 22 07:30 - 08:45 Breakfast (Restaurant at your assigned hotel) 08:45 - 09:00 Introduction and Welcome (Conference Room San Felipe) 09:00 - 10:00 Adam Parusinski: Arc spaces, motivic measure and Lipschitz geometry of real algebraic sets We investigate connections between Lipschitz geometry of real algebraic varieties and properties of their arc spaces. First we define a real motivic integral which admits a change of variable formula not only for the birational but also for generically one-to-one Nash maps. As a consequence we obtain an inverse mapping theorem which holds for generically arc-analytic maps. Then we characterize in terms of the motivic measure, germs of arc-analytic homeomorphisms between real algebraic varieties which are bi-Lipschitz for the inner metric. (Based on a joint paper with J.-B. Campesato, T. Fukui, and K. Kurdyka.) (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:00 - 10:30 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:30 - 11:30 Patrick Popescu-Pampu: The valuative tree is the projective limit of Eggers-Wall trees I will speak about a common work with García Barroso and González P\'erez. Favre and Jonsson described in 2004 from various viewpoints a structure of real tree on the projectified space of semivaluations centered at a smooth point of a complex surface. We describe it from another viewpoint, as the projective limit of the Eggers-Wall trees of the reduced germs of curves at the given point. The Eggers-Wall tree measures the contacts between the various Newton-Puiseux series of a given curve singularity. Therefore, our viewpoint is adapted whenever one studies the local geometry of surfaces using such series. (Conference Room San Felipe) 11:45 - 12:45 Lorenzo Fantini: Non-archimedean links of singularities I will introduce a non-archimedean version of the link of a singularity. This object will be a space of valuations, a close relative of non-archimedean analytic spaces (in the sense of Berkovich) over trivially valued fields. After describing the structure of these links, I will deduce information about the resolutions of surface singularities. If times allows, I will then characterize those normal surface singularities whose link satisfies a self-similarity property. The last part is a joint work with Charles Favre and Matteo Ruggiero. (Conference Room San Felipe) 12:50 - 13:00 Group Photo (Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) 13:00 - 15:30 Lunch (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) 15:30 - 16:30 Maria Michalska: Relations between polynomial solutions, extensions, radical ideals and Lipschitz normal embeddings. Take polynomials $f,g\in k[X]$, where $k$ is the field of complex or real numbers. Under certain assumptions we show equivalence of the following conditions: (i) $(f,g)$ is radical (ii) for every polynomial $h$ if there exists a pointwise solution of $$A\cdot f + B\cdot g =h$$ then there exists its polynomial solution (iii) every continuous function $$F=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \alpha & on\ \{f=0\}\\ \beta & on\ \{g=0\} \end{array}\right.$$ with $\alpha,\beta\in{k}[X]$, is a restriction of a polynomial. We will discuss relation of (i-iii) with Lipschitz normal embeddings. Work in progress. (Conference Room San Felipe) 16:30 - 17:00 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 17:00 - 17:30 Nhan Nguyen: Classification of Lipschitz simple germs I: Lipschitz invariants. Exposé couplé avec Saurabh Trivedi We would like to present some bi-Lipschitz invariants that are used in our recent work on classification of Lipschitz simple germs. The invariants include rank, corank and algebraic tangent cone of non-quadratic part of function germs. (Conference Room San Felipe) 17:30 - 18:00 Saurabh Trivedi: Classification of Lipschitz simple germs II: deformations and triviality In the first part we presented some bi-Lipschitz invariant. In this second part on the classification of Lipschitz simple germs we present techniques for checking bi-Lipschitz triviality of one-parameter deformations and give a list of smooth one-modal germs that are bi-Lipschitz trivial. Furthermore, we present the complete list of Lipschitz simple germs. (Conference Room San Felipe) 19:00 - 21:00 Dinner (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) Tuesday, October 23 07:30 - 09:00 Breakfast (Restaurant at your assigned hotel) 09:00 - 10:00 Andrei Gabrielov: Lipschitz Classification of definable Surface Singularities We consider the problem of Lipschitz classification of singularities of Real Surfaces definable in a polynomially bounded o-minimal structure (e.g., semialgebraic or subanalytic) with respect to the outer metric. The problem is closely related to the problem of classification of definable functions with respect to Lipschitz Contact equivalence. Invariants of bi-Lipschitz Contact equivalence presented in Birbrair et al. (2017) are used as building blocks for the complete invariant of bi-Lipschitz equivalence of definable surface singularities with respect to the outer metric. (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:00 - 10:30 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:30 - 11:30 Lev Birbrair: Complete Lipschitz classification of germs of real definable surfaces, with respect to the outer metric We consider the problem of Lipschitz classification of singularities of Real Surfaces definable in a polynomially bounded o-minimal structure (e.g., semialgebraic or subanalytic) with respect to the outer metric. The problem is closely related to the problem of classification of definable functions with respect to Lipschitz Contact equivalence. Invariants of bi-Lipschitz Contact equivalence presented in Birbrair et al. (2017) are used as building blocks for the complete invariant of bi-Lipschitz equivalence of definable surface singularities with respect to the outer metric. (Conference Room San Felipe) 11:45 - 12:15 Juan Viu-Sos: Motivic zeta functions on $\mathbb{Q}$-Gorenstein varieties and $\mathbb{Q}$-resolution of singularities. The motivic zeta function $Z_{mot}(f;s)$ is a geometrical invariant associated to a complex polynomial $f\in\mathbb{C}[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ or germ map, introduced by Dener and Loeser in 1998 as a generalization of the topological zeta function $Z_{top}(f;s)$ by using Kontsevich's motivic integration theory. These zeta functions are related with the topology of $f^{-1}(0)$ via the Monodromy Conjecture, which affirms that any pole $s_0$ gives an eigenvalue of the monodromy on the cohomology of the Milnor fiber of $f^{-1}(0)$. They are classically computed in terms of an embedded resolution of singularities of $f^{-1}(0)$, where every exceptional divisor gives a pole candidate'' $s_0$ for $Z_{mot}(f;s)$ (or $Z_{top}(f;s)$), which could be not an actual pole when one gets the final expression. The conjecture is proved in some particular cases, but one of the main difficulties is to deal with resolution models with a lot of exceptional divisors, providing bad pole candidates''. In this work, we study the notion of motivic zeta functions in the context of $\mathbb{Q}$-divisors in a $\mathbb{Q}$-Gorenstein variety, where we obtain a useful version of the motivic change of variables formula depending on the relative canonical divisor. As an application, we obtain a closed formula for $Z_{mot}(f;s)$ in terms of weighted blow-ups and more generally the so-called \emph{embedded $\mathbf{Q}$-resolutions of singularities} of $f^{-1}(0)$, which are roughly embedded resolutions $\pi:X\to\mathbb{C}^n$ where the ambient space $X$ is allowed to contain abelian quotient singularities, providing a simpler'' model with less exceptional divisors and thus less bad pole candidates'' for $Z_{mot}(f;s)$. (Conference Room San Felipe) 12:30 - 13:00 Otoniel Nogueira Da Silva: Whitney equisingularity in family of generically reduced curves We say that two germs of analytic sets $(M,0)$ and $(N,0)$ in $(\mathbb{C}^n,0)$ have the same embedded topological type or are topologically equivalent if there exists a germ of homeomorphism $\varphi : (\mathbb{C}^n,M,0) \rightarrow (\mathbb{C}^n,N,0)$. We consider a topologically trivial (flat) family of generically reduced curves $p : (X,0) \rightarrow (\mathbb{C},0)$ in $(\mathbb{C}^n \times \mathbb{C},0)$ with a section $\sigma: (\mathbb{C},0)\rightarrow (X,0)$ and fibers $(X_t,\sigma(t)):=p^{-1}(t)$. In this case, we know that the special curve $(X_0,\sigma(0))$ and the generic curve $(X_t,\sigma(t))$ are topologically equivalent, for all $t$. So we can ask in what conditions the tangent cone $C_{(X_t,\sigma(t))}$ of $(X_t,\sigma(t))$ does not change the topological type under topological trivial deformations of $(X_0,\sigma(0))$. In others words, we study the following question: if $p:(X,0)\rightarrow (\mathbb{C},0)$ is a topological trivial family of generically reduced curves, under what conditions the Zariski tangent cones $C_{(X_0,\sigma(0))}$ and $C_{(X_t,\sigma(t))}$ are homeomorphic? (Joint work with J. Snoussi and A. Giles Flores) (Conference Room San Felipe) 13:00 - 15:30 Lunch (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) 15:30 - 16:30 Baldur Sigurdsson: The boundary of the Milnor fiber of the singularity f(x, y) + zg(x, y) = 0 Let $f, g \in \Bbb C{x, y}$ be germs of functions defining plane curve singularities without common components in $(\Bbb C^2, 0)$ and let $\phi(x,y,z) = f(x,y) + zg(x,y)$. We give an explicit algorithm producing a plumbing graph for the boundary of the Milnor fiber of $\phi$ in terms of a common resolution for f and g. (Conference Room San Felipe) 16:30 - 17:00 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 17:00 - 18:00 Octave Curmi: Topology of non-isolated singularities of complex surfaces Milnor fibers play a crucial role in the study of the topology of a singularity of surface. They correspond to the different possible smoothings of this singularity. A description of this fiber is known in some particular cases, but in general it is not, even for isolated singularities. However, the study of its boundary has been an active field of research in the last decades. In different settings, this boundary has been proven to be a graph manifold. (Mumford, 1961, for isolated singularities, Michel-Pichon, 2003, 2014, for a smoothing of a reduced surface with smooth total space, N\'emethi-Szilard, 2012, with the same hypothesis, Bobadilla-Menegon Neto, 2014, for a non-reduced surface and a total space with isolated singularity). I will explain how the constructive proof provided by N\'emethi and Szilard can be adapted to prove, constructively, the same result for a smoothing of a reduced surface with any total space. This allows the hope for a characterization of the manifolds bounding Milnor fibers of surface singularities. Furthermore, I provide a simple algorithm for computing the boundary of the Milnor fiber, in the case of a surface defined by a generic function on a toric germ. (Conference Room San Felipe) 19:00 - 21:00 Dinner (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) Wednesday, October 24 07:30 - 09:00 Breakfast (Restaurant at your assigned hotel) 09:00 - 10:00 Terence Gaffney: Infinitesimal Lipschitz Equisingularity: Genericity and Necessity In earlier work we used the double of an ideal to define in integral closure terms a notion of infinitesimal Lipschitz equisingularity for hypersurfaces. We describe different ways of extending this notion to general spaces, and show the most restrictive version is a generic condition. We then show that this condition is necessary for strong bi-Lipschitz equisingularity, a notion due to Fernandes and Ruas.  Hence our condition gives a necessary condition for a smooth subset of an analytic set to be a stratum in a Mostowski stratification of the set. (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:00 - 10:30 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:30 - 11:30 Alexandre Fernandes: Multiplicity of singularities as bi-Lipschitz invariant We prove that multiplicity of complex analytic singularities of dimension $d$ is invariant under bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms if, and only if, $d=1$ or $d=2$. This result was obtained in joint works with J. de Bobadilla, J. E. Sampaio. and L. Birbrair, J. E. Sampaio, M. Verbitsky. (Conference Room San Felipe) 11:45 - 12:45 Javier Fernandez de Bobadilla: Moderately discontinuous homology I will describe work in progress on a homology theory for singularities that is able to capture outer metric phenomena. For example it is a complete invariant for the outer metric of complex plane curves. This is a joint work with S. Heinze, M. Pe pereira, and E. Sampaio. (Conference Room San Felipe) 12:45 - 14:45 Lunch (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) 14:45 - 19:00 Free Afternoon (Oaxaca) 19:00 - 21:00 Dinner (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) Thursday, October 25 07:30 - 09:00 Breakfast (Restaurant at your assigned hotel) 09:00 - 10:00 Fuensanta Aroca: Support of Laurent series algebraic over the field of formal power series Joint work with Guillaume Rond, based on the paper arXiv:1802.07083. (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:00 - 10:30 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:30 - 11:00 Vincent Grandjean: On the problem of Lipschitz trivial values of polynomials In this work in progress, jointly with A. Fernandes (UFC) and H. Soares (UFPi), I will discuss the problem of local (bi)-Lipschitz triviality of a complex polynomial mapping nearby a value, starting with the case of the functions. (Conference Room San Felipe) 11:15 - 11:45 Rodrigo Mendes Pereira: Topology and Lipschitz regularity of algebraically parametrized surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^4$ It is proved by Pham and Teissier in [PT] (also Fernandes in [F]) that two irreducible complex plane curve singularities in $\mathbb{R}^4$ are outer bi-Lipschitz equivalent if and only if are topologically equivalent. This result was generalized by Pichon and Neumann in [NP]. The topological type, in this case, is equivalent to the knot type of your "link" (that is always an iterated knot). In this talk, we consider the similar approach for the general case, that is, singular real surfaces $X$ in $\mathbb{R}^4$ parametrized by polynomial map germs $f \colon (\mathbb{R}^2,0){\rightarrow }(\mathbb{R}^4,0)$ with isolated singularity. We show that, given $X{=}f(\mathbb{R}^2)$, the knot type of the link $X \cap \mathbb{S} ^3(0,\epsilon)$ determines completely the $C^0$-$\mathscr{A}$-class of $f$ and all parametrizations of this type are $C^0$-finitely determined. Moreover, we show that if $X$ is a bi-Lipschitz embedded parametrized surface, then $X$ is smooth. This is a joint work with Juan Jose Nuno Ballesteros. [BFLS] Birbrair L., Fernandes A., Lê, D. T., Sampaio J. E., {\it Lipschitz regular complex algebraic sets are smooth}, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 144 (2016), no. 3, 983--987. [F] Fernandes A., {\it Topological equivalence of complex curves and bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms}, Michigan Math. J. 51 (2003), n. 3, 593--606. [NP] Neumann W. D., Pichon, A., {\it Lipschitz geometry of complex curves}, J. Singul. 10 (2014), 225--234. [PT] Teissier B., Pham, F, {\it Fractions lipschitziennes d'une alg\'ebre analytique complexe et saturation de Zariski}, Centre de Math\'ematiques de l'Ecole Polytechnique (Paris), June 1969. (Conference Room San Felipe) 12:00 - 13:00 Dmitry Kerner: Tjurina modules for matrix singularities, finite determinacy, new singularity ideals Let R be a local ring, e.g. power series in several variables. Denote by Mat(m,n,R) the space of matrices with entries in R. Various groups act on this space. We study the corresponding Tjurina modules, the tangent spaces to the miniversal deformation. The first step is to check whether/ when these modules are finite dimensional. (This ensures the finite determinacy.) We compute/bound the support of these modules, achieving numerous geometric criteria of determinacy. (Conference Room San Felipe) 13:00 - 15:30 Lunch (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) 15:30 - 16:30 Arturo Enrique Giles Flores: Local polar varieties in the geometric study of singularities In this talk we will review the definition of local polar variety of a germ of singularity $(X,x)$ and discuss the fundamental role they play in describing the minimal Whitney stratification of the germ, and the set of limits of tangent spaces to $(X,x)$ as developed  mainly by Lê Dung Tràng and Bernard Teissier in the late 70's and 80's. (Conference Room San Felipe) 16:30 - 17:00 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 17:00 - 18:00 David Trotman: The smooth Whitney fibering conjecture and Whitney cellulation In a joint work with Claudio Murolo and Andrew du Plessis we proved the smooth Whitney fibering conjecture, in particular for every stratum X of a Whitney stratified set, locally near points of X the foliation defined by the Thom-Mather topological trivialization can be chosen, via suitable vector fields, so that the tangent spaces to the leaves are continuous at X. Moreover the associated wings have a similar property and are Whitney regular. As an application we describe a joint result with Claudio Murolo: every compact Whitney stratified set admits a Whitney cellulation, i.e. a cellulation such that the cells form a Whitney stratification. This resolves a homology problem of Mark Goresky. (Conference Room San Felipe) 19:00 - 21:00 Dinner (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles) Friday, October 26 07:30 - 09:00 Breakfast (Restaurant at your assigned hotel) 09:00 - 09:30 Raimundo Nonato Araújo dos Santos: Structure of fibration in the presence of singularities In this talk I would like to present a "new class" of real singularities where one can associate a fibration structure as a generalisation of the called tube Milnor fibration. This is a joint work with Maico F. Ribeiro (UFES-Brazil) and M. Tibar (Université de Lille-France). (Conference Room San Felipe) 09:45 - 10:15 Anne Pichon: Lipschitz normal embeddings among superisolated surface singularities I Any germ of a complex analytic space $(X,0) \subset (\mathbb R^n,0)$ is equipped with two metrics: the outer metric induced by the euclidian metric of the ambient space and the inner metric, which is the associated length metric on the germ. The two metrics are natural in the sense that up to local bilipschitz homeomorphisms, they do not depend on the choice of embedding in some $(\mathbb R^n,0)$. These two metrics are in general nonequivalent up to bilipschitz homeomorphism. We say that $(X,0)$ is Lipschitz normally embedded if it is the case. I will present a characterization of Lipschitz normally embedding among normal surface singularities. Joint work with Walter Neumann and Helge Pedersen. (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:15 - 10:45 Filip Misev: Lipschitz normal embeddings among superisolated surface singularities II I will present an infinite family of Lipschitz normally embedded singularities among superisolated hypersurface singularities in $(\Bbb C^3,0)$. The proof is based on the characterization of Lipschitz normal embedding presented in the previous talk. Joint work with Anne Pichon. (Conference Room San Felipe) 10:45 - 11:15 Coffee Break (Conference Room San Felipe) 11:15 - 12:15 Helge Møller Pedersen: Lipschitz normal embeddings in the space of matrices The germ of an algebraic variety is naturally equipped with two different metrics up to bilipschitz equivalence. The inner metric and the outer metric. One calls a germ of a variety Lipschitz normally embedded if the two metrics are bilipschitz equivalent. In this talk we prove Lipschitz normal embeddedness of some algebraic subsets of the space of matrices. These include the space of matrices, symmetric matrices and skew-symmetric matrices of rank equal to a given number and their closures, the upper triangular matrices with determinant $0$ and linear space transverse to the rank stratification away from the origin. (Conference Room San Felipe) 12:15 - 14:00 Lunch (Restaurant Hotel Hacienda Los Laureles)
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http://tug.org/pipermail/texhax/2010-August/015505.html
# [texhax] Weirder and weirder Uwe Lueck uwe.lueck at web.de Tue Aug 17 10:53:47 CEST 2010 Richard Davies <richard at tollyboy.demon.co.uk>, 17.08.2010 01:32:21 >On 16/08/10 22:27, Michael Doob wrote: >> On Monday 16 August 2010 4:14 pm, Michael Barr wrote: >>> In connection with the question I raised about revtex a couple days ago, I >>> would ask texhaxxers to explain the following behaviour, which has nothing >>> to do with revtex. First, examine the following and try to predict the >>> results. Then run it and see the actual ones. >>> >>> \documentclass{article} >>> \showthe\textfont0 >>> \setbox0=\hbox{x} >>> \showthe\textfont0 >>> \showthe\textfont2 >>> \setbox0=\hbox{$x$} >>> \showthe\textfont2 >>> \showthe\textfont0 >>> \begin{document} >>> \end{document} > >Seems to compile OK on my box. >log file looks normal. >Produces no pages of output I guess because it is a completely empty >document. I think the OP is still wondering at which .tex lines TeX replaces \nullfont by the font acting in typesetting. I didn't remember well myself, but the OP's .log indicates that the \textfont's (TeXbook p. 153) are chosen at the first \$, which triggers LaTeX's \check at mathfonts. Cheers, Uwe.
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https://www.cornishcharcuterie.co.uk/tag/pig-awards/
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http://physics.qandaexchange.com/?qa=3216/induced-charge-density-at-boundary-surface&show=3223
induced charge density at boundary surface 1 vote 130 views The space between the plates of a parallel plates capacitor is filled consecutively with two dielectrics layers $1$ and $2$ having the thickness $d_1$ and $d_2$ respectively and permittivities $\epsilon_1$ and $\epsilon_2$. The area of each plate is equal to $S$ find: 1. The capacitance of the capacitor 2. The density $\sigma'$ of the bound charges on the boundary plane if the voltage across the capacitor equals $V$ and the electric field is directed from layer $1$ to layer $2$. I managed to find $C_{eq}$ easily, for the second part I don't understand that word " boundary plane", I only know $\sigma'=\sigma\bigg(1-\dfrac{1}{\epsilon}\bigg)$ holds when there would have been just one plate, how to work on two such consecutive plates. Please help. Probably you have found the capacitance by modelling the two-dielectric capacitor as two separate single-dielectric capacitors in series, with each dielectric sandwiched between metal plates. There are surface charges $-\sigma_1, +\sigma_2$ on the two dielectrics adjacent to the inner connected plates. When the dielectrics are adjacent in the same two-layer capacitor the same surface charges exist on the inner surfaces. I think $\sigma'$ must be the algebraic sum of these two surface charges, ie $\sigma_2-\sigma_1$. Initial charges on plates $\dfrac{\epsilon_oS}{d_1+d_2}V=q=\sigma S$ this must be on both plates since these can be treated as in series combination. $\sigma_1=\sigma\bigg(1-\dfrac{1}{\epsilon_1}\bigg)$ and $\sigma_2=-\sigma\bigg(1-\dfrac{1}{\epsilon_2}\bigg)$, on adding gives $\dfrac{\epsilon_oV}{d_1+d_2}\cdot\bigg(\dfrac{\epsilon_2-\epsilon_1}{\epsilon_2\epsilon_1}\bigg)$, which is not in accordance with answer at back.
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/r/room+update+book.html
#### Sample records for room update book 1. E-books bij de RUG : Een update NARCIS (Netherlands) Bijker, Alie; van Laarhoven, Peter 2011-01-01 Twee jaar gelden schreven we op deze plaats: “E-books bij de RUG: dat zijn er al meer dan je denkt...”. Inmiddels hebben we nog veel méér e-books in de bibliotheekcollectie, is het aanbod uitgebreid en heeft de iPad de wereld veroverd. Tijd voor een update. 2. Updated requirements for control room annunciation: an operations perspective International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Davey, E.; Lane, L. 2001-01-01 The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of updating and aligning requirements for annunciation functionality and performance with current expectations for operational excellence. This redefinition of annunciation requirements was undertaken as one component of a project to characterize improvement priorities, establish the operational and economic basis for improvement, and identify preferred implementation options for Ontario Power Generation plants. The updated requirements express the kinds of information support annunciation should provide to Operations staff to support the detection, recognition and response to changes in plant conditions. The updated requirements were developed using several types of information: management and industry expectations for operations excellence, previous definitions of user needs for annunciation, and operational and ergonomic principles. Operations and engineering staff at several stations have helped refine and complete the initial requirements definition. Application of these updated requirements is expected to lead to more effective and task relevant annunciation system improvements that better serve plant operation needs. The paper outlines the project rationale, reviews development objectives, discusses the approaches applied for requirements definition and organization, describes key requirements findings in relation to current operations experience, and discusses the proposed application of these requirements for guiding future annunciation system improvements. (author) 3. Booking horizon forecasting with dynamic updating: A case study of hotel reservation data NARCIS (Netherlands) Haensel, A.; Koole, G.M. 2011-01-01 A highly accurate demand forecast is fundamental to the success of every revenue management model. As is often required in both practice and theory, we aim to forecast the accumulated booking curve, as well as the number of reservations expected for each day in the booking horizon. To reduce the 4. Judith Shakespeare – Undead or Alive? On Kajsa Dahlberg’s Artist Book A Room of One’s Own / A Thousand Libraries DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Sørensen, Trine Friis 2015-01-01 This short essay conducts a reading of Kajsa Dahlberg's artist book A Room of One's Own / A Thousand Libraries, which compiles all underlinings and marginal notes made by readers of library copies of the Swedish translation of Virginia Woolf's essay, 'A Room of One's Own', over half a century. Ri....... Riffing on thought experiments described by Derrida and Woolf, I argue that Dahlberg’s work envisions a way to accomplish what Woolf could only dream about—namely to bring back Judith Shakespeare, an imaginary sister of William Shakespeare that Woolf evokes in her essay.... 5. How Word-of-mouth Moderates Room Price and Hotel Stars for Online Hotel Booking an Empirical Investigation with Expedia Data OpenAIRE Wang, M.; Lu, Q.; Chi, R. T.; Shi, W. 2015-01-01 Information cues about products influence consumer purchase decisions. Online review can enhance communication among consumers while affecting consumer perception by increasing awareness and reducing uncertainty. However, little is known on how Word-of-Mouth (WOM) and information cues interact, especially on experience goods like hotel rooms. To bridge this gap, we analyze data collected from Expeida.com and use actual booking numbers to measure sales performance instead of proxy approaches e... 6. Book Review African Journals Online (AJOL) user 2004-12-02 Dec 2, 2004 ... Book Review. World Health Organization 2003. Price Not Available. ISBN 9241545755. This is a paperback book updating three earlier WHO publications namely: • General Surgery at the District Hospital,. • Surgery at the District Hospital,. • Obstetric/Gynecology, Orthopedics/Traumatology, and Anesthesia ... 7. Update of the Picker C9 irradiator control system of the gamma II room of the secondary laboratory of dosimetric calibration International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Simon S, L. E. 2016-01-01 The Picker C9 irradiator is responsible for the calibration of different radiological equipment and the control system that maintains it in operation is designed in the graphical programming software LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench), being its major advantages: the different types of communication, easy interconnection with other software and the recognition of different hardware devices, among others. Operation of the irradiator control system is performed with the NI-Usb-6008 (DAQ) data acquisition module of the National Instruments Company. The purpose of this work is to update the routines that make the Picker C9 control system of the gamma II room of the secondary laboratory of dosimetric calibration, using the graphic programming software LabVIEW, as well as to configure the new acquisition hardware of data that is implemented to control the Picker C9 irradiator system and ensure its operation. (Author) 8. English Book Club CERN Multimedia English Book Club 2012-01-01 The CERN English Book Club will hold its 2012 AGM at 17h30 on Monday 5th March in the club rooms (club barrack 564). Club members are invited to attend. Any members wishing to add points on to the agenda should contact one of the committee before February 27th. The English Book Club has a collection of over 4500 English language books, mostly general fiction with a sprinkling of nonfiction and children’s books. New books are purchased regularly and the books are shelved in our club room which is accessible to members at all times. Membership is open to all (staff and external) and there is a special tariff for short term students. See the club’s website at http://cern.ch/englishbookclub for more details. 9. English Book Club CERN Document Server CERN English Book Club 2010-01-01 AGM  --  AGM  -- 2010 --  AGM  --  AGM The CERN ENGLISH BOOK CLUB will hold its 2010 AGM at 18h00 on Monday November 22nd in the club rooms (club barrack 564). Club members are invited to attend. Any members wishing to add points on to the agenda should contact one of the committee before November 12th. AGM  --  AGM  -- 2010 --  AGM  --  AGM The English Book Club has a collection of over 4500 English language books, mostly general fiction with a sprinkling of nonfiction and children’s books. New books are purchased regularly and the books are shelved in our club room which is accessible to members at all times. Membership is open to all (staff and external) and there is a special tariff for short term students. See the club’s website at http://cern.ch/englishbookclub for more details. 10. Room Acoustical Fields CERN Document Server Mechel, Fridolin 2013-01-01 This book presents the theory of room acoustical fields and revises the Mirror Source Methods for practical computational use, emphasizing the wave character of acoustical fields.  The presented higher methods include the concepts of “Mirror Point Sources” and “Corner sources which allow for an excellent approximation of complex room geometries and even equipped rooms. In contrast to classical description, this book extends the theory of sound fields describing them by their complex sound pressure and the particle velocity. This approach enables accurate descriptions of interference and absorption phenomena. 11. CSN's New Emergency Room International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sendin, P. 2005-01-01 During the month of July 2005 the physical renovation works and technological updating of the basic infrastructures of the CSN Emergency Room (SALEM) were finished, allowing the Room to now have greater functionality and a broader technical capacity. Nevertheless, the technological improvement process of SALEM will reach its full potential within the next few years, once the installation currently underway of the new information integration and monitoring systems and the decision making support systems have been completed. This article describes the improvements introduced to the Room and the objectives pursued in this renovation project to convert the SALEM into a new generation room in accordance with its current technological context. (Author) 4 refs 12. Book Review: Book review Science.gov (United States) Manohar, C. S. 2015-02-01 The subject of the theory of vibrations has carried an aesthetic appeal to generations of engineering students for its richness of ideas, and for the intellectual challenges it offers. Also, the diverse range of its applications (covering civil, mechanical, automotive, and aerospace structures) has provided obvious motivations for its study. For most students, the subject provides, perhaps, the first encounter in substantial application of mathematical tools (differential equations, calculus of variations, Fourier/Laplace transforms, and matrix algebra) to engineering problems. The intimate relationship that the subject of mechanics has with mathematics strikes home probably for the first time. While teaching this subject, the instructor is spoilt for choice in selecting a text book and so are the students who wish to pursue a self-study of the subject. Many luminaries in the field have offered their own exposition of the subject: starting from the classics of Rayleigh, Timoshenko, Den Hartog, Bishop and Johnson, and the works of more recent vintage (e.g., the books by Meirovich, Clough, and Penzien, and works with computational flavour, such as, those by Bathe and Petyt), several works easily come to one's mind. Given this milieu, it requires a distinctive conviction to write a new book on this subject. And, here we have a book, written by a practitioner, which aims to deal with fundamental aspects of vibrations of engineering systems. The scepticism that this reviewer had on the need for having one more such book vanished as he browsed through the book and read selectively a few sections. The author's gift for elegant explanations is immediately noticeable even in such a preliminary reading. After a more careful reading, the reviewer has found this book to be insightful and he considers the book to be a welcome addition to the family of books on vibration engineering. The author has struck a fine balance between physical explanations, mathematical niceties 13. National Pediatric Program Update International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2008-01-01 The book of the National Pediatric Program Update, issued by the Argentina Society of Pediatrics, describes important issues, including: effective treatment of addictions (drugs); defects of the neural tube; and the use of radiation imaging in diagnosis. [es 14. IAEA technical meeting on integrating analog and digital instrumentation and control systems in hybrid main control rooms at nuclear power plants. Book of abstracts Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2007-07-01 that digital technology offers are needed to increase cost-effective electricity production. As an integral part of the I and C modernization program at a nuclear power plant, the control room and other human-system interfaces (HSIs) will also be modernized. To support safe and effective operation, it is critical to specify, design, implement, operate, and maintain, as well as train for, the control room and HSI changes to take advantage of human cognitive processing abilities. This consideration of human factors is essential to increase performance and to reduce the likelihood of human errors. The plant I and C and HSI modifications can affect personnel in various ways. They can impact the role of personnel, the tasks to be performed, the way tasks are performed, and the knowledge, skills and training required of personnel. As part of modernization, HSIs are becoming more computer-based, incorporating features such as soft controls and computerized procedures, touch-screen interfaces, sit-down workstations, and large-screen overview displays. As computer-based technologies are integrated into control rooms that were largely based on conventional technology, hybrid control rooms are created. The potential benefits of implementing digital technology include more efficient operations and maintenance, leading to improved power plant availability and safety through the avoidance of transients, forced outages, and unnecessary shutdowns. The potential benefits also include increased efficiency and power output as well as reduced operating costs. New digital systems provide the opportunity to give personnel information they did not have with conventional systems. The importance of these issues has led the IAEA to organize (in conjunction with AECL) an international forum for presentations and discussions on the potential benefits and challenges related to the integration of Analog and Digital Instrumentation and Control Systems in Hybrid Main Control Rooms. Many of these Home; Journals; Resonance – Journal of Science Education. Books Received. Articles in Resonance – Journal of Science Education. Volume 1 Issue 1 January 1996 pp 118-118 Books Received. Books Received · More Details Fulltext PDF. Volume 1 Issue 2 February 1996 pp 120-120 Books Received. Books Received. 16. 27 February 2012- Thai Minister of Science and Technology P. Suraswadi with International Relations Adviser E. Tsesmelis and CMS Collaboration Former Deputy Spokesperson A. De Roeck signing the guest book in the 6th floor conference room, building 60 and visiting CMS underground experimental area at LHC Point 5. CERN Multimedia Maximilien Brice 2012-01-01 27 February 2012- Thai Minister of Science and Technology P. Suraswadi with International Relations Adviser E. Tsesmelis and CMS Collaboration Former Deputy Spokesperson A. De Roeck signing the guest book in the 6th floor conference room, building 60 and visiting CMS underground experimental area at LHC Point 5. 17. 21 June 2010 - TUBITAK Vice President A. Adli signing the guest book with CERN Director-General R. Heuer, visiting the ATLAS control room at Point 1 with Former Collaboration Spokesperson P. Jenni and CMS Control Centre, building 354, with Collaboration Spokesperson G. Tonelli. Throughout accompanied by Adviser J. Ellis. CERN Multimedia Maximilien Brice 2010-01-01 21 June 2010 - TUBITAK Vice President A. Adli signing the guest book with CERN Director-General R. Heuer, visiting the ATLAS control room at Point 1 with Former Collaboration Spokesperson P. Jenni and CMS Control Centre, building 354, with Collaboration Spokesperson G. Tonelli. Throughout accompanied by Adviser J. Ellis. 18. 28th February 2011 - Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs A. Davutoğlu signing the guest book with CERN Director for Research and Scientific Computing S. Bertolucci and Head of International Relations F. Pauss; meeting the CERN Turkish Community at Point 1; visiting the ATLAS control room with Former Collaboration Spokesperson P. Jenni. CERN Document Server Maximilien Brice 2011-01-01 28th February 2011 - Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs A. Davutoğlu signing the guest book with CERN Director for Research and Scientific Computing S. Bertolucci and Head of International Relations F. Pauss; meeting the CERN Turkish Community at Point 1; visiting the ATLAS control room with Former Collaboration Spokesperson P. Jenni. 19. 2nd September 2010 - Japanese Senior Vice-Minister of the Environment I. Tajima signing the guest book with Director-General R. Heuer and visiting the ATLAS control room with physicists T. Kondo and H. Fukuda, Members of the ATLAS Collaboration and KEK. CERN Multimedia Maximilien Brice 2010-01-01 2nd September 2010 - Japanese Senior Vice-Minister of the Environment I. Tajima signing the guest book with Director-General R. Heuer and visiting the ATLAS control room with physicists T. Kondo and H. Fukuda, Members of the ATLAS Collaboration and KEK. 20. 23rd June 2010 - Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization Chief Executive Officer A. Paterson signing a Joint Statement of Intent and the guest book with CERN Director-General R. Heuer; in the ATLAS visitor centre and control room with Former Collaboration Spokesperson P. Jenni. CERN Multimedia Maximilien Brice 2010-01-01 23rd June 2010 - Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization Chief Executive Officer A. Paterson signing a Joint Statement of Intent and the guest book with CERN Director-General R. Heuer; in the ATLAS visitor centre and control room with Former Collaboration Spokesperson P. Jenni. 1. Book Review: Book review Science.gov (United States) Wang, Christina Yan 2017-02-01 The world class Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits associated with the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) are quite unique on earth in the sense that the energy source and origin were triggered by a large meteorite impact event. The ore deposits in the SIC make up one of the largest Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit camps in the world and have now been mined for over 100 years. This is the first complete reference book that focuses entirely on the SIC and covers the fields of economic geology, petrology, geochemistry and geophysics. The purpose of this book is to explore the linkage between sulfide and silicate magmas generated by the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact event and to unite an understanding of the process of crustal melt sheet evolution with the formation of the magmatic sulfide mineralization. The author, Peter Lightfoot, has been based in Sudbury for 25 years. As a top scientist on magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits and a Chief Geologist with the Brownfield Exploration group at Vale Base Metals, Peter has been positioned to develop and assemble the ideas presented in this book, which are perfectly balanced between industry and academia. 2. Book Review: Book review Science.gov (United States) Wegener, Daan Writing a biography of a complex personality and mastermind like Albert Einstein is a daunting task for any historian of science. Yet the sheer temptation of writing his biography has apparently helped to overcome scholarly scruples, as biographies of Einstein have appeared quite regularly on the market. One of them is Einstein: his Life and Universe by journalist Walter Isaacson. It is a best-seller, which is one of the reasons the book deserves a critical evaluation. Isaacson is a man of considerable repute: he has been the chairman of CNN and managing editor of Time magazine. Isaacson's Einstein is written in a style that is accessible to a wide audience. Scholars who are already familiar with Einstein's physics may still enjoy the parts of the book that deal with the relation between Einstein and the press. Indeed, the breadth of its scope is the book's major merit, as it connects the personal, scientific, public and political dimensions of Einstein's life. In this review, I discuss Isaacson's treatment of these dimensions one-by-one. 3. Book Review: Book review Science.gov (United States) Martínez, Alberto A. The title Einstein's Generation immediately suggests names such as Ehrenfest, Ritz, Kaufmann, Born, Laue, and Laub. Staley's book discusses these individuals, but it actually has a broader scope. Both the title and the subtitle are not quite appropriate. A much more fitting title would be Michelson, Electrons, and the Rise of "Modern" Physics. The emphasis on Albert Michelson is evident in the Index: almost four columns on him, compared to just one and a half on Einstein. Likewise, "Einstein's generation" includes, for Staley, many other physicists who were quite older than Einstein, such as Lorentz, Planck, Poincaré, and Minkowski. The book exhibits a composite character because it includes and expands upon four articles that Staley had published earlier on Michelson, relativity, and the co-creation of modern and classical physics. Hence the book is partly a bridging work; it ambitiously connects areas in the history of physics, from the 1880s until 1911. Staley identifies how diverse interests produced crossfertilization, and how various disciplinary boundaries were crossed. He wants to discuss material culture, experiment, and theory, all on the same footing. Every page of the introduction seems to quadruple the scope; he writes about individuals and communities, consolidation and diversification, power and weakness, memory and neglect, the cultural and the material, the classical and the modern, and the absolute and the relative. 4. English Book Club CERN Multimedia English Book Club The minutes of the AGM held on Tuesday November 17th can now be found on the club web-site: http://club-englishbookclub.web.cern.ch. A new version of the club’s book data-base is also available on the web: http://club-englishbookclub.web.cern.ch/club-englishbookclub/Export/index.html The last book selection for 2009 is done and the order for the new books has been placed, with luck they will be on the shelves before the end of year break. The English Book Club has a growing collection of over 4500 English language books, mostly general fiction with a sprinkling of nonfiction and children’s books. New books are purchased regularly and the books are shelved in our club room which is accessible to members at all times. Membership is open to all (staff and external) and there is a special tariff for short term students. See the club’s website at http://cern.ch/englishbookclub for more details. 5. Book Review: Book review Science.gov (United States) da Costa, Newton C. A.; Krause, Décio This book contains a representative selection of Erhard Scheibe's writings on the philosophy of physics. It encompasses eight sections, with 38 papers, distributed as follows: (I) Between Rationalism and Empiricism (five papers from 1969 to 1994); (II) The Philosophy of the Physicists (five papers from 1988 to 1995); (III) Reconstruction (four papers, from 1979 to 1988); (IV) Laws of Nature (five papers, from 1989 to 1998); (V) Reduction (five papers from 1973 to 1995); (VI) Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (six papers from 1985 to 1993); (VII) Spacetime, Invariance, Covariance (four papers from 1982 to 1994), and (VIII) Mathematics and Physics (four papers from 1977 to 1997). 6. Technical books and monographs: 1978 catalog International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1978-01-01 This publication is a bibliography of books and monographs sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and by the earlier organizations that were brought together to form DOE. In general, information for each published book, and for each book in press when known, includes title; author and author affiliation; publisher and publication date; page count; size of book; price; availability information if the book is not available from the publisher; Library of Congress card number (LC), with CIP to indicate books that have cataloging information in the publication; International Standard Book Number (ISBN); a brief descriptive statement concerning the book; and for the more recent books a list or a description of the contents. The books and monographs are grouped under thirteen subject categories. At the end of each subject category are separate sections listing recent published symposiums and bibliographies that received support from DOE or one of the earlier organizations. Also, at the end of the catalog are described the following DOE publications: Energy Research Abstracts, Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis, Energy Conservation Update, Fossil Energy Update, F usion Energy Update, Geothermal Energy Update, Solar Energy Update, Nuclear Safety, and Power Reactor Docket Information 7. Technical books and monographs. 1979 catalog International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1978-01-01 This publication is a bibliography of books and monographs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and by the earlier organizations that were brought together to form DOE. In general, information for each published book, and for each book in press when known, includes title, author, and author affiliation, publisher and publication date, page count, size of book, price, availability information if the book is not available from the publisher, Library of Congress card number (LC) (with CIP to indicate books that have cataloging information in the publication), International Standard Book Number (ISBN), a brief descriptive statement concerning the book, and (for the more recent books) a list or a description of the contents. The books and monographs are grouped under thirteen subject categories. At the end of each subject category are separate sections listing recently published symposium proceedings and bibliographies that received support from DOE or one of the earlier organizations. Also, at the end of the catalog are described the following DOE publications: Energy Research Abstracts, Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis, Energy Conservation Update, Fossil Energy Update, Fusion Energy Update, Geothermal Energy Update, Solar Energy Update, and Nuclear Safety 8. CMS Comic Book CERN Document Server Gill, Karl Aaron 2006-01-01 Titled "CMS Particle Hunter," this colorful comic book style brochure explains to young budding scientists and science enthusiasts in colorful animation how the CMS detector was made, its main parts, and what scientists hope to find using this complex tool. Book invites young students to get involved in particle physics themselves to join the adventure. Written by Dave Barney and Aline Guevera. Layout and drawings by Eric Paiharey and Frederic Vignaux. Available in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. Year Produced: 2006. Update: September 2013. 9. Our Urban Living Room DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hjortshøj, Rasmus 2016-01-01 Our Urban Living Room is an exhibition and a book, created by Cobe. The theme is based on Cobe’s ten years of practice, grounded in social livability and urban democracy, and our aim to create buildings and spaces that invite Copenhageners to use and define them; as an extended living room, where...... the boundaries between private and public space become fluid. Based on specific Cobe projects, Our Urban Living Room tells stories about the architectural development of Copenhagen, while exploring the progression of the Danish Capital - from an industrial city into an urban living room, known as one...... of the world’s most livable places. Photography by Rasmus Hjortshøj.... 10. CERN Scientific Book Fair 2008 CERN Multimedia DSU Unit 2008-01-01 The CERN Bookshop and CERN Library invite you to attend the 2008 CERN Book Fair 2008, a three-day scientific book festival offering you the opportunity to meet key publishers and electronic book suppliers and to browse and purchase books at significant discounts. Some ten companies will be participating and will bring with them a selection of titles in physics, technology, mathematics, engineering and popular science. There will also be a number of tie-in events intended to give you an insight into the writing and publishing process from authors within our own community. Come along and meet the authors, discuss your book ideas with the publishers’ representatives or simply browse the books on offer. The Fair will take place in Building 500 in the area near the Main Auditorium, and special presentations (as detailed below) will be held in rooms nearby or in the Library. Participating publishers and book traders include: Cambridge ... 11. moriam Books African Journals Online (AJOL) This slim, plastic covered, 'pocket' book comprises a total of 144 pages. It is written in text book form with a user- friendly indexing system. The book has a number of special features: • It is brief, contains core material, yet does not omit discussion on problems of definition and classification. • It straddles both ICD 10 and DSM ... 12. Hypoxia Room Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — The Hypoxia Room is a 8x8x8 ft. clear vinyl plastic and aluminum frame construction enclosure located within USAREIM laboratory 028. The Hypoxia Room (manufactured... 13. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Stewart, J. M. 2006-02-01 contributed a long research paper, Future Complete U(1) Symmetric Einsteinian Spacetimes, the Unpolarized Case. There is a non-linear stability theorem due to her and Vincent Moncrief in which spacetime is of the form M × R where M is a circle bundle over a compact orientable surface of genus >1 and the 4-metric admits a Killing symmetry along the spacelike circular fibres. The new result removes the polarization condition, i.e., the orthogonality of the fibres to quotient 3-manifolds. This is a classic example of how to derive results in this field. It is also available, in full, on the DVD. The article Group Actions on Lorentz Spaces, Mathematical Aspects: A Survey, contributed by Thierry Barbot and Abdelghani Zeghib, extends the second author's school presentation on the classification of large isometry groups of Lorentz manifolds, which brings together comprehensively material of surprising diversity, well worth a perusal. Robert Bartnik and Jim Isenberg have contributed a brilliant review of The Constraint Equations, greatly extending the first author's one hour school presentation. This is a worthy successor to the landmark survey of James W York, 26 years earlier. There is a survey of systems of partial differential equations which admit an initial value formulation up to gauge diffeomorphisms by Robert Geroch entitled Gauge, Diffeomorphisms, Initial-Value Formulation, Etc, which appears to be a reworking and update of an earlier review by the author. The school presentation is very nearly the same as the book version. Hubert Bray presented a trio of lectures on global inequalities at the summer school. These have been expanded into a review The Penrose Inequality, with a second author Piotr Chrusciel, which deals with its generalization as the Riemannian Penrose inequality. It is very satisfying to see an information flow from general relativity to Riemannian geometry! In Future Complete Vacuum Spacetimes, Lars Andersson and Vincent Moncrief contribute a global 14. Picnic zone booking at Prévessin site CERN Multimedia TS Department 2005-01-01 We would like to inform you that from now on, bookings of the picnic zone on the Prévessin site (next to building 910) have to be done via the "Conference Room Booking System", already used for conference room booking.  To do this, please use the following Web site: http://booking.cern.ch:9000/cr/java/guest/welcomecrbs, select "Pre-book a room", choose "ZONE BAR B Q" and fill in all information requested. You will receive a confirmation by e-mail as soon as your booking has been accepted.   TS Department - FM Group 15. Room Acoustics Science.gov (United States) Kuttruff, Heinrich; Mommertz, Eckard The traditional task of room acoustics is to create or formulate conditions which ensure the best possible propagation of sound in a room from a sound source to a listener. Thus, objects of room acoustics are in particular assembly halls of all kinds, such as auditoria and lecture halls, conference rooms, theaters, concert halls or churches. Already at this point, it has to be pointed out that these conditions essentially depend on the question if speech or music should be transmitted; in the first case, the criterion for transmission quality is good speech intelligibility, in the other case, however, the success of room-acoustical efforts depends on other factors that cannot be quantified that easily, not least it also depends on the hearing habits of the listeners. In any case, absolutely "good acoustics" of a room do not exist. 16. book reviews African Journals Online (AJOL) book reviews. Self-testing in ... This book is a useful tool for registrar trainees and practising psy- chiatrists alike. ... sultation service and is a Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard. Medical ... It is recommended as a study aid and provides the ideal ... 17. Book Reviews. Science.gov (United States) Powicke, J. C.; And Others 1986-01-01 Reviews of 10 recent books and one new journal ("Catalyst: A Journal of Policy Debate") are provided. Topics of the books reviewed include: economics in modern Britain, world economics, the mixed economy, Milton Friedman's thought, British industry, economic issues, and London as a financial center. (JDH) 18. Book Review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2011-01-01 Full Text Available Phillip M. Morse and Herman Feshbach, Professors of Physics at the MIT, published their biblical-sized textbook ‘Methods of Theoretical Physics’ with McGraw-Hill in May 1953. At 1978 pages and published in two books, it is an intimidating twin tome that should still be atop the reading lists or the bookshelves of every mathematical physicist. What material is covered in this book? In the most concise of terms, this book is devoted to the study of differential equations and associated boundary conditions that describe physical fields. The thirteen chapters address what circumstances warrant the use of which differential equations, and most often addresses the question of coordinate system transformations, for example, how do Green's functions for Laplace's Equation transform under different coordinate systems? Under what circumstances the solutions can be expected to be separable? Many examples are covered to illustrate these points. Why is this book relevant to Software Programmers? This book is part of the background that any scientific programmer is likely to need in dealing with physical fields. This book was written before personal computers became ubiquitous, however it is still an outstanding effort to tie the methods of solving differential equations governing fields together in one book. The book never received a second edition, however, it was reprinted to an outstanding standard by Feshbach Publishing since 2004, run by the children of Herman Feshbach. Their website is feshbachpublishing.com. The majority of this review is a mini-commentary of the book showing what is covered in a very terse fashion, which may be useful as a summary even for those who have already read the full text. I then give a brief analysis of the approach to mathematical physics taken by the book. Finally, I will discuss who will benefit from reading this magnificent treatise, nearly 60 years after it was first published. 19. BOOK MANAGERS CHOICE BOOKS RECEIVED African Journals Online (AJOL) The receipt of these books is acknowledged, and this listing must be regarded as sufficient return for the courtesy of the sender. Books that appear to be of particular interest will be reviewed as space permits. The SAMJ does not publish unsolicited reviews. ABO-incompatible Kidney Transplantation... By Kota. Takahashi. 20. Orange Book Data.gov (United States) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence (Orange Book or OB) is a list of drugs approved under Section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act... 1. Book review African Journals Online (AJOL) feminist scholarly circles, who acted as editors, consulting editors, project co- ... The organization of the book posed numerous difficulties to the editors, ... informs the reader, Mvemve was "keen to have Western science confirm the efficacy. 2. Book Review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2012-01-01 Full Text Available The second edition of Computational Physics by Rubin Landau, Manuel Paez and Cristian C. Bordeianu (published by Wiley hit bookshelves in 2007, and is steadily making its way into physics classrooms across the United States. Your reviewer first encountered the book at the Stanford Campus Book Store, where it is presumably being put to good use by students and faculty. The first edition was published in 1997 with Landau and Paez as authors [Computational Physics, 1st edn, Wiley, New York, 1997]. Rubin Landau is a very experienced computational physicist and staff member of the Oregon State University in Corvallis, where he directs the Computational Physics for Undergraduates course and teaches using this book. Landau is an incredibly active teacher to put it mildly – the code for the book is supplied in an accompanying DVD and he also posts applets and video lectures for his courses on his web page (http://www.physics.orst.edu/~rubin/. 3. Book Review African Journals Online (AJOL) Bernt Lindtjorn Book Review. Water Resources Management in Ethiopia: Implications for the Nile Basin. ... general to specific issues within the Ethiopian context. ... properly made with regard to water source, ... of those of Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda,. 4. Recovery Room African Journals Online (AJOL) defined postoperative unit or on the hospital ward. Patients were frequently transferred from the operating room directly to the ward where they were placed close to the nursing station. In 1947 the. Anesthesia Study Commission of the Philadelphia. 5. Book Review Science.gov (United States) Clevers, Jan G. P. W. 2018-05-01 This book provides a comprehensive and timely overview on all aspects of hyperspectral remote sensing combined with various applications. As such, it is an excellent book of reference for both students and professionals active in the field of optical remote sensing. It deals with all aspects of retrieving quantitative information on biophysical properties of the Earth's surface, the data corrections needed and the range of analysis approaches available. 6. Book Reviews OpenAIRE Matić, Ninoslav; Motik, Boris; Šribar, Julijan; Bažant, Alen; Kos, Mladen; Glavinić, Vlado 1996-01-01 The PC System Architecture Series of books from MindShare, one of the leading technical training companies in the hardware industry, includes the following titles: ISA System Architecture, EISA System Architecture, 486 System Architecture, Pentium Processor System Architecture, Plug&Play System Architecture, Power PC System Architecture, PCI System Architecture, PCMCIA SystemArchitecture. Each of them is a powerful reference book for one particular type of chip or hardware, with the character... 7. BOOK MANAGER'S CHOICE BOOKS RECEIVED African Journals Online (AJOL) progression from qualitative to quantitative methods. He begins with an ethnography of concepts of mental illness held by care providers from both the ... research methods for the southern African context. I heartily recommend this book. 8. Electronic book – paperless book Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mateja Ločniškar-Fidler 2003-01-01 Full Text Available The article presents the electronic book, which is accessible on the Internet, with particularities and drawbacks that the present and future users and librarians may encounter.It also presents devices (such as scanners and hand-helds and software required for reading and designing electronic books, as well as the details we should pay attention to when buying and using the above mentioned devices. Some of the most significant web pages dedicated to the selling and promoting of electronic books are also presented. The protection of authors’ works, distributed via the Internet and digital media, is gaining importance. In September 1999, Slovenia also joined the international agreement on the protection of copyrights. It is expected that electronic books will gradually become part of the collection of all types of libraries. Therefore, libraries will need appropriate technical equipment as well as trained personnel for the usage of this new medium. 9. Book review African Journals Online (AJOL) joint exercise of the will preceeded by reason/intellect. ... tion of contingency leaves no room for accounting for possible or potential events, which in reality ... So, Kaphagawani's fundamental contribution to. the literature on Leibniz's is that in. 10. Book reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tore Ahlbäck 2011-05-01 Full Text Available Four book reviews are included in this issue of Approaching Religion:The Process of Buddhist-Christian Dialogue (2009 by Paul O. Ingram is reviewed by Dr Teuvo Laitila. The book deals with contemporary dialogues between Buddhists and Christians, mainly in the West, by applying a three-part perspective denoted conceptual, engaged and internal.Producing Islamic Knowledge. Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe (2010 by Martin van Bruinessen and Stefano Allievi is reviewed by Dr Jeanette Jouili. The book investigates into Islamic knowledge production taking place in the contemporary European context, from a theoretical as well as from a richly varied empirical perspective.Grounding Religion. A Field Guide to the Study of Religion and Ecology (2011 by Whitney A. Bauman, Richard R. Bohannon II and Kevin J. O’Brien is reviewed by MA Laura Wickström. The book provides an introduction to the field of religion and ecology with special emphasis on interreligious co-operation.Mirakel, mysterier och moraliteter. Från puritanism till New Age – en religionshistorisk studie av Helen Shucman och A Course in Miracles (2010 is reviewed by Dr Tore Ahlbäck. The book is a doctoral thesis analysing the history of creation behind the highly influential spiritual guide A Course in Miracles (1965–72 and its originator Helen Shucman. 11. The value of information updating in new product development CERN Document Server Artmann, Christian 2009-01-01 This work shows how managing uncertainty in new product development can be improved by conducting an information update during the development process. The book details the comprehensive model needed to perform that information update. 12. Book reviews NARCIS (Netherlands) NN, 2004-01-01 Since the publication of the first edition of this book, important developments in biotechnology and mushroom production made a new, revised version necessary. As it is written for the mushroom industry, it emphasizes on nutritional, medical, and cultivating aspects of edible and medicinal fungi. A 13. Book Reviews OpenAIRE Matthews, Alan; Goldin, Ian; Colman, David; Bickerton, Thomas W.; Beghin, John C.; Croci-Angelini, Elisabetta 1992-01-01 Books reviewed include: Principles of Agricultural Economics by D. Colman and T. Young; World Agriculture: Toward 2000 by Nikos Alexandratos; Food Subsidies in Developing Countries: Costs, Benefits and Policy Options; Elasticities in International Agricultural Trade by Colin A. Carter and W. H. Gardiner; Macroeconomics, Agriculture and Exchange Rates; Government and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1880-1988 by M. Tracy 14. Book review NARCIS (Netherlands) NN, 2003-01-01 This book is entirely dedicated to the functional role of fungi in all kind of ecosystems, and it attempts to show how the world would function if fungi were not there. It is conceived as an introduction to the subject for students in mycology and ecology. The introductory chapters deal with 15. Book reviews African Journals Online (AJOL) publication of the Ethiopian atlas (see below). There is no serious competition for this book for the countries it covers, but I suspect it will become invaluable for many strictly East African birders too, given the high degree of overlap, the improved illustrations and the coverage of some potential vagrants to the south. 16. BOOK REVIEWS African Journals Online (AJOL) This is a story of the marvel of human life from conception to birth. Although the book was designed for young readers, it is suitable for use by anybody who wishes to know about our conception, development and birth. It can be appreciated at several levels. Firstly, it is a fascinating story, told simply and with wise. 17. Book review African Journals Online (AJOL) Book review. * Professor of Higher Education Studies, Centre for Higher and Adult Education, University of Stellenbosch. Email: mfourie@sun.ac.za. Worldwide, the composition of the student population in higher education has over the past two decades changed dramatically. With larger numbers of previously underserved. 18. Book Review DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pace, Michelle 2016-01-01 At the turn of the millennium, a new phenomenon emerged: conservatives, who just decades before had rejected the expanding human rights culture, began to embrace human rights in order to advance their political goals. In this book, Nicola Perugini and Neve Gordon account for how human rights--gen... 19. BOOKS JBOEKE African Journals Online (AJOL) This book is about the poor in South Africa and how to achieve some redistribution ... nature of the zero-sum-game economic wars and plunder- ing ofthe 16th - 18th ..... no course in basic neurosciences taught to the level where this would be ... 20. Book Reviews. Science.gov (United States) Coates, Elizabeth; And Others 1993-01-01 Reviews three books: (1) "Jeux Populaires Traditionnels pour les Enfants d'aujourd'hui" (Traditional Popular Games for Today's Children) (Jacqueline Theriault and Denise Garon); "Early Childhood Education" (B. Persky and L. Golubchick, editors); and "Playing to Learn: The Young Child, Teacher and the Classroom" (Weininger and Daniel). (AC) 1. Book Review African Journals Online (AJOL) Angela The book in review tells many tales of looting, rape and murder of prominent. Nuba figures as well as ordinary Nuba folk. As the government is increasing pressure on them, the Nuba are proving to be more resilient than ever to ensure their posterity. The picture that dominates the front cover may easily be overlooked by. 2. Book review African Journals Online (AJOL) The book ends with a section on the most sought-after bird of. Ethiopia, a brief discussion of the best sites where to find them, and a complete, indexed list of the country's birds. The keen combination of text, maps, lists and superb pictures makes 'Birding Ethiopia' an outstanding birding site guide that deserves a place on ... 3. Thin book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) En lille bog om teater og organisationer, med bidrag fra 19 teoretikere og praktikere, der deltog i en "Thin Book Summit" i Danmark i 2005. Bogen bidrager med en state-of-the-art antologi om forskellige former for samarbejde imellem teater og organisationer. Bogen fokuserer både på muligheder og... 4. Book review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) EC Thomas 1978-11-01 Full Text Available This book appears to the present reviewer to be, if not the, at least a definitive volume for students of work motivation, whether organizational behaviourists or practising managers. This field has grown rapidly as the main focus of Organizational Psychology since Vroom's (1964 enunciation of a tenable theory of work motivation and satisfaction. 5. Book review African Journals Online (AJOL) Book review. * Dr Birgit Schreiber is the Director of the Centre for Student Support Services at the University of the. Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. Email: bschreiber@uwc.ac.za. Manuel Castells (2001), who is regarded as one of the most influential social scientists commenting on the role of higher education in ... 6. Electronic Books Science.gov (United States) Clyde, Laurel A. 2005-01-01 Terje Hillesund points out that "information technology and especially the Internet have profoundly changed the ways of publishing." Recently, the book publishing industry has started to catch up, making digitized texts--including multimedia texts--available for sale through online bookstores, and in some cases, available for free downloading.… 7. Book review NARCIS (Netherlands) NN, 2003-01-01 The Mycena specialist Robich, known from many publications, created his magnum opus with the present book, which, according to the title, covers all species known from Europe. Although many of his observations are based on southern European collections, his studies extended to other parts of Europe 8. Banning Books. Science.gov (United States) Trede, Mildred 1991-01-01 The "Game of Decisions" is presented to encourage students to consider the consequences of banning books and/or ideas. The game involves story writing, creating probability graphs, writing a letter protesting censorship from a chosen historical period, and examining a controversial science issue. Three thesis statements for generating group… African Journals Online (AJOL) Books. Outcomes into Clinical Practice. Ed. by Tony Delamothe. Pp. xii + 164. Illustrated. London: BMJ. 1994. ISBN 0-7279-0888-X. At a recent conference which attracted a range of health professionals from the private and public sectors and examined South Africa's current and future health options, an eminent Australian ... 10. Digital books. Science.gov (United States) Wink, Diane M 2011-01-01 In this bimonthly series, the author examines how nurse educators can use the Internet and Web-based computer technologies such as search, communication, and collaborative writing tools; social networking and social bookmarking sites; virtual worlds; and Web-based teaching and learning programs. This article describes digital books. 11. Book review African Journals Online (AJOL) contributions to the authoritative bibliography of the scholarly writings on the literatures of the English - speaking world. As he states in the preface to the book, Abodunrin's aim in doing this is to make a compendium of reviews of. "scholarly writing on all aspects of African literature in English'' available to students, teachers ... 12. Book notice NARCIS (Netherlands) 1999-01-01 FOCKO WEBERLING & WILHELM TROLL: Die Infloreszenzen Band II, Teil 2, Monotele und polytele Synfloreszenzen. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Germany, 1998. 483 pp., illus. ISBN 3-437-35436-1. Price: DEM 238. A new volume in the monumental series of books on inflorescences in the tradition of Troll’s 13. Book review African Journals Online (AJOL) The work under review is Jack Mapanje's third volume of verse after Of Chameleons ... with which the new book opens, 'The Following Dawn the Boots', talks about the first ... 'St Margaret Chitherow of York', the poet acknowledges that his host country too has ... primary audience and learn to adjust his sights accordingly. 14. Book fair CERN Multimedia 2006-01-01 The Swiss academic publishing house 'Presses Polytechniques Universitaires Romandes'will be presenting its most recent scientific and technical publications at a book fair in the lobby of the Main Building (60) from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Thursday 28 September 2006. 15. BOOK REVIEW African Journals Online (AJOL) as middlemen between writers and readers through lack of creativity and aggressiveness. Authors are not used to promote the sales of their books, and there is no attempt on the part of the publisher to take advantage of such forms of popular advertisement as newspapers, radio and television. Besides, there is a general ... 16. book review African Journals Online (AJOL) organisational structures and institutional policy. A number of universities in Africa have started to conduct student engagement/student experience surveys. This volume provides the theoretical underpinning for it while outlining how these theories were arrived at in the first place. However, a potential weak point of the book ... 17. Book Reviews OpenAIRE Barlow, Colin; Harvey, D. R.; Lane, S. 1988-01-01 Books Reviewed: The Economics of Oil Palm; Agricultural Policy Formation in the European Community: The Birth of Milk Quotas and CAP Reform by M. Petit, M. de Benedictis, D. Britton, M. de Groot, W. Henrichsmeyer, and F. Lechi; Agriculture's Future: America's Food System by T. L. Wallace 18. Example book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Donnat, Ph.; Treimany, C.; Gouedard, C.; Morice, O. 1998-06-01 This document presents some examples which were used for debugging the code. It seemed useful to write these examples onto a book to be sure the code would not regret; to give warranties for the code's functionality; to propose some examples to illustrate the possibilities and the limits of Miro. (author) 19. Book Reviews. Science.gov (United States) Joyner, Christopher C.; And Others 1986-01-01 Scholarly reviews of nine books are presented. Topics include nuclear deterrence, urban planning in France, human rights in the Republic of China, the United States' support of Israel, U. S. military policy, an analysis of Rousseau's social contract, political influences on the U. S. presidency, the state and political theory, and the loss of… 20. Pi a source book CERN Document Server Berggren, Lennart; Borwein, Peter 2004-01-01 This book documents the history of pi from the dawn of mathematical time to the present. One of the beauties of the literature on pi is that it allows for the inclusion of very modern, yet accessible, mathematics. The articles on pi collected herein include selections from the mathematical and computational literature over four millennia, a variety of historical studies on the cultural significance of the number, and an assortment of anecdotal, fanciful, and simply amusing pieces. For this new edition, the authors have updated the original material while adding new material of historical and cultural interest. There is a substantial exposition of the recent history of the computation of digits of pi, a discussion of the normality of the distribution of the digits, new translations of works by Viete and Huygen, as well as Kaplansky's never-before-published "Song of Pi." From the reviews of earlier editions: "Few mathematics books serve a wider potential readership than does a source book and this particular on... 1. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Chrusciel, P. T. 2006-06-01 Most of us sometimes have to face a student asking: 'What do I need to get started on this'. (In my case 'this' would typically be a topic in general relativity.) After thinking about it for quite a while, and consulting candidate texts again and again, a few days later I usually end up saying: read this chapter in book I (but without going too much detail), then that chapter in book II (but ignore all those comments), then the first few sections of this review paper (but do not try to work out equations NN to NNN), and then come back to see me. In the unlikely event that the student comes back without changing the topic, there follows quite a bit of explaining on a blackboard over the following weeks. From now on I will say: get acquainted with the material covered by this book. As far as Isham's book is concerned, 'this' in the student's question above can stand for any topic in theoretical physics which touches upon differential geometry (and I can only think of very few which do not). Said plainly: this book contains most of the introductory material necessary to get started in general relativity, or those branches of mathematical physics which require differential geometry. A student who has mastered the notions presented in the book will have a solid basis to continue into specialized topics. I am not aware of any other book which would be as useful as this one in terms of the spectrum of topics covered, stopping at the right place to get sufficient introductory insight. According to the publisher, these lecture notes are the content of an introductory course on differential geometry which is taken by first-year theoretical physics PhD students, or by students attending the one-year MSc course 'Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces' at Imperial College, London. The volume is divided into six chapters: An Introduction to Topology Differential Manifolds Vector Fields and n-Forms Lie Groups Fibre Bundles Connections in a Bundle. It is a sad reflection on current 2. Creators Room DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Iversholt, Lene; Iversholt Toft, Karina 2012-01-01 Creators Room er et koncept til daginsitutioner, der indrammer og giver bud på en forståelse mellem inkluderende pædagogik og fysiske rammer. Konceptet er udviklet i et tværfagligt procesforløb, hvor formålet har været at skabe stadig bedre indendørsmiljøer for børn ved at forene pædagogiske... 3. Book Reviews Science.gov (United States) Horner, Joseph L. 1987-04-01 Progress in the fields of integrated optics and fiber optics is continuing at a rapid pace. Recognizing this trend, the goal of the author is to provide an introductory textbook on time-harmonic electromagnetic theory, with an emphasis on optical rather than microwave technologies. The book is appropriate for an upper-level undergraduate or graduate course. Each chapter includes examples of problems. The book focuses on several areas of prime importance to intergrated optics. These include dielectric waveguide analysis, couple-mode thoery, Bragg scattering, and prism coupling There is very little coverage of active components such as electro-optic modulators and switches. The author assumes the reader has a working knowledge of vector calculus and is familiar with Maxwell's equations. 4. Book Review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Salvatore Filippone 2014-01-01 Full Text Available The book by Arjen Markus is a veritable tour de force among the possibilities opened up by the latest incarnation of Fortran, the longest-lived programming language on the planet and still one of the favourites by scientific programmers. It is not an introduction to the syntax and semantics of the latest language standard: it is more of a gourmet cookbook showing off a wide range of examples of what the new features allow a daring programmer to do. 5. Book reviews OpenAIRE NN 2004-01-01 Since the publication of the first edition of this book, important developments in biotechnology and mushroom production made a new, revised version necessary. As it is written for the mushroom industry, it emphasizes on nutritional, medical, and cultivating aspects of edible and medicinal fungi. A short introduction deals with a definition of fungi and the world of fungi, including edible and poisonous species, and the relation between fungi and man. Two chapters deal with edible and medicin... 6. Book Reviews OpenAIRE Redactie KITLV 2004-01-01 -Bill Maurer, Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies. New York: Routledge, 2003. ix + 252 pp. -Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Richard Price ,The root of roots: Or, how Afro-American anthropology got its start. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press/University of Chicago Press, 2003. 91 pp., Sally Price (eds) -Holly Snyder, Paolo Bernardini ,The Jews and the expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xv + 567 pp., Norman Fiering (eds) -Bridget Brereto... 7. Book Reviews OpenAIRE Elena Mancusi-Materi 2002-01-01 Book reviews: Helmore, K. and N. Singh, Sustainable Livelihoods – Building on the Wealth of the poor (reviewed by Elena Mancusi-Materi); Scoones, I (ed.), Dinamics and Diversity: Soil fertility and farming livelihoods in africa (reviewed by Elena Mancusi-Materi); Uphoff, N. (ed.), Agroecological Innovations – Increasing Food Production with Pariciatory Development (reviewed by Elena Mancusi-Materi); Marten, G.G., Human Ecology, Basic Concepts for Sustianable Development (reviewed by Siobhán K... 8. Manuscripts and Rare Books in an Undergraduate Library. Science.gov (United States) Mortimer, Ruth 1983-01-01 Description of Smith College Library's Rare Book Room notes printed book and manuscript collections including the Sylvia Plath collection, Ernest Hemingway collection, and collection of modern press books. Related undergraduate courses in typography and the history of printing, student exhibitions, and student publications are highlighted. (EJS) 9. Technical books and monographs. 1977 catalog International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1977-01-01 Books and monographs sponsored by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and by the organizations brought together to form ERDA under the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 are listed. In general, information for each published book, and for each book in press when known, includes title; author and author affiliation; publisher and publication date; page count; size of book; price; availability information if the book is not available from the publisher; Library of Congress card number (LC); International Standard Book Number (ISBN); a brief descriptive statement concerning the book; and for the more recent books a list or a description of the contents. The books and monographs are grouped under thirteen subject categories. Recent published symposiums from ERDA projects and recent and relevant bibliographies appear in special sections at the end of each subject category. Also, at the end of the catalog are described the following ERDA publications: ERDA Energy Research Abstracts, Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis, Solar Energy Update, Fossil Energy Update, Nuclear Safety, and Power Reactor Docket Information 10. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Folacci, Antoine; Jensen, Bruce 2003-12-01 Thanks to its impressive success in the second half of the 20th century, both in high-energy physics and in critical phenomena, quantum field theory has enjoyed an abundant literature. We therefore greet yet another book on this subject with caution: what can a monograph on quantum field theory bring now that is new, either conceptually or pedagogically? But when it is written by a physicist such as Bryce DeWitt, who has made his own contribution to the collection of field theory books with The Global Approach to Quantum Field Theory, all suspicion is naturally abandoned. One knows in advance that this book can only lead to a genuine enrichment of the literature. DeWitt has made a formidable contribution to various areas of physics: general relativity, the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and most of all the quantization of non-Abelian gauge theories and quantum gravity. In addition, his pedagogical publications, especially the Les Houches schools of 1963 and 1983 [1, 2], have had a great impact on quantum field theory. All this makes the reader keen to pick up his new work and a deeper reading confirms the reviewer's initial enthusiasm. We must begin by alerting the potential readers of this book that it cannot be compared to any other book in the field (unless of course we are talking about references [1] and [2], of which the book under review is an extension and reworking). This uniqueness applies to both the scientific content and the way the ideas are presented. A quick description of this book and a brief explanation of its title should convince the reader of the book's unique quality. For DeWitt, a central concept of field theory is that of space of histories'. For a field varphii defined on a given spacetime M, the set of all varphii(x) for all x in all charts of M defines its history. It is the space Phi of all possible histories (dynamically allowed or not) of the fields defined on M which is called the space of histories' by DeWitt. If only 11. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Vespignani, A. 2004-09-01 Networks have been recently recognized as playing a central role in understanding a wide range of systems spanning diverse scientific domains such as physics and biology, economics, computer science and information technology. Specific examples run from the structure of the Internet and the World Wide Web to the interconnections of finance agents and ecological food webs. These networked systems are generally made by many components whose microscopic interactions give rise to global structures characterized by emergent collective behaviour and complex topological properties. In this context the statistical physics approach finds a natural application since it attempts to explain the various large-scale statistical properties of networks in terms of local interactions governing the dynamical evolution of the constituent elements of the system. It is not by chance then that many of the seminal papers in the field have been published in the physics literature, and have nevertheless made a considerable impact on other disciplines. Indeed, a truly interdisciplinary approach is required in order to understand each specific system of interest, leading to a very interesting cross-fertilization between different scientific areas defining the emergence of a new research field sometimes called network science. The book of Dorogovtsev and Mendes is the first comprehensive monograph on this new scientific field. It provides a thorough presentation of the forefront research activities in the area of complex networks, with an extensive sampling of the disciplines involved and the kinds of problems that form the subject of inquiry. The book starts with a short introduction to graphs and network theory that introduces the tools and mathematical background needed for the rest of the book. The following part is devoted to an extensive presentation of the empirical analysis of real-world networks. While for obvious reasons of space the authors cannot analyse in every detail all the 12. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Arimondo, Ennio 2004-07-01 For many years the Institute of Physics has published books on hot topics based on a collection of reprints from different journals, including some remarks by the editors of each volume. The book on Optical Angular Momentum, edited by L Allen, S M Barnett and M J Padgett, is a recent addition to the series. It reproduces forty four papers originally published in different journals and in a few cases it provides direct access to works not easily accessible to a web navigator. The collection covers nearly a hundred years of progress in physics, starting from an historic 1909 paper by Poynting, and ending with a 2002 paper by Padgett, Barnett and coworkers on the measurement of the orbital angular momentum of a single photon. The field of optical angular momentum has expanded greatly, creating an interdisciplinary attraction for researchers operating in quantum optics, atomic physics, solid state physics, biophysics and quantum information theory. The development of laser optics, especially the control of single mode sources, has made possible the specific design of optical radiation modes with a high degree of control on the light angular momentum. The editors of this book are important figures in the field of angular momentum, having contributed to key progress in the area. L Allen published an historical paper in 1999, he and M J Padgett (together with M Babiker) produced few years ago a long review article which is today still the most complete basic introduction to the angular momentum of light, while S M Barnett has contributed several high quality papers to the progress of this area of physics. The editors' choice provides an excellent overview to all readers, with papers classified into eight different topics, covering the basic principles of the light and spin and orbital angular momentum, the laboratory tools for creating laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum, the optical forces and torques created by laser beams carrying angular momentum on 13. Book Review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2011-01-01 Full Text Available “Numerical Methods for Special Functions” by Gil, Seguar and Temme is a collection of methods and approaches for finding the most efficient and accurate ways of computing values of functions that have no general definition. “Numerical Methods for Special Functions” might appear at first glance to be a boring and perhaps dry subject for non-mathematicians, and indeed it is a little difficult to approach without being an expert in the area, but if you do find yourself in need of some hints for the best implementations available, this book might be a life saver. 14. Golden book CERN Multimedia 2004-01-01 On 19 October, CERN reached the climax of its Jubilee with the official celebration in the presence of very high representatives of the Member and Observer States. Above, one of the high moments of the day: the signing of the golden book by the King of Spain, Juan Carlos, and at his right the Director-General of CERN, Robert Aymar, the President of the Swiss Confederation, Joseph Deiss, and the President of the Republic of France, Jacques Chirac. A complete report of this event will be in the next issue of the Bulletin. 15. Best Books 1982. Science.gov (United States) School Library Journal, 1982 1982-01-01 This annotated bibliography lists 45 children's books and 29 young adult books selected by School Library Journal's Book Review staff and Young Adult Review committee, respectively. Arrangement is alphabetical by author with the grade level indicated for children's books. (EJS) 16. Book Review Science.gov (United States) Kragh, Helge 2015-11-01 Ever since the days of William Blake there has been an underground resistance against the soulless yet triumphant science and its unholy alliance with money, technology and political power. With the nearly undisputed hegemony that science and technological innovation has attained in the post-World War II era, this kind of resistance has resulted in numerous books and articles that in different ways warn against the dark sides of science and the socio-economic system that nourishes a science in degeneration. Classical examples include Herbert Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man (1964), Jacques Ellul's The Technological Society (1965), Theodore Roszak's The Making of a Counter Culture (1968), and Paul Feyerabend's Science in a Free Society (1978). A fair part of the literature written by sociologists and philosophers is not only critical to trends in modern science, but tends to or is overtly anti-science. The book under review belongs in some respects to this heterogeneous literary tradition, but Twilight of the Scientific Age is primarily directed against the institutional system of science and its associated ideology and not against science itself. Indeed, the author is himself a practicing scientist, an astrophysicist, and he emphasizes several times that he firmly believes in science, even that he loves it. He is not a "stupid cultural relativist," he asserts (p. 11), but a critical freethinker independent of dogmatic beliefs. 17. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Webb, Steve 2008-11-01 The Polish physicist Józio (Joseph, Josh, Jo) Rotblat was catapulted into the public eye when he (and the 'Pugwash Conferences' organization) received the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize. His life prior to that had been most distinguished but conducted well out of the public eye. Born and raised as a Jewish physicist in pre-World War II Poland, and thus potentially educationally disadvantaged, he battled away for education and scientific achievement. He came to Liverpool University just before the outbreak of World War II, worked in James Chadwick's laboratory on the early beginnings of neutron fission physics, moved to Los Alamos to take part in the US-UK collaborative Manhattan Project to build a nuclear bomb and was motivated by a desire to rid Poland of Nazi 'racial cleansing'. On realizing the US-UK goal was somewhat wider, he resigned this work and dedicated his life to the peaceful uses of radiation and the campaigns to rid the world of the potential world-eliminating possibility of nuclear war. For this purpose he interacted with Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell, and in July 1957 founded the 'Pugwash Conferences', named for a small fishing village in Nova Scotia, Canada where the first was held. Along the way his personal life was no less dramatic. Cruel events conspired, and his wife Tola remained in Poland and was killed in the Nazi extermination camp at Majdanek. He grieved for his beloved Poland and those left behind or unaccounted for. He was suspected by some Americans of being a spy and had his personal papers and family artefacts impounded. After the war he was Professor of Medical Physics at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London for 30 years up to retirement. After John Roberts, he was the second editor of this journal Physics in Medicine and Biology from 1961-72 (see e.g. Bob Burns' paper in our 50th birthday issue, 2006. Kit Hill's little book which chronicles the life and times of Rotblat weaves together the key events in his personal and professional 18. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Poisson, E. 2006-09-01 The motion of a charged particle interacting with its own electromagnetic field is an area of research that has a long history; this problem has never ceased to fascinate its investigators. On the one hand the theory ought to be straightforward to formulate: one has Maxwell's equations that tell the field how to behave (given the motion of the particle), and one has the Lorentz-force law that tells the particle how to move (given the field). On the other hand the theory is fundamentally ambiguous because of the field singularities that necessarily come with a point particle. While each separate sub-problem can easily be solved, to couple the field to the particle in a self-consistent treatment turns out to be tricky. I believe it is this dilemma (the theory is straightforward but tricky) that has been the main source of the endless fascination. For readers of Classical and Quantum Gravity, the fascination does not end there. For them it is also rooted in the fact that the electromagnetic self-force problem is deeply analogous to the gravitational self-force problem, which is of direct relevance to future gravitational wave observations. The motion of point particles in curved spacetime has been the topic of a recent Topical Review [1], and it was the focus of a recent Special Issue [2]. It is surprising to me that radiation reaction is a subject that continues to be poorly covered in the standard textbooks, including Jackson's bible [3]. Exceptions are Rohrlich's excellent text [4], which makes a very useful introduction to radiation reaction, and the Landau and Lifshitz classic [5], which contains what is probably the most perfect summary of the foundational ideas (presented in characteristic terseness). It is therefore with some trepidation that I received Herbert Spohn's book, which covers both the classical and quantum theories of a charged particle coupled to its own field (the presentation is limited to flat spacetime). Is this the text that graduate students 19. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Poisson, E. 2005-10-01 The ever growing relevance of general relativity to astrophysics and cosmology continues to motivate the publication of new textbooks which put the theory in a fresh perspective informed by recent developments. In the last few years we have witnessed the appearance of two new books which reflect this trend, and which stand proud among the classic relativity texts. While the 1970s were the decade of Weinberg [1] and Misner et al [2], and the 80s the decade of Schutz [3] and Wald [4], this is clearly the decade of Hartle [5] and Carroll. Hartle has introduced a novel pedagogical approach to teaching general relativity, which he convincingly argues [6] should be done in the standard undergraduate physics curriculum. His 'physics-first approach' emphasizes physical phenomena and minimizes mathematical formalism. Hartle achieves a lot by introducing only the spacetime metric and the geodesic equation, which are the main tools needed to explore curved spacetime and extract physical consequences. To be sure, to explain how the metric is obtained in the first place does require a background of differential geometry and the formulation of the Einstein field equations. But in Hartle's book this material is wisely presented at a later stage, after an ample sampling of the physics of curved spacetime has motivated the need for the advanced mathematics. Carroll follows instead the traditional route, what Hartle calls the 'math-first approach', in which one introduces first the required mathematical formalism and only then derives the physical consequences. He is, of course, in good company, as this is the method followed in all existing textbooks (with Hartle's being the sole exception). Carroll's approach may not be original, but it is tried and true, and the result of Carroll's efforts is an excellent introduction to general relativity. The book covers the standard topics that would be found in virtually all textbooks (differential geometry, the field equations, linearized 20. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Borcherds, P. 2005-03-01 This book achieves what its subtitle indicates. The author skilfully weaves together the story of Bragg's life and of the scientific developments with which he was most closely involved. The author has a good understanding of Bragg's scientific work which he explains in considerable detail, with a number of diagrams reproduced from Bragg's papers, and manages to convey the excitement generated by Bragg's discoveries. The salient points of Bragg's life are well known. He was born and brought up in Australia and is still the youngest ever winner of a Nobel prize (though Josephson did his seminal work at a comparable age, it took many years for him to get his Prize). From 1914 to 1918 Bragg was involved with acoustic methods of detecting enemy guns. From 1919 to 1938 he was Professor of Physics in Manchester, and for about a year he was Director of the National Physical Laboratory. He then went to Cambridge as Cavendish Professor until 1953, when he moved to the Royal Institution (where his father had been). While an undergraduate at Cambridge 'Bragg's most influential teacher was...C T R Wilson [Nobel Laureate, 1927]...[whose] lectures "were the best, and delivery the worst, of any lectures to which I have ever been. He mumbled facing the board, he was very hesitant in his delivery, and yet the way he presented the subject was quite brilliant'' '. One wonders how long Wilson's inspirational teaching would survive today, with continual inspections and the requirement to satisfy the demands of the jobsworths. Bragg's comments on this would make interesting reading! Bragg was a very successful public lecturer on science. He made use of vivid analogies, many of which are quoted by Hunter. Since this book is published by Oxford University Press, I hope that some of them may appear in future editions of The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. (Bragg is included in Mackay's A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing)). There are too many 1. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Kiefer, C. 2005-10-01 The most difficult unsolved problem in fundamental theoretical physics is the consistent implementation of the gravitational interaction into a quantum framework, which would lead to a theory of quantum gravity. Although a final answer is still pending, several promising attempts do exist. Despite the general title, this book is about one of them - loop quantum gravity. This approach proceeds from the idea that a direct quantization of Einstein's theory of general relativity is possible. In contrast to string theory, it presupposes that the unification of all interactions is not needed as a prerequisite for quantum gravity. Usually one divides theories of quantum general relativity into covariant and canonical approaches. Covariant theories employ four-dimensional concepts in its formulation, one example being the path integral approach. Canonical theories start from a classical Hamiltonian version of the theory in which spacetime is foliated into spacelike hypersurfaces. Loop quantum gravity is a variant of the canonical approach, the oldest being quantum geometrodynamics where the fundamental configuration variable is the three-metric. Loop quantum gravity has developed from a new choice of canonical variables introduced by Abhay Ashtekar in 1986, the new configuration variable being a connection defined on a three-manifold. Instead of the connection itself, the loop approach employs a non-local version in which the connection is integrated over closed loops. This is similar to the Wilson loops used in gauge theories. Carlo Rovelli is one of the pioneers of loop quantum gravity which he started to develop with Lee Smolin in two papers written in 1988 and 1990. In his book, he presents a comprehensive and competent overview of this approach and provides at the same time the necessary technical background in order to make the treatment self-contained. In fact, half of the book is devoted to 'preparations' giving a detailed account of Hamiltonian mechanics, quantum 2. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Walcher, J. 2006-10-01 This book is a find. Mariño meets the challenge of filling in less than 200 pages the need for an accessible review of topological gauge / gravity duality. He is one of the pioneers of the subject and a clear expositor. It is no surprise that reading this book is a great pleasure. The existence of dualities between gauge theories and theories of gravity remains one of the most surprising recent discoveries in mathematical physics. While it is probably fair to say that we do not yet understand the full reach of such a relation, the impressive amount of evidence that has accumulated over the past years can be regarded as a substitute for a proof, and will certainly help to delineate the question of what is the most fundamental quantum mechanical theory. As has been the case in the past, it is in the context of Witten's 'topological' quantum theories that the mathematical framework is well enough established to firmly ground, and fully benefit from, the development of the physical theories. This book makes an important contribution to this new chapter in the math / physics interaction. There are two main instances of topological gauge/gravity duality. In the A-model, Chern Simons gauge theory on the 3-sphere is related to the closed topological string theory on the local Calabi Yau 3-fold {\\mathcal O}_{{\\mathbb P}^1}(-1) \\oplus{\\mathcal O}_{{\\mathbb P}^1} (-1), also known as the resolved conifold (Gopakumar-Vafa duality). In the B-model, certain types of matrix models are related on the gravity side to topological strings on certain cousins of the deformed conifold (Dijkgraaf-Vafa duality). In both cases, and similarly to the more physical AdS/CFT correspondence, the duality can be discovered by realizing the gauge theory as the target space theory of open strings ending on particular D-branes in a geometry closely related to the closed string background of the gravity theory. The A-branes supporting Chern Simons theory are wrapped on the Lagrangian three 3. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Israel, W. 2006-07-01 The evaporation of a black hole formed by the collapse of matter is a nonunitary process involving loss of information. At least, this is how it appears in Hawking's semiclassical description, in which gravity is not quantized and the emergent radiation appears thermal. Since unitarity is one of the pillars of quantum mechanics there has been an understandable reluctance to accept this as an ironclad conclusion. Conformal field theories in flat space are manifestly unitary, and the AdS/CFT correspondence therefore suggests that the information trapped in the depths of the hole must find some way to escape—a conclusion almost universally accepted today, at least among particle theorists. Just how it could escape remains a mystery, however, since nothing can escape without violating causality until the black hole has shrunk too far to hold much information. Gerard 't Hooft and the senior author of this book, Leonard Susskind, have been vocal advocates of the view that the information paradox poses a real crisis for physics requiring significant paradigm shifts. They suggest that locality must be given up as an objective property of physical phenomena (even on large scales) and replaced by a new principle of 'black hole complementarity'. Specifically, there are two very different ways to view the process of collapse and evaporation. To a free-falling observer, nothing unusual happens at the horizon and matter and information fall deep into the hole. To a stationary observer hovering just outside the hole it appears instead that the matter and information are deposited on the horizon (which he experiences as very hot because of his large acceleration), to be eventually re-emitted from there as Hawking radiation. According to 't Hooft and Susskind, these must be viewed as equally valid, 'complementary' descriptions of the same process. Black hole complementarity is essentially the statement (supported by operational arguments) that their simultaneous validity cannot 4. Neutrino book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Spiro, Michel 1995-01-01 André Rousset's book (in French - Gargamelle et les Courants Neutres - Ecole des Mines de Paris) tells the story of Gargamelle and the discovery at CERN in 1973 of neutral currents, the cornerstone of the electroweak theory. This vital discovery helped to give credence to the Standard Model of particle physics. Rousset is both an observer and one of the key figures in the story. His book is lively and well documented; in it he uses archive material to ensure the accuracy of his information on dates, choices and decisions. After an introduction to particle physics which puts into perspective the electroweak theory unifying weak and electromagnetic interactions, Rousset comes straight to the point. From the late 1950s onwards he was involved in the construction of the first heavy liquid bubble chambers by the BP1, BP2 and BP3 teams at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. For Gargamelle a bigger laboratory was needed, and it was at the CEA (French Atomic Energy Commission) in Saclay that the chamber was designed by teams from the Saturne accelerator and the Ecole Polytechnique. However, the decision to build Gargamelle was taken in 1965 through the impetus of André Lagarrigue, in defiance of the normal CERN procedures. Gargamelle was then in competition with the other big bubble chamber project, BEBC; was it really necessary to build two big chambers? The decision by Francis Perrin and the CEA to contribute ''generously'' to the project was probably what swung the decision. Construction took five years, during which many problems were encountered, right up to the fault in the main part of the chamber which caused delays and, a few years later, was to prove fatal to the detector. As Rousset correctly states, Gargamelle was probably the first big detector designed to be built on industrial lines, in direct cooperation with industry. The reward: the first neutrino interaction was photographed on 28 January 1971 5. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Barbour, J. B. 2007-02-01 These colloquium proceedings will be valuable, the blurb says, for graduate students and researchers in cosmology and theoretical astrophysics. Specifically, the book 'looks at both the strengths and weaknesses of the current big bang model in explaining certain puzzling data' and gives a 'comprehensive coverage of the expanding field of cosmology'. The reality is rather different. Conference proceedings rarely compare in value with a solid monograph or good review articles, and Current Issues in Cosmology is no exception. The colloquium was convened by the two editors, who have both long harboured doubts about the big bang, and was held in Paris in June 2004. The proceedings contain 19 presented papers and relatively brief summary comments by four panel speakers. The questions and answers at the end of each talk and a general discussion at the end were recorded and transcribed but contain little of interest. The nature of the colloquium is indicated by panellist Francesco Bertola's comment: 'While in the 1950s it was possible to speak of rival theories in cosmology, now the big-bang picture has no strong rivals. This is confirmed by the fact that out of 1500 members of the IAU Division VIII (Galaxies and the Universe) only a dozen, although bright people, devote their time to the heterodox views.' This was largely a platform for them to give their views. At least half of the dozen, all the 'usual suspects', were present: Geoffery and Margaret Burbidge, Jayant Narlikar, Halton Arp, Chandra Wickramasinghe and, in spirit only but playing a role somewhat like the ghost of Hamlet's father, the late Fred Hoyle. Doubters presented 12 of the 19 papers. Orthodoxy should certainly be challenged and the sociology of science questioned, but I found two main problems with this book. The papers putting the orthodox view are too short, even perfunctory. The most that a serious graduate student would get out of them is a reference to a far better review article or book on modern 6. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Trimble, Virginia 2007-05-01 Here are two textbooks, both published by Springer and each roughly half devoted to cosmology—the large scale structure and evolution of the Universe. I can imagine a context (not the same context) in which each would be useful. And there the similarities largely end. Bergstrom and Goobar's (hereafter B&G) other topic is particle astrophysics, and they are addressing students who already have some knowledge of advanced quantum mechanics and classical field theory (or who can master some relativistic dynamics and the Dirac equation on the basis of a couple of very information-dense appendices). The book is meant for use at the graduate level, probably the second year by US standards (the authors are from Stockholm). Schneider (hereafter PS), on the other hand, begins with galaxies, and then alternates between cosmological topics of gradually increasing sophistication (expanding universe to CMB fluctuations) and additional galactic topics—clusters, quasars and all. The book is meant as the second half of an introductory astronomy/astrophysics course for physics majors, and in the US would fit into an upper division capstone' course. Each is meant for a single semester class at the target level, and might be squeezed into a 10-week term with elimination of some topics. B&G is a paperback of a second edition, with colour confined to a central block of plates, relatively few graphs and drawings, but lots of complex equations. PS is a hard cover translation from a German original, with colour used freely in astronomical images and graphs throughout, with fewer and less complex equations. Though the nominal difference in copyright date is only two years (2006 for PS, 2004 for B&G), the former is considerably more up to date, mentioning, for instance, that the third year WMAP results are not different enough from the first year to justify redoing drawings and such (I agree). What can you expect to get if you buy one or both of these? B&G have a homepage of error 7. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. van Goor 1997-07-01 Full Text Available - Peter Boomgaard, Christine Dobbin, Asian entrepreneurial minorities; Conjoint communities in the making of the world economy, 1570-1940. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996, xiii + 246 pp. [Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series 71.] - Ian Brown, Fukuda Shozo, With sweat and abacus; Economic roles of Southeast Asian Chinese on the eve of World War II, edited by George Hicks. Singapore: Select Books, 1995, xii + 246 pp. - Ian Brown, George Hicks, Chinese organisations in Southeast Asia in the 1930s. Singapore: Select Books, 1996, xv + 168 pp. - Matthew I. Cohen, Laurie J. Sears, Shadows of empire; Colonial discourse and Javanese tales. Durham/London: Duke University Press, 1996, xxi + 349 pp. - J. van Goor, Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the age of commerce 1450-1680. Vol. II: Expansion and crisis. New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1993, xv + 390 pp. - J. van Goor, Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the age of commerce 1450-1680. Vol. I: The lands below the winds. New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1988, xvi + 275 pp. - David Henley, Saya S. Shiraishi, Young heroes; The Indnesian family in politics. Ithaca/New York: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1997, 183 pp. [Studies on Southeast Asia 22.] - Gerrit Knaap, P. Jobse, Bronnen betreffende de Midden-Molukken 1900-1942. Den Haag: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 1997. 4 volumes. Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën, Kleine Serie, 81, 82, 83, 84. Volume 1 bewerkt door P. Jobse, 2 en 3 door Ch.F. van Fraassen, 4 door Ch.F van Fraassen en P. Jobse. xii + 578, xii + 578, xii + 711, x + 655, xi + 261 pp., Ch. F. van Fraassen (eds. - Indro Nugroho-Heins, Clara Brakel-Papenhuyzen, Classical Javanese dance; The Surakarta tradition and its terminology. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995, xi + 252 pp. [Verhandelingen 155.] - László Sluimers, Shigeru Sato, War, nationalism and peasants; Java under the Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. Armonk, New 8. Indoor Spatial Updating with Reduced Visual Information OpenAIRE Legge, Gordon E.; Gage, Rachel; Baek, Yihwa; Bochsler, Tiana M. 2016-01-01 Purpose Spatial updating refers to the ability to keep track of position and orientation while moving through an environment. People with impaired vision may be less accurate in spatial updating with adverse consequences for indoor navigation. In this study, we asked how artificial restrictions on visual acuity and field size affect spatial updating, and also judgments of the size of rooms. Methods Normally sighted young adults were tested with artificial restriction of acuity in Mild Blur (S... 9. Book reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) T. Abdel-Motey., C. Urfels., K. Rodriguez., J. Mardikian., J.A. Drobnicki., V. Diodato. 2000-10-01 Full Text Available Title:(1 The Library and Information Professional’s Guide to the Internet. (2 Reinvention of the Public Library for the 21st Century. (3 Public Library Collection Development in the Information Age. (4 Making Sense of Journals in the Life Science: From Specialty Origins to Contemporary Assortment. (5 The Holocaust: Memories, Research, Reference. (6 How to Index Your Local Newspaper Using WordPerfect or Microsoft Word for Windows. (7 Effective Utilization and Management of Emerging Information Technologies. (8 Information Technology and Organizations: Challenges of New Technologies. (9 Facilities Planning for School Media and Technology Centers. (10 Libraries Without Walls 2: The Delivery of Library Services to Distance Users. (11 New International Directions in HIV Prevention for Gay and Bisexual Men. (12 Soaring to Excellence Videos: Tools of Our Trade III: Books, the Internet, and Beyond.Author:(1Reviewed by Teresa Abdel-Motey. (2Review by Claire Urfels. (3Reviewed by Dr. Ketty Rodriguez. (4Reviewed by Jackie Mardikian. (5Reviewed by John A. Drobnicki.(6Reviewed by Dr. Virgil Diodato. (7Reviewed by Dr. Lisa M. Covi. (8Reviewed by Tom Zillner. (9Reviewed by Dr. W. Bernard Lukenbill. (10Reviewed by Dr. Elizabeth Buchanan. (11Reviewed by Aisha White. (12Reviewed by Phyllis Tragash 10. Book Review Science.gov (United States) Smith, René J. 2006-01-01 Editors Note: This book is written in Spanish and the review is given in both English and Spanish. Both reviews were written by the same individual and essentially have the same content. Code of Practice for Quality Control of Treatment Planning Systems (TPS) in Radiation Therapy, by José Miguel Delgado Rodríguez, Feliciano García Vicente, Esther Millán Cebrián. Sociedad Española de Física Médica. Ramírez de Arellano Editores, S. L. 2005, Madrid, Spain; available. secretaria@sefm.es, 50ε Protocolo para Control de Calidad en Sistemas de Planificación de Terapia con Radiaciones Ionizantes, por José Miguel Delgado Rodríguez, Feliciano García Vicente, Esther Millán Cebrián. Sociedad Española de Física Médica. Ramírez de Arellano Editores, S. L. 2005, Madrid, Spain. secretaria@sefm.es, 50ε 11. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Rogister, A. L. 2004-03-01 John Wesson’s well known book, now re-edited for the third time, provides an excellent introduction to fusion oriented plasma physics in tokamaks. The author’s task was a very challenging one, for a confined plasma is a complex system characterised by a variety of dimensionless parameters and its properties change qualitatively when certain threshold values are reached in this multi-parameter space. As a consequence, theoretical description is required at different levels, which are complementary: particle orbits, kinetic and fluid descriptions, but also intuitive and empirical approaches. Theory must be carried out on many fronts: equilibrium, instabilities, heating, transport etc. Since the properties of the confined plasma depend on the boundary conditions, the physics of plasmas along open magnetic field lines and plasma surface interaction processes must also be accounted for. Those subjects (and others) are discussed in depth in chapters 2 9. Chapter 1 mostly deals with ignition requirements and the tokamak concept, while chapter 14 provides a list of useful relations: differential operators, collision times, characteristic lengths and frequencies, expressions for the neoclassical resistivity and heat conduction, the bootstrap current etc. The presentation is sufficiently broad and thorough that specialists within tokamak research can either pick useful and up-to-date information or find an authoritative introduction into other areas of the subject. It is also clear and concise so that it should provide an attractive and accurate initiation for those wishing to enter the field and for outsiders who would like to understand the concepts and be informed about the goals and challenges on the horizon. Validation of theoretical models requires adequately resolved experimental data for the various equilibrium profiles (clearly a challenge in the vicinity of transport barriers) and the fluctuations to which instabilities give rise. Chapter 10 is therefore 12. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alistair Lamb 1964-10-01 Full Text Available - B.V.A. Röling, Paul Shepard, Psycholex. Megwa, New York, 1960. 144 blz. - L. Sluimers, J.F. Cady, Southeast Asia: Its historical development. New York etc., McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964. XVII, 657, IX blz., foto, krtn. - H.J. de Graaf, Nicholas Tarling, Piracy and politics in the Malay world. A study of British imperialism in nineteenth-century Sout-East Asia. F.W. Cheshire, Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, 1963. 273 pp., frontispiece, endpaper maps. - W. Brand, N.A. Simoniya, Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia - A Russian study. Data Paper Number 45, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, December 1961, 151 blz. - B.H.M. Vlekke, Alistair Lamb, The China-India border, The origins of the disputed boundaries. Published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press, London 1964, XVI + 192 pp. - R.S. Karni, Beda Lim, Malaya, a background bibilography. Journal Malayan Branch, RAS, vol. XXXV, pts. 2 & 3, 1962; V. 199 pp. - L. Sluimers, R.K. Goldsen, Factors related to acceptance of innovation in Bang Chan, Thailand; Analysis of a survey conducted by the Cornell Cross-cultural Methodology Project, May 1955. Cornell Thailand Project Interim Report Series no. 3. Data Paper: No. 25 Southeast Asia Program Department of Far Eastern Studies Cornell University. 3de druk, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1963. VIII, 72, X blz., M. Rallis (eds. 13. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hans Antlöv 1996-04-01 , vii + 231 pp., Ulricht Mai (eds. - Tineke Hellwig, Brigitte Müller, Op de wipstoel; De niet-gewettigde inheemse vrouw van de blanke Europeaan in Nederlands-Indië (1890-1940; Een literatuuronderzoek naar beeldvorming en werkelijkheid. Amsterdam: Vakgroep Culturele Antropologie/Sociologie der Niets-Westerse Samenlevingen, 1995, xii + 131 pp. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Standard Malay made simple. Singapore: Times Books International, 1988. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Standard Indonesian made simple, written with the assistance of Nini Tiley-Notodisuryo, Singapore: Times Books International, 1990. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Speak standard Malay; A beginner’s guide. Singapore: Times Books International, 1993, xxii + 280 pp. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Speak Indonesian; A beginner’s guide, written in collaboration with Munadi Padmadiwiria and Abdullah Hassan. Singapore: Times Books International, 1990. - Alle G. Hoekema, Chr.G.F. de Jong, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Zending op Zuid-Sulawesi 1852-1966; Een bronnenpublicatie. Oegstgeest: Raad voor de Zending der Nederlands Hervormde Kerk, 1995, xi + 524 pp. - George Hotze, Ronald G. Gill, De Indische stad op Java en Madura; Een morfologische studie van haar ontwikkeling. Delft: Publikatieburo Bouwkunde, Technische Universiteit Delft, 1995, 350 pp. - H.A.J. Klooster, Holk H. Dengel, Neuere Darstellung der Geschichte Indonesiens in Bahasa Inonesia; Entwicklung und Tendenzen der indonesischen Historiographie. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1994, vii + 269 pp. - Harry A. Poeze, Hans Antlöv, Imperial policy and Southeast Asian nationalism 1930-1957. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995, xiii + 323 pp., Stein Tonnesson (eds. - P.W. Preston, Michael Hill, The politics of nation building and citizenship in Singapore. London: Routledge, 1995, x + 285 pp., Lian Kwen Fee (eds. - J.W. (Pim Schoorl, Michael Southon, The navel of the perahu; Meaning and values in the maritime trading economy of a Butonese 14. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Wainwright, John 2007-04-01 The present volume is an introduction to general relativity and cosmology, at a level suitable for beginning graduate students or advanced undergraduates. The book consists of two main parts, the first entitled Elements of differential geometry', and the second The theory of gravitation'. Chapters 2-7, part I, introduce the basic ideas of differential geometry in a general setting, and are based on previously unpublished notes by one of the authors. On the one hand, the treatment is modern in that it uses a top-down' approach, i.e. starting with general differentiable manifolds, and deferring the introduction of a metric tensor until after the notions of affine connection and curvature have been introduced. On the other hand, the treatment is classical in that it relies heavily, though not exclusively, on index notation. The general material, chapters 1-7, is then followed by four more specialized chapters dealing with matters of specific interest for general relativity. Topics include symmetry groups acting on Riemannian manifolds, with spherically symmetric spacetimes and spatially homogeneous spacetimes as examples, the efficient calculation of curvature, and the Petrov classification of the Weyl curvature tensor using spinors. Part II deals with general relativity and cosmology. The basic assumptions of the theory and its application to spherically symmetric gravitational fields are discussed in two chapters, and there is some historical material and motivation for the basic assumptions at the beginning of the book. The final chapter contains a detailed discussion of the Kerr solution. But the main emphasis in part II is on relativistic cosmology, in particular the analysis of cosmological models more general than the familiar Friedmann-Lemaitre (FL) models. The material on cosmology begins with a discussion of relativistic hydrodynamics and thermodynamics. The kinematical quantities (rate of expansion, shear, etc, of a timelike congruence) are introduced 15. The Economics of Books NARCIS (Netherlands) Canoy, M.F.M.; van Ours, J.C.; van der Ploeg, F. 2005-01-01 The tensions between books and book markets as expressions of culture and books as products in profit-making businesses are analysed and insights from the theory of industrial organisation are given.Governments intervene in the market for books through laws concerning prices of books, grants for 16. Best Books of 1977 Science.gov (United States) Gerhardt, Lillian N.; And Others 1977-01-01 School Library Journal book review editors have selected and annotated their choices for the best children's and young adults' books from those books that were submitted for review during 1977 by general book trade book publishers. Included in the annotations are: author, title, publisher, price, and recommended reading and interest levels. (JPF) 17. Fusion Energy Update International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Whitson, M.O. 1982-01-01 Fusion Energy Update (CFU) provides monthly abstracting and indexing coverage of current scientific and technical reports, journal articles, conference papers and proceedings, books, patents, theses, and monographs for all sources on fusion energy. All information announced in CFU, plus additional backup information, is included in the energy information data base of the Department of Energy's Technical Information Center. The subject matter covered by CFU includes plasma physics, the physics and engineering of blankets, magnet coils and fields, power supplies and circuitry, cooling systems, fuel systems, radiation hazards, power conversion systems, inertial confinement systems, and component development and testing International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mueller, P. 1995-01-01 This talks describes updates in the following updates in FRMAC publications concerning radiation emergencies: Monitoring and Analysis Manual; Evaluation and Assessment Manual; Handshake Series (Biannual) including exercises participated in; environmental Data and Instrument Transmission System (EDITS); Plume in a Box with all radiological data stored onto a hand-held computer; and courses given 19. Book reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 2010-09-01 upland Southeast Asia. (Guido Sprenger Guido Sprenger, Die Männer, die den Geldbaum fällten; Konzepte von Austausch und Gesellschaft bei den Rmeet von Takheung, Laos. (Oliver Tappe Review Essay Two books on East Timor. Carolyn Hughes, Dependent communities; Aid and politics in Cambodia and East Timor. David Mearns (ed., Democratic governance in Timor-Leste; Reconciling the local and the national. (Helene van Klinken Review Essay Two books on Islamic terror Zachary Abuza, Political Islam and violence in Indonesia. Noorhaidi Hasan, Laskar jihad; Islam, militancy, and the quest for identity in post-New Order Indonesia. (Gerry van Klinken Korte Signaleringen Janneke van Dijk, Jaap de Jonge en Nico de Klerk, J.C. Lamster, een vroege filmer in Nederlands-Indië. Griselda Molemans en Armando Ello, Zwarte huid, oranje hart; Afrikaanse KNIL-nazaten in de diaspora. Reisgids Indonesië; Oorlogsplekken 1942-1949. Hilde Janssen, Schaamte en onschuld; Het verdrongen oorlogsverleden van troostmeisjes in Indonesië. Jan Banning, Comfort women/Troostmeisjes. (Harry Poeze 20. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 1981-01-01 Full Text Available - H.J.M. Claessen, David Lewis, From Maui to Cook: The discovery and settlement of the Pacific, Drawings by Walter Stackpool. Sydney: Doubleday, 1977. Bibliography. - P. van Emst, Carl Lumholtz, Among Cannibals. An account of four years travel in Australia and of camp life with the aborigines of Queensland. Firle: Caliban Books. 383 pp. Maps, illustrations and index. Reprinted from the first edition, London: John Murray. - D.C. Geirnaert-Martin, Robert Wessing, Cosmology and social behaviour in a West Javanese settlement, Papers in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series no. 47, Ohio University Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Program, 1978, Athens, Ohio. - B.G. Grijpstra, William Wood, Cultural-ecological perspectives in Southeast Asia, edited and with an introduction by William Wood, Papers in International Studies, Southeast Asia Studies no. 41, Ohio University Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Program, 1977, Athens, Ohio. - R. Hagesteijn, M. Jacq-Hergoualc’h, L’armement et l’organisation de l’armée khmère aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles; d’après les bas-reliefs d’Angkor Vat, du Bayon et de Bantay Chmar. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. - C.K. Jonker-de Putter, John Ingleson, Road to exile; The Indonesian nationalist movement, 1927-1934. ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series, No. 1. Heinemann Educational Books (Asia Ltd., Singapore, 1979. xii + 254 blz. Bibliographie, index. - P.E. de Josselin de Jong, Roland Werner, Jah-het of Malaysia: art and culture, 1975. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. xxxv, 626 pp., 39 figs., 2 maps, 746 plates. - P.E. de Josselin de Jong, Roland Werner, Mah-Meri of Malaysia: Art and culture, 1974. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. xxvi, 485 pp., 13 figs., 3 maps, 460 plates. - Simon Kooijman, Peter Gathercole, The art of the Pacific Islands. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1979, 365 pp., 386 illustrations + 6 sketch-maps., Adrienne L 1. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. Noorduyn 1982-10-01 Full Text Available - C. van Dijk, M.C. Ricklefs, A history of modern Indonesia. C. 1300 to the present, London and Basingstoke, The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1981. xii + 335 pp. MacMillan Asian Histories Series. - L.A. Hoedemaker, S.C. Graaf van Randwijck, Handelen en denken in dienst der zending (Oestgeest 1897-1942, 2 delen, Den Haag Boekencentrum, 1981. - G.J. Knaap, Hubert Jacobs SJ, Documenta Malucensia II (1577-1606, annotated by Hubert Jacobs SJ, Monumenta Missionum Societatis Iesu volumen XXXIX, Missiones Orientalis, Rome, Jesuit Historical Institute; 1980, XXXI + 65* + 794 blz. - David S. Moyer, H. Sutherland, The making of a bureaucratic elite; The colonial transformation of the Javanese Priyayi, Asian studies association of Australia, Southeast Asia publication series no. 2, Heinemann educational books (Asia, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, 1979, xx + 182 pp. - S.A. Niessen, Garrett Solyom, The world of the Javanese Keris, 1978, East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii., Bronwen Solyom (eds. - S.A. Niessen, Anne Leonard, Patterns of Paradise; The styles and significance of bark cloth around the world, 1980, Field museum of natural history., John Terrell (eds. - S.A. Niessen, Kirk Endicott, Batek Negrito Religion, 1979, Oxford Clarendon Press. - J. Noorduyn, Olivier Carré, L’Islam et l’état dans le monde d’aujourd’hui, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1982. 270 p. - H.A. Poeze, Joop Morriën, Indonesië los van Holland. De CPN en de PKI in hun strijd tegen het Nederlands kolonialisme, Pegasus Amsterdam, 1982, 272 pp. 2. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J.G. Oosten 1980-10-01 Full Text Available - M.A. van Bakel, Frederic L. Pryor, The origins of the economy. A comparative study of distribution in primitive and peasant economies. Academic Press, New York 1977. XVIII + 475 blz. - H.J. de Graaf, W. Ph. Coolhaas, Generale missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan heren XVII der Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. Deel VII. 1713-1725. ‘s-Gravenhage 1979. Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën. Grote Serie 164. - F.G.P. Jaquet, P. Sutikno, J. Bastin, Nineteenth century prints and illustrated books of Indonesia; with particular reference to the print collection of the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam; a descriptive bibliography. Utrecht etc., Het Spectrum, 1979. XIV, 386 pp. Ills., B. Brommer (eds. - S. Kooijman, Adrienne L. Kaeppler, “Artificial curiosities” being an exposition of native manufactures collected on the three Pacific voyages of Captain James Cook, R.N. at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum January 18, 1978 - August 31, 1978 on the occasion of the Bicentennial of the European discovery of the Hawaiian islands by Captain Cook - January 18, 1778. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication 65, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1978. - J.G. Oosten, Marcel Mauss, Seasonal variations of the Eskimo. A study in social morphology. Marcel Mauss in collaboration with Henri Beuchat. Translated, with a foreword by James J. Fox. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Boston and Henley 1979. - Jérôme Rousseau, W.F. Schneeberger, Contributions to the ethnology of central Northeast Borneo (parts of Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah. The University of Berne, Institute of Ethnology, Berne 1979. Series: Studia ethnologica Bernensia, no. 2. 143 pages. Maps, figures, plates. 3. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yu. V. Maretin 1975-01-01 Full Text Available - J. Prins, Buiten de grenzen, sociologische opstellen aangeboden aan Prof. Dr. W.F. Wertheim, benevens een “bibliografie van de geschriften van W.F. Wertheim”. Boom, Meppel 1971. 365 blz. - H.C.G. Schoenaker, Ethnologische Zeitschrift Zuerich I, 1972. Festschrift Alfred Steinmann. Verlag Herbert Lang & Cie A.G., Bern. 397 pp. - J.C. Neuteboom, Harald Eidheim, Aspects of the Lappish minority situation. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo 1971. 86 pags. Fig. - H.J.M. Claessen, Paul Ottino, Rangiroa; parenté étendue, résidence et terres dans un atoll ploynésien. Editions Cujas. Paris 1972. 530 p. Bibl., appendices, 37 fig. en kaarten, registers. - David S. Moyer, Adelin Linton, Ralph Linton. Leaders of Modern Anthropological Series, American University Publishers Group. London 1971, pp. 196., C. Wagley (eds. - R.A.M. van Zantwijk, Carlo J.E. Gay, Chalcacingo. Drawings by Frances Pratt. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. Graz 1971. 119 blz., geïll., XXIV fotopag. - P. van Emst, Yu. V. Maretin, Countries and peoples of the East. Vol. XIII, Countries and peoples of the Pacific Basin. Book 2. Nauka Publishing House. Central Department of Oriental Literature. Moscow 1972. (Strany i narody vostoka. Pod obscej redakciej D.A. Ol’derogge. Vypusk XIII. Strany i narody bassejna Tichogo Okeana. Kniga 2. - H. van Mierlo, Atlantische Commissie, De school en het buitenlands beleid IX. De internationale politieke vormingstaak van de school. Atlantische Commissie, Den Haag 1970, 56 blz. - Geert A. Banck, Philip Staniford, Pioneers in the tropics. The political organization of Japanese in an immigrant community in Brazil. London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology no. 45. London; The Athlone Press. 1973. xvi + 201 pag. 4. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Parthasarathy, R. 2005-06-01 This book gives a clear exposition of quantum field theory at the graduate level and the contents could be covered in a two semester course or, with some effort, in a one semester course. The book is well organized, and subtle issues are clearly explained. The margin notes are very useful, and the problems given at the end of each chapter are relevant and help the student gain an insight into the subject. The solutions to these problems are given in chapter 12. Care is taken to keep the numerical factors and notation very clear. Chapter 1 gives a clear overview and typical scales in high energy physics. Chapter 2 presents an excellent account of the Lorentz group and its representation. The decomposition of Lorentz tensors under SO(3) and the subsequent spinorial representations are introduced with clarity. After giving the field representation for scalar, Weyl, Dirac, Majorana and vector fields, the Poincaré group is introduced. Representations of 1-particle states using m2 and the Pauli Lubanski vector, although standard, are treated lucidly. Classical field theory is introduced in chapter 3 and a careful treatment of the Noether theorem and the energy momentum tensor are given. After covering real and complex scalar fields, the author impressively introduces the Dirac spinor via the Weyl spinor; Abelian gauge theory is also introduced. Chapter 4 contains the essentials of free field quantization of real and complex scalar fields, Dirac fields and massless Weyl fields. After a brief discussion of the CPT theorem, the quantization of electromagnetic field is carried out both in radiation gauge and Lorentz gauge. The presentation of the Gupta Bleuler method is particularly impressive; the margin notes on pages 85, 100 and 101 invaluable. Chapter 5 considers the essentials of perturbation theory. The derivation of the LSZ reduction formula for scalar field theory is clearly expressed. Feynman rules are obtained for the λphi4 theory in detail and those of QED 5. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1992-01-01 Full Text Available -Selwyn R. Cudjoe, John Thieme, The web of tradition: uses of allusion in V.S. Naipaul's fiction, -A. James Arnold, Josaphat B. Kubayanda, The poet's Africa: Africanness in the poetry of Nicolás Guillèn and Aimé Césaire. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990. xiv + 176 pp. -Peter Mason, Robin F.A. Fabel, Shipwreck and adventures of Monsieur Pierre Viaud, translated by Robin F.A. Fabel. Pensacola: University of West Florida Press, 1990. viii + 141 pp. -Alma H. Young, Robert B. Potter, Urbanization, planning and development in the Caribbean, London: Mansell Publishing, 1989. vi + 327 pp. -Hymie Rubinstein, Raymond T. Smith, Kinship and class in the West Indies: a genealogical study of Jamaica and Guyana, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xiv + 205 pp. -Shepard Krech III, Richard Price, Alabi's world, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. xx + 445 pp. -Graham Hodges, Sandra T. Barnes, Africa's Ogun: Old world and new, Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989. xi + 274 pp. -Pamela Wright, Philippe I. Bourgois, Ethnicity at work: divided labor on a Central American banana plantation, Baltimore MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1989. xviii + 311 pp. -Idsa E. Alegría-Ortega, Andrés Serbin, El Caribe zona de paz? geopolítica, integración, y seguridad, Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1989. 188 pp. (Paper n.p. [Editor's note. This book is also available in English: Caribbean geopolitics: towards security through peace? Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990. -Gary R. Mormino, C. Neale Ronning, José Martí and the émigré colony in Key West: leadership and state formation, New York; Praeger, 1990. 175 pp. -Gary R. Mormino, Gerald E. Poyo, 'With all, and for the good of all': the emergence of popular nationalism in the Cuban communities of the United States, 1848-1898, Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1989. xvii + 182 pp. -Fernando Picó, Raul Gomez Treto, The church and socialism in Cuba, translated from 6. Book reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1992-07-01 W. Collinwood ,Modern Bahamian society. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. 278 pp., Steve Dodge (eds -Peter Hulme, Pierrette Frickey, Critical perspectives on Jean Rhys. Washington DC: Three Continents Press, 1990. 235 pp. -Alvina Ruprecht, Lloyd W. Brown, El Dorado and Paradise: Canada and the Caribbean in Austin Clarke's fiction. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. xv + 207 pp. -Ineke Phaf, Michiel van Kempen, De Surinaamse literatuur 1970-1985: een documentatie. Paramaribo: Uitgeverij de Volksboekwinkel, 1987. 406 pp. -Genevieve Escure, Barbara Lalla ,Language in exile: three hundred years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa AL: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xvii + 253 pp., Jean D'Costa (eds -Charles V. Carnegie, G. Llewellyn Watson, Jamaican sayings: with notes on folklore, aesthetics, and social control.Tallahassee FL: Florida A & M University Press, 1991. xvi + 292 pp. -Donald R. Hill, Kaiso, calypso music. David Rudder in conversation with John La Rose. London: New Beacon Books, 1990. 33 pp. -Mark Sebba, John Victor Singler, Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1990. xvi + 240 pp. -Dale Tomich, Pedro San Miguel, El mundo que creó el azúcar: las haciendas en Vega Baja, 1800-873. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1989. 224 pp. -César J. Ayala, Juan José Baldrich, Sembraron la no siembra: los cosecheros de tabaco puertorriqueños frente a las corporaciones tabacaleras, 1920-1934. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1988. -Robert Forster, Jean-Michel Deveau, La traite rochelaise. Paris: Kathala, 1990. 334 pp. -Ernst van den Boogaart, Johannes Menne Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade, 1600-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xiv + 428 pp. -W.E. Renkema, T. van der Lee, Plantages op Curacao en hun eigenaren (1708-1845: namen en data voornamelijk ontleend aan transportakten. Leiden, the Netherlands: Grafaria, 1989. xii + 87 pp. -Mavis C. Campbell, Wim 7. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Fulling, S. A. 2006-05-01 saying that gravity was not only an honourable member of the forces of nature, but ultimately the source of them all. It has become a cliche that the unification of relativity with quantum theory is the central problem of contemporary physics. In the 1950s, before strings, non-Abelian monopoles, or even quasars, Bryce DeWitt was applying the quantum-field-theoretical methods and conceptual framework of his mentor, Julian Schwinger, to gravity. His central insight was that the conceptual and technical problems of quantum gravity were closely analogous to those of gauge theories. He developed a unified, relentlessly abstract, and highly personal vision of the fundamentals of physical theory. It was, and is, expressed in idiosyncratic and condensed notation often different from the languages of mainstream field theorists, traditional relativists, and mathematicians alike. In short, he has never been easy reading. His ideas were systematically presented in famous lecture series at the Les Houches summer schools on Relativity, Groups and Topology in 1963 [1] and 1983 [2], the book Supermanifolds [3], and a number of (relatively) shorter expositions that have been widely read. By the middle 1970s the methods that he had developed mainly for gravity were widely recognized as very useful for Yang Mills gauge theories, and his work had become part of the mainstream. Now, another 20 years after the second Les Houches, we have this final testament of Bryce DeWitt's ideas. At over 1000 pages in two volumes in a fabric-covered slipcase, it is the sort of work usually described as 'magisterial' (meaning, perhaps, 'no one has yet succeeded in reading it all the way through'). Over the years, of course, DeWitt learned many new things and thought of ways to say the old things better. Accordingly, the new books consist of reworkings of the most important parts of the older writings together with some new material. Oxford University Press is to be thanked and congratulated for the care it 8. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ger P. Reesink 1995-07-01 Full Text Available - Rogier Busser, Peter Post, Japanse bedrijvigheid in Indonesië, 1868-1942; Structurele elementen van Japan’s vooroorlogse economische expansie in Zuidoost Azië. Proefschrift Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1991, xviii + 374 pp. - H.J.M. Claessen, Arne Aleksej Perminow, The long way home; Dilemmas of everyday life in a Tongan village. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1993, 166 pp. - Aone van Engelenhoven, René van den Berg, Studies in Sulawesi linguistics III. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1994, xii + 116 pp. [NUSA, Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia 36.] - Will Derks, Wolfgang Marschall, Texts from the Islands; Oral and written traditions of Indonesia and the Malay world, (Procedings of the 7th European Colloquium on Indonesia and Malay Studies, Berne, June 1989 1994, iii + 411 pp. [Ethnologica Bernensia 4]. - Michael Kaden, Krishna Sen, Indonesian Cinema; Framing the New Order, London: Zed Books, 1994, x + 188 pp. - Nico Kaptein, Mona Abaza, Indonesian Students in Cairo; Islamic education perceptions and exchanges, Paris: Association Archipel, 1994, 198 pp. [Cahier d’Archipel 23.] - P. Keppy, Chris Manning, Indonesia assessment 1993; Labour: Sharing in the benefits of growth? Canberra: Australian National University, 1993, xxi + 326 pp., Joan Hardjono (eds. - Anke Niehof, Jan-Paul Dirkse, Development and social welfare; Indonesia’s experiences under the New Order, Leiden: KITLV Press, 1993, xi + 295 pp., Frans Hüsken, Mario Rutten (eds. - Hetty Nooy-Palm, Michale C. Howard, Textiles of Southeast Asia; An annotated and illustrated bibliography. Bangkok: White Lotus, 1994, 212 pp. + 64 pp. pf photographs in colour. - Harry A. Poeze, Hans van Miert, Een koel hoofd en een warm hart; Nationalisme, Javanisme en jeugdbeweging in Nederlands-Indië, 1918-1930. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1995, 424 pp. - Ger P. Reesink, Jürg Wassmann, Historical atlas of 9. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 2002-01-01 Full Text Available -Stephen J. Appold, Heidi Dahles ,Tourism and small entrepreneurs; Development, national policy, and entrepreneurial culture: Indonesian cases. Elmsford, New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation, 1999, vi + 165 pp., Karin Bras (eds -Jean-Pascal Bassino, Peter Boothroyd ,Socioeconomic renovation in Vietnam; The origin, evolution and impact of Doi Moi. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2001, xv + 175 pp., Pham Xuan Nam (eds -Peter Boomgaard, Patrick Vinton Kirch, The wet and the dry; Irrigation and agricultural intensification in Polynesia. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994, xxii + 385 pp. -A.Th. Boone, Chr.G.F. de Jong, De Gereformeerde Zending in Midden-Java 1931-1975; Een bronnenpublicatie. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1997, xxiv + 890 pp. [Uitgaven van de Werkgroep voor de Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Zending en Overzeese Kerken, Grote Reeks 6.] -Okke Braadbaart, Colin Barlow, Institutions and economic change in Southeast Asia; The context of development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, xi + 204 pp. -Freek Colombijn, Abidin Kusno, Behind the postcolonial; Architecture, urban space, and political cultures in Indonesia. London: Routledge, 2000, xiv + 250 pp. -Raymond Corbey, Michael O'Hanlon ,Hunting the gatherers; Ethnographic collectors, agents and agency in Melanesia, 1870s -1930s. Oxford: Bergahn Books, 2000, xviii + 286 pp. [Methodology and History in Anthropology 6.], Robert L. Welsch (eds -Olga Deshpande, Hans Penth, A brief histroy of Lan Na; Civilizations of North Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2000, v + 74 pp. -Aone van Engelenhoven, I Ketut Artawa, Ergativity and Balinese syntax. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggaran Seri NUSA, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1998, v + 169 pp (in 3 volumes. [NUSA Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia 42, 43, 44.] -Rens Heringa, Jill Forshee, Between the folds; Stories of cloth, lives, and travels from Sumba 10. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 2004-10-01 : KITLV Press, 2002, viii + 246 pp. [Proceedings 5.], Nico Kaptein (eds -Anton Ploeg, William C. Clarke, Remembering Papua New Guinea; An eccentric ethnography. Canberra: Pandanus Books, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 2003, 178 pp. -Nathan Porath, Gerco Kroes, Same hair, different hearts; Semai identity in a Malay context; An analysis of ideas and practices concerning health and illness. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS, Universiteit Leiden, 2002, 188 pp. -Guido Sprenger, Grant Evans, Laos; Culture and society. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999, xi + 313 pp. -Gerard Termorshuizen, Dik van der Meulen, Multatuli; Leven en werk van Eduard Douwes Dekker. Nijmegen: SUN, 2002, 912 pp. -Paige West, Karl Benediktsson, Harvesting development; The construction of fresh food markets in Papua New Guinea. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies/Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002, xii + 308 pp. -Edwin Wieringa, Amirul Hadi, Islam and state in Sumatra; A study of seventeenth-century Aceh. Leiden: Brill, 2004, xiii + 273 pp. [Islamic History and Civilization, 48.] -Robin Wilson, Pamela J. Stewart ,Remaking the world; Myth, mining and ritual change among the Duna of Papua New Guinea. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002, xvi + 219 pp. [Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Enquiry.], Andrew Strathern (eds 11. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Danker H. Schaareman 1980-01-01 Full Text Available - H.J.M. Claessen, Jan van Bremen, Symposion. Tijdschrift voor Maatschappijwetenschap. Onder redactie van Jan van Bremen, Cees Cruson, Helle Snel, Jojada Verrips, Willem Wolters en Ton Zwaan. Uitgave: Stichting voor Maatschappijwetenschappelijk Onderzoek., Cees Cruson, Helle Snel (eds. - H.J.M. Claessen, Neil Lifuka, Logs in the current of the sea. Neil Lifuka’s story of Kioa and the Vaitupu colonists. Edited and introduced by Klaus-Friedrich Koch. With a foreword by Professor H.E. Maude. Cambridge, Mass.: Langdon Associates Press. 1978. - H.J.M. Claessen, R.R. Nayacakalou, Leadership in Fiji. 1975. Melbourne etc.: Oxford University Press. 170 pp. Appendices, tables, notes. - H.J.M. Claessen, Michael W. Young, The ethnography of Malinowski; The Trobriand Islands 1915-1918. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979. Bibliography, Index, illustrations. - P.E. de Josselin de Jong, G.B. Milner, Natural symbols in South East Asia. School of Oriental and African Studies, London 1978. 181 p., 13 plates. - P. Kloos, G.N. Appell, Ethical dilemmas in anthropological inquiry: A case book, Waltham (Mass., Crossroads Press, 1978, xii + 291 pp. - David S. Moyer, M.B. Hooker, A concise legal history of South-East Asia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. 289 pp. - J.G. Oosten, Henri J.M. Claessen, The early state. Mouton Publishers. The Hague, The Netherlands 1978. XII + 690 pages., P. Skalník (eds. - J.G. Oosten, Jean Poirier, Ethnologie Régionale 2. Asie-Amérique-Mascareignes. Sous la direction de Jean Poirier. Encyclopédie de la Pleiade. Gallimard, Paris 1978. - J.G. Oosten, A. de Ruyter, Een speurtocht naar het denken. Een inleiding tot het structuralisme van Claude Lévi Strauss. Van Gorcum & Comp. N.V., Assen 1979. Serie: Terreinverkenningen in de Culturele Anthropologie, nr. 16. - Anton Ploeg, Raymond C. Kelly, Etoro Social Structure. A study in structural contradiction. Foreword by Marshall Sahlins. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, 1974, 1977 12. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Hudson, R. P. 1981-04-01 In July 1976, some thirty young scientists and their lecturers were privileged to participate in a conference on "Metrology and the Fundamental Constants" at Varenna, this being the 68th course in the "Enrico Fermi International School of Physics". Now, at last, we are all privileged to share in that experience—to a large degree—with the appearance of the Proceedings, published last summer under the auspices of the Italian Physical Society. This rather massive volume (800 pages) places in one's hands a summary of the "state of the art" in the greater part of physical metrology. It is not, however, a metrology handbook, designed to assist the unskilled in making trustworthy measurements. It summarizes, via the lectures of internationally-recognized experts, the most recent attempts to realize with enhanced accuracy the basic units of measurement and, in so doing, it presents the subject of measurement science as the central (or all-pervasive) topic in physics itself. Clearly demonstrated is the progress from discovery to "understanding" of physical phenomena which is made possible through the historical alternation of observation and measurement. The volume includes informative reviews of the fundamentals of this fundamental science, namely, the concepts of quantities and units (Allisy); systems of units and the Système International, SI. (Terrien); international aspects of metrology and standards (Terrien); practical considerations in a hierarchy of standards (Terrien); materials problems affecting metrology (Ferro Milone and Sourdo) and statistical methods (Allisy). These discussions alone, being brought together in one place, are of particular usefulness. The remaining, and major, part of the book is taken up by authoritative and generally very readable discussions of measurement topics, for the most part separately focused on one of the base units. For these one cannot help noticing nor refrain from recording a measure of imbalance: some quantities (for 13. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 2005-01-01 Full Text Available -Monika Arnez, Niels Mulder, Southeast Asian images; Towards civil society? Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2003, ix + 253 pp. -Adriaan Bedner, Connie Carter, Eyes on the prize; Law and economic development in Singapore. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, xviii + 307 pp. [The London-Leiden series on law, administration and development 7.] -Amrit Gomperts, J.R. van Diessen ,Grote atlas van Nederlands Oost-Indië/Comprehensive atlas of the Netherlands East Indies. Zierikzee: Asia Maior, Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (KNAG, 2004, 480 pp. (editors, with the collaboration of R.C.M. Braam, W. Leijnse, P.A. Levi, J.J. Reijnders, R.P.G.A. Voskuil and M.P.B. Ziellemans, F.J. Ormeling (eds -Stuart R. Harrop, Adriaan Bedner ,Towards integrated environmental law in Indonesia? Leiden: Research school CNWS, School of Asian, African and Amerindian studies, 2003, 161 pp. [CNWS publications 127.], Nicole Niessen (eds -David Henley, Paul H. Kratoska ,Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of knowledge and politics of space. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2005, xi + 326 pp., Remco Raben, Henk Schulte Nordholt (eds -Gerry van Klinken, Anthony J. Langlois, The politics of justice and human rights; Southeast Asia and universalist theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xi + 214 pp. [Cambridge Asia-Pacific studies.] -Koh Keng We, Jurrien van Goor, Prelude to colonialism; The Dutch in Asia. Hilversum: Verloren, 2004, 127 pp. -Lim Beng Soon, Thomas H. Slone, Prokem; An analysis of a Jakartan slang. Oakland: Masalai Press, 2003, 95 pp. -Lim Beng Soon, Neil Khor Jin Keong ,The Penang Po Leung Kuk; Chinese women, prostitution and a welfare organisation. Kuala Lumpur; The Malaysian branch of the Royal Asiatic society (MBRAS, 2004, VII + 181 pp., Khoo Keat Siew (eds -Dick van der Meij, J. Thomas Lindblad ,Macht en majesteit; Opstellen voor Cees Fasseur bij zijn afscheid als hoogleraar in de geschiedenis van Indonesië aan de 14. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R.A. Römer 1963-10-01 Full Text Available - A.J.C. Lach de Bére, Fernand van Langenhove, Consciences Tribales et Nationales en Afrique Noire. Institut Royal des Relations Internationales, Bruxelles. Martinus Nijhoff, ‘s-Gravenhage, 1960; 444 blz. - J.H. Scherer, A.H.J. Prins, The Swahili-speaking peoples of Zanzibar and the E. African Coast (Arabs, Shirazi and Swahili. Ethnographic Survey of Africa: East Central Africa, part XII. Uitgave van het International African Institute, London, 1961. 143 pp., m. kaart. - P. Driessens, Carol Brubaker, Geesten van het woud. Servire Luxe Pockets nr. 66. Servire, Den Haag 1963. 175 pp., 24 foto’s. - Joh. J. Hanrath, Indonesian Economics. The concept of dualism in theory and policy. Den Haag (W. van Hoeve 1961. 443 pp. - W. Ph. Coolhaas, H.R.C. Wright, East-Indian economic problems of the age of Cornwallis and Raffles. Luzac, London, 1961; 271 pp. - H.J. de Graaf, M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian trade and European influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630. Academisch Proefschrift Amsterdam (S.U.. M. Nijhoff, ‘s-Gravenhage 1962. 471 pp. - Logemann, Herbert Feith, The decline of constitutional democracy in Indonesia. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1962. XX en 608 blz. - F.D.K. Bosch, G. Coedés, Les peuples de la péninsule indochinoise. 228 pp., 16 pl., 1 carte; Ed. Dunod, Paris, 1962. - L. Sluimers, Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, Viet-nam. London, Octagon Press, 1960. XV, 232 blz., krt. - L. Sluimers, J.G. Keyes, A bibliography of North Vietnamese Publications in the Cornell University Library. Ithaca, Cornell University, 1962. Data paper: Number 47. Southeast Asia Program. Department of Asian Studies. Cornell University. X, 116 blz., X. - A.F.P. Hulsewé, G.P. Oery, The Man-Shu (Book of the Southern Barbarians, translated by Gordon H. Luce, edited by G.P. Oery; Data Paper Nr. 44, Southeast Asia Program, Dept. of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y.; 1961. (X + 116 pp., 1 map. - C.H.M. Palm, Felix M 15. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 2004-01-01 Jeroen Kemperman. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2002, 570 pp. [Verhandelingen 206.] -Gerry van Klinken, Grayson Lloyd ,Indonesia today; Challenges of history. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 2001, 359 pp., Shannon Smith (eds -Johanna van Reenen, Frédéric Durand, Timor Lorosa'e, pays au carrefour de l'Asie et du Pacifique; Un atlas géo-historique. Marne-la-Vallée: Presses Universitaires de Marne-la-Vallée, 2002, 208 pp. -William R. Roff, Mona Abaza, Debates on Islam and knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt; Shifting worlds. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, xix + 304 pp. -Mariëtte van Selm, Chr. van Fraassen ,G.E. Rumphius, De Ambonse eilanden onder de VOC, zoals opgetekend in 'De Ambonse landbeschrijving'. Utrecht: Landelijk Steunpunt Educatie Molukkers, 2002, 254 pp., H. Straver (eds -K. Thirumaran, Prema-Chandra Athukorala, Crisis and recovery in Malaysia; The role of capital controls. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2001, xii + 159 pp. -K. Thirumaran, John Hilley, Malaysia; Mahathirism, hegemony and the new opposition. London: Zed books, 2001, xiii + 305 pp. -Reina van der Wiel, Damien Kingsbury ,Foreign devils and other journalists. Clayton VIC: Monash Asia Institute, 2000, vi + 277 pp. [Monash papers on Southeast Asia 52.], Eric Loo, Patricia Payne (eds -Jennifer Fraser, Philip Yampolsky, Music of Indonesia. Washington DC: Smithsonian Folkways recordings, 1991-2000, 20 compact discs plus a CD of selections from the series, Discover Indonesia. All with accompanying booklets. -Robert Wessing, Nicola Tannenbaum ,Founders' cults in Southeast Asia; Ancestors, polity, and identity. New Haven CT: Yale University Southeast Asian studies, 2003, xi + 373 pp. [Yale Southeast Asia studies Monograph 52.], Cornelia Ann Kammerer (eds -Robert Wessing, Henri Chambert-Loir ,The potent dead; Ancestors, saints and heroes in contemporary Indonesia. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002, xxvi + 243 pp. [Southeast Asia publications series Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Circular Updates are periodic sequentially numbered instructions to debriefing staff and observers informing them of changes or additions to scientific and specimen... Science.gov (United States) ... of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/listserv.html Email Updates To use the sharing features on this ... view your email history or unsubscribe. Prevent MedlinePlus emails from being marked as "spam" or "junk" To ... 18. Update of the Picker C9 irradiator control system of the gamma II room of the secondary laboratory of dosimetric calibration; Actualizacion del sistema de control del irradiador Picker C9 de la sala gamma II del laboratorio secundario de calibracion dosimetrica Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Simon S, L. E. 2016-07-01 The Picker C9 irradiator is responsible for the calibration of different radiological equipment and the control system that maintains it in operation is designed in the graphical programming software LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench), being its major advantages: the different types of communication, easy interconnection with other software and the recognition of different hardware devices, among others. Operation of the irradiator control system is performed with the NI-Usb-6008 (DAQ) data acquisition module of the National Instruments Company. The purpose of this work is to update the routines that make the Picker C9 control system of the gamma II room of the secondary laboratory of dosimetric calibration, using the graphic programming software LabVIEW, as well as to configure the new acquisition hardware of data that is implemented to control the Picker C9 irradiator system and ensure its operation. (Author) 19. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. Bastin 1982-04-01 . - F.G.P. Jaquet, H.J. de Graaf, Wonderlijke verhalen uit de Indische historie, ‘s-Gravenhage, Moesson 1981. 173 pp. Ills. - F.G.P. Jaquet, J. Landwehr, De Nederlander uit en thuis; spiegel van het dagelijks leven uit bijzondere zeventiende-eeuwse boeken. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff, 1981. 200 pp. Ills. - P.E. de Josselin de Jong, Michael G. Peletz, Social history and evolution in the interrelationship of adat and Islam in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Research Notes and Discussions Paper no. 27, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 1981. 59 pages. - P.E. de Josselin de Jong, Anthony Reid, Perceptions of the past in Southeast Asia, Heinemann Educational Books for Asian Studies Asociation of Australia, Singapore 1979. 436 pp. Bibliographical Appendix, Index, 3 maps., David Marr (eds. - J.E. van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J. Bastin, Prints of Southeast Asia in the India Office Library - The East India Company in Malaysia and Indonesia 1786-1824, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1979, XIII + 228 pp. including 98 pls., frontispiece in colour., P. Rohatgi (eds. - Anke Niehof, Victor T. King, Essays on Borneo Society, Hull Monographs on South-East Asia 7, Oxford University Press, 1978, 256 pp. - C.H.M. Nooy-Palm, Renato Rosaldo, Ilongot headhunting 1883-1974, a study in society and history. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1980. 313 pp., maps, photographs and diagrams. Chronological and general index. - Els Postel-Coster, Clio Presvelou, The household, women and agricultural development, Proceedings of a symposium organised by the Department of Home Economics, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Miscellaneous Papers 17, 1980, Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen, The Netherlands., Saskia Spijkers-Zwart (eds. - G.J. van Reenen, Claudine Salmon, Les Chinois de Jakarta; Temples et vie collective [The Chinese of Jakarta; Temples and communal life], Etudes insulindiennes - Archipel 1, Association Archipel, Paris, 1980 (deuxième impression, xxviii + 358 pp 20. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Janet Rodenburg 1992-04-01 Full Text Available - Leonard Y. Andaya, H.A. Poeze, Excursies in Celebes; Een bundel bijdragen bij het afscheid van J. Noorduyn als directeur-secretaris van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1991, 348 pp., P. Schoorl (eds. - Anne Booth, Adrian Clemens, Changing economy in Indonesia Volume 12b; Regional patterns in foreign trade 1911-40. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1992., J.Thomas Lindblad, Jeroen Touwen (eds. - A.P. Borsboom, James F. Weiner, The empty place; Poetry space, and being among the Foi of Papua New Guinea. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. - Martin van Bruinessen, Ozay Mehmet, Islamic identity and development; Studies of the Islamic periphery. London and New York: Routledge, 1990 (cheap paperback edition: Kula Lumpur: Forum, 1990, 259 pp. - H.J.M. Claessen, Timothy Earle, Chiefdoms: power, economy, and ideology. A school of American research book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 341 pp., bibliography, maps, figs. - H.J.M. Claessen, Henk Schulte Nordholt, State, village, and ritual in Bali; A historical perspective. (Comparitive Asian studies 7. Amsterdam: VU University press for the centre for Asian studies Amsterdam, 1991. 50 pp. - B. Dahm, Ruby R. Paredes, Philippine colonial democracy. (Monograph series 32/Yale University Southeast Asia studies. New Haven: Yale Center for international and Asia studies, 1988, 166 pp. - Eve Danziger, Bambi B. Schieffelin, The give and take of everyday life; Language socialization of Kaluli children. (Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language 9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. - Roy Ellen, David Hicks, Kinship and religion in Eastern Indonesia. (Gothenburg studies in social anthropology 12. Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1990, viii 132 pp., maps, figs, tbls. - Paul van der Grijp, Pierre Lemonnier, Guerres et festins; Paix, échanges et competition dans les highlands de Nouvelle 1. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1993-01-01 Full Text Available -Louis Allaire, Samuel M. Wilson, Hispaniola: Caribbean chiefdoms in the age of Columbus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xi + 170 pp. -Douglas Melvin Haynes, Philip D. Curtin, Death by migration: Europe's encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xviii + 251 pp. -Dale Tomich, J.H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xii + 266 pp. -Myriam Cottias, Dale Tomich, Slavery in the circuit of sugar: Martinique and the world economy, 1830 -1848. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1990. xiv + 352 pp. -Robert Forster, Pierre Dessalles, La vie d'un colon à la Martinique au XIXe siècle. Pré-senté par Henri de Frémont. Courbevoie: s.n., 1984-1988, four volumes, 1310 pp. -Hilary Beckles, Douglas V. Armstrong, The old village and the great house: An archaeological and historical examination of Drax Hall Plantation, St Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990. xiii + 393 pp. -John Stewart, John A. Lent, Caribbean popular culture. Bowling Green OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1990. 157 pp. -W. Marvin Will, Susanne Jonas ,Democracy in Latin America: Visions and realities. New York: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1990. viii + 224 pp., Nancy Stein (eds -Forrest D. Colburn, Kathy McAfee, Storm signals: Structural adjustment and development alternatives in the Caribbean. London: Zed books, 1991. xii + 259 pp. -Derwin S. Munroe, Peggy Antrobus ,In the shadows of the sun: Caribbean development alternatives and U.S. policy. Carmen Diana Deere (coordinator, Peter Phillips, Marcia Rivera & Helen Safa. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xvii + 246 pp., Lynne Bolles, Edwin Melendez (eds -William Roseberry, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Lords of the mountain: Social banditry and peasant protest in Cuba, 1878-1918. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989 2. Book Review: Science.gov (United States) Swenson, C. A. 1984-01-01 whole, although the discussions may be too detailed for the casual reader (who need read only the introduction and conclusions) and yet without sufficient detail for the person who requires a basic understanding (who then will consult the citations). Although he cannot anticipate the recommendations of the CCT for a new international temperature scale, the clues certainly are present in the discussions which he gives. Most important are the descriptions of the deviations of the IPTS-68 from thermodynamic temperatures, the limitations of thermocouples, and the need, which currently is met by the provisionally adopted EPT-76, for an extension of the international scale to temperatures below 13.8 K. I am pleased to have this monograph available and anticipate making good use of it. Over the past several years I often have felt the need for a resource book to answer general questions or to obtain an introduction to an unfamiliar area of temperature measurement, and regret very much that "Temperature" was not available earlier. This monograph undoubtedly will be a necessity for any laboratory where thermodynamic measurements are carried out and thermometers are used as serious tools. A great deal of basic and developmental work has been done on thermometry in the past ten years or so, probably considerably more than remains to be done in many areas of the temperature scale. The publication of "Temperature" is timely in this respect, and it should have a long, useful life as a standard reference. The author may consider a second edition when a new international temperature scale is adopted, but there will be few corrections and only relatively minor changes and additions beyond the details of the new scale. 3. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R. de Ridder 1986-01-01 (50 pp. - R. de Ridder, Dennis Tedlock, The spoken word and the work of interpretation, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983. ix + 365 pp., 8 ill. - R. de Ridder, Dennis Tedlock, Popol Vuh, The definitive edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. 380 pp., 32 ill. - G. van Roon, Dietmar Rothermund, Die Peripherie in der Weltwirtschaftskrise: Afrika, Asien und Lateinamerika 1929-1939, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schýningh, 1983, 295 pp. - Thilo C. Schadeberg, Gýnter Dabitz, Geschichte der erforschung der Nuba-Berge, Arbeiten aus dem Seminar fýr Výlkerkunde der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitýt Frankfurt am Main, Band 17, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1985. 280 pp., maps, tables, illus. - L. van Vroonhoven, Ger van Roon, Derde Wereld in depressie, Leiden: Nijhoff, 1985, 139 p. - Wim van Zanten, Nigel Phillips, Sijobang, sung narrative poetry of West Sumatra, Cambridge Studies in Oral and Literate Culture, no. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. xi + 255 pp., photos, texts and translations, short glossary of Minangkabau words, Bibliography, index. 4. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 2004-07-01 Full Text Available -Bill Maurer, Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies. New York: Routledge, 2003. ix + 252 pp. -Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Richard Price ,The root of roots: Or, how Afro-American anthropology got its start. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press/University of Chicago Press, 2003. 91 pp., Sally Price (eds -Holly Snyder, Paolo Bernardini ,The Jews and the expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xv + 567 pp., Norman Fiering (eds -Bridget Brereton, Seymour Drescher, The mighty experiment: Free labor versus slavery in British emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 307 pp. -Jean Besson, Kathleen E.A. Monteith ,Jamaica in slavery and freedom: History, heritage and culture. Kingston; University of the West Indies Press, 2002. xx + 391 pp., Glen Richards (eds -Michaeline A. Crichlow, Jean Besson, Martha Brae's two histories: European expansion and Caribbean culture-building in Jamaica. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. xxxi + 393 pp. -Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Joseph C. Dorsey, Slave traffic in the age of abolition: Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, 1815-1859. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. xvii + 311 pp. -Arnold R. Highfield, Erik Gobel, A guide to sources for the history of the Danish West Indies (U.S. Virgin Islands, 1671-1917. Denmark: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2002. 350 pp. -Sue Peabody, David Patrick Geggus, Haitian revolutionary studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xii + 334 pp. -Gerdès Fleurant, Elizabeth McAlister, Rara! Vodou, power, and performance in Haiti and its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. xviii + 259 pp. and CD demo. -Michiel Baud, Ernesto Sagás ,The Dominican people: A documentary history. Princeton NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2003. xiii + 278 pp., Orlando Inoa (eds -Samuel Martínez, Richard Lee Turits, Foundations of despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo regime 5. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 2003-01-01 Full Text Available -Timothy Barnard, J.M. Gullick, A history of Selangor (1766-1939. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1989, vi + 220 pp. [MBRAS Monograph 28.] -Okke Braadbaart, Michael L. Ross, Timber booms and institutional breakdown in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvi + 237 pp. -H.J.M. Claessen, Patrick Vinton Kirch ,Hawaiki, ancestral Polynesia; An essay in historical anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvii + 375 pp., Roger C. Green (eds -Harold Crouch, R.E. Elson, Suharto; A political biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xix + 389 pp. -Kees van Dijk, H.W. Arndt ,Southeast Asia's economic crisis; Origins, lessons, and the way forward. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 1999, ix + 182 pp., Hal Hill (eds -Kees van Dijk, Sebastiaan Pompe, De Indonesische algemene verkiezingen 1999. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1999, 290 pp. -David van Duuren, Albert G. van Zonneveld, Traditional weapons of the Indonesian archipelago. Leiden: Zwartenkot art books, 2001, 160 pp. -Peter van Eeuwijk, Christian Ph. Josef Lehner, Die Heiler von Samoa. O Le Fofo; Monographie über die Heiler und die Naturheilmethoden in West-Samoa. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1999, 234 pp. [Mensch und Gesellschaft 4.] -Hans Hägerdal, Frans Hüsken ,Reading Asia; New research of Asian studies. Richmond: Curzon, 2001, xvi + 338 pp., Dick van der Meij (eds -Terence E. Hays, Jelle Miedema ,Perspectives on the Bird's head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Proceedings of the conference, Leiden, 13-17 October 1997. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998, xiii + 982 pp. (editors with the assistance of Connie Baak, Cecilia Odé, Rien A.C. Dam (eds -Menno Hekker, Peter Metcalf, They lie, we lie; Getting on with anthropology. London: Routledge, 2002, ix + 155 pp. -David Henley, Foong Kin, Social and behavioural aspects of malaria control; A study among the Murut of Sabah. Phillips, Maine: Borneo research council , 2000, xx 6. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Joseph Aquilina 1976-01-01 .J. Zoetmulder, Himansu Bhusan Sarkar, Corpus of the inscriptions of Java (Corpus Inscriptionum Javanicorum (up to 928 A.D., K.L. Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta, 1972. Vol. I 314 pp., Vol. II 359 pp. - J.G. Oosten, Wilhelmina van Wetering, Hekserij bij de Djuka. Een sociologische benadering. Academisch proefschrift, gestencilde uitgave, 1973. - Willem F.L. Buschkens, Richard Price, Maroon societies, rebel slave communities in the Americas. Anchor Books, Anchor Press/Doubleday Garden City, New York 1973. 429 pag., 7 ill. 7. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1996-07-01 . xiv + 217 pp., Lou Anne Barclay (eds -Catherine Levesque, Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch world: The evolution of racial imagery in a modern society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. xix + 327 pp. -Dennis J. Gayle, Frank Fonda Taylor, 'To hell with paradise': A history of the Jamaican tourist industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 239 pp. -John P. Homiak, Frank Jan van Dijk, Jahmaica: Rastafari and Jamaican society, 1930-1990. Utrecht: ISOR, 1993. 483 pp. -Peter Mason, Arthur MacGregor, Sir Hans Sloane: Collector, scientist, antiquary, founding Father of the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 1994. -Philip Morgan, James Walvin, The life and times of Henry Clarke of Jamaica, 1828-1907. London: Frank Cass, 1994. xvi + 155 pp. -Werner Zips, E. Kofi Agorsah, Maroon heritage: Archaeological, ethnographic and historical perspectives. Kingston: Canoe Press, 1994. xx + 210 pp. -Michael Hoenisch, Werner Zips, Schwarze Rebellen: Afrikanisch-karibischer Freiheitskampf in Jamaica. Vienna Promedia, 1993. 301 pp. -Elizabeth McAlister, Paul Farmer, The uses of Haiti. Monroe ME: Common Courage Press, 1994. 432 pp. -Robert Lawless, James Ridgeway, The Haiti files: Decoding the crisis. Washington DC: Essential Books, 1994. 243 pp. -Bernadette Cailler, Michael Dash, Edouard Glissant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xii + 202 pp. -Peter Hulme, Veronica Marie Gregg, Jean Rhys's historical imagination: Reading and writing the Creole. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xi + 228 pp. -Silvia Kouwenberg, Francis Byrne ,Focus and grammatical relations in Creole languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993. xvi + 329 pp., Donald Winford (eds -John H. McWhorter, Ingo Plag, Sentential complementation in Sranan: On the formation of an English-based Creole language. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1993. ix + 174 pp. -Percy C. Hintzen, Madan M. Gopal, Politics, race, and youth in Guyana. San Francisco: Mellen 8. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1994-01-01 Full Text Available -Peter Hulme, Simon Gikandi, Writing in limbo: Modernism and Caribbean literature. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. x + 260 pp. -Charles V. Carnegie, Alistair Hennessy, Intellectuals in the twentieth-century Caribbean (Volume 1 - Spectre of the new class: The Commonwealth Caribbean. London: Macmillan, 1992. xvii 204 pp. -Nigel Rigby, Anne Walmsley, The Caribbean artists movement, 1966-1972: A literary and cultural history. London: New Beacon Books, 1992. xx + 356 pp. -Carl Pedersen, Tyrone Tillery, Claude McKay: A black poet's struggle for identity. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992. xii + 235 pp. -Simone Dreyfus, Irving Rouse, The Tainos: Rise and decline of the people who greeted Columbus. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. xii + 211 pp. -Louis Allaire, Antonio M. Stevens-Arroyo, Cave of the Jagua: The mythological world of the Taino. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. xiii + 282 pp. -Irving Rouse, William F. Keegan, The people who discovered Columbus: The prehistory of the Bahamas. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992. xx + 279 pp. -Neil L. Whitehead, Philip P. Boucher, Cannibal encounters: Europeans and Island Caribs, 1492-1763. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. xii + 217 pp. -Peter Kloos, Kaliña, des amérindiens à Paris: Photographies du prince Roland. Présentées par Gérard Collomb. Paris: Créaphis, 1992. 119 pp. -Maureen Warner-Lewis, Alan Gregor Cobley ,The African-Caribbean connection: Historical and cultural perspectives. Bridgetown, Barbados: Department of History, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, 1990. viii + 171 pp., Alvin Thompson (eds -H. Hoetink, Jean-Luc Bonniol, La couleur comme maléfice: une illustration créole de la généalogie des 'Blancs' et des 'Noirs'. Paris: Albin Michel, 1992. 304 pp. -Michael Aceto, Richard Price ,Two evenings in Saramaka. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1991. xvi + 417 pp., Sally Price (eds -Jorge P 9. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1994-07-01 Full Text Available -Peter Hulme, Stephen Greenblatt, New World Encounters. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. xviii + 344 pp. -Nigel Rigby, Alan Riach ,The radical imagination: Lectures and talks by Wilson Harris. Liège: Department of English, University of Liège, xx + 126 pp., Mark Williams (eds -Jonathan White, Rei Terada, Derek Walcott's poetry: American Mimicry. Boston: North-eastern University Press, 1992. ix + 260 pp. -Ray A. Kea, John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world, 1400-1680. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xxxviii + 309 pp. -B.W. Higman, Barbara L. Solow, Slavery and the rise of the Atlantic system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. viii + 355 pp. -Sidney W. Mintz, Michael Mullin, Africa in America: Slave acculturation and resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736-1831. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 412 pp. -Karen Fog Olwig, Corinna Raddatz, Afrika in Amerika. Hamburg: Hamburgisches Museum für Völkerkunde, 1992. 264 pp. -Lee Haring, William Bascom, African folktales in the new world. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. xxv + 243 pp. -Frank Jan van Dijk, Dale A. Bisnauth, History of religions in the Caribbean. Kingston: Kingston Publishers, 1989. 225 pp. -Gloria Wekker, Philomena Essed, Everyday racism: Reports from women of two cultures. Alameda CA: Hunter House, 1990. xiii + 288 pp.''Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Newbury Park CA: Sage, 1991. x + 322 pp. -Deborah S. Rubin, Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White women, racism, and history. London: Verso, 1992. xviii + 263 pp. -Michael Hanchard, Peter Wade, Blackness and race mixture: The dynamics of racial identity in Colombia. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1993. xv + 415 pp. -Rosalie Schwartz, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Slaves, sugar, & colonial society: Travel accounts of Cuba, 1801-1899. Wilmington DE: SR Books, 1992. xxvi + 259 pp. -Susan Eckstein, Sandor 10. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1993-07-01 Full Text Available -Gesa Mackenthun, Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The wonder of the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. ix + 202 pp. -Peter Redfield, Peter Hulme ,Wild majesty: Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the present day. An Anthology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. x + 369 pp., Neil L. Whitehead (eds -Michel R. Doortmont, Philip D. Curtin, The rise and fall of the plantation complex: Essays in Atlantic history. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xi + 222 pp. -Roderick A. McDonald, Hilary McD.Beckles, A history of Barbados: From Amerindian settlement to nation-state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xv + 224 pp. -Gertrude J. Fraser, Hilary McD.Beckles, Natural rebels; A social history of enslaved black women in Barbados. New Brunswick NJ and London: Rutgers University Press and Zed Books, 1990 and 1989. ix + 197 pp. -Bridget Brereton, Thomas C. Holt, The problem of freedom: Race, labor, and politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991. xxxi + 517 pp. -Peter C. Emmer, A. Meredith John, The plantation slaves of Trinidad, 1783-1816: A mathematical and demographic inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xvi + 259 pp. -Richard Price, Robert Cohen, Jews in another environment: Surinam in the second half of the eighteenth century. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. xv + 350 pp. -Russell R. Menard, Nigel Tattersfield, The forgotten trade: comprising the log of the Daniel and Henry of 1700 and accounts of the slave trade from the minor ports of England, 1698-1725. London: Jonathan Cape, 1991. ixx + 460 pp. -John D. Garrigus, James E. McClellan III, Colonialism and science: Saint Domingue in the old regime. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. xviii + 393 pp. -Lowell Gudmundson, Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt's Caribbean: The Panama canal, the Monroe doctrine, and the Latin American context. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University 11. Pre-Service Teachers' Material Development Process Based on the ADDIE Model: E-Book Design Science.gov (United States) Usta, Necla Dönmez; Güntepe, Ebru Turan 2017-01-01 With the developments in information and communication technologies, books which are fundamental information sources for students throughout their education and training process are being transformed into electronic book (e-book) formats. E-books provide interactive environments, and they are also updateable materials, which shows that, in time,… 12. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C. Salmon 1987-10-01 Full Text Available - G.W.J. Drewes, Taufik Abdullah, Islam and society in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian studies, Singapore, 1986, XII and 348 pp., Sharon Siddique (eds. - Th. van den End, T.Valentino Sitoy, A history of Christianity in the Philippines. The initial encounter , Vol. I, Quezon City (Philippines: New day publishers, 1985. - R. Hagesteijn, David G. Marr, Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th centuries, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies and the research school of Pacific studies of the Australian National University, 1986, 416 pp., A.C. Milner (eds. - R. Hagesteijn, Constance M. Wilson, The Burma-Thai frontier over sixteen decades - Three descriptive documents, Ohio University monographs in international studies, Southeast Asia series No. 70, 1985,120 pp., Lucien M. Hanks (eds. - Barbara Harrisson, John S. Guy, Oriental trade ceramics in South-east Asia, ninth to sixteenth century, Oxford University Press, Singapore, 1986. [Revised, updated version of an exhibition catalogue issued in Australia in 1980, in the enlarged format of the Oxford in Asia studies of ceramic series.] 161 pp. with figs. and maps, 197 catalogue ills., numerous thereof in colour, extensive bibliography, chronol. tables, glossary, index. - V.J.H. Houben, G.D. Larson, Prelude to revolution. Palaces and politics in Surakarta, 1912-1942. VKI 124, Dordrecht/Providence: Foris publications 1987. - Marijke J. Klokke, Stephanie Morgan, Aesthetic tradition and cultural transition in Java and Bali. University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian studies, Monograph 2, 1984., Laurie Jo Sears (eds. - Liaw Yock Fang, Mohamad Jajuli, The undang-undang; A mid-eighteenth century law text, Center for South-East Asian studies, University of Kent at Canterbury, Occasional paper No. 6, 1986, VIII + 104 + 16 pp. - S.D.G. de Lima, A.B. Adam, The vernacular press and the emergence of modern Indonesian consciousness (1855-1913, unpublished Ph. D. thesis, School of 13. Book Reviews Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Redactie KITLV 1992-01-01 studies. New Haven, 1990. xiii + 369 pp., W.J. O’Malley, A. Weidemann (eds. - Gisele de Meur, F. Tjon Sie Fat, Representing kinship; Simple models of elementary structures. 1990. (Doctoral thesis. Leiden, published by the author. - Toon van Meijl, Maurice Godelier, Big men and great men; Personifications of power in Melanesia, Cambridge/Paris: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la maison des sciences de l’Homme, 1991, xviii, 328 pp., maps, tables, figures, bibliography, index., Marilyn Strathern (eds. - J.A. de Moor, B.A. Hussainmiya, Orang rejimen; The Malays of the Ceylon rifle regiment. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1990, 185 pp. - Pieter Muysken, J.M.W. Verhaar, Melanesian pidgin and tok pisin; Studies in language companion series 20. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1990, xiv + 409 pp. - Niels Mulder, Paul Voogt, Thailand. Amsterdam/’s-Gravenhage: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen/NOVIB, 1991. 70 pp. + kaart, slappe kaft., Han ten Brummelhuis, Irene Stengs (eds. - Ton van Naerssen, George Cho, The Malaysian economy; Spatial perspectives. London: Routledge. 1990, 300 pp. - Julianti Parani, J.R. van Diessen, Jakarta/Batavia. Het centrum van het Nederlandse koloniale rijk in Azië en zijn cultuurhistorische nalatenschap. Cantecleer Kunst - Reisgidsen. De Bilt: Cantecleer, 1989. 343 pp. - A. Ploeg, Christopher J. Healey, Pioneers of the mountain forest, University of Sydney, 1985, Oceania Monographs no. 29, v + 64 pp., plates, figures, maps. - Els Postel-Coster, Carla Risseeuw, The fish don’t talk about the water; Gender transformation, power and resistance among women in Sri Lanka, Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1988, 415 pp., also published as Gender transformation, power and resistance among women in Sri Lanka; The fish don’t speak about the water, New Delhi: Manohar Book service, 1991. Ca. 400 pp., - Willem van Schendel, Mya Tan, Myanmar dilemmas and options; The challenge of economic transition in the 1990’s. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 1990 14. The Annual Fall Book Swap Is On! | Poster Science.gov (United States) The Scientific Library staff is happy to announce that our 17th Annual Book and Media Swap will be held again this year beginning on Wednesday, November 1 from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. in Building 549. If you need to make room for new books, are looking for new homes for your old books, or are tired of viewing those same old DVDs over and over, then the Swap is for you. 15. The book thief Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Leandro Diniz 2008-04-01 Full Text Available The Book Thief (The Book Thief, in the original is an Australian writer of the novel juvenile Markus Zusak, published in 2006. In Brazil, his work was launched in March 2007 by the publisher Intrinsically, translated by Vera Ribeiro, and so far has sold nationally more than 105 thousand copies. Among the nine books that the author has published, only two books have translated into Portuguese: I am the messenger and The Book Thief. 16. The Cool 100 book Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Haselip, J.; Pointing, D. 2011-07-01 The aim of The Cool 100 book is to document 100 inspiring, educational and practical examples of sustainable and accessible energy supply solutions created by, or suitable for, isolated communities in the cooler regions of the world. The book features the following projects, explored in detail: 1. Promoting Unst Renewable Energy (PURE) project, a pioneering project that demonstrates how wind power and hydrogen technologies can be combined to meet the energy needs of a remote industrial estate on the island of Unst in the British Isles. 2. The EDISON project, or Electric vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated market using Sustainable energy and Open Networks that explored increased renewable energy use and electric vehicle operation in Denmark, with a case study on the island of Bornholm. 3. The Sarfannguit Wireless Electricity Reading project, which has significantly improved utility metering and enabled improved energy management, reduced electricity demand, and the introduction of renewable energy technologies in the isolated villages of Greenland. 4. The Renewable Energy Croft and Hydrogen facility, which uses innovative technologies to support a gardening facility in the Outer Hebrides (Scotland), and is also a working laboratory for students of the local university to develop a hydrogen energy economy. 5. The Samsoe Renewable Energy Island in Denmark, an iconic example of how an island community can consume only green electricity by using a range of innovative technologies and behavioural changes to reduce demand and to harness green energy resources. 6. The Hydrogen Office Project which demonstrates how a commercial office in the coastal town of Methil in Scotland can be supported by a novel renewable, hydrogen and fuel cell energy system, and how the local community is engaged with the project. 7. The Northern Sustainable House in Nunavut, Canada, which explores the process and results of a project to design and implement housing for local families that 17. Newnes passive and discrete circuits pocket book CERN Document Server MARSTON, R M 2000-01-01 Newnes Passive and Discrete Circuits Pocket Book is aimed at all engineers, technicians, students and experimenters who can build a design directly from a circuit diagram. In a highly concise form Ray Marston presents a huge compendium of circuits that can be built as they appear, adapted or used as building blocks. The devices used have been carefully chosen for their ease of availability and reasonable price. The selection of devices has been thoroughly updated for the second edition, which has also been expanded to cover the latest ICs.The three sections of the book cover: Moder 18. The New Russian Book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pristed, Birgitte Beck This book takes up the obtrusive problem of visual representation of fiction in contemporary Russian book design. By analyzing a broad variety of book covers, the study offers an absolutely unique material that illustrates a radically changing notion of literature in the transformation of Soviet ...... the fields of Russian studies, contemporary book and media history, art, design, and visual studies.......This book takes up the obtrusive problem of visual representation of fiction in contemporary Russian book design. By analyzing a broad variety of book covers, the study offers an absolutely unique material that illustrates a radically changing notion of literature in the transformation of Soviet...... print culture to a post-Soviet book market. It delivers a profound and critical exploration of Russian visual imaginary of classic, popular, and contemporary prose. Among all the carelessly bungled covers of mass-published post-Soviet series the study identifies gems from experimental designers... 19. BOOKS I BOEKE African Journals Online (AJOL) The South African reader in using this book should bear in mind that there ... practice. This book does an admirable job in bringing the .... encouraged its use for these purposes locally. .... translator's error in confusing schrecken (startle, alarin). 20. Keeping Books of Account OpenAIRE 2009-01-01 Books of account are a record of a company’s income and spending. These records may be kept in paper or electronic form. The books of account contain the information for preparing the company’s annual financial statements. 1. BOOKS I BOEKE African Journals Online (AJOL) butions porentially of broad imerest to all medical practi- tioners. ... tures; forensic psychiany; and some issues of special rele- vance to the ... research projects'. The book .... quizzical whimsicality, and endurance, running through the book. 2. Improving operating room safety Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Garrett Jill 2009-11-01 Full Text Available Abstract Despite the introduction of the Universal Protocol, patient safety in surgery remains a daily challenge in the operating room. This present study describes one community health system's efforts to improve operating room safety through human factors training and ultimately the development of a surgical checklist. Using a combination of formal training, local studies documenting operating room safety issues and peer to peer mentoring we were able to substantially change the culture of our operating room. Our efforts have prepared us for successfully implementing a standardized checklist to improve operating room safety throughout our entire system. Based on these findings we recommend a multimodal approach to improving operating room safety. 3. Book Reviews | Sheppey | African Zoology African Journals Online (AJOL) Book Authors: Edited by Richard E. Brown & David W. Macdonald. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985. 556 pp. Book Review 4. Book Title: Biology of Communication. Book Authors: D. Brian Lewis & D. Michael Gower. Blackie & Son, Glasgow. 239 pp. Book Review 5. Book Title: Animal Osmoregulation. Book Authors: J. 4. BookFinder.com CERN Document Server BookFinder.com is produced by the bibliophiles at 13th Generation Media of Berkeley, California. Our goal is to provide fellow readers unbiased realtime information about books available online. Rather than selling books ourselves (does the world rea Amazon.com wannabe?), we've teamed up with over 15,000 of the finest booksellers online to bring you the largest book catalog available anywhere, either online or offline. 5. Book Reviews Boekbesprekings African Journals Online (AJOL) Book Reviews. HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES. Hypothalamic Hypophysiotropic Hormones. Physiological and clinical studies. Proceedings of the Conference .... tricians, it certainly succeeds in its aim. 'A book is of little use if it has no pictures', thought Alice. This book has many. Of particular interest is the last chapter in ... 6. The Book of Luck. Science.gov (United States) Young, Carol 2002-01-01 Describes an art project that focused on the supernatural in which students create their own "Book Of Luck" using plastic videocassette containers. Discusses how each student created a book and the types of things that were included in the book. Includes examples. (CMK) 7. Room temperature superconductors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sleight, A.W. 1995-01-01 If the Holy Grail of room temperature superconductivity could be achieved, the impact on could be enormous. However, a useful room temperature superconductor for most applications must possess a T c somewhat above room temperature and must be capable of sustaining superconductivity in the presence of magnetic fields while carrying a significant current load. The authors will return to the subject of just what characteristics one might seek for a compound to be a room temperature superconductor. 30 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab 8. Give a Book, Take a Book | Poster Science.gov (United States) Collection has begun for the 15th Annual Book & Media Swap sponsored by the Scientific Library. NCI at Frederick staff can use this opportunity to clear out personal book and DVD shelves of unwanted materials, donate them to the swap, and then receive “new” materials in return. The library staff will collect materials through Tuesday, Oct. 27. Kick-off day for the event is International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lalit, B.Y.; Shukla, V.K.; Ramachandran, T.V. 1981-01-01 The natural and fallout radioactivity was measured in a large number of books produced in various countries after 1955. Results of these measurements showed that the books contained radioactivity due to fallout 137 Cs and 226 Ra, 228 Th and 40 K radioisotopes of primordial origin. Books printed in the U.S.A. had low radioactivity of 40K and 226 Ra origin compared to books printed in the European subcontinent. Books printed during high fallout rate (1962-64) or thereafter did not exhibit any significantly higher 137 Cs levels. The maximum radiation dose to the eyes calculated for the radioactivity content of the books was 0.8 μR/hr and the minimum was 0.07 μR/hr; most of the books were in the range 0.3-0.5 μR/hr. (U.K.) 10. Update in cardiomyopathies and congestive heart failure Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) The Heart Hospital, London, UK and Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy 2012-05-01 Full Text Available This abstract book contains four reports and all abstracts presented to the Joint Meeting: Update in cardiomyopathies and congestive heart failure, 22-23 September 2011 - Naples, Italy, endorsed by the Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases (WG 21 of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC. 11. The copyright book a practical guide CERN Document Server Strong, William S 2014-01-01 Through five editions since 1981, this book has offered the most comprehensive accessible guide available to all aspects of copyright law. Now, with the sixth edition, The Copyright Book has been thoroughly updated to cover copyright for the Internet age, discussing a range of developments in the law since 2000. The only book written for nonlawyers that covers the entire field of copyright law, it is essential reading for authors, artists, creative people in every medium, the companies that hire them, users of copyrighted material, and anyone with an interest in copyright law from a policy perspective. New material includes greatly expanded coverage of infringement and fair use, with detailed discussion of recent decisions, including the Grateful Dead, Google, and HathiTrust cases. The new edition considers such topics as open access, the defeat of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), file sharing, e-reserves, the status of "orphan works," and the latest developments under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (... 12. Indoor Spatial Updating with Reduced Visual Information. Science.gov (United States) Legge, Gordon E; Gage, Rachel; Baek, Yihwa; Bochsler, Tiana M 2016-01-01 Spatial updating refers to the ability to keep track of position and orientation while moving through an environment. People with impaired vision may be less accurate in spatial updating with adverse consequences for indoor navigation. In this study, we asked how artificial restrictions on visual acuity and field size affect spatial updating, and also judgments of the size of rooms. Normally sighted young adults were tested with artificial restriction of acuity in Mild Blur (Snellen 20/135) and Severe Blur (Snellen 20/900) conditions, and a Narrow Field (8°) condition. The subjects estimated the dimensions of seven rectangular rooms with and without these visual restrictions. They were also guided along three-segment paths in the rooms. At the end of each path, they were asked to estimate the distance and direction to the starting location. In Experiment 1, the subjects walked along the path. In Experiment 2, they were pushed in a wheelchair to determine if reduced proprioceptive input would result in poorer spatial updating. With unrestricted vision, mean Weber fractions for room-size estimates were near 20%. Severe Blur but not Mild Blur yielded larger errors in room-size judgments. The Narrow Field was associated with increased error, but less than with Severe Blur. There was no effect of visual restriction on estimates of distance back to the starting location, and only Severe Blur yielded larger errors in the direction estimates. Contrary to expectation, the wheelchair subjects did not exhibit poorer updating performance than the walking subjects, nor did they show greater dependence on visual condition. If our results generalize to people with low vision, severe deficits in acuity or field will adversely affect the ability to judge the size of indoor spaces, but updating of position and orientation may be less affected by visual impairment. 13. Indoor Spatial Updating with Reduced Visual Information. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gordon E Legge Full Text Available Spatial updating refers to the ability to keep track of position and orientation while moving through an environment. People with impaired vision may be less accurate in spatial updating with adverse consequences for indoor navigation. In this study, we asked how artificial restrictions on visual acuity and field size affect spatial updating, and also judgments of the size of rooms.Normally sighted young adults were tested with artificial restriction of acuity in Mild Blur (Snellen 20/135 and Severe Blur (Snellen 20/900 conditions, and a Narrow Field (8° condition. The subjects estimated the dimensions of seven rectangular rooms with and without these visual restrictions. They were also guided along three-segment paths in the rooms. At the end of each path, they were asked to estimate the distance and direction to the starting location. In Experiment 1, the subjects walked along the path. In Experiment 2, they were pushed in a wheelchair to determine if reduced proprioceptive input would result in poorer spatial updating.With unrestricted vision, mean Weber fractions for room-size estimates were near 20%. Severe Blur but not Mild Blur yielded larger errors in room-size judgments. The Narrow Field was associated with increased error, but less than with Severe Blur. There was no effect of visual restriction on estimates of distance back to the starting location, and only Severe Blur yielded larger errors in the direction estimates. Contrary to expectation, the wheelchair subjects did not exhibit poorer updating performance than the walking subjects, nor did they show greater dependence on visual condition.If our results generalize to people with low vision, severe deficits in acuity or field will adversely affect the ability to judge the size of indoor spaces, but updating of position and orientation may be less affected by visual impairment. 14. The Red Book and clinical practice. Science.gov (United States) Bygott, Catherine 2012-09-01 Jung's work is fundamentally an experience, not an idea. From this perspective, I attempt to bridge conference, consulting room and living psyche by considering the influence of the 'Red Book' on clinical practice through the subtle and imaginal. Jung's journey as a man broadens out to have relevance for women. His story is individual but its archetypal foundation finds parallel expression in analytic practice today. © 2012, The Society of Analytical Psychology. 15. Joint Opaque booking systems for online travel agencies OpenAIRE Ogonowska , Malgorzata; Torre , Dominique 2010-01-01 This paper analyzes the properties of the advanced Opaque booking systems used by the online travel agencies in conjunction with their traditional transparent booking system. In section 2 we present an updated literature review. This review underlines the interest and the specicities of Opaque goods in the Tourism Industry. It also characterizes properties of the Name-Your-Own-Price (NYOP) channel introduced by Priceline and oering probabilistic goods to potential travelers. In the section 3 ... 16. Book Reviews | Bernard | African Zoology African Journals Online (AJOL) Abstract. Book Review 1. Book Title: The Physiology of Reproduction. Book Authors: Editors-in-Chief: E. Knobil, & J.D. Kneill. Raven Press, 1988. 2633 pages. Book Review 2. Book Title: Long-term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives. Book Author: Gene E. Likens. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. 214 pages ... 17. Engineering stories? A narratological approach to children's book apps Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2014-01-01 Full Text Available With the rise of smartphones and tablet pcs, children's book apps have emerged as a new type of children's media. While some of them are based on popular children's books such as Mo Willems’ Pigeon books or Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit, others were specifically designed as apps. This paper focuses on examining book apps under the aspects of implied user strategies and narrative structure. Using a narratological framework that also takes into account the unique characteristics of the medium, a terminology for the analysis of book apps will be sketched out. Furthermore, an exemplary analysis of iOS books apps for pre- and grade school children comes to the conclusion that, far from offering the child users room for individual creativity, a large number of apps rather train their users in following prescribed paths of reading. 18. Electrical engineer's reference book CERN Document Server Laughton, M A 1985-01-01 Electrical Engineer's Reference Book, Fourteenth Edition focuses on electrical engineering. The book first discusses units, mathematics, and physical quantities, including the international unit system, physical properties, and electricity. The text also looks at network and control systems analysis. The book examines materials used in electrical engineering. Topics include conducting materials, superconductors, silicon, insulating materials, electrical steels, and soft irons and relay steels. The text underscores electrical metrology and instrumentation, steam-generating plants, turbines 19. Software engineer's pocket book CERN Document Server Tooley, Michael 2013-01-01 Software Engineer's Pocket Book provides a concise discussion on various aspects of software engineering. The book is comprised of six chapters that tackle various areas of concerns in software engineering. Chapter 1 discusses software development, and Chapter 2 covers programming languages. Chapter 3 deals with operating systems. The book also tackles discrete mathematics and numerical computation. Data structures and algorithms are also explained. The text will be of great use to individuals involved in the specification, design, development, implementation, testing, maintenance, and qualit 20. The Leporello Book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) 2017-01-01 Referring to the festival's overall framework "Distribution and Markets" this historical photobook exhibition will discuss the mass-produced travel books of the 19th century and their impact on the global development of the city as a commodity and tourist attraction. The exhibition focuses...... examples from the nineteenth century and contemporary ones. It showcases books from many countries, books of different sizes and qualities, with or without text, and containing black-and-white photographs or colour reproductions. It illustrates the variety of the book typology and documents its development... 1. Springer Publishing book booth | 8-9 October CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2015-01-01 Continuing the spirit of the CERN Book Fairs of the past years, Springer Publishing will have a book booth in the foyer of the Main Building, from 8 to 9 October. Some of the latest titles in particle physics and related fields will be on sale.   For the occasion, Professor Ugo Amaldi will present his new book “Particle Accelerators: From Big Bang Physics to Hadron Therapy” on Thursday, 8 October at 5 p.m. in Room F (Charpak room). The presentation will take place in the framework of the Italian Teachers week and will be followed by a signing session. A special highlight at the Springer booth will be the presentation of the CERN-sponsored Open Access book: “J Rafelski (ed): Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks - From Hagedorn Temperature to Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at CERN; With a Tribute to Rolf Hagedorn”. 2. An Implementation of a Database System for Book Loan in an ... African Journals Online (AJOL) A Case Study of the Polytechnic, Ibadan Library) ... the deletion, updating and query operations. Reports can be generated using report generator incorporated into the system. Key Words: Database, Book, loan, Academic, Library System, File ... 3. 2012 Renewable Energy Data Book (Book) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gelman, R. 2013-10-01 This Renewable Energy Data Book for 2012 provides facts and figures in a graphical format on energy in general, renewable electricity in the United States, global renewable energy development, wind power, solar power, geothermal power, biopower, hydropower, advanced water power, hydrogen, renewable fuels, and clean energy investment. 4. 2011 Renewable Energy Data Book (Book) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gelman, R. 2012-10-01 This Renewable Energy Data Book for 2011 provides facts and figures on energy in general, renewable electricity in the United States, global renewable energy development, wind power, solar energy, geothermal power, biopower, hydropower, advanced water power, hydrogen, renewable fuels, and clean energy investments. 5. 2010 Renewable Energy Data Book (Book) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gelman, R. 2011-10-01 This Renewable Energy Data Book for 2010 provides facts and figures on energy in general, renewable electricity in the United States, global renewable energy development, wind power, solar energy, geothermal power, biopower, hydropower, advanced water power, hydrogen, renewable fuels, and clean energy investments. 6. 2013 Renewable Energy Data Book (Book) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Esterly, S. 2014-12-01 This Renewable Energy Data Book for 2013 provides facts and figures on energy in general, renewable electricity in the United States, global renewable energy development, wind power, solar power, geothermal power, biopower, hydropower, advanced water power, hydrogen, renewable fuels, and clean energy investment. 7. Book and Market NARCIS (Netherlands) Marja Appelman; Andries van den Broek 2002-01-01 Original title: Boek en markt. The fixed book price is controversial. This evaluation reviews the effectiveness and efficiency of the fixed book price; are the three aims of cultural policy (availability of a wide range of titles, wide accessibility and public participation) being 8. Distributed Digital Book Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mario Žagar 2006-06-01 Full Text Available Concept of distributed digital book (DDB based on the XML is proposed. The author's side as well as the reader's side are analyzed. Different book modules and their frameworks are defined. Module design tools are proposed. Practical solution with appropriate examples is shown. 9. The Briefing Book Concept. Science.gov (United States) Minix, Dean A. 1990-01-01 Describes an open admissions program, a public university's nontraditional population, and their unique academic needs. Provides a political science briefing book assignment in which students research and write about one country. Claims the book is effective in helping students to organize and focus their thoughts and to improve their research and… 10. Better Bankers Book Symposium DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Ringe, Georg 2016-01-01 Book review of: "Better Bankers, Better Banks: Promoting Good Business Through Contractual Commitment" by: Claire A Hill and Richard W. Painter (University of Chicago Press, 2015).......Book review of: "Better Bankers, Better Banks: Promoting Good Business Through Contractual Commitment" by: Claire A Hill and Richard W. Painter (University of Chicago Press, 2015).... 11. ATLAS Colouring Book CERN Multimedia Anthony, Katarina 2016-01-01 The ATLAS Experiment Colouring Book is a free-to-download educational book, ideal for kids aged 5-9. It aims to introduce children to the field of High-Energy Physics, as well as the work being carried out by the ATLAS Collaboration. 12. Nourishing Children with Books OpenAIRE Nickols-Richardson, Sharon Michelle, 1965-; Parra, Danielle Elizabeth; Serrano, Elena Lidia 2009-01-01 Books with food and nutrition topics, cultural food patterns, and physical activity themes help to improve the quality of life of children by exposing them to a variety of foods and activities through creative stories. This guide helps parents and caregivers select books that achieve this goal. 13. Astronomy books in Spanish Science.gov (United States) Fierro, Julieta Great cultures have created language. They have discovered its strength among other reasons for education. For a long time the Bible was one of the few books available in western culture, its influence is beyond any doubt. Many developing nations have no science books in their mother tongue. They might carry a few translations but these do not convey the local culture so it is harder for students to grasp the concepts and to build on what they know. Books, even if they are extremely simple, should be written in local languages because that will facilitate the conveying of knowledge and the creation of scientific culture. In the books examples that pertain to every day local life must be given, in particular examples that have to do with women. Women play a central role in developing nations by child bearing; if they become literate they will influence enormously the quality of their children's education, in particular their science comprehension. In Mexico a collection that includes astronomy books has recently been edited by the National Council for Culture and Arts. The books are small and light, which encourages middle-school students to carry them around and read them while traveling in public transportation, such as the subway. Every other page is a new subject, that carries illustrations, abstracts and conclusions. The astronomy books are on search for extraterrestrial life, the stars and the universe. These books are distributed nation-wide and are inexpensive. They have been written by Mexican astronomers. 14. BOOKS I BOEKE African Journals Online (AJOL) and treatment are given, finer details such as doses and duration of ... examinations fall outside the scope of this book. Its use as a .... practical reference manual. Some of the ... Overall, this compact book has achieved a balance between ... 15. More2books Science.gov (United States) Australian Mathematics Teacher, 2012 2012-01-01 Reach for the Stars is AAMT's data-collection activity for National Literacy and Numeracy Week, funded by the Australian Government. This year's activity was on the theme "More2books" and many thousands of students and their teachers explored the mathematics of the books in their classrooms. This article presents a version of the… 16. The Book Club Exploded Science.gov (United States) Hoffert, Barbara 2006-01-01 One leader, 12 readers, and a few well-thumbed copies of Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice." That is all a book club once required, but this is no longer the case. This article describes how the runaway popularity of book clubs has brought with it a whole new set of possibilities. Thematic discussion? A fiction/nonfiction mix? Videoconferencing?… 17. The Obama Books Boom Science.gov (United States) Roach, Ronald 2009-01-01 As Barack Obama's rise to power inspires a flood of books, scholars hope the publishing trend will yield serious analysis. Barack Obama's rise from Illinois politics to the U.S. presidency has inspired authors to produce a flood of books chronicling the 44th commander in chief's life story and political career. Obama's political odyssey invites… 18. More than Comic Books Science.gov (United States) Boerman-Cornell, Bill 2013-01-01 Graphic novels (book-length fiction or nonfiction narratives told using the conventions of a comic book) bring together text and image in a way that seems to capture students' imaginations. Right now, there is little more than anecdotal research about how graphic novels can be used within specific middle school and high school disciplines. As… 19. Children's Ecology Books. Science.gov (United States) Lussenhop, Martha Selected for this listing of children's books are fiction and non-fiction books which add to an understanding of ecology, broadly considered here as the study of the interrelationships of organisms to each other and their environment. General ecology, natural resources, man and his environment, evolution and adaptation, appreciation, survival,… 20. Data communications pocket book CERN Document Server Tooley, Michael 2014-01-01 Data Communications Pocket Book, Second Edition presents information relevant to data communication. The book provides tabulated reference materials with a brief description and diagrams. The coverage of the text includes abbreviations, terminal control codes, and conversion tables. The text will be of great use to individuals involved in the interconnection of computer systems. 1. One book too many Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Andrej Blatnik 2008-01-01 Full Text Available The article is exploring the changes in the communication value of Slovenian book after the year 1991. The shifted (selfunderstanding of the publishing business going from activity of ‘special social importance’to explicitly profit-making activity has not only changed the ways of book production, but also the products themselves. This has influenced also those factors in the communication circuit of the book which still belong to the public sector. Following the example of two bestsellers published in 2008,the author points out the differences in public and market functioning of structurally same books and emphasizes the importance of a conscious choice which positions the adequate product into the communication circuit of the book. 2. Supporting Book Search DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bogers, Toine; Petras, Vivien 2017-01-01 of information needs. In this paper, we present a large-scale empirical comparison of the effectiveness of book metadata elements for searching complex information needs. Using a test collection of over 2 million book records and over 330 real-world book search requests, we perform a highly controlled and in......-depth analysis of topical metadata, comparing controlled vocabularies with social tags. Tags perform better overall in this setting, but controlled vocabulary terms provide complementary information, which will improve a search. We analyze potential underlying factors that contribute to search performance......, such as the relevance aspect(s) mentioned in a request or the type of book. In addition, we investigate the possible causes of search failure. We conclude that neither tags nor controlled vocabularies are wholly suited to handling the complex information needs in book search, which means that different approaches... 3. Virtual Seminar Room DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Forchhammer, Søren Otto; Fosgerau, Anders; Hansen, Peter Søren Kirk 1999-01-01 The initial design considerations and research goals for an ATM network based virtual seminar room with 5 sites are presented.......The initial design considerations and research goals for an ATM network based virtual seminar room with 5 sites are presented.... 4. Operating room manager game NARCIS (Netherlands) Hans, Elias W.; Nieberg, T. 2007-01-01 The operating room (OR) department of a hospital forms the heart of the organization, where the single largest cost is incurred. This document presents and reports on the “Operating Room Manager Game,” developed to give insight into managing a large hospital's OR department at various levels of 5. Book Reviews | Musgrave | African Zoology African Journals Online (AJOL) Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, 1992. 327 pages and 19 colour photographs. Book Review 4. Book Title: Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa. Book Author: Gordon L. Maclean. 6th edition 1993. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. Cape Town. Book Review 5. 6. Bell Laboratories Book Acquisition, Accounting and Cataloging System (BELLTIP). Science.gov (United States) Sipfle, William K. BELLTIP is an on-line library processing system concerned with book acquisitions, cataloging, and financial accounting for a newwork of 26 technical libraries. At its center is an interactively updated and queried set of files concerned with all items currently in process. Principal products include all purchase orders, claims, and cancellations;… 7. Environmental Guidance Program Reference Book: American Indian Religious Freedom Act Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1987-11-01 This Reference Book contains a copy of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and guidance for DOE compliance with the statute. The document is provided to DOE and contractor staff for informational purposes only and should not be interpreted as legal guidance. Updates that include important new requirements will be provided periodically. 8. Book Presentation | 27 February CERN Multimedia The CERN Library 2013-01-01 "A caccia del bosone di Higgs. Magneti, governi, scienziati e particelle nell'impresa scientifica del secolo" by Luciano Maiani and Romeo Bassoli, published by Mondadori. On Wednesday 27 February Luciano Maiani will present the book "A caccia del bosone di Higgs. Magneti, governi, scienziati e particelle nell'impresa scientifica del secolo". More information here. The presentation will take place in the Council Chamber at 16.00 and will be followed by a debate and book signing. The book will be on sale. You are cordially invited. 9. Control room habitability study: findings and recommendations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Driscoll, J.W. 1986-01-01 The Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (ACRS) has raised a number of concerns related to control room habitability and has recommended actions which they believe could alleviate these concerns. As a result of the ACRS's concerns, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation (NRR) in conjunction with the Offices of Research and Inspection and Enforcement, and the NRC regional offices, embarked upon a program to reevaluate Control Room Habitability. Argonne National Laboratory was contracted by the NRC to perform a Control Room Habitability Study on twelve licensed power reactors. The plants selected for the study were chosen based upon architect engineer, nuclear steam system supplier, utility, and plant location. Participants in the study review the plant design as contained in the Updated Safety Analysis Report, Technical Specifications, Three Mile Island action item III.D.3.4 submittal on Control Room Habitability, NRC staff evaluation of the III.D.3.4 submittal, appropriate plant operating procedures, system drawings, and significant Licensee Event Reports on Loss of Cooling to the Control Room Envelope. A two-day visit is then made to the plant to determine if the as-built systems are built, operated, and surveillance performed as described in the documentation reviewed prior to the visit. The major findings of this study are included in this report along with generic recommendations of the review team that apply to control room HVAC systems. Although the study is not complete, at the time of publication of this report, the results obtained to date should be useful to persons responsible for Control Room Habitability in evaluating their own systems 10. Sex Roles and Cultural Diversity in Recent Award Winning Picture Books for Young Children. Science.gov (United States) Dellmann-Jenkins, Mary; And Others 1993-01-01 Updated previous research on how gender is being presented in award-winning picture books for young children by replicating a study conducted by Collins, Ingoldsby, and Dellmann in 1984. This study also extended the research design used in the prior investigation by examining the books for portrayal of both androgyny and cultural diversity. (TJQ) 11. Kids Count Data Book, 2012: State Trends in Child Well-Being Science.gov (United States) Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2012 2012-01-01 The Annie E. Casey Foundation's 2012 KIDS COUNT[R] Data Book shows both promising progress and discouraging setbacks for the nation's children: While their academic achievement and health improved in most states, their economic well-being continued to decline. This year's Data Book uses an updated index of 16 indicators of child well-being,… 12. BOOK REVIEW: SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN THE RHIZOSPHERE BY TINKEY AND NYE Science.gov (United States) After 23 years, Tinker and Nye have published an updated version of their earlier book titled "Solute Movement in the Soil-Root System" (University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1977). The book contains many of the same elements that made the 1977 publication so use... 13. The Virtual Dressing Room DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Holte, Michael Boelstoft; Gao, Yi; Petersson, Eva 2015-01-01 This paper presents the design and evaluation of a usability and user experience test of a virtual dressing room. First, we motivate and introduce our recent developed prototype of a virtual dressing room. Next, we present the research and test design grounded in related usability and user...... experience studies. We give a description of the experimental setup and the execution of the designed usability and user experience test. To this end, we report interesting results and discuss the results with respect to user-centered design and development of a virtual dressing room.... 14. Films and dark room International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Abdul Nassir Ibrahim; Azali Muhammad; Ab. Razak Hamzah; Abd. Aziz Mohamed; Mohamad Pauzi Ismail 2008-01-01 After we know where the radiographic come from, then we must know about the film and also dark room. So, this chapter 5 discusses the two main components for radiography work that is film and dark room, places to process the film. Film are structured with three structured that are basic structured, emulsion and protection structured. So, this film can be classified either with their speed, screen and standard that used. The process to wash the film must be done in dark room otherwise the radiographer cannot get what are they inspected. The processing of film will be discussed briefly in next chapter. 15. Alternative energies. Updates on progress Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ferreira, German (ed.) [CIRCE - Centre of Research for Energy Resources and Consumption, Zaragoza (Spain) 2013-07-01 Presents fundamental and applied research of alternative energies. Address key pillars in the alternative energy field, such as: biomass energy, hydrogen energy, solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy and their environmental implications, with the most updated progress. Includes the life cycle assessment and thermoeconomic analysis as tools for evaluating and optimising environmental and cost subjects. This book presents nine chapters based on fundamental and applied research of alternative energies. At the present time, the challenge is that technology has to come up with solutions that can provide environmentally friendly energy supply options that are able to cover the current world energy demand. Experts around the world are working on these issues for providing new solutions that will break the existing technological barriers. This book aims to address key pillars in the alternative energy field, such as: biomass energy, hydrogen energy, solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy and their environmental implications, with the most updated progress for each pillar. It also includes the life cycle assessment (LCA) and thermoeconomic analysis (TA) as tools for evaluating and optimising environmental and cost subjects. Chapters are organized into fundamental research, applied research and future trends; and written for engineers, academic researches and scientists. 16. Transportation energy data book Science.gov (United States) 2009-01-01 The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 28 is a statistical compendium prepared and : published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the U.S. Department of : Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicl... 17. Climate Record Books Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Climate Record Books contain daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual averages, extremes, or occurrences. Most data are sequential by period of record 1871-1910,... 18. Recensione / Recension / Book review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Bravo Fabio 2010-03-01 Full Text Available Book review of:Sette R., Cases on Technologies for Teaching Criminology and Victimology: Methodologies and practices, IGI Global – Information Science Reference, Hershey PA, 2010 19. Books 'n' stuff DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Christoffersen, Ellen 2007-01-01 The book "Kommunikations-Controlling" by Manfred Piwinger/Viktor Porák (eds.) is an interim report in which several authors analyse the state of the art in the discussion of communications controlling.... 20. Smart Book Charts Science.gov (United States) Chinnapongse, Ronald L. 2015-01-01 Smart book charts for TPSM: Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET), Conformal Ablative TPS (CA-TPS), 3D Woven Multifunctional Ablative TPS (3D MAT), and Adaptable, Deployable, Entry and Placement Technology (ADEPT). 1. Sample Book Review African Journals Online (AJOL) David Ambrose Book Review: Reginald M.J. Oduor's Introduction to Ethics 105 ... actions emanating from any individual or social institution affects other individuals ... moral concepts, namely, freedom and responsibility, rights and duties, equality and justice ... 2. Books in the Classroom. Science.gov (United States) Rosenfeld, Judith B. 1988-01-01 Discusses two books, "The Young Unicorns" (M. L'Engle) and "M.C. Higgins, The Great" (V. Hamilton), that give honest portrayals of life. Suggests each will stimulate preadolescents to examine their own lives. (ARH) 3. Best Books of 1971 Science.gov (United States) Gerhardt, Lillian N.; And Others 1971-01-01 The forty-two titles selected by the editors of School Library Journal" are the best among over 2,100 new children's books reviewed since last January. Also included are 25 top notch Young Adult titles. (67 references) (MM) 4. A Thirst after Books Science.gov (United States) Richardson, Carmen C. 1974-01-01 Suggests that two types of books have particular appeal for children, those which create vivid sensory impressions and those which allow the child to deal vicariously with universal emotions and then discusses several titles of each type. (TO) 5. REVIEWS OF BOOKS : BOEKRESENSIES African Journals Online (AJOL) extended by use of glass and plastic ventricular models to imulate more closely, the natural anatomy .... Mr. Stirling's book will be welcomed by Urologists, Radiologists and General Surgeons .... Equipment and Chemistry. Chapter VII. Ethics. 6. Books/Boeke African Journals Online (AJOL) This book describes ocular diseases with a brief surrunary and then gives the .... Furthermore, the review of adjuvant treatment of breast cancer could have ... New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1989. .... unlikely to reach their target audience. 7. New Fashioned Book Burning. Science.gov (United States) Gardner, Robert 1997-01-01 Reports on results of a teacher's experiment in book burning as a lesson accompanying the teaching of Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451." Discusses student reactions and the purpose of or justification for the experimental lesson. (TB) 8. Books 'n' stuff DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Christoffersen, Ellen 2007-01-01 The book "Kommunikations-Controlling" by Manfred Piwinger/Viktor Porák (eds.) is an interim report in which several authors analyse the state of the art in the discussion of communications controlling.......The book "Kommunikations-Controlling" by Manfred Piwinger/Viktor Porák (eds.) is an interim report in which several authors analyse the state of the art in the discussion of communications controlling.... 9. Electronics engineer's reference book CERN Document Server Turner, L W 1976-01-01 Electronics Engineer's Reference Book, 4th Edition is a reference book for electronic engineers that reviews the knowledge and techniques in electronics engineering and covers topics ranging from basics to materials and components, devices, circuits, measurements, and applications. This edition is comprised of 27 chapters; the first of which presents general information on electronics engineering, including terminology, mathematical equations, mathematical signs and symbols, and Greek alphabet and symbols. Attention then turns to the history of electronics; electromagnetic and nuclear radiatio CERN Document Server Miller, William 2013-01-01 Electronic books are now having a major impact on library collections. This book provides models for acquisitions policies and reports on several surveys of faculty and librarian attitudes toward e-books. It discusses issues in acquiring cataloguing and collection development regarding this important new library resource.Its subject matter deals with the different types of e-books, statistical data available for e-book usage, the development of e-book collections, learning environments, integrating e-books into local catalogues, acquisitions and usage monitoring of e-books.Thi 11. The Little Black Book of Project Management CERN Document Server Thomsett, Michael C 2009-01-01 For nearly twenty years, The Little Black Book of Project Management has provided businesspeople everywhere with a quick and effective introduction to project management tools and methodology. The revised and updated third edition reflects the newest techniques, the latest project management software, as well as the most recent changes to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK™). Readers will find invaluable strategies for: • Organizing any project • Choosing the project team • Preparing a budget and sticking to it • Scheduling, flowcharting, and controlling a project • Preparing proj 12. Book Review: Stop, Write! Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hans Thulesius 2013-06-01 Full Text Available This book on writing grounded theory is intended for the empirical GT researcher who wants to pursue his/her research until publication. It is the first book devoted entirely to such a crucial issue as writing grounded theory. Thus, Stop, Write: Writing Grounded Theory, is a practical book that fills a gap in GT methodology. In the first chapter of the book, Dr. Glaser says, “Stop unending conceptualization, unending data coverage, and unending listening to others who would egg you on with additional data, ideas and/or requirements or simply wait too long”. The book teaches the reader how to actually write a grounded theory by “simply” writing up the sorted memos. This requires efficient sorting that is dealt with in chapter two on Sorting Memos, which includes precious repetition from Theoretical Sensitivity (1978. How writing can be done effectively is outlined in chapter three The Working Paper. Then follows chapter four on how to rework the first draft with the different tasks of editing for language and professionalism. Thereafter Dr. Glaser discusses Writing Problems in chapter five where he gives useful guidance on how to overcome writing blocks and problems with supervisors and dissertation committees. The book also deals with publishing and with collaboration as experienced between Barney Glaser and the cofounder of grounded theory, Anselm Strauss. 13. Book reviews online Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Philip Barker 1997-12-01 Full Text Available Many thousands of books are published each year, and even specialists find it difficult to keep abreast of new books in their disciplines, learning technology being no exception - indeed, in our subject-area the situation is beginning to reach saturation point. The bookreview procedure facilitates selection: a good review will capture the essential content of a book, and will comment on its quality, style, level of presentation, appropriateness, and perhaps value for money. Figure 1 shows the review process, its relationship to the production of books and learned journals, and the functional similarity between book reviews and abstracts of papers published in learned journals. Abstracts are often archived in online databases or on CD-ROM, in this way acting as an alerting and brief reference service. Book reviews can be treated in the same way. This paper discusses the use of servers (Internet or intranet as a means of making them available to a global population. It also describes how such a facility could fit into a more general infrastructure for soliciting potential reviewers and drawing their attention to publications available for review. 14. International nuclear waste management fact book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Abrahms, C.W.; Patridge, M.D.; Widrig, J.E. 1995-11-01 The International Nuclear Waste Management Fact Book has been compiled to provide current data on fuel cycle and waste management facilities, R and D programs, and key personnel in 24 countries, including the US; four multinational agencies; and 20 nuclear societies. This document, which is in its second year of publication supersedes the previously issued International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Fact Book (PNL-3594), which appeared annually for 12 years. The content has been updated to reflect current information. The Fact Book is organized as follows: National summaries--a section for each country that summarizes nuclear policy, describes organizational relationships, and provides addresses and names of key personnel and information on facilities. International agencies--a section for each of the international agencies that has significant fuel cycle involvement and a list of nuclear societies. Glossary--a list of abbreviations/acronyms of organizations, facilities, and technical and other terms. The national summaries, in addition to the data described above, feature a small map for each country and some general information that is presented from the perspective of the Fact Book user in the US 15. International nuclear waste management fact book Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Abrahms, C W; Patridge, M D; Widrig, J E 1995-11-01 The International Nuclear Waste Management Fact Book has been compiled to provide current data on fuel cycle and waste management facilities, R and D programs, and key personnel in 24 countries, including the US; four multinational agencies; and 20 nuclear societies. This document, which is in its second year of publication supersedes the previously issued International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Fact Book (PNL-3594), which appeared annually for 12 years. The content has been updated to reflect current information. The Fact Book is organized as follows: National summaries--a section for each country that summarizes nuclear policy, describes organizational relationships, and provides addresses and names of key personnel and information on facilities. International agencies--a section for each of the international agencies that has significant fuel cycle involvement and a list of nuclear societies. Glossary--a list of abbreviations/acronyms of organizations, facilities, and technical and other terms. The national summaries, in addition to the data described above, feature a small map for each country and some general information that is presented from the perspective of the Fact Book user in the US. 16. Design reflowable digital book template Science.gov (United States) Prasetya, Didik Dwi; Widiyaningtyas, Triyanna; Arifin, M. Zainal; Wahyu Sakti G., I. 2017-09-01 Electronic books (e-books or digital books) increasingly in demand and continue to grow in the form of future books. One of the standard format electronic books that potential is EPUB (electronic publication) published by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). This digital book has major advantages are able to provide interactive and reflowable content, which are not found in another book format, such as PDF. Reflowable content allows the book can be accessed through a variety of reader device, like desktop and mobile with a fit and comfort view. However, because the generating process of an EPUB digital book is not as easy a PDF, so this format is less popular. Therefore, in order to help overcome the existing problems, this paper develops digital reflowable text book templates to support electronic learning, especially in Indonesia. This template can be used by anyone to produce a standard digital book quickly and easily without requiring additional specialized knowledge. 17. Analysis of book colections Great picture book for preschoolers OpenAIRE Cunk, Tina 2013-01-01 Thesis entitled ˝Analysis of book collections Great picture book for preschoolers˝ is based on theoretical approach and empirical study. In the theoretical part I focused on the development of youth literature and the definition of the latter, furthermore I described Great picture book and definition of picture book, I presented four versions of picture books in the Slovenian area, described types of picture books and wrote translation of Maria Nikolaeva´s picture book and her point of view... 18. BOOK REVIEW: Physics 1 Science.gov (United States) Sang, David; Gibbs, Keith; Hutchings, Robert 2000-09-01 Physics 1 is an attractive book designed to cover the whole of the AS physics course and has been endorsed by OCR for its Advanced AS and A2 specifications. Built on books from the Cambridge Modular Sciences series, it provides a clearly presented path through each of the three sections: Foundation Physics, Electrons and Photons, and Wave Properties. Each chapter has clearly stated objectives and is peppered with self-assessment questions, the answers to all of which are at the back of the book. Additional questions are given at the end of each chapter. There is an excellent use of colour, summary boxes and diagrams, but relatively few photographs. At the back of the book is a useful section on uncertainties and a glossary. The key feature of this book is its accessibility to students coming from a double-award science background. A great deal of thought has gone into lessening the trauma of the transition to Advanced Level and the results are impressive. Some of the main areas of concern for many students are the mathematical sections. These areas are not rushed, especially in the foundation physics, where there are plenty of worked examples. It is assumed, also, that students will not necessarily be confident with graphs so lots of examples are given. Diagrams of the type of practical equipment students are likely to encounter add another dimension to the book. It is good to see the use of light gates and motion sensors in addition to the more traditional ticker-timers for the calculations of speed and acceleration. Accessibility is the strength of this book. The use of colour and space, as well as the content, make it enjoyable to use and to read for any student embarking on the new AS courses. Helen Reynolds 19. Food Irradiation Update and Cost Analysis Science.gov (United States) 1991-11-01 Natick). Significant contributions were made by Dr. Irwin Taub and Mr. Christopher Rees of the Technology Acquisition Division, Food Engineering...stability. 5 Food Irradiation Update C-ost Analysis I. Introduction In the book The Physioloqy of Taste (1825), one of the pioneers of gastronomy ...review of the utility that radiation preserved foods might offer the military food service system. To date, this technology has seen limited use in the 20. A Moodle extension to book online labs Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Antonio C. Cardoso 2005-11-01 Full Text Available The social constructivist philosophy of Moodle makes it an excellent choice to deliver e-learning contents that require collaborative activities, such as those that are associated with online labs. In the case of online labs that enable web access to real devices (remote workbenches, access time should be reserved beforehand. A booking tool will avoid access conflicts and at the same time will help the students to organise their time and activities. This paper presents a Moodle extension that was developed within the Leonardo da Vinci MARVEL project, with the objective of meeting this requirement. The booking tool presented enables resource sharing in general and may be used to organise access to any type of scarce resources, such as to online labs and to the videoconferencing rooms that are needed to support collaborative activities. 1. Informational Books for Children Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tri Mega Asri 2018-01-01 Full Text Available The ignorance of reading activity is a result of condition in which people are not accustomed to read because they are not familiar with the culture of writing. It is fueled by the entry of telecommunications technologies and broadcasting, especially children digital native generation. The ability to speak and communicate in children is very influential in the development of social interaction. Besides the language and communication skills are directly related to the process of thinking and developments in the search for solutions to problems in children. Informational books is one medium that can help the development of language and communication skills in children. Informational books can convey knowledge of all the things they want to know the child, about science, about everything that exists and happens around the child to see the writing in a language that has a characteristic and image. The method used is literature study and data collection techniques to conduct a study review of the relevant literature. Informational books children as a means of communication, various forms of media including books have a major influence in shaping attitudes and behavior of children. A wide variety of informational books that has developed its own current trend where its use on children in need of assistance 2. Informational Books for Children Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tri Mega Asri 2016-12-01 Full Text Available The ignorance of reading activity is a result of condition in which people are not accustomed to read because they are not familiar with the culture of writing. It is fueled by the entry of telecommunications technologies and broadcasting, especially children digital native generation. The ability to speak and communicate in children is very influential in the development of social interaction. Besides the language and communication skills are directly related to the process of thinking and developments in the search for solutions to problems in children. Informational books is one medium that can help the development of language and communication skills in children. Informational books can convey knowledge of all the things they want to know the child, about science, about everything that exists and happens around the child to see the writing in a language that has a characteristic and image. The method used is literature study and data collection techniques to conduct a study review of the relevant literature. Informational books children as a means of communication, various forms of media including books have a major influence in shaping attitudes and behavior of children. A wide variety of informational books that has developed its own current trend where its use on children in need of assistance. 3. ENGLISH BOOK CLUB CERN Multimedia English Book Club 2009-01-01 http://club-englishbookclub.web.cern.ch A note to our members Dear Members, Many thanks to all of you who have paid up now. However, there are still some late payers and Morna would appreciate knowing if they will pay for 2009/2010 or if they have left the club. At the AGM on 17 November it was decided that a 3 month delay for key reimbursement will be given to all present and past members, BUT after 31.3.2010 no reimbursement will be given out. We are in the process of making changes to the access to the club for paid-up, active members only. Some of you have told Morna you will pay on your next visit to CERN, that is ok but please try to do this by 15 December if possible. A new version of the club’s book data-base is available on the web: http://club-englishbookclub.web.cern.ch/club-englishbookclub/Export/index.html The English Book Club has a growing collection of over 4500 English language books, mostly general fiction with a sprinkling of nonfiction and children’s books. New books... 4. Book Reviews | Mundy | Vulture News African Journals Online (AJOL) (2015) Ministry of Environment and Tourism, and Namibia Nature Foundation, Windhoek. 320pp. ISBN 978-9-9945-0082-6. Book Review 3. Book Title: The 2015 Eskom Red Data Book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Book Authors: M.R. Taylor, F Peacock & R.M. Wanless (Eds.) (2015) BirdLife South Africa, ... 5. Test Room Stability Plan International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1993-01-01 This plan documents the combination of designs, installations, programs, and activities that ensures that the underground excavations at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), in which transuranic (TRU) waste may be emplaced during the Test Phase, will remain sufficiently stable and safe during that time. The current ground support systems installed at the WIPP are the result of over ten years of data collection from hundreds of geomechanical instruments and thousands of hours of direct observation of the changing conditions of the openings. In addition, some of the world's most respected experts on salt rock mechanics have provided input in the design process and concurrence on the suitability of the final design. The general mine rockbolt pattern and the ground support system for the test rooms are designed to specifically address the fracture and deformation geometries observed today at the WIPP. After an introductory chapter, this plan describes the general underground design, then proceeds to an account of general ground support performance, and finally focuses on the details of the special test room ground support systems. One such system already installed in Room 1, Panel 1, is described in comprehensive detail. Other test rooms in Panel 1, whether full-size or smaller, will be equipped with systems that ensure stability to the same or equivalent extent. They will benefit from the experience gained in the first test room, which in turn benefitted from the data and knowledge accumulated during previous stages (e.g., the Site and Preliminary Design Validation program) of the project 6. From Picas to Pixels: An Astro 101 e-Book Science.gov (United States) Shawl, S.; Byrd, G.; Deustua, S.; LoPresto, M. 2015-11-01 What happens when a publisher discontinues publishing a textbook? That was the dilemma we were presented. Given that we know we have a high quality product that can contribute to student understanding of science in general and astronomy in particular, and that significant efforts had already been expended on the project, we decided to self-publish, even knowing that the challenges, and the gamble in terms of time and personal expense, were great. Self publication provides an opportunity to produce an updated edition at great cost savings to students— something faculty often say is an important consideration in their choice of a book. We discuss the many significant challenges, the greatest of which is marketing. We present the end result: a completed publication in various e-book formats and with links to the Discovering Astronomy Concept Videos made for the book (Figure 1). Details of the book, a sample chapter, and other information are available online. 7. Book reviews 2016 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hilling Axel 2016-11-01 Full Text Available This section contains reviews of two Swedish books on international taxation. First, the book Skatteavtal och generalklausuler, Ett komparativt perspektiv (Tax Agreements and General Anti-Avoidance Regulations, A Comparative Perspective is recommended for those who study and work with international tax law. The book analyses how tax treaties’ function to limit contracting states’ taxing powers relates to national GAARs. A comparative analysis is made between Sweden and Canada. In the second review, the doctoral dissertation EU-domstolens restirktionsprövning i mal om de grundläggande frihterna och direkta skatter (The EU Court of Justice’s examination of the restriction requirement in its direct tax case law is reviewed. The dissertation systemizes relevant CJEU’s case law and analyzes the Courts reasoning in deciding whether or not certain tax regulation is in conflict with EU fundamental freedoms. 8. Interactive Sample Book (ISB) DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Heimdal, Elisabeth Jacobsen; Lenau, Torben Anker; Guglielmi, Michel 2009-01-01 supervisor Torben A. Lenau. Inspiration to use smart materials Interactive textiles are still quite an unknown phenomenon to many. It is thus often difficult to communicate what kind of potentials lie within these materials. This is why the ISB project was started, as a practice based research project...... and senses in relation to integrated decoration and function primarily to indoor applications. The result of the project will be a number of interactive textiles, to be gathered in an interactive sample book (ISB), in a similar way as the sample books of wallpapers one can take home from the shop and choose...... from. In other words, it is a kind of display material, which in a simple manner can illustrate how different techniques and smart materials work. The sample book should display a number of possibilities where sensor technology, smart materials and textiles are mixed to such an extent that the textile... 9. Key technologies book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1997-01-01 In this book can be found all the useful information on the French industry key technologies of the years 2000-2005. 136 technologies at the junction of the science advances and of the markets expectations are divided into 9 sectors. Among them, only 4 are interesting here: the environment, the transports, the materials and the energy. In 1995, the secretary's office of State for industry has published a first synthesis book on these key technologies. This 1997 new key technologies book extends and completes the initial study. For each key technology, an encyclopedic sheet is given. Each sheet combines thus some exact and practical information on: advance state of the technology, market characteristics, development forecasts, occupation and involved sectors, technology acquisition cost, research programs but also contacts of the main concerned efficiency poles. (O.M.) 10. Check Out These Books Science.gov (United States) Collins, Michelle (Editor); Mulenburg, Gerald 2002-01-01 11. Control room design International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zinke, H. 1980-01-01 To control a 1300 megawatt nuclear power plant, about 15000 plant parameters must be collected together to control and operate the plant. The control room design therefore is of particular importance. The main design criteria are: Required functions of the power plant process - Level of Automation - Ergonomics - Available Technology. Extensive analysis has resulted in a control room design method. This ensures that an objective solution will be reached. Resulting from this methodical approach are: 1. Scope, position and appearance of the instrumentation. 2. Scope, position and appearance of the operator controls. Process analysis dictates what instrumentation and operator controls are needed. The priority and importance of the control and instrumentation (this we define as the utilisation areas), dictates the rough layout of the control room. (orig./RW) 12. Room for caring DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Timmermann, Connie; Uhrenfeldt, Lisbeth; Birkelund, Regner 2015-01-01 Aim This study explores how seriously ill hospitalized patients' experience and assign meaning to their patient room. Background Modern hospitals and the rational underlying care and treatment of today have their emphasis on diagnosis, cure and treatment. Consequently, aesthetics in the patient...... rooms such as a view of nature or natural light entering the room are often neglected in caring for these patients. Method A phenomenological-hermeneutic study design was applied and data was collected through multiple qualitative interviews combined with observations at a teaching hospital in Denmark......-being, relief and hope for the patients during serious illness. Therefore, these sensory impressions should be thought of as holding palliative potential and should be included as a part of caring for the seriously ill patients.... 13. Electrical engineer's reference book CERN Document Server Jones, G R 2013-01-01 A long established reference book: radical revision for the fifteenth edition includes complete rearrangement to take in chapters on new topics and regroup the subjects covered for easy access to information.The Electrical Engineer's Reference Book, first published in 1945, maintains its original aims: to reflect the state of the art in electrical science and technology and cater for the needs of practising engineers. Most chapters have been revised and many augmented so as to deal properly with both fundamental developments and new technology and applications that have come to the fore since 14. Electronics engineer's reference book CERN Document Server Mazda, F F 1989-01-01 Electronics Engineer's Reference Book, Sixth Edition is a five-part book that begins with a synopsis of mathematical and electrical techniques used in the analysis of electronic systems. Part II covers physical phenomena, such as electricity, light, and radiation, often met with in electronic systems. Part III contains chapters on basic electronic components and materials, the building blocks of any electronic design. Part IV highlights electronic circuit design and instrumentation. The last part shows the application areas of electronics such as radar and computers. 15. Mechanical engineer's reference book CERN Document Server Parrish, A 1973-01-01 Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book: 11th Edition presents a comprehensive examination of the use of Systéme International d' Unités (SI) metrication. It discusses the effectiveness of such a system when used in the field of engineering. It addresses the basic concepts involved in thermodynamics and heat transfer. Some of the topics covered in the book are the metallurgy of iron and steel; screw threads and fasteners; hole basis and shaft basis fits; an introduction to geometrical tolerancing; mechanical working of steel; high strength alloy steels; advantages of making components as castings 16. Electronics pocket book CERN Document Server Parr, E A 1981-01-01 Electronics Pocket Book, Fourth Edition is a nonmathematical presentation of the many varied topics covered by electronics. The book tackles electron physics, electronic components (i.e. resistors, capacitors, and conductors), integrated circuits, and the principles of a.c. and d.c. amplifiers. The text also discusses oscillators, digital circuits, digital computers, and optoelectronics (i.e., sensors, emitters, and devices that utilize light). Communications (such as line and radio communications, transmitters, receivers, and digital techniques); the principles and examples of servosystems; a 17. Becoming of a book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Otrel-Cass, Kathrin 2018-01-01 This chapter presents a graphic memory of the writing process of this book. By using a cartoon style, or ‘sequential art,’ the chapter deliberately challenges conventional ways of academic communication. The chapter’s intention is to introduce the reader to the dynamic process that took place when...... this community of authors came together to think and write. Since the book production was a collaborative effort, joint decisions had to be made, and by utilising a cartoon style, selected individual voices could be preserved while giving the reader an impression of the community as well as the work process... 18. Newnes microprocessor pocket book CERN Document Server Money, Steve 2014-01-01 Newnes Microprocessor Pocket Book explains the basic hardware operation of a microprocessor and describes the actions of the various types of instruction that can be executed. A summary of the characteristics of many of the popular microprocessors is presented. Apart from the popular 8- and 16-bit microprocessors, some details are also given of the popular single chip microcomputers and of the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) type processors such as the Transputer, Novix FORTH processor, and Acorn ARM processor.Comprised of 15 chapters, this book discusses the principles involved in bot 19. Newnes electrical pocket book CERN Document Server Reeves, E A 2013-01-01 Newnes Electrical Pocket Book, Twenty-first Edition, provides engineers with convenient access to various facts, tables, and formulae relating to the particular branch of engineering being dealt with. In the case of electrical engineering, it is essential that the engineer have a clear understanding of the methods by which the various formulae are derived to ensure that any particular formulae is applicable to the conditions being considered. The first section of the Pocket Book is devoted to the theoretical groundwork upon which all the practical applications are based. This covers symbols, 20. Chemistry WebBook Science.gov (United States) SRD 69 NIST Chemistry WebBook (Web, free access)   The NIST Chemistry WebBook contains: Thermochemical data for over 7000 organic and small inorganic compounds; thermochemistry data for over 8000 reactions; IR spectra for over 16,000 compounds; mass spectra for over 33,000 compounds; UV/Vis spectra for over 1600 compounds; electronic and vibrational spectra for over 5000 compounds; constants of diatomic molecules(spectroscopic data) for over 600 compounds; ion energetics data for over 16,000 compounds; thermophysical property data for 74 fluids. 1. The Virtual Dressing Room DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Holte, Michael Boelstoft 2013-01-01 This paper presents a review of recent developments and future perspectives, addressing the problem of creating a virtual dressing room. First, we review the current state-of-the-art of exiting solutions and discuss their applicability and limitations. We categorize the exiting solutions into three...... kinds: (1) virtual real-time 2D image/video techniques, where the consumer gets to superimpose the clothes on their real-time video to visualize themselves wearing the clothes. (2) 2D and 3D mannequins, where a web-application uses the body measurements provided by the customer, to superimpose...... and their demands to a virtual dressing room.... 2. Birth room images DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bowden, Calida; Sheehan, Athena; Foureur, Maralyn Jean 2016-01-01 Objective: this study examined images of birth rooms in developed countries to analyse the messages and visual discourse being communicated through images. Design: a small qualitative study using Kress and van Leeuwen's (2006) social semiotic theoretical framework for image analysis, a form...... and implications for practice: as images on the Internet inform and persuade society about stereotypical behaviours, the trends of our time and sociocultural norms, it is important to recognise images of the technological birth room on the Internet may be influential in dictating women's attitudes, choices... 3. The changing sensory room DEFF Research Database (Denmark) 2018-01-01 In 2017 the kindergarten The Milky Way in the city Vejle in Denmark made a sensory room that has the special ability change whenever wanted by the children and social educators. Kjetil Sandvik (to the right) from Copenhagen University and Klaus Thestrup from Aarhus University reflects upon what...... they saw, took part in and talked with the social educators about. Jacob Knudsen from VIFIN filmed the two gentlemen and organised the project. it is a room composed around common experiments, many self-made objects, open narrative structures. and a combination of digital and analogue elements.... 4. 8 February 2010: University College London President & Provost M. Grant signing the guest book with CERN Director-General R.Heuer and Coordinator for External Relations F. Pauss; visiting the ATLAS control room with Collaboration Spokesperson F. Gianotti and Adviser for Non-Member States J. Ellis. CERN Multimedia Maximilien Brice 2010-01-01 Caption for photograph 1002015 01: 8 February 2010: University College London President & Provost M. Grant (6th from left) visiting ATLAS control room with, from left to right, ATLAS Deputy Spokesperson and University of Birmingham D. Charlton; UCL Head of the HEP group M. Lancaster; UCL Vice Provost for research D. Price; ATLAS Collaboration Spokesperson F. Gianotti; UCL Department of Physics and Astronomy N. Konstantinidis; UCL Head of Physics Department J. Tennyson; Head of the UCL-ATLAS group and Vice-Dean for Research in the faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences J. Butterworth, visiting the ATLAS control room. 5. Best Books 2010 Science.gov (United States) Jones, Trevelyn; Toth, Luann; Charnizon, Marlene; Grabarek, Daryl; Fleishhacker, Joy 2010-01-01 This article presents the 62 books chosen by "School Library Journal's" editors as the best of the year. While novels include some historical settings and contemporary concerns, it is fantasy that continues to reign supreme. More original, and more creative than ever, it includes selections that are frightening, edgy, wildly funny, electrifying,… 6. REVIEWS OF BOOKS : BOEKRESENSIES African Journals Online (AJOL) The life, work and times of Charles Turner Thackrah are sketched in an essay consisting of 45 pages; the balance of 233 pages being a facsimile reprint of ... Originally published in London in 1832 and long out of print, this book gives a ... when working hours were 'reduced from 72 to 69 hours per week', it is interesting to ... 7. Book Catalogs; Selected References. Science.gov (United States) Brandhorst, Wesley T. The 116 citations on book catalogs are divided into the following two main sections: (1) Selected References, in alphabetic sequence by personal or institutional author and (2) Anonymous Entries, in alphabetic sequence by title. One hundred and seven of the citations cover the years 1960 through March 1969. There are five scattered citations in… 8. REVIEWS OF BOOKS : BOEKRESENSIES African Journals Online (AJOL) The references at the end of each chapter and the index form a valuable source for further study. As a text book to which radiologists can confidently turn for the fullest information, it ..... (Oxon.), M.D. (Harvard), M.R.C.P. (London). With chapters. 9. Year book Australia 1985 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cameron, R J 1985-01-01 The Year Book is the principal reference work produced by the Central Office of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). It provides a comprehensive and detailed statistical review of all aspects of the economy and social conditions of Australia. In addition, it contains descriptive matter dealing with Australia's history, geography, physiography, climate and meteorology, government, defence and repatriation services and international relations. The first Official Year Book was published in 1908. This is the sixty-ninth Year Book issued under the authority of the Commonwealth Government and follows a similar pattern to previous editions. However, chapters have been revised and new material has been added. Most of the statistics contained in this volume relate to the years ended June or December 1983 or 1984. More detailed, and in many cases more recent, statistics are available in other ABS publications. The more significant of these publications are listed at the end of the relevant chapters of the Year book; the ABS Catalogue of Publications (1101.0) lists all current publications of the ABS. 10. Boekbesprekings Book Reviews African Journals Online (AJOL) under the general heading - Part Ill, Food and Nutrition. Well-known ... with a working knowledge of short- and long-term effects of misuse, of .... Research in the field of coagulation moves so fast today that any book ... Londen: Cambridge University Press. 1973. ... This volume should be of great interest to all students of. 11. REVIEWS OF BOOKS BOEKRESENSIFS African Journals Online (AJOL) genesis, incidence, pathology, treatment, etc.'. Much of the bulk of the book ... Ir. Surgical Considerations in Con- ... Valvular Heart Disease: Oinical and Hemodynamic Features. i\\l/ilton W. .... bearded diabetics, the patient in diabetic coma, tbe cutaneous ... and there is an appendix with growth curves, dental age charts, etc. 12. Bringing Back Books Science.gov (United States) Cervetti, Gina; Barber, Jacqueline 2009-01-01 How can you connect, supplement, and extend students' firsthand investigations? Look toward your bookshelves for a clue. Books and other textual materials can serve the following roles in support of scientific inquiry: providing context, modeling, supporting firsthand inquiry, supporting secondhand inquiry, and delivering content. Each of these… 13. Book Bag Buddies Science.gov (United States) Madden, Angie; Townsend, J. Scott; Green, Jennifer 2011-01-01 Children love to learn about new topics and share what they have discovered with their teachers, families, and friends. The authors designed the "Book Bag Buddies" project to give their third-grade students a chance to channel their enthusiasm and research from science investigations into writing. In this creative project, students integrated… 14. Hospitality Services Reference Book. Science.gov (United States) Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock. Home Economics Curriculum Center. This reference book provides information needed by employees in hospitality services occupations. It includes 29 chapters that cover the following topics: the hospitality services industry; professional ethics; organization and management structures; safety practices and emergency procedures; technology; property maintenance and repair; purchasing… 15. The enemies of books CERN Document Server 2012-01-01 A fascinating look at the myriad enemies of the printed book, from fire, to neglect, to children, to the bookworm, to plain old ignorance. A passionate litany against all who would see printed literature destroyed, written by English printer and bibliographer William Blades. 16. BOOK REVIEWS / BOEKBESPREKINGS African Journals Online (AJOL) The Canadians in Normandy Reginald H. Roy (Canadian War Museum Historication No 19. MacMillan of Canada 1984); 368 pages plus preface. (Price unknown). The story of the Allied invasion of France in June. 1944 has been told in countless military-history books. Previous publications on the Allied inva- sion and the ... 17. Inseparable Phone Books Demonstration Science.gov (United States) Balta, Nuri; Çetin, Ali 2017-01-01 This study is aimed at first introducing a well-known discrepant event; inseparable phone books and second, turning it into an experiment for high school or middle school students. This discrepant event could be used especially to indicate how friction force can be effective in producing an unexpected result. Demonstration, discussion, explanation… 18. BOOKS I BOEKE African Journals Online (AJOL) fashionable, but not so obviously clear or correct. I picked up the book interested to see whether it could persuade me that the claim makes sense and is true. That someone has a right to the provision of something implies that there is someone else against whom he has this right; and in the case of health care, it is not clear ... 19. Book Reviews : Boekbesprekings African Journals Online (AJOL) 1974-04-13 Apr 13, 1974 ... Due to an increasing awareness that epigenetic mechanisms might operate in neoplastic systems, this book, compiled from contributions by many authors, is devoted, in the words of the editor, to a discussion of some epigenetic processes most relevant to the study of neoplasia. Thus the first seven. 20. Books/Boeke African Journals Online (AJOL) answer these questions, unless they are total in-depth addicts to the contentious nursing ... Self- proclaimed middle of the road political psychologists have tended to portray ..... This well-produced book reports the proceedings of the Second. International ... ment of the Faculty by some who helped to shape it and others. 1. The book house DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Niels Henrik; Agger, Steen 1989-01-01 user-librarian negotiations. These studies led to the identification of a set of strategies for searching and retrieving literature as well as a mutri-kimensional framework for classifying fiction. Both of these have been necessary prerequisites for the design of the BOOK HOUSE, a flexible on-line data... 2. REVIEWS OF BOOKS : BOEKRESENSIFS African Journals Online (AJOL) adiposogenitale. In this monograph of 225 pages the brothers, doctors lnnocente and ... In the second part of the book certain physical changes noted by the authors ..... bative spirit in the American Forces in World War II and in Korea? To what ... DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hauschild, Michael Zwicky; Rosenbaum, Ralph K.; Olsen, Stig Irving 2018-01-01 introduces LCA. The second part is a text book aiming at university students from undergraduate to PhD level, and professionals from industry and within policy making. It follows ISO 14040/14044 structure, draws upon a variety of LCA methods published over the years, especially the ILCD, and offers... 4. ECOL Book Catalog. Science.gov (United States) Minneapolis Public Library, Minn. Environmental Conservation Library. This catalog represents the collection of the Environmental Conservation Library oF Minnesota (ECOL) as of September 1973, when it contained over 2,800 titles of books and government documents, augmented by periodicals and substantial numbers of pamphlets, papers, brochures, and related materials. The catalog includes an author and main entry… 5. Book Industry Trends: College Science.gov (United States) Oda, Stephanie; Sanislo, Glenn 2009-01-01 With the cost of college said to be escalating at double the rate of inflation, parents and students have voiced frustration, some think unreasonably, about textbook prices. In 2007, higher-education publishers continued to grapple with price resistance to textbooks and competition from the used-book market. This article reports that… 6. The Comic Book Project Science.gov (United States) Bitz, Michael 2008-01-01 The Comic Book Project (CBP) celebrates its eighth anniversary this year. The project, which just originated with one school in New York City, had grown to encompass thousands of students nationwide. The goal of the CBP is not to create comics the "Marvel way" or to develop the next Stan Lee. Rather, the goal is to give students the opportunity to… 7. Bonus Activity Book. Science.gov (United States) Learning, 1993 1993-01-01 Elementary level activity book presents suggestions for teaching students about endangered and threatened species worldwide. Students learn about what is causing the rapid extinction rate and what needs to be done. They also discover the value of rainforests and why conservationists are fighting to save them. (SM) 8. Books/Boeke African Journals Online (AJOL) Books/Boeke. Concise ear, nose and throat booklet instructs with questions and answers. Ear, Nose and Throat Disease. Ed. by K. P. Gibbin and P. Bradly. Pp. 156. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1989. Formats of multiple-choice questions are a proved and useful means of testing knowledge. A poor score certainly encourages ... 9. BOEKBESPREKINGS : BOOK REVIEWS African Journals Online (AJOL) It is only by early and effective first-aid treatm by experienced practitioners that the morbidity al can be reduced. During 1969 a most commendable series 0 appeared in the British Medical Journal, and thi basis of this book. The articles are all written by indicate the basic first-aid principles to be applied side. Practical aspects ... 10. Boeke/Books African Journals Online (AJOL) Cognitive Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice. Ed by C. Perris, I. M. Blackburn and H. Perris. Pp. viii +422. Illustrated. DM 148. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. The purpose of this book is to consolidate current theories about cognitive psychotherapy, one of the newer treatment methods that is gaining increasing support. What is ... DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rasmussen, Krista Stinne Greve 2016-01-01 In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus der Dissertation der Autorin Bytes, Books, and Readers. A Historical Analysis of the Transition from Printed to Digital Scholarly Editions Focusing on ‘The Writings of Søren Kierkegaard’ (2015) vorgestellt. Dabei wird dem Wechselverhältnis zwischen der... 12. BOOK REVIEWS : BOEKRESENSIES African Journals Online (AJOL) M.D. Radiation Therapy. Edited by ... In a pertinent introduction to, the therapeutic section, emphasis is laid on the ... It is generally assumed that an undergraduate training should fit a doctor for ... cerebral palsy and poliomyelitis with a child's parents. This book ... from its earliest, personal pioneering days, through periods of. 13. YEAR BOOK 2015 science comprehended by the Academy and to represent internationally the scientific work of ... To publish books, memoirs, journals, proceedings and transactions relating to ... In addition, it may make awards of prizes and research grants to individuals ...... Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, Tel. Off. (011) ... It is a real pleasure for me to review this immensely ... The concluding section in Chapter 4 discusses in detail ... REVIEW. 1 It must be said that the books by Prandtl (see, for instance, Prandtl and Tietjens [5]), although written in the same ... Finally, Chapter 7 presents an excel- lent and ... series of mathematical steps. Indeed ... 15. Boekbesprekings / Book Reviews African Journals Online (AJOL) basic theories of communist insurgency and of counter insurgency as they operate on the ground and affect the population of a threatened country. Much of what is propagated in this book have been experienced by the SADF during its strug- gle against insurgency. Some of the systems used in Malaya and Vietnam was ... 16. Book Reviews in Periodicals. Science.gov (United States) Ettelt, Harold J. All recent issues of periodicals found which contain indexed book reviews are listed in this compilation from Drake Memorial Library at the New York State University at Brockport. The periodicals are listed by 29 subject headings in this informal guide designed to be used at Drake Library. The number of reviews in the periodical in a recent year… 17. Transistor data book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1988-03-01 It introduces how to use this book. It lists transistor data and index, which are Type No, Cross index, Germanium PNP low power transistors, silicon NPN low power transistors, Germanium PNP high power transistors, Switching transistors, transistor arrays, Miscellaneous transistors, types with U.S military specifications, direct replacement transistors, suggested replacement transistors, schematic drawings, outline drawings, device number keys and manufacturer's logos. 18. CMS Comic Book Brochure CERN Document Server 2006-01-01 To raise students' awareness of what the CMS detector is, how it was constructed and what it hopes to find. Titled "CMS Particle Hunter," this colorful comic book style brochure explains to young budding scientists and science enthusiasts in colorful animation how the CMS detector was made, its main parts, and what scientists hope to find using this complex tool. 19. Hupa Nature Coloring Book. Science.gov (United States) Bennett, Ruth, Ed.; And Others Animals familiar to the northwest region of California where Hupa Indians reside are depicted in this coloring book which belongs to a series of materials developed to promote the use of the Hupa language. Each page contains a bold pen and ink drawing of an animal and the animal's name in the Unifon alphabet used for writing the Hupa language.… 20. Books as therapy African Journals Online (AJOL) Mason and Kreger, and for adult patients with ADHD there is The Edison Gene by Thom Hartmann who proposes that. ADHD sufferers are hunters living in a farmer's world. I have also (and you are not allowed to mention this to anyone) The Australian Cannabis Cook Book by Sinton and. MacCullum, which may be useful ... 1. BOEKBESPREKINGS/BOOK REVIEWS African Journals Online (AJOL) by A.G.S. Enser London: Andre Deutsch,. 1977592p. A vast number of books have already been published on the Second World War and the publication explosion on this subject has still not been exhausted as can be seen from the continuous flood of new titles which appear almost daily. This bibliography endeavours to ... 2. Generalizability Theory [Book Review]. Science.gov (United States) Kane, Michael 2003-01-01 This book presents a comprehensive overview of univariate and multivariate generalizability theory, a psychometric model that provides a powerful approach to the analysis of errors of measurement through the use of random-effects and mixed-model analysis of variance. (SLD) 3. Power Technologies Data Book Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Goldstein, L. 2002-09-01 This report, prepared by NREL's Energy Analysis Office, includes up-to-date information on power technologies, including complete technology profiles. The data book also contains charts on electricity restructuring, power technology forecasts and comparisons, electricity supply, electricity capability, electricity generation, electricity demand, prices, economic indicators, environmental indicators, conversion factors, and selected congressional questions and answers. 4. PS Control Room CERN Multimedia CERN PhotoLab 1963-01-01 The good old PS Control Room, all manual. For each parameter, a knob or a button to control it; for each, a light or meter or oscilloscope to monitor it; carefully written pages serve as the data bank; phones and intercom for communication. D.Dekkers is at the microphone, M.Valvini sits in front. 5. Room for iodo therapy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Pinto, A.L.A.; Derivi, A.; Bacelar, A.; Ramos, F.R.; Dias, T.M.; Baptista, I.S. 1996-01-01 A description of rules to assemble, to install and to maintain a room for iodo therapy is presented. The necessities of the patients and procedures to meet the norms of radiologic protection established by the Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil) are highlighted 6. Local control room CERN Multimedia CERN PhotoLab 1972-01-01 Local control room in the ejection building : all electronics pertaining to proton distribution and concomitants such as beam gymnastics and diagnostics at high energies will eventually be gathered here. Shown is the first of two rows of fast ejection electronic racks. It includes only what is necessary for operation. 7. DSS / Press Room Science.gov (United States) Defense Security Service, U.S. Department of Defense Site Map | A-Z Index | Facebook | Twitter Locations Press Room Organizational Structure Careers at DSS Doing Business with DSS Frequently Asked Classification System (NCCS) National Industrial Security System (NISS) ODAA Business Management System (OBMS 8. BOOK REVIEW: Supergravity Supergravity Science.gov (United States) Gregory, Ruth 2013-02-01 Supergravity is an essential ingredient in so many areas of ultra high energy physics, yet it is rarely taught systematically, even at the graduate level. Students most often have to learn along with applying, and must use the now classic older texts. For such core material, it is surprising that there are so few good texts on the subject. It is not necessarily that supergravity is so much more conceptually complex, rather that it is technical and therefore easy for a text to become dry, dense and rather indigestible. This book, written by two experts in the field, is therefore a breath of fresh air. It not only represents a comprehensive modern overview of the subject, but achieves this with clarity, accessibility, and even humour! To paraphrase the authors, if you are not impressed by this book, you should put it down and watch television instead. It starts by reviewing, or overviewing, aspects of field theory, basic supersymmetry and gravity that will be needed for the rest of the book. This first third or so of the book is very condensed, and will not be easy to follow for those who have not encountered the material before. However, the authors acknowledge this and give plenty of suggestions for more pedagogical texts in the relevant areas, thus it does not feel overly brief. The middle section deals with the construction of supergravity, starting with basic N = 1 supergravity in 4 and 11 dimensions and gradually extending the discussion to include matter multiplets. This part of the book systematically builds up understanding and construction of models, before moving on to superconformal methods. The purpose is not to cover all supergravity theories, but to focus on a few examples in detail, and to give sufficient expertise and information for the reader to be able to deal with any other models they might need. The final part of the book deals with applications, and includes two chapters on applications in adS/CFT, which will be of most interest to new 9. Modeling eBook acceptance: A study on mathematics teachers Science.gov (United States) 2014-12-01 The integration and effectiveness of eBook utilization in Mathematics teaching and learning greatly relied upon the teachers, hence the need to understand their perceptions and beliefs. The eBook, an individual laptop completed with digitized textbook sofwares, were provided for each students in line with the concept of 1 student:1 laptop. This study focuses on predicting a model on the acceptance of the eBook among Mathematics teachers. Data was collected from 304 mathematics teachers in selected schools using a survey questionnaire. The selection were based on the proportionate stratified sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed where the model was tested and evaluated and was found to have a good fit. The variance explained for the teachers' attitude towards eBook is approximately 69.1% where perceived usefulness appeared to be a stronger determinant compared to perceived ease of use. This study concluded that the attitude of mathematics teachers towards eBook depends largely on the perception of how useful the eBook is on improving their teaching performance, implying that teachers should be kept updated with the latest mathematical application and sofwares to use with the eBook to ensure positive attitude towards using it in class. 10. Controlling the clean room atmosphere International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Meeks, R.F. 1979-01-01 Several types of clean rooms are commonly in use. They include the conventional clean room, the horizontal laminar flow clean room, the vertical laminar flow clean room and a fourth type that incorporates ideas from the previous types and is known as a clean air bench or hood. These clean rooms are briefly described. The origin of contamination and methods for controlling the contamination are discussed 11. Promoting Reading Through The use of Book Talk, Story books and ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Promoting Reading Through The use of Book Talk, Story books and book mobile Among Children in Selected Schools in ... Keywords: Reading culture, book talk, story book, book mobile, School Children ... AJOL African Journals Online. 12. Energy Economic Data Base (EEDB) Program. Technical Reference Book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Allen, R.E.; Benedict, R.G.; Hodson, J.S. 1983-09-01 Purpose of the program is to develop current technical and cost information for nuclear and comparison electric power generating stations. Purpose of this Technical Reference Book is to provide the current technical design bases for each of the technical data models updated in the Sixth Update (1983). It contains a set of detailed system design descriptions for these technical data models, which are supplemented with engineering drawings. The system design descriptions reflect regulatory and industry practice and experience for nuclear and coal-fired power generating stations that are current for January 1, 1983 13. Updated clinical guidelines experience major reporting limitations Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Robin W.M. Vernooij 2017-10-01 reporting of updated CGs varies considerably with significant room for improvement. We recommend using CheckUp to assess the updating process in updated CGs and as a blueprint to inform methods and reporting strategies in updating. 14. Frank Close presents his book "Neutrino" and a forthcoming book on Bruno Pontecorvo CERN Multimedia 2013-01-01 Frank Close's book "Neutrino" is short listed for the Italian Galileo Prize. Frank describes how he was inspired to write about Ray Davis' heroic quest to do what many thought was impossible: detecting neutrinos from the sun. He will also describe how he has, in turn, become fascinated by the life and work of "Mr Neutrino" - Bruno Pontecorvo - and is writing a biography of him.   By choosing to move to the USSR suddenly in 1950, Pontecorvo missed out on getting full credit for several seminal ideas about neutrinos including, possibly, their discovery. Why he went to the USSR so suddenly has been unresolved for 60 years. Frank's book "A Life of Two Halves" may answer this question, in 2014. He will update on progress so far. Wednesday 17 April at 4 p.m. in the Library, 52-1-052 Tea and coffee will be served from 3:30 p.m. Here on Indico. 15. Teaching with Children's Books--Bi the Book Science.gov (United States) Von Drasek, Lisa 2005-01-01 In this article, the author presents the bilingual books suggested by Pistu Downey, a bilingual teacher that teaches Spanish to kids ages three to six at the Bank Street College School for Children. Downey claims that reading bilingual books--books that contain words in languages other than English--gives children a very good opportunity of… 16. Engineering mathematics pocket book CERN Document Server Bird, John 2008-01-01 This compendium of essential formulae, definitions, tables and general information provides the mathematical information required by students, technicians, scientists and engineers in day-to-day engineering practice. A practical and versatile reference source, now in its fourth edition, the layout has been changed and the book has been streamlined to ensure the information is even more quickly and readily available - making it a handy companion on-site, in the office as well as for academic study. It also acts as a practical revision guide for those undertaking BTEC Nationals, Higher Nationals and NVQs, where engineering mathematics is an underpinning requirement of the course.All the essentials of engineering mathematics - from algebra, geometry and trigonometry to logic circuits, differential equations and probability - are covered, with clear and succinct explanations and illustrated with over 300 line drawings and 500 worked examples based in real-world application. The emphasis throughout the book is on ... 17. Clean room actuators Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Higuchi, Toshiro 1987-06-01 This report explains on the present status of the clean room actuators including the author's research results. In a clean room, there exists a possibility of dust generation, even when a direct human work is eliminated by the use of robots or automatic machines, from the machines themselves. For this, it is important to develop such clean robots and transfer/positioning mechanism that do not generate dusts, and to develop an actuator and its control technique. Topics described in the report are as follows: 1. Prevention of dust diffusion by means of sealing. 2. Elimination of mechanical contact (Linear induction motor and pneumatic float, linear motor and magnetic attraction float, linear motor and air bearing, and magnetic bearing). 3. Contactless actuator having a positioning mechanism (Use of linear step motor and rotary contactless actuator). (15 figs, 11 refs) 18. Parametric Room Acoustic Workflows DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Parigi, Dario; Svidt, Kjeld; Molin, Erik 2017-01-01 The paper investigates and assesses different room acoustics software and the opportunities they offer to engage in parametric acoustics workflow and to influence architectural designs. The first step consists in the testing and benchmarking of different tools on the basis of accuracy, speed...... and interoperability with Grasshopper 3d. The focus will be placed to the benchmarking of three different acoustic analysis tools based on raytracing. To compare the accuracy and speed of the acoustic evaluation across different tools, a homogeneous set of acoustic parameters is chosen. The room acoustics parameters...... included in the set are reverberation time (EDT, RT30), clarity (C50), loudness (G), and definition (D50). Scenarios are discussed for determining at different design stages the most suitable acoustic tool. Those scenarios are characterized, by the use of less accurate but fast evaluation tools to be used... 19. The Burden of the Book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Damkjær, Maria 2012-01-01 Review of Leah Price, How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain (Princeton University Press, 2012)......Review of Leah Price, How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain (Princeton University Press, 2012)... 20. Air Distribution in Rooms DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nielsen, Peter V. The research on air distribution in rooms is often done as full-size investigations, scale-model investigations or by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). New activities have taken place within all three areas and this paper draws comparisons between the different methods. The outcome of the l......EA sponsored research "Air Flow Pattern within Buildings" is used for comparisons in some parts of the paper because various types of experiments and many countries are involved.... 1. Boekbesprekings : Book Reviews African Journals Online (AJOL) 1974-05-18 May 18, 1974 ... It is consequently a we come addItl(;lTI to the orthopaedic library. The ~rst sectIOn of.the book gives a very concise and lucid. synopsIS of.the pertInent mechanical facts. and the second part deals WIth the rele,:,ant biological aspects of the musculo- skeletal system..The t?ird and final section provides a brief. 2. Level up Book Club Science.gov (United States) LaGarde, Jennifer; Winner, Matthew C. 2012-01-01 Like all great ideas, Level Up Book Club grew out of a genuine need, the spontaneous firing of a few brain sparks, and the kind of luck that comes from being "in the right place at the right time." By mid-June 2011 the authors were already "bona fide" wonder twins--two educators who, although they'd never met, had stumbled upon each other through… 3. The Book Publishing Industry OpenAIRE Jean-Paul Simon; Giuditta de Prato 2012-01-01 This report offers an in-depth analysis of the major economic developments in the book publishing industry. The analysis integrates data from a statistical report published earlier as part of this project. The report is divided into 4 main parts. Chapter 1, the introduction, puts the sector into an historical perspective. Chapter 2 introduces the markets at a global and regional level; describes some of the major EU markets (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom). Chapter 3 ana... 4. Planets in a Room Science.gov (United States) Giacomini, l.; Aloisi, F.; De Angelis, I. 2017-09-01 Teaching planetary science using a spherical projector to show the planets' surfaces is a very effective but usually very expensive idea. Whatsmore, it usually assumes the availability of a dedicated space and a trained user. "Planets in a room" is a prototypal low cost version of a small, spherical projector that teachers, museum, planetary scientists and other individuals can easily build and use on their own, to show and teach the planets The project of "Planets in a Room" was made by the italian non-profit association Speak Science with the collaboration of INAF-IAPS of Rome and the Roma Tre University (Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica). This proposal was funded by the Europlanet Outreach Funding Scheme in 2016. "Planets in a room" will be presented during EPSC 2017 to give birth to the second phase of the project, when the outreach and research community will be involved and schools from all over Europe will be invited to participate with the aim of bringing planetary science to a larger audience. International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Murakami, Yukio; Danno, Akibumi; Kobayashi, Masatoshi 1982-01-01 Atomic energy has settled completely in Japan, and the new development has been achieved successively. But radioisotopes are closer to human life than atomic energy, and their roles in medical treatment, biology, agriculture, scientific research and the development of industrial technologies are indispensable. In order to open up a new field or to develop a new technology, the exact selection of isotopes corresponding to needs, the planning of experiment based on correct data, detection and quantitative determination are necessary to obtain new information. This book is intended to meet such demand. By using this book, readers are released from the troubles to select among complicated enormous data and to make correct judgement. The data of wide range accumulated in the Isotope Training Institute are presented to public in the form of this book. The fundamentals, the list of isotopes and decay scheme, natural radioactive nuclides, nuclear fission products, photon weakening coefficient, interaction of charged particles, orbital electrons, radiation sources and detectors, measurement of liquid scintillation and formation of radioactive nuclides are the main contents. (Kako, I.) 6. Moessbauer spectroscopy. Tutorial book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Yoshida, Yutaka; Langouche, Guido 2013-01-01 First textbook on Moessbauer Spectroscopy covering the complete field. Offers a concise introduction to all aspects of Moessbauer spectroscopy by the leading experts in the field. Tutorials on Moessbauer Spectroscopy. Since the discovery of the Moessbauer Effect many excellent books have been published for researchers and for doctoral and master level students. However, there appears to be no textbook available for final year bachelor students, nor for people working in industry who have received only basic courses in classical mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, chemistry and materials science. The challenge of this book is to give an introduction to Moessbauer Spectroscopy for this level. The ultimate goal of this book is to give this audience not only a scientific introduction to the technique, but also to demonstrate in an attractive way the power of Moessbauer Spectroscopy in many fields of science, in order to create interest among the readers in joining the community of Moessbauer spectroscopists. This is particularly important at times where in many Moessbauer laboratories succession is at stake. 7. Book Reviews | Naidu | South African Medical Journal African Journals Online (AJOL) Book Review 1. Book Title: The Histogenesis of Thyroid Cancer. Book Author: N Simionescu. Illustrated. £9.0.0. London: William Heinemann Medical Books. 1970. Book Review 2. Book Title: The Hypertensive Vascular Crisis. An experimental study. Book Author: F.B. Byrom. Illustrated. £1.10.0. London: William Heinemann ... 8. Ordering E-Books From a Print Book Vendor OpenAIRE Culley, Jennifer R.; Human, Cindy 2017-01-01 The University of Southern Mississippi began ordering e-books through its primary print book vendor, Midwest Library Service, in 2016. The demand to purchase e-books has steadily increased, and when the opportunity arose to save valuable staff time searching over several vendor sites for e-books and print books by consolidating the search interface, a change was made. There were multiple steps to set up this program; however, the time invested was worth it. While there were challenges along t... 9. Carter G. Woodson Book Awards. Science.gov (United States) Social Education, 1999 1999-01-01 Presents the recipients of the 1999 Carter G. Woodson book awards that honor books focusing on ethnic minorities and race relations in a manner appropriate for young readers; the books cover topics that include the lives of Langston Hughes, Rosa Parks, and Ida B. Wells and the history of the Crow people. (CMK) 10. The Pricing of Economics Books. Science.gov (United States) Laband, David; Hudson, John 2003-01-01 Examines the pricing and other characteristics of books. Notes substantial increases in book prices between 2000 and 1985 data. Suggests a major factor is the increasing importance of foreign presses that sell books at higher prices. Indicates that discount on paperbacks appear to have been relatively stable in the two years studied. (JEH) 11. Office Operative Hysteroscopy: An Update. Science.gov (United States) Salazar, Christina Alicia; Isaacson, Keith B 2018-02-01 Hysteroscopy is considered the gold standard for the evaluation of intracavitary pathology in both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients associated with abnormal uterine bleeding, as well as for the evaluation of infertile patients with suspected cavity abnormalities. Office-based operative hysteroscopy allows patients to resume activities immediately and successfully integrates clinical practice into a "see and treat" modality, avoiding the added risks of anesthesia and the inconvenience of the operating room. For 2017, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has provided a substantial increase in reimbursement for a select number of office-based hysteroscopic procedures. This review provides an update on the indications, equipment, and procedures for office hysteroscopy, as well as the management of complications that may arise within an office-based practice. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc. 12. An alternative atmospheric diffusion model for control room habitability assessments International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ramsdell, J.V. Jr. 1990-01-01 The US Nuclear Regulatory (NRC) staff uses procedures to evaluate control room designs for compliance with General Design Criterion 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Appendix A, 10 CRF Part 50. These procedures deal primarily with radiation protection. However, other hazardous materials, for example, chlorine, pose a potential threat to control room habitability. The NRC is considering changes in their current procedures to update methods and extend their applicability. Two changes to the current procedures are suggested: using a puff diffusion model to estimate concentrations at air intakes and using a new method to estimate diffusion coefficients 13. Briefing book on environmental and waste management activities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Quayle, T.A. 1993-04-01 The purpose of the Briefing Book is to provide current information on Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Activities at the Hanford Site. Each edition updates the information in the previous edition by deleting those sections determined not to be of current interest and adding new topics to keep up to date with the changing requirements and issues. This edition covers the period from October 15, 1992 through April 15, 1993 14. Room with a View: Ethical Encounters in Room 13 Science.gov (United States) Grube, Vicky 2012-01-01 In this article, the author describes ethical encounters in Room 13, a schoolroom where children made what they wanted, posed their own questions, and ran an art room like a small business. In Room 13 children had the responsibility to maintain all aspects of the art studio. Specific decisions fell to an annually elected management team, a small… 15. BOOK REVIEW: Complete Physics Science.gov (United States) Carson, Simon 2000-03-01 This book contains all the essential concepts for GCSE (or equivalent) physics courses or for general science courses at Key Stage 4. It claims to be ideal for use as a bridging resource for those intending to take physics beyond GCSE: it is no surprise, then, that the book is written at a level above that of the average Key Stage 4 student. It includes material not included in many GCSE syllabuses; this is clearly identified in the contents pages. It would be a useful resource for more able students at GCSE or for beginning A-level students. The layout of the book is attractive. It is well illustrated and colourful. Some of the illustrations are striking: each of the 12 main sections of the book begins with a title page that includes some unusual photographs illustrating physical ideas. Section 2, Forces and Motion, has a photograph of a bungee jumper leaping from the Sky Tower in New Zealand, taken at night looking along the length of the tower from its foot. Section 9, Magnets and Currents, has a computer-generated picture of the magnetic field in a fusion generator. These pictures, as well as contributing to the attractiveness of the book, could be used to initiate discussions of some of the physics. However, there are pictures that serve little useful purpose: a photograph of a recording station for seismic waves looks like any other building lit up at night. A photograph of a rock band in the middle of a section on sound carries no explanatory caption at all and is purely decorative. Other illustrations - in a variety of styles - do illustrate some physical ideas very well: the diagrams of motors and generators, for instance, are far clearer than my efforts on the blackboard! The book is divided into 14 sections with titles reflecting the traditional divisions of physics syllabuses, together with a beginning section on measurement and units and two final sections, History of Key Ideas' and Experimental Physics'. The first section, Measurement and Units 16. Gaining control room habitability margin at the Palisades Plant International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Harden, P.A. 1993-01-01 The bounding design-basis accident for control room habitability is the loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). At Palisades, very little margin existed between the calculated control room operator thyroid dose and the 0.3-Sv (30-rem) limit of Standard Review Plan (SRP) 6.4. Also, a low rate of unfiltered air leakage into the control room during the emergency mode of operation, 5.5 x 10 -3 m 3 /s (11.6 ft 3 /min), was accounted for in the control room habitability analysis. The control room heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system at Palisades has louvered isolation dampers for the normal air intake that are exposed to a negative pressure. Considering the small margin to the thyroid dose limits and the leakage characteristics of louvered dampers, a low allowable rate of unfiltered air in-leakage raised some concern. A significant effort has been initiated to alleviate control room habitability concerns at Palisades. The first step in this effort was to evaluate the calculational models for control room habitability and gain margin through updated analytical methods. To accomplish this, a new radiological consequence analysis for the LOCA was completed 17. Book selling and e-books in Sweden Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Elena Maceviciute 2015-07-01 Full Text Available This paper addresses the issue of the understanding of the book-selling situation as Swedish booksellers see it. It pursues the answers to the following questions: 1. What are the perceptions of Swedish booksellers of the impact of e-books on their business? 2. What drivers are important for Swedish booksellers for adopting and developing e-book sales through their own sales channels? 3. What do they perceive as barriers to e-book selling through their own channels? The authors have employed the analysis of the secondary statistical data and a survey of Swedish booksellers to answer their questions. The results of the investigation have shown that the Swedish booksellers do not feel their bookshops, or business in general, are threatened by e-books. The opinions on e-books do not differ between the few selling e-books and others who do not offer this product. The reasons for selling e-books are well-functioning routines and personal interest in the product. The reasons for not selling the books are the lack of demand and technical resources as well as contractual agreements with e-book publishers or vendors. So, technical resources for e-book sales, routines, and contracts with publishers are the main premises for this activity. The biggest barriers to e-book sales are: a the price as one can see not only in the answers of the booksellers, but also in the drop of sales obviously related to the rise of prices during 2014; b lack of demand from customers who do not enquire about e-books in bookshops. This leads to the belief that e-books will be sold mostly online either directly from publishers and authors or through online booksellers. However, an equal number of booksellers believe that physical bookshops will be selling printed books and e-books in the future. The future of e-books seems to be quite secure and non-threatening to printed books from the point of view of booksellers. The growth of e-book sales is quite slow and the respondents 18. Safety measures in exposure room International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2004-01-01 The contents of this chapter are follows - The exposure room: location and dimension, material and thickness, windows, doors and other openings; Position of the Irradiating Apparatus, Use of Space Adjoining the Room, Warning Signs/Light, Dark Room. Materials and Apparatus: Classification of Areas, Local Rules, Other General Safety Requirements 19. Responding book banning in indonesia Science.gov (United States) Aji, RNB; Artono; Liana, C. 2018-01-01 The prohibition of books conducted by the government through its apparatus without any due process of law is unfortunate. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia (MKRI) in 2010 was decided that book banning is contradictory to the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945). The purpose of this paper is to know Indonesia, according to the Constitutional Court must absolutely carry out the function of due process of law that is law enforcement in a judicial system when it wants to prohibit printed material which is a book, whether it is a book that is considered criticism and books that teach radicalism. It would be wise for anyone who disagrees with a book, and then responds by writing through a book. The result of this article is to support and suggest that the government and its apparatus in the state of the law should not arbitrarily impose a book ban. Likewise, people should not take violence action to respond this issue. In historical records, the prohibition of books without due process of law is always followed by the withdrawal of books and make people unable to deal with differences, especially in knowledge. That’s why, the government and its apparatus must create a conducive situation and support the creation of various perspectives in the framework of the progress of science through a book. It would implicate that people can respect in any perspective and thought. 20. Room for a rethink? Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Walker, S. [Independent Editorial and Technical Services, Oxford (United Kingdom) 2000-05-01 Room-and-pillar has traditionally satisfied the need for a low-cost, flexible coal mining system. Its downside can be low resource recovery. With accessible reserves falling steadily, can mining companies afford to accept this? Simon Walker looks into this problem using evidence presented recently on the US experience by Richard Bonskorski of the US Energy Information Administration, Dr Michael Karmis of Virgina Tech, Roger O'Quinn from Eimco, an equipment manufacturer, and Larry Howe from J H Fletcher. An urgent need is identified to develop new systems to allow significant gains in extraction, using novel concepts such as remote mining. 2 refs., 1 fig., 4 photos. 1. Room for improvement DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Sandal, Louise F; Thorlund, Jonas B; Moore, Andrew J 2018-01-01 -reported outcomes and qualitative findings supported the primary finding, while improvements in muscle strength and aerobic capacity did not differ between exercise groups. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the physical environment contributes to treatment response. Matching patients' preferences to treatment rooms...... significance (p=0.07). Waitlist group reported no improvement (-0.05 95% CI -0.5 to 0.4). In interviews, participants from the standard environment expressed greater social cohesion and feeling at home. Qualitative themes identified; reflection, sense of fellowship and transition. Secondary patient...... may improve patient-reported outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02043613.... 2. Making room for volunteers DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis 2012-01-01 If campaigns do not accommodate this view, all but a hard core of regulars and fired-up partisans will drift away, leaving it for staffers and hired hands to do all the hard work of identifying voters, canvassing people by foot and by phone, and turning out the vote. [...] ironically, a campaign...... that is singleminded in its instrumental pursuit of victory can thus be less effective than one that is more accommodating- a campaign that makes room for volunteers by accepting that, unlike staffers, they come to politics with a different perspective and conception of what is and ought to be going on.... 3. On The Living Room Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Thomas Richards 2013-03-01 Full Text Available This text discusses the work The Living Room, directed by the author, and reflects on its meanings and functions. The article confronts problems performance raises in relation to contemporary social life, bringing forward the isolation of life today and the possibilities performance offers to fight it. We problematise the crisis experienced by the author and the consequent creation of the work as a mobile performative device in relation to the staging space. Finally, the work questions the forms of interaction and type of participation possible in performance. 4. Do Adolescents Prefer Electronic Books to Paper Books? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Margaret K. Merga 2015-11-01 5. Instrumentation reference book CERN Document Server Boyes, Walt 2002-01-01 Instrumentation is not a clearly defined subject, having a 'fuzzy' boundary with a number of other disciplines. Often categorized as either 'techniques' or 'applications' this book addresses the various applications that may be needed with reference to the practical techniques that are available for the instrumentation or measurement of a specific physical quantity or quality. This makes it of direct interest to anyone working in the process, control and instrumentation fields where these measurements are essential.* Comprehensive and authoritative collection of technical information* Writte 6. The automotive transmission book CERN Document Server Fischer, Robert; Jürgens, Gunter; Najork, Rolf; Pollak, Burkhard 2015-01-01 This book presents essential information on systems and interactions in automotive transmission technology and outlines the methodologies used to analyze and develop transmission concepts and designs. Functions of and interactions between components and subassemblies of transmissions are introduced, providing a basis for designing transmission systems and for determining their potentials and properties in vehicle-specific applications: passenger cars, trucks, buses, tractors, and motorcycles. With these fundamentals the presentation provides universal resources for both state-of-the-art and future transmission technologies, including systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. CERN Document Server O'Reilly, Tim 2011-01-01 Twitter is not just for talking about your breakfast anymore. It's become an indispensable communications tool for businesses, non-profits, celebrities, and people around the globe. With the second edition of this friendly, full-color guide, you'll quickly get up to speed not only on standard features, but also on new options and nuanced uses that will help you tweet with confidence. Co-written by two widely recognized Twitter experts, The Twitter Book is packed with all-new real-world examples, solid advice, and clear explanations guaranteed to turn you into a power user. Use Twitter to con 8. Environmental Technologies Summary Book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2009-02-01 This book lists the companies and their technology, which have new excellent technology authentication and technology verification. They are as in the following : sewage advanced treatment technology using a three-stage Bio-Ceramic Filtration by Shinwoo engineering.co.kr, Twist Filter by Sungshin engineering.co.kr, Sewage advanced treatment technology using CIMEN-DOC by Taeyeong/CI biotech.co.kr, DeNipho using pump ejector and Bio Green Media by Green Technology.co.kr, Automatic integrated management system using Envi-SIS by Sallasanup.com Kozone.co.kr and Geoworks.co.kr. CERN Document Server O'Reilly, Tim 2009-01-01 This practical guide will teach you everything you need to know to quickly become a Twitter power user, including strategies and tactics for using Twitter's 140-character messages as a serious--and effective--way to boost your business. Co-written by Tim O'Reilly and Sarah Milstein, widely followed and highly respected Twitterers, the practical information in The Twitter Book is presented in a fun, full-color format that's packed with helpful examples and clear explanations.A Sneak Preview on SlideShare 10. WECC Variable Generation Planning Reference Book Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Makarov, Yuri V.; Du, Pengwei; Etingov, Pavel V.; Ma, Jian; Vyakaranam, Bharat 2013-05-14 This planning reference book is a document reflecting a Western Electricity Coordination Council (WECC) effort to put together multiple sources of information and provide a clear, systemic, comprehensive outline of the problems, both existing and anticipated; their impacts on the system; currently used and proposed solutions by the industry and research community; planning practices; new technologies, equipment, and standards; and expected future trends. This living (periodically updated) document could help WECC and other practicing engineers, especially the younger generation of engineers joining the workforce, to get familiar with a large variety of information related to the integration of variable resources into the WECC system, bypassing in part the need for time-consuming information gathering and learning processes from more experienced engineers or from the literature. 11. Program reference book for the Energy Economic Data Base Program (EEDB) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Allen, R.E.; Brown, P.E.; Hodson, J.S.; Kaminski, R.S.; Ziegler, E.J. 1983-07-01 The objective of the Energy Economic Data Base (EEDB) Program is to provide periodic updates of technical and cost (capital, fuel and operating and maintenance) information for nuclear and comparison electric power generating stations that is of significance to the US Department of Energy (USDOE). The purpose of this Reference Book is to provide the historical content of the EEDB through the Fourth Update (1981). It contains important descriptive and tutorial information concerning the structure and use of the EEDB. It also contains reports of work done to support various aspects of the first four updates, together with significant reference data developed during those updates. As a convenience to the user, it is intended that the Reference Book be sufficiently stable that revisions are required no more frequently than once every five years 12. CERN Book fair CERN Multimedia CERN Central Library and IT Department Bookshop 2004-01-01 The CERN Library, in conjunction with the IT Department Bookshop, is organizing a book fair on the 28th and 29th October. Some 15 major publishers will be represented, including 6 who will be here in person, and more than 700 of their latest titles will be on display (for sale or order). The major topics covered will be computing, physics, technology, mathematics, engineering and popular science. Those present at this event will include Alpha Science, Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Institute of Physics, Microsoft Press, O'Reilly, OLF Switzerland, Oxford University Press, McGraw-Hill, Springer, Pearson, Thali Switzerland, Wiley, World Scientific and Ebooks Corporation. The fair will take place on the first floor of the Main Building (bldg.60), Salle des Pas Perdus, and will be open from 10.00 to 17.00 on both days. In addition, EBooks Corporation will describe their electronic book system; insight into this is available at http://www.eblib.com/ We look forward to your support for this initiative. Sh... 13. Book Review: Galactic Encounters Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Balasis, Georgios, E-mail: gbalasis@noa.gr [Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Athens (Greece) 2016-05-23 “Galactic Encounters” by Sheehan and Conselice provides a view of galaxies telling the story of how astronomers have pieced together what is known about the modern view of the Universe. The book helps the reader to understand “why” we know what we do, not simply “what,” starting with the development of the telescope that coincides with the modern picture of the Universe. William Sheehan is a noted historian of astronomy but also a Doctor of Medicine, specializing in psychiatry. In this perspective, he has a unique insight into the personalities of the pioneering figures of the history of science. Christopher Conselice is a Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Nottingham, who studies the formation of galaxies, addressing the issue of “how” rather than “when” galaxies form. Reading the book, amateur astronomers would have been able to feel what actually drives them: “it is the desire to participate in this vast universe, in their own small way,…and not let the experts do everything for them.” I have to admit that I have also quite enjoyed the author's remark pertinent to the history and philosophy of science about the distinction, nowadays, between “polymaths” and “monomaths.”. 14. Alzira’s book Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Maria Do Rosário Longo Mortatti 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Aiming it contribute to discussions on teaching and learning of reading and writing, is presented, in the form of critical review, the analysis of textual configuration of the book Será que fui eu ?, by Alzira Silveria. This analysis was developed based on the assumption that reading and producing written texts are specifically human activities whose function and importance beyond the boundaries of the school and change ways of thinking, feeling, will and act, promoting qualitative changes in process of human development and providing active participation in the public world of written culture, and therefore in society and history. This is the main “life lesson” that the author of the book teaches all interested in the subject, especially to school teachers responsible for teaching reading and writing, which can only be successful if and when they understand themselves as historical and social people who, also experience reading and producing written texts, not only as necessary acturties for their teaching performance, but rather as essential activities for human development, of people who are author of their own speech frow and about their life and history. 15. Proofs from THE BOOK CERN Document Server Aigner, Martin 2014-01-01 This revised and enlarged fifth edition features four new chapters, which contain highly original and delightful proofs for classics such as the spectral theorem from linear algebra, some more recent jewels like the non-existence of the Borromean rings and other surprises. From the Reviews "... Inside PFTB (Proofs from The Book) is indeed a glimpse of mathematical heaven, where clever insights and beautiful ideas combine in astonishing and glorious ways. There is vast wealth within its pages, one gem after another. ... Aigner and Ziegler... write: "... all we offer is the examples that we have selected, hoping that our readers will share our enthusiasm about brilliant ideas, clever insights and wonderful observations." I do. ... " Notices of the AMS, August 1999 "... This book is a pleasure to hold and to look at: ample margins, nice photos, instructive pictures, and beautiful drawings ... It is a pleasure to read as well: the style is clear and entertaining, the level is close to elementary, the necessary b... 16. Book Review: Galactic Encounters International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Balasis, Georgios 2016-01-01 “Galactic Encounters” by Sheehan and Conselice provides a view of galaxies telling the story of how astronomers have pieced together what is known about the modern view of the Universe. The book helps the reader to understand “why” we know what we do, not simply “what,” starting with the development of the telescope that coincides with the modern picture of the Universe. William Sheehan is a noted historian of astronomy but also a Doctor of Medicine, specializing in psychiatry. In this perspective, he has a unique insight into the personalities of the pioneering figures of the history of science. Christopher Conselice is a Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Nottingham, who studies the formation of galaxies, addressing the issue of “how” rather than “when” galaxies form. Reading the book, amateur astronomers would have been able to feel what actually drives them: “it is the desire to participate in this vast universe, in their own small way,…and not let the experts do everything for them.” I have to admit that I have also quite enjoyed the author's remark pertinent to the history and philosophy of science about the distinction, nowadays, between “polymaths” and “monomaths.” 17. Children’s Book Illustrations: Visual Language of Picture Books Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2014-01-01 Full Text Available High-quality picture books that merge text and illustration together in order to tell a story are eminent for healthy mental and social growth of children. This paper is to outline the benefits picture books bring to children between the ages three to eight, determine functions of its illustrative language, examine the process of its production, and point out a set of elements that, according to number of professional children's book illustrators, significantly contribute to the success of a picture book 18. Clean Water Act (excluding Section 404). Environmental guidance program reference book: Revision 6 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1993-01-15 This Reference Book contains a current copy of the Clean Water Act (excluding Section 404) and those regulations that implement the statutes and appear to be most relevant to US Department of Energy (DOE) activities. The document is provided to DOE and contractor staff for informational purposes only and should not be interpreted as legal guidance. Updates that include important new requirements will be provided periodically. Questions concerning this Reference Book may be directed to Mark Petts, EH-231 (202/586-2609). 19. Book Reviews | Naidu | South African Medical Journal African Journals Online (AJOL) Book Review 1. Book Title: Histocompatibility Testing 1970. Book Author: P.I. Terasaki (Ed.) Pp. 658. Illustrated. Dan. Kr. 148,50. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. 1970. Book Review 2. Book Title: Chest Tubes and Chest Bottles. Book Author: A. von Hippel. Pp. xv + 96. $7.00. Springfield, Ill. Charles C. Thomas. 1969. 20. Book Reviews | Naidu | South African Medical Journal African Journals Online (AJOL) Book Review 1. Book Title: Preventive Myocardiology. Book Author: W Raab. Pp. xviii + 227. Illustrated.$13.50. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. 1970. Book Review 2. Book Title: The Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker. Book Authors: H.J.T. Thalen, J.W. van den Berg, J.N.H. van der Heide & J. Nieveen. Pp. 359. Illustrated. 1. Book Reviews | Talmud | South African Medical Journal African Journals Online (AJOL) Book 1. Book Title: A manual of adverse drug interactions. Book Authors: J.P. Griffin and P.F. D'Arcy (Eds.) Fifth Edition. Pp. xiii + 649. LG395/US\$244. EIseuier Science. 1997. ISBN 0-444-82406-5. Book 2. Book Title: South African cookbook for food allergies and food intolerance. Book Author: Hilda Lategan. Pp. 145. 2. BOOK REVIEW: Synergetics Science.gov (United States) Eckhardt, B. 2005-01-01 The reductionist approach asks us to split the world into its constituents and to develop a detailed understanding of the properties of each fragment. This programme has met with considerable success in many instances, but it fails to account for properties that emerge from the interrelation between constituents and can be seen in the system as a whole only. The reductionist approach explains the spectra and intensities of the light emitted by a single atom, but it does not account for the appearance of coherent lasing action of atoms coupled by their light field. It describes the motion of individual molecules in a liquid but cannot explain how they arrange to form the majestic roll of waves on a beach. Similarly, a brain consists of millions of neurons whose biochemistry is reasonably well understood, but how they interact to give rise to memory and association and the myriad of other tasks a brain is capable off, remains unclear. These and many other examples in the anorganic and living world around us have in common that they typically operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that they involve the interaction of many ingredients, and that nonlinear interactions and feedback loops tend to be important. Over the past few decades many aspects of the dynamics of such systems have been explored, and fields like nonlinear dynamics, bifurcation theory, and pattern formation have prospered enourmously. Yet, the connection between the different areas and their contribution to the larger goal of explaining and exploring much of the order out of chaos around us has been in danger of being lost. Hermann Hakens book overcomes this reductionist separation of approaches and disciplines and provides a coherent collection of concepts, methods and tools with which all the previous examples and many more can be addressed. It lays the foundation for a quantitative analysis and should been seen as an invitation to the reader to apply its ideas to his or her favourite phenomenon NARCIS (Netherlands) C-L. Chang (Chia-Lin); Ph.H.B.F. Franses (Philip Hans); M.J. McAleer (Michael) 2010-01-01 textabstractMacro-economic forecasts typically involve both a model component, which is replicable, as well as intuition, which is non-replicable. Intuition is expert knowledge possessed by a forecaster. If forecast updates are progressive, forecast updates should become more accurate, on average, 4. "Same Room, Safe Place". Science.gov (United States) Keene Woods, Nikki 2017-04-01 There are many different professional stances on safe sleep and then there is the reality of caring for a newborn. There is a debate among professionals regarding safe sleep recommendations. The continum of recommendations vary from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Safe Sleep Guidelines to the bed-sharing recommendations from the Mother-Baby Behavioral Sleep Laboratory. The lack of consistent and uniform safe sleep recommendations from health professionals has been confusing for families but has more recently raised a real professional ethical dilemma. Despite years of focused safe sleep community education and interventions, sleep-related infant deaths are on the rise in many communities. This commentary calls for a united safe sleep message from all health professionals to improve health for mothers and infants most at-risk, "Same Room, Safe Place." 5. Hotel room suicide. Science.gov (United States) Zarkowski, Paul; Avery, David 2006-10-01 The objective of our research was to quantify the increased risk of suicide associated with registering in local hotels/motels. Medical examiner case files of suicide in King County, Washington, were reviewed for years 2002-2004. The incidence of suicide in local residents registering in local hotels/motels was 223/100,000 which is significantly greater than the incidence of suicide in the general population of King County (11.7/100,000 p Hotel/motel guests from outside Washington had a significantly reduced incidence of suicide (3.9/100,000 p = 0.002). The study results suggest that there is an increased risk of suicide in local residents who register in local hotel rooms. 6. CEBAF Control Room Renovation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Michael Spata; Anthony Cuffe; Thomas Oren 2005-01-01 The Machine Control Center (MCC) at Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) was constructed in the early 1990s and based on proven technology of that era. Through our experience over the last 15 years and in our planning for the facilities 12 GeV upgrade we reevaluated the control room environment to capitalize on emerging visualization and display technologies and improve on work-flow processes and ergonomic attributes. The renovation was performed in two phases during the summer of 2004, with one phase occurring during machine operations and the latter, more extensive phase, occurring during our semi-annual shutdown period. The new facility takes advantage of advances in display technology, analog and video signal management, server technology, ergonomic workspace design, lighting engineering, acoustic ceilings and raised flooring solutions to provide a marked improvement in the overall environment of machine operations 7. [Hospital emergency rooms]. Science.gov (United States) Tudela, Pere; Mòdol, Josep Maria 2003-05-17 Overuse of hospital emergency rooms (HERs) is parallel to their controversy. To understand this problem, some concepts should be first clarified. In HERs, there are some intrinsic aspects which are directly related to the emergency itself and thus cannot be modified (intermittent patient flow, need to prioritize, difficulty to achieve a rapid diagnosis, influence of time on treatment, value of clinical follow up, patient's expectations, impact of HER on the overall hospital working dynamics). On the other hand, there are some extrinsic aspects which indeed are not related to HER itself but are rather historically associated with it (precarious structure, delay on admission, lack of privacy, inadequate triage of cases, lack of professionalization); these latter aspects may be potentially modified and should be reconsidered. 8. Room to Groove? DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Seabrooke, Leonard . As long as they stay within the parameters of legitimate financial practice to signal institutional isomorphism, the groove', creditors may well allow borrowers room for change in self-determined ways. This paper maps out the historical and conceptual terrain concerning civilizing ideas about...... the legitimacy of financial practices within global capital markets, and investigates relationships between Western civilizers' and Emerging Market Economies during the last two periods of financial globalization, the late-nineteenth/ early-twentieth centuries and the late-twentieth century.......The use of a standard of civilization', a preferred form of socio-political organization, in global capital markets presents both constraints and opportunities for creditors and borrowers. When imposed, civilizing standards may change how a borrower would prefer to conduct their affairs. Creditors... 9. CEBAF Control Room Renovation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Michael Spata; Thomas Oren 2005-01-01 The Machine Control Center (MCC) at Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) was initially constructed in the early 1990s and based on proven technology of that era. Through our experience over the last 15 years and in our planning for the facility's 12 GeV upgrade we reevaluated the control room environment to capitalize on emerging visualization and display technologies and improve workflow processes and ergonomic attributes. This effort also sets the foundation for the redevelopment of the accelerator's control system to deliver high reliability performance with improvements in beam specifications management and information flow. The complete renovation was performed over a three-week maintenance period with no interruption to beam operations. We present the results of this effort 10. CEBAF Control Room Renovation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Michael Spata; Thomas Oren 2005-01-01 The Machine Control Center at Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility was initially constructed in the early 1990s and based on proven technology of that era. Through our experience over the last 15 years and in our planning for the facilities 12 GeV upgrade we reevaluated the control room environment to capitalize on emerging visualization and display technologies and improve on workflow processes and ergonomic attributes. This effort also sets the foundation for the redevelopment of the accelerator's control system to deliver high reliability performance with improvements in beam specifications management and information flow. The complete renovation was performed over a three-week period with no interruption to beam operations. We present the results of this effort 11. Binaural room simulation Science.gov (United States) Lehnert, H.; Blauert, Jens; Pompetzki, W. 1991-01-01 In every-day listening the auditory event perceived by a listener is determined not only by the sound signal that a sound emits but also by a variety of environmental parameters. These parameters are the position, orientation and directional characteristics of the sound source, the listener's position and orientation, the geometrical and acoustical properties of surfaces which affect the sound field and the sound propagation properties of the surrounding fluid. A complete set of these parameters can be called an Acoustic Environment. If the auditory event perceived by a listener is manipulated in such a way that the listener is shifted acoustically into a different acoustic environment without moving himself physically, a Virtual Acoustic Environment has been created. Here, we deal with a special technique to set up nearly arbitrary Virtual Acoustic Environments, the Binaural Room Simulation. The purpose of the Binaural Room Simulation is to compute the binaural impulse response related to a virtual acoustic environment taking into account all parameters mentioned above. One possible way to describe a Virtual Acoustic Environment is the concept of the virtual sound sources. Each of the virtual sources emits a certain signal which is correlated but not necessarily identical with the signal emitted by the direct sound source. If source and receiver are non moving, the acoustic environment becomes a linear time-invariant system. Then, the Binaural Impulse Response from the source to a listener' s eardrums contains all relevant auditory information related to the Virtual Acoustic Environment. Listening into the simulated environment can easily be achieved by convolving the Binaural Impulse Response with dry signals and representing the results via headphones. 12. Becoming Trivial: The Book Trailer Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kati Voigt 2013-12-01 Full Text Available Despite the introduction of audiobooks and e-books, printed stories still are in high demand. However, in a globalized world which is more and more ruled by mass media and technology, it is increasingly difficult for writers and publishers to promote their books. The solution is almost ironic: popular media, which is assumed to decrease readership, is turned into a tool to increase the number of readers. In 2002 the book trailer emerged as a new web-based marketing strategy for the launch of new books. Since then the appearance of the book trailer has changed considerably. The article examines specific examples and highlights methods that establish the relationship between the content of the book and its representation in the book trailer. Although guidelines apply for the production of book trailers, such as constraints relating to time and content, there are no limitations for the imagination of the producers. A book trailer may be simple, supported only by music and pictures, but they may also be as complex as short films. Additionally, book trailers are not limited to the promotion of one specific genre or age group. Depending on the viral potential of social networks such as YouTube, Facebook, and Tumblr book trailers reach a global audience and, therefore, open up new markets. It can be argued, while book trailers have not yet reached the realm of the everyday, they will gradually come to the attention of academics and this article wants to present a starting point for this development. 13. Free Books for Everyone! | Poster Science.gov (United States) Last year, scientists from Yale University published the results of a study showing that people who read books for at least 30 minutes each day may live almost two years longer than people who don’t read. It’s the perfect reason to visit the 17th Annual Book & Media Swap at the Scientific Library, where you can pick up free books during the month of November. 14. White book on energies International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fontaine, N. 2003-11-01 The energy policy in France has to answer two challenges: the first one is the climatic change and the greenhouse effect, the second one is to conceive an energy policy taking into account the evolutions and economical realities. four objectives have to guide the action of the government, the guarantee to the right of access to energy for every citizen, the fight against the climatic warming, the preservation of a national independence, the keeping of a competitive energy. This book includes a summary of works and conclusions of the National Debate on energies, hold during the first semester of 2003, the government propositions, a whole of cards detailing some aspects of government propositions, especially financial propositions. (N.C.) 15. Malory's Magic Book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) McCausland, Elly This book interrogates the complex connection between children and the Arthurian legend that has existed since J. T. Knowles’s first adaptation of Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur for a juvenile audience in 1862, and which remains strong today. Between 1862 and 1980 in Britain and America, adaptations...... of the Morte for children participated in cultural dialogues relating to the nature and relevance of the ‘medieval’, the role of risk in society, masculine development and mental health through their reworking of the Arthurian narrative. Against the backdrop of Victorian medievalism, empire, the rise of child...... psychology and two world wars, the diverse ways in which Malory’s text was adapted with a child reader in mind reveals changing ideas regarding the relevance of King Arthur, and the complex relationship between authors and their imagined juvenile readers. Covering texts by J. T. Knowles, Sidney Lanier... 16. The Open Book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Meier, Ninna; Wegener, Charlotte The Open Book is a radical genre blend: it is an experimental co-memoir exploring the role of writing in academia. It contains stories about life without censoring and without distinguishing between traditional work/life domains and academic/non-academic ways of writing. This is done through...... discussions of conferences, research collaborations, supervision, taboo pleasures of ‘fun’ writing projects, the temptations of other work, and the everyday life encounters and experiences that stimulate academic thought and writing. Some of the main characters you will meet are researchers, their colleagues...... Writing Community: a collaboration of academics from different disciplines and countries that seeks to push the boundaries of how we understand and practice academic work and writing. http://tinyurl.com/jvhve5a... 17. VII CORENDE. Abstracts book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2009-01-01 This book contains the papers presented at the Regional Congress of Nondestructive Testing and Structural organized by the Argentine Association of Non-Destructive Testing and Structural, with the support of institutions, companies and academic institutions. The papers present an overview of the state-of-the-art of the latest developments and applications in the various nondestructive testing and structural. The articles are presented in ten sessions, each of which integrates work transcending disciplinary boundaries of nondestructive testing and structural disciplines such as auscultation of equipment, structures, welding, life management and quality control in the areas of electricity generation (hydraulic, thermal and nuclear), steel, automotive, food processing, aerospace, civil structures, artwork, services and insurance companies, industrial maintenance and inspection. [es 18. Newnes electronics engineers pocket book CERN Document Server Brindley, Keith 2013-01-01 This book is packed with information and material which everyone involved in electronics will find indispensable. Now when you need to know a transistor's characteristics, or an integrated circuit's pinout details, simply look it up! The book is full of tables, symbols, formulae, conversions and illustrations.Promotion via the new Newnes Pocket Book catalogue to the electronics trade will drive sales into the book trade Covers component data; encapsulations; pin-outs; symbols & codings Extensive material on conversion factors, formulae; units and relationships 19. Book Review: The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice African Journals Online (AJOL) Red books list everything endangered; green books revitalize the endangered. That is exactly what Hinton and Hale set out to do when they brought together no less than-thirty three essays, divided into categories such as Language Policy, Language Planning, Maintenance and Revitalization of National Indigenous ... 20. Children's Books in Review: Books on Strengthening Family Ties. Science.gov (United States) Winfield, Evelyn T. 1991-01-01 Reviews children's books that emphasize the strengthening of family ties. Characters in the books realize the importance and influence of family relationships as they struggle with sibling rivalry, self-discovery, peer relationships, a search for heritage, adoption, and death. (SM) 1. CERN Book Fair 2010 - Events and book presentations CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2010-01-01 A series of events and book presentations is scheduled for the 2010 CERN Book Fair.   -Springer will present its new products and services (eBooks, MyCopy Softcover Editions, SpringerBriefs, and a new physics journal: "Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Physics") and SpringerMaterials, the electronic version of the Landolt Boernstein book series. -Wiley will present two books: "A History of International Research Networking : The People who Made it Happen", edited by B. Bressan and H. Davies, and "Field computation for accelerator magnets : analytical and numerical methods for electromagnetic design and optimization" by S. Russenschuck. -Finally, World Scientific will present the series "Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology (RAST)". The calendar is available here: http://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=105651 2. Leadership in the control room International Nuclear Information System (INIS) McDougall, S.J. 2006-01-01 This paper discusses the importance of leadership within the control rooms at nuclear power facilities. the leadership capability of control room staff has a significant influence over the improvement of human performance and the development of an 'event free' culture within the business. The development of leadership competency in the control room must be an important part of any nuclear power utility business improvement plan. (author) 3. Leadership in the control room Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) McDougall, S.J. [Bruce Power, Bruce B Operations Div., Tiverton, Ontario (Canada) 2006-07-01 This paper discusses the importance of leadership within the control rooms at nuclear power facilities. the leadership capability of control room staff has a significant influence over the improvement of human performance and the development of an 'event free' culture within the business. The development of leadership competency in the control room must be an important part of any nuclear power utility business improvement plan. (author) 4. Virtual reality applied in the ergonomic evaluation of nuclear power plant control room International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gatto, Leandro Barbosa da Silveira 2012-01-01 A nuclear power plant control room is a complex system that controls a nuclear and thermodynamic process used to produce electrical energy. The operators interact with the control room through interfaces that have significant implications to nuclear power plant safety and influence the operator activity. The operator activity presents complexity features and shows a series of mechanisms absents from the human factors guidelines, important to the evaluation and update of control rooms. The ergonomics approach considers the operation strategies, the interaction between the operators, the operator-system interaction, and interaction between operators and support groups. The main objective of this paper is propose the modeling of a nuclear control room, with the support of a game engine core. This tool will be used in the ergonomic evaluation of nuclear control room, generating information and data that will make possible the adequacy of control rooms features to the legal requirements of the regulating agency, assisting the nuclear licensing. (author) 5. Modern control room for AHWR International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Verghese, Clement C.; Joseph, Jose; Biswas, B.B.; Patil, R.K. 2005-01-01 Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) is a next generation nuclear power plant being developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. A modern control room has been conceived for operation and monitoring of the plant in tune with the advanced features of the reactor. A state of the art C and I architecture based on extensive use of computers and networking has been conceived for this plant. This architecture enables the implementation of a fully computerised operator friendly control room with soft HMIs. Features of the modern control room and control room and concept of soft HMI based operator interfaces have been described in the paper. (author) 6. From book to eBook : towards a print conception of the eBook OpenAIRE Berry, Katherine Rachel L 2005-01-01 Denne avhandlingen er en analyse av eBook som beskrevet av to eBook forlag via ebooks.com og ereader.com på internett. Avhandlingen inkluderer også en analyse av tre andre programmer; Abode Reader, Microsoft Reader og eReader. Ut fra websidens innhold som fokuserer på en visuell presentasjon av eBook og språket som blir brukt i forbindelse med eBook så vil analysen ta dette i betraktning. I forbindelse med reader programmet så vil den visuelle presentasjonen, funksjoner, skriveområde og sp... 7. BOOK REVIEW: Minority Games Science.gov (United States) Metzler, R. 2005-02-01 New branches of scientific disciplines often have a few paradigmatic models that serve as a testing ground for theories and a starting point for new inquiries. In the late 1990s, one of these models found fertile ground in the growing field of econophysics: the Minority Game (MG), a model for speculative markets that combined conceptual simplicity with interesting emergent behaviour and challenging mathematics. The two basic ingredients were the minority mechanism (a large number of players have to choose one of two alternatives in each round, and the minority wins) and limited rationality (each player has a small set of decision rules, and chooses the more successful ones). Combining these, one observes a phase transition between a crowded and an inefficient market phase, fat-tailed price distributions at the transition, and many other nontrivial effects. Now, seven years after the first paper, three of the key players—Damien Challet, Matteo Marsili and Yi-Cheng Zhang—have published a monograph that summarizes the current state of the science. The book consists of two parts: a 100-page overview of the various aspects of the MG, and reprints of many essential papers. The first chapters of Part I give a well-written description of the motivation and the history behind the MG, and then go into the phenomenology and the mathematical treatment of the model. The authors emphasize the physics' underlying the behaviour and give coherent, intuitive explanations that are difficult to extract from the original papers. The mathematics is outlined, but calculations are not carried out in great detail (maybe they could have been included in an appendix). Chapter 4 then discusses how and why the MG is a model for speculative markets, how it can be modified to give a closer fit to observed market statistics (in particular, reproducing the stylized facts' of fat-tailed distributions and volatility clustering), and what conclusions one can draw from the behaviour of the MG 8. BOOK REVIEW: Modern Supersymmetry Science.gov (United States) Kulish, Petr P. 2006-12-01 S/CFT correspondence. The author explains clearly most of the arguments in discussions and refers for further details to original papers (with corresponding arXiv numbers), selected lists of which appear at the end of each chapter (there are more than 300 references in the book). Considered as a whole the book covers primers on quantum fields, Feynman diagrams, renormalization procedure and renormalization groups, as well as the representation theory of classical linear Lie algebras. Some necessary information on irreducible representations of su(N), so(N) and sp(2N) is given in an appendix. There are in the text short historical and biographical notes concerning those scientists who made important contributions to the subject of the monograph: S Coleman, Yu Golfand, E Witten and others. Most of the seventeen chapters contain a few exercises to check the reader's understanding of the corresponding material. This monograph will be useful for graduate students and researchers in the field of elementary particles. 9. More room for ISOLDE CERN Multimedia 2005-01-01 To meet the needs of the new ISOLDE experiments, a new extension has been added to the facility's Building 170. The new extension to Building 170. Moving around the ISOLDE hall was almost like an obstacle course until now. The facility's Building 170 simply didn't have an inch to spare and the ISOLDE team's need to set up new experiments, whose installation could have created difficulties from the safety point of view, only exacerbated the problem. "We had ambitious plans to develop new experiments but no room for them", says Mats Lindroos, ISOLDE's technical coordinator. The only solution was to extend the existing building". This was how a new building saw the light of day. Measuring 24 metres long, 20 metres wide and 12 metres high, it is an extension to the existing Building 170 and should be ready for use this year. The new structure makes use of the existing infrastructure, with part of the end wall of Building 170 being kept as a support for steel platforms. The top of this wall had to be cut away ... 10. 11 Book Review Udenwa Finalx African Journals Online (AJOL) abel This book has seven chapters covering aspects of Nigeria's history, the author's experience during the Civil War, 1967–1970 and his reflection on Nigeria as a nation. The purpose of the book as the author makes clear is “to fill the gap and further highlight the role played by the lower command – the platoons, companies,. 11. The Weekend Education Source Book. Science.gov (United States) Cross, Wilbur A guidebook to short residential programs, the book provides an account of the many types of centers, the wide range of subjects, accommodations/facilities, and the procedures for enrollment and obtaining degrees/credits. The book was written in response to a deluge of inquiries to a "Reader's Digest" article on the topic. The first half of the… 12. Books for Professionals: Premathematical Concepts. Science.gov (United States) King, Margaret A. 1993-01-01 Reviews four books on teaching premathematical concepts to young children: (1) "Windows on Mathematics: Worktime Activities for Young Children" (Westley and Randolph); (2) "Hands-On Math: Manipulative Math for Young Children" (Stone); (3) "Books You Can Count On: Linking Mathematics and Literature" (Griffiths and Clyne); and (4) "Mathematics… 13. How to Get Greener Books Science.gov (United States) Malone, Cynthia N. 2008-01-01 Professors select readings for their students in different forms: printed matter, including books and journals; print-on-demand texts; and online material. Before long, enough books and articles will be available for downloading onto devices like the Sony Reader and Amazon.com's new Kindle to make that format another option. They consider a wide… 14. Books that Focus on Family. Science.gov (United States) Winfield, Evelyn T. 1989-01-01 Twelve books which touch upon family relationships are reviewed in this article. These books show how families can build positive relationships among their members in a variety of situations. Issues include self-concept, health, sibling rivalry, the generation gap, divorce, and death. (IAH) 15. REVIEWS OF BOOKS: BOEKRESE SIES African Journals Online (AJOL) moet gerig word aan die Ere-registrateur, Posbus 120, Kaapstad. REVIEWS OF BOOKS: .... glance at the glossary does not lead one to feel that it is meant for anyone of much .... It includes 25 pages of New Books with shorter iists of. Additional ... 16. Fact Book on Higher Education Science.gov (United States) Marks, Joseph L.; Diaz, Alicia A. 2009-01-01 The "Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) Fact Book on Higher Education" is one of the nation's most comprehensive collections of comparative data on higher education. For decades, state leaders, policy-makers, researchers and journalists have used the "Fact Book" to find useful data quickly--and to learn more about… 17. The Common Vision. Reviews: Books. Science.gov (United States) Chattin-McNichols, John 1998-01-01 Reviews Marshak's book describing the work of educators Maria Montessori, Rudolf Steiner, Aurobindo Ghose, and Inayat Khan. Maintains that the book gives clear, concise information on each educator and presents a common vision for children and their education; also maintains that it gives theoretical and practical information and discusses… 18. 1998 Pacific Northwest Loads and Resources Study: The White Book International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1998-01-01 The Pacific Northwest Loads and Resources Study (White Book) is published annually by BPA and establishes the planning basis for supplying electricity to customers. It serves a dual purpose. First, the White Book presents projections of regional and Federal system load and resource capabilities, along with relevant definitions and explanations. Second, the White Book serves as a benchmark for annual BPA determinations made pursuant to the 1981 regional power sales contracts. Specifically, BPA uses the information in the White Book for determining the notice required when customers request to increase or decrease the amount of power purchased from BPA. The White Book compiles information obtained from several formalized resource planning reports and data submittals, including those from the Northwest Power Planning Council (Council) and the Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee (PNUCC). The White Book is not an operational planning guide, nor is it used for inventory planning to determine BPA revenues. Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) is based on a set of criteria different from that used for resource planning decisions. Operational planning is dependent upon real-time or near-term knowledge of system conditions, including expectations of river flows and runoff, market opportunities, availability of reservoir storage, energy exchanges, and other factors affecting the dynamics of operating a power system. The 1998 White Book is presented in two documents: (1) this summary of Federal system and Pacific Northwest region loads and resources; and (2) a technical appendix detailing the loads and resources for each major Pacific Northwest generating utility. This analysis updates the December 1997 Pacific Northwest Loads and Resources Study 19. 1998 Pacific Northwest Loads and Resources Study: The White Book. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1998-12-01 The Pacific Northwest Loads and Resources Study (White Book) is published annually by BPA and establishes the planning basis for supplying electricity to customers. It serves a dual purpose. First, the White Book presents projections of regional and Federal system load and resource capabilities, along with relevant definitions and explanations. Second, the White Book serves as a benchmark for annual BPA determinations made pursuant to the 1981 regional power sales contracts. Specifically, BPA uses the information in the White Book for determining the notice required when customers request to increase or decrease the amount of power purchased from BPA. The White Book compiles information obtained from several formalized resource planning reports and data submittals, including those from the Northwest Power Planning Council (Council) and the Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee (PNUCC). The White Book is not an operational planning guide, nor is it used for inventory planning to determine BPA revenues. Operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) is based on a set of criteria different from that used for resource planning decisions. Operational planning is dependent upon real-time or near-term knowledge of system conditions, including expectations of river flows and runoff, market opportunities, availability of reservoir storage, energy exchanges, and other factors affecting the dynamics of operating a power system. The 1998 White Book is presented in two documents: (1) this summary of Federal system and Pacific Northwest region loads and resources; and (2) a technical appendix detailing the loads and resources for each major Pacific Northwest generating utility. This analysis updates the December 1997 Pacific Northwest Loads and Resources Study. 20. MacBook for dummies CERN Document Server Chambers , Mark L 2014-01-01 Make friends with your MacBook the fun and easy way! Ultra-light, ultra-fast, and ultra-powerful, the MacBook is the coolest laptop in town, and longtime Mac guru Mark L. Chambers is just the guy to help you get to know your MacBook in no time. Take a closer look at the latest features, get the lowdown on OS X, unleash your creative forces with iLife, take care of business with the iWork applications, and sync it all with iCloud with the expert advice in this bestselling MacBook guide. Whether this is your first MacBook or your first laptop, period, you''ll learn to navigate the Mac desktop, c 1. University contracts summary book Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) None 1980-08-01 The principal objectives of the Fossil Energy Program are to seek new ideas, new data, fundamental knowledge that will support the ongoing programs, and new processes to better utilize the nation's fossil energy resources with greater efficiency and environmental acceptability. Toward this end, the Department of Energy supports research projects conducted by universities and colleges to: Ensure a foundation for innovative technology through the use of the capabilities and talents in our academic institutions; provide an effective, two-way channel of communication between the Department of Energy and the academic community; and ensure that trained technical manpower is developed to carry out basic and applied research in support of DOE's mission. Fossil Energy's university activities emphasize the type of research that universities can do best - research to explore the potential of novel process concepts, develop innovative methods and materials for improving existing processes, and obtain fundamental information on the structure of coal and mechanisms of reactions of coal, shale oil, and other fossil energy sources. University programs are managed by different Fossil Energy technical groups; the individual projects are described in greater detail in this book. It is clear that a number of research areas related to the DOE Fossil Energy Program have been appropriate for university involvement, and that, with support from DOE, university scientific and technical expertise can be expected to continue to play a significant role in the advancement of fossil energy technology in the years to come. 2. Technical reference book for the Energy Economic Data Base (EEDB) Program International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Allen, R.E.; Benedict, R.G.; Hodson, J.S. 1984-09-01 The Energy Economic Data Base (EEDB) Program is sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose of developing current technical and cost information for nuclear and comparison electric power generating stations. The EEDB contains a variety of nuclear and coal-fired power plant technical data models. Each of these data models is a complete and detailed conceptual design for a single unit, commercial, steam electric, power generating station located on a standard hypothetical Middletown site. A major effort for the Sixth Update (1983) has been the updating of the system design descriptions and selected engineering drawings for the technical data models. This update took the form of revising and expanding the system design descriptions and engineering drawings contained in the Base Data Studies, to include the technical information developed and recorded in the first five EEDB updates. The results of the update effort are contained in this EEDB Program Technical Reference Book 3. Health Sciences Patrons Use Electronic Books More than Print Books Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Robin Elizabeth Miller 2017-09-01 Full Text Available A Review of: Li, J. (2016. Is it cost-effective to purchase print books when the equivalent e-book is available? Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 16(1, 40-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15323269.2016.1118288 Abstract Objective – To compare use of books held simultaneously in print and electronic formats. Design – Case study. Setting – A health sciences library at a public comprehensive university with a medical college in the southern United States. Subjects – Usage data for 60 books held by the library simultaneously in print and electronically. The titles were on standing order in print and considered “core” texts for clinical, instructional, or reference for health sciences faculty, students, and medical residents. Methods – Researchers collected usage data for 60 print titles from the integrated library system and compared the data to COUNTER reports for electronic versions of the same titles, for the period spanning 2010-2014. Main Results – Overall, the 60 e-book titles were used more than the print versions, with the electronic versions used a total of 370,695 times while the print versions were used 93 times during the time period being examined. Conclusion – The use of electronic books outnumbers the use of print books of the same title. 4. Madness in Sartre's "The Room" NARCIS (Netherlands) Jongeneel, E.C.S. 2009-01-01 In "The Room," part of his short story collection, The Wall (1938), Jean-Paul Sartre investigates madness as an alternative way of bourgeois life and thus takes a stand in the contemporary debate on the existential status of mental illness. "The Room" is a case-study of a "limit situation," as well 5. A control room lighting study International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Vaidya, V.V.; Iwasa-Madge, K.M.; Howard, B.; Willson, R.B. 1984-01-01 Operators at a Heavy Water Plant in Ontario, Canada complained about lighting-related difficulties in the control room. The Human Factors Engineering Unit was requested to perform a lighting survey and make recommendations to improve the control centre lighting conditions. This paper describes the control room, the operator tasks, the procedures used for the lighting survey, the findings, and the changes recommended 6. BOOK REVIEW: The Artful Universe Expanded Science.gov (United States) Bassett, B. A. 2005-07-01 The cosmos is an awfully big place and there is no better guide to its vast expanse and fascinating nooks and crannies than John Barrow. A professor of mathematical sciences at Cambridge University, Barrow embodies that rare combination of highly polished writer and expert scientist. His deft touch brings together the disparate threads of human knowledge and weaves them into a tapestry as rich and interesting for the expert as it is for the layperson. The Artful Universe Expanded is an updated edition of this popular book first published in 1995. It explores the deeply profound manner in which natural law and the nature of the cosmos have moulded and shaped us, our cultures and the very form of our arts and music—a new type of cosmic' anthropology. The main themes Barrow chooses for revealing this new anthropology are the subjects of evolution, the size of things, the heavens and the nature of music. The book is a large, eclectic repository of knowledge often unavailable to the layperson,\\endcolumn hidden in esoteric libraries around the world. It rivals The Da Vinci Code for entertainment value and insights, but this time it is Nature’s code that is revealed. It is rare indeed to find common threads drawn through topics as diverse as The Beetles, Bach and Beethoven or between Jackson Pollock, the Aztecs, Kant, Picasso, Byzantine mosaics, uranium-235 and the helix nebula. Barrow unerringly binds them together, presenting them in a stimulating, conversational style that belies the amount of time that must have gone into researching this book. Dip into it at random, or read it from cover to cover, but do read it. The Artful Universe Expanded is an entertaining antidote to the oft-lamented pressures to know more and more about less and less and the apparently inexorable march of specialization. On reading this book one can, for a short time at least, hold in one’s mind a vision that unifies science, art and culture and glimpse a universal tapestry of great 7. Fire protection for clean rooms International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kirson, D. 1990-01-01 The fire protection engineer often must decide what size fire can be tolerated before automatic fire suppression systems actuate. Is it a wastepaper basket fire, a bushel basket fire...? In the case of state-of-the-art clean rooms, the answer clearly is not even an incipient fire. Minor fires in clean rooms can cause major losses. This paper discusses what a clean room is and gives a brief overview of the unique fire protection challenges encountered. The two major causes of fire related to clean rooms in the semiconductor industry are flammable/pyrophoric gas fires in plastic ducts and polypropylene wet bench fires. This paper concentrates on plastic ductwork in clean rooms, sprinkler protection in ductwork, and protection for wet benches 8. Libraries, Patrons, and E-Books Science.gov (United States) Zickuhr, Kathryn; Rainie, Lee; Purcell, Kristen; Madden, Mary; Brenner, Joanna 2012-01-01 This report explores the world of e-books and libraries, where libraries fit into these book-consumption patterns of Americans, when people choose to borrow their books and when they choose to buy books. It examines the potential frustrations e-book borrowers can encounter when checking out digital titles, such as long wait lists and compatibility… 9. What Do Digital Books Mean for Libraries? Science.gov (United States) Lynch, Clifford 2001-01-01 Discusses digital books, or electronic books, and their relationship to libraries and communication between authors and readers. Topics include the scholarly market, for academic libraries, versus the consumer market; textbooks versus novels; digitization of older books; marketing; costs; and electronic books versus printed books. (LRW) 10. An Evaluation of Four Book Review Journals. Science.gov (United States) Ream, Daniel 1979-01-01 Evaluates "Booklist,""Choice,""Library Journal," and "the New York Times Book Review" by measuring and comparing (1) total number of adult books reviewed, (2) total number of juvenile and young adult books reviewed, (3) percentage of randomly selected Notable Books reviewed, and (4) how quickly those Notable Books were reviewed. (Author) 11. BOOK REVIEW: Nonlinear Magnetohydrodynamics Science.gov (United States) Shafranov, V. 1998-08-01 Nonlinear magnetohydrodynamics by Dieter Biskamp is a thorough introduction to the physics of the most impressive non-linear phenomena that occur in conducting magnetoplasmas. The basic systems, in which non-trivial dynamic processes are observed, accompanied by changes of geometry of the magnetic field and the effects of energy transformation (magnetic energy into kinetic energy or the opposite effect in magnetic dynamos), are the plasma magnetic confinement systems for nuclear fusion and space plasmas, mainly the solar plasma. A significant number of the examples of the dynamic processes considered are taken from laboratory plasmas, for which an experimental check of the theory is possible. Therefore, though the book is intended for researchers and students interested in both laboratory, including nuclear fusion, and astrophysical plasmas, it is most probably closer to the first category of reader. In the Introduction the author notes that unlike the hydrodynamics of non-conducting fluids, where the phenomena caused by rapid fluid motions are the most interesting, for plasmas in a strong magnetic field the quasi-static configurations inside which the local dynamic processes occur are often the most important. Therefore, the reader will also find in this book rather traditional material on the theory of plasma equilibrium and stability in magnetic fields. In addition, it is notable that, as opposed to a linear theory, the non-linear theory, as a rule, cannot give quite definite explanations or predictions of phenomena, and consequently there are in the book many results obtained by consideration of numerical models with the use of supercomputers. The treatment of non-linear dynamics is preceded by Chapters 2 to 4, in which the basics of MHD theory are presented with an emphasis on the role of integral invariants of the magnetic helicity type, a derivation of the reduced MHD equations is given, together with examples of the exact solutions of the equilibrium 12. BOOK REVIEW: Symmetry Breaking Science.gov (United States) Ryder, L. H. 2005-11-01 have to be rather clever to recognize that the particle interactions were rotationally invariant. Nambu and Goldstone showed that the spontaneous breakdown of a (continuous) symmetry implied the existence of massless scalar particles, referred to as Nambu Goldstone bosons, or simply Goldstone bosons. Meanwhile Anderson, in his study of (non-relativistic) superconductivity, showed that the exclusion of magnetic flux (Meissner effect) corresponds to a finite range for the electromagnetic field and hence to a massive photon'. In a relativistic context Englert, Brout, Guralnik and more particularly Higgs showed that a spontaneous breaking of a gauge symmetry resulted in a massive, instead of a massless, gauge particle and no Goldstone particle; in the jargon of the day, the massless gauge particle had eaten' the massless Goldstone boson and become massive; exactly Anderson's observation. It is this phenomenon which has been invoked so successfully to explain the masses of the W and Z bosons of weak interactions. Spontaneous symmetry breaking, therefore, has played a major role in the development of the Standard Model of particle physics, and it has also proved an important tool in condensed matter physics, for example in the understanding of phase transitions. At the same time, however, in the understanding of most (or all) particle physicists, and perhaps also condensed matter physicists, the notion of spontaneous symmetry breaking has been inexorably linked to that of a degenerate vacuum. This is the background and the starting point for Strocchi's book. Recognizing the power and importance of the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking in theoretical physics, he defines it in a more refined and general way than usual. Despite the many popular accounts', he writes, the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking is deep and subtle and it is not without [reason] that it has been fully understood only in recent times.' Strocchi's main emphasis is on the fact that the 13. Book Display as Adult Service Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Matthew S. Moore 1997-03-01 Full Text Available 無Book display as an adult service is defined as choosing and positioning adult books from the collection to increase their circulation. The author contrasts bookstore arrangement for sales versus library arrangement for access. The paper considers the library-as-a-whole as a display, examines the right size for an in-library display, and discusses mass displays, end-caps, on-shelf displays, and the Tiffany approach. The author proposes that an effective display depends on an imaginative, unifying theme, and that book displays are part of the joy of libraries. 14. Can efficient supply management in the operating room save millions? Science.gov (United States) Park, Kyung W; Dickerson, Cheryl 2009-04-01 Supply expenses occupy an ever-increasing portion of the expense budget in today's increasingly technologically complex operating rooms. Yet, little has been studied and published in the anesthesia literature. This review attempts to bring the topic of supply management to anesthesiologists, who play a significant role in operating room management. Little investigative work has been performed on supply management. Anecdotal reports suggest the benefits of a perpetual inventory system over a periodic inventory system. A perpetual inventory system uses utilization data to update inventory on hand continually and this information is linked to purchasing and restocking, whereas a periodic inventory system counts inventory at some regular intervals (such as annually) and uses average utilization to set par levels. On the basis of application of operational management concepts, ways of taking advantage of a perpetual inventory system to achieve savings in supply expenses are outlined. These include linking the operating room scheduling and supply order system, distributor-driven just-in-time delivery of case carts, continual updating of preference lists based on utilization patterns, increasing inventory turnovers, standardizing surgical practices, and vendor consignment of high unit-cost items such as implants. In addition, Lean principles of visual management and elimination of eight wastes may be applicable to supply management. 15. Control room lay-out International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Toma, Violeta 2004-01-01 TRIUMF (Tri-University Meson Facility) is Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. There are 6 accelerators and 3 Control Rooms at TRIUMF. The main control room serves the big cyclotron, the 500 MeV, and the adjacent experiment. The 42 MeV and two 32 MeV ones are production dedicated. These cyclotrons belong to a private company but are operated by TRIUMF staff from ATG (Applied Technology Group) Control Room. The last is ISAC (Isotope Acceleration and Separation) Control Room, from which the LINAC is controlled. Research areas cover theoretical (2 subjects), pure (5 subjects) and applied (8 subjects) physics. In the early '70s, as the 500 MeV was being completed, the first Control Room was built in the main accelerator building. The recent topics covered by this paper are proton and pion therapy, what are the operator's duties?, the CP42, TR30 and TR13 cyclotron control rooms, the ISAC control systems including control room modification. Due to the nature of an operator's job, the Control Room layout is pretty important. This is true for any work environment, but when working shifts it becomes essential. Lots of time and effort, not to mention money, were spent to figure out the optimum configuration. It seems to me that the key factor in the control room layout is versatility, and this is because it has to keep happy a group of people with different inclinations, which have a tendency to become quite moody after the second night shift. No matter what, there will still be unhappy people, but we are trying our best. (Y. Tanaka) 16. BOOK REVIEW: Modern Physics, 3rd edn Science.gov (United States) Lovett, David 1999-09-01 The number of broadly based physics texts written at a level corresponding to second year and above of UK physics degrees is limited. This is such a book thoroughly updated in a third edition, the first edition having been published 20 years ago. The book is unusual in that the reader is referred to the Freeman website www.whfreeman.com/physics for some additional sections. It will be interesting to see whether this proves to be an attractive feature. The coverage reflects the US emphasis on topics and contains both theoretical and experimental details. It should not be regarded as an introductory text although it is clearly written. Thus the first two chapters take the reader straight into relativity, concentrating mainly on special relativity but going on to general relativity. From here the reader is led to ideas of quantization of charge, light and energy, followed by an exploration of the nuclear atom, wavelike properties of particles and Schrödinger's equation. Solution of this equation for the hydrogen atom introduces a section on spectroscopy. The next chapter on statistical physics includes Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics and brings to a close Part 1, which concentrates on the theoretical groundwork. Consistent with its title, the book does not cover traditional aspects of thermodynamics and electromagnetic theory. Part 2 is entitled Applications' and begins with a chapter on molecular structure and spectra. Lasers and masers are included here but geometrical, physical and nonlinear optics get limited or no coverage. Solid state physics follows but, despite the title of the book, there is little on modern devices, although the section on superconductivity mentions high temperature materials. The chapters on nuclear physics, fission, fusion reactors and medical applications and a chapter on particle physics are comprehensive. Finally a chapter on astrophysics and cosmology is referred to, but the reader must find this at the website. As this is 17. In the LEAR control room CERN Multimedia CERN PhotoLab 1983-01-01 View into the control room of the Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR). Edgar Asseo (sitting) and Dieter Möhl and Georges Carron reflecting upon some beam dynamics (or hardware?) problem. Vassilis Agoritsas, in the background, leaning over a plan or a keyboard. LEAR in its early years (1982 to about 1990) was run from this local control room in building 363 close to the end of the PS South Hall, where the ring was installed. Later-on the operation was surveyed from the PS main control room. 18. The Role of Book Familiarity and Book Type on Mothers' Reading Strategies and Toddlers' Responsiveness Science.gov (United States) Fletcher, Kathryn L.; Finch, W. Holmes 2015-01-01 The purpose of the current study was to examine how maternal reading strategies and book type would impact on toddlers' responsiveness as they became familiar with three books. Eleven mothers and their 2- to 3-year-olds were recorded reading the same set of three different books (i.e. word book, narrative book and no narrative book) on four… 19. 2005 public transportation fact book Science.gov (United States) 2005-04-01 This book includes only public transportation data and excludes taxicab, unregulated jitney, school, sightseeing, intercity, charter, military, and non-public service (e.g., governmental and corporate shuttles), and special application systems (e.g.,... 20. 2007 public transportation fact book Science.gov (United States) 2007-05-01 This book includes only public transportation data and excludes taxicab, unregulated jitney, school, sightseeing, intercity, charter, : military, and services not available to the general public, or segments of the general public (e.g., governmental ... 1. 2004 public transportation fact book Science.gov (United States) 2004-03-01 This book includes only public transportation data and excludes taxicab, unregulated jitney, school, sightseeing, intercity, charter, : military, and non-public service (e.g., governmental and corporate shuttles), and special application systems (e.g... 2. 2008 public transportation fact book Science.gov (United States) 2008-06-01 This Public Transportation Fact Book presents statistics describing the entire United States transit industry for 1995 : through 2006 with additional detail and overview presentations for 2006. Also included are definitions of reported data : items. 3. 2006 public transportation fact book Science.gov (United States) 2006-04-01 This book includes only public transportation data and excludes taxicab, unregulated jitney, school, sightseeing, intercity, charter, : military, and non-public service (e.g., governmental and corporate shuttles), and special application systems (e.g... 4. 2010 public transportation fact book Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 The Public Transportation Fact Book, published annually, contains national aggregate statistical data covering all aspects of the transit industry in the United States and Canada. Two appendices, also available, provide additional in-depth informatio... 5. NJ transportation fact book, 2007 Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 The New Jersey Transportation Fact Book 2006-07 presents information about the New Jersey Department of Transportation : and other agencies that provide transportation services in New Jersey. We hope it will prove helpful. 6. We "Booked" Brown Bag Talks. Science.gov (United States) Cook, Georgia; Kanable, Marian 1984-01-01 Describes how prominent teachers and community members were invited to read and speak on books related to their subject of interest during school lunch breaks and records the success of the program. (CRH) 7. Books for the Job Hunt. Science.gov (United States) Saltzman, Amy 1992-01-01 Reviews new and classic titles on career choice, job search methods, executive/professional job search, resume writing, and interviewing. Advises avoiding books with simplistic formulas and exercises or overt sales pitches for software, videos, and other products. (SK) 8. Best Books for Spring 1972 Science.gov (United States) Gerhardt, Lillian N.; And Others 1972-01-01 Titles of what are considered to be outstanding in terms of content, design or illustration as selected by the editors of School Library Journal Book Review" are presented. (47 references) (Author/NH) 9. REVIEWS OF BOOK : BOEKRESE SIES African Journals Online (AJOL) table of usual daily doses for children of drugs which are in general use in pediatrics. .... book, which also contains a useful therapeutic guide related to proprietary ... They make it possible to exercise con- .... Cerebral Palsies of Childhood. 10. MedPAC Data Book Data.gov (United States) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — MedPACs Data Book is the result of discussions with congressional staff members regarding ways that MedPAC can better support them. Some of the information it... 11. Introducing English language a resource book for students CERN Document Server Mullany, Louise 2015-01-01 Routledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students. Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, commentaries and key readings – all in the same volume. The innovative and flexible ‘two-dimensional’ structure is built around four sections – introduction, development, exploration and extension – which offer self-contained stages for study. Each topic can also be read across these sections, enabling the reader to build gradually on the knowledge gained. Introducing English Language: is the foundational book in the Routledge English Language Introductions series, providing an accessible introduction to the English language contains newly expanded coverage of morphology, updated and revised exercises, and an extended Further Reading section comprehensively covers key disciplines of linguistics such as historical linguistics, s... 12. Tv & video engineer's reference book CERN Document Server Jackson, K G 1991-01-01 TV & Video Engineer's Reference Book presents an extensive examination of the basic television standards and broadcasting spectrum. It discusses the fundamental concepts in analogue and digital circuit theory. It addresses studies in the engineering mathematics, formulas, and calculations. Some of the topics covered in the book are the conductors and insulators, passive components, alternating current circuits; broadcast transmission; radio frequency propagation; electron optics in cathode ray tube; color encoding and decoding systems; television transmitters; and remote supervision of unatten 13. Control room philosophy: Principles of control room design and control room work International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Skriver, Jan; Ramberg, Jasmine; Allwin, Pernilla 2006-01-01 In order to provide insights for improvement of work in control rooms several factors have to be considered. Knowledge of principles including control room philosophies will guide the recommended improvements. In addition to knowledge about specific principles an advantage for an organization can be an understanding of similarities and policies used in other high risk industry. The report has been developed on the basis of a document analysis of international standards and other guiding documents. (NUREG 0711, ISO 11064, ISO 6385, IEC 60964). In addition to the document analysis which has strived to compare the documents to see similarities in important principals, experience from working with control room design, modifications and evaluations in other high risk industries has pervaded the report. Important principles have been identified which are recommended to be included in a control room philosophy. Many of these are similar to the principles identified in the international standards. An additional principal which is regarded as important is the utilization of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) which can be used as a measure to target preventative means. Further more it is critical that the control room philosophy is easy to access and comprehend for all users. One of the challenges that remain after having developed a control room philosophy is how to utilize it in the daily work situation. It is vital that the document remains as a living document, guiding the continual improvement of the control room in the various life cycle stages 14. CDRH FOIA Electronic Reading Room Data.gov (United States) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — The CDRH FOIA electronic reading room contains frequently requested information via the Freedom of Information Act from the Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 15. A Technology User's Bill of Rights: Lessons Learned in Chat Rooms Science.gov (United States) Norton-Meier, Lori A. 2004-01-01 For the past five years, the author has spent time talking with, interviewing, interacting with, and investigating language with adolescent females in chat rooms while they engage in synchronous talk. The discussion often centers on their interest in pop culture--music, movies, television, books, games, and anything else that is worthy of… 16. Nuclear reactor control room construction International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lamuro, R.C.; Orr, R. 1993-01-01 A control room for a nuclear plant is disclosed. In the control room, objects labelled 12, 20, 22, 26, 30 in the drawing are no less than four inches from walls labelled 10.2. A ceiling contains cooling fins that extend downwards toward the floor from metal plates. A concrete slab is poured over the plates. Studs are welded to the plates and are encased in the concrete. 6 figures 17. The conference hybrid control room International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gieci, A.; Caucik, J.; Macko, J. 2008-01-01 An original concept of a hybrid control room was developed for the Mochovce-3 and Mochovce-4 reactor units which are under construction. The basic idea underlying the concept is that the control room should be a main working place for the operators (reactor operator and turbine operator) and for the shift supervisor, designed as a comprehensive unit desk shaped so that all members of the control room crew are in a face-to-face contact constantly. The main desk consists of three clearly identified areas serving the operators and the unit supervisor as their main working places. A soft control system is installed at the main working places. A separate safety-related working place, designed as a panel with classical instrumentations at the conference hybrid control room, is provided in case of abnormal conditions or emergency situation. Principles of ergonomics and cognitive engineering were taken into account when designing the new conference hybrid control room for the Mochovce-3 and -4 reactor units. The sizes, propositions, shapes and disposition of the equipment at the control room have been created and verified by using virtual reality tools. (orig.) 18. Update of European bioethics DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rendtorff, Jacob Dahl 2015-01-01 This paper presents an update of the research on European bioethics undertaken by the author together with Professor Peter Kemp since the 1990s, on Basic ethical principles in European bioethics and biolaw. In this European approach to basic ethical principles in bioethics and biolaw......, the principles of autonomy, dignity, integrity and vulnerability are proposed as the most important ethical principles for respect for the human person in biomedical and biotechnological development. This approach to bioethics and biolaw is presented here in a short updated version that integrates the earlier...... research in a presentation of the present understanding of the basic ethical principles in bioethics and biolaw.... 19. BOOK REVIEW: Observational Cosmology Observational Cosmology Science.gov (United States) Howell, Dale Andrew 2013-04-01 Observational Cosmology by Stephen Serjeant fills a niche that was underserved in the textbook market: an up-to-date, thorough cosmology textbook focused on observations, aimed at advanced undergraduates. Not everything about the book is perfect - some subjects get short shrift, in some cases jargon dominates, and there are too few exercises. Still, on the whole, the book is a welcome addition. For decades, the classic textbooks of cosmology have focused on theory. But for every Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect there is a Butcher-Oemler effect; there are as many cosmological phenomena established by observations, and only explained later by theory, as there were predicted by theory and confirmed by observations. In fact, in the last decade, there has been an explosion of new cosmological findings driven by observations. Some are so new that you won't find them mentioned in books just a few years old. So it is not just refreshing to see a book that reflects the new realities of cosmology, it is vital, if students are to truly stay up on a field that has widened in scope considerably. Observational Cosmology is filled with full-color images, and graphs from the latest experiments. How exciting it is that we live in an era where satellites and large experiments have gathered so much data to reveal astounding details about the origin of the universe and its evolution. To have all the latest data gathered together and explained in one book will be a revelation to students. In fact, at times it was to me. I've picked up modern cosmological knowledge through a patchwork of reading papers, going to colloquia, and serving on grant and telescope allocation panels. To go back and see them explained from square one, and summarized succinctly, filled in quite a few gaps in my own knowledge and corrected a few misconceptions I'd acquired along the way. To make room for all these graphs and observational details, a few things had to be left out. For one, there are few derivations 20. Future control room design (modernization of control room systems) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Reischl, Ludwig; Freitag, Timo; Dergel, Rene 2009-01-01 In the frame of lifetime extension for nuclear power plants the modernization of the complete safety and operational control technology will be digitalized. It is also recommended to modernize the operator facilities, monitoring systems in the control room, the back-up shut-down center and the local control stations. The authors summarize the reasons for the modernization recommendations and discuss possible solutions for display-oriented control rooms. A concept for control room backfitting includes generic requirements, requirements of the local authorities, ergonomic principles information content and information density, and the design process. The backfitting strategy should include a cooperation with the operational personnel, The quality assurance and training via simulator needs sufficient timing during the implementation of the backfitting. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ezri Tiberiu 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The purpose of this update is to provide recent knowledge and debates regarding the use of sugammadex in the fields of anesthesia and critical care. The review is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of sugammadex and its clinical use. 2. Supreme Court Update Science.gov (United States) Taylor, Kelley R. 2009-01-01 "Chief Justice Flubs Oath." "Justice Ginsburg Has Cancer Surgery." At the start of this year, those were the news headlines about the U.S. Supreme Court. But January 2009 also brought news about key education cases--one resolved and two others on the docket--of which school administrators should take particular note. The Supreme Court updates on… 3. Update of telephone exchange CERN Multimedia 2006-01-01 As part of the upgrade of telephone services, the CERN switching centre will be updated on Monday 3 July between 8.00 p.m. and 3.00 a.m. Telephone services may be disrupted and possibly even interrupted during this operation.We apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. CERN TELECOM Service 4. Update of telephone exchange CERN Multimedia 2006-01-01 As part of the upgrade of telephone services, the CERN switching centre will be updated on Wednesday 14 June between 8.00 p.m. and midnight. Telephone services may be disrupted and possibly even interrupted during this operation. We apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. CERN TELECOM Service 5. Update of telephone exchange CERN Multimedia 2006-01-01 As part of the upgrade of telephone services, the CERN switching centre will be updated on between Monday 23 October 8.00 p.m. and Tuesday 24 October 2.00 a.m. Telephone services may be disrupted and possibly even interrupted during this operation. We apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. CERN TELECOM Service 6. Update of telephone exchange CERN Multimedia 2006-01-01 As part of the upgrade of telephone services, the CERN switching centre will be updated on Monday 3 July between 8.00 p.m. and 3.00 a.m. Telephone services may be disrupted and possibly even interrupted during this operation. We apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. CERN TELECOM Service 7. [Cardiology update in 2016]. Science.gov (United States) Gabus, Vincent; Tran, Van Nam; Regamey, Julien; Pascale, Patrizio; Monney, Pierre; Hullin, Roger; Vogt, Pierre 2017-01-11 In 2016 the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) published new guidelines. These documents update the knowledge in various fields such as atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiovascular prevention and dyslipidemia. Of course it is impossible to summarize these guidelines in detail. Nevertheless, we decided to highlight the major modifications, and to emphasize some key points that are especially useful for the primary care physician. 8. OSATE Overview & Community Updates Science.gov (United States) 2015-02-15 update 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Delange /Julien 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK...main language capabilities Modeling patterns & model samples for beginners Error-Model examples EMV2 model constructs Demonstration of tools Case 9. The library beyond the book CERN Document Server Schnapp, Jeffrey T 2014-01-01 With textbook readers and digital downloads proliferating, it is easy to imagine a time when printed books will vanish. Such forecasts miss the mark, argue Jeffrey Schnapp and Matthew Battles. Future bookshelves will not be wholly virtual, and libraries will thrive although in a variety of new social, cultural, and architectural forms. Schnapp and Battles combine deep study of the library s history with a record of institutional and technical innovation at metaLAB, a research group at the forefront of the digital humanities. They gather these currents in The Library Beyond the Book," exploring what libraries have been in the past to speculate on what they will become: hybrid places that intermingle books and ebooks, analog and digital formats, paper and pixels. Libraries have always been mix-and-match spaces, and remix is their most plausible future scenario. Speculative and provocative, The Library Beyond the Book" explains book culture for a world where the physical and the virtual blend with ever increasin... 10. Solar System Update CERN Document Server Blondel, Philippe 2006-01-01 This book, the first in a series of forthcoming volumes, consists of topical and timely reviews of a number of carefully selected topics in solar systemn science. Contributions, in form of up-to-date reviews, are mainly aimed at professional astronomers and planetary scientists wishing to inform themselves about progress in fields closely related to their own field of expertise. 11. Update Hong Kong. Science.gov (United States) Bennett, Martin F. This book is a guide intended for persons planning on relocating to Hong Kong. Following an overview of the history and culture of Hong Kong, 12 additional chapters lead the reader step-by-step through the relocation process. These chapter topics include: before leaving, on arrival, language, doing business in Hong Kong, customs and courtesies,… 12. School Library Journal's Best Books 2008 Science.gov (United States) Jones, Trevelyn; Toth, Luann; Charnizon, Marlene; Grabarek, Daryl; Fleishhacker, Joy 2008-01-01 Of the more than 5000 books reviewed in "School Library Journal's" ("SLJ's") pages in 2008, the 67 books listed in this article stood out as having distinctive voices, singular vision, and/or innovative approaches. They include books for toddlers and preschoolers, terrific picture books and easy readers, and some highly original novels. Fantasy,… Science.gov (United States) Pappas, Marjorie 2009-01-01 For those who tend to purchase many books for personal or professional use, the eBook reader would easily pay for itself within a year. The two leading brands of eBook readers today are the Amazon Kindle and the Sony Book Reader. Both are similar in size, weight, and purchase price. The Kindle includes a keyboard while the Reader provides access… 14. Path-breaking books in regional science NARCIS (Netherlands) Waldorf, BS This article presents a collection of regional science books that long-standing members of the Regional Science Association International (RSAI) identified as path-breaking books. The most frequently nominated books include the "classics" by Isard, the seminal books in urban economics by Alonso, 15. 46 CFR Section 1 - Books of account. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Books of account. Section 1 Section 1 Shipping MARITIME... TRANSACTIONS UNDER AGENCY AGREEMENTS Accounts Section 1 Books of account. A separate set of books of account... agreement. The books of original entry and ledgers may be similar in design to those heretofore employed by... 16. CERN Scientific Book Fair 2013 CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2013-01-01 The CERN Bookshop and CERN Library invite you to attend the 2013 CERN Book Fair, a two-day scientific event offering you the opportunity to meet key publishers and to browse and purchase books at significant discounts.   Key publishers will present a selection of titles in physics, technology, mathematics, engineering, computing and popular science. You are welcome to come along and meet the publishers’ representatives or simply have a look at the books on sale. The fair will take place in the Main Building (Bldg. 500) on the ground floor near Restaurant 1 on Monday 9 and Tuesday 10 September. Participating or represented publishers include: Oxford University Press, Princeton University Press, Springer, Wiley, and World Scientific-Imperial College Press. Fair opening times:  - Monday 9 September 9:00 - 18:00  - Tuesday 10 September 9:00 - 18:00 17. CERN scientific book fair 2010 CERN Document Server CERN Library 2010-01-01 The CERN Bookshop and CERN Library invite you to attend the 2010 CERN Book Fair, a two-day scientific event offering you the opportunity to meet key publishers and to browse and purchase books at significant discounts.   Some twelve companies will be present and will bring with them a selection of titles in physics, technology, mathematics, engineering, computing and popular science. You are welcome to come along and meet the publishers’ representatives or simply have a look to the books on offer. The Fair will take place in the Main Building (bldg. 500) on the ground floor near the Restaurant 1 on Tuesday 7th and Wednesday 8th September. Participating or represented publishers include: Cambridge University Press, EPFL Press – PPUR, Oxford University Press, Imperial College Press, McGraw-Hill, Oxford University Press, Pearson Education, Princeton University Press, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, World Scientific. Fair opening times: Tuesday 7 September 9:00 &ndash... 18. Astronomical Books and Charts in the Book of Bibliographie Coreenne Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ki-Won Lee 2008-06-01 Full Text Available We investigate astronomical materials listed in the book of Bibliographie Coreenne written by Maurice Courant. He classified ancient Korean books into nine Divisions (部 and thirty six Classes (類, and published them as three volumes (ranging from 1894 to 1896 and one supplement (in 1901. In total, 3,821 books including astronomical ones are listed together with information on physical size, possessional place, bibliographical note, and so forth. Although this book is an essential one in the field of Korea bibliography and contains many astronomical materials such as Cheon-Mun-Ryu-Cho 天文類抄, Si-Heon-Seo 時憲書, and Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do 天象列次分野之圖, it has not been well known to the public nor to astronomical society. Of 3,821 catalogues, we found that about 50 Items (種 are related to astronomy or astrology, and verified that most of them are located in the Kyujanggak Royal Library 奎章閣. We also found an unknown astronomical chart, Hon-Cheon-Chong-Seong-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do 渾天總星列次分野之圖. Because those astronomical materials are not well known to international astronomical community and there have been few studies on the materials in Korea, we here introduce and review them, particularly with the astronomical viewpoint. 19. Astronomical Books and Charts in the Book of Bibliographie Coreenne Science.gov (United States) Lee, Ki-Won; Yang, Hong-Jin; Park, Myeong-Gu 2008-06-01 We investigate astronomical materials listed in the book of Bibliographie Coréenne written by Maurice Courant. He classified ancient Korean books into nine Divisions (?) and thirty six Classes (?), and published them as three volumes (ranging from 1894 to 1896) and one supplement (in 1901). In total, 3,821 books including astronomical ones are listed together with information on physical size, possessional place, bibliographical note, and so forth. Although this book is an essential one in the field of Korea bibliography and contains many astronomical materials such as Cheon-Mun-Ryu-Cho ????, Si-Heon-Seo ??????, and Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do ????????, it has not been well known to the public nor to astronomical society. Of 3,821 catalogues, we found that about 50 Items (?) are related to astronomy or astrology, and verified that most ! of them are located in the Kyujanggak Royal Library ???. We also found an unknown astronomical chart, Hon-Cheon-Chong-Seong-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do ??????????. Because those astronomical materials are not well known to international astronomical community and there have been few studies on the materials in Korea, we here introduce and review them, particularly with the astronomical viewpoint. 20. The English Book Club (or, The Book Lives On) CERN Multimedia 2008-01-01 The English Book Club was one of the first clubs to be founded at CERN. Since the late 1950s it has been a literary lifeline for English speakers in a predominantly French-speaking environment. The English Book Club has moved once again, and now has its home in Hut 564. Earlier lodgings included the fire station (remember "Fahrenheit 451") and the basement of Building 3, where it got flooded (shades of "Robinson Crusoe")."When people arrive in this country, they often feel a bit lost," explains Adam Park, who is in charge of the club’s communications. "Finding the club makes them feel at home. That’s why we have members from other international organisations, too." In the old days, of course, merely obtaining a book in English could be difficult. While it’s become much easier, thanks to specialty bookstores in Geneva, and of course the Internet, books remain an expensive item. For those looking for one of the great classics, th... 1. Recommended and Not Recommended Bilingual Books and Books about Latinos. Science.gov (United States) Schon, Isabel 1995-01-01 Describes several noteworthy books about Latinos that contrast cultures, explain a unique Mexican and Mexican American celebration, explore the debate over illegal immigration, and convey the quandaries of adolescence. Several publications are considered inferior because they disregard the Spanish language and present negative historical… 2. Book Talk. Books About All Kinds of Heroes. Science.gov (United States) Freeman, Judy 1998-01-01 Presents an annotated listing of books about all kinds of heroes for elementary school students. Stories include the young King Arthur; an assertive, baseball-playing heroine who becomes a princess; an older brother dealing with his younger brother; a Christmas story; civil rights icon Rosa Parks; and the cow who jumped over the moon. (SM) 3. Big Book of Windows Hacks CERN Document Server Gralla, Preston 2008-01-01 Bigger, better, and broader in scope, the Big Book of Windows Hacks gives you everything you need to get the most out of your Windows Vista or XP system, including its related applications and the hardware it runs on or connects to. Whether you want to tweak Vista's Aero interface, build customized sidebar gadgets and run them from a USB key, or hack the "unhackable" screensavers, you'll find quick and ingenious ways to bend these recalcitrant operating systems to your will. The Big Book of Windows Hacks focuses on Vista, the new bad boy on Microsoft's block, with hacks and workarounds that 4. Writing the Live Coding Book DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Blackwell, Alan; Cox, Geoff; Lee, Sang Wong 2016-01-01 This paper is a speculation on the relationship between coding and writing, and the ways in which technical innovations and capabilities enable us to rethink each in terms of the other. As a case study, we draw on recent experiences of preparing a book on live coding, which integrates a wide range...... of personal, historical, technical and critical perspectives. This book project has been both experimental and reflective, in a manner that allows us to draw on critical understanding of both code and writing, and point to the potential for new practices in the future.... 5. Revisiting the Operating Room Basics Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tushar Chakravorty 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Young doctors walking into the operating room are eager to develop their skills to become efficient and knowledgeable professionals in future. But precious little is done to actively develop the basic practical skills of the budding doctors. They remain unaware about the layout of the operating room, the OR etiquette and often do not have sound scientific understanding and importance of meticulous execution of the basic operating room protocols. This article stresses the need to develop the basics of OR protocol and to improve the confidence of the young doctor by strengthening his foundation by showing him that attention to the basics of medical care and empathy for the patient can really make a difference to the outcome of a treatment. 6. Control room and ergonomic design International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hinz, W. 1984-01-01 The important basis for the configuration of the control room of a nuclear power station is the concept for controlling a fault and that for controlling normal operation. The tasks resulting from this for the control room personnel are decided by the control room concept. In this configuration process (from the division of process control tasks between the system components operators and control technology to the configuration of individual means of operation) the characteristics and capabilities of the personnel, which are subject to special requirements as regards their qualifications, are observed. New concepts which are only now technically feasible are therefore being developed for information processing and display, in order to give the personnel a better oversight of the state and trends of the plant. (orig./DG) [de 7. Animals, Kids & Books: A Guide for Putting Humane Books into the Hands of Children. Science.gov (United States) Freedman, Barbara This guide for choosing humane children's books (i.e., books in which animals are not eaten, expolited, or treated with cruelty) presents reviews of over 100 books for children up to age 7. Both subtle and blatant examples of animal exploitation portrayed in children's picture books are examined. Reviews are grouped into 3 categories: kind books,… 8. Creating Engaging Escape Rooms for the Classroom Science.gov (United States) Nicholson, Scott 2018-01-01 Escape rooms are "live-action team-based games where players discover clues, solve puzzles, and accomplish tasks in one or more rooms in order to accomplish a specific goal (usually escaping from the room) in a limited amount of time." Escape Rooms are one type of Escape Game, which are narrative-based challenges that use puzzles, tasks,… 9. Book Reviews | Laubscher | Acta Theologica African Journals Online (AJOL) Title: Worship for the whole people of God. Vital worship for the 21st century. Author: Duck, R. (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2013), pp. xxii + 334. ISBN: 978‑0‑664‑23427‑0. Title: Informed by Science, involved by Christ, How science can update, enrich and empower the Christian faith. Author: K. Nürnberger. 10. 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http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032757
Research Article # In Vivo Outer Hair Cell Length Changes Expose the Active Process in the Cochlea • equal contributor Contributed equally to this work with: Dingjun Zha, Fangyi Chen Affiliations: Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China X • equal contributor Contributed equally to this work with: Dingjun Zha, Fangyi Chen chenfa@ohsu.edu Affiliation: Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America X • Affiliation: Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America X • Affiliations: Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hearing and Communication Research, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, M1 Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America X • Affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America X • Affiliations: Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America X • Affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America X • Affiliations: Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America X • Published: April 09, 2012 • DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032757 ## Abstract ### Background Mammalian hearing is refined by amplification of the sound-evoked vibration of the cochlear partition. This amplification is at least partly due to forces produced by protein motors residing in the cylindrical body of the outer hair cell. To transmit power to the cochlear partition, it is required that the outer hair cells dynamically change their length, in addition to generating force. These length changes, which have not previously been measured in vivo, must be correctly timed with the acoustic stimulus to produce amplification. ### Methodology/Principal Findings Using in vivo optical coherence tomography, we demonstrate that outer hair cells in living guinea pigs have length changes with unexpected timing and magnitudes that depend on the stimulus level in the sensitive cochlea. ### Conclusions/Significance The level-dependent length change is a necessary condition for directly validating that power is expended by the active process presumed to underlie normal hearing. ### Introduction The remarkable sensitivity and frequency resolution of mammalian hearing organs [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] stems from the fast motility of outer hair cells (OHCs) [6], [7], [8]. When the cochlea is functioning normally, this motility may boost basilar membrane (BM) vibrations by several tens of decibels [9], [10], by adding energy into the sound-evoked motion. The central element of this process are the OHCs, which are capable of electrical-to-mechanical transduction, e.g. alterations in their membrane potential, induced by the gating of mechanically sensitive ion channels, leading to changes in cell length [6], [11]. This process has been observed in vitro in isolated OHCs [6], [12] and in situ in the low-frequency regions of cochlear explants [7] and recently published measurements suggest that length changes also occur in vivo [13].To be effective in augmenting sound-evoked vibrations in vivo, the length changes must be correctly synchronized to the acoustic stimulus. The most widely held hypothesis, as stated by Gummer et al. [14], suggests that amplification occurs if maximal OHC contraction coincides with maximal BM velocity in the direction of scala vestibuli. Other timing relationships are thought to cause smaller amplification or even attenuation. Indirect experimental evidence for OHC electromotility in vivo comes from the electrically driven salicylate-sensitive BM velocity measured up to 100 kHz in guinea pigs [15]. However, direct characterization for the OHC length change in vivo is still lacking. Apart from their length change, isolated OHCs also demonstrate a voltage-dependent change in stiffness [16]. If the OHC stiffness change in vivo were larger than what is demonstrated in the isolated cells, such a phasic modulation could lead to amplified sound-evoked movements in the absence of large length changes. To understand how the vibration of the cochlear partition is boosted in vivo, it is therefore important to determine amplitude and timing of OHC length changes relative to the sound stimulus. In this report, we focus on the measurement and direct characterization of the OHC length-change in vivo over a wide range of stimulus levels. OHCs occupy a mechanically privileged place in the inner ear, connecting the reticular lamina (RL) with the BM through the body of the Deiters' cells [17], [18]. In this connection, the OHC is the only cell with fast motility and capacity for significant change of cell length [19], [20], [21]. Thus, should OHCs have sufficient strength to act on the impedances of the organ of Corti complex, they will move the RL and the BM independently in vivo. To directly measure OHCs length changes, we used an optical coherence tomography system [13], [22], [23] that allows imaging and vibration measurements from both the BM and the RL in living anaesthetized guinea pigs. We show that OHCs length changes indeed exist in the sensitive cochlea, that these length changes depend on the sound stimulus level, and that the polarity of the length change differs from accepted theory. These salient features of OHCs in vivo provide experimental evidence for mechanical power generation by OHCs and show that the current models of hearing organ function may need to be revised. ### Results #### Data collection and consistency of the data In this study of the dynamic length of OHCs, we first obtained an organ of Corti image with recognizable cellular morphology using the imaging mode of the optical coherence tomography system. From such images, the angle between the cell body of the OHCs and the optical axis can be determined (Fig. 1a, b, see Methods), which made it possible to determine the appropriate measurement locations for the RL and BM. Thirty-three animals were used in this study, but of the 33, 17 were excluded because surgical trauma caused more than 15 dB loss of auditory sensitivity. Incomplete data were collected from an additional 10 cochleae, where the auditory sensitivity declined during data acquisition, leaving six preparations, where a complete data set was acquired. The present report is based on data from these six preparations. #### Difference of sound-induced vibration of the BM and RL In the sensitive cochlea, BM vibrations are highly frequency-tuned (Fig. 2a). At low levels of stimulation, a distinct peak, near 20 kHz in this example, is flanked by rapidly decaying segments on either side. As the stimulus level increases, the peak moves toward lower frequencies, but the response amplitude does not grow in proportion to the increase of the stimulus level. This nonlinearity characterizes the sensitive cochlea and has been described in many previous studies [3], [4], [24]. At the RL, displacements are also highly tuned, but they have a greater magnitude than those of the BM. At 30 dB SPL, peak RL displacements are a factor two larger than those of the BM, a difference that becomes smaller as the stimulus level increases (Fig. 2b). This difference in magnitude is only seen in sensitive ears and disappears following the death of the animal (cf. Fig. 2c and d). Note that the level-dependent shift in the position of the peak and the nonlinear increase of the response magnitude are absent postmortem (Fig. 2c and d). To illustrate these differences, we plot displacement magnitudes as a function of stimulus intensity in Fig. 3a (mean and standard errors from the six sensitive preparations). At 30 dB SPL and at the best frequency, RL vibrations are a factor 2.2±0.3 larger than the BM (n = 6, p?0.05). When the stimulus level increases, the difference becomes smaller, but it remains statistically significant at 100 dB SPL (1.8±0.3, p<0.05). The two structures also show a pronounced level-dependent alteration in response phase. At low levels, RL vibrations phase-lead the BM, but this difference in response timing becomes less pronounced as the stimulus intensity increases (Fig. 3c). Postmortem, vibrations are much smaller, grow linearly with stimulus intensity, and different structures within the organ of Corti have nearly identical vibration amplitudes and phases (Fig. 3b and d, n = 4). Given the cochlear sensitivity to trauma and the well-known disappearance of the active mechanism following death, the most parsimonious explanation of these data is that motility of the OHCs is the primary cause of the displacement difference between RL and BM. #### Frequency dependence and nonlinearity of OHC length change The displacement data can be used to obtain a measure of OHC length changes, since the Deiters' cells that connect the OHCs to the BM are very stiff and lack capacity for rapid movements [19], [20], [21]. The length change of the OHC depends on both stimulus intensity and frequency. At low levels, displacements peak near 20 kHz; the peak moves to lower frequencies as the stimulus level increases (Fig. 4a). This behavior is similar to the one observed at the RL. However, when plotting OHC length change at the best frequency as a function of stimulus level, a nonlinearity stronger than either the RL or BM becomes apparent (Fig. 4b, see also Fig. 5a and b). At and above the CF, OHC length changes saturate at around 70 dB SPL and then show a slight tendency to decline at the highest levels tested. The pronounced compression lends further support to the idea that OHC length change is a major factor in the nonlinearity of the cochlea [25]. #### Visualizing the timing of OHCs length change within the organ of Corti To illustrate the relationship between OHC length changes and other structures in the organ of Corti, the instantaneous values of RL, BM and OHC length changes are plotted as functions of time for BF tones at 30 dB SPL (Fig. 6a), 40 dB SPL (Fig. 6b), 90 dB SPL (Fig. 6c) for the sensitive animal and at 70 dB SPL for the postmortem animal (Fig. 6d). This information can also be equivalently represented by the relative phase (and magnitude) between the three structures at a given frequency. To distinguish the phase lead from the phase lag, it is important to note the wave sign convention. We use in our measurements and analysis, where positive φ is the phase lead. The RL and the BM displacements as a function of time over one cycle in Fig. 6 are generated with the equation(1) The amplitude value A is given by the RL or BM value from one sensitive animal. For the RL, is the phase lead of RL displacement relative to the BM displacement (hence φ is zero for the BM; this analysis neglects possible radial motion components as these have previously been found to be small relative to the vertical motion [26]). OHC contraction is the difference between the BM and the RL displacements towards SV. The X-axis indicates one cycle. To be meaningful, data in this figure must be interpreted in the context of organ of Corti structure. The RL and the BM can be considered as approximately parallel beams (Fig. 1). As seen in Figs. 2 and 3, the RL displacements are larger than those of the BM. Consequently, the RL will approach the BM during motion directed at scala tympani, which implies OHC shortening (Fig. 6a, arrow pointed at the OHC length change curve, note that positive displacement in this figure means motion directed at the scala vestibuli for the BM and the RL and an elongation for the OHCs). The differences in phase mean that the OHCs are shortest when the BM moves with greatest velocity in the direction of the scala tympani (Fig. 6a). These phase relations depend on the stimulus level: phase differences decreases as the sound level increases, and at 90 dB SPL, the phase difference between the OHC contraction and the BM displacement decreases to 32° (Fig. 6c). The length changes also depend on the physiological state of the animal. Postmortem, the OHC length changes are small, and both the RL and the BM moved in phase (Fig. 6d). These observations are inconsistent with the established theory and may therefore seem counter-intuitive. The geometric concept of organ of Corti mechanics is that the RL motion directed toward the scala vestibule causes excitatory deflection of the hair cell stereocilia [27]. The resultant hair cell contractile force would tend to draw the BM upward. Thus, in a similar way, established theory posits that the hair cell expansive force must be timed with the motion of the BM toward the scala tympani [14]. To interpret the OHC length changes, it is necessary to understand that the OHC length changes originate from forces produced by and/or acting upon these cells, especially at low stimulus levels. The phase relationship between the force generation and the length change is unknown and influenced by the mechanical impedance of the surrounding structures. #### OHC contraction relative to BM, RL displacement To illustrate the relationship between the OHC length change and the displacement of the BM and the RL, we compare their absolute displacement magnitudes in Fig. 5a and b. Note that the OHC length changes are very similar in magnitude to the RL vibration at low levels, but show more pronounced saturation than either of the two structures. This behavior is also apparent in the normalized data presented in Fig. 5c and d. The normalized OHC length change is the ratio between the OHC length change and the BM or the RL displacement. Fig. 5c demonstrates that the OHC contraction relative to the BM displacement decreases with the sound level. The relationship is responsible for the apparent decrease in cochlear amplification gain that occurs with increasing sound level. The maximum OHC contraction is about two times the displacement of the BM at 30 dB SPL, decreasing to about 0.8 at 90 dB SPL. At 40 dB SPL, the maximum OHC contraction is 2.0 nm at 20 kHz (CF). Fig. 5b and d demonstrates that the OHC contraction relative to the RL decreases from 0.9 at 30 dB SPL to 0.4 at 90 dB SPL. #### Phase difference between OHC contraction and BM, RL displacement To illustrate the timing relationship between the OHC contraction and the RL and the BM displacement, we plot the phase differences between the OHC length change and the RL and the BM displacement, as a function of sound pressure level from six sensitive animals. The OHC length changes do not occur in synchrony with the BM displacement but display a difference in phase that depends on the stimulus level (Fig. 5c, d). In sensitive animals, the phase difference between the OHC contraction and the BM displacement to the ST is 0.24 cycles; the OHC contraction precedes the BM displacement to the ST, resulting in a relative phase lead of about 90° (Fig. 6a and 5e). The phase systematically shifts as the sound level increases and at 90 dB SPL, the phase difference between the OHC contraction and the BM displacement to the ST is 0.09 cycles, which means only 32° of phase lead between the OHC contraction and the BM displacement remains (Fig. 6c and 5e). The average phase difference between the OHC contraction and the BM displacement is 90±10° at 30 dB SPL, which is significantly different from zero, decreasing to 40±11° at 100 dB SPL (Fig. 5e). Postmortem, the phase and the amplitude of the two structures are the same (data not shown). The phase difference between the OHC contraction and the RL displacement to the ST is 0.09 cycle at 30 dB SPL, the OHC contraction precedes the RL displacement, resulting in a relative phase lead of about 32° (Figs. 6a and 5f). At 90 dB SPL, the phase difference between the OHC contraction and the RL displacement to the ST is 0.06 cycles, which means 22° of the phase lead between the OHC contraction and the RL displacement (Fig. 6c). The average phase difference between the OHC length change and the RL displacement was 26±4° at 30 dB SPL, and 26±9° at 100 dB SPL (Fig. 5f). Postmortem, the phase and the amplitude of the two structures are the same (data not shown). The 1:1 ratio between the OHC length change and the RL displacement suggests that the OHCs control the displacement of the RL at low stimulus levels and that the BM makes a major contribution to the mechanical impedance of the cochlear partition, providing a scaffold for the OHCs. As the stimulus level increases, the organ of Corti vibrations are increasingly determined by the stiffness, mass, and friction inherent to the organ of Corti and the OHC length changes have a smaller role. This is to say that the power produced by OHC force acting over the OHC length change, becomes a proportionally smaller part of that needed to move the organ. ### Discussion Experiments on isolated OHCs [12], [28] have demonstrated that the OHC contracts in response to depolarization and elongates when hyper-polarized. In vivo, alternating potentials have been measured both intracellularly [29] and in the extracellular space adjacent to the OHCs during sound stimulation [30]. These potentials could serve as a driving stimulus for OHC motility. In vivo (and in situ), the OHC vibration is constrained by the impedances of the BM, the RL and the TM. The extent to which the OHC vibration is constrained causes force to be applied on these structures. The total force is given by [31]:(2) The total force consists of the active force due to the OHC somatic electromotility [6], [7], [32], (second term in the right hand side of equation (2) and a passive force due to the OHC stiffness (first term in the right hand side of equation (2)). The force applied on the apical and basal ends of the OHC is contractile in equation (2) for a contractile displacement and depolarizing potential . It is important to distinguish between the length changes in the isolated OHCs in vitro versus the length changes measured in vivo. An isolated OHC; there are no forces acting on the OHC, thus . Therefore, from equation (2), the isolated OHC contraction is given by(3) where ε is the piezoelectric coefficient and a negative quantity. This relationship is consistent with the OHC contraction for depolarizing transmembrane potential. Most researchers refer to the isolated OHC contraction as the ‘length change’. The isolated cell length change is usually equated with the active force in vivo, and this force is given by(4) In other words, the active force in vivo is directly associated with the electromotile length-change in isolated cells. The in vivo length change, though likely arising from the same process, is given by the OHC contraction in equation (2). The in vivo OHC length change is an important aspect of the active process in the cochlea because the power transferred to the traveling wave, as proposed by cochlear models [33]. Our experimental data in this report demonstrates that the OHC length changes occur in vivo in the sensitive cochlea. The relative length changes decrease with the sound stimulus level and demonstrate compressive nonlinearity. These features are absent from the postmortem preparations, which lack amplification attributable to the OHCs. The maximum OHC contraction is about two times the displacement of the BM at 40 dB SPL, decreasing to about 0.8 at 90 dB SPL. The compression thus appears to be more pronounced in the OHC length-change compared to the BM and supports the hypothesis that the OHCs are the likely physiological site of the nonlinearity. Our experiments also show that the timing of length changes depends on the stimulus level. At low sound levels, the OHC begins to contract when the BM moves from scala vestibuli to the scala tympani; the OHC contraction phase leads the BM displacement to the scala tympani by about 90°. In contrast to the living organ of Corti, the RL and the BM within the organ of Corti ,in the postmortem preparation, vibrate almost as a unit in response to the CF tones (Fig. 2c, 2d, Fig. 3b, 3d and Fig. 6d), and there is no phase and amplitude difference between the RL and the BM. The disappearance of the amplitude and the phase difference between the BM and the RL postmortem certainly indicates a dependence on OHCs, as these cells are the only ones capable of changing cell length by generating force at the requisite speeds [8] and the effect of their activity is known to be highly dependent on the functional status of the cochlea [34] In studies of excised cochleae [7], [35], electrical depolarization of the OHCs induces somatic contractions that cause the BM and the RL to be drawn together (Fig. 1c, 1d). These findings support [36] and form the basis of [37] the mechanical models of the BM tuning: with a phase lead of 90° between the OHCs contractile force and the displacement of the BM towards the SV, the OHCs would provide a properly timed force to enhance the BM's motion [5], [37], [38], [39]. An erroneous timing would result in decreased rather than increased hearing sensitivity. It is often assumed that the transduction current is maximal when the RL reaches its uppermost point of displacement; each OHC, therefore, is being depolarized, so it continues to shorten [40], [41]. Our data are not consistent with this idea, as the maximal OHC contraction occurs before the RL reaches its lowermost point (the OHC length changes have a phase lead over the displacement of the RL toward the scala tympani). There are two primary reasons for these differences. Firstly, the phase of the OHC length change is not the same as that of the active force. Their phase difference is expected to be influenced by the mechanical impedances of the surrounding structures in the cochlear partition [42]. Secondly, many in vitro studies simply assume that the hair bundle deflection precedes the OHC length-change. If we assume that the hair bundle deflection is a simple function of the RL displacement, this would mean that the RL displacement should phase-lead the OHC length change. These studies have based their assumption on the open-loop system or experiments on isolated cells, where stereocilia deflection causes change in trans-membrane potential leading to the OHC length-change. In vivo, however, in addition to the hair bundle deflection causing the OHC length change, the bundle deflections could also result from the OHC length-change (which implies that the hair bundle deflection would lag the OHC length-change). In other words, the deflections in vivo are the result of a closed-loop feedback system, along with the intricate effect of the tectorial membrane and the traveling-wave [14], [43], [44], which is lacking in vitro. The OHC electromotility is one of the two prime candidates for the active process leading to the amplification of the traveling wave in the cochlea. In isolated cells, the OHC electromotility process is known to cause length changes (contraction) in response to a change (depolarization) in the transmembrane potential. For the same process to transfer power to the traveling wave in vivo requires not only an active force, but also the affiliated active motion. For power addition to the traveling wave, it is usually said to require [14] that the active force have a component in-phase with the BM velocity. However, it is important to note that the power due to electromotility requires active level-dependent OHC length-changes in addition to the active OHC force. Although our analysis considers electromotility as the active process likely leading to the measured OHC length change in vivo, it remains open whether the length change we measured could also be influenced by the hair bundle motility [45], [46]. In conclusion, we show in vivo the OHCs length changes in the sensitive cochlea and that the length changes depend on the stimulus level. The level-dependent OHC length changes provide direct evidence of the active process in vivo, which is important for mammalian hearing sensitivity and frequency selectivity. Unless the OHCs contract and elongate in vivo, the active electromotile force cannot transfer the electromechanical power to the cochlear partition. Thus, being a key element in the active power transfer to the traveling wave, the OHC length changes demonstrated in this article provide vital information on the active process in the cochlea. ### Methods #### Optical coherence tomography The vibration of the RL and the BM was measured with a low coherence interferometry (optical coherence tomography system) [22], [23]. The sample arm of this interferometer system is a microscopic system. Using a wide bandwidth light source of 1310±47 nm, the system achieves optical axis resolution of ~7 um, without using the focus power of the objective lens, which is limited by the achievable numerical aperture of the optical system, determined by the access hole opened on the cochlear bony wall. The infra-red light also has penetration capability so that the vibration inside the organ at the RL can be measured. #### Experimental procedures Albino guinea pigs (250–350 g) with normal hearing were used. All procedures in this study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Oregon Health & Science University, approval date January 19, 2011 under Animal Welfare Assurance Number A3304-01. After anesthesia, the animal was placed in a customized head-holder and the cochlea surgically exposed. To measure the in vivo OHC length changes with the OCT system, it is necessary to have a good image of the organ of Corti to ensure that the measured points on the RL and the BM are at the appropriate radial coordinates. To obtain the image of organ of Corti, a sufficiently large opening (400–500 um diameter) was made in the otic capsule close to round window. The opening served to allow more focused light to fall on the organ and permitted observation across the entire width of the BM. CFs of the recording positions of the organ were 18.75–22.25 kHz and appropriate for the basal location of the opening near the round window. During the experiment, a cross-section image was firstly acquired (as shown in Fig. 1b), guiding the selection of the measurement site. After that, the light was directed by two scanning mirrors to the selected site (RL or BM), and vibration measurement conducted with this homodyne interferometer system. The RL and BM selected locations were determined from the image by noting the shape of the group of three OHCs that lie at an angle to the optical axis. The RL location was in the center of the group while the BM location was at the location of an imaginary line passing through the long axis of the group of OHCs and intersecting the BM. Calibration was performed by two lock-in amplifiers (Stanford Research SR830) to decode the vibration amplitude and phase. Hearing sensitivity of the animal was monitored by recording the sound-induced auditory nerve response, via an electrode placed on the round window. #### Calculation of the OHC length change In our OCT measurements, positive displacements are in the vertical direction and towards the scala vestibuli (SV). Therefore, the increase in the length of the OHC-DC complex is given by(5) Here θ is the angle made by the RL with vertical. Although the DC soma stiffness has not been directly measured, estimates based on the presence of the microtubules suggest a stiffness at least 1000 times higher than the OHC [19], [20], [21]. Based on this estimate, the increase in the length of the OHC is well approximated by the increase in the length of the OHC-DC complex given by . The contractile displacement of the OHC is therefore given by This OHC displacement is derived from the directly measured RL and BM displacements in sensitive guinea pigs in vivo. The angle θ is approximately 65°, as measured from our OCT images (Fig. 1b). ### Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of Egbert de Boer on earlier versions of the manuscript. ### Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: DZ FC ALN. Performed the experiments: DZ FC. Analyzed the data: DZ FC SR AF ALN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DZ FC SR AF ALN. Wrote the paper: DZ FC SR AF ALN. Developed OCT System: NC SLJ RKW. ### References 1. 1. Cooper NP, Rhode WS (1997) Mechanical responses to two-tone distortion products in the apical and basal turns of the mammalian cochlea. J Neurophysiol 78: 261–270. 2. 2. Khanna SM, Leonard DG (1982) Basilar membrane tuning in the cat cochlea. Science 215: 305–306. 3. 3. Nuttall AL, Dolan DF, Avinash G (1991) Laser Doppler velocimetry of basilar membrane vibration. Hear Res 51: 203–213. 4. 4. Rhode WS (1971) Observations of the vibration of the basilar membrane in squirrel monkeys using the Mossbauer technique. J Acoust Soc Am 49: Suppl 2:1218+. 5. 5. Robles L, Ruggero MA, Rich NC (1986) Basilar membrane mechanics at the base of the chinchilla cochlea. I. Input-output functions, tuning curves, and response phases. J Acoust Soc Am 80: 1364–1374. 6. 6. Brownell WE, Bader CR, Bertrand D, de Ribaupierre Y (1985) Evoked mechanical responses of isolated cochlear outer hair cells. Science 227: 194–196. 7. 7. Mammano F, Ashmore JF (1993) Reverse transduction measured in the isolated cochlea by laser Michelson interferometry. Nature 365: 838–841. 8. 8. Nilsen KE, Russell IJ (1999) Timing of cochlear feedback: spatial and temporal representation of a tone across the basilar membrane. Nat Neurosci 2: 642–648. 9. 9. Davis H (1983) An active process in cochlear mechanics. Hear Res 9: 79–90. 10. 10. de Boer E, Nuttall AL (2001) Power gain of the ‘cochlear amplifier’. In: Breebaart DJ, Houtsma AJM, Kohlrausch A, Prijs VV, Schoonhoven R, editors. Physiological and psychological bases of auditory function. Shaker, Maastricht. pp. 1–7. 11. 11. Zenner HP, Zimmermann U, Schmitt U (1985) Reversible contraction of isolated mammalian cochlear hair cells. Hear Res 18: 127–133. 12. 12. Ashmore JF (1987) A fast motile response in guinea pig outer hair cells: The cellular basis of the cochlear amplifier. J Physiol 388: 323–347. 13. 13. Chen F, Zha D-J, Fridberger A, Zheng J, Choudhury N, et al. (2011) A differentially amplified motion in the ear for near-threshold sound detection. Nat Neurosci 14: 770–774. 14. 14. Gummer AW, Hemmert W, Zenner HP (1996) Resonant tectorial membrane motion in the inner ear: its crucial role in frequency tuning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93: 8727–8732. 15. 15. Grosh K, Nuttall AL, Zheng J, de Boer E (2004) High frequency electromotile response to the cochlea. Journal of the Accoustical Society of America 115: 2178–2184. 16. 16. He D, Dallos P (1999) Somatic stiffness of cochlear outer hair cells is voltage-dependent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 8223–8228. 17. 17. Neely ST (1993) A model of cochlear mechanics with outer hair cell motility. J Acoust Soc Am 94: 137–146. 18. 18. Nobili R, Mammano F (1996) Biophysics of the cochlea. II: Stationary nonlinear phenomenology. J Acoust Soc Am 99: 2244–2255. 19. 19. Angelborg C, Engstrom H (1972) Supporting elements in the organ of Corti. I. 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Tomo I, Boutet de Monvel J, Fridberger A (2007) Sound-Evoked Radial Strain in the Hearing Organ. Biophys J 93: 3279–3284. 27. 27. ter Kuile E (1900) Die ubertragung der energie von der grundmembran auf die haarzellen. Pflugers Arch 79: 146–157. 28. 28. Santos-Sacchi J, Dilger JP (1988) Whole cell currents and mechanical responses of isolated outer hair cells. Hear Res 35: 143–150. 29. 29. Cody AR, Russell IJ (1987) The responses of hair cells in the basal turn of the guinea-pig cochlea to tones. J Physiol (Lond) 383: 551–569. 30. 30. Fridberger A, de Monvel JB, Zheng J, Hu N, Zou Y, et al. (2004) Organ of Corti potentials and the motion of the basilar membrane. J Neurosci 24: 10057–10063. 31. 31. Ramamoorthy S, Deo N, Grosh K (2007) A mechano-electro-acoustical model for the cochlea: Response to acoustic stimuli. J Acoust Soc Am 121: 2758–2773. 32. 32. Zheng J, Shen W, He DZ, Long KB, Madison LD, et al. (2000) Prestin is the motor protein of cochlear outer hair cells. Nature 405: 149–155. 33. 33. de Boer E, Nuttall AL (2000) The mechanical waveform of the basilar membrane. II. From data to models - and back. J Accoust Soc Am 107: 1487–1496. 34. 34. Ruggero MA, Rich NC (1991) Furosemide alters organ of corti mechanics: evidence for feedback of outer hair cells upon the basilar membrane. J Neurosci 11: 1057–1067. 35. 35. Mammano F, Kros CJ, Ashmore JF (1995) Patch clamped responses from outer hair cells in the intact adult organ of Corti. Pflugers Arch 430: 745–750. 36. 36. Geisler CD (1986) A model of the effect of outer hair cell motility on cochlear vibrations. Hear Res 24: 125–131. 37. 37. Markin VS, Hudspeth AJ (1995) Modeling the active process of the cochlea: phase relations, amplification, and spontaneous oscillation. Biophys J 69: 138–147. 38. 38. Geisler CD, Sang C (1995) A cochlear model using feed-forward outer-hair-cell forces. Hear Res 86: 132–146. 39. 39. Hallworth R (1995) Passive compliance and active force generation in the guinea pig outer hair cell. J Neurophysiol 74: 2319–2328. 40. 40. Dallos P, Evans BN, Hallworth R (1991) Nature of the motor element in electrokinetic shape changes of cochlear outer hair cells. Nature 350: 155–157. 41. 41. Santos-Sacchi J (1992) On the frequency limit and phase of outer hair cell motility: effects of the membrane filter. J Neurosci 12: 1906–1916. 42. 42. Jacob S, Pienkowski M, Fridberger A (2011) The endocochlear potential alters cochlear micromechanics. Biophys J 100: 2586–2694. 43. 43. Allen JB (1980) Cochlear micromechanics - A physical model of tranduction. J Acoust Soc Am 68: 1660–1670. 44. 44. Zwislocki JJ, Kletsky EJ (1979) Tectorial membrane: a possible effect on frequency analysis in the cochlea. Science 204: 639–641. 45. 45. Chan DK, Hudspeth AJ (2005) Ca2+ current-driven nonlinear amplification by the mammalian cochlea in vitro. Nat Neurosci 8: 149–155. 46. 46. Kennedy HJ, Crawford AC, Fettiplace R (2005) Force generation by mammalian hair bundles supports a role in cochlear amplification. Nature 433: 880–883. Ambra 2.9.9 Managed Colocation provided by Internet Systems Consortium.
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http://www.laplacetransformcalculator.com/easy-laplace-transform-calculator/
Easy Laplace Transform Calculator By | October 15, 2017 What is Laplace Transform Calculator? For mathematical integral transform,  Laplace Transform Calculator is used to solve linear variant equations. Pierre-Simon Laplace is discoverer of Laplace transform. The Laplace Transforms have several main programs inside the math, technology, production and chance principle. It remedy functions into with Fourier transform. it’s far a laplace solver or laplace rechner. It also used for resolving the differential and important equations. What is Laplace Transform? The laplace trasnformation is a completely beneficial tool in fixing differential equations bobbing up out of many physical conditionsdue to its simplicity and usefulness it’s miles extensively used in engineering maths. Laplace transforms reduce the problem of solving differential equation to an algebraic problem. The switching from operations of calculus to algebraic operations is referred to as Operational calculus, a completely essential vicinity of carried out mathematics, and the laplace transform technique is practically the maximum crucial method for this motive. How to use Laplace Transform Calculator? Below is the calculator to calculate Laplace Transform : 1. Input the text of which you want to transform in first field name “Laplace Transform of” e.g cos,sin etc. 2. Enter the variable of function in second field. 3. Enter Transform variable in third field 4. Click on calculate button to calculate filled data. Also check out Inverse Laplace Transform Calculator. Manual Transformation of  Function Manual laplace transformation is depends on formulas. Formulas for transform : L[tn] = $$\frac{n!}{s^{n + 1}}$$ L[eat] = $$\frac{1}{s – 1}$$ L[Sin at] = $$\frac{a}{s^2 + a^2}$$ L[Cos at] = $$\frac{s}{s^2 + a^2}$$ L[Sinh at] =$$\frac{a}{s^2 – a^2}$$ L[Cosh at] =$$\frac{s}{s^2 – a^2}$$ L[t sin at] = $$\frac{2as}{(s^2 + a^2)^{2}}$$ L[t cos at] =$$\frac{s^{2} – a^{2}}{(s^2 + a^2)^{2}}$$ L[eat tn] =$$\frac{n!}{(s – a)^{n+1}}$$ L[t e-t] = $$\frac{1}{(s + 1)^{2}}$$ Step 1 : Observe the function which you want to solve. Step 2 : Now check out the above given formulas and solve given function according to formula. Example of  Manual Laplace Transform : Laplace Transform of Cos 5t  is : As per given formulas above L[Cos at] =  $$\frac{s}{s^2 + a^2}$$ then L[Cos at] = $$\frac{s}{s^2 + 5^2}$$ = $$\frac{s}{s^2 + 25}$$ Answer is :  L[Cos at] = $$\frac{s}{s^2 + 25}$$
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/162810/why-define-measures-on-sigma-rings
# Why define measures on $\sigma$-rings? I have the impression that modern texts deal almost excusively with measures on $\sigma$-algebras, while older texts, such as the one of Halmos, deal mainly with measures defined on $\sigma$-rings. I'm curious what motivated this change and in what context are $\sigma$-rings more natural domains for measures? - This proposed innovation by Halmos never caught on. – GEdgar Jun 25 '12 at 14:10 According to J.-P. Pier, Histoire de l'intégration, $\sigma$-rings were introduced by Fréchet. They appear on p. 250 of Sur l'intégrale d'une fonctionnelle étendue à un ensemble abstrait (1915) under the name familles additives d'ensembles. On the other hand, the book by Saks (1937) works with $\sigma$-algebras "additive classes of sets". I can't check in Carathéodory's work at the moment. – t.b. Jun 25 '12 at 16:04 I'm pretty sure, you now know something to answer this question yourself. Also, on page 10 of Dubins and Savage gambling book, they mention several paper by De Finetti that compare $\sigma$-additive and finitely-additive approach. – Ilya Jul 16 '13 at 13:11 Being unfamiliar with the older text, I can only speculate. One explanation is that one prefers to work with sets of $\sigma$-finite measure: those that can be written as a countable union of sets of finite measure. For example, sets of $\sigma$-finite length ($1$-dimensional Hausdorff measure) in the plane form a $\sigma$-ring, not a $\sigma$-algebra. It is rather fruitless to think about 1-dimensional measure of the complement of a line, so removing such sets from consideration seems reasonable. I guess that interesting measure spaces are always measurable, and that's why modern books tend to use $\sigma$-algebras rather than $\sigma$-rings. For example, on $\sigma$-rings it may be impossible to integrate over the whole space, and this is usually a useless restriction.
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https://nextnano-docu.northeurope.cloudapp.azure.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=nnp:optics:internal_quantum_efficiency
# nextnano.QCL - Software for Quantum Cascade Lasers ### nextnano.QCL Summary and introduction Software documentation Examples ### nextnano.MSB Summary and introduction ### nextnano++ Software documentation Examples ### nextnano³ Software documentation ### nextnanomat Software documentation ### nextnano GmbH nnp:optics:internal_quantum_efficiency # Emission: Internal Quantum Efficiency In this tutorial we demonstrate how to calculate the internal quantum efficiency of a multi-quantum well structure as a function of the applied forward bias. ### Physics Model nextnano++ is capable of simulating recombination processes such as Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH), Auger and radiative recombination. Only the radiative (direct) recombination process (spontaneous emission) generates photons. If radiative recombination $R_{\rm sp}(x)$ is summed up over the full device, it equals the total number of photons emitted from the device per second, the photocurrent: $I_{\rm photon}$. $$R_{\rm sp}= c_r (n p- n_{\rm i}^2)$$ $$I_{\rm photon} = \int\limits_{V_0} R_{\rm sp} {\rm d}V$$ If the injected charge carrier current is $I_{\rm charge}$, then the internal quantum efficiency $\eta_{\rm qe}$ is $$\eta_{\rm qe} = \frac{I_{\rm photon}}{I_{\rm charge}}$$ ### Input file structure #### Drift Diffusion recombination_model{ SRH = yes # Shockley-Read-Hall recombination Auger = yes # Auger recombination } The internal quantum efficiency is calculated automatically when the radiative recombination is switched on radiative = yes # radiative recombination (direct recombination) ## Results ### Bandstructure The band structure of the MQW structure can be seen in figure 1 without bias voltage. ### Recombination An example for the distribution of the recombination processes is plotted in figure 2 ### Current-Voltage Characteristics The $I-V$ characteristics of the device is plotted in figure 3. This figure also includes the full photo current. ### Quantum Efficiency The internal quantum efficiency is plotted in figure 4
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https://forum.math.toronto.edu/index.php?PHPSESSID=jla97hv18p5ovdl57u09n6o0q2&topic=446.0;prev_next=next
### Author Topic: TT1-problem 3  (Read 3195 times) #### Victor Ivrii • Elder Member • Posts: 2599 • Karma: 0 ##### TT1-problem 3 « on: October 09, 2014, 02:00:15 AM » Find the general solution for equation \begin{equation*} z''(t)-z'(t)-6z(t)=-6+10 e^{-2t} . \end{equation*} #### Yeming Wen • Full Member • Posts: 19 • Karma: 6 ##### Re: TT1-problem 3 « Reply #1 on: October 09, 2014, 09:27:17 AM » First, we solve y'' - y' - 6y = 0 \label{A} Notice that the characteristic equation is \begin{equation*} r^{2} - r - 6 = 0. \end{equation*} Then the solution to the (\ref{A}) is \begin{equation*} y =C_1 e^{3t}+ C_2 e^{-2t} \end{equation*} Now we need to find a particular solution to y'' - y' - 6y =10 e^{-2t}- 6 \label{B} We proceed by undetermined coefficients. Since $-2$  is a root of (\ref{A}) and $0$ is not , we guess \begin{equation*} y=Ate^{-2t}+B \end{equation*} Then \begin{equation*} y'=Ae^{-2t}-2Ate^{-2t} \end{equation*} and \begin{equation*} y''=-4Ae^{-2t}+4Ate^{-2t}. \end{equation*} Then \begin{equation*} y'' - y' - 6y = -Ae^{-2t}-6B \end{equation*} Compare with \begin{equation*} 10 e^{-2t}- 6. \end{equation*} We get \end{equation*} So a particular solution to (\ref{B}) is \begin{equation*} y=-2te^{-2t} + 1. \end{equation*} So the general solution is \begin{equation*} y = C_1e^{3t}+C_2e^{-2t}+1-2te^{-2t} \end{equation*} « Last Edit: October 09, 2014, 10:02:43 AM by Victor Ivrii »
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http://xgeometry.com/formulas/hexagon
# Hexagon Side $$S$$ Circumcircle's Radius $$R$$ Apothem $$a$$ $$2p = S \times 6$$ Perimeter $$S = \frac{2p}{6}$$ $$A = \frac{2p \times a}{2}$$ Area $$a = \frac{2A}{2p}$$ Apothem $$2p = \frac{2A}{a}$$ Perimeter Fixed number $$f = 0.866 = \frac{a}{S}$$ Fixed number $$a = S \times f$$ Apothem $$S = \frac{a}{f}$$ Side Area's costant $$\varphi = 2.598 = \frac{A}{{S}^2}$$ Area's costant $$A = {S}^2 \times \varphi$$ Area $$S = \sqrt{\frac{A}{\varphi}}$$ Side Inscribed Hexagon $$S = R$$ Side $$a = \frac{R \times \sqrt{3}}{2}$$ Apothem $$A = \frac{ 3 \sqrt{3} \times {R}^2}{2}$$ Area $$A = {R}^2 \times \varphi$$ Area $$2p = 6 R$$ Perimeter ## Definition A hexagon is a polygon with six sides. A regular hexagon is a regular polygon with six sides and six angles congruent. ## Properties 1. Polygon with six sides 2. The regular hexagon has six sides and six angles congruent, with a measure of 120° 3. A regular hexagon can be inscribed into a circle or circumscribed by a circle ## Hexagon Formulas Data Formula Perimeter 2p = S × 6 Area A = (2p × a) / 2 Side S = 2p / 6 Fixed number f = 0.866 = a / S Area's costant φ = 2.598 = A / (S2) Apothem a = (2A) / (2p) Perimeter 2p = (2A) / (a) Apothem a = S × f Side S = a / f Area A = S2 × φ Side S = √(A / φ)
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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11538-013-9819-4
, Volume 75, Issue 8, pp 1400-1416 Date: 16 Feb 2013 # Modeling Intercellular Transfer of Biomolecules Through Tunneling Nanotubes Rent the article at a discount Rent now * Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT. ## Abstract Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) have previosly been observed as long and thin transient structures forming between cells and intercellular protein transfer through them has been experimentally verified. It is hypothesized that this may be a physiologically important means of cell–cell communication. This paper attempts to give a simple model for the rates of transfer of molecules across these TNTs at different distances. We describe the transfer of both cytosolic and membrane bound molecules between neighboring populations of cells and argue how the lifetime of the TNT, the diffusion rate, distance between cells, and the size of the molecules may affect their transfer. The model described makes certain predictions and opens a number of questions to be explored experimentally. Y. Suhail and Kshitiz contributed equally to the manuscript.
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https://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/abs/2301.11255
math.DS (what is this?) # Title: Periodicity of joint co-tiles in $\mathbb{Z}^d$ Abstract: An old theorem of Newman asserts that any tiling of $\mathbb{Z}$ by a finite set is periodic. Few years ago Bhattacharya proved the periodic tiling conjecture in $\mathbb{Z}^2$. Namely, he proved that for a finite subset $F$ of $\mathbb{Z}^2$, if there exists $A \subseteq \mathbb{Z}^d$ such that $F \oplus A = \mathbb{Z}^d$ then there exists a periodic $A' \subseteq \mathbb{Z}^d$ such that $F \oplus A' = \mathbb{Z}^d$. The recent refutation of the periodic tiling conjecture in high dimensions due to Greenfeld and Tao motivates finding different generalizations of Newman's theorem and of Bhattacharya's theorem that hold in arbitrary dimension $d$. In this paper, we formulate and prove such generalizations. We do so by studying the structure of joint co-tiles in $\mathbb{Z}^d$. Our generalization of Newman's theorem states that for any $d \ge 1$, any joint co-tile for $d$ independent tiles is periodic. For a $(d-1)$-tuple of finite subsets of $\mathbb{Z}^d$ that satisfy a certain technical condition that we call property $(\star)$, we prove that any joint co-tile decomposes into disjoint $(d-1)$-periodic sets. Consequently, we show that for a $(d-1)$-tuple of finite subsets of $\mathbb{Z}^d$ that satisfy property $(\star)$, the existence of a joint co-tile implies the existence of periodic joint co-tile. Conversely, we prove that if a finite subset $F$ in $\mathbb{Z}^d$ admits a periodic co-tile $A$, then there exist $(d-1)$ additional tiles that together with $F$ are independent and admit $A$ as a joint co-tile, and $(d-2)$ additional tiles that together with $F$ satisfy the property $(\star)$. Combined, our results give a new necessary and sufficient condition for a subset of $\mathbb{Z}^d$ to tile periodically. We also discuss tilings and joint tilings in other countable abelian groups. Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Combinatorics (math.CO) MSC classes: 52C22, 37B52, 05B45, 52C23, 37B10 Cite as: arXiv:2301.11255 [math.DS] (or arXiv:2301.11255v2 [math.DS] for this version)
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http://www.mathworks.com/help/econ/hodrick-prescott-filter.html?requestedDomain=www.mathworks.com&nocookie=true
# Documentation ### This is machine translation Translated by Mouseover text to see original. Click the button below to return to the English verison of the page. ## Hodrick-Prescott Filter The Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter is a specialized filter for trend and business cycle estimation (no seasonal component). Suppose a time series yt can be additively decomposed into a trend and business cycle component. Denote the trend component gt and the cycle component ct. Then ${y}_{t}={g}_{t}+{c}_{t}.$ The HP filter finds a trend estimate, ${\stackrel{^}{g}}_{t}$, by solving a penalized optimization problem. The smoothness of the trend estimate depends on the choice of penalty parameter. The cycle component, which is often of interest to business cycle analysts, is estimated as ${\stackrel{^}{c}}_{t}={y}_{t}-{\stackrel{^}{g}}_{t}$. `hpfilter` returns the estimated trend and cycle components of a time series.
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https://small.library.virginia.edu/services/reproduction/
# Reproduction ## Policies As curators of these priceless materials, the staff of Special Collections works to safeguard the condition of materials and to respect the wishes and interests of authors and donors. As librarians who want to further scholarship and teaching and want to publicize our collections, we will work with you to find creative ways to reproduce items that may fall into one of the following categories. Each item to be reproduced must be evaluated by Special Collections staff on the basis of: • Physical condition – many items, especially rare books or large architectural drawings, are too fragile to reproduce without endangering the originals. • Copyright issues – if the item is a published document, copyright restrictions may apply.  If the item is unpublished, copyright may rest in the hands of the author or his or her heirs.  Please note that it is the sole responsibility of the user of such materials to investigate the copyright status of any given work and to seek and obtain permission where needed prior to any distribution or publication. • Restrictions set by donors – some manuscript collections have restrictions against reproduction or publication. • Physical size – some items, such as maps or architectural drawings, are too large to photocopy or fit on our low-resolution scanner.  These will require scanning by Digitization Services. • The Special Collections Department reserves the right to refuse to accept a duplication request if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the request would involve violation of copyright law. • Reproductions may not be made for or donated to other repositories. ## Digitization Requests • For low-resolution scans, please use the Reference Request Form. Be sure to include a complete call number or a complete description of the item or collection. Due to limited staff resources, we can only fill orders of 50 scans or less. This complimentary service is limited to one order per person per calendar year. • For high-resolution scans and orders larger than 50 scans, please use the Digital Production Group Request Form. This process takes at least four weeks and costs $50 for the first hour and$25 for each subsequent hour.  Once you submit an order, you will be provided with an estimate of costs and delivery date.  We will not complete an order without your approval of the cost.
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http://blog.lukewjohnston.com/prodigenr-v0.2.0/
# Standardized project generation: the prodigenr R package Written on August 3, 2016 Academic researchers need to write up abstracts for conferences or submits manuscripts to journals. Often, each abstract, manuscript, or presentation is created ad hoc and may not have much structure to the files and folders, making it harder to come back to after a few months, harder to reproduce the results, and harder for others to look over the work. I developed the R package prodigenr to make this step automated and to help make the project adhere to reproducible analytic guidelines. prodigenr, or project directory generator, simplifies the process of creating these new projects and can help make your workflow more reproducible. Standard files and folders are created for specific projects (e.g. abstracts or manuscripts), along with a workflow that tries to be simple and easy to use, while making use of the infrastructure and processes already well-developed and maintained (e.g. RStudio and devtools). ## The main command: prodigen To use prodigenr, you simply need to use the prodigen command. At present, there are only four template projects that you can view using: These templates are projects that an academic (biomedical at least) researcher typically encounters. However, if you have a suggestion or want to add a template, please create a Github issue or submit a Pull Request! Starting a manuscript? Create a project directory like so (as well as using Git): The resulting file structure should look something like this: A README.md file is contained within each project that explains more about what each folder does and what some of the files do that were created. This file structure is the same used for making R packages and makes heavy use of devtools as this way of structuring code is well established and extensively used. A typical workflow (also outlined in the README.md) when using RStudio would be to: 1. Write up your background, methods, results, and discussion in the abstract, poster, slides, or manuscript .Rmd (R Markdown) file in the doc/ folder. 2. Any piece of code you use more than once or is fairly complex, convert it into a function. Put this new function into a file (or the functions.R file) the R/ directory. Load that function using devtools::load_all() (Ctrl-Shift-L). 3. Fetch and wrangle your data in the R/fetch_data.R and to use the data, load it using load_data(). 4. Use the Rmd files in the vignettes/ folder to add analyses that will supplement the main document, but aren’t necessary to be included. 5. Knit the .Rmd file in doc/. You now have your final abstract, poster, slides, or manuscript to use for your research. The ideal end goal of each research project is to be as self contained as possible. So that if you ever need to go back to the analysis, it is easy to re-run the code and get the results that you say you got. This is especially useful if others such as reviewers ask for something or want to confirm your results. For more information on good practices to use in making an analysis project, see here or here. Note: This is a slightly modified version of the introduction vignette for prodigenr (vignette('introduction') from version 0.3.0).
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/serial+title+including.html
#### Sample records for serial title including 1. Energy Information Data Base: serial titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1980-06-01 The Department of Energy Technical Information Center (TIC) is responsible for creating bibliographic data bases that are used in the announcement and retrieval of publications dealing with all phases of energy. The TIC interactive information processing system makes use of a number of computerized authorities so that consistency can be maintained and indexes can be produced. One such authority is the Energy Information Data Base: Serial Titles. This authority contains the full and abbreviated journal title, country of publication, CODEN, and certain codes. This revision replaces previous revisions of this document 2. Energy information data base. Serial titles, February 1978--June 1979 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1979-06-01 This supplement contains changes and additions to TID-4579-R10 (the authority list for serial titles used by TIC), and is intended to be used with that publication. Supplements are cumulative until another revision is issued 3. Energy Information Data Base. Serial titles: Supplement 6. February 1978-September 1979 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1979-09-01 This supplement contains changes and additions to TID-4579-R10 (the authority list for serial titles used by the DOE Technical Information Center), and is intended to be used with that publication. Supplements are cumulative from February 1978 until another revision is issued 4. Energy information data base. Serial titles: Supplement 7, February 1978-December 1979 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1979-12-01 This supplement contains changes and additions to TID-4579-R10 (the authority list for serial titles used by the DOE Technical Information Center), and is intended for use with that publication. Supplements are cumulative from February 1978 until another revision is issued 5. Representing uncertainty in objective functions: extension to include the influence of serial correlation Science.gov (United States) Croke, B. F. 2008-12-01 The role of performance indicators is to give an accurate indication of the fit between a model and the system being modelled. As all measurements have an associated uncertainty (determining the significance that should be given to the measurement), performance indicators should take into account uncertainties in the observed quantities being modelled as well as in the model predictions (due to uncertainties in inputs, model parameters and model structure). In the presence of significant uncertainty in observed and modelled output of a system, failure to adequately account for variations in the uncertainties means that the objective function only gives a measure of how well the model fits the observations, not how well the model fits the system being modelled. Since in most cases, the interest lies in fitting the system response, it is vital that the objective function(s) be designed to account for these uncertainties. Most objective functions (e.g. those based on the sum of squared residuals) assume homoscedastic uncertainties. If model contribution to the variations in residuals can be ignored, then transformations (e.g. Box-Cox) can be used to remove (or at least significantly reduce) heteroscedasticity. An alternative which is more generally applicable is to explicitly represent the uncertainties in the observed and modelled values in the objective function. Previous work on this topic addressed the modifications to standard objective functions (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, RMSE, chi- squared, coefficient of determination) using the optimal weighted averaging approach. This paper extends this previous work; addressing the issue of serial correlation. A form for an objective function that includes serial correlation will be presented, and the impact on model fit discussed. 6. AAEC report titles-cumulation 1956-1975 including author and KWIC indexes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1976-03-01 This publication lists all unclassified technical reports issued by the AAEC Research Establishment since 1956. It supersedes the List of Report Publications dated April 1974 and is the final cumulation of reports published between 1956 and December 1975. Future editions will list reports published from January 1976. An alphabetical author index and a KWIC index to the titles are included. (author) 7. 20 CFR 627.220 - Coordination with programs under title IV of the Higher Education Act including the Pell grant... Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... the Higher Education Act including the Pell grant program. 627.220 Section 627.220 Employees' Benefits... of the Higher Education Act including the Pell grant program. (a) Coordination. Financial assistance programs under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA) (the Pell Grant program, the... 8. Developments in Serials: 1977 Science.gov (United States) James, John R. 1978-01-01 Discusses issues and developments relating to several aspects of serials, including economics and acquisitions; bibliographic control; automation; education; serials literature and bibliographies; and copyrights. A bibliography is included. (Author/MBR) 9. 41 CFR 102-75.125 - What information must agencies include in the title report? Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... CFR part 373, took place on the property. Hazardous substance activity includes situations where any hazardous substance was stored for one year or more, known to have been released, or disposed of on the... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What information must... 10. 25 CFR 1000.84 - Does a Tribe/Consortium have the right to include provisions of Title I of Pub. L. 93-638 in an AFA? Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Does a Tribe/Consortium have the right to include.../Consortium have the right to include provisions of Title I of Pub. L. 93-638 in an AFA? Yes, under Pub. L. 104-109, a Tribe/Consortium has the right to include any provision of Title I of Pub. L. 93-638 in an... 11. Serial analysis of 3D H-1 MRSI for patients with newly diagnosed GBM treated with combination therapy that includes bevacizumab. Science.gov (United States) Nelson, Sarah J; Li, Yan; Lupo, Janine M; Olson, Marram; Crane, Jason C; Molinaro, Annette; Roy, Ritu; Clarke, Jennifer; Butowski, Nicholas; Prados, Michael; Cha, Soonmee; Chang, Susan M 2016-10-01 Interpretation of changes in the T1- and T2-weighted MR images from patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) treated with standard of care in conjunction with anti-angiogenic agents is complicated by pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse. The hypothesis being tested in this study was that 3D H-1 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) provides estimates of levels of choline, creatine, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), lactate and lipid that change in response to treatment and that metrics describing these characteristics are associated with survival. Thirty-one patients with newly diagnosed GBM and being treated with radiation therapy (RT), temozolomide, erlotinib and bevacizumab were recruited to receive serial MR scans that included 3-D lactate edited MRSI at baseline, mid-RT, post-RT and at specific follow-up time points. The data were processed to provide estimates of metrics representing changes in metabolite levels relative to normal appearing brain. Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied to examine the relationship of these parameters with progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). There were significant reductions in parameters that describe relative levels of choline to NAA and creatine, indicating that the treatment caused a decrease in tumor cellularity. Changes in the levels of lactate and lipid relative to the NAA from contralateral brain were consistent with vascular normalization. Metabolic parameters from the first serial follow-up scan were associated with PFS and OS, when accounting for age and extent of resection. Integrating metabolic parameters into the assessment of patients with newly diagnosed GBM receiving therapies that include anti-angiogenic agents may be helpful for tracking changes in tumor burden, resolving ambiguities in anatomic images caused by non-specific treatment effects and for predicting outcome. 12. Malaysian Serials: Issues and Problems. Science.gov (United States) Bahri, Che Norma This paper analyzes the issues and problems while looking at the trends and developments of serials publishing in Malaysia. The first section provides background; topics addressed include the country and people of Malaysia, the history of serials publishing in Malaysia, categories and formats of serials publishing, academic publications,… 13. Serial magnetic resonance imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, including evaluation of the contrast-enhancing effect on lesions by Gd-DTPA International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tanaka, Yasunori; Matsuo, Michimasa 1996-01-01 Many papers on the MR features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) have been published, but only a few described contrast-enhanced MRI for this disease. In this study, we analyzed serial changes in MR features and the contrast-enhancing effect on lesions in five patients (5 men, 4-19 years old) discharged with the final diagnosis of ADEM. Hyperintense lesions in brain/spinal cord were demonstrated on T2-weighted MR images in all cases, but not all lesions were enhanced by Gd-DTPA. In the follow-up study many lesions disappeared, but some lesions were enlarged and some new lesions were found. These findings suggest that, although ADEM is clinically monophasic, some cases may progress with the coexistence of reducing, vanishing, and new lesions. Some clinically acute lesions were not enhanced. This might be explained by the following reasons; lesions on various phases coexist, the damage to the blood-brain barrier in the lesions is of different degrees even if it is on the same phase, and the duration of acute phase activity is short. Additionally, some hyperintense lesions remained for a long time on T2-weighted images in spite of the absence of clinical manifestation. That hyperintense area might reflect edema caused by incomplete repair of the blood-brain barrier. From our evaluation of these five cases, MRI is not useful for the diagnosis and follow-up study of ADEM. (author) 14. Determination on Whether Specialty Minerals Inc. Must be Included in the Simpson Paper Company Shasta Mill Application for a Title V Operating Permit as a Support Facility. Science.gov (United States) This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original. 15. INIS: Authority list for journal titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2005-01-01 This is the 31st revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). This list is published annually and includes the titles of all journals which have contained articles submitted to INIS at the time of publication. The current list contains 13,104 journal titles, 2,078 regularly scanned journals and 561 key journals. It was last updated in February 2005. The purpose of this report is to provide descriptive cataloguers with a standard entry for the full title of a journal. In addition to the full journal title, the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number), administered by the ISSN International Centre, Paris, France, and/or CODEN, assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service, USA, are given in this manual. In order to help the user find titles easily, the list is arranged in six parts, followed by summary statistics: In Part I, all key journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part II, all key journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. In Part III, all journals that are regularly scanned by INIS Centers are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part IV, all journals that are regularly scanned by INIS Centers are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. In Part V, all journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part VI, all journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the 16. INIS: Authority list for journal titles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2005-03-01 This is the 31st revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). This list is published annually and includes the titles of all journals which have contained articles submitted to INIS at the time of publication. The current list contains 13,104 journal titles, 2,078 regularly scanned journals and 561 key journals. It was last updated in February 2005. The purpose of this report is to provide descriptive cataloguers with a standard entry for the full title of a journal. In addition to the full journal title, the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number), administered by the ISSN International Centre, Paris, France, and/or CODEN, assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service, USA, are given in this manual. In order to help the user find titles easily, the list is arranged in six parts, followed by summary statistics: In Part I, all key journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part II, all key journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. In Part III, all journals that are regularly scanned by INIS Centers are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part IV, all journals that are regularly scanned by INIS Centers are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. In Part V, all journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part VI, all journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the 17. INIS: Authority list for journal titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2006-01-01 This is the 32nd revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). This list is published annually and includes the titles of all journals which have contained articles submitted to INIS at the time of publication. The current list contains 13,231 journal titles, 2,125 regularly scanned journals and 555 key journals. It was last updated in February 2006. The purpose of this report is to provide descriptive cataloguers with a standard entry for the full title of a journal. In addition to the full journal title, the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number), administered by the ISSN International Centre, Paris, France, and/or CODEN, assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service, USA, are given in this manual. In order to help the user find titles easily, the list is arranged in six parts, followed by summary statistics: In Part I, all key journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part II, all key journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. In Part III, all journals that are regularly scanned by INIS Centres are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part IV, all journals that are regularly scanned by INIS Centres are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. In Part V, all journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. In Part VI, all journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the 18. 3D base: a geometrical data base system for the analysis and visualisation of 3D-shapes obtained from parallel serial sections including three different geometrical representations NARCIS (Netherlands) Verbeek, F. J.; de Groot, M. M.; Huijsmans, D. P.; Lamers, W. H.; Young, I. T. 1993-01-01 In this paper we discuss a geometrical data base that includes three different geometrical representations of one and the same reconstructed 3D shape: the contour-pile, the voxel enumeration, and the triangulation of a surface. The data base is tailored for 3D shapes obtained from plan-parallel 19. Decreasing Serial Cost Sharing DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hougaard, Jens Leth; Østerdal, Lars Peter The increasing serial cost sharing rule of Moulin and Shenker [Econometrica 60 (1992) 1009] and the decreasing serial rule of de Frutos [Journal of Economic Theory 79 (1998) 245] have attracted attention due to their intuitive appeal and striking incentive properties. An axiomatic characterization...... of the increasing serial rule was provided by Moulin and Shenker [Journal of Economic Theory 64 (1994) 178]. This paper gives an axiomatic characterization of the decreasing serial rule... 20. Decreasing serial cost sharing DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hougaard, Jens Leth; Østerdal, Lars Peter Raahave 2009-01-01 The increasing serial cost sharing rule of Moulin and Shenker (Econometrica 60:1009-1037, 1992) and the decreasing serial rule of de Frutos (J Econ Theory 79:245-275, 1998) are known by their intuitive appeal and striking incentive properties. An axiomatic characterization of the increasing serial...... rule was provided by Moulin and Shenker (J Econ Theory 64:178-201, 1994). This paper gives an axiomatic characterization of the decreasing serial rule.... 1. A Survey of Electronic Serials Managers Reveals Diversity in Practice Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Laura Costello 2014-09-01 Full Text Available A Review of: Branscome, B. A. (2013. Management of electronic serials in academic libraries: The results of an online survey. Serials Review, 39(4, 216-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.serrev.2013.10.004 Abstract Objective – To examine industry standards for the management of electronic serials and measure the adoption of electronic serials over print. Design – Survey questionnaire. Setting – Email lists aimed at academic librarians working in serials management. Subjects – 195 self-selected subscribers to serials email lists. Methods – The author created a 20 question survey that consisted primarily of closed-ended questions pertaining to the collection demographics, staff, budget, and tools of serials management groups in academic libraries. The survey was conducted via Survey Monkey and examined using the analytical features of the tool. Participants remained anonymous and the survey questions did not ask them to reveal identifiable information about their libraries. Main Results – Collection demographics questions revealed that 78% of surveyed librarians estimated that print-only collections represented 40% or fewer of their serials holdings. The author observed diversity in the factors that influence print to digital transitions in academic libraries. However 71.5% of participants indicated that publisher technology support like IP authentication was required before adopting digital subscriptions. A lack of standardization also marked serials workflows, department responsibilities, and department titles. The author did not find a correlation between serials budget and the enrollment size of the institution. Participants reported that they used tools from popular serials management vendors like Serials Solutions, Innovative Interfaces, EBSCO, and Ex Libris, but most indicated that they used more than one tool for serials management. Participants specified 52 unique serials management products used in their libraries. Conclusion 2. The eyeball killer: serial killings with postmortem globe enucleation. Science.gov (United States) Coyle, Julie; Ross, Karen F; Barnard, Jeffrey J; Peacock, Elizabeth; Linch, Charles A; Prahlow, Joseph A 2015-05-01 Although serial killings are relatively rare, they can be the cause of a great deal of anxiety while the killer remains at-large. Despite the fact that the motivations for serial killings are typically quite complex, the psychological analysis of a serial killer can provide valuable insight into how and why certain individuals become serial killers. Such knowledge may be instrumental in preventing future serial killings or in solving ongoing cases. In certain serial killings, the various incidents have a variety of similar features. Identification of similarities between separate homicidal incidents is necessary to recognize that a serial killer may be actively killing. In this report, the authors present a group of serial killings involving three prostitutes who were shot to death over a 3-month period. Scene and autopsy findings, including the unusual finding of postmortem enucleation of the eyes, led investigators to recognize the serial nature of the homicides. © 2015 American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 3. Reframing Serial Murder Within Empirical Research. Science.gov (United States) Gurian, Elizabeth A 2017-04-01 Empirical research on serial murder is limited due to the lack of consensus on a definition, the continued use of primarily descriptive statistics, and linkage to popular culture depictions. These limitations also inhibit our understanding of these offenders and affect credibility in the field of research. Therefore, this comprehensive overview of a sample of 508 cases (738 total offenders, including partnered groups of two or more offenders) provides analyses of solo male, solo female, and partnered serial killers to elucidate statistical differences and similarities in offending and adjudication patterns among the three groups. This analysis of serial homicide offenders not only supports previous research on offending patterns present in the serial homicide literature but also reveals that empirically based analyses can enhance our understanding beyond traditional case studies and descriptive statistics. Further research based on these empirical analyses can aid in the development of more accurate classifications and definitions of serial murderers. 4. CRNL library serials list International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Alburger, T.P. 1982-04-01 A list of 1900 serial publications (periodicals, society transactions and proceedings, annuals and directories, indexes, newspapers, etc.) is presented with volumes and years held by the Main Library. This library is the largest in AECL as well as one of the largest scientific and technical libraries in North America, and functions as a Canadian resource for nuclear information. A main alphabetical list is followed by broad subject field lists representing research interests, and lists of abstract and index serials, general bibliographic serials, conference indexes, press releases, English translations, and original language journals 5. Playing at Serial Acquisitions NARCIS (Netherlands) J.T.J. Smit (Han); T. Moraitis (Thras) 2010-01-01 textabstractBehavioral biases can result in suboptimal acquisition decisions-with the potential for errors exacerbated in consolidating industries, where consolidators design serial acquisition strategies and fight escalating takeover battles for platform companies that may determine their future 6. Classifying serial killers. Science.gov (United States) Promish, D I; Lester, D 1999-11-08 We attempted to match the appearance and demeanor of 27 serial killers to the postmortem 'signatures' found on their victims' bodies. Our results suggest that a link may exist between postmortem signatures and two complementary appearance-demeanor types. 7. Serial Network Flow Monitor Science.gov (United States) Robinson, Julie A.; Tate-Brown, Judy M. 2009-01-01 Using a commercial software CD and minimal up-mass, SNFM monitors the Payload local area network (LAN) to analyze and troubleshoot LAN data traffic. Validating LAN traffic models may allow for faster and more reliable computer networks to sustain systems and science on future space missions. Research Summary: This experiment studies the function of the computer network onboard the ISS. On-orbit packet statistics are captured and used to validate ground based medium rate data link models and enhance the way that the local area network (LAN) is monitored. This information will allow monitoring and improvement in the data transfer capabilities of on-orbit computer networks. The Serial Network Flow Monitor (SNFM) experiment attempts to characterize the network equivalent of traffic jams on board ISS. The SNFM team is able to specifically target historical problem areas including the SAMS (Space Acceleration Measurement System) communication issues, data transmissions from the ISS to the ground teams, and multiple users on the network at the same time. By looking at how various users interact with each other on the network, conflicts can be identified and work can begin on solutions. SNFM is comprised of a commercial off the shelf software package that monitors packet traffic through the payload Ethernet LANs (local area networks) on board ISS. 8. The Windows serial port programming handbook CERN Document Server Bai, Ying 2004-01-01 The fundamentals of serial port communications. Serial port programming in ANSI C and Assembly languages for MS-DOS. Serial ports interface developed in VC++ 6.0. Serial port programming in Visual Basic. Serial port programming in LabVIEW. Serial port programming in MATLAB. Serial port programming in Smalltalk. Serial port programming in Java. 9. INIS: Authority list for journal titles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2003-03-01 This is the twenty-ninth revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). It lists the titles of 12 990 journals which have contained articles within the scope of INIS. The purpose of this report is to provide descriptive cataloguers with a standard entry for the full title of a journal. In addition to the full journal title, the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number), administered by the ISSN International Centre, Paris, France, and/or CODEN, assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service, USA, are given in this manual. In order to help the reader to find titles easily, the list is divided into two parts. In Part I, the full journal titles are grouped by country or international organization responsible for coverage and ordered alphabetically. In Part II, the full journal titles of all countries or international organizations are arranged alphabetically. The country name or the international organization name responsible for coverage of the journal title to INIS is entered in parentheses. Journal titles marked with an asterisk are regularly scanned by INIS. Titles that have been identified by INIS Centres as 'Key Journals' are marked with the hash sign. 10. INIS: Authority list for journal titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2003-01-01 This is the twenty-ninth revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). It lists the titles of 12 990 journals which have contained articles within the scope of INIS. The purpose of this report is to provide descriptive cataloguers with a standard entry for the full title of a journal. In addition to the full journal title, the ISSN (International Standard Serial Number), administered by the ISSN International Centre, Paris, France, and/or CODEN, assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service, USA, are given in this manual. In order to help the reader to find titles easily, the list is divided into two parts. In Part I, the full journal titles are grouped by country or international organization responsible for coverage and ordered alphabetically. In Part II, the full journal titles of all countries or international organizations are arranged alphabetically. The country name or the international organization name responsible for coverage of the journal title to INIS is entered in parentheses. Journal titles marked with an asterisk are regularly scanned by INIS. Titles that have been identified by INIS Centres as 'Key Journals' are marked with the hash sign 11. Serial interprocessor communications system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Labiak, W.; Siemens, P.; Bailey, C. 1980-01-01 A serial communications system based on the EIA RS232-C standard with modem control lines has been developed. The DLV11-E interface is used for this purpose. All handshaking is done with the modem control lines. This allows totally independent full duplex communication. The message format consists of eight bit data with odd parity and a sixteen bit checksum on the whole message. All communications are fully interrupt driven. A program was written to load a program into a remote LSI-11 using the serial line without bootstrap ROM 12. Selection and Serial Entrepreneurs DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Chen, Jing 2013-01-01 There is substantial evidence that serial entrepreneurs outperform de novo entrepreneurs. But is this positive association between prior experience and performance the result of learning by doing or of selection on ability? This paper proposes a strategy that combines the fixed-effects model and IV...... when the analysis focuses on founding new startups in sectors closely related to entrepreneurs' previous ventures.... 13. Selection and Serial Entrepreneurs DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Chen, Jing 2011-01-01 Although it has been broadly evidenced that entrepreneurial experience plays a substantial role in the emergence of serial entrepreneurship, the debate is still going on about whether this relationship should be attributed to learning by doing or instead be explained by selection on ability. This... 14. Serial private infrastructures NARCIS (Netherlands) van den Berg, V.A.C. 2013-01-01 This paper investigates private supply of two congestible infrastructures that are serial, where the consumer has to use both in order to consume. Four market structures are analysed: a monopoly and 3 duopolies that differ in how firms interact. It is well known that private supply leads too high 15. Stress in Harmonic Serialism Science.gov (United States) Pruitt, Kathryn Ringler 2012-01-01 This dissertation proposes a model of word stress in a derivational version of Optimality Theory (OT) called Harmonic Serialism (HS; Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004, McCarthy 2000, 2006, 2010a). In this model, the metrical structure of a word is derived through a series of optimizations in which the "best" metrical foot is chosen… 16. Suicide in serial killers. Science.gov (United States) Lester, David; White, John 2010-02-01 In a sample of 248 killers of two victims in America from 1900 to 2005, obtained from an encyclopedia of serial killers by Newton (2006), those completing suicide did not differ in sex, race, or the motive for the killing from those who were arrested. 17. Delaware's first serial killer. Science.gov (United States) Inguito, G B; Sekula-Perlman, A; Lynch, M J; Callery, R T 2000-11-01 The violent murder of Shirley Ellis on November 29, 1987, marked the beginning of the strange and terrible tale of Steven Bryan Pennell's reign as the state of Delaware's first convicted serial killer. Three more bodies followed the first victim, and all had been brutally beaten and sadistically tortured. The body of a fifth woman has never been found. State and county police collaborated with the FBI to identify and hunt down their suspect, forming a task force of over 100 officers and spending about one million dollars. Through their knowledge and experience with other serial killers, the FBI was able to make an amazingly accurate psychological profile of Delaware's serial killer. After months of around-the-clock surveillance, Steven Pennell was arrested on November 29, 1988, one year to the day after the first victim was found. Pennell was found guilty in the deaths of the first two victims on November 29, 1989, and plead no contest to the murder of two others on October 30, 1991. Still maintaining his innocence, he asked for the death penalty so that he could spare his family further agony. Steven Pennell was executed by lethal injection on March 15, 1992. 18. INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1992-01-01 This is the nineteenth revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). It lists 10,797 journal titles which have contained articles within the scope of INIS. The purpose of this Authority List is to provide descriptive cataloguers with a standard abbreviation for journal titles and to assist users of INIS products with a tool for verifying the full title of a journal. A journal, or periodical, is generally published within a defined, fixed interval between issues, which usually has more than one issue a year, and which usually includes a mixture of articles, letters, summaries, etc. Within this definition, annuals such as Annual Review of Nuclear Science are included. Series titles as, for example the McGraw-Hill Series in Nuclear Engineering, are not included in this Authority. Entries: Each entry consists of: - the full journal title (highlighted); - the abbreviated title; - ISSN, if available; - CODEN, if available; - additional information related to the journal title. Arrangement: In Part I, the full journal titles are grouped by country or international organization name and ordered alphabetically, followed by the ISSN, the CODEN in square brackets if available, and then the abbreviated title. The abbreviated title is based on the rules of ISO 4: Documentation - International Code for the Abbreviation of Titles of Periodicals. The abbreviations of the words are taken from the ISDS List of Periodical Title Word Abbreviation. In Part II, the order of the citations is reversed: the abbreviated journal titles are arranged alphabetically, followed by country code. Then the full journal titles are followed by the country of publication, and if available, ISSN and CODEN. Additional Information: There is important information related to the journal titles which are fundamental for tracing the history of the title and the present status. They are listed below and are entered whenever applicable: - Ceased publication; - Superseded by 19. CAMAC serial highway interface for the LSI-11 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lau, N.H. 1980-01-01 A CAMAC Serial Highway Interface has been designed for the Local Control and Instrumentation System of the Mirror Fusion Test Facility. There are over 50 distinguishable systems in the facility, each of which consists of the LSI-11 computer, fiber optic communication links, and the CAMAC system. The LSI-11 computer includes a 32k memory, serial modem interface and the CAMAC Serial Highway Interface 20. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) 2004): Special Issue 2004, Differential production of immune parameters by mouse strains ... agglutination and complement fixation tests in the field diagnosis ... List All Titles · Free To Read Titles This Journal is Open Access. 1. Title of the paper goes here second line %%Please download if these packages are not included %%in your local TeX distribution %%txfonts,balance,textcase,float %% \\begin{document} %%paper title %%For line breaks, \\\\ can be used within title \\title{Title of the paper goes here\\\\ second line} %%author names are separated by comma (,) %%use \\and before ... 2. Title IX Resource Guide Science.gov (United States) Office for Civil Rights, US Department of Education, 2015 2015-01-01 Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities in federally funded schools at all levels. If any part of a school district or college receives any Federal funds for any purpose, all of the operations of the district or college are covered by Title IX. The essence… 3. Union Listing via OCLC's Serials Control Subsystem. Science.gov (United States) O'Malley, Terrence J. 1984-01-01 Describes library use of Conversion of Serials Project's (CONSER) online national machine-readable database for serials to create online union lists of serials via OCLC's Serial Control Subsystem. Problems in selection of appropriate, accurate, and authenticated records and prospects for the future are discussed. Twenty sources and sample records… 4. Serial forced displacement in American cities, 1916-2010. Science.gov (United States) Fullilove, Mindy Thompson; Wallace, Rodrick 2011-06-01 Serial forced displacement has been defined as the repetitive, coercive upheaval of groups. In this essay, we examine the history of serial forced displacement in American cities due to federal, state, and local government policies. We propose that serial forced displacement sets up a dynamic process that includes an increase in interpersonal and structural violence, an inability to react in a timely fashion to patterns of threat or opportunity, and a cycle of fragmentation as a result of the first two. We present the history of the policies as they affected one urban neighborhood, Pittsburgh's Hill District. We conclude by examining ways in which this problematic process might be addressed. 5. [Personality disorders, psychopathy and serial killers]. Science.gov (United States) Morana, Hilda C P; Stone, Michael H; Abdalla-Filho, Elias 2006-10-01 To illustrate the basic characteristics of several specific personality disorders, focusing mainly in antisocial personality disorder. The differences between antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are highlighted. Serial killers and its psychopathic aspects are also discussed. A bibliographic review was completed in order to outline convergences and divergences among different authors about this controversial issue, especially those concerning the possibility of treatment. While anti-social personality disorder is a medical diagnosis, the term "psychopathy" (which belongs to the sphere of forensic psychiatry) may be understood as a "legal diagnosis". It is not still possible to identify an effective treatment for serial killers. Personality disorders, especially of the antisocial type, still represent a formidable challenge to forensic psychiatry today. Questions as yet unanswered include the best and most humane place for patients with this condition and the nature of a standardised treatment recommendation. 6. Fast Grasp Contact Computation for a Serial Robot Science.gov (United States) Shi, Jianying (Inventor); Hargrave, Brian (Inventor); Diftler, Myron A. (Inventor) 2015-01-01 A system includes a controller and a serial robot having links that are interconnected by a joint, wherein the robot can grasp a three-dimensional (3D) object in response to a commanded grasp pose. The controller receives input information, including the commanded grasp pose, a first set of information describing the kinematics of the robot, and a second set of information describing the position of the object to be grasped. The controller also calculates, in a two-dimensional (2D) plane, a set of contact points between the serial robot and a surface of the 3D object needed for the serial robot to achieve the commanded grasp pose. A required joint angle is then calculated in the 2D plane between the pair of links using the set of contact points. A control action is then executed with respect to the motion of the serial robot using the required joint angle. 7. Woody Allen, serial schlemiel ? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Frédérique Brisset 2011-04-01 Full Text Available Woody Allen a développé au fil des années une persona cinématographique de schlemiel new-yorkais aisément reconnaissable par le spectateur. Elle marque nombre de ses films, qu’il y apparaisse en tant qu’acteur ou y dirige des substituts comédiens comme déclinaisons de lui-même. Si cette figure prototypique est le fondement de la sérialité dans sa filmographie, il est des traits stylistiques qui en portent trace tout au long de son œuvre : la récurrence annuelle de ses réalisations, la signature formelle symbolisée par ses génériques à la typographie singulière, le rythme de ses dialogues ponctués d’interjections et l’usage de l’autocitation sont autant de procédés qui marquent son cinéma d’un sceau très personnel. Ils fonctionnent comme des clins d’œil au spectateur qui reçoit dès lors LE Woody Allen millésimé comme une invitation à retrouver son microcosme. Ainsi la sérialité se pose comme à la fois initiale et conséquentielle de son système filmique, processus de création unique dans le cinéma américain.Woody Allen has long constructed a cinematographic persona of schlemiel New- Yorker that the audience can easily identify. It impacts most of his films, whether he stars in them or directs “substitute” actors to impersonate his character. If this prototypical figure is the basis of seriality in his cinematography, serial stylistic features can also be found all along his career: the annual recurrence of his productions, the formal signature symbolised by the typography of his singular credit titles, his rhythmical interjection-punctuated dialogues and the use of self-quotation imprint a very personal seal upon his movies. They all work as a recognition signals for the audience who thus receive THE Woody Allen vintage as an invitation to re-enter his microcosm. Seriality is then both initial and consequential to his cinematographic system, a unique creative process in American film history. 8. Serial murder: An unusual stereotype. Science.gov (United States) Sane, Mandar R; Mugadlimath, Anand B; Farooqui, Jamebaseer M; Janagond, Anand B; Mishra, Pradeep K 2017-12-01 Serial murders attract attention from the media, mental health experts, academia, and the general public. We present a case of serial murders that took place in a limited area and which caused public anxiety and anguish in central India. All the victims were homeless beggars, who were bludgeoned to death (crush injury). Individual murders were initially investigated by different police stations; fortunately, since they sent all the bodies to a common autopsy centre, a forensic pathologist was able to link all the cases, the first person to do so. This emphasises the need for sharing information among police stations and autopsy centres. 9. Fungal myositis in children: serial ultrasonographic findings Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kwon, Jung Hwa; Lee, Hee Jung; Choi, Jin Soo [Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu (Korea, Republic of) 2003-08-01 To evaluate serial ultrasonographic findings of fungal myositis in children. Eleven lesions caused by fungal myositis and occurring in six children were included in this study. Eight lesions in five children were histopathologically proven and the other three were clinically diagnosed. Serial ultrasonographic findings were retrospectively evaluated in terms of size, location, margin, internal echotexture and adjacent cortical change occurring during the follow-up period ranging from five days to two months. Three patients (50%) had multiple lesions. The sites of involvment were the thigh (n=4), calf (n=3), chest wall (n=2), abdominal wall (n=1) and forearm (n=1). Initially, diffuse muscular swelling was revealed, with ill-defined hypoechoic lesions confined to the muscle layer (n=8). Follow-up examination of eight lesions over a period of 5-10 days showed that round central echogenic lesions were surrounded by previous slightly echogenic lesions (n=6, 75%). Long-term follow-up of five lesions over a two-month period revealed periosteal thickening in one case (20%), and the peristence of echogenic solid nodules in four (80%). Pathologic examination showed that the central lesions correlated with a fungus ball and the peripheral slightly echogenic lesions corresponded to hematoma and necrosis. Serial ultrasonographic findings of fungal myositis in children revealed relatively constant features in each case. In particular, the findings of muscular necrosis and a fungus ball over a period of 5-14 days were thought to be characteristic. 10. Fungal myositis in children: serial ultrasonographic findings International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kwon, Jung Hwa; Lee, Hee Jung; Choi, Jin Soo 2003-01-01 To evaluate serial ultrasonographic findings of fungal myositis in children. Eleven lesions caused by fungal myositis and occurring in six children were included in this study. Eight lesions in five children were histopathologically proven and the other three were clinically diagnosed. Serial ultrasonographic findings were retrospectively evaluated in terms of size, location, margin, internal echotexture and adjacent cortical change occurring during the follow-up period ranging from five days to two months. Three patients (50%) had multiple lesions. The sites of involvment were the thigh (n=4), calf (n=3), chest wall (n=2), abdominal wall (n=1) and forearm (n=1). Initially, diffuse muscular swelling was revealed, with ill-defined hypoechoic lesions confined to the muscle layer (n=8). Follow-up examination of eight lesions over a period of 5-10 days showed that round central echogenic lesions were surrounded by previous slightly echogenic lesions (n=6, 75%). Long-term follow-up of five lesions over a two-month period revealed periosteal thickening in one case (20%), and the peristence of echogenic solid nodules in four (80%). Pathologic examination showed that the central lesions correlated with a fungus ball and the peripheral slightly echogenic lesions corresponded to hematoma and necrosis. Serial ultrasonographic findings of fungal myositis in children revealed relatively constant features in each case. In particular, the findings of muscular necrosis and a fungus ball over a period of 5-14 days were thought to be characteristic 11. Faculty Decisions on Serials Subscriptions Differ Significantly from Decisions Predicted by a Bibliometric Tool. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sue F. Phelps 2016-03-01 Full Text Available Objective – To compare faculty choices of serials subscription cancellations to the scores of a bibliometric tool. Design – Natural experiment. Data was collected about faculty valuations of serials. The California Digital Library Weighted Value Algorithm (CDL-WVA was used to measure the value of journals to a particular library. These two sets of scores were then compared. Setting – A public research university in the United States of America. Subjects – Teaching and research faculty, as well as serials data. Methods – Experimental methodology was used to compare faculty valuations of serials (based on their journal cancellation choices to bibliometric valuations of the same journal titles (determined by CDL-WVA scores to identify the match rate between the faculty choices and the bibliographic data. Faculty were asked to select titles to cancel that totaled approximately 30% of the budget for their disciplinary fund code. This “keep” or “cancel” choice was the binary variable for the study. Usage data was gathered for articles downloaded through the link resolver for titles in each disciplinary dataset, and the CDL-WVA scores were determined for each journal title based on utility, quality, and cost effectiveness. Titles within each dataset were ranked highest to lowest using the CDL-WVA scores within each fund code, and then by subscription cost for titles with the same CDL-WVA score. The journal titles selected for comparison were those that ranked above the approximate 30% of titles chosen for cancellation by faculty and CDL-WVA scores. Researchers estimated an odds ratio of faculty choosing to keep a title and a CDL-WVA score that indicated the title should be kept. The p-value for that result was less than 0.0001, indicating that there was a negligible probability that the results were by chance. They also applied logistic regression to quantify the association between the numeric score of CDL-WVA and the binary variable Science.gov (United States) Bobbitt, III, John T. 2017-04-18 Methods for forming an identifying mark in a structure are described. The method is used in conjunction with an additive manufacturing method and includes the alteration of a process parameter during the manufacturing process. The method can form in a unique identifying mark within or on the surface of a structure that is virtually impossible to be replicated. Methods can provide a high level of confidence that the identifying mark will remain unaltered on the formed structure. 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 229 ... Browse Title Index ... Issue, Title. Vol 14, No 2 ... Vol 15, No 1 (2017), Qualitative and quantitative methods of suicide research in old age, Abstract PDF ... Vol 11, No 2 (2013), Simple Algorithm in the Management of Fetal ... 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 488 ... African Journal of Paediatric Surgery. ... Ileocecal valve atresia: Introduction of a new surgical approach ... Vol 4, No 1 (2007), Isolated Bilateral Macrostomia: Case Series and ... Vol 9, No 2 (2012), Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in ... List All Titles · Free To Read Titles This Journal is Open Access. 15. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 601 - 650 of 788 ... Browse Title Index ... Issue, Title ... Vol 14, No 1 (2006), Social science research: a critique of quantitative and qualitative methods ... Vol 18, No 1 (2010), Stress among part-time business students: a study in a Ghanaian ... 16. Title to mining properties International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Crouch, K.M. 1976-01-01 The requirements of the law which must be met in order to create title to an unpatented mining claim and the procedures which should be followed when an attempt is made to determine the title to the claim is acceptable are reviewed 17. 24 CFR 203.386 - Coverage of title evidence. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... SINGLE FAMILY MORTGAGE INSURANCE Contract Rights and Obligations Property Title Transfers and Title... the public records, there are not, at such date, any outstanding prior liens, including any past-due... 18. Serials collection management in recessionary times CERN Document Server Lawson, Karen G 2015-01-01 Strategic planning, collaboration, continual stewardship, best practices, and re-engineering can provide librarians with a toolkit of innovative strategies that meets the worst of economic times with bold, persistent experimentation. This book covers the implications for libraries of a broad range of technological and economic challenges. These challenges include the fallout from the global economic crisis, the positioning of usage statistics, the advent of open access scholarship, database management, responding to budgetary constrictions and general access to serials. Taken as a whole, this 19. Tevatron serial data repeater system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ducar, R.J. 1981-01-01 A ten megabit per second serial data repeater system has been developed for the 6.28km Tevatron accelerator. The repeaters are positioned at each of the thirty service buildings and accommodate control and abort system communications as well as distribution of the Tevatron time and energy clocks. The repeaters are transparent to the particular protocol of the transmissions. Serial data are encoded locally as unipolar two volt signals employing the self-clocking Manchester Bi-Phase code. The repeaters modulate the local signals to low-power bursts of 50 MHz rf carrier for the 260m transmission between service buildings. The repeaters also demodulate the transmission and restructure the data for local utilization. The employment of frequency discrimination techniques yields high immunity to the characteristic noise spectrum 20. Nanoflow electrospinning serial femtosecond crystallography Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sierra, Raymond G.; Laksmono, Hartawan [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Kern, Jan [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Tran, Rosalie; Hattne, Johan [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Alonso-Mori, Roberto [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Glöckner, Carina; Hellmich, Julia [Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany); Schafer, Donald W. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Echols, Nathaniel; Gildea, Richard J.; Grosse-Kunstleve, Ralf W. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Sellberg, Jonas [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm (Sweden); McQueen, Trevor A. [Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94025 (United States); Fry, Alan R.; Messerschmidt, Marc M.; Miahnahri, Alan; Seibert, M. Marvin; Hampton, Christina Y.; Starodub, Dmitri; Loh, N. Duane; Sokaras, Dimosthenis; Weng, Tsu-Chien [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Zwart, Petrus H. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Glatzel, Pieter [European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble (France); Milathianaki, Despina; White, William E. [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Adams, Paul D. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Williams, Garth J.; Boutet, Sébastien [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Zouni, Athina [Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany); Messinger, Johannes [Umeå Universitet, Umeå (Sweden); Sauter, Nicholas K. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Bergmann, Uwe [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); Yano, Junko; Yachandra, Vittal K. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Bogan, Michael J., E-mail: mbogan@slac.stanford.edu [SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (United States) 2012-11-01 A low flow rate liquid microjet method for delivery of hydrated protein crystals to X-ray lasers is presented. Linac Coherent Light Source data demonstrates serial femtosecond protein crystallography with micrograms, a reduction of sample consumption by orders of magnitude. An electrospun liquid microjet has been developed that delivers protein microcrystal suspensions at flow rates of 0.14–3.1 µl min{sup −1} to perform serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) studies with X-ray lasers. Thermolysin microcrystals flowed at 0.17 µl min{sup −1} and diffracted to beyond 4 Å resolution, producing 14 000 indexable diffraction patterns, or four per second, from 140 µg of protein. Nanoflow electrospinning extends SFX to biological samples that necessitate minimal sample consumption. 1. Nanoflow electrospinning serial femtosecond crystallography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sierra, Raymond G.; Laksmono, Hartawan; Kern, Jan; Tran, Rosalie; Hattne, Johan; Alonso-Mori, Roberto; Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt; Glöckner, Carina; Hellmich, Julia; Schafer, Donald W.; Echols, Nathaniel; Gildea, Richard J.; Grosse-Kunstleve, Ralf W.; Sellberg, Jonas; McQueen, Trevor A.; Fry, Alan R.; Messerschmidt, Marc M.; Miahnahri, Alan; Seibert, M. Marvin; Hampton, Christina Y.; Starodub, Dmitri; Loh, N. Duane; Sokaras, Dimosthenis; Weng, Tsu-Chien; Zwart, Petrus H.; Glatzel, Pieter; Milathianaki, Despina; White, William E.; Adams, Paul D.; Williams, Garth J.; Boutet, Sébastien; Zouni, Athina; Messinger, Johannes; Sauter, Nicholas K.; Bergmann, Uwe; Yano, Junko; Yachandra, Vittal K.; Bogan, Michael J. 2012-01-01 A low flow rate liquid microjet method for delivery of hydrated protein crystals to X-ray lasers is presented. Linac Coherent Light Source data demonstrates serial femtosecond protein crystallography with micrograms, a reduction of sample consumption by orders of magnitude. An electrospun liquid microjet has been developed that delivers protein microcrystal suspensions at flow rates of 0.14–3.1 µl min −1 to perform serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) studies with X-ray lasers. Thermolysin microcrystals flowed at 0.17 µl min −1 and diffracted to beyond 4 Å resolution, producing 14 000 indexable diffraction patterns, or four per second, from 140 µg of protein. Nanoflow electrospinning extends SFX to biological samples that necessitate minimal sample consumption 2. Serial killer: il database mondiale Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gaetano parente 2016-07-01 Full Text Available The complex and multisided study of serial killers is partly made difficult by the current level of progress that has led these deviant people to evolve in relation to the aspects of shrewdness (concerning the staging and mobility. Despite the important work of some scholars who proposed important theories, all this shows that, concerning serial murders, it is still particularly frequent not to pay attention to links among homicides committed by the same person but in different parts of the world. It is therefore crucial to develop a worldwide database that allows all police forces to access information collected on crime scenes of murders which are particularly absurd and committed without any apparent reason. It will then be up to the profiler, through ad hoc and technologically advanced tools, to collect this information on the crime scene that would be made available to all police forces thanks to the worldwide database. 3. Serial Austen. Mashingups with Zombies Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eleonora Federici 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Jane Austen sells. She sells in all possible ways, her novels have been adapted for the cinema and the stage, they have been rewritten as comics and graphic novels. Jane austen is a cultural icon. The interest in her life is so strong that many biographies have been written in order to recover new facts and details. The places where she has lived and the places depicted in her novels have become tourist sites for literary pilgrims. Austen is a cross-over phenomenon, with regency costume balls recreated in her name and an endless proliferation of her works in all media. My essay will investigate Jane Austen and Seth Grahame-Smith’s Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009, a mash-up novel which has become a real cultural phenomenon of the last decade and will demonstrate how it can be considered a serial narrative. If as Henry Jenkins asserts, seriality implies the unfolding of a story over time through a process of “chunking” (that is creating meaningful parts of the same story and of “dispersal” (that is breaking the story into more parts and in more genres and media, mash-ups seems to do this.  Austen’s story remains as a “story hook” which pushes the reader to come back to different products for a continuation of the same story. So, if on the one hand, seriality occurs within the same text, the story-telling of Austen’s stories across genres and media is part of a seriality process. 4. Notorious Cases of Serial Killers Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Iosub Elena-Cătălina 2014-05-01 Full Text Available The reconstruction of a death scene provides an overall picture of the crime and will indicate the murder as an event or one of a series of events and also the criminal. But when the criminal is declared a serial killer, many questions are raised up. How could a person kill some else without a reason or why people react in such a disorganized way and become so brutal or what made them act like that and so many questions with also so many answers. This project explains the psychology of a murderer, his own way of thinking and acting by presuming that we may accurately discover what is in their minds when they kill. It is about a very complex issue regarding murder investigations, biological factors and psychological profile of a serial killer. Dealing with this problem we will at last reach to the question that could solve finally the puzzle: ―Are serial murderers distorted reflections of society's own values? 5. Serial murder by healthcare professionals. Science.gov (United States) Yorker, Beatrice Crofts; Kizer, Kenneth W; Lampe, Paula; Forrest, A R W; Lannan, Jacquetta M; Russell, Donna A 2008-01-01 The prosecution of Charles Cullen, a nurse who killed at least 40 patients over a 16-year period, highlights the need to better understand the phenomenon of serial murder by healthcare professionals. The authors conducted a LexisNexis search which yielded 90 criminal prosecutions of healthcare providers that met inclusion criteria for serial murder of patients. In addition we reviewed epidemiologic studies, toxicology evidence, and court transcripts, to provide data on healthcare professionals who have been prosecuted between 1970 and 2006. Fifty-four of the 90 have been convicted; 45 for serial murder, four for attempted murder, and five pled guilty to lesser charges. Twenty-four more have been indicted and are either awaiting trial or the outcome has not been published. The other 12 prosecutions had a variety of legal outcomes. Injection was the main method used by healthcare killers followed by suffocation, poisoning, and tampering with equipment. Prosecutions were reported from 20 countries with 40% taking place in the United States. Nursing personnel comprised 86% of the healthcare providers prosecuted; physicians 12%, and 2% were allied health professionals. The number of patient deaths that resulted in a murder conviction is 317 and the number of suspicious patient deaths attributed to the 54 convicted caregivers is 2113. These numbers are disturbing and demand that systemic changes in tracking adverse patient incidents associated with presence of a specific healthcare provider be implemented. Hiring practices must shift away from preventing wrongful discharge or denial of employment lawsuits to protecting patients from employees who kill. 6. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) 1986), University Engineering Education and Training in Nigeria: Development, ... Vol 29, No 1 (2010), Use of Energy Method to Simulate the ... of Optimal Rational Composition of Titles Producible from Nigerian Clays ... 7. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 194 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 14, No 1 (2000), A functional categoriality of adjectives in ... Vol 1, No 1 (1987), Alienation and affirmation: The humanistic vision of Bessie Head, Abstract PDF. 8. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 879 ... South African Journal of Higher Education. ... Browse Title Index ... in a USA school setting: Merging transition theory with a narrative approach, Abstract ... Citation analysis of theses and dissertations submitted at the ... 9. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 601 - 650 of 879 ... South African Journal of Higher Education. ... Browse Title Index .... The challenge of thesis supervision in an art university, Abstract ... No 2 (2004), Robert Sternberg's mental self-government theory and its contribution to ... 10. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 533 ... Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies. ... Issue, Title ... Vol 34, No 1 (2016), Book Review: Qualitative-Quantitative Analyses of .... The complex consonants of simple CV-syllables in Zezuru, Abstract. 11. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 346 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... and hygiene promotion services in Rungwe district, Tanzania, Abstract .... as seen in NIgerian teaching hospital: pattern and a simple classification, Abstract. 12. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 437 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... prospects and realistic strategies to its implementation in Nigeria\\'s Institute of ... and Communication Technology (ICT) in information dissemination, Abstract. 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 901 - 950 of 1355 ... Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index .... Vol 22, No 2 (2018), Performance evaluation of a locally fabricated sawdust fired oven for ... 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 301 - 350 of 788 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 26, No 1 (2018), Gender differentials in the perception of .... Vol 25, No 1 (2017), Impact of total quality management on students' academic performance in ... 15. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 465 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... and twinning data of an igbo kindred during the Nigerian Civil War, Abstract ... on laboratory estimations with special reference to clinical chemistry, Abstract. 16. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 251 - 300 of 1260 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Consumption of ammonia-nitrogen by aob in immobilized batch culture, Abstract PDF .... Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue, Design an automatic temperature ... 17. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 294 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index. Log in or .... S Edwards, M Hlongwane, J Thwala, N Robinson ... Vol 16, No 1 (2017), Infancy of internet cafe: The substitute of ubuntu-padare pedagogy, Abstract. 18. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 130 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index. Log in or ... using the technological pedagogical content knowledge(TPACK) framework, Abstract PDF ... Tamara N. Hrin, Dušica D. Milenković, Mirjana D. Segedinac. 19. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 278 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... drie paradigmas beskou: 'n eenheid, of 'n veelheid van perspektiewe? ... Vol 45, No 1 (2011), Genre pedagogy in the mediation of socially-situated literacies ... 20. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 551 - 600 of 879 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... A James, E Ralfe, L van Laren, N Ngcobo ... 1 (2011), Recognition of prior learning in promoting lifelong learning: A pedagogy of hope or a shattering of dreams? 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 451 - 500 of 533 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index .... for past tense forms in Northern Sotho: verb stems with final 'm' and 'n', Abstract ... in an academic writing class: Implications for a dialogic pedagogy, Abstract. 2. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 183 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 61 (2017), New interventions and sustainable solutions: .... Vol 35 (2011), Resurgence of tribal levies: Double taxation for the rural poor, Abstract PDF. 3. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 736 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 5 (2008), A Contagious Malady: The Human Quest for Truth through Religion, Abstract ... A Study of Politeness Strategies Used by the National University of ... 4. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 414 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index. Log in or ... of an algebraic function for the permutation of truth table columns, Abstract ... appraisal and productivity levels in selected Nigerian universities, Abstract. 5. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 879 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 20, No 4 (2006), Assessing academic potential for university admission: ... Vol 16, No 2 (2002), Book Review: Rethinking truth by Higgs, P & Smith, J, Details. 6. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 165 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 43 (2011), Assessment of the Learning Commons takeoff at the University of ... the archive of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Abstract. 7. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 644 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index. Log in or ... Ethics review n international health research: quality assurance or bureaucratic nightmare? Details ... Audit of Management of Open Fractures, Details PDF. 8. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 651 - 700 of 1199 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 5, No 1 (2011), Motivation, an Essential Ingredient for Optimal Performance in Emerging Markets, Abstract PDF ... Vol 3, No 5 (2009), Multinational transfer pricing and international taxation: what, why, ... 9. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 153 ... Issue, Title. Vol 9, No 2 (2006):, Effects of efficient water utilisation on water resources development in Swaziland under climate change, Abstract .... Ethical, Indigenous and Socio-Economic Perspectives, Abstract. 10. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 98 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... model for the continued professionalisation of student affairs in Africa, Abstract PDF ... Vol 2, No 2 (2014), Book Review: How College Affects Students, A Third decade ... 11. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 76 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 4, No 1 (2011), Automation of AutoCAD for Detailing of Reinforced .... Vol 10, No 1 (2017), Housing data base for sustainable housing provision, Abstract PDF. 12. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 147 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index .... Library (TEEAL) Database among faculty members in Federal University, ... Vol 5, No 2 (2014), Effects of corporate culture on the implementation of automation in ... 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 41 of 41 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 1, No 3 (2004): Special Edition, Assessment of the quality and reserves of Bat ... Vol 1, No 1 (1997), Bovine dermatophilosis in Zambia: epidemiology, socio-economic impacts and future perspectives, Abstract. 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 701 - 750 of 808 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 58, No 2 (2010), Short Communicaton: The socio-economic impact of helminth infections and the ... Vol 62 (2014): Special Edition, Special edition summarizing the scientific discourse which took place ... 15. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 351 - 391 of 391 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 2, No 3 (1999): Special Edition, The efficacy of low volume application of roundup ... Vol 1, No 1 (1998), The relationships among National Socio-Economic Indicators and Child Health Statistics, Abstract. 16. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 531 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... thermal conductivity and viscosity in a flat plate solar collector, Abstract PDF .... similarity method in unsteady two-dimensional MHD boundary layer on the body ... 17. Serial position learning in honeybees. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Randolf Menzel Full Text Available Learning of stimulus sequences is considered as a characteristic feature of episodic memory since it contains not only a particular item but also the experience of preceding and following events. In sensorimotor tasks resembling navigational performance, the serial order of objects is intimately connected with spatial order. Mammals and birds develop episodic(-like memory in serial spatio-temporal tasks, and the honeybee learns spatio-temporal order when navigating between the nest and a food source. Here I examine the structure of the bees' memory for a combined spatio-temporal task. I ask whether discrimination and generalization are based solely on simple forms of stimulus-reward learning or whether they require sequential configurations. Animals were trained to fly either left or right in a continuous T-maze. The correct choice was signaled by the sequence of colors (blue, yellow at four positions in the access arm. If only one of the possible 4 signals is shown (either blue or yellow, the rank order of position salience is 1, 2 and 3 (numbered from T-junction. No learning is found if the signal appears at position 4. If two signals are shown, differences at positions 1 and 2 are learned best, those at position 3 at a low level, and those at position 4 not at all. If three or more signals are shown these results are corroborated. This salience rank order again appeared in transfer tests, but additional configural phenomena emerged. Most of the results can be explained with a simple model based on the assumption that the four positions are equipped with different salience scores and that these add up independently. However, deviations from the model are interpreted by assuming stimulus configuration of sequential patterns. It is concluded that, under the conditions chosen, bees rely most strongly on memories developed during simple forms of associative reward learning, but memories of configural serial patterns contribute, too. 18. Nanoflow electrospinning serial femtosecond crystallography Science.gov (United States) Sierra, Raymond G.; Laksmono, Hartawan; Kern, Jan; Tran, Rosalie; Hattne, Johan; Alonso-Mori, Roberto; Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt; Glöckner, Carina; Hellmich, Julia; Schafer, Donald W.; Echols, Nathaniel; Gildea, Richard J.; Grosse-Kunstleve, Ralf W.; Sellberg, Jonas; McQueen, Trevor A.; Fry, Alan R.; Messerschmidt, Marc M.; Miahnahri, Alan; Seibert, M. Marvin; Hampton, Christina Y.; Starodub, Dmitri; Loh, N. Duane; Sokaras, Dimosthenis; Weng, Tsu-Chien; Zwart, Petrus H.; Glatzel, Pieter; Milathianaki, Despina; White, William E.; Adams, Paul D.; Williams, Garth J.; Boutet, Sébastien; Zouni, Athina; Messinger, Johannes; Sauter, Nicholas K.; Bergmann, Uwe; Yano, Junko; Yachandra, Vittal K.; Bogan, Michael J. 2012-01-01 An electrospun liquid microjet has been developed that delivers protein microcrystal suspensions at flow rates of 0.14–3.1 µl min−1 to perform serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) studies with X-ray lasers. Thermolysin microcrystals flowed at 0.17 µl min−1 and diffracted to beyond 4 Å resolution, producing 14 000 indexable diffraction patterns, or four per second, from 140 µg of protein. Nanoflow electrospinning extends SFX to biological samples that necessitate minimal sample consumption. PMID:23090408 19. SMALL SERIAL AND SERIAL PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT IN UNSTABLE DEMAND ENVIROUMENT Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tsomaeva I. V. 2014-03-01 Full Text Available The work presents the methodological approach to production program of the enterprise serial engineering for the current period in the conditions of uncertainty of demand. Here are two problems with this. The first is connected with the formation of the production program of the next quarter, year. Objective could be to stochastic programming, but this task is difficult. Therefore, in this paper we proposed a simple solution. On the basis of statistical historical information about the deviation of actual sales data products from predicted by Monte Carlo generated a lot of production programs. Fixed worst key performance (sales, profit etc. The difference between the values of the planned target and the settlement defines stochastic reserve, to be established at the expense of additional innovations. The second problem is connected with the formation of the production program production in the planned month, taking into account the creation of stocks of production in the conditions when for a short period of time is difficult to build a pattern of change in the quantity demanded by month for serial production, as in some months of the year the products are not produced nor sold. To justify the level of inventories of finished products is information on deviations from the fact plan for past periods. Built function of frequency distribution of the values of deviations. This allows you to further build the methodology for determining the level of production (taking into account the reserves and sales of products that deliver maximum economic effect from the sales in the conditions of a random process of realization of production. 20. Criminal psychological profiling of serial arson crimes. Science.gov (United States) Kocsis, Richard N; Cooksey, Ray W 2002-12-01 The practice of criminal psychological profiling is frequently cited as being applicable to serial arson crimes. Despite this claim, there does not appear to be any empirical research that examines serial arson offence behaviors in the context of profiling. This study seeks to develop an empirical model of serial arsonist behaviors that can be systematically associated with probable offender characteristics. Analysis has produced a model of offence behaviors that identify four discrete behavior patterns, all of which share a constellation of common nondiscriminatory behaviors. The inherent behavioral themes of each of these patterns are explored with discussion of their broader implications for our understanding of serial arson and directions for future research. 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 25, No 2 (2005), Yam-based farm practices and nematode problems in stored yams (Dioscorea spp.) in Ghana, Abstract PDF. CK Kwoseh, RA Plowright, J Bridge, R Asiedu. Vol 27, No 2 (2007), Yield, irrigation production efficiency and economic returns of broccoli under variable drip irrigation and lateral ... 2. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 68 of 68 ... Issue, Title. Vol 12, No 1-2 (2009), Sécurité et ordre politique au Cameroun : entre dynamiques internes et connexions internationales, Abstract PDF. BEP Chantal. Vol 6, No 1-2 (2003), Self-Determination, Nationalism, Development and Pan-Africanism Stuck on the Runway: Are Intellectuals to be Blamed ... 3. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 551 - 600 of 1463 ... Issue, Title. Vol 15, No 2 (2015), Evaluation of the diagnostic performance and operational characteristics of four rapid immunochromatographic syphilis tests in Burkina Faso, Abstract PDF. FY Bocoum, H Ouedraogo, G Tarnagda, A Kiba, S Tiendrebeogo, F Bationo, B Liestman, S Diagbouga, ... 4. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 351 - 400 of 400 ... Issue, Title. Vol 9, No 1 (2010), Soft tissue sarcoma of the thigh: Need for angiography in the developing, Abstract PDF. IA Adigun, GA Rahman, KO Ogundipe. Vol 3, No 1 (2004), Spectrum of rheumatic heart disease in Zaria, Northern Nigeria, Abstract. SS Danbauchi, MA Alhassan, SO David, ... 5. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 183 ... Issue, Title. Vol 62 (2017), #SchoolsOnFire: Criminal justice responses to protests that impede the right to basic education, Abstract PDF. Ann Skelton, Martin Nsibirwa. Vol 45 (2013), 'Pale Face'/'Pointy Face: SA Criminology in Denial, Abstract PDF. S Henkeman. Vol 59 (2017), Aluta continua: Police ... 6. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 14 of 14 ... Issue, Title. Vol 2, No 1 (2009), Auditory and Respiratory Health Disorders Among Workers in an Iron and Steel Factory, Abstract. GM Abdel – Rasoul, OAE Mahrous, ME Abou Salem, MA Al-Batanony, HK Allam. Vol 2, No 1 (2009), Effect of An Educational Program About Medical Waste Management on ... 7. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 391 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Efficacy of four Rodenticides on the Ghanaian Market, Abstract ... Vol 2, No 1 (2000):, Determination of some wear elements in used car engine oil and oil filter ... 8. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 251 - 300 of 490 ... Issue, Title. Vol 6, No 2 (2010), Knowledge and patterns of use of highly active antiretroviral therapies in HIV management at Abuja, Nigeria, Abstract. Jill I Okpalugo, US Inyang, K Ibrahim, F Anita, Chinwe V Ukwe, NC Aguwa. Vol 5, No 4 (2009), Knowledge and utilization of the acts in two major ... 9. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 9951 - 10000 of 11090 ... Issue, Title. Vol 10, No 36 (2011), Study of heavy metals bioaccumulation in the process of vermicomposting, Abstract PDF. MM Aleagha, G Ebadi. Vol 10, No 45 (2011), Study of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in ... 10. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 412 ... Issue, Title. Vol 32, No 2 (2013), Seinsverständnis and meaning in Heidegger, Abstract. Rafael Winkler. Vol 21, No 3 (2002), A defense of peace as a human right, Abstract. Patrick Hayden. Vol 26, No 2 (2007), A Kantian stance on teleology in biology, Abstract. AA Cohen. Vol 30, No 1 (2011), A Likely ... 11. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 251 - 300 of 328 ... Issue, Title. Vol 7, No 1 (2003), Sexual Harassment in Academia in Nigeria: How Real? Details PDF. Olugbenga Jelil Ladebo. Vol 8, No 2 (2004), Shaping the internet for match-making/dating: a challenge for the contemporary Nigerian family institution, Abstract PDF. Wale Adesina. Vol 6, No 1 (2002) ... 12. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 73 of 73 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 13 (2006), The ageing eye” functional changes from cradle to gray: A ... Vol 12 (2005), The evaluation of vision in children using monocular vision acuity and ... 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 22, No 2 (2008), Voltammetric determination of heparin based on its interaction with malachite green, Abstract PDF. Xueliang Niu, Weili Zhang, Na Zhao, Wei Sun. Vol 22, No 2 (2008), Voltammetric determination of l-cysteic acid on a 1-[4-(ferrocenyl-ethynyl)phenyl]-1-ethanone modified carbon paste ... 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 577 ... Issue, Title. Vol 20, No 2 (2003), Emergency Contraception: A Global Overview of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Providers, Abstract PDF. Deborah Haggai. Vol 23 (2006):, Emergency laparotomy for peripartum haemorrhage in Bida North Central Nigeria, Abstract PDF. Sunny Abiodun O ... 15. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 11090 ... Issue, Title. Vol 12, No 49 (2013), In vitro regeneration of selected Kenyan papaya (Carica papaya L.) lines through shoot tip culture, Abstract PDF. Naomi Nzilani Mumo, Fredah Karambu Rimberia, George Edward Mamati, Agnes Wanjiru Kihurani. Vol 7, No 12 (2008), In vitro regeneration of Turkish ... 16. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 221 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 38 (2010), Soft drink consumption of Grade 4 and Grade 7 learners in the Wynberg area, City of Cape Town, South .... Vol 42 (2014), The meaning of food for obese men: a qualitative study, Abstract PDF. 17. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 1215 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index. Log in or ... Vol 12, No 1 (2018), Analysis of the effects of frequent strikes on academic performance of students in universities in Nigeria: Edo State as a focal point, Abstract PDF ... Vol 6, No 1 (2012), Appraisal as a Determinant for Adequate ... 18. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 20 of 20 ... Issue, Title. Vol 9, No 2 (2000), Age dependent changes in the hypothalamic amino acid neurotransmitters in response to nicotine, Abstract. NM Radwan, NA Ahmed, YAM Aly. Vol 9, No 2 (2000), Autoantibodies, ocular and auditory changes in patients with vitiligo, Abstract. AE Fathia, EA Nagwa, ... 19. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 76 of 76 ... Issue, Title. Vol 6, No 1 (2013), Integrating Sustainability into the Real Estate Valuation Process: A Nigerian Perspective, Abstract PDF. G K Babawale, B A Oyalowo. Vol 5, No 1 (2012), Internalising internationa valuation standards: Relevance and applicability issues in the Nigerian context, Abstract PDF. 20. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 201 ... Issue, Title. Vol 12, No 1 (2006), Conservative management of cervical ectopic pregnancy: case report, Abstract PDF. TD Naidoo, MR Ramogale, J Moodley. Vol 18, No 2 (2012), Contraceptive use and associated factors among South African youth (18 - 24 years): A population-based survey, Abstract ... 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 183 of 183 ... Issue, Title. Vol 9, No 1 (2004), Socio-economic constraints affecting youths involvement in national economic development, Abstract. Josephine U Nwagwu. Vol 12, No 2 (2007), Stabilizing Potential Of Cement-Fly Ash Mixture On Expansive Clay Soil, Abstract. OO Amu, AB Fajobi, SO Afekhuai. Vol 11 ... 2. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 76 ... Issue, Title. Vol 16, No 2 (2006), A profile of the theatre procedures in paediatrict ophthalmic practice, Abstract. E O Onwasigwe. Vol 15, No 2 (2005), Abdominal cocoon, Abstract. Abdulrasheed K Adesunkanmi, Tajudeen A Badmus, Olukayode Ogundoyin, Akinwumi B Ogunrombi. Vol 18, No 1 (2008) ... 3. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 647 ... Issue, Title. Vol 13, No 2 (2010), 'N toekomstige perspektief op grondwetlike stabiliteit, Abstract PDF. F.W de Klerk. Vol 18, No 5 (2015), Cloete murray and Another v Firstrand bank ltd t/a Wesbank [2015] ZASCA 39A, Abstract PDF. M Laubscher. Vol 15, No 5 (2012), Cave Pecuniam: Lawyers as ... 4. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 15 of 15 ... Issue, Title. Vol 1, No 1 (2008), Assessment Of Ophthalmic Patients' Satisfaction In Owo, Abstract. CO Omolase, CO Fadamiro, BO Omolase, AS Aina, EO Omolade. Vol 3, No 1 (2010), Case Report: Strongyloides stercoralis coinfection in a Nigerian with HIV. Abstract. A.A Oyekunle, R.A.A Bolarinwa, O.A ... 5. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 15 of 15 ... Issue, Title. Vol 1, No 1 (2007), An Action Five Strategy For Bridging The Gender Gap In Academic Research Activities In African Universities. The Case of Nigeria, Abstract PDF. DN Okorie, OG Agabi, CM Uche. Vol 1, No 1 (2007), Book Review: Confronting sexual harassment in Ghanaian Universities ... 6. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 93 ... Issue, Title. Vol 5 (2013), A cost-effective Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) application for traffic congestion analyses in the Developing World, Abstract PDF. E Agyemang. Vol 3 (2011), A Historical and Gendered Perspective on HIV / AIDS in Botswana, Abstract PDF. J Hesselberg ... 7. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 327 ... Issue, Title. Vol 10, No 4 (2016), Omphalocoeles: A decade in review, Abstract PDF. S Singh, A Madaree. Vol 2, No 4 (2008), Ortner syndrome, Abstract PDF. E Meyer, NE Jones, LJ Zühlke. Vol 10, No 3 (2016), Outcome of children admitted to a general highcare unit in a regional hospital in the ... 8. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 814 ... Issue, Title. Vol 21, No 2 (2016), A 10 years trend of peptic ulcer disease and other gastrointestinal disorders in northern Uganda, Abstract PDF. T.R. Okello, D.M. Ogwang, I Pecorella. Vol 21, No 2 (2016), A 2-years description of traumatic brain injury admissions in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital ... 9. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 301 - 350 of 577 ... Issue, Title. Vol 32, No 2 (2015), Late arrival in hospital during labour: any correlation with materno-foetal outcome? The state specialist hospital, Asubiaro, Osogbo Experience. Abstract PDF. OO Awolola. Vol 30, No 2 (2013), Late Reproductive Effects of Cancer Treatment in Young People, Abstract ... 10. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 319 ... Issue, Title. Vol 23, No 2 (2016), Carica papaya juice enhanced in-vitro cell proliferation better than freeze-dried PBS extract using scratch assay, Abstract. A.B. Nafiu, E Abdulaziz, M.T. Rahman. Vol 23, No 2 (2016), A comparative study of the ownership and utilization of insecticide treated nets in ... 11. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 52 ... Issue, Title. Vol 15 (2000), Ammi analysis of maize yield trials in South-Western Nigeria, Abstract. SR Ajibade, BA Ogunbodede. Vol 20 (2006), Association of yield with some agronomic characters in potatoes in a cool mid-altitude location, Abstract. CO Amadi, EE Ene Obong. Vol 20 (2006), Casein (CSN3) ... 12. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 240 of 240 ... Issue, Title. Vol 8, No 4 (2005), Status equipment in primary health centres of Tafa Lga, North Central Nigeria, Abstract. MN Sambo, I Lewis, K Sabitu. Vol 10, No 1 (2007), Stroke at a tertiary medical institution in Northern Nigeria: Patients\\' profile and predictors of outcome, Abstract. KW Wahab, MU ... 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 249 ... Issue, Title. Vol 10, No 1 (2010), Ye Shakoch Chilot (the court of the sheikhs): A traditional institution of conflict resolution in Oromiya zone of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, Abstract PDF. M Zeleke. Vol 15, No 3 (2015), A comparative analysis of the Post- Arab Spring National Dialogues in Tunisia and ... 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 670 ... Issue, Title. Vol 9, No 2 (2012), Business Planning and the Economic Growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria, Abstract. Egbe Aneozeng A, Ejoh Ndifon Ojong, Obo Ekpenyong Bassey. Vol 11, No 2 (2014), Calabar Humaphors: An Analysis of Selected Jokes in Nigerian Stand Up ... 15. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 107 of 107 ... Issue, Title. Vol 6, No 1 (2017), The Ophthalmic status manifestations of nutritional and lifestyle disorders of men in a peri urban community in Ghana, Abstract PDF. F. Vuvor, M. Steiner-Asiedu, F.K. Saalia. Vol 2, No 1 (2013), Thyroid Disorders in Accra, Ghana: A Retrospective Histopathological Study ... 16. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 165 ... Issue, Title. Vol 30 (2005), Digitisation projects at the University of Cape Town Libraries, Abstract. Janine Dunlop, Lesley Hart. Vol 24 (2002), DISA: an African Perspective on Digital Technology, Abstract. Michele Pickover, Dale Peters. Vol 30 (2005), Doing it right – or are we? Basic principles in the ... 17. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 251 ... Issue, Title. Vol 55 (2014), 20 Years of democracy: Transforming the public service, Abstract. A Ruiters. Vol 63 (2016), Zemk' iinkomo magwala ndini! Wake up! The cows are being stolen! Abstract. Sipho Pityana. Vol 56 (2014), A layperson's guide to Nene's budget statement, Abstract. B Turok. 18. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 1007 ... Issue, Title. Vol 11, No 1 (1997), (+)-Floribundone 3 from the pods of Senna septemtrionalis, Details PDF. Gizachew Alemayehu, Bekuretsion Woldeyesus, Berhanu M Abegaz. Vol 14, No 1 (2000), 11α-Hydroxy muzigadiolide, a novel drimane sesquiterpene from the stem bark of warburgia ugandensis ... 19. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 356 ... Issue, Title. Vol 27, No 3 (2014), A desire for weight loss in season increases disordered eating behaviour risk and energy deficiency in athletes, Abstract PDF. HH Wright, R Ford, CR Botha. Vol 29, No 3 (2016), A review of infant and young child feeding practice in hospital and the home in KwaZulu-Natal ... 20. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 66 ... Issue, Title. Vol 48, No 1-2 (2015), A hierarchical modeling of information seeking behavior of school teachers in rural areas of Nigeria, Abstract. Manir Abdullahi Kamba. Vol 49, No 1-2 (2016), Access to electronic information resources by students of federal college of education in south east Nigeria ... 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 683 ... Issue, Title. Vol 54, No 1 (2006), Bovine tuberculosis survey in urban and peri urban dairy farms in coastal humid region of Tanga, Tanzania, Abstract. ES Swai, G Shirima, S Bwanga, W Moshy. Vol 60, No 3 (2012), Browsing capacity and nutritive value of indigenous browses in a tropical Coastal ... 2. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 387 ... Issue, Title. Vol 15, No 2 (2015), Introduction to Christian philosophy, Abstract. Charles Ogundu Nnaji. Vol 8, No 2 (2006), Is Quantum Mechanics a Complete Theory?: A Philosophical Defense of Einstein's Position, Abstract. U O Egbai. Vol 10, No 1 (2007), Jesus in Africa, Abstract. FF Edet. Vol 10, No ... 3. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 98 of 98 ... Issue, Title. Vol 4, No 1 (2016), First-year seminar intervention: Enhancing firstyear mathematics performance at the University of Johannesburg, Abstract PDF. Melanie Jacobs, Estherna Pretorius. Vol 5, No 2 (2017), From Inky Pinky Ponky to Improving Student Understanding in Assessment: Exploring the ... 4. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 167 of 167 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 2, No 2 (2013), Women and the Leadership Paradigm: Bridging the Workplace Gender-Gap in Nigeria, Abstract PDF ... Vol 5, No 2 (2016), Women's participation and gender issues in local governance ... 5. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 110 ... Issue, Title. Vol 10, No 1 (2003), Incidence and Determinants of Child Labour in Nigeria: Implications for Poverty Alleviation, Abstract. Benjamin Chiedozie Okpukpara, Ngozi Odurukwu. Vol 20, No 1 (2013), Inflation and capacity utilisation in Nigeria's manufacturing sector, Abstract. OA Ishola. Vol 19, No ... 6. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 251 - 300 of 367 ... Issue, Title. Vol 43 (2014), Some interlingual communicative challenges for foreign African interpreters in South African courtrooms, Abstract PDF. SE Usadolo, E Kotze. Vol 29 (1996), South Africa's new language policy in the context of the organisation for African unity's language plan of action for ... 7. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 89 ... Issue, Title ... of two-phased approaches to load balancing in cloud computing, Abstract ... Vol 19, No 1 (2012), Assessing Network Services and Security in ... Vol 23, No 1 (2016), Cloud model construct for transaction-based ... 8. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 198 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 13, No 1 (2015), Biometric Enhancement of Home and Office Security to Reduce Assassinations in Nigeria, Abstract PDF ... Vol 9, No 1 (2013), Cloud Computing: Key to IT Development in West Africa ... 9. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 198 of 198 ... Issue, Title ... scheme for QoS and energy conservation in cloud computing, Abstract PDF ... Vol 9, No 1 (2013), Performance and Security Evaluation of ... Vol 18, No 1 (2017), Reducing capital flight through local cloud ... 10. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 251 - 300 of 652 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 18, No 7 (2015), Introduction to virtual property: Lex virtualis ipsa ... Vol 17, No 1 (2014), Legal challenges relating to the commercial use of outer space, with ... 11. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 170 of 170 ... Issue, Title. Vol 20, No 2 (2004), The Impact of Mine Closures on Rural Population Dynamics: The Case of Zhombe in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe, Abstract. Crescentia Madebwe. Vol 29, No 1 (2013), The Influence of Organisational Culture and Job Satisfaction on Intentions to ... 12. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 263 ... Issue, Title. Vol 1, No 2 (2002), Effect of Light and Darkness on Packed Cell Volume in the Rat, Abstract. A. A. OSINUBI, F. I. DURU, C. C. NORONHA, A. O. OKANLAWON. Vol 4, No 1 (2005), Effect of Marijuana Smoking on Blood Chemistry and Serum Biogenic Amines Concentrations in Humans ... 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 751 - 800 of 846 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue, The effect of torrefaction on oil palm ... core competency skills of IRBM tax auditors towards their performance, Abstract PDF ... of exchange rates behavior in Malaysia by using NATREX model, Abstract PDF. 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 38, No 1 (2004), Book Review: Unexpected Voices – Theory, Practice and Identity in the Writing Classroom. Abstract. Charly Dyers. Vol 38, No 1 (2004), Book Review: Shelley Angelil-Carter: Stolen Language? Plagiarism in Writing. Abstract. Elizabeth de Kadt. Vol 37, No 1 (2003), Book Review: The Green ... 15. Browse Title Index - AJOL African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 501 - 508 of 508 ... Issue, Title. Vol 33, No 2 (2011), Visuele stereotipering van sportvroue in die sportmedia, Abstract. M Brandt, A Carstens. Vol 30, No 1 (2008), Volunteers\\' perceptions of benefits derived from volunteering: an empirical study, Abstract. J Surujlal, M Dhurup. Vol 33, No 1 (2011), Was the Conconi test ... 16. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 108 of 108 ... Issue, Title. Vol 8, No 2 (2016), The status and challenges of clinical informatics development in South Africa, Abstract PDF. Abayomi Kehinde Owolabi, Thokozani Patrick Mhlongo, Neil Evans. Vol 4, No 1 (2012), The stuttering implementation of language policies in the South African education system ... 17. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 100 ... Issue, Title. Vol 28 (2013): Special Issue, Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in domestic animals in peri-urban communities of Kafue district, Zambia, Abstract. J Siwila, IGK Phiri, HI Enemark, M Nchito, A Olsen. Vol 26, No 1 (2009), Occurrence of foot and mouth disease serotypes in Tanzania: A ... 18. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 801 - 850 of 11090 ... Issue, Title. Vol 10, No 61 (2011), Analysis of chemical constituents in medicinal plants of selected districts of Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan, Abstract PDF. I Hussain, R Ullah, J Khan, N Khan, M Zahoor, N Ullah, MuR Khattak, FA Khan, A Baseer, M Khurram. Vol 10, No 77 (2011), Analysis of chloroplast ... 19. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 501 - 550 of 670 ... Issue, Title. Vol 11, No 4 (2014), Strategies for Fostering Creativity Among Business Education Graduates in Nigeria, Abstract. BO Nwosu, KE Ojo. Vol 13, No 1 (2015) ... Vol 10, No 1 (2013), The Challenges Facing Accounting Education: The Nigerian Experience, Abstract. OR Okolie. Vol 5 (2008), The ... 20. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 198 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 7, No 1 (2013), Enterprise Cloud Adoption: Leveraging on the Business ... Load Balancing And Job Scheduling In Cloud Computing ... Vol 13, No 1 (2015), ICT-Based Framework for Improved Food Security in Nigeria ... Vol 5, No 1 (2012), IT-Based Solutions to the Electoral System in ... 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 1117 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 13, No 3 (2007):, an edu-ethical perspecitve on the nature of truth: case studies in elite ... 2009: September: Supplement, An empirical study of university ... 2. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 20, No 1 (2015), Assessment of iron status among preschool children (6 to 59 months) with and without malaria in Western Province, Kenya, Abstract. I Kisiangani, C Mbakaya, A Makokha, D Magu. Vol 20, No 1 (2015), Assessment of iron status among preschool children (6 to 59 months) with and without ... 3. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 232 ... Issue, Title. Vol 5 (2003), Pre-School Education for a Democratic Society: Identifying Views of Stakeholders in Tanzania, Abstract. Willy LM Komba, Satoki T Mahenge, Gadi Koda. Vol 13, No 2 (2012), Process of Assuring Quality in Counselling at the National Open University of Nigeria: A Critique ... 4. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 1732 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 10, No 3 (2007), An Audit Of Perioperative Cardiac Arrest At ... Vol 11, No 4 (2008), An Audit Of Rejected Repeated X-ray Films As A Quality Assurance ... 5. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 1038 ... Issue, Title. Vol 31, No 2 (2009), Assessing the utility of a continuous, underway fish egg sampler (CUFES) for sampling zooplankton, Abstract. S Sono, CL Moloney, CD van der Lingen. Vol 38, No 4 (2016), Assessing trophic adaptability is critical for understanding the response of predatory fishes to ... 6. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 101 ... Issue, Title. Vol 3, No 4 (2014), Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies seroprevalence among students in two tertiary institutions in Anambra state, Nigeria: a comparative study, Abstract PDF. CB Duru, FE Emele, ED Adinma, CO Ifeadike, KA Uwakwe, AO Oluboyo, BO Oluboyo, C Abejegah. Vol 2, No 1 ... 7. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 367 ... Issue, Title. Vol 42 (2013), Nursing the Cure: A Phonetic Analysis of /ʊə/ in South African English, Abstract PDF. I Bekker. Vol 1 (1980), Nuwe ontwikkelings binne chomsky se teorle van kerngrammatika, Abstract PDF. J Maartens. Vol 42 (2013), Obligatory Reflexivity in a Minimalist Grammar of ... 8. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 651 - 700 of 1007 ... Issue, Title. Vol 4, No 1 (1990), Kinetics of oxidation of β-diimihe macrocyclic complexes and accessibility of six-coordinate copper(III) complexes generated by electrochemical oxidation of copper(II) complexes, Abstract PDF. Mohamed A. Khalifa. Vol 14, No 2 (2000), Kinetics of periodate oxidation of ... 9. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 1020 ... Issue, Title ... Vol 48, No 2 (2006), Barriers to HIV Care and Treatment by Doctors: A review of the literature. ... Vol 48, No 5 (2006), Breast cancer – early detection and screening in South African women from the ... 10. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 23, No 2 (2011), Dynamique foliaire et croissance du maïs: Application du modèle «STICS» en conditions tropicales en RD-Congo, Abstract PDF. MM Lufuluabo, RV Kizungu, KK Nkongolo. Vol 18, No 1 (2006), Dynamique spatio-temporelle des populations d\\'Altises Podagrica spp. (Coleoptera ... 11. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 251 - 300 of 2005 ... Issue, Title. Vol 92, No 4 (2015), Blood Pressure and Obesity Index Assessment in a Typical Urban Slum in Enugu, Nigeria, Abstract. GI Ahaneku, CU Osuji, OC Oguejiofor, BC Anisiuba, VO Ikeh, JE Ahaneku. Vol 80, No 10 (2003):, Blood pressure control in a population where antihypertensives are ... 12. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 661 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. .... A El-Mahdy, B Bolduc, J Upadhyay, R Shoukr, A Khoury. Vol 19, No 1 (2013), Factors affecting lower calyceal stone clearance after Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, Abstract PDF. 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 985 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 17 (2010), Alternating Direction Implicit Finite Difference Time Domain Acoustic Wave Algorithm, Abstract. E Ikata .... Vol 17 (2010), Analytic derivation of the wave profile and phase speed of sixth order Stokes waves in deep water, Abstract. 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 286 ... Issue, Title. Vol 2, No 3-4 (2008), Impact of fire wood collection on trees species diversity in Bauchi state, Nigeria, Abstract. A Nura, A Ibrahim, I Mohammed, U Haruna. Vol 5, No 3 (2011), Impact of national special program for food security in Abia State, nigeria, Abstract. CO Emerole. Vol 5, No 1 (2011) ... 15. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 351 - 400 of 979 ... Issue, Title. Vol 45, No 9 (2003), Erectile dysfunction: A GP's guide to clinical assessment, Abstract PDF. PJ Harden. Vol 47, No 4 (2005), Ethical Issues in Family Practice: My Culture – Right or Wrong? Abstract PDF. GA Ogunbanjo, D Knapp van Bogaert. Vol 59, No 3 (2017), Ethical issues with ... 16. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 301 - 350 of 745 ... Issue, Title. Vol 9, No 3 (1999), Frequency And Outcome In AIDS Patients In A University Teaching Hospital – A Five Year Review, Abstract. SA Ogun, OO Adelowo, AEA ... Vol 18, No 2 (2008), Good cllinical practice in clinical drug trials - What you need to know, Abstract. K Soyebi, Y Abosede, HAB ... 17. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 217 ... Browse Title Index. Journal Home > Advanced ... Vol 13, No 1 (2016), Access to specialized surgical care, Abstract PDF. H Saidi ... Vol 9, No 2 (2012), Clinical Assessment of the Palmaris Longus – Accuracy of common tests, Abstract PDF ... Vol 11, No 2 (2014), Clinical trials in Surgery, Abstract PDF. 18. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 633 ... Issue, Title. Vol 19, No 1 (2009), Delays in Tuberculosis Treatment and Associated Factors in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, Abstract PDF. Ayalew Tegegn, Meseret Yazachew. Vol 26, No 1 (2016), Delivery Site Preferences and Associated Factors among Married Women of Child Bearing Age in ... 19. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 4119 ... Issue, Title. Vol 86, No 2 (1996), A re-evaluation of isotope screening for skeletal metastases in nodenegative breast cancer, Abstract PDF. C.A. Gudgeon, I.D. Werner, D.M. Dent. Vol 104, No 6 (2014), A reflection on the South African Medical Association – past, present and future, Abstract PDF. 20. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 1006 ... Issue, Title. Vol 49, No 8 (2007), Clinical approach to a patient with abnormal uterine bleeding, Abstract PDF. B G Lindeque. Vol 57, No 5 (2015), Clinical evidence in the management of swimmer's ear, Abstract PDF. Andre Marais. Vol 50, No 1 (2008), Clinical features of Systemic Lupus ... 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 701 - 750 of 1010 ... Issue, Title. Vol 6, No 2 (1998), Performance et stabilité de rendement des génotypes de patate douce dans divers environnements à l'est du Congo, Abstract. P Phemba, T Mutombo, N B Lutaladio, E E Carey. Vol 22 (2014): Supplement, Performance of Artemia shell-free embryos, Moina micrura and ... 2. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 17 (2005), A. C. conduction behaviour in amorphous WO3/CEO2 thin film, Abstract. B Yagoubi, C A Hogarth, A Boukorrt. Vol 16 (2003), A lossless image compression algorithm using variable block size segmentation, Abstract. Z Brahimi, K A Saadi, N Baraka. Vol 15 (2003), Analysis method of wavelet ... 3. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 97 of 97 ... Journal Home > Advanced Search > Browse Title Index ... Vol 20, No 2 (2008), Research Note: Anthropometric data of the foot of ... Vol 26, No 1 (2014), Validation of the Automation Attitude Questionnaire for Airline Pilots ... 4. Titles of Midas Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. L. Huxley 2001-09-01 Full Text Available The Phrygian inscription on the tomb at Yazılıkaya (8th century gives Midas the titles wanax and lawagtas, paralled in Mycenaean, and there were strong connections between his dynasty and Greek Aeolis. 5. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 201 - 250 of 333 ... Issue, Title. Vol 15, No 1 (2016), Irrigation potential of Inuakpa in Odukpani local government of Cross river using Kostiakov model, Abstract PDF. B.O. Unuigbe, K.I. Ofem, N.R.B. Antigha. Vol 2, No 2 (2003), LABOUR USE IN SMALL-SCALE YAM PRODUCTION IN QUA'AN PAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ... 6. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 644 ... Issue, Title. Vol 19, No 2 (2007), A qualitative study of medical student socialization in Malawi\\'s College of Medicine: Clincal crisis and beyond, Abstract PDF. C Wendland, C Bandawe. Vol 19, No 2 (2007), A qualitative study of medical student socialization in Malawi\\'s College of Medicine: Preclinical ... 7. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 13, No 2 (2013), Using Mindfulness as a Teaching Aid for Phenomenology, Abstract PDF. IR Owen. Vol 8, No 1 (2008), Were Nietzsche's Cardinal Ideas – Delusions? Abstract PDF. Eva M Cybulska. Vol 12, No 1 (2012), What did you learn in school today? Abstract PDF. Carina Henriksson. Vol 5, No 1 (2005) ... 8. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 265 ... Issue, Title. Vol 35, No 2 (2008), Choice of place for childbirth: prevalence and correlates of utilization of health facilities in Chongwe district, Zambia, Abstract PDF. AN Hazemba, S Siziya. Vol 43, No 1 (2016), Clinical and Radiological Features of Multiple Myeloma Patients at the University Teaching ... 9. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 88, No 8 (1998), New birth and death registration forms - a foundation for the future, a challenge for health workers? Abstract PDF. Debbie Bradshaw, Danuta Kielkowski, Freddy Sitas. Vol 83, No 3 (1993), New estimates of infant and child mortality for blacks in South Africa, 1968-1979, Abstract PDF. 10. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 643 ... Issue, Title. Vol 18, No 2 (2015), Contraceptive Knowledge and Compliance with Guidelines for Providing Contraceptive Services by Patent Medicine Vendors In Ibadan North Local Government Area, Nigeria, Abstract PDF. OO Ajayi, AJ Ajuwon. Vol 16, No 2 (2013), Coping Strategy for Food Security ... 11. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 851 - 900 of 1006 ... Issue, Title. Vol 54, No 2 (2012), The effect of the introduction of a standard monitoring protocol on the investigations performed on the metabolic control of type 2 diabetes at Addington Hospital Medical Outpatients Department, Durban, South Africa, Abstract PDF. JM Gill, A Ross, F Pirie, ... 12. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 8, No 2 (2016): Supplement, Using operative models (ICF and CBR) within an interprofessional context to address community needs, Abstract PDF. A Rhoda, F Waggie, G.C. Filies, J.M. Frantz. Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Using portfolios to assess professional competence and development in medical laboratory ... 13. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 412 ... Issue, Title. Vol 30, No 3 (2011) ... Transferring the principle of double effect from war to business, Abstract. G. J. Rossouw ... Vol 22, No 2 (2003), Can more business ethics teaching halt corruption in companies? Abstract. 14. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 101 - 150 of 155 ... Issue, Title. Vol 12 (2012), Political Dissent and Autonomy in Wum Local Government, Southern (West) Cameroons, 1957 – 1968, Abstract. TP Mbeum. Vol 9 (2009), Post-Emancipation Slave Commerce: Increasing Child Slave Trafficking and Women's Agency in Late Nineteenth-century Ghana ... 15. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 451 - 500 of 581 ... Issue, Title. Vol 30, No 1 (2016), Risky sexual behaviour and associated factors among students of Debre Tabor University, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study, Abstract PDF. Awoke Derbie, Mekonnen Assefa, Daniel Mekonnen, Fantahun Biadglegne. Vol 28, No 1 (2014), Road traffic accident: ... 16. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 451 - 500 of 1346 ... Issue, Title. Vol 32, No 1 (2015), Fire and the dynamics of two unpalatable grass species (Cymbopogon pospischilii and Elionurus muticus) in a semi-arid climate, Abstract. Hennie A Snyman. Vol 8, No 1 (1973), Fire as a method of controlling macchia (Fynos) vegetation on the Amathole Mountains of ... 17. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 43, No 2 (2006), Review: "'n Wonderlike geweld. Jeugherinneringe", By Elsa Joubert (2005), Abstract PDF. Henriette Roos. Vol 53, No 1 (2016), Review: Breyten Breytenbach, A Monologue in Two Voices, Abstract PDF. Andy Carolin. Vol 53, No 1 (2016), Review: The Shadow of the Hummingbird, Abstract ... 18. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 103 ... Issue, Title ... SE Edusah, E Osei-Tutu ... Vol 6, No 2 (2016), Interrelationships among unemployment, inflation and economic growth in Nigeria, Abstract .... Vol 4, No 3 (2014): Special Edition, Socio-cultural Issues for ... 19. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 4351 - 4386 of 4386 ... Issue, Title. Vol 107, No 6 (2017), When students become patients: TB disease among medical undergraduates in Cape Town, South Africa, Abstract PDF. H van der Westhuizen, A Dramowski. Vol 106, No 4 (2016), Where do children die and what are the causes? Under-5 deaths in the Metro West ... 20. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Issue, Title. Vol 10, No 2 (2014), Sorindeia warneckei Engl. (Anacardiaceae), une espèce multi-usagère de la dépression de la Lama au Togo, Abstract PDF. A Akodewou, S Akpavi, M Dourma, K Batawila, KB Amegnaglo, W Atakpama, K Akpagama. Vol 10, No 1 (2014), Sterculia setigera Del.: influence de quelques ... 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 1 - 50 of 126 ... Issue, Title. Vol 8, No 2 (2016), 2010 FIFA World Cup stadium investment: Does the post-event usage justify the expenditure? Abstract PDF. Luke Humphrey, Gavin Fraser. Vol 6, No 1 (2014), 7Implication of mergers and acquisitions on stock returns before and during the 2007–2009 credit crunch: An ... 2. Benchmarking Usage Statistics in Collection Management Decisions for Serials Science.gov (United States) Tucker, Cory 2009-01-01 Usage statistics are an important metric for making decisions on serials. Although the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Libraries have been collecting usage statistics, the statistics had not frequently been used to make decisions and had not been included in collection development policy. After undergoing a collection assessment, the… 3. Serial Killers: Academic Libraries Respond to Soaring Costs. Science.gov (United States) McCarthy, Paul 1994-01-01 Discusses ways in which academic libraries are responding to rising costs of serials. Topics addressed include pricing by publishers; the effect of journal cancellations on research activities; interlibrary loans and document delivery services; coordinated cancelling; electronic journals; and experiences at the University of Arizona. (LRW) 4. The Rise in Consumerism: The Year's Work in Serials, 1990. Science.gov (United States) Lonberger, Jana 1991-01-01 Examines major issues and trends in serials management represented in the literature published during 1990. Topics covered include the pricing crisis; publishing and scholarly communication; cancellation projects; technological developments and alternatives to print; claiming and replacement activities; acquisitions and collection development;… 5. What's Your Money Worth? Materials Budgets and the Selection and Evaluation of Book and Serial Vendors. Science.gov (United States) Barker, Joseph W. 1992-01-01 Discusses budgets for library materials and how to select and evaluate book and serial vendors. Trends in automation, publishing, and economics that affect both libraries and vendors are discussed; and examples from the University of California at Berkeley that include serials service charges and approval plan discounts are presented. (six… 6. Female serial murderers: directions for future research on a hidden population. Science.gov (United States) Gurian, Elizabeth A 2011-02-01 This comprehensive overview on a sample of 65 cases (134 total offenders, including some partnered teams of more than 2 offenders) provides information on female serial murderers who either work in a mixed-sex offending group or alone. These female serial homicide offenders have a distinct set of offender-victim characteristics, including specific victim preferences, methods, and motivations: Partnered serial homicide offenders are more likely to target adult strangers and dispatch them using a combination of methods, whereas solo female serial murderers are most likely to target adult family members and murder them with poison. These patterns have the potential to add to our understanding of the possible similarities and differences of serial homicide cases by building on established offender characteristics. Convictions and sentences for the offenders are included and areas of future research and implications for treatment with this sample are also explored. 7. Scientific and Technical Serials Holdings Optimization in an Inefficient Market: A LSU Serials Redesign Project Exercise. Science.gov (United States) Bensman, Stephen J.; Wilder, Stanley J. 1998-01-01 Analyzes the structure of the library market for scientific and technical (ST) serials. Describes an exercise aimed at a theoretical reconstruction of the ST-serials holdings of Louisiana State University (LSU) Libraries. Discusses the set definitions, measures, and algorithms necessary in the design of a computer program to appraise ST serials.… 8. INIS: Authority list for journal titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2008-01-01 This is the 34th revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). This list is published annually and includes the titles of all journals which have contained articles submitted to INIS at the time of publication. The current list contains 13 538 journal titles, 2 106 regularly scanned journals and 613 key journals. It was last updated in February 2008. A journal - or periodical - is a continuing publication issued in a succession of discrete parts, usually bearing numbering and/or chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. It is generally published within a defined, fixed interval between issues and normally appears more than once per year. It includes a mixture of articles, letters, summaries, etc. Within this definition, annuals such as the Annual Review of Nuclear Science are included, but series titles such as the McGraw-Hill Series in Nuclear Engineering are not. The purpose of this document is to provide descriptive cataloguers with standard elements to include in bibliographic level 'S' of the INIS record. These elements include field (tag) 229 (Full Journal Title), 320 (ISSN) and 321 (CODEN). The full journal title is mandatory, and either the ISSN or the CODEN must be included (both may appear). Instructions on how to use this and other elements of the INIS record format are found in INIS: Guide to Bibliographic Description (IAEA-INIS-1). In order to help the user find titles easily, the list is arranged in six parts, followed by summary statistics: - In Part I, all key journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. - In Part II, all key journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. - In Part III, all journals that are regularly scanned by 9. INIS: Authority list for journal titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2009-01-01 This is the 35th revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). This list is published annually and includes the titles of all journals which have contained articles submitted to INIS at the time of publication. The current list contains 13 750 journal titles, 1 965 regularly scanned journals and 593 key journals. It was last updated in March 2009. A journal - or periodical - is a continuing publication issued in a succession of discrete parts, usually bearing numbering and/or chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. It is generally published within a defined, fixed interval between issues and normally appears more than once per year. It includes a mixture of articles, letters, summaries, etc. Within this definition, annuals such as the Annual Review of Nuclear Science are included, but series titles such as the McGraw-Hill Series in Nuclear Engineering are not. The purpose of this document is to provide descriptive cataloguers with standard elements to include in bibliographic level 'S' of the INIS record. These elements include field (tag) 229 (Full Journal Title), 320 (ISSN) and 321 (CODEN). The full journal title is mandatory, and either the ISSN or the CODEN must be included (both may appear). Instructions on how to use this and other elements of the INIS record format are found in INIS: Guide to Bibliographic Description (IAEA-INIS-1). In order to help the user find titles easily, the list is arranged in six parts, followed by summary statistics: - In Part I, all key journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. - In Part II, all key journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. - In Part III, all journals that are regularly scanned by the 10. INIS: Authority list for journal titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2007-01-01 This is the 33rd revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). This list is published annually and includes the titles of all journals which have contained articles submitted to INIS at the time of publication. The current list contains 13 396 journal titles, 2 170 regularly scanned journals and 578 key journals. It was last updated in February 2007. A journal - or periodical - is a continuing publication issued in a succession of discrete parts, usually bearing numbering and/or chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. It is generally published within a defined, fixed interval between issues and normally appears more than once per year. It includes a mixture of articles, letters, summaries, etc. Within this definition, annuals such as the Annual Review of Nuclear Science are included, but series titles such as the McGraw-Hill Series in Nuclear Engineering are not. The purpose of this document is to provide descriptive cataloguers with standard elements to include in bibliographic level 'S' of the INIS record. These elements include field (tag) 229 (Full Journal Title), 320 (ISSN) and 321 (CODEN). The full journal title is mandatory, and either the ISSN or the CODEN must be included (both may appear). Instructions on how to use this and other elements of the INIS record format are found in INIS: Guide to Bibliographic Description (IAEA-INIS-1). In order to help the user find titles easily, the list is arranged in six parts, followed by summary statistics: - In Part I, all key journals are grouped under the name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS, then sorted alphabetically under their title. - In Part II, all key journals are sorted alphabetically under their title. The name of the country or international organization responsible for their input in INIS is entered in parentheses within the body of the entry. - In Part III, all journals that are regularly scanned by 11. Viscous hydrophilic injection matrices for serial crystallography Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gabriela Kovácsová 2017-07-01 Full Text Available Serial (femtosecond crystallography at synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL sources distributes the absorbed radiation dose over all crystals used for data collection and therefore allows measurement of radiation damage prone systems, including the use of microcrystals for room-temperature measurements. Serial crystallography relies on fast and efficient exchange of crystals upon X-ray exposure, which can be achieved using a variety of methods, including various injection techniques. The latter vary significantly in their flow rates – gas dynamic virtual nozzle based injectors provide very thin fast-flowing jets, whereas high-viscosity extrusion injectors produce much thicker streams with flow rates two to three orders of magnitude lower. High-viscosity extrusion results in much lower sample consumption, as its sample delivery speed is commensurate both with typical XFEL repetition rates and with data acquisition rates at synchrotron sources. An obvious viscous injection medium is lipidic cubic phase (LCP as it is used for in meso membrane protein crystallization. However, LCP has limited compatibility with many crystallization conditions. While a few other viscous media have been described in the literature, there is an ongoing need to identify additional injection media for crystal embedding. Critical attributes are reliable injection properties and a broad chemical compatibility to accommodate samples as heterogeneous and sensitive as protein crystals. Here, the use of two novel hydrogels as viscous injection matrices is described, namely sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and the thermo-reversible block polymer Pluronic F-127. Both are compatible with various crystallization conditions and yield acceptable X-ray background. The stability and velocity of the extruded stream were also analysed and the dependence of the stream velocity on the flow rate was measured. In contrast with previously characterized injection media, both new 12. Serial Position Functions in General Knowledge Science.gov (United States) Kelley, Matthew R.; Neath, Ian; Surprenant, Aimée M. 2015-01-01 Serial position functions with marked primacy and recency effects are ubiquitous in episodic memory tasks. The demonstrations reported here explored whether bow-shaped serial position functions would be observed when people ordered exemplars from various categories along a specified dimension. The categories and dimensions were: actors and age;… 13. The Serial Murderer's Motivations: An Interdisciplinary Review. Science.gov (United States) DeHart, Dana D.; Mahoney, John M. 1994-01-01 Defines serial killer as individual who murders two or more victims over an extended period of time, ranging from days to years, with the crimes often being sexually motivated. Reviews existing motivational theories of serial murder and proposes additional explications from range of disciplines. Presents suggestions for future research and… 14. Modus operandi of female serial killers. Science.gov (United States) Wilson, W; Hilton, T 1998-04-01 The modus operandi of female serial killers was examined from a chronology of 58 cases in America and 47 cases in 17 other countries, compiled over 25-year intervals. Female serial killers in other countries accounted for a disproportionately greater number of victims, but those in America managed a longer killing career when associated with a low profile modus operandi. 15. Female serial killing: review and case report. Science.gov (United States) Frei, Andreas; Völlm, Birgit; Graf, Marc; Dittmann, Volker 2006-01-01 Single homicide committed by women is rare. Serial killing is very infrequent, and the perpetrators are usually white, intelligent males with sadistic tendencies. Serial killing by women has, however, also been described. To conduct a review of published literature on female serial killers and consider its usefulness in assessing a presenting case. A literature review was conducted, after searching EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO. The presenting clinical case is described in detail in the context of the literature findings. Results The literature search revealed few relevant publications. Attempts to categorize the phenomenon of female serial killing according to patterns of and motives for the homicides have been made by some authors. The most common motive identified was material gain or similar extrinsic gratification while the 'hedonistic' sadistic or sexual serial killer seems to be extremely rare in women. There is no consistent theory of serial killing by women, but psychopathic personality traits and abusive childhood experiences have consistently been observed. The authors' case did not fit the description of a 'typical' female serial killer. In such unusual circumstances as serial killing by a woman, detailed individual case formulation is required to make sense of the psychopathology in each case. Publication of cases in scientific journals should be encouraged to advance our understanding of this phenomenon. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 16. Rethinking Conceptual Definitions of the Criminal Career and Serial Criminality. Science.gov (United States) Edelstein, Arnon 2016-01-01 Since Cesare Lombroso's days, criminology seeks to define, explain, and categorize the various types of criminals, their behaviors, and motives. This aim has theoretical as well as policy-related implications. One of the important areas in criminological thinking focuses chiefly on recidivist offenders who perform large numbers of crimes and/or commit the most dangerous crimes in society (rape, murder, arson, and armed robbery). These criminals have been defined as "habitual offenders," "professional criminals," "career criminals," and "serial offenders." The interest in these criminals is a rational one, given the perception that they present a severe threat to society. The main challenge in this area of research is a conceptual problem that has significant effects across the field. To this day, scholars have reused and misused titles to define and explain different concepts. The aim of this article is 3-fold. First, to review the concepts of criminal career, professional crime, habitual offenses, and seriality with a critical attitude on confusing terms. Second, to propose the redefinition of concepts mentioned previously, mainly on the criminal career. Third, to propose a theoretical model to enable a better understanding of, and serve as a basis for, further research in this important area of criminology. © The Author(s) 2015. 17. Serial album validation for promotion of infant body weight control Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nathalia Costa Gonzaga Saraiva 2018-05-01 Full Text Available ABSTRACT Objective: to validate the content and appearance of a serial album for children aged from 7 to 10 years addressing the topic of prevention and control of body weight. Method: methodological study with descriptive nature. The validation process was attended by 33 specialists in educational technologies and/or in excess of infantile weight. The agreement index of 80% was the minimum considered to guarantee the validation of the material. Results: most of the specialists had a doctoral degree and a graduate degree in nursing. Regarding content, illustrations, layout and relevance, all items were validated and 69.7% of the experts considered the album as great. The overall agreement validation index for the educational technology was 0.88. Only the script-sheet 3 did not reach the cutoff point of the content validation index. Changes were made to the material, such as title change, inclusion of the school context and insertion of nutritionist and physical educator in the story narrated in the album. Conclusion: the proposed serial album was considered valid by experts regarding content and appearance, suggesting that this technology has the potential to contribute in health education by promoting healthy weight in the age group of 7 to 10 years. 18. Serial killers with military experience: applying learning theory to serial murder. Science.gov (United States) Castle, Tammy; Hensley, Christopher 2002-08-01 Scholars have endeavored to study the motivation and causality behind serial murder by researching biological, psychological, and sociological variables. Some of these studies have provided support for the relationship between these variables and serial murder. However, the study of serial murder continues to be an exploratory rather than explanatory research topic. This article examines the possible link between serial killers and military service. Citing previous research using social learning theory for the study of murder, this article explores how potential serial killers learn to reinforce violence, aggression, and murder in military boot camps. As with other variables considered in serial killer research, military experience alone cannot account for all cases of serial murder. Future research should continue to examine this possible link. 19. Serial powering of pixel modules International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Stockmanns, Tobias; Fischer, Peter; Huegging, Fabian; Peric, Ivan; Runolfsson, O.; Wermes, Norbert 2003-01-01 Modern pixel detectors for the next generation of high-energy collider experiments like LHC use readout electronics in deep sub-micron technology. Chips in this technology need a low supply voltage of 2-2.5 V alongside high current consumption to achieve the desired performance. The high supply current leads to significant voltage drops in the long and low mass supply cables so that voltage fluctuations at the chips are induced, when the supply current changes. This problem scales with the number of modules when connected in parallel to the power supplies. An alternative powering scheme connects several modules in series resulting in a higher supply voltage but a lower current consumption of the chain and therefore a much lower voltage drop in the cables. In addition the amount of cables needed to supply the detector is vastly reduced. The concept and features of serial powering are presented and studies of the implementation of this technology as an alternative for the ATLAS pixel detector are shown. In particular, it is shown that the potential risk of powering in series can be addressed and eliminated 20. Serial powering of pixel modules CERN Document Server Stockmanns, Tobias; Hügging, Fabian Georg; Peric, I; Runólfsson, O; Wermes, Norbert 2003-01-01 Modern pixel detectors for the next generation of high-energy collider experiments like LHC use readout electronics in deep sub- micron technology. Chips in this technology need a low supply voltage of 2-2.5 V alongside high current consumption to achieve the desired performance. The high supply current leads to significant voltage drops in the long and low mass supply cables so that voltage fluctuations at the chips are induced, when the supply current changes. This problem scales with the number of modules when connected in parallel to the power supplies. An alternative powering scheme connects several modules in series resulting in a higher supply voltage but a lower current consumption of the chain and therefore a much lower voltage drop in the cables. In addition the amount of cables needed to supply the detector is vastly reduced. The concept and features of serial powering are presented and studies of the implementation of this technology as an alternative for the ATLAS pixel detector are shown. In par... 1. Transtornos de personalidade, psicopatia e serial killers Personality disorders, psychopathy and serial killers Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hilda C P Morana 2006-10-01 2. The Productivity Advantage of Serial Entrepreneurs DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Shaw, Kathryn L.; Sørensen, Anders Serial entrepreneurs, who open more than one business, are found to have higher sales and higher productivity than novice entrepreneurs, who open one business. Using panel data on entrepreneurs and their firms from Denmark for 2001-2013, the serial entrepreneur has 67% higher sales than the novice......, but also opens firms that are larger in terms of the initial capital and labor, and thus is 39% more productive. There are subsets of firms that perform especially well – serial entrepreneurs that hold a portfolio of overlapping ongoing firms perform the best, as do those that open as limited liability... 3. The American Serialization of Lord Jim Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Stephen Donovan 2017-12-01 Full Text Available This essay presents the discovery of the American serialization of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim in New York’s Evening Telegram in 1903. This ‘lost’ serialization, it argues, invites a new perspective on Conrad’s early career by foregrounding the role of newspaper serialization and syndication in establishing his literary standing. After surveying the principal differences in the respective reading experiences of the periodical versus the book, it concludes by proposing that the prominence of women among Conrad’s first audiences requires us to reassess the basis for his success in North America and elsewhere. 4. Title list of documents made publicly available International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1991-01-01 The Title List of Documents Made Publicly Available is a monthly publication. It contains descriptions of the information received and generated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This information includes docketed material associated with civilian nuclear power plants and other uses of radioactive materials and nondocketed material received and generated by NRC pertinent to its role as a regulatory agency. This series of documents is indexed by a Personal Author Index, a Corporate Source Index, and a Report Number Index. The docketed information contained in the Title List includes the information formerly issued though the Department of Energy publication Power Reactor Docket Information, last published in January 1979 5. Title List of documents made publicly available International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1982-07-01 The Title List of Documents Made Publicly Available is a monthly publication. It contains descriptions of the information received and generated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This information includes: (1) docketed material associated with civilian nuclear power plants and other uses of radioactive materials and (2) nondocketed material received and generated by NRC pertinent to its role as a regulatory agency. As used here, docketed does not refer to Court dockets; it refers to the system by which NRC maintains its regulatory records. This series of documents is indexed by a Personal Author Index, a Corporate Source Index, and a Report Number Index. The docketed information contained in the Title List includes the information formerly issued through the Department of Energy publication Power Reactor Docket Information, last published in January 1979. Microfiche of the docketed information listed in the Title List is available for sale on a subscription basis from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 6. Title List of documents made publicly available International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1982-06-01 The Title List of Documents Made Publicly Available is a monthly publication. It contains descriptions of the information received and generated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This information includes: (1) docketed material associated with civilian nuclear power plants and other uses of radioactive materials and (2) nondocketed material received and generated by NRC pertinent to its role as a regulatory agency. As used here, docketed does not refer to Court dockets; it refers to the system by which NRC maintains its regulatory records. This series of documents is indexed by a Personal Author Index, a Corporate Source Index, and a Report Number Index. The docketed information contained in the Title List includes the information formerly issued throught the Department of Energy publication Power Reactor Docket Information, last published in January 1979. Microfiche of the docketed information listed in the Title List is available for sale on a subscription basis from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 7. Reconstructing genealogies of serial samples under the assumption of a molecular clock using serial-sample UPGMA. Science.gov (United States) Drummond, A; Rodrigo, A G 2000-12-01 Reconstruction of evolutionary relationships from noncontemporaneous molecular samples provides a new challenge for phylogenetic reconstruction methods. With recent biotechnological advances there has been an increase in molecular sequencing throughput, and the potential to obtain serial samples of sequences from populations, including rapidly evolving pathogens, is fast being realized. A new method called the serial-sample unweighted pair grouping method with arithmetic means (sUPGMA) is presented that reconstructs a genealogy or phylogeny of sequences sampled serially in time using a matrix of pairwise distances. The resulting tree depicts the terminal lineages of each sample ending at a different level consistent with the sample's temporal order. Since sUPGMA is a variant of UPGMA, it will perform best when sequences have evolved at a constant rate (i.e., according to a molecular clock). On simulated data, this new method performs better than standard cluster analysis under a variety of longitudinal sampling strategies. Serial-sample UPGMA is particularly useful for analysis of longitudinal samples of viruses and bacteria, as well as ancient DNA samples, with the minimal requirement that samples of sequences be ordered in time. 8. Some Considerations on Seriality and Synchronicity OpenAIRE Elena Nechita 2010-01-01 This paper presents an overview of the results that have been obtained lately on seriality and synchronicity and their link, in the light of the new theories and within the frame of complexity science. 9. Some Considerations on Seriality and Synchronicity Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Elena Nechita 2010-01-01 Full Text Available This paper presents an overview of the results that have been obtained lately on seriality and synchronicity and their link, in the light of the new theories and within the frame of complexity science. 10. Counterbalancing for serial order carryover effects in experimental condition orders OpenAIRE Brooks, Joseph L 2012-01-01 Reactions of neural, psychological, and social systems are rarely, if ever, independent of previous inputs and states. The potential for serial order carryover effects from one condition to the next in a sequence of experimental trials makes counterbalancing of condition order an essential part of experimental design. Here, a method is proposed for generating counterbalanced sequences for repeated-measures designs including those with multiple observations of each condition on one participant... 11. Evaluation of Serial Casting for Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Case Report. Science.gov (United States) Carroll, Kate; de Valle, Katy; Kornberg, Andrew; Ryan, Monique; Kennedy, Rachel 2018-02-01 To report the effects of below-knee serial casting in two boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who presented with well-preserved strength and calf shortening. Bilateral below-knee serial casts were applied over two weeks with follow-up of daily stretching and wearing of customized night splints. Outcome measures were performed at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-casting. These included measures of calf length, leg strength, motor function, endurance, and spatio-temporal gait parameters. Both boys completed serial casting with gains in muscle length. No adverse effects on strength or motor function were observed over a 12-month follow-up period. 12. The History, Uses, and Abuses of Title IX. 2016 Bulletin Science.gov (United States) American Association of University Professors, 2016 2016-01-01 This report, an evaluation of the history and current uses of Title IX, is the result of a joint effort by a subcommittee that included members of the AAUP's Committee A on Academic Freedom and Tenure and the Committee on Women in the Academic Profession. The report identifies tensions between current interpretations of Title IX and the academic… 13. Broad ion beam serial section tomography Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Winiarski, B., E-mail: b.winiarski@manchester.ac.uk [School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); Materials Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW (United Kingdom); Gholinia, A. [School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); Mingard, K.; Gee, M. [Materials Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW (United Kingdom); Thompson, G.E.; Withers, P.J. [School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom) 2017-01-15 Here we examine the potential of serial Broad Ion Beam (BIB) Ar{sup +} ion polishing as an advanced serial section tomography (SST) technique for destructive 3D material characterisation for collecting data from volumes with lateral dimensions significantly greater than 100 µm and potentially over millimetre sized areas. Further, the associated low level of damage introduced makes BIB milling very well suited to 3D EBSD acquisition with very high indexing rates. Block face serial sectioning data registration schemes usually assume that the data comprises a series of parallel, planar slices. We quantify the variations in slice thickness and parallelity which can arise when using BIB systems comparing Gatan PECS and Ilion BIB systems for large volume serial sectioning and 3D-EBSD data acquisition. As a test case we obtain 3D morphologies and grain orientations for both phases of a WC-11%wt. Co hardmetal. In our case we have carried out the data acquisition through the manual transfer of the sample between SEM and BIB which is a very slow process (1–2 slice per day), however forthcoming automated procedures will markedly speed up the process. We show that irrespective of the sectioning method raw large area 2D-EBSD maps are affected by distortions and artefacts which affect 3D-EBSD such that quantitative analyses and visualisation can give misleading and erroneous results. Addressing and correcting these issues will offer real benefits when large area (millimetre sized) automated serial section BIBS is developed. - Highlights: • In this work we examine how microstructures can be reconstructed in three-dimensions (3D) by serial argon broad ion beam (BIB) milling, enabling much larger volumes (>250×250×100µm{sup 3}) to be acquired than by serial section focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). • The associated low level of damage introduced makes BIB milling very well suited to 3D-EBSD acquisition with very high indexing rates. • We explore 14. [Some criminological and psychopathologic reflexions about serial crimes]. Science.gov (United States) Romi, Juan Carlos 2011-01-01 This article reviews the concept of serial crime, including murder as well as any action for the purpose of inflicting bodily harm upon any person. It characterizes three types of multi-murderers: serial killers, mass murderers, and spree killers. These offenders often have a specific (ritual) behavior that is idiosyncratic and repeated on each crime, which allows the psychological profiling of the murderer. Examples, a psychopathological background, and a description of both their criminal behavior and dynamics are provided for each of these criminals. They are further classified according to their different motivations: psychotic, prophetic or enlightened, pleasure, secondary or pecuniary profits, power or control. Finally, the author shares his personal experience over 20 years in the assessment of sexual offenders. 15. [The serial murder: a few theoretical perspectives]. Science.gov (United States) 2011-01-01 Despite numbers of publications and effort to try to establish the definition, the classification, the epidemiology, the clinical aspects and the psychopathology of serial killers, a universal consensus seems to say the least. Crime, though reduced in some countries, appears to impact more and more consistent worldwide, generating controversial ideas and a multitude of possible explanations. The serial killer usually presents as a caucasian man, aged between 20 and 40 years, often embedded socially and in his family, but with serious psychiatric, personal and especially family history. Usually acting alone, the serial killer plans a crime well in advance, but sometimes within the scope of impulsivity for a minority, the victim not being previously selected. In the latter case, an actual mental illness like psychosis is found. It is clear from numerous psychopathological studies conducted so far that most serial killers are defined as psychopathic sexual sadists, whose childhood was difficult, if not flouted, punctuated by physical and psychological violence situations. In addition, pervasive fantasies combined with thoughts of death, sex and violence are as much in common with the original acts of which they are the instigators. Beyond a relentless media that is constantly watering the public with stories and pictures depicting them as such, serial killers remain an enigma. We can therefore attempt to answer the various questions raised by this phenomenon, the way these people operate and how we can curb the rise, thanks to the neurobiological and neurophysiological approaches that science offers us. 16. Serial Expression Analysis: a web tool for the analysis of serial gene expression data Science.gov (United States) Nueda, Maria José; Carbonell, José; Medina, Ignacio; Dopazo, Joaquín; Conesa, Ana 2010-01-01 Serial transcriptomics experiments investigate the dynamics of gene expression changes associated with a quantitative variable such as time or dosage. The statistical analysis of these data implies the study of global and gene-specific expression trends, the identification of significant serial changes, the comparison of expression profiles and the assessment of transcriptional changes in terms of cellular processes. We have created the SEA (Serial Expression Analysis) suite to provide a complete web-based resource for the analysis of serial transcriptomics data. SEA offers five different algorithms based on univariate, multivariate and functional profiling strategies framed within a user-friendly interface and a project-oriented architecture to facilitate the analysis of serial gene expression data sets from different perspectives. SEA is available at sea.bioinfo.cipf.es. PMID:20525784 17. Stochastic modeling of a serial killer. Science.gov (United States) Simkin, M V; Roychowdhury, V P 2014-08-21 We analyze the time pattern of the activity of a serial killer, who during 12 years had murdered 53 people. The plot of the cumulative number of murders as a function of time is of "Devil's staircase" type. The distribution of the intervals between murders (step length) follows a power law with the exponent of 1.4. We propose a model according to which the serial killer commits murders when neuronal excitation in his brain exceeds certain threshold. We model this neural activity as a branching process, which in turn is approximated by a random walk. As the distribution of the random walk return times is a power law with the exponent 1.5, the distribution of the inter-murder intervals is thus explained. We illustrate analytical results by numerical simulation. Time pattern activity data from two other serial killers further substantiate our analysis. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 18. Converting serial networks to Ethernet communications Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rosado, Elroy [Freewave Technologies, Inc., Boulder, CO (United States). Latin America 2008-07-01 Many oil and gas producers and pipeline companies find themselves in an awkward position. They have invested millions of dollars in legacy serial communications systems and in most cases, millions more in older SCADA remote terminal units and electronic flow meters. There is a desire throughout most of the industry to convert these systems to Ethernet. This presentation will explore how Ethernet protocol offers advantages over the older serial communications in terms of peer to peer communication, faster polling cycles, and the ability to poll multiple devices at the same time. (author) 19. Multistage parallel-serial time averaging filters International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Theodosiou, G.E. 1980-01-01 Here, a new time averaging circuit design, the 'parallel filter' is presented, which can reduce the time jitter, introduced in time measurements using counters of large dimensions. This parallel filter could be considered as a single stage unit circuit which can be repeated an arbitrary number of times in series, thus providing a parallel-serial filter type as a result. The main advantages of such a filter over a serial one are much less electronic gate jitter and time delay for the same amount of total time uncertainty reduction. (orig.) 20. Serial position effects in mild cognitive impairment. Science.gov (United States) Howieson, Diane B; Mattek, Nora; Seeyle, Adriana M; Dodge, Hiroko H; Wasserman, Dara; Zitzelberger, Tracy; Jeffrey, Kaye 2011-03-01 Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often associated with the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Special scoring of word-list recall data for serial position has been suggested to improve discrimination of normal aging from dementia. We examined serial position effects in word-list recall for MCI participants compared to Alzheimer patients and controls. Individuals with MCI, like Alzheimer patients, had a diminished primacy effect in recalling words from a list. No alternative scoring system was better than standard scoring of word-list recall in distinguishing MCI patients from controls. Retention weighted scoring improved the discrimination of MCI and AD groups. 1. Pulse shaping for all-optical signal processing of ultra-high bit rate serial data signals DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Palushani, Evarist The following thesis concerns pulse shaping and optical waveform manipulation for all-optical signal processing of ultra-high bit rate serial data signals, including generation of optical pulses in the femtosecond regime, serial-to-parallel conversion and terabaud coherent optical time division... 2. Alur Kerja Tahap Produksi Karakter Animasi Serial 3D Menggunakan Perangkat Lunak Maxon Cinema 4D Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ardiyan Ardiyan 2011-04-01 Full Text Available 3D Animation serial for television needs have been showed in the national television program, especially fantasy theme and educational program for children. There are so many and sequential needs which tricked by instant and high quality production so the work flow in creating 3D animation serial are facilitating the producers. The article will explain specifically how the software of Maxon Cinema 4D in process production in 3D animation serial. The article will also clarify and focus on how the work flow of Maxon Cinema 4D software in processing production and post-production stages. The writer does research including audio visual tutorial, end-result comparison and rendering time between some software, self-observation of work flow in creating 3D animation serial using Maxon Cinema 4D software and digital literature study (e-book. 3. Recalling visual serial order for verbal sequences NARCIS (Netherlands) Logie, R.H.; Saito, S.; Morita, A.; Varma, S.; Norris, D. 2016-01-01 We report three experiments in which participants performed written serial recall of visually presented verbal sequences with items varying in visual similarity. In Experiments 1 and 2 native speakers of Japanese recalled visually presented Japanese Kanji characters. In Experiment 3, native speakers 4. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) NARCIS (Netherlands) van Ruissen, Fred; Baas, Frank 2007-01-01 In 1995, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was developed as a versatile tool for gene expression studies. SAGE technology does not require pre-existing knowledge of the genome that is being examined and therefore SAGE can be applied to many different model systems. In this chapter, the SAGE 5. Facial rejuvenation: Serial fat graft transfer African Journals Online (AJOL) 2016-02-01 Feb 1, 2016 ... This a clinical study carried out to test the aesthetic outcome of serial injection of the cryo-preserved fat cells for both aesthetic and reconstructive purposes. Methods: Clinical ..... ucts, devices, or drugs mentioned in this manuscript that might create a ... Adipose stem cells and regenerative medicine. 7th ed. 6. Advances in Serials Management. Volume 6. Science.gov (United States) Hepfer, Cindy, Ed.; Gammon, Julia, Ed.; Malinowski, Teresa, Ed. In order to further discussion and support constructive change, this volume presents the following eight papers on various dimensions of serials management: (1) "CD-ROMs, Surveys, and Sales: The OSA [Optical Society of America] Experience" (Frank E. Harris and Alan Tourtlotte); (2) "Management and Integration of Electronic Journals into the… 7. 32 CFR 644.62 - Title evidence. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... HANDBOOK Acquisition Procurement of Title Evidence, Title Clearance, and Closings § 644.62 Title evidence... and their charter to issue the same. They must also be financially sound and be willing and able to... 8. Abutment region dosimetry for serial tomotherapy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Low, Daniel A.; Mutic, Sasa; Dempsey, James F.; Markman, Jerry; Goddu, S. Murty; Purdy, James A. 1999-01-01 phantom. The plans included both 1 and 2 cm mode, optimized for 300 deg., 240 deg., and 180 deg. gantry rotations. Coronal-oriented films were irradiated throughout the target volumes and scanned using a laser film digitizer. The central target irradiated in 1 cm mode was also used to investigate the effects of incorrect couch indexing. Results: The dose error as a function of couch index error was 25% mm -1 , significantly greater than previously reported. The clinically provided indexing system yielded 0.10 mm indexing precision. The intrinsic dose distributions indicated that more heterogeneous dose distributions resulted from the use of smaller gantry angle ranges and larger leaf projections. Using 300 deg. gantry angle and 1 cm mode yielded 7% hot and 15% cold spots 7 cm below and above isocenter, respectively. When a 180 deg. gantry angle was used, the values changed to 22% hot and 27% cold spots for the same locations. The heterogeneities for the 2 cm mode were 70% greater than the corresponding 1 cm values. Conclusions: While serial tomotherapy is used to deliver highly conformal dose distributions, significant dosimetric factors must be considered before treatment. The patient must be immobilized during treatment to avoid dose heterogeneities caused by incorrect indexing due to patient movement. Even under ideal conditions, beam divergence can cause significant abutment-region dose heterogeneities. The use of larger gantry angle ranges, smaller leaf widths, and appropriate locations of the gantry rotation axis can minimize these effects 9. Region 7 Title V facilities Data.gov (United States) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — This web map shows the Region 7 Title V facilities (Clean Air Act major sources), any Class I areas within 300 km of R7 States, and any Tribal areas within 50 miles... 10. Title V Permitting Statistics Inventory Data.gov (United States) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — The Title V Permitting Statistics Inventory contains measured and estimated nationwide statistical data, consisting of counts of permitted sources, types of permits... 11. Determination of motive of serial invaders as a stage of serial murders investigation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Davydov A.B. 2017-04-01 Full Text Available the article discusses the existing classification of motives of serial murderers. The author provides the classification, which is based on the technique of extreme meanings offered by D.A. Leontyev. 12. Serial position markers in space: visuospatial priming of serial order working memory retrieval. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Maya De Belder Full Text Available Most general theories on serial order working memory (WM assume the existence of position markers that are bound to the to-be-remembered items to keep track of the serial order. So far, the exact cognitive/neural characteristics of these markers have remained largely underspecified, while direct empirical evidence for their existence is mostly lacking. In the current study we demonstrate that retrieval from verbal serial order WM can be facilitated or hindered by spatial cuing: begin elements of a verbal WM sequence are retrieved faster after cuing the left side of space, while end elements are retrieved faster after cuing the right side of space. In direct complement to our previous work--where we showed the reversed impact of WM retrieval on spatial processing--we argue that the current findings provide us with a crucial piece of evidence suggesting a direct and functional involvement of space in verbal serial order WM. We outline the idea that serial order in verbal WM is coded within a spatial coordinate system with spatial attention being involved when searching through WM, and we discuss how this account can explain several hallmark observations related to serial order WM. Science.gov (United States) RMC Research Corp., Portsmouth, NH. Title I, the largest federal aid program for elementary, middle, and high schools, is introduced in this publication, which includes both English and Spanish versions. Through Title I, the Federal government gives money to school districts around the country based on the number of low-income families in each district. Each district uses Title I… 14. TITLE: OTIC FOREIGN BODIES African Journals Online (AJOL) Dr. A.O.A. Ogunleye A large variety of foreign bodies may be encountered in the external auditory meatus 1 . The objects may be organic or inorganic. Organic foreign bodies include paper, cotton wool, rubber, seeds, etc while inorganic objects include beads, ball bearings, stones, and crayons 1- 4. Foreign bodies are inserted into the ear. 15. An Investigation of Selective College and University Libraries' Serial Arrangement. Science.gov (United States) Kesler, Elizabeth Gates; Teborek, Gay Data from a survey on serials arrangement procedures and policies at academic libraries was used by the University of Rhode Island (URI) Library in changing current serials policies. Ten libraries, four of which have similar serial holdings and user populations to URI, responded to a questionnaire. Information was obtained on classification versus… 16. Sensing the Opaque : Seriality and the Aesthetics of Televisual Form NARCIS (Netherlands) Dasgupta, S.; Kelleter, F. 2017-01-01 Recent work on TV seriality focuses on the deference of meaning through narrative extension. Contemporary seriality, it has been argued, exploits this expanding textuality to construct complicated narratives that tip the pleasures of seriality toward detecting the meaning of the plot's 17. Serial Millisecond Crystallography of Membrane Proteins. Science.gov (United States) Jaeger, Kathrin; Dworkowski, Florian; Nogly, Przemyslaw; Milne, Christopher; Wang, Meitian; Standfuss, Joerg 2016-01-01 Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) is a powerful method to determine high-resolution structures of pharmaceutically relevant membrane proteins. Recently, the technology has been adapted to carry out serial millisecond crystallography (SMX) at synchrotron sources, where beamtime is more abundant. In an injector-based approach, crystals grown in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) or embedded in viscous medium are delivered directly into the unattenuated beam of a microfocus beamline. Pilot experiments show the application of microjet-based SMX for solving the structure of a membrane protein and compatibility of the method with de novo phasing. Planned synchrotron upgrades, faster detectors and software developments will go hand-in-hand with developments at free-electron lasers to provide a powerful methodology for solving structures from microcrystals at room temperature, ligand screening or crystal optimization for time-resolved studies with minimal or no radiation damage. 18. Serial SPECT in children with partial epilepsy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hosoya, Machiko; Ushiku, Hideo 1995-01-01 We performed serial single-photon emission CT (SPECT) with N-isopropyl-p-( 123 I)-Iodoamphetamine to measure the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 15 children with partial epilepsy. SPECT showed focal changes in 14 cases. Ten cases had abnormalities in the initial SPECT and another four cases in the second test. The cases with normal rCBF in initial SPECT had been tested in an early phase after the onset, and then decreased rCBF were observed in the second SPECT. The cases with both abnormal rCBF in the initial SPECT and improved rCBF in the second SPECT showed good prognosis in clinico-electrophysiological evolutions. In cases with abnormal changes of rCBF in the second SPECT, clinical prognosis was found to be not so good. These findings suggest that serial SPECT may be used to follow the course of epilepsy. (author) 19. National Ignition Facility Title II Design Plan International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kumpan, S 1997-01-01 This National Ignition Facility (NIF) Title II Design Plan defines the work to be performed by the NIF Project Team between November 1996, when the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reviewed Title I design and authorized the initiation of Title H design and specific long-lead procurements, and September 1998, when Title 11 design will be completed 20. From animal cruelty to serial murder: applying the graduation hypothesis. Science.gov (United States) Wright, Jeremy; Hensley, Christopher 2003-02-01 Although serial murder has been recorded for centuries, limited academic attention has been given to this important topic. Scholars have attempted to examine the causality and motivations behind the rare phenomenon of serial murder. However, scant research exists which delves into the childhood characteristics of serial murderers. Using social learning theory, some of these studies present supporting evidence for a link between childhood animal cruelty and adult aggression toward humans. Based on five case studies of serial murderers, we contribute to the existing literature by exploring the possible link between childhood cruelty toward animals and serial murder with the application of the graduation hypothesis. 1. Browse Title Index African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 51 - 100 of 1254 ... Vol 27, No 3 (2001), A generalised solution for step-drawdown tests including ... Vol 27, No 3 (2001), A hydrological perspective of the February 2000 ... Vol 31, No 3 (2005):, A literature review of the twinning approach in ... root-zone soil moisture from time-series of surface soil moisture, Abstract PDF. 2. Title for a paper: African Journals Online (AJOL) gpetros ratio (OR)=1.45, p-value <0.001). Multiple sexual partners are significantly more common among those that had early sexual .... ratio test, were included in the multivariate logistic regression .... when adjusting for other variables in the model. 3. Implementation of a Multichannel Serial Data Streaming Algorithm using the Xilinx Serial RapidIO Solution Science.gov (United States) Doxley, Charles A. 2016-01-01 In the current world of applications that use reconfigurable technology implemented on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), there is a need for flexible architectures that can grow as the systems evolve. A project has limited resources and a fixed set of requirements that development efforts are tasked to meet. Designers must develop robust solutions that practically meet the current customer demands and also have the ability to grow for future performance. This paper describes the development of a high speed serial data streaming algorithm that allows for transmission of multiple data channels over a single serial link. The technique has the ability to change to meet new applications developed for future design considerations. This approach uses the Xilinx Serial RapidIO LOGICORE Solution to implement a flexible infrastructure to meet the current project requirements with the ability to adapt future system designs. 4. Title list of documents made publicly available International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1979-12-01 This monthly publication contains descriptions of the information received and generated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This information includes docketed material associated with civilian nuclear power plants and other uses of radioactive materials, and nondocketed material received and generated by NRC pertinent to its role as a regulatory agency. This series of documents is indexed by a Personal Author Index, a Corporate Source Index, and a Report Number Index. The docketed information includes the inforation formerly issued through the Department of Energy's Technical Information Center under the title Power Reactor Docket Information (PRDI) and, in addition, information received or generated on other uses of radioactive materials 5. Oscillating in synchrony with a metronome: serial dependence, limit cycle dynamics, and modeling. Science.gov (United States) Torre, Kjerstin; Balasubramaniam, Ramesh; Delignières, Didier 2010-07-01 We analyzed serial dependencies in periods and asynchronies collected during oscillations performed in synchrony with a metronome. Results showed that asynchronies contain 1/f fluctuations, and the series of periods contain antipersistent dependence. The analysis of the phase portrait revealed a specific asymmetry induced by synchronization. We propose a hybrid limit cycle model including a cycle-dependent stiffness parameter provided with fractal properties, and a parametric driving function based on velocity. This model accounts for most experimentally evidenced statistical features, including serial dependence and limit cycle dynamics. We discuss the results and modeling choices within the framework of event-based and emergent timing. 6. Linguistic ostracism causes prejudice: Support for a serial mediation effect. Science.gov (United States) Hitlan, Robert Thomas; A Zárate, Michael; Kelly, Kristine M; Catherine DeSoto, M 2016-01-01 This research investigated the effects of linguistic ostracism, defined as any communication setting in which a target individual (or group) is ostracized by another individual (or group) in a language that the target has extremely limited ability to understand. Participants were included or ostracized by their group members during a computer-mediated group discussion. Half of the ostracized participants were linguistically ostracized via their group members conversing with one another in a language the participant did not know well (Spanish Ostracism: SO), or in a language the participant did know well (English Ostracism: EO). SO participants reported feeling less similar than both included and EO participants. SO participants also reported being angrier and expressed more prejudice than included participants (and EO participants using effect size estimates). Results also provided support for the hypothesized serial mediation model. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for intergroup relations. 7. Inverse Kinematics of a Serial Robot Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Amici Cinzia 2016-01-01 Full Text Available This work describes a technique to treat the inverse kinematics of a serial manipulator. The inverse kinematics is obtained through the numerical inversion of the Jacobian matrix, that represents the equation of motion of the manipulator. The inversion is affected by numerical errors and, in different conditions, due to the numerical nature of the solver, it does not converge to a reasonable solution. Thus a soft computing approach is adopted to mix different traditional methods to obtain an increment of algorithmic convergence. 8. Rapid serial visual presentation design for cognition CERN Document Server Spence, Robert 2013-01-01 A powerful new image presentation technique has evolved over the last twenty years, and its value demonstrated through its support of many and varied common tasks. Conceptually, Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is basically simple, exemplified in the physical world by the rapid riffling of the pages of a book in order to locate a known image. Advances in computation and graphics processing allow RSVP to be applied flexibly and effectively to a huge variety of common tasks such as window shopping, video fast-forward and rewind, TV channel selection and product browsing. At its heart is a 9. CAR-T cells are serial killers. Science.gov (United States) Davenport, Alexander J; Jenkins, Misty R; Ritchie, David S; Prince, H Miles; Trapani, Joseph A; Kershaw, Michael H; Darcy, Phillip K; Neeson, Paul J 2015-12-01 Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have enjoyed unprecedented clinical success against haematological malignancies in recent years. However, several aspects of CAR T cell biology remain unknown. We recently compared CAR and T cell receptor (TCR)-based killing in the same effector cell and showed that CAR T cells can not only efficiently kill single tumor targets, they can also kill multiple tumor targets in a sequential manner. Single and serial killing events were not sustained long term due to CAR down-regulation after 20 hours. 10. Personality disorders, psychopathy and serial killers OpenAIRE Morana, Hilda C P; Stone, Michael H; Abdalla-Filho, Elias 2006-01-01 OBJETIVO: Apresentar as características básicas dos diversos transtornos específicos de personalidade, mas centrando-se no transtorno de personalidade anti-social, fazendo sua diferenciação com psicopatia. O estudo ainda se propõe a abordar a figura do serial killer, apontando a presença de aspectos psicopáticos no homicídio seriado. MÉTODO: Uma revisão bibliográfica foi feita no sentido de se abordar convergências e divergências entre diversos autores sobre um assunto tão polêmico, sobretudo... 11. Improved Software to Browse the Serial Medical Images for Learning. Science.gov (United States) Kwon, Koojoo; Chung, Min Suk; Park, Jin Seo; Shin, Byeong Seok; Chung, Beom Sun 2017-07-01 The thousands of serial images used for medical pedagogy cannot be included in a printed book; they also cannot be efficiently handled by ordinary image viewer software. The purpose of this study was to provide browsing software to grasp serial medical images efficiently. The primary function of the newly programmed software was to select images using 3 types of interfaces: buttons or a horizontal scroll bar, a vertical scroll bar, and a checkbox. The secondary function was to show the names of the structures that had been outlined on the images. To confirm the functions of the software, 3 different types of image data of cadavers (sectioned and outlined images, volume models of the stomach, and photos of the dissected knees) were inputted. The browsing software was downloadable for free from the homepage (anatomy.co.kr) and available off-line. The data sets provided could be replaced by any developers for their educational achievements. We anticipate that the software will contribute to medical education by allowing users to browse a variety of images. © 2017 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. 12. SSA Unified Measurement System (SUMS) Title XVI Post-Eligibility Operational Data Store (PEODS) Data.gov (United States) Social Security Administration — Current store for information on post entitlement claims for title 16 for redeterminations and limited issues. Also includes information from Starz and Stripes field... 13. Effect of parental family history of Alzheimer's disease on serial position profiles. Science.gov (United States) La Rue, Asenath; Hermann, Bruce; Jones, Jana E; Johnson, Sterling; Asthana, Sanjay; Sager, Mark A 2008-07-01 An exaggerated recency effect (ie, disproportionate recall of last-presented items) has been consistently observed in the word list learning of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our study sought to determine whether there were similar alterations in serial position learning among asymptomatic persons at risk for AD as a result of parental family history. Subjects included 623 asymptomatic middle-aged children of patients with AD (median, 53 years) and 157 control participants whose parents survived to at least age 70 without AD or other memory disorders. All participants were administered the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, which requires learning and recall of 15 unrelated nouns. There was no significant difference in total words recalled between the AD children and control groups. However, compared with controls, AD children exhibited a significantly greater tendency to recall words from the end (recency) versus beginning (primacy) of the list. Serial position effects were unrelated to apolipoprotein allele epsilon 4 or depressive symptoms. Asymptomatic persons at risk for AD by virtue of family history do not show a difference in total words recalled compared with controls, but they exhibit a distinctly different serial position curve, suggesting greater reliance on immediate as opposed to episodic memory. This is the same serial position pattern observed in mild AD, seen here in reduced severity. Longitudinal follow-up is planned to determine whether changes in serial position patterns are a meaningful marker for preclinical detection of AD. 14. The magnitude of muscle strain does not influence serial sarcomere number adaptations following eccentric exercise. Science.gov (United States) Butterfield, Timothy A; Herzog, Walter 2006-02-01 It is generally accepted that eccentric exercise, when performed by a muscle that is unaccustomed to that type of contraction, results in a delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). A prolonged exposure to eccentric exercise leads to the disappearance of the signs and symptoms associated with DOMS, which has been referred to as the repeated bout effect (RBE). Although the mechanisms underlying the RBE remain unclear, several mechanisms have been proposed, including the serial sarcomere number addition following exercise induced muscle damage. In the traditional DOMS and RBE protocols, muscle injury has been treated as a global parameter, with muscle force and strain assumed to be uniform throughout the muscle. To assess the effects of muscle-tendon unit strain, fiber strain, torque and injury on serial sarcomere number adaptations, three groups of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were subjected to chronic repetitive eccentric exercise bouts of the ankle dorsiflexors for 6 weeks. These eccentric exercise protocols consisted of identical muscle tendon unit (MTU) strain, but other mechanical factors were systematically altered. Following chronic eccentric exercise, serial sarcomere number adaptations were not identical between the three eccentric exercise protocols, and serial sarcomere number adaptations were not uniform across all regions of the muscle. Peak torque and relaxation fiber strain were the best predictors of serial sarcomere number across all three protocols. Therefore, MTU strain does not appear to be the primary cause for sarcomerogenesis, and differential adaptations within the muscle may be explained by the nonuniform architecture of the muscle, resulting in differential local fiber strains. 15. Galileo - The Serial-Production AIT Challenge Science.gov (United States) Ragnit, Ulrike; Brunner, Otto 2008-01-01 The Galileo Project is one of the most demanding projects of ESA, being Europe's autarkic navigation system and a constellation composed of 30 satellites. This presentation points out the different phases of the project up to the full operational capability and the corresponding launch options with respect to launch vehicles as well as launch configurations. One of the biggest challenges is to set up a small serial 'production line' for the overall integration and test campaign of satellites. This production line demands an optimization of all relevant tasks, taking into account also backup and recovery actions. A comprehensive AIT concept is required, reflecting a tightly merged facility layout and work flow design. In addition a common data management system is needed to handle all spacecraft related documentation and to have a direct input-out flow for all activities, phases and positions at the same time. Process optimization is a well known field of engineering in all small high tech production lines, nevertheless serial production of satellites are still not the daily task in space business and therefore new concepts have to be put in place. Therefore, and in order to meet the satellites overall system optimization, a thorough interface between unit/subsystem manufacturing and satellite AIT must be realized to ensure a smooth flow and to avoid any process interruption, which would directly lead to a schedule impact. 16. Spatial serial order processing in schizophrenia. Science.gov (United States) Fraser, David; Park, Sohee; Clark, Gina; Yohanna, Daniel; Houk, James C 2004-10-01 The aim of this study was to examine serial order processing deficits in 21 schizophrenia patients and 16 age- and education-matched healthy controls. In a spatial serial order working memory task, one to four spatial targets were presented in a randomized sequence. Subjects were required to remember the locations and the order in which the targets were presented. Patients showed a marked deficit in ability to remember the sequences compared with controls. Increasing the number of targets within a sequence resulted in poorer memory performance for both control and schizophrenia subjects, but the effect was much more pronounced in the patients. Targets presented at the end of a long sequence were more vulnerable to memory error in schizophrenia patients. Performance deficits were not attributable to motor errors, but to errors in target choice. The results support the idea that the memory errors seen in schizophrenia patients may be due to saturating the working memory network at relatively low levels of memory load. 17. Serial position curves in free recall. Science.gov (United States) Laming, Donald 2010-01-01 The scenario for free recall set out in Laming (2009) is developed to provide models for the serial position curves from 5 selected sets of data, for final free recall, and for multitrial free recall. The 5 sets of data reflect the effects of rate of presentation, length of list, delay of recall, and suppression of rehearsal. Each model accommodates the serial position curve for first recalls (where those data are available) as well as that for total recalls. Both curves are fit with the same parameter values, as also (with 1 exception) are all of the conditions compared within each experiment. The distributions of numbers of recalls are also examined and shown to have variances increased above what would be expected if successive recalls were independent. This is taken to signify that, in those experiments in which rehearsals were not recorded, the retrieval of words for possible recall follows the same pattern that is observed following overt rehearsal, namely, that retrieval consists of runs of consecutive elements from memory. Finally, 2 sets of data are examined that the present approach cannot accommodate. It is argued that the problem with these data derives from an interaction between the patterns of (covert) rehearsal and the parameters of list presentation. 18. Malingering, coaching, and the serial position effect. Science.gov (United States) Suhr, Julie A 2002-01-01 The normal pattern of performance on list-learning tasks is to recall more words from the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of the list. This pattern is also seen in patients with closed head injury, but malingerers tend to recall less words from the beginning of word lists, leading to a suppressed primacy effect. The present study examined this pattern on both learning trials and delayed recall of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) in 34 persons performing with normal effort, 38 naive malingerers, 33 warned malingerers, and 29 head-injured patients. Both malingering groups had lower scores on the primacy portion of the list during learning trials, while normals and head-injured patients had normal serial position curves. During delayed recall, normals and head-injured patients did better than the two malingering groups on middle and recency portions of the list. Findings suggest that the serial position effect during learning trials may be a useful pattern of performance to watch for when suspicious of malingering. 19. Rapid-Sequence Serial Sexual Homicides. Science.gov (United States) Schlesinger, Louis B; Ramirez, Stephanie; Tusa, Brittany; Jarvis, John P; Erdberg, Philip 2017-03-01 Serial sexual murderers have been described as committing homicides in a methodical manner, taking substantial time between offenses to elude the authorities. The results of our study of the temporal patterns (i.e., the length of time between homicides) of a nonrandom national sample of 44 serial sexual murderers and their 201 victims indicate that this representation may not always be accurate. Although 25 offenders (56.8%) killed with longer than a 14-day period between homicides, a sizeable subgroup was identified: 19 offenders (43.2%) who committed homicides in rapid-sequence fashion, with fewer than 14 days between all or some of the murders. Six offenders (13.6%) killed all their victims in one rapid-sequence, spree-like episode, with homicides just days apart or sometimes two murders in the same day. Thirteen offenders (29.5%) killed in one or two rapid-sequence clusters (i.e., more than one murder within a 14-day period, as well as additional homicides with greater than 14 days between each). The purpose of our study was to describe this subgroup of rapid-sequence offenders who have not been identified until now. These findings argue for accelerated forensic assessments of dangerousness and public safety when a sexual murder is detected. Psychiatric disorders with rapidly occurring symptom patterns, or even atypical mania or mood dysregulation, may serve as exemplars for understanding this extraordinary group of offenders. © 2017 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 20. Title list of documents made publicly available International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1994-06-01 The Title List of Documents Made Publicly Available is a monthly publication. It contains descriptions of the information received and generated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This information includes (1) docketed material associated with civilian nuclear power plants and other uses of radioactive materials and (2) nondocketed material received and generated by NRC pertinent to its role as a regulatory agency. As used here, docketed does not refer to Court dockets; it refers to the system by which NRC maintains its regulatory records. This series of documents is indexed by a Personal Author Index, a Corporate Source Index, and a Report Number Index 1. Title list of documents made publicly available International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1982-03-01 The Title List of Documents Made Publicly Available is a monthly publication. It contains descriptions of the information received and generated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This information includes (1) docketed material associated with civilian nuclear power plants and other uses of radioactive materials and (2) nondocketed material received and generated by NRC pertinent to its role as a regulatory agency. As used here, docketed does not refer to Court dockets; it refers to the system by which NRC maintains its regulatory records. This series of documents is indexed by a Personal Author Index, a Corporate Source Index, and a Report Number Index 2. CMOS serial link for fully duplexed data communication Science.gov (United States) Lee, Kyeongho; Kim, Sungjoon; Ahn, Gijung; Jeong, Deog-Kyoon 1995-04-01 This paper describes a CMOS serial link allowing fully duplexed 500 Mbaud serial data communication. The CMOS serial link is a robust and low-cost solution to high data rate requirements. A central charge pump PLL for generating multiphase clocks for oversampling is shared by several serial link channels. Fully duplexed serial data communication is realized in the bidirectional bridge by separating incoming data from the mixed signal on the cable end. The digital PLL accomplishes process-independent data recovery by using a low-ratio oversampling, a majority voting, and a parallel data recovery scheme. Mostly, digital approach could extend its bandwidth further with scaled CMOS technology. A single channel serial link and a charge pump PLL are integrated in a test chip using 1.2 micron CMOS process technology. The test chip confirms upto 500 Mbaud unidirectional mode operation and 320 Mbaud fully duplexed mode operation with pseudo random data patterns. 3. Identification of Bodies by Unique Serial Numbers on Implanted Medical Devices. Science.gov (United States) Blessing, Melissa M; Lin, Peter T 2018-05-01 Visual identification is the most common identification method used by medical examiners but is not always possible. Alternative methods include X-ray, fingerprint, or DNA comparison, but these methods require additional resources. Comparison of serial numbers on implanted medical devices is a rapid and definitive method of identification. To assess the practicality of using this method, we reviewed 608 consecutive forensic autopsies performed at a regional medical examiner office. Of these, 56 cases required an alternative method of identification due to decomposition (n = 35), gunshot wound (n = 9), blunt trauma (n = 6), or charring (n = 6). Of these 56 cases, eight (14.3%) were known to have an implanted medical device. Of these eight cases, five (63%) could be positively identified by comparing serial numbers. If an implanted medical device is known to be present, and medical records are available, identification by medical device serial number should be a first-line method. © 2017 American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 4. Implementation of a multicrate CAMAC serial highway for data acquisition on the ARGUS laser International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Frerking, C.E.; Greenwood, J.R. 1976-09-01 Much of the target diagnostics data from the ARGUS laser are acquired through a CAMAC interface system, including equipment on a CAMAC serial highway. A scheme has been developed which allows a very general capability for dynamically defining the experimental configuration such that the serial highway is invisible to the controlling program. High level language software compiles the existence of each experimental entity in the system. As the position and description of each module is defined, a software structure is built, with each entry containing the information to be provided to the CAMAC handlers during operation of the equipment. Provision is made to allow tight loops at the lowest software level for critical high speed data acquisition. Currently, the serial highway is operated at a one megabit rate, allowing 24 bit CAMAC words to be transferred at a 5 KHz rate 5. TITLE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nisha K. M 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The new millennium is seen as an epoch of entrepreneurship with entrepreneurs perceiving novel opportunities, organizing resources, undertaking risks to pursue their goals in establishing innovative ventures for scaling new horizons. Women entrepreneurs have the potency to confront numerous challenges, such as creating equity, equilibrium, ensuring sustainable and inclusive socio economic development in divergent economies, by seizing tremendous business opportunities in the contemporary commercial world. Kerala, the southern State of India, is experiencing an economic renovation through technological transformation and, in particular, through the growth of women oriented Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs. The study aims to; identify the growth trends of women’s entrepreneurship in the micro enterprises of Kerala; examine whether women’s entrepreneurial activities significantly vary across the form of women owned enterprises, type of organization and nature of activity; and also explore the prospects and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs through micro entrepreneurial activities. Research methodology involves the application of descriptive quantitative analysis on the secondary data primarily collected from the database of Directorate of Industries and District Industries Centre for a period of 7 years extending from 2007-08 to 2013-14. Findings reveal that MSMEs spawn better income distribution, by operating in heterogeneous areas of the economy with limited capital and creating more employment opportunities, thereby reducing poverty and inequalities. The trend analysis reflects an escalation in the number of enterprises, investments, profits and employment opportunities generated especially through micro enterprises of women. They play a crucial role in the economy in terms of creating self employment and generating employment opportunities for others. A paradigm shift is seen in the role of women’s entrepreneurship in terms of innovation, attitudes, leadership qualities, competitiveness, entrepreneurial skill and absorbing new entrants to the job market, empowering marginalized women. 6. TITLE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Abdolhamid Papzan 2013-01-01 Full Text Available This study investigated entrepreneurial intention among graduate students of USM Engineering Campus. Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, we examined the empirical model of entrepreneurial intention determinants. Although research has been conducted in entrepreneurial intention, limited study has been done among Iranian graduate students who are studying abroad. This research aims to fill this gap using Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ, version 3.1. Accordingly, a survey study was applied and Iranian graduate students of the USM Engineering Campus were studied using the census method. The authors propose an empirical model and tested its reliability and validity using structural equation modeling. Data was analyzed using Spss16 and Amos18 software. Results revealed that the level of knowledge about business sources of assistance for entrepreneurs in addition to components of the TPB, affected entrepreneurial intention. Empirical model ‘s goodness of fit indices indicated good model fit x2=1.047, df=2, probability 0.592; NFI= 0.981; CFI= 1.000; RMSEA=0.000. It seems that current empirical model could be a guide for future research on this important topic. 7. Implementation of Serial and Parallel Bubble Sort on Fpga OpenAIRE Purnomo, Dwi Marhaendro Jati; Arinaldi, Ahmad; Priyantini, Dwi Teguh; Wibisono, Ari; Febrian, Andreas 2016-01-01 Sorting is common process in computational world. Its utilization are on many fields from research to industry. There are many sorting algorithm in nowadays. One of the simplest yet powerful is bubble sort. In this study, bubble sort is implemented on FPGA. The implementation was taken on serial and parallel approach. Serial and parallel bubble sort then compared by means of its memory, execution time, and utility which comprises slices and LUTs. The experiments show that serial bubble sort r... 8. SERIAL TELEVISI DEXTER SEBAGAI ANAKRONISME DALAM SASTRA POPULER OpenAIRE 2014-01-01 In the popular literature context, this study aims to investigate: (1) how the formulation of the characterization of Dexter in the television serial Dexter violates the tradition of literary characterization, and (2) how the formula of moral values is dramatized through Dexter, who is a sociopath, psychopath, serial killer, and person without moral. The research object was the television serial Dexter, which ranks five in popularity in the world. The data were collected by documenting 84 epi... 9. Representation of the serial killer on the Italian Internet. Science.gov (United States) Villano, P; Bastianoni, P; Melotti, G 2001-10-01 The representation of serial killers was examined from the analysis of 317 Web pages in the Italian language to study how the psychological profiles of serial killers are described on the Italian Internet. The correspondence analysis of the content of these Web pages shows that in Italy the serial killer is associated with words such as "monster" and "horror," which suggest and imply psychological perversion and aberrant acts. These traits are peculiar for the Italian scenario. 10. IMPLEMENTATION OF SERIAL AND PARALLEL BUBBLE SORT ON FPGA Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dwi Marhaendro Jati Purnomo 2016-06-01 Full Text Available Sorting is common process in computational world. Its utilization are on many fields from research to industry. There are many sorting algorithm in nowadays. One of the simplest yet powerful is bubble sort. In this study, bubble sort is implemented on FPGA. The implementation was taken on serial and parallel approach. Serial and parallel bubble sort then compared by means of its memory, execution time, and utility which comprises slices and LUTs. The experiments show that serial bubble sort required smaller memory as well as utility compared to parallel bubble sort. Meanwhile, parallel bubble sort performed faster than serial bubble sort 11. A psychological profile of a serial killer: a case report. Science.gov (United States) Dogra, T D; Leenaars, Antoon A; Chadha, R K; Manju, Mehta; Lalwani, Sanjeev; Sood, Mamta; Lester, David; Raina, Anupuma; Behera, C 2012-01-01 Serial killers have always fascinated society. A serial killer is typically defined as a perpetrator who murders three or more people over a period of time. Most reported cases of serial killers come from the United States and Canada. In India, there are few reported cases. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first Indian case in the literature. The present case is of a 28-year-old man, Surinder Koli. The Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delphi handled the forensic study. We present a most unique psychological investigation into the mind of a serial killer. 12. Malignant sex and aggression: an overview of serial sexual homicide. Science.gov (United States) Myers, W C; Reccoppa, L; Burton, K; McElroy, R 1993-01-01 Serial murderers have attracted considerable attention in the popular press and criminal justice field, but scientific literature about these individuals is limited. This article provides an overview, from a psychiatric perspective, of serial sexual homicide, one type of serial killing. Characteristics of this type of murder and of these offenders are discussed. Defining qualities and diagnoses applicable to serial sexual killers are reviewed. Various etiologic theories are discussed, with emphasis on the role of fantasy and psychodynamic explanations. Governmental agencies involved in combating this type of crime, along with the role of mental health professionals in criminal profiling, are presented. Finally, the authors explore the reaction of society to this phenomenon. 13. Serial binary interval ratios improve rhythm reproduction. Science.gov (United States) Wu, Xiang; Westanmo, Anders; Zhou, Liang; Pan, Junhao 2013-01-01 Musical rhythm perception is a natural human ability that involves complex cognitive processes. Rhythm refers to the organization of events in time, and musical rhythms have an underlying hierarchical metrical structure. The metrical structure induces the feeling of a beat and the extent to which a rhythm induces the feeling of a beat is referred to as its metrical strength. Binary ratios are the most frequent interval ratio in musical rhythms. Rhythms with hierarchical binary ratios are better discriminated and reproduced than rhythms with hierarchical non-binary ratios. However, it remains unclear whether a superiority of serial binary over non-binary ratios in rhythm perception and reproduction exists. In addition, how different types of serial ratios influence the metrical strength of rhythms remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated serial binary vs. non-binary ratios in a reproduction task. Rhythms formed with exclusively binary (1:2:4:8), non-binary integer (1:3:5:6), and non-integer (1:2.3:5.3:6.4) ratios were examined within a constant meter. The results showed that the 1:2:4:8 rhythm type was more accurately reproduced than the 1:3:5:6 and 1:2.3:5.3:6.4 rhythm types, and the 1:2.3:5.3:6.4 rhythm type was more accurately reproduced than the 1:3:5:6 rhythm type. Further analyses showed that reproduction performance was better predicted by the distribution pattern of event occurrences within an inter-beat interval, than by the coincidence of events with beats, or the magnitude and complexity of interval ratios. Whereas rhythm theories and empirical data emphasize the role of the coincidence of events with beats in determining metrical strength and predicting rhythm performance, the present results suggest that rhythm processing may be better understood when the distribution pattern of event occurrences is taken into account. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlining musical rhythm perception. 14. Serial binary interval ratios improve rhythm reproduction Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Xiang eWu 2013-08-01 Full Text Available Musical rhythm perception is a natural human ability that involves complex cognitive processes. Rhythm refers to the organization of events in time, and musical rhythms have an underlying hierarchical metrical structure. The metrical structure induces the feeling of a beat and the extent to which a rhythm induces the feeling of a beat is referred to as its metrical strength. Binary ratios are the most frequent interval ratio in musical rhythms. Rhythms with hierarchical binary ratios are better discriminated and reproduced than rhythms with hierarchical non-binary ratios. However, it remains unclear whether a superiority of serial binary over non-binary ratios in rhythm perception and reproduction exists. In addition, how different types of serial ratios influence the metrical strength of rhythms remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated serial binary vs. non-binary ratios in a reproduction task. Rhythms formed with exclusively binary (1:2:4:8, non-binary integer (1:3:5:6, and non-integer (1:2.3:5.3:6.4 ratios were examined within a constant meter. The results showed that the 1:2:4:8 rhythm type was more accurately reproduced than the 1:3:5:6 and 1:2.3:5.3:6.4 rhythm types, and the 1:2.3:5.3:6.4 rhythm type was more accurately reproduced than the 1:3:5:6 rhythm type. Further analyses showed that reproduction performance was better predicted by the distribution pattern of event occurrences within an inter-beat interval, than by the coincidence of events with beats, or the magnitude and complexity of interval ratios. Whereas rhythm theories and empirical data emphasize the role of the coincidence of events with beats in determining metrical strength and predicting rhythm performance, the present results suggest that rhythm processing may be better understood when the distribution pattern of event occurrences is taken into account. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlining musical rhythm perception. 15. 24 CFR 202.12 - Title II. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... INSTITUTIONS AND MORTGAGEES Title I and Title II Specific Requirements § 202.12 Title II. (a) Tiered pricing—(1... rate up to two percentage points under the mortgagee's customary lending practices must be based on... after accounting for the value of servicing rights generated by making the loan and other income to the... 16. The Paranormal: A Selected Bibliography of Serials and Reference Works, with Commentary. Science.gov (United States) Smith, Charles H. 1997-01-01 Provides bibliography of references and serials to assist acquisitions librarians in selection of the paranormal. Topics include alchemy, astrology, magic, conjuring, witchcraft, paganism, demonology, satanism, voodooism, sorcery, cults, shamanism, UFOs, exobiology, curious physical and biological phenomena, ghosts, poltergeists, haunted places,… 17. KANBAN allocation in a serial suply chain Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Guillermo Andrés Sánchez C. 2012-06-01 Full Text Available The aim of this project is to simulate a Kanban system using N stages with the objective of maintaining an acceptable throughput and mean system time. The document shows the production systems where Kanban is applicable and what the potential benefits are. A serial of simulations will be done using a demand given by a poison distribution with rate λ ^ ext. The simulation aimed to find the best number of withdrawal Kanban on all stages when the values of μ (for exponential distribution of the process and λ ^ ext increase and decrease. At the end of this simulation, the best way to allocate the withdrawal Kanban over N stages with the objective of maintaining acceptable throughput and mean system time will be clearer thus the conclusions of this work will be done. 18. Serial CT scannings in herpes simplex encephalitis Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fukushima, M.; Sawada, T.; Kuriyama, Y.; Kinugawa, H.; Yamaguchi, T. (National Cardivascular Center, Osaka (Japan)) 1981-10-01 Two patients with serologically confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis were studied by serial CT scannings. Case 1, a 60-year-old woman, was admitted to National Cardiovascular Center because of headache, fever, and attacks of Jacksonian seizure. Case 2, a 54-year-old man, was admitted because of fever, consciousness disturbance and right hemiparesis. Pleocytosis (mainly lymphocytes) and elevation of protein content in cerebrospinal fluid were observed in both cases. Both patients presented ''das apallische Syndrom'' one month after admission. The diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis was confirmed by typical clinical courses and by greater than fourfold rises in serum antibody titer for herpes simplex virus as well as that in cerebrospinal fluid in case 1. Characteristic CT findings observed in these two cases were summarized as follows: Within a week after the onset, no obvious abnormalities could be detected on CT scans (Case 1). Two weeks after the onset, a large low-density area appeared in the left temporal lobe and in the contralateral insular cortex with midline shift toward the right side (Case 2). One month later, an ill-defined linear and ring-like high-density area (Case 1), or a well-defined high-density area (Case 2), that was enhanced after contrast administration, was observed in the large low-density area in the temporal lobe. These findings were considered as characteristic for hemorrhagic encephalitis. These high-density areas disappeared two months later, however, widespread and intensified low-density areas still remained. In both cases, the basal ganglia and thalamus were completely spared on CT scans. From these observations, it can be concluded that serial CT scannings are quite useful for diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. 19. Serial CT scannings in herpes simplex encephalitis International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fukushima, Masashi; Sawada, Tohru; Kuriyama, Yoshihiro; Kinugawa, Hidekazu; Yamaguchi, Takenori 1981-01-01 Two patients with serologically confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis were studied by serial CT scannings. Case 1, a 60-year-old woman, was admitted to National Cardiovascular Center because of headache, fever, and attacks of Jacksonian seizure. Case 2, a 54-year-old man, was admitted because of fever, consciousness disturbance and right hemipare sis. Pleocytosis (mainly lymphocytes) and elevation of protein content in cerebrospinal fluid were observed in both cases. Both patients presented ''das apallische Syndrom'' one month after admission. The diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis was confirmed by typical clinical courses and by greater than fourfold rises in serum antibody titer for herpes simplex virus as well as that in cerebrospinal fluid in case 1. Characteristic CT findings observed in these two cases were summarized as follows: Within a week after the onset, no obvious abnormalities could be detected on CT scans (Case 1). Two weeks after the onset, a large low-density area appeared in the left temporal lobe and in the contralateral insular cortex with midline shift toward the right side (Case 2). One month later, an ill-defined linear and ring-like high-density area (Case 1), or a well-defined high-density area (Case 2), that was enhanced after contrast administration, was observed in the large low-density area in the temporal lobe. These findings were considered as characteristic for hemorrhagic encephalitis. These high-density areas disappeared two months later, however, widespread and intensified low-density areas still remained. In both cases, the basal ganglia and thalamus were completely spared on CT scans. From these observations, it can be concluded that serial CT scannings are quite useful for diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. (author) 20. Handbook of serial communications interfaces a comprehensive compendium of serial digital input/output (I/O) standards CERN Document Server Frenzel, Louis 2015-01-01 This book catalogs the most popular and commonly used serial-port interfaces and provides details on the specifications and the latest standards, enabling you to select an interface for a new design or verify that an interface is working correctly. Each chapter is based on a different interface and is written in an easy to follow, standard format. With this book you will learn: The most widely used serial interfacesHow to select the best serial interface for a specific application or designThe trade-offs between data rate and distance (length or range)The operation and benefits of serial 1. 42 CFR 476.86 - Correlation of Title XI functions with Title XVIII functions. Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Correlation of Title XI functions with Title XVIII functions. 476.86 Section 476.86 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF...) Qio Review Functions § 476.86 Correlation of Title XI functions with Title XVIII functions. (a... 2. Serial interactome capture of the human cell nucleus. Science.gov (United States) Conrad, Thomas; Albrecht, Anne-Susann; de Melo Costa, Veronica Rodrigues; Sauer, Sascha; Meierhofer, David; Ørom, Ulf Andersson 2016-04-04 Novel RNA-guided cellular functions are paralleled by an increasing number of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Here we present 'serial RNA interactome capture' (serIC), a multiple purification procedure of ultraviolet-crosslinked poly(A)-RNA-protein complexes that enables global RBP detection with high specificity. We apply serIC to the nuclei of proliferating K562 cells to obtain the first human nuclear RNA interactome. The domain composition of the 382 identified nuclear RBPs markedly differs from previous IC experiments, including few factors without known RNA-binding domains that are in good agreement with computationally predicted RNA binding. serIC extends the number of DNA-RNA-binding proteins (DRBPs), and reveals a network of RBPs involved in p53 signalling and double-strand break repair. serIC is an effective tool to couple global RBP capture with additional selection or labelling steps for specific detection of highly purified RBPs. 3. Serialization and persistent objects turning data structures into efficient databases CERN Document Server Soukup, Jiri 2014-01-01 Recently, the pressure for fast processing and efficient storage of large data with complex?relations increased beyond the capability of traditional databases. Typical examples include iPhone applications, computer aided design - both electrical and mechanical, biochemistry applications, and incremental compilers. Serialization, which is sometimes used in such situations is notoriously tedious and error prone.In this book, Jiri Soukup and Petr Macha?ek show in detail how to write programs which store their internal data automatically and transparently to disk. Together with special data structure libraries which treat relations among objects as first-class entities, and with a UML class-diagram generator, the core application code is much simplified. The benchmark chapter shows a typical example where persistent data is faster by the order of magnitude than with a traditional database, in both traversing and accessing the data.The authors explore and exploit advanced features of object-oriented languages in a... 4. Developing a virtual community for health sciences library book selection: Doody's Core Titles. Science.gov (United States) Shedlock, James; Walton, Linda J 2006-01-01 The purpose of this article is to describe Doody's Core Titles in the Health Sciences as a new selection guide and a virtual community based on an effective use of online systems and to describe its potential impact on library collection development. The setting is the availability of health sciences selection guides. Participants include Doody Enterprise staff, Doody's Library Board of Advisors, content specialists, and library selectors. Resources include the online system used to create Doody's Core Titles along with references to complementary databases. Doody's Core Titles is described and discussed in relation to the literature of selection guides, especially in comparison to the Brandon/Hill selected lists that were published from 1965 to 2003. Doody's Core Titles seeks to fill the vacuum created when the Brandon/Hill lists ceased publication. Doody's Core Titles is a unique selection guide based on its method of creating an online community of experts to identify and score a core list of titles in 119 health sciences specialties and disciplines. The result is a new selection guide, now available annually, that will aid health sciences librarians in identifying core titles for local collections. Doody's Core Titles organizes the evaluation of core titles that are identified and recommended by content specialists associated with Doody's Book Review Service and library selectors. A scoring mechanism is used to create the selection of core titles, similar to the star rating system employed in other Doody Enterprise products and services. 5. Short- and long-term memory contributions to immediate serial recognition: evidence from serial position effects. Science.gov (United States) Purser, Harry; Jarrold, Christopher 2010-04-01 A long-standing body of research supports the existence of separable short- and long-term memory systems, relying on phonological and semantic codes, respectively. The aim of the current study was to measure the contribution of long-term knowledge to short-term memory performance by looking for evidence of phonologically and semantically coded storage within a short-term recognition task, among developmental samples. Each experimental trial presented 4-item lists. In Experiment 1 typically developing children aged 5 to 6 years old showed evidence of phonologically coded storage across all 4 serial positions, but evidence of semantically coded storage at Serial Positions 1 and 2. In a further experiment, a group of individuals with Down syndrome was investigated as a test case that might be expected to use semantic coding to support short-term storage, but these participants showed no evidence of semantically coded storage and evidenced phonologically coded storage only at Serial Position 4, suggesting that individuals with Down syndrome have a verbal short-term memory capacity of 1 item. Our results suggest that previous evidence of semantic effects on "short-term memory performance" does not reflect semantic coding in short-term memory itself, and provide an experimental method for researchers wishing to take a relatively pure measure of verbal short-term memory capacity, in cases where rehearsal is unlikely. 6. Utilization of serial resources in libraries of selected tertiary ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Information Impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management ... security personnel for adequate monitoring of the serial materials, as well as the need for authors and stakeholders in education to donate more serial materials in order to enrich the collections in the library and enhance academic performance. 7. The Effect of Concurrent Semantic Categorization on Delayed Serial Recall Science.gov (United States) Acheson, Daniel J.; MacDonald, Maryellen C.; Postle, Bradley R. 2011-01-01 The influence of semantic processing on the serial ordering of items in short-term memory was explored using a novel dual-task paradigm. Participants engaged in 2 picture-judgment tasks while simultaneously performing delayed serial recall. List material varied in the presence of phonological overlap (Experiments 1 and 2) and in semantic content… 8. Effects of Serial Rehearsal Training on Memory Search Science.gov (United States) McCauley, Charley; And Others 1976-01-01 Half the subjects were trained to use a serial rehearsal strategy during target set storage and half were given no strategy training. The results indicate that the rate of memory search is IQ-related, and that serial rehearsal training facilitates memory search when rehearsal is covert. (Author/BW) 9. Indexing Serialized Fiction: May the Force Be with You. Science.gov (United States) Barr, Melissa M. The adult novel offers indexers an unusual opportunity to create a serialized fiction index. This research paper involved designing and creating a Character Index, Thesaurus, Glossary, and Abstract (with descriptors) for 21 novels based on the "Star Wars" movies. The novels are an unusual example of serialized fiction featuring main… 10. Infants' Memory Processing of a Serial List: List Length Effects. Science.gov (United States) Gulya, Michele; Sweeney, Becky; Rovee-Collier, Carolyn 1999-01-01 Three experiments demonstrated that increasing the length of a mobile serial list impaired 6-month olds' memory for serial order. Findings indicated that the primacy effect was absent on a 24-hour delayed recognition test and was exhibited on a reactivation test, adding to growing evidence that young infants possess two functionally distinct… 11. Antisocial personality disorder, sexual sadism, malignant narcissism, and serial murder. Science.gov (United States) Geberth, V J; Turco, R N 1997-01-01 This paper examines the research on serial murder and its relationship to antisocial personality disorder and sexual sadism. The concept of malignant narcissism is also discussed. Case studies of serial killers are examined regarding the nature of sexual violation and crime scene behavior. 12. Highlights in radiation measuring technique's - Serial Micro Channel SMC 2100 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kandler, M.; Hoffmann, Ch. 2002-01-01 The Serial Micro Channel SMC 2100 offers an ''intelligent stand alone'' electronics for the radiation measuring technique's. First it is designed of being connected to a serial interface RS232 of a PC. With a RS485 serial interface on a PC, a network structure can be generated. It has all functional modules which are necessary for the measurement of detector signals. Hence it is possible to directly connect any detector for radiation measurement to a PC, laptop, or notebook. All variations can be operated without PC support too. It has a modular structure and consists of two blocks, the functional modules and the basic modules. The Serial Micro Channel SMC 2100 may be directly coupled to a detector, which therefore makes the realisation of an ''intelligent radiation detector'' with serial link RS232 or RS485. (orig.) 13. Serial Entrepreneurship, Learning by Doing and Self-selection DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rocha, Vera; Carneiro, Anabela; Varum, Celeste 2015-01-01 of the person-specific effect, using information on individuals’ past histories in paid employment, confirm that serial entrepreneurs exhibit, on average, a larger person-specific effect than non-serial business owners. Moreover, ignoring serial entrepreneurs’ self-selection overestimates learning by doing......It remains a question whether serial entrepreneurs typically perform better than their novice counterparts owing to learning by doing effects or mostly because they are a selected sample of higher-than-average ability entrepreneurs. This paper tries to unravel these two effects by exploring a novel...... empirical strategy based on continuous time duration models with selection. We use a large longitudinal matched employer-employee dataset that allows us to identify about 220,000 individuals who have left their first entrepreneurial experience, out of which over 35,000 became serial entrepreneurs. We... 14. SERIAL TELEVISI DEXTER SEBAGAI ANAKRONISME DALAM SASTRA POPULER Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2014-06-01 Full Text Available In the popular literature context, this study aims to investigate: (1 how the formulation of the characterization of Dexter in the television serial Dexter violates the tradition of literary characterization, and (2 how the formula of moral values is dramatized through Dexter, who is a sociopath, psychopath, serial killer, and person without moral. The research object was the television serial Dexter, which ranks five in popularity in the world. The data were collected by documenting 84 episodes of the serial having been broadcast since 2006. They were analyzed by means of content analysis and qualitative descriptive techniques. Based on the findings, the conclusions are as follows. First, there is a violation or anachronism of characterization through the main character in the serial. Second, the dramatized moral values still contain conventional values although they are in different forms. 15. Development of FPGA-based High Speed Serial Links for High Energy Physics Experiments CERN Document Server Perrella, Sabrina; Giordano, Raffaele; Izzo, Vincenzo Ricerca Simple Search Advanced Search Ultime accessioni Browse Browse by Author Browse by Subject Browse by Year Browse by Type Browse by Accessibilità del full-text Informazioni Policy About FAQ Contatti Perrella, Sabrina (2016) Development of FPGA-based High-Speed serial links for High Energy Physics Experiments. [Tesi di dottorato] [img] Text Perrella_Sabrina_28.pdf Download (59MB) | Preview [error in script] [error in script] Item Type: Tesi di dottorato Lingua: English Title: Development of FPGA-based High-Speed serial links for High Energy Physics Experiments Creators: Creators\tEmail Perrella, Sabrina\tsa.perrella@gmail.com Date: 31 March 2016 Number of Pages: 113 Institution: Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Department: Fisica Scuola di dottorato: Scienze fisiche Dottorato: Fisica fondamentale ed applicata Ciclo di dottorato: 28 Coordinatore del Corso di dottorato: nome\temail Velotta, Raffaele\tvelotta@na.infn.it Tutor: nome\temail Alviggi, Mariagrazia\tUNSPECIFIED Giordano, ... 16. Task based synthesis of serial manipulators Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sarosh Patel 2015-05-01 Full Text Available Computing the optimal geometric structure of manipulators is one of the most intricate problems in contemporary robot kinematics. Robotic manipulators are designed and built to perform certain predetermined tasks. There is a very close relationship between the structure of the manipulator and its kinematic performance. It is therefore important to incorporate such task requirements during the design and synthesis of the robotic manipulators. Such task requirements and performance constraints can be specified in terms of the required end-effector positions, orientations and velocities along the task trajectory. In this work, we present a comprehensive method to develop the optimal geometric structure (DH parameters of a non-redundant six degree of freedom serial manipulator from task descriptions. In this work we define, develop and test a methodology to design optimal manipulator configurations based on task descriptions. This methodology is devised to investigate all possible manipulator configurations that can satisfy the task performance requirements under imposed joint constraints. Out of all the possible structures, the structures that can reach all the task points with the required orientations are selected. Next, these candidate structures are tested to see whether they can attain end-effector velocities in arbitrary directions within the user defined joint constraints, so that they can deliver the best kinematic performance. Additionally least power consuming configurations are also identified. 17. Serial neuroradiological studies in focal cerebritis International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hatta, S.; Mochizuki, H.; Kuru, Y.; Miwa, H.; Kondo, T.; Mori, H.; Mizuno, Y. 1994-01-01 We report serial neuroradiological studies in a patient with focal cerebritis in the head of the left caudate nucleus. On the day after the onset of symptoms, CT showed an ill-defined low density lesion. The lack of contrast enhancement appeared to be the most important finding for differentiating focal cerebritis from an encapsulated brain abscess or a tumour. MRI two days later revealed the centre of the lesion to be of slightly low intensity on T1-weighted inversion recovery (IR) images and very low intensity on T2-weighted spin echo images, which appeared to correspond to the early cerebritis stage of experimentally induced cerebritis and brain abscess. Ten days after the onset of symptoms, CT revealed a thin ring of enhancement in the head of the caudate nucleus, and a similar small ring was seen in the hypothalamus 16 days after the onset, corresponding to the late cerebritis stage. MRI nine days later revealed ill-defined high signal lesions within the involved area on the T1-weighted IR images. To our knowledge, this is the first published MRI documentation of the early cerebritis stage developing into an encapsulated brain abscess. The mechanisms underlying of these radiographic changes are discussed. (orig.) 18. Land Titles and Rice Production in Vietnam DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Van Den Broeck, Katleen; Newman, Carol; Tarp, Finn In most of the empirical literature on land titling, the household is regarded as unitary, and land rights are found to have ambiguous effects on land allocation, investment and productivity. Using data from 12 provinces in Vietnam, we diversify land titles, and show in a household fixed effects...... analysis of plot level rice yields that land titles are indeed important. Only exclusively held titles have the expected positive effects, and the positive effect on yields is found in male headed households. Furthermore, a household level rice yield function reveals that exclusive user rights...... are inefficiency decreasing, while jointly held user rights have no efficiency effects. Finally, once the gender of the head of household is controlled for, exclusively held female titles have a greater positive effect on the efficiency of the household than that of male held titles... 19. Short-term Memory in Childhood Dyslexia: Deficient Serial Order in Multiple Modalities. Science.gov (United States) Cowan, Nelson; Hogan, Tiffany P; Alt, Mary; Green, Samuel; Cabbage, Kathryn L; Brinkley, Shara; Gray, Shelley 2017-08-01 In children with dyslexia, deficits in working memory have not been well-specified. We assessed second-grade children with dyslexia, with and without concomitant specific language impairment, and children with typical development. Immediate serial recall of lists of phonological (non-word), lexical (digit), spatial (location) and visual (shape) items were included. For the latter three modalities, we used not only standard span but also running span tasks, in which the list length was unpredictable to limit mnemonic strategies. Non-word repetition tests indicated a phonological memory deficit in children with dyslexia alone compared with those with typical development, but this difference vanished when these groups were matched for non-verbal intelligence and language. Theoretically important deficits in serial order memory in dyslexic children, however, persisted relative to matched typically developing children. The deficits were in recall of (1) spoken digits in both standard and running span tasks and (2) spatial locations, in running span only. Children with dyslexia with versus without language impairment, when matched on non-verbal intelligence, had comparable serial order memory, but differed in phonology. Because serial orderings of verbal and spatial elements occur in reading, the careful examination of order memory may allow a deeper understanding of dyslexia and its relation to language impairment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 20. PORNOGRAFI DALAM SERIAL ANIME ANAK (ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA DALAM SERIAL CRAYON SHIN CHAN Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) - Sangidun 2017-01-01 1. Quarterly title list for the period ending June 1975 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1975-01-01 A list of the laboratory reports issued the publications made, the articles submitted for publication as well as the lectures held are dealt with. Abstracts of the works are to a large extent included with the titles. (GG/LH) [de 2. Serials cataloging at the turn of the century CERN Document Server Williams, James W 2014-01-01 An overview of the research topics and trends that have appeared over the last five years, Serials Cataloging at the Turn of the Century doesn't just tell you that there has been a lot of change--that the information environment is something of a chameleon, always beguiling and slipping out of grasp. Instead, it gives you the plain facts on the specific challenges serials catalogers have been facing and how they're meeting adversity head-on, ready to gain the advantage in the rumble with proliferating information and formats.Comprehensive, resource-packed, and easy-to-digest, Serials Catalogin 3. The serial message-passing schedule for LDPC decoding algorithms Science.gov (United States) Liu, Mingshan; Liu, Shanshan; Zhou, Yuan; Jiang, Xue 2015-12-01 The conventional message-passing schedule for LDPC decoding algorithms is the so-called flooding schedule. It has the disadvantage that the updated messages cannot be used until next iteration, thus reducing the convergence speed . In this case, the Layered Decoding algorithm (LBP) based on serial message-passing schedule is proposed. In this paper the decoding principle of LBP algorithm is briefly introduced, and then proposed its two improved algorithms, the grouped serial decoding algorithm (Grouped LBP) and the semi-serial decoding algorithm .They can improve LBP algorithm's decoding speed while maintaining a good decoding performance. 4. Serial CSTR digester configuration for improving biogas production from manure DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Boe, Kanokwan; Angelidaki, Irini 2009-01-01 distribution ratio of 80/20 and 90/10, and total HRT of 15 days. The results showed that the serial CSTR could obtain 11% higher biogas yield compared to the single CSTR. The increased biogas yield in the serial CSTR was mainly from the second reactor, which accounted for 16% and 12% of total biogas yield......A new configuration of manure digesters for improving biogas production has been investigated in laboratory scale. A single thermophilic continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15 days was compared to a serial CSTR configuration with volume... 5. 24 CFR 200.61 - Title. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... Commissioner. (c) Endorsement of the credit instrument for insurance shall evidence the acceptability of title... GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO FHA PROGRAMS Requirements for Application, Commitment, and Endorsement Generally... 6. Serial rotatostereography - A new diagnostic method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ottomo, Michinori; Nakanishi, Takeshi. 1986-01-01 In the previous study using cine, a cine film stereoprojector showed the adjacent two frames of cine film simultaneously, such as frames 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4, and so on, consecutively. Because some intracranial lesions require emergency surgery immediately after angiography, a real time display method of serial rotatostereography was necessary. In order to show the consecutive adjacent two frames of a video disc simultaneously, using the same method as with the cine stereoprojector, a video disc recorder (VDR) (VM-1000M) and two video memories (Image Σ) were required. This VDR has the ability of advancing, stopping, and reversing the display of memories. A control unit was manufactured in order to display these memories advancing and reversing continuously. As a result of this continuous semirotation stereo display, the anteroposterior projection was reversed, showing the posteroanterior view during ''reversing mode''. Thus a lead relay circuit was manufactured to prevent this phenomenon. Recording was done using a memory disc recorder (FOM 2200F), which has the ability of recording 10,000 frames per disc. Each frame can also be recorded on imaging film using O · X Multi Camera 400X. Finally, stereoscopic views of cerebral circulation, using a single injection of contrast media and rapid rotation of the gantry, were obtained using two cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) and a stereoviewer (Continuous Semi-rotation Classical Stereo Display Method). Stereoscopic views were also obtained using a single CRT, which displayed the images in a semirotating fashion similar to a oscillating fan head (Continuous Semi-rotation New Stereo Display Method). (J.P.N.) 7. Serial-omics characterization of equine urine. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Min Yuan Full Text Available Horse urine is easily collected and contains molecules readily measurable using mass spectrometry that can be used as biomarkers representative of health, disease or drug tampering. This study aimed at analyzing microliter levels of horse urine to purify, identify and quantify proteins, polar metabolites and non-polar lipids. Urine from a healthy 12 year old quarter horse mare on a diet of grass hay and vitamin/mineral supplements with limited pasture access was collected for serial-omics characterization. The urine was treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE and methanol to partition into three distinct layers for protein, non-polar lipid and polar metabolite content from a single liquid-liquid extraction and was repeated two times. Each layer was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS to obtain protein sequence and relative protein levels as well as identify and quantify small polar metabolites and lipids. The results show 46 urine proteins, many related to normal kidney function, structural and circulatory proteins as well as 474 small polar metabolites but only 10 lipid molecules. Metabolites were mostly related to urea cycle and ammonia recycling as well as amino acid related pathways, plant diet specific molecules, etc. The few lipids represented triglycerides and phospholipids. These data show a complete mass spectrometry based-omics characterization of equine urine from a single 333 μL mid-stream urine aliquot. These omics data help serve as a baseline for healthy mare urine composition and the analyses can be used to monitor disease progression, health status, monitor drug use, etc. 8. Comparing the characteristics of highly cited titles and highly alted titles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Didegah, F.; Bowman, T.D.; Bowman, S.; Hartley, J. 2016-07-01 This study examines differences in the types of titles for articles that show high altmetric activity (highly alted articles) versus highly cited articles. This work expands on previous research on document titles in combination with a grounded theory approach to develop a codebook in which articles were manually coded based on 11 characteristics. The results show that there are differences and similarities in titles across many of the examined characteristics; highly cited titles and highly mentioned titles on Wikipedia have some similar characteristics such as they have the the highest percentage of substantive words; in addition, there are no or very few titles referencing outside or with humor/lightness on both platforms. Twitter and Facebook also showed some similarities having the highest percentage of humorous/light titles and lowest percentage of substantive words in their titles. (Author) 9. 20 CFR 410.561c - Defeat the purpose of title IV. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Defeat the purpose of title IV. 410.561c Section 410.561c Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY..., accident, and health insurance including premiums for supplementary medical insurance benefits under title... 10. Getting to one from title 10 + title 32 unity of effort in the homeland OpenAIRE Prosch, Caroline Ross. 2011-01-01 CHDS State/Local Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited This thesis bridges the knowledge gap between Title 10 Active Duty and Title 32 National Guard in order to breakdown cultural barriers and reach unity of effort for response operations in the homeland. Regrettably, a unified response was missing among Title 10 Active Duty and Title 32 National Guard members following Hurricane Katrina. Since then, initiatives based in doctrine, statutes and formal recommendations... 11. Opportunity recognition: delineating the process and motivators for serial entrepreneurs Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Boris Urban 2011-04-01 Full Text Available Opportunity recognition is a fundamental research issue in entrepreneurship which this paper empirically investigates for serial entrepreneurs. Initially key definitions and boundary conditions of opportunity recognition are explored to elucidate the relevant motivators driving serial entrepreneurs. After operationalising the various concepts, data is collected by surveying serial entrepreneurs (n= 77 based on pre-determined selection criteria. Since the study’s objective is to build solid theory on these new phenomena, descriptive analysis on the empirical results is provided. To test the hypotheses inferential statistics employing parametric and non-parametric tests are used. The findings reveal that the opportunity recognition behaviours are manifest among serial entrepreneurs, with few significant differences on how many new, major businesses have been pursued, or whether they can be said to be successes. 12. Attractive Serial Dependence in the Absence of an Explicit Task. Science.gov (United States) Fornaciai, Michele; Park, Joonkoo 2018-03-01 Attractive serial dependence refers to an adaptive change in the representation of sensory information, whereby a current stimulus appears to be similar to a previous one. The nature of this phenomenon is controversial, however, as serial dependence could arise from biased perceptual representations or from biased traces of working memory representation at a decisional stage. Here, we demonstrated a neural signature of serial dependence in numerosity perception emerging early in the visual processing stream even in the absence of an explicit task. Furthermore, a psychophysical experiment revealed that numerosity perception is biased by a previously presented stimulus in an attractive way, not by repulsive adaptation. These results suggest that serial dependence is a perceptual phenomenon starting from early levels of visual processing and occurring independently from a decision process, which is consistent with the view that these biases smooth out noise from neural signals to establish perceptual continuity. 13. BRAIN Journal - Some Considerations on Seriality and Synchronicity OpenAIRE Elena Nechita 2017-01-01 ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview of the results that have been obtained lately on seriality and synchronicity and their link, in the light of the new theories and within the frame of complexity science. 14. Serials Management In Polytechnic Libraries in Nigeria: A ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Serials Management In Polytechnic Libraries in Nigeria: A Comparative Study of Kaduna Polytechnic And Yaba College of Technology Libraries. ... Samaru Journal of Information Studies. Journal Home · ABOUT THIS JOURNAL · Advanced ... 15. Fault tolerance based on serial communication of FPGA International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Peng Jing; Fang Zongliang; Xu Quanzhou; Hu Jiewei; Ma Guizhen 2012-01-01 There maybe appear mistake in serial communication. This paper was described the intellectual detector of γ dose ratemeter communication with FPGA. The software of FPGA designed the code about fault tolerance, prevented mistake effectively. (authors) 16. Using Behavior Sequence Analysis to Map Serial Killers' Life Histories. Science.gov (United States) Keatley, David A; Golightly, Hayley; Shephard, Rebecca; Yaksic, Enzo; Reid, Sasha 2018-03-01 The aim of the current research was to provide a novel method for mapping the developmental sequences of serial killers' life histories. An in-depth biographical account of serial killers' lives, from birth through to conviction, was gained and analyzed using Behavior Sequence Analysis. The analyses highlight similarities in behavioral events across the serial killers' lives, indicating not only which risk factors occur, but the temporal order of these factors. Results focused on early childhood environment, indicating the role of parental abuse; behaviors and events surrounding criminal histories of serial killers, showing that many had previous convictions and were known to police for other crimes; behaviors surrounding their murders, highlighting differences in victim choice and modus operandi; and, finally, trial pleas and convictions. The present research, therefore, provides a novel approach to synthesizing large volumes of data on criminals and presenting results in accessible, understandable outcomes. 17. Serial casting versus stretching technique to treat knee flexion contracture in children with spina bifida: a comparative study. Science.gov (United States) Al-Oraibi, S; Tariah, Hashem Abu; Alanazi, Abdullah 2013-01-01 Severe knee contractures that develop soon after muscle imbalance may not improve with stretching exercises and splinting. An alternative treatment is serial casting, which has been used to promote increased range of motion. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of using serial casting and passive stretching approaches to treat knee flexion contracture in children with spina bifida. In a pre/post randomized controlled study, ten participants were included in the serial casting group, while eight participants were included in the passive stretching intervention group. The degree of knee extension was measured at baseline, immediately after intervention, and at a one-year follow-up using a standard goniometer. Both groups showed significant improvements in the degree of flexion contracture at the post-treatment evaluation and the follow-up evaluation. The serial casting group showed significant improvements in knee flexion contracture at the post-treatment evaluation, t (9)=13.4, p casting group compared with passive stretching group in relation to the degree of flexion contracture were found at the immediate post-treatment evaluation, F(1, 15)=246, p=0.0001, and the one-year follow-up evaluation, F (1, 15)=51.5, p=0.0001. The outcomes of this study provide the first evidence that serial casting may be a useful intervention in treating knee flexion contracture in children with spina bifida. However, further investigations into serial casting, as well as investigations into the use of serial casting with other interventions, are warranted. 18. Ongoing studies for the control system of a serially powered ATLAS pixel detector at the HL-LHC International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kersten, S.; Püllen, L.; Zeitnitz, C. 2016-01-01 In terms of the phase-2 upgrade of the ATLAS detector, the entire inner tracker (ITk) of ATLAS will be replaced. This includes the pixel detector and the corresponding detector control system (DCS). The current baseline is a serial powering scheme of the detector modules. Therefore a new detector control system is being developed with emphasis on the supervision of serially powered modules. Previous chips had been designed to test the radiation hardness of the technology and the implementation of the modified I2C as well as the implementation of the logic of the CAN protocol. This included tests with triple redundant registers. The described chip is focusing on the implementation in a serial powering scheme. It was designed for laboratory tests, aiming for the proof of principle. The concept of the DCS for ATLAS pixel after the phase-2 upgrade is presented as well as the status of development including tests with the prototype ASIC 19. How Do We Write about Performance in Serial Television? OpenAIRE Elliott Logan 2015-01-01 Television studies has produced few sustained analyses of performance in serial television. Yet film studies scholarship has shown how attending to the integration of performances with other aspects of film style is crucial to the interpretation and appreciation of expression and meaning in filmed narrative fictions. However, as a particle form of filmed serial narrative, series television raises a number of questions about performance that will not necessarily be satisfyingly addressed by th... 20. The relationship between manuscript title structure and success: editorial decisions and citation performance for an ecological journal. Science.gov (United States) Fox, Charles W; Burns, C Sean 2015-05-01 A poorly chosen article title may make a paper difficult to discover or discourage readership when discovered, reducing an article's impact. Yet, it is unclear how the structure of a manuscript's title influences readership and impact. We used manuscript tracking data for all manuscripts submitted to the journal Functional Ecology from 2004 to 2013 and citation data for papers published in this journal from 1987 to 2011 to examine how title features changed and whether a manuscript's title structure was predictive of success during the manuscript review process and/or impact (citation) after publication. Titles of manuscripts submitted to Functional Ecology became marginally longer (after controlling for other variables), broader in focus (less frequent inclusion of genus and species names), and included more humor and subtitles over the period of the study. Papers with subtitles were less likely to be rejected by editors both pre- and post-peer review, although both effects were small and the presence of subtitles in published papers was not predictive of citations. Papers with specific names of study organisms in their titles fared poorly during editorial (but not peer) review and, if published, were less well cited than papers whose titles did not include specific names. Papers with intermediate length titles were more successful during editorial review, although the effect was small and title word count was not predictive of citations. No features of titles were predictive of reviewer willingness to review papers or the length of time a paper was in peer review. We conclude that titles have changed in structure over time, but features of title structure have only small or no relationship with success during editorial review and post-publication impact. The title feature that was most predictive of manuscript success: papers whose titles emphasize broader conceptual or comparative issues fare better both pre- and post-publication than do papers with organism 1. How property title impacts urban consolidation DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Easthope, Hazel; Warnken, Jan; Sherry, Cathy 2014-01-01 Continuing urbanisation is triggering an increase in multi-titled housing internationally. This trend has given rise to a substantial research interest in the social consequences of higher density living. Little enquiry, however, has been directed to examining how property title subdivisions gene... 2. 31 CFR 505.01 - Short title. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Short title. 505.01 Section 505.01 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN... CERTAIN MERCHANDISE BETWEEN FOREIGN COUNTRIES § 505.01 Short title. The regulations in this part may be... 3. 33 CFR 401.1 - Short title. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Short title. 401.1 Section 401.1 Navigation and Navigable Waters SAINT LAWRENCE SEAWAY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Regulations § 401.1 Short title. These regulations may be cited as the... 4. 18 CFR 415.1 - Short title. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Short title. 415.1 Section 415.1 Conservation of Power and Water Resources DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION ADMINISTRATIVE MANUAL BASIN REGULATIONS-FLOOD PLAIN REGULATIONS Generally § 415.1 Short title. This part shall be known... 5. 25 CFR 151.13 - Title examination. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Title examination. 151.13 Section 151.13 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND AND WATER LAND ACQUISITIONS § 151.13 Title examination. If the Secretary determines that he will approve a request for the acquisition of land from... 6. Student Achievement in Title I Schools Science.gov (United States) Diaz, Abby T. 2017-01-01 This researcher seeks to answer the following question: How did two elementary Title I schools, identified as "high performing" on the first Smarter Balanced assessment, address elements of Maslow's hierarchy of needs when developing school-wide initiatives to enhance student achievement? Many students in Title I schools face barriers to… 7. Land Titles and Rice Production in Vietnam DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Van Den Broeck, Katleen; Newman, Carol; Tarp, Finn analysis of plot level rice yields that land titles are indeed important. Only exclusively held titles have the expected positive effects, and the positive effect on yields is found in male headed households. Furthermore, a household level rice yield function reveals that exclusive user rights... 8. 24 CFR 202.11 - Title I. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... in 24 CFR 25.5. Civil money penalties may be imposed against Title I lenders and mortgagees pursuant... unacceptable risk to the Department; or (iv) Transfer of a Title I loan to a party that does not have a valid... 9. Three more semantic serial position functions and a SIMPLE explanation. Science.gov (United States) Kelley, Matthew R; Neath, Ian; Surprenant, Aimée M 2013-05-01 There are innumerable demonstrations of serial position functions-with characteristic primacy and recency effects-in episodic tasks, but there are only a handful of such demonstrations in semantic memory tasks, and those demonstrations have used only two types of stimuli. Here, we provide three more examples of serial position functions when recalling from semantic memory. Participants were asked to reconstruct the order of (1) two cartoon theme song lyrics, (2) the seven Harry Potter books, and (3) two sets of movies, and all three demonstrations yielded conventional-looking serial position functions with primacy and recency effects. The data were well-fit by SIMPLE, a local distinctiveness model of memory that was originally designed to account for serial position effects in short- and long-term episodic memory. According to SIMPLE, serial position functions in both episodic and semantic memory tasks arise from the same type of processing: Items that are more separated from their close neighbors in psychological space at the time of recall will be better remembered. We argue that currently available evidence suggests that serial position functions observed when recalling items that are presumably in semantic memory arise because of the same processes as those observed when recalling items that are presumably in episodic memory. 10. How Do We Write about Performance in Serial Television? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Elliott Logan 2015-05-01 Full Text Available Television studies has produced few sustained analyses of performance in serial television. Yet film studies scholarship has shown how attending to the integration of performances with other aspects of film style is crucial to the interpretation and appreciation of expression and meaning in filmed narrative fictions. However, as a particle form of filmed serial narrative, series television raises a number of questions about performance that will not necessarily be satisfyingly addressed by the direct adoption and application of approaches to writing about performance that have been honed in regard to film. How, then, do we write about performance in television serials in ways that recognise and accommodate the form’s relationship to film, while at the same time appropriately acknowledging and responding to long-form television’s serial status? To examine the difficulties and opportunities of approaching performance in serial television this way, the article conducts close readings of various pieces of television studies writing on performance, by scholars such as Jason Mittell, Sue Turnbull, George Toles, and Steven Peacock. Their work brings into view film and television’s points of common relation, and the distinctive challenges, achievements, and rewards of appreciating the best television serials, and the performances in them. 11. “It’s Always the Same, and It’s Always Different” Mythologisation and the Serial Killer in Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer. OpenAIRE Smyth, David A. 2015-01-01 Serial killers are important in American horror because of their ability to exist between ‘myth’ and ‘reality’. The serial killer is one of the most important American myths, but it is one firmly rooted in real life: unlike Paul Bunyan or Superman, serial killers do exist. This essay examines the relationship between the ‘myth’ and the ‘reality’ of serial killers, and the complex relationship between the American public and the serial killer, using Henry: Portrait of a Serial K... 12. A comparative study between South African serial killers and their American counterparts OpenAIRE 2009-01-01 M.A. This dissertation explores the similarities and differences between South African serial killers and their American counterparts. Seven male candidates, each having committed their reign of terror within the relevant time period, have been included. The candidates compared well in home environments, number of friendships, emotional maturity, abuse undergone, temperament, and anti-social behaviour. Differences were found in comparing family bonding, wealth and education. This dissertat... 13. 24 CFR 203.385 - Types of satisfactory title evidence. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Types of satisfactory title... Title Waivers § 203.385 Types of satisfactory title evidence. The following types of title evidence shall be satisfactory to the Commissioner: (a) Fee or owner's title policy. A fee or owner's policy of... 14. Quarterly title list for the period ending June 1980 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1980-01-01 The title list contains: a) 17 titles and abstracts of laboratory reports, b) 36 titles of publications (32 with abstracts), c) 13 titles of articles submitted for publication (12 with abstracts), and d) 72 titles of lectures (52 with abstracts.) (GG) [de 15. Medicaid Issues in Family Welfare and Nursing Home Reform. Including H.R. 2270, a Bill To Amend Title XIX of the Social Security Act To Change the Medicaid Requirements for Nursing Facilities Based on Recommendations of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session (April 24 and May 12, 1987). Science.gov (United States) Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Two hearings held a month apart examine major issues concerning Medicaid benefits in family welfare and nursing home reform. The first set of hearings discusses the proposed Family Welfare Reform Act of 1987 (H.R. 1720), which is intended to replace the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program of the Social Security Act Title IV.… 16. Serial ammonia measurement in patients poisoned with glufosinate ammonium herbicide. Science.gov (United States) Moon, J M; Chun, B J 2016-05-01 This study investigated whether ammonia concentrations can predict delayed neurotoxicity development and neurotoxicity latency in glufosinate ammonium (GLA) herbicide-poisoned patients presenting with an alert mental state and stable hemodynamics. This retrospective observational case study included 26 patients divided into 2 groups: neurotoxicity during hospitalization (complicated group) and without neurotoxicity (noncomplicated group). Thirteen patients (50.0%) experienced neurotoxicity at 16 h post-ingestion. Although ammonia concentrations at presentation did not differ significantly between the two groups, the ammonia level in the complicated group increased significantly at the next measurement and remained significantly higher than that in the noncomplicated group until 48 h after ingestion. The peak ammonia concentration before neurotoxicity development was an independent predictor of neurotoxicity (odds ratio: 1.047, 95% confidence interval: 1.010-1.087, p value = 0.014), and the optimal cutoff value of peak ammonia concentration for predicting neurotoxicity was 101.5 μg/dL. The rate of ammonia increase was not associated with the time latency from ingestion to neurotoxicity development. This study showed that serial ammonia measurements in GLA-poisoned patients may identify those who are at high risk of developing neurotoxicity. However, as this study enrolled few patients, further qualified trials are required to confirm our results and to reveal the etiology of hyperammonemia and its causality in neurotoxicity. © The Author(s) 2015. 17. Prophetic Visions, Quality Serials: Twin Peaks’ new mode of storytelling Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mikhail L. Skoptsov 2015-05-01 Full Text Available Following the April 1990 debut of Twin Peaks on ABC, the vision - a sequence of images that relates information of the narrative future or past – has become a staple of numerous network, basic cable and premium cable serials, including Buffy the Vampire Slayer (WB, Battlestar Galactica (SyFy and Game of Thrones (HBO. This paper argues that Peaks in effect had introduced a mode of storytelling called “visio-narrative,” which draws on ancient epic poetry by focusing on main characters that receive knowledge from enigmatic, god-like figures that control his world. Their visions disrupt linear storytelling, allowing a series to embrace the formal aspects of the medium and create the impression that its disparate episodes constitute a singular whole. This helps them qualify as ‘quality TV’, while disguising instances of authorial manipulation evident within the texts as products of divine internal causality.As a result, all narrative events, no matter how coincidental or inconsequential, become part of a grand design. Close examination of Twin Peaks and Carnivàle will demonstrate how the mode operates, why it is popular among modern storytellers and how it can elevate a show’s cultural status. 18. A novel inert crystal delivery medium for serial femtosecond crystallography Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2015-07-01 Full Text Available Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX has opened a new era in crystallography by permitting nearly damage-free, room-temperature structure determination of challenging proteins such as membrane proteins. In SFX, femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser pulses produce diffraction snapshots from nanocrystals and microcrystals delivered in a liquid jet, which leads to high protein consumption. A slow-moving stream of agarose has been developed as a new crystal delivery medium for SFX. It has low background scattering, is compatible with both soluble and membrane proteins, and can deliver the protein crystals at a wide range of temperatures down to 4°C. Using this crystal-laden agarose stream, the structure of a multi-subunit complex, phycocyanin, was solved to 2.5 Å resolution using 300 µg of microcrystals embedded into the agarose medium post-crystallization. The agarose delivery method reduces protein consumption by at least 100-fold and has the potential to be used for a diverse population of proteins, including membrane protein complexes. 19. Analysis of assembly serial number usage in domestic light-water reactors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Reich, W.J.; Moore, R.S. 1991-05-01 Domestic light-water reactor (LWR) fuel assemblies are identified by a serial number that is placed on each assembly. These serial numbers are used as identifiers throughout the life of the fuel. The uniqueness of assembly serial numbers is important in determining their effectiveness as unambiguous identifiers. The purpose of this study is to determine what serial numbering schemes are used, the effectiveness of these schemes, and to quantify how many duplicate serial numbers occur on domestic LWR fuel assemblies. The serial numbering scheme adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ensures uniqueness of assembly serial numbers. The latest numbering scheme adopted by General Electric (GE), was also found to be unique. Analysis of 70,971 fuel assembly serial numbers from permanently discharged fuel identified 11,948 serial number duplicates. Three duplicate serial numbers were found when analysis focused on duplication within the individual fuel inventory at each reactor site, but these were traced back to data entry errors and will be corrected by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). There were also three instances where the serial numbers used to identify assemblies used for hot cell studies differed from the serial numbers reported to the EIA. It is recommended that fuel fabricators and utilities adhere to the ANSI serial numbering scheme to ensure serial number uniqueness. In addition, organizations collecting serial number information, should request that all known serial numbers physically attached or associated with each assembly be reported and identified by the corresponding number scheme. 10 refs., 5 tabs 20. Atomic force microscopy imaging and 3-D reconstructions of serial thin sections of a single cell and its interior structures International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chen Yong; Cai Jiye; Zhao Tao; Wang Chenxi; Dong Shuo; Luo Shuqian; Chen, Zheng W. 2005-01-01 The thin sectioning has been widely applied in electron microscopy (EM), and successfully used for an in situ observation of inner ultrastructure of cells. This powerful technique has recently been extended to the research field of atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, there have been no reports describing AFM imaging of serial thin sections and three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of cells and their inner structures. In the present study, we used AFM to scan serial thin sections approximately 60 nm thick of a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell, and to observe the in situ inner ultrastructure including cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus membrane, and linear chromatin. The high-magnification AFM imaging of single mitochondria clearly demonstrated the outer membrane, inner boundary membrane and cristal membrane of mitochondria in the cellular compartment. Importantly, AFM imaging on six serial thin sections of a single mouse ES cell showed that mitochondria underwent sequential changes in the number, morphology and distribution. These nanoscale images allowed us to perform 3-D surface reconstruction of interested interior structures in cells. Based on the serial in situ images, 3-D models of morphological characteristics, numbers and distributions of interior structures of the single ES cells were validated and reconstructed. Our results suggest that the combined AFM and serial-thin-section technique is useful for the nanoscale imaging and 3-D reconstruction of single cells and their inner structures. This technique may facilitate studies of proliferating and differentiating stages of stem cells or somatic cells at a nanoscale 1. 20 CFR 404.535 - How much will we withhold from your title VIII and title XVI benefits to recover a title II... Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How much will we withhold from your title... Officer § 404.535 How much will we withhold from your title VIII and title XVI benefits to recover a title II overpayment? (a) If past-due benefits are payable to you, we will withhold the lesser of the... 2. Continuous path control of a 5-DOF parallel-serial hybrid robot International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Uchiyama, Takuma; Terada, Hidetsugu; Mitsuya, Hironori 2010-01-01 Using the 5-degree of freedom parallel-serial hybrid robot, to realize the de-burring, new forward and inverse kinematic calculation methods based on the 'off-line teaching' method are proposed. This hybrid robot consists of a parallel stage section and a serial stage section. Considering this point, each section is calculated individually. And the continuous path control algorithm of this hybrid robot is proposed. To verify the usefulness, a prototype robot is tested which is controlled based on the proposed methods. This verification includes a positioning test and a pose test. The positioning test evaluates the continuous path of the tool center point. The pose test evaluates the pose on the tool center point. As the result, it is confirmed that this hybrid robot moves correctly using the proposed methods 3. Hemispatial neglect and serial order in verbal working memory. Science.gov (United States) Antoine, Sophie; Ranzini, Mariagrazia; van Dijck, Jean-Philippe; Slama, Hichem; Bonato, Mario; Tousch, Ann; Dewulf, Myrtille; Bier, Jean-Christophe; Gevers, Wim 2018-01-09 Working memory refers to our ability to actively maintain and process a limited amount of information during a brief period of time. Often, not only the information itself but also its serial order is crucial for good task performance. It was recently proposed that serial order is grounded in spatial cognition. Here, we compared performance of a group of right hemisphere-damaged patients with hemispatial neglect to healthy controls in verbal working memory tasks. Participants memorized sequences of consonants at span level and had to judge whether a target consonant belonged to the memorized sequence (item task) or whether a pair of consonants were presented in the same order as in the memorized sequence (order task). In line with this idea that serial order is grounded in spatial cognition, we found that neglect patients made significantly more errors in the order task than in the item task compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, this deficit seemed functionally related to neglect severity and was more frequently observed following right posterior brain damage. Interestingly, this specific impairment for serial order in verbal working memory was not lateralized. We advance the hypotheses of a potential contribution to the deficit of serial order in neglect patients of either or both (1) reduced spatial working memory capacity that enables to keep track of the spatial codes that provide memorized items with a positional context, (2) a spatial compression of these codes in the intact representational space. © 2018 The British Psychological Society. 4. Development of serial magnification angiography and its clinical significance International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sasaki, Tsuneo; Matsubara, Kazuhito; Ishiguchi, Tsuneo; Mashita, Shinichi; Kaii, Osamu 1979-01-01 In order to apply serial magnification angiography to clinical examinations so easily, a serial cardioangiography apparatus was equipped with a tube having 0.1 mm focal spot and with DRX-431HD diode. A CAT-FK Type catheter bed (Toshiba) was used as a roentgenographic table and a PUCK film changer was used. Thus, serial magnification angiography can be easily used to clinical examinations, and can be set in a usual x-ray photographic studio. Serial magnification angiography was used to examine the cerebral vessels in 6 patients, vessels of the pulmonary circulation in 1 patient, bronchial arteries in 6 patients, the celiac artery in 18 patients, the superior mesenteric artery in 2 patients, inferior mesenteric artery in 2 patients, the renal artery in 2 patients, and the adrenal vein in 7 patients. Owing to this angiography, minute changes in the vessel in the lesion can be observed and fine neovascularity can be detected. Thus, serial magnification angiography makes diagnoses of vascular disorders easier. (Ichikawa, K.) 5. The relationship between serial sexual murder and autoerotic asphyxiation. Science.gov (United States) Myers, Wade C; Bukhanovskiy, Alexandr; Justen, Elle; Morton, Robert J; Tilley, John; Adams, Kenneth; Vandagriff, Virgil L; Hazelwood, Robert R 2008-04-07 This case series documents and examines the association between autoerotic asphyxiation, sadomasochism, and serial sexual murderers. Autoerotic asphyxiation, along with other paraphilias found in this population, is reviewed. Five cases of serial sexual killers who engaged in autoerotic asphyxiation were identified worldwide: four from the United States and one from Russia. Case reports for each are provided. All (100%) were found to have sexual sadism in addition to autoerotic asphyxiation. Furthermore, two (40%) had bondage fetishism, and two (40%) had transvestic fetishism, consistent with these paraphilias co-occurring in those with autoerotic asphyxiation. Overall the group averaged 4.0 lifetime paraphilias. Some possible relationships were observed between the offenders' paraphilic orientation and their modus operandi, e.g., all of these serial killers strangled victims-suggesting an association between their sadistic and asphyxiative paraphilic interests. The overlap of seemingly polar opposite paraphilias in this sample--sexual sadism and autoerotic asphyxiation--is explored from a historical and clinical perspective. Multiple commonalities shared between these five offenders and serial sexual murderers in general are addressed. A primary limitation of this study is its small sample size and empirical basis; the results may not be generalizable beyond the sample. The findings from this study support the supposition that crime scene behaviors often reflect paraphilic disturbances in those who commit serial sexual homicides. 6. Registry of Mineral and Petroleum Titles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Maclellan, I. M.; Kaizer, J. L.; McCulloch, P. D.; Ratcliffe, R.; Wenning, A. S. [Nova Scotia Dept. of Natural Resources, Halifax, NS (Canada) 2000-07-01 Activities of the Nova Scotia Registry of Mineral and Petroleum Titles are described, including statistical information about staking and mining activity in the province during 1999. In terms of activities, the Registry receives applications and issues licenses and leases for mineral and petroleum rights, receives statements of exploration expenditures and assessment reports that pertain to renewal of licenses and leases, maintains maps showing the disposition of lands under license or lease, and maintains a system of prospector registration. In addition, the Registry processes applications for underground gas storage rights and treasure trove rights and maintains a database of information concerning production and employment in Nova Scotia mines and quarries. At the end 1999 there were 230,660 hectares under exploration licence. Exploration expenditures, including engineering, economic and feasibility studies during 1999 totalled $4.2 million, mostly by junior mining companies searching for industrial mineral commodities. Mining activity during 1999 generated revenues of$340 million. Coal production dropped by 25 per cent, due mainly to the closure of the Phalen Mine. Gypsum production was up to 7.9 million tonnes; shipments of cement, barite and clay products also increased during 1999; salt production remained unchanged from 1998 with 842,000 tonnes. Production of construction aggregates totalled 10.6 million tonnes, down slightly from the year before. Mineral industry employment was roughly 2,500 persons, down by 24 per cent from 1998 levels, due primarily to the closure of the Phalen Mine. 7. Follow the Money: School Spending from Title I to Adult Earnings Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rucker C. Johnson 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Title I funding has been the largest federal program of K–12 education for the past fifty years, the objective being to eliminate the educational disadvantage associated with poverty. I provide new evidence on the long-term effects of school spending from Title I on children's educational and adult economic outcomes. To study effects of Title I, I link school district spending and administrative data on Title I funding to nationally representative data on children born between 1950 and 1977 and followed through 2011. Models include controls for birth cohort and school district fixed effects, childhood family–neighborhood characteristics, and other policies. I find that increases in Title I funding are significantly related to increases in educational attainment, high school graduation rates, higher earnings and work hours, reductions in grade repetition, school suspension or expulsion, incarceration, and reductions in the annual incidence of poverty in adulthood; effects on educational outcomes are more pronounced for poor children. 8. Title IV compliance strategies and the incidence of co-pollutants and synergistic pollution controls International Nuclear Information System (INIS) South, D.W.; Bailey, K.A. 1993-01-01 Title 4 of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 (Pub.L. 101-549) authorizes a system of tradeable SO 2 allowances in order to reduce Utility SO 2 emissions in a cost-effective manner. The CAAA also expanded and strengthened regulation of urban ozone nonattainment (Title 1), air toxics (Title 3) and utility NO x emissions (Title 4). Implementation of the requirements of each of these titles will force the utility industry to incur additional control expenditures. Utilities also face the potential for regulation of CO 2 emissions within the next decade, and increased regulation and reclassification of high volume combustion wastes, i.e., scrubber sludge, fly ash and bottom ash. Unfortunately for the utility industry, many of the issues in Titles 1, 3, 4 and other regulations have not been resolved, even though utility Phase 1 compliance planning has begun. This paper will examine compliance conflicts and synergies resulting from utility compliance with Title IV SO 2 requirements. The fundamental question addressed is: what multi-media effects are introduced and what opportunities exist through utility compliance with Title 4-SO 2 . Several issues will be addressed including: (1) the potential impact of non-SO 2 regulation on utility compliance and compliance costs, (2) the flexibility of utility SO 2 compliance options, (3) the synergies and co-pollutant effects associated with particular compliance options, (4) the impact of the timing and uncertainty of the various rules on utility compliance choice 9. 12 CFR 5.42 - Corporate title. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... 18 U.S.C. 709, regarding false advertising and the misuse of names to indicate a Federal agency, and... the appropriate district office if it changes its corporate title. The notice must contain the old and... 10. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Data.gov (United States) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — This database contains the most recent revision from the Government Printing Office (GPO) of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21 - Food and Drugs. 11. The Need for Conciliation under Title VII Science.gov (United States) Pollard, William E. 1975-01-01 The AFL-CIO is committed to the task of eliminating discrimination and injustice in the workplace and is making efforts to expand the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's conciliation efforts under Title Seven. (MW) 12. Service Locator - Family Planning Title X Data.gov (United States) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — This locator tool will help you find Title X family planning centers that provide high quality and cost-effective family planning and related preventive health... 13. Piezoelectric micromotor based on the structure of serial bending arms. Science.gov (United States) Tong, Jianhua; Cui, Tianhong; Shao, Peige; Wang, Liding 2003-09-01 This paper presents a new piezoelectric micromotor based on the structure of serial bending arms. Serial bending arms are composed of two piezoelectric bimorphs with one end fixed and the other end free, driven by two signals of a biased square wave with a phase difference of pi/2. The free end of a cantilever arm will move along an elliptic orbit so that the cantilever is used to drive a cylinder rotor. The rotor's end surface contacts the free end of the cantilever, resulting in the rotor's rotation. There are six serial bending arms anchored on the base. The driving mechanism of the micromotor is proposed and analyzed. A new micromotor prototype, 5 mm in diameter, has been fabricated and characterized. The maximum rotational speed reaches 325 rpm, and the output torque is about 36.5 microNm. 14. Numerical discrepancy between serial and MPI parallel computations Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sang Bong Lee 2016-09-01 Full Text Available Numerical simulations of 1D Burgers equation and 2D sloshing problem were carried out to study numerical discrepancy between serial and parallel computations. The numerical domain was decomposed into 2 and 4 subdomains for parallel computations with message passing interface. The numerical solution of Burgers equation disclosed that fully explicit boundary conditions used on subdomains of parallel computation was responsible for the numerical discrepancy of transient solution between serial and parallel computations. Two dimensional sloshing problems in a rectangular domain were solved using OpenFOAM. After a lapse of initial transient time sloshing patterns of water were significantly different in serial and parallel computations although the same numerical conditions were given. Based on the histograms of pressure measured at two points near the wall the statistical characteristics of numerical solution was not affected by the number of subdomains as much as the transient solution was dependent on the number of subdomains. 15. A combination strategy for tracking the serial criminal Science.gov (United States) He, Chuan; Zhang, Yuan-Biao; Wan, Jiadi; Yu, Wenjing 2010-08-01 We build a Geographic Profiling Model to generate the criminal's geographical profile, by combining two complementary strategies: the Spatial Distribution Strategy and the Probability Distance Strategy. In the first strategy, we designate the mean of all the known crime sites as the anchor point, and build a Standard Deviational Ellipse Model, considering the effect of landscape. In the second strategy, we take many factors such as the buffer zone and distance decay theory into consideration and calculate the probability of the offender's residence in a certain area by using the Bayesian Theorem and the Rossmo Algorithm. Then, we combine the result of two strategies and get three search areas suit different conditions of the police to track the serial criminal. Apply the model to the English serial killer Peter Sutcliffe's case, the calculation result shows that the model can effectively be used to track serial criminal. 16. S3-1: The Serial Dependence of Visual Perception Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) David Whitney 2012-10-01 Full Text Available In our moment-to-moment perceptual experience, visual scenes can change, but objects rarely spontaneously come into or out of existence. The visual system may therefore delicately balance the need to optimize sensitivity to image changes (e.g., by adapting to changes in color, orientation, object identity, etc with the desire to represent the temporal continuity of objects—the likelihood that objects perceived at this moment tend to exist in subsequent moments. One way that the visual system may promote such stability is through the introduction of serial dependence to visual perception: by biasing the current percept toward what was seen at previous moments, the brain could compensate for variability in visual input that might otherwise disrupt perceptual continuity. Here, in two sets of experiments, we tested for serial dependence in visual perception of orientation and facial expression. We found that on a given trial, a subject's perception of the orientation of a grating reflected not only the currently viewed stimulus, but also a systematic attraction toward the orientations of the previously viewed stimuli. We found the same serial dependence in the perception of facial expression. This perceptual attraction extended over several trials and seconds, and displayed clear tuning to the difference (in orientation or facial expression between the sequential stimuli. Furthermore, serial dependence in object perception was spatially specific and selective to the attended object within a scene. Several control experiments showed that the perceptual serial dependence we report cannot be explained by effects of priming, known hysteresis effects, visual short-term memory, or expectation. Our results reveal a systematic influence of recent visual experiences on perception at any given moment: visual percepts, even of unambiguous stimuli, are attracted toward what was previously seen. We propose that such serial dependence helps to maintain 17. Synchronic Seriality: The Dissolving of Diegetic Borders Through Metalepsis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paige M. Piper 2015-12-01 Full Text Available In dialogue with Gérard Genette’s literary concept of metalepsis to television, this paper considers instances of meta-textual actor/character portrayals in serial narratives to show that meta-narrative intrusion fosters a greater empathetic link between the spectator and character, whilst simultaneously inviting the viewer to appreciate the technique as an artifice-aware gesture. The fluidity of diegetic borders brought on by the conflation of performer/performance replicates Baudrillard’s simulacra, creating a synchronic form of seriality and transcending rigid genre classifications. 18. Quick, sensitive serial NMR experiments with Radon transform. Science.gov (United States) Dass, Rupashree; Kasprzak, Paweł; Kazimierczuk, Krzysztof 2017-09-01 The Radon transform is a potentially powerful tool for processing the data from serial spectroscopic experiments. It makes it possible to decode the rate at which frequencies of spectral peaks shift under the effect of changing conditions, such as temperature, pH, or solvent. In this paper we show how it also improves speed and sensitivity, especially in multidimensional experiments. This is particularly important in the case of low-sensitivity techniques, such as NMR spectroscopy. As an example, we demonstrate how Radon transform processing allows serial measurements of 15 N-HSQC spectra of unlabelled peptides that would otherwise be infeasible. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19. Serial MRI studies using gadolinium DTPA in active multiple sclerosis International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Miller, D.H.; Johnson, G.; Barnes, D.; Rudge, P.; McDonald, W.I. 1988-01-01 It has been suggested that blood brain barrier (BBB) impairment is a necessary early event in the pathogenesis of the multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. To evaluate such an hypothesis in vivo would require: (1) serial imaging studies using a modality with high sensitivity for detecting plaques; (2) a contrast enhancing agent which demonstrates BBB impairment. A serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was undertaken of a group of MS patients using the contrast agent gadolinium-DTPA. As it has been suggested that T 1 and T 2 relaxation times are longer in acute than chronic MS lesions, these were also measured. 3 refs.; 1 figure 20. IT-based Value Creation in Serial Acquisitions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Henningsson, Stefan; Yetton, Philip 2013-01-01 serial acquirers realize IT-based value, we integrate and model the findings on individual acquisitions from the extant literature, and extend that model to explain the effects of sequential acquisitions in a growth-by-acquisition strategy. This extended model, drawing on the Resource-Based Theory......The extant research on post-acquisition IT integration analyzes how acquirers realize IT-based value in individual acquisitions. However, serial acquirers make 60% of acquisitions. These acquisitions are not isolated events, but are components in growth-by-acquisition programs. To explain how... 1. Native sulfur/chlorine SAD phasing for serial femtosecond crystallography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nakane, Takanori; Song, Changyong; Suzuki, Mamoru; Nango, Eriko; Kobayashi, Jun; Masuda, Tetsuya; Inoue, Shigeyuki; Mizohata, Eiichi; Nakatsu, Toru; Tanaka, Tomoyuki; Tanaka, Rie; Shimamura, Tatsuro; Tono, Kensuke; Joti, Yasumasa; Kameshima, Takashi; Hatsui, Takaki; Yabashi, Makina; Nureki, Osamu; Iwata, So; Sugahara, Michihiro 2015-01-01 Sulfur SAD phasing facilitates the structure determination of diverse native proteins using femtosecond X-rays from free-electron lasers via serial femtosecond crystallography. Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) allows structures to be determined with minimal radiation damage. However, phasing native crystals in SFX is not very common. Here, the structure determination of native lysozyme from single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) by utilizing the anomalous signal of sulfur and chlorine at a wavelength of 1.77 Å is successfully demonstrated. This sulfur SAD method can be applied to a wide range of proteins, which will improve the determination of native crystal structures 2. Big Men on Campus: Administrative Response to Title IX and the Development of Women's Sports in the Big Ten Conference, 1972-1982 Science.gov (United States) Ramsey, Jeffrey T. 2014-01-01 Signed into law in 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments was designed to eliminate gender discrimination throughout the American educational system. Title IX applied to all educational programs at any level of schooling including admissions, financial aid, academic programs, and social organizations. However, Title IX has primarily been… 3. The Serial Link Processor for the Fast TracKer (FTK) processor at ATLAS CERN Document Server Andreani, A; The ATLAS collaboration; Beccherle, R; Beretta, M; Cipriani, R; Citraro, S; Citterio, M; Colombo, A; Crescioli, F; Dimas, D; Donati, S; Giannetti, P; Kordas, K; Lanza, A; Liberali, V; Luciano, P; Magalotti, D; Neroutsos, P; Nikolaidis, S; Piendibene, M; Sakellariou, A; Shojaii, S; Sotiropoulou, C-L; Stabile, A 2014-01-01 The Associative Memory (AM) system of the FTK processor has been designed to perform pattern matching using the hit information of the ATLAS silicon tracker. The AM is the heart of the FTK and it finds track candidates at low resolution that are seeds for a full resolution track fitting. To solve the very challenging data traffic problems inside the FTK, multiple designs and tests have been performed. The currently proposed solution is named the “Serial Link Processor” and is based on an extremely powerful network of 2 Gb/s serial links. This paper reports on the design of the Serial Link Processor consisting of the AM chip, an ASIC designed and optimized to perform pattern matching, and two types of boards, the Local Associative Memory Board (LAMB), a mezzanine where the AM chips are mounted, and the Associative Memory Board (AMB), a 9U VME board which holds and exercises four LAMBs. Special relevance will be given to the AMchip design that includes two custom cells optimized for low consumption. We repo... 4. Sensitivity and specificity of parallel or serial serological testing for detection of canine Leishmania infection Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mauro Maciel de Arruda 2016-01-01 Full Text Available In Brazil, human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL caused byLeishmania infantum has undergone urbanisation since 1980, constituting a public health problem, and serological tests are tools of choice for identifying infected dogs. Until recently, the Brazilian zoonoses control program recommended enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA as the screening and confirmatory methods, respectively, for the detection of canine infection. The purpose of this study was to estimate the accuracy of ELISA and IFA in parallel or serial combinations. The reference standard comprised the results of direct visualisation of parasites in histological sections, immunohistochemical test, or isolation of the parasite in culture. Samples from 98 cases and 1,327 noncases were included. Individually, both tests presented sensitivity of 91.8% and 90.8%, and specificity of 83.4 and 53.4%, for the ELISA and IFA, respectively. When tests were used in parallel combination, sensitivity attained 99.2%, while specificity dropped to 44.8%. When used in serial combination (ELISA followed by IFA, decreased sensitivity (83.3% and increased specificity (92.5% were observed. Serial testing approach improved specificity with moderate loss in sensitivity. This strategy could partially fulfill the needs of public health and dog owners for a more accurate diagnosis of CVL. 5. Serial high resolution CT in non-specific interstitial pneumonia: prognostic value of the initial pattern Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Screaton, N.J. [Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke' s Hospital, Cambridge (United Kingdom)]. E-mail: nicholas.screaton@papworth.nhs.uk; Hiorns, M.P. [Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (United Kingdom); Lee, K.S. [Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul (Korea); Franquet, T. [Hospital de Saint Pau, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain); Johkoh, T. [Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka (Japan); Fujimoto, K. [Department of Radiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume (Japan); Ichikado, K. [First Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto (Japan); Colby, T.V. [Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, AZ (United States); Mueller, N.L. [Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver (Canada) 2005-01-01 AIM: To assess the relationship between initial CT pattern and serial changes in CT findings and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in patients with non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial high resolution (HR) CTs and PFTs were retrospectively analyzed in 38 cases of histologically proven NSIP, including 4 with cellular NSIP, 13 with mixed cellular and fibrotic NSIP, and 21 with fibrotic NSIP. The presence and extent of various CT findings were assessed. A fibrosis index (defined as the ratio of the extent of a reticular/honeycomb pattern to the overall extent of abnormal parenchyma) was derived. RESULTS: The predominant CT pattern was reticular/honeycomb in 27 (84%) cases and ground-glass/consolidation in 6 (16%) cases. Between scans, mean disease extent reduced by 5.2%. Disease extent reduced by >10% in 13 (34%) and increased by >10% in 6 (16%) patients. Histopathological subtype of NSIP did not correlate with individual CT pattern, predominant pattern, fibrosis index or serial change in disease extent on CT or PFTs. Response on follow-up CT was associated with fibrosis index, predominant pattern and extent of consolidation on initial CT. CONCLUSION: In NSIP disease, progression on CT correlates with the predominant CT pattern, fibrosis index, and extent of consolidation but not with histopathological subtype. An inflammatory (ground-glass/consolidation) predominant pattern is associated with better outcome in terms of disease extent on HRCT. 6. The predictive diagnostic value of serial daily bedside ultrasonography for severe dengue in Indonesian adults. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Meta Michels Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Identification of dengue patients at risk for progressing to severe disease is difficult. Significant plasma leakage is a hallmark of severe dengue infection which can suddenly lead to hypovolemic shock around the time of defervescence. We hypothesized that the detection of subclinical plasma leakage may identify those at risk for severe dengue. The aim of the study was to determine the predictive diagnostic value of serial ultrasonography for severe dengue. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Daily bedside ultrasounds were performed with a handheld ultrasound device in a prospective cohort of adult Indonesians with dengue. Timing, localization and relation to dengue severity of the ultrasonography findings were determined, as well as the relation with serial hematocrit and albumin values. The severity of dengue was retrospectively determined by WHO 2009 criteria. A total of 66 patients with proven dengue infection were included in the study of whom 11 developed severe dengue. Presence of subclinical plasma leakage at enrollment had a positive predictive value of 35% and a negative predictive value of 90% for severe dengue. At enrollment, 55% of severe dengue cases already had subclinical plasma leakage, which increased to 91% during the subsequent days. Gallbladder wall edema was more pronounced in severe than in non-severe dengue patients and often preceded ascites/pleural effusion. Serial hematocrit and albumin measurements failed to identify plasma leakage and patients at risk for severe dengue. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Serial ultrasonography, in contrast to existing markers such as hematocrit, may better identify patients at risk for development of severe dengue. Patients with evidence of subclinical plasma leakage and/or an edematous gallbladder wall by ultrasonography merit intensive monitoring for development of complications. 7. The value of serial FDG PET on therapeutic evaluation and relapse monitoring of lung cancer International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhu Zhaohui; Cheng Wuying; Cui Ruixue; Chen Xin; Hao Li; Dang Yonghong; Zhe Fu; Wang Bocheng 2004-01-01 Purpose: A retrospective study was designed to investigate the value of serial FDG PET on therapeutic evaluation and relapse monitoring of lung cancer, and the influence factors to the evaluation and follow-up were also analyzed. Methods: Nineteen patients with confirmed lung cancer were included in the study, and they accepted a total of 87 FDG PET scans, with 3 to 12 times for each patient. The follow-up intervals of FDG PET varied from 14 days to 32 months, and 51 of 68 intervals were within 6 months with a mean of 3.3 months. The PET images of serial studies were analyzed with both visual and semi-quantitative Methods, and they were compared with other imaging techniques (CT, MRI and/or bone scan) and clinical follow-ups. Results: By providing metabolic information, FDG PET detected tumors with high contrast to normal tissue, and the serial examinations helped 9 patients in detecting and evaluating lesions in areas with complicated anatomic structures, such as lung hilus, mediastinum, supraclavicular and abdomen. PET also showed more accuracy and sensitivity than bone scan, CT or MRI in evaluation of bone metastases in two cases. Serial FDG PET was also helpful to the cases in complicated conditions with necrosis, fibrosis or changes of anatomic structures after multiple therapies. In two cases, the follow-up studies confirmed the metastases in the incision wound, which had increasing uptake while it decreased in the repairing wound tissue. By analyzing metabolism of the lesions, PET also showed changes in 3 cases, while they were unconcluded by CT and/or MRI. In some circumstances, benign uptake of FDG influenced the evaluation and monitoring. Inflammation after radiotherapy showed high uptake in 7 cases, and influenced the evaluation of therapy in the serial examinations. Recent use of granulocyte clone stimulation factor (G-CSF) caused diffuse high uptake in bone marrow, and it covered the bone metastases in one case. And in other two cases, diffuse high 8. Recommendations for CAMAC Serial Highway drivers and LAM Graders for the SCC-L2 Serial Crate Controller International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1978-01-01 The functional requirements of Drivers for the CAMAC Serial Highway defined in IEEE Standard 595-1976 are described. The description is independent of the implementation, and in particular no assumption is made about the boundary between hardware and software within the Driver. Topics covered are the user interface, the supporting system services required, demand handling, and a detailed discussion of the message analysis for various levels of error recovery. An appendix describes the recommended features of LAM Graders for use with the Serial Crate Controller Type L2 of IEEE Std 595-1976 9. [Serial clinical and echocardiographic evaluation in children with Marfan syndrome]. Science.gov (United States) Lopez, Victor Manuel Oporto; Perez, Ana Beatriz Alvarez; Moisés, Valdir Ambrósio; Gomes, Lourdes; Pedreira, Patricia da Silveira; Silva, Célia C; Campos Filho, Orlando; Carvalho, Antônio Carlos C 2005-11-01 To describe the clinical cardiac manifestations and temporal evolution of Marfan syndrome in children; to estimate the incidence of annuloaortic ectasia and mitral valve prolapse; and to evaluate tolerability and efficacy of beta-blockers in these patients. During one year, 21 children with Marfan syndrome underwent serial clinical and echocardiographic examinations. Echocardiograms assessed: the presence of mitral valve prolapse, aortic root diameter, mitral and aortic valves regurgitation, and aortic enlargement during beta-blocker therapy. Eleven patients had two measurements of the aortic root taken one year apart. The children were asymptomatic throughout the study. Mitral prolapse was found in 11 (52%) children. Annuloaortic ectasia occurred in 16 (76%) patients and found to be mild in 42.8%, moderate in 9.5%, and severe in 23.8%. One of these patients underwent aortic valve replacement and repair of the ascending aorta by the Bentall-De Bono technique, with good results. Heart rate decreased by 13.6% (from 85 to 73 bpm; p < 0.009) with the use of beta-blockers; however, aortic root diameter increased by 1.4 mm/year (p < 0.02). One child could not be given beta-blockers due to bronchial asthma, and no significant side effects were observed in the remaining children, including one who also had bronchial asthma. The children remained asymptomatic throughout the study, the use of beta-blockers led to a significant decrease in heart rate, and no significant adverse effects were observed. Contrary to the literature, incidence of annuloaortic ectasia was high among the study population, greater than that of mitral valve prolapse, even during beta-blocker therapy. 10. From never partnered to serial cohabitors: Union trajectories to childlessness Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marika Jalovaara 2017-05-01 Full Text Available Background: Childlessness has increased in many European countries. Partnerships and parenthood are obviously closely related, but there is relatively little knowledge on how childlessness is linked to contemporary union dynamics that involve high rates of separation and unmarried cohabitation. Objective: To situate (biological childlessness in longitudinal dynamics of union formation and stability, we take a life-course approach to union trajectories that consist of states entered via the formation and dissolution of cohabitations and marriages. Concretely, we identify groups of similar union trajectories of individuals between the ages of 18 and 39 who are childless at age 42. Methods: We analyse register data on Finnish men and women born in 1969 and 1970 (childless N=3,241 with sequence, cluster, and multinomial logistic regression methods. Results: Four clusters of typical union trajectories were identified among the childless and assigned these labels: 1 Never Partnered (45Š, characterized by never having entered a coresidential partnership, or just having entered a cohabitation near age 40; 2 Briefly Cohabited (25Š, characterized by mostly living single after a brief cohabitation spell; 3 Cohabitors, Often Serial (19Š, marked by typically discontinuous cohabitation; and 4 Married (11Š. The Never-Partnered cluster is male-dominated. Men with a rural background and less-educated men and women are overrepresented among the Never-Partnered childless. Conclusions: For the great majority of the childless in our study cohorts, union trajectories are marked by either the (almost complete absence of coresidential unions or fragmentary cohabitation histories. Contribution: The study contributes to the literature by showing that union histories, including never partnering as well as cohabitation instability, are key for understanding contemporary childlessness. Comments: We recommend that you read the paper on screen or print a color version. 11. Kiondo Bag Boutique: A Serial Case for Introductory Financial Accounting Science.gov (United States) Siriwardane, Harshini P. 2014-01-01 Kiondo Bag Boutique is a hypothetical serial case involving a start-up retail business. The case evolves from an ambitious business idea to a successful business. Through the evolving business, the importance of accounting information is highlighted. Different iterations are used to illustrate the role of accounting in serving and managing… 12. 'American Psycho': a double portrait of serial yuppie Patrick Bateman NARCIS (Netherlands) Kooijman, J.; Laine, T. 2003-01-01 Kooijman and Laine analyze Mary Harron's "American Psycho," a 2000 film adaptation of the 1980s satirical novel by Bret Easton Ellis in which Patrick Bateman, a narcissistic Wall Street young urban professional ("yuppie"), assumes an alternate identity as a serial killer. The authors examine the 13. The stand-alone test and decreasing serial cost sharing DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hougaard, Jens Leth; Thorlund-Petersen, Lars 2000-01-01 The rule of decreasing serial cost sharing defined in de Frutos [1] over the class of concave cost functions may violate the important stand-alone test. Sufficient conditions for the test to be satisfied are given, in terms of individual rationality as well as coalitional stability... 14. Serial Comparison Processes and Sex Differences in Clerical Speed. Science.gov (United States) Majeres, Raymond L. 1988-01-01 Three experiments were conducted with 91 male and 91 female university students to assess sex differences in performance on speeded matching tests and theory on same-different judgments. Results are interpreted via the dual-process hypothesis of same-difference judgments with sex differences explained in terms of serial comparison processes rather… 15. Serials Management by Microcomputer: The Potential of DBMS. Science.gov (United States) Vogel, J. Thomas; Burns, Lynn W. 1984-01-01 Describes serials management at Philadelphia College of Textiles and Science library via a microcomputer, a file manager called PFS, and a relational database management system called dBase II. Check-in procedures, programing with dBase II, "static" and "active" databases, and claim procedures are discussed. Check-in forms are… 16. Phonological Similarity in Serial Recall: Constraints on Theories of Memory Science.gov (United States) Lewandowsky, Stephan; Farrell, Simon 2008-01-01 In short-term serial recall, similar-sounding items are remembered more poorly than items that do not sound alike. When lists mix similar and dissimilar items, performance on the dissimilar items is of considerable theoretical interest. Farrell and Lewandowsky [Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2003). Dissimilar items benefit from phonological… 17. Development of parallel/serial program analyzing tool International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Watanabe, Hiroshi; Nagao, Saichi; Takigawa, Yoshio; Kumakura, Toshimasa 1999-03-01 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute has been developing 'KMtool', a parallel/serial program analyzing tool, in order to promote the parallelization of the science and engineering computation program. KMtool analyzes the performance of program written by FORTRAN77 and MPI, and it reduces the effort for parallelization. This paper describes development purpose, design, utilization and evaluation of KMtool. (author) 18. Auditory distraction and serial memory: The avoidable and the ineluctable Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dylan M Jones 2010-01-01 Full Text Available One mental activity that is very vulnerable to auditory distraction is serial recall. This review of the contemporary findings relating to serial recall charts the key determinants of distraction. It is evident that there is one form of distraction that is a joint product of the cognitive characteristics of the task and of the obligatory cognitive processing of the sound. For sequences of sound, distraction appears to be an ineluctable product of similarity-of-process, specifically, the serial order processing of the visually presented items and the serial order coding that is the by-product of the streaming of the sound. However, recently emerging work shows that the distraction from a single sound (one deviating from a prevailing sequence results in attentional capture and is qualitatively distinct from that of a sequence in being restricted in its action to encoding, not to rehearsal of list members. Capture is also sensitive to the sensory task load, suggesting that it is subject to top-down control and therefore avoidable. These two forms of distraction-conflict of process and attentional capture-may be two consequences of auditory perceptual organization processes that serve to strike the optimal balance between attentional selectivity and distractability. 19. Asymmetric binding in serial memory for verbal and spatial information NARCIS (Netherlands) Guerard, Katherine; Morey, Candice C.; Lagace, Sebastien; Tremblay, Sebastien As the number of studies showing that items can be retained as bound representations in memory increases, researchers are beginning to investigate how the different features are bound together. In the present study, we examined the relative importances of the verbal and spatial features in serial 20. FPGA based fast synchronous serial multi-wire links synchronization Science.gov (United States) Pozniak, Krzysztof T. 2013-10-01 The paper debates synchronization method of multi-wire, serial link of constant latency, by means of pseudo-random numbers generators. The solution was designed for various families of FPGA circuits. There were debated synchronization algorithm and functional structure of parameterized transmitter and receiver modules. The modules were realized in VHDL language in a behavioral form. 1. Asymmetrical learning between a tactile and visual serial RT task NARCIS (Netherlands) Abrahamse, E.L.; van der Lubbe, Robert Henricus Johannes; Verwey, Willem B. 2007-01-01 According to many researchers, implicit learning in the serial reaction-time task is predominantly motor based and therefore should be independent of stimulus modality. Previous research on the task, however, has focused almost completely on the visual domain. Here we investigated sequence learning 2. Serial assessment of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy with the computerized scintillation probe International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Strashun, A.; Goldsmith, S.J.; Horowitz, S.F. 1982-01-01 Cardiac function was serially monitored in 55 patients receiving adriamycin chemotherapy over 18 months with quantitative radionuclide assessment by both a nonimaging computerized scintillation probe and gamma camera-computer imaging. Interval ejection fraction change was comparable with both techniques and predicted incipient cardiotoxicity. Probe data revealed ejection fraction decline was antedated by decline left ventricular emptying and filling rates 3. Using identification in entertainment-education drama serials to ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The study used two entertainment-education drama serials which were designed using Albert Bandura's theoretical framework to communicate positive messages of women's rights to real life audiences in select communities. The study sought to find out if there was any significant relationship i.e. identification between TV ... 4. Counterbalancing for Serial Order Carryover Effects in Experimental Condition Orders Science.gov (United States) Brooks, Joseph L. 2012-01-01 Reactions of neural, psychological, and social systems are rarely, if ever, independent of previous inputs and states. The potential for serial order carryover effects from one condition to the next in a sequence of experimental trials makes counterbalancing of condition order an essential part of experimental design. Here, a method is proposed… 5. Mixed-List Phonological Similarity Effects in Delayed Serial Recall Science.gov (United States) Farrell, Simon 2006-01-01 Recent experiments have shown that placing dissimilar items on lists of phonologically similar items enhances accuracy of ordered recall of the dissimilar items [Farrell, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2003). Dissimilar items benefit from phonological similarity in serial recall. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition," 29,… 6. Electronic conductance of quantum wire with serial periodic potential structures International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fayad, Hisham M.; Shabat, Mohammed M.; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste 2000-08-01 A theory based on the total transfer matrix is presented to investigate the electronic conductance in a quantum wire with serial periodic potentials. We apply the formalism in computation of the electronic conductance in a wire with different physical parameters of the wire structure. The numerical results could be used in designing some future quantum electronic devices. (author) 7. Analysis of aging in lager brewing yeast during serial repitching. Science.gov (United States) Bühligen, Franziska; Lindner, Patrick; Fetzer, Ingo; Stahl, Frank; Scheper, Thomas; Harms, Hauke; Müller, Susann 2014-10-10 Serial repitching of brewing yeast inoculates is an important economic factor in the brewing industry, as their propagation is time and resource intensive. Here, we investigated whether replicative aging and/or the population distribution status changed during serial repitching in three different breweries with the same brewing yeast strain but different abiotic backgrounds and repitching regimes with varying numbers of reuses. Next to bud scar numbers the DNA content of the Saccharomyces pastorianus HEBRU cells was analyzed. Gene expression patterns were investigated using low-density microarrays with genes for aging, stress, storage compound metabolism and cell cycle. Two breweries showed a stable rejuvenation rate during serial repitching. In a third brewery the fraction of virgin cells varied, which could be explained with differing wort aeration rates. Furthermore, the number of bud scars per cell and cell size correlated in all 3 breweries throughout all runs. Transcriptome analyses revealed that from the 6th run on, mainly for the cells positive gene expression could be seen, for example up-regulation of trehalose and glycogen metabolism genes. Additionally, the cells' settling in the cone was dependent on cell size, with the lowest and the uppermost cone layers showing the highest amount of dead cells. In general, cells do not progressively age during extended serial repitching. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 8. Whole-pattern fitting technique in serial femtosecond nanocrystallography Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ruben A. Dilanian 2016-03-01 Full Text Available Serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX has created new opportunities in the field of structural analysis of protein nanocrystals. The intensity and timescale characteristics of the X-ray free-electron laser sources used in SFX experiments necessitate the analysis of a large collection of individual crystals of variable shape and quality to ultimately solve a single, average crystal structure. Ensembles of crystals are commonly encountered in powder diffraction, but serial crystallography is different because each crystal is measured individually and can be oriented via indexing and merged into a three-dimensional data set, as is done for conventional crystallography data. In this way, serial femtosecond crystallography data lie in between conventional crystallography data and powder diffraction data, sharing features of both. The extremely small sizes of nanocrystals, as well as the possible imperfections of their crystallite structure, significantly affect the diffraction pattern and raise the question of how best to extract accurate structure-factor moduli from serial crystallography data. Here it is demonstrated that whole-pattern fitting techniques established for one-dimensional powder diffraction analysis can be feasibly extended to higher dimensions for the analysis of merged SFX diffraction data. It is shown that for very small crystals, whole-pattern fitting methods are more accurate than Monte Carlo integration methods that are currently used. 9. Serials use in a College of Agriculture Education Library | Adzobu ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Serials use in a College of Agriculture Education Library. J Adzobu, JA Opare. Abstract. No Abstract. Ghana Library Journal Vol. 20 (1) 2008: pp. 81-88. Full Text: EMAIL FULL TEXT EMAIL FULL TEXT · DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT. Article Metrics. Metrics Loading ... Metrics powered by PLOS ALM 10. Child serial murder-psychodynamics: closely watched shadows. Science.gov (United States) Turco, R 2001-01-01 There is a malignant transformation in object relations resulting in an identification with an omnipotent and cruel object resulting in an identity transformation. If the tension, desperation, and dissociation increase, serial murder becomes spree murder. The presence of pathological narcissism and psychopathic tendencies are of diagnostic significance in understanding the murderer's personality functioning and motivation to kill. Meloy (1988) considered the degree of sadism and aggression combined with narcissistic qualities to reflect the "malignancy" of the psychopathic disturbance where gratification (of aggression) occurs in the service of narcissistic functioning--that is, cruelty toward others in the form of a triumphant victory over a rejecting object. Meloy also believes that dissociation is ubiquitious in the psychopath. The initial murder of the serial murderer may reflect a "new identity." The pathological object-relations of narcissism and the malignant narcissism are important diagnostic indicators in the personality functioning of serial killers and the occurrence of these phenomena is a significant factor in the formation of the personalities of serial killers, their inner motivations, and their pattern of commission. 11. 7 CFR 1927.55 - Title clearance services. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... REGULATIONS TITLE CLEARANCE AND LOAN CLOSING Real Estate Title Clearance and Loan Closing § 1927.55 Title clearance services. (a) Responsibilities of closing agents. Services to be provided to the agency and the borrower by a closing agent in connection with the transaction vary depending on whether a title insurance... 12. Roadmap Through Title XX. Financing Services for Children Through Title XX and Other Programs: Manual 5. Science.gov (United States) Copeland, William C.; Iversen, Iver A. This manual, part of a Hecht Institute four-manual series entitled Financing Children's Services Through Title XX and Related Programs, teaches what Title XX regulations are, what they mean, and what actions and procedures are commanded by them. The first section covers the necessity of rule systems, the characteristics of a good rule system and… 13. Smart grid serialization comparison: Comparision of serialization for distributed control in the context of the Internet of Things DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Petersen, Bo Søborg; Bindner, Henrik W.; You, Shi 2017-01-01 within a given timeframe, especially in the context of the Internet of Things, using low-bandwidth data connections and constrained devices. The paper shows that there are better alternatives than XML & JAXB and gives guidance in choosing the most appropriate serialization format and library depending... 14. Solid Waste Operations Complex W-113, Detail Design Report (Title II). Volume 1: Title II design report International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1995-09-01 The Solid Waste Retrieval Facility--Phase 1 (Project W113) will provide the infrastructure and the facility required to retrieve from Trench 04, Burial ground 4C, contact handled (CH) drums and boxes at a rate that supports all retrieved TRU waste batching, treatment, storage, and disposal plans. This includes (1) operations related equipment and facilities, viz., a weather enclosure for the trench, retrieval equipment, weighing, venting, obtaining gas samples, overpacking, NDE, NDA, shipment of waste and (2) operations support related facilities, viz., a general office building, a retrieval staff change facility, and infrastructure upgrades such as supply and routing of water, sewer, electrical power, fire protection, roads, and telecommunication. Title I design for the operations related equipment and facilities was performed by Raytheon/BNFL, and that for the operations support related facilities including infrastructure upgrade was performed by KEH. These two scopes were combined into an integrated W113 Title II scope that was performed by Raytheon/BNFL. Volume 1 provides a comprehensive narrative description of the proposed facility and systems, the basis for each of the systems design, and the engineering assessments that were performed to support the technical basis of the Title II design. The intent of the system description presented is to provide WHC an understanding of the facilities and equipment provided and the A/E's perspective on how these systems will operate 15. Serial millisecond crystallography of membrane and soluble protein microcrystals using synchrotron radiation. Science.gov (United States) Martin-Garcia, Jose M; Conrad, Chelsie E; Nelson, Garrett; Stander, Natasha; Zatsepin, Nadia A; Zook, James; Zhu, Lan; Geiger, James; Chun, Eugene; Kissick, David; Hilgart, Mark C; Ogata, Craig; Ishchenko, Andrii; Nagaratnam, Nirupa; Roy-Chowdhury, Shatabdi; Coe, Jesse; Subramanian, Ganesh; Schaffer, Alexander; James, Daniel; Ketwala, Gihan; Venugopalan, Nagarajan; Xu, Shenglan; Corcoran, Stephen; Ferguson, Dale; Weierstall, Uwe; Spence, John C H; Cherezov, Vadim; Fromme, Petra; Fischetti, Robert F; Liu, Wei 2017-07-01 Crystal structure determination of biological macromolecules using the novel technique of serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is severely limited by the scarcity of X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources. However, recent and future upgrades render microfocus beamlines at synchrotron-radiation sources suitable for room-temperature serial crystallography data collection also. Owing to the longer exposure times that are needed at synchrotrons, serial data collection is termed serial millisecond crystallography (SMX). As a result, the number of SMX experiments is growing rapidly, with a dozen experiments reported so far. Here, the first high-viscosity injector-based SMX experiments carried out at a US synchrotron source, the Advanced Photon Source (APS), are reported. Microcrystals (5-20 µm) of a wide variety of proteins, including lysozyme, thaumatin, phycocyanin, the human A 2A adenosine receptor (A 2A AR), the soluble fragment of the membrane lipoprotein Flpp3 and proteinase K, were screened. Crystals suspended in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) or a high-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO; molecular weight 8 000 000) were delivered to the beam using a high-viscosity injector. In-house data-reduction (hit-finding) software developed at APS as well as the SFX data-reduction and analysis software suites Cheetah and CrystFEL enabled efficient on-site SMX data monitoring, reduction and processing. Complete data sets were collected for A 2A AR, phycocyanin, Flpp3, proteinase K and lysozyme, and the structures of A 2A AR, phycocyanin, proteinase K and lysozyme were determined at 3.2, 3.1, 2.65 and 2.05 Å resolution, respectively. The data demonstrate the feasibility of serial millisecond crystallography from 5-20 µm crystals using a high-viscosity injector at APS. The resolution of the crystal structures obtained in this study was dictated by the current flux density and crystal size, but upcoming developments in beamline optics and the planned APS 16. Serial millisecond crystallography of membrane and soluble protein microcrystals using synchrotron radiation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jose M. Martin-Garcia 2017-07-01 Full Text Available Crystal structure determination of biological macromolecules using the novel technique of serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX is severely limited by the scarcity of X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL sources. However, recent and future upgrades render microfocus beamlines at synchrotron-radiation sources suitable for room-temperature serial crystallography data collection also. Owing to the longer exposure times that are needed at synchrotrons, serial data collection is termed serial millisecond crystallography (SMX. As a result, the number of SMX experiments is growing rapidly, with a dozen experiments reported so far. Here, the first high-viscosity injector-based SMX experiments carried out at a US synchrotron source, the Advanced Photon Source (APS, are reported. Microcrystals (5–20 µm of a wide variety of proteins, including lysozyme, thaumatin, phycocyanin, the human A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR, the soluble fragment of the membrane lipoprotein Flpp3 and proteinase K, were screened. Crystals suspended in lipidic cubic phase (LCP or a high-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide (PEO; molecular weight 8 000 000 were delivered to the beam using a high-viscosity injector. In-house data-reduction (hit-finding software developed at APS as well as the SFX data-reduction and analysis software suites Cheetah and CrystFEL enabled efficient on-site SMX data monitoring, reduction and processing. Complete data sets were collected for A2AAR, phycocyanin, Flpp3, proteinase K and lysozyme, and the structures of A2AAR, phycocyanin, proteinase K and lysozyme were determined at 3.2, 3.1, 2.65 and 2.05 Å resolution, respectively. The data demonstrate the feasibility of serial millisecond crystallography from 5–20 µm crystals using a high-viscosity injector at APS. The resolution of the crystal structures obtained in this study was dictated by the current flux density and crystal size, but upcoming developments in beamline optics and the 17. <title>Heavy-Ion Imaging Applied To Medicinetitle> Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fabrikant, J. I.; Tobias, C. A.; Capp, M. P.; Benton, E. V.; Holley, W. R.; Gray, Joel E.; Hendee, William R.; Haus, Andrew G.; Properzio, William S. 1980-08-18 Heavy particle radiography is a newly developed noninvasive low dose imaging procedure with increased resolution of minute density differences in soft tissues of the body. The method utilizes accelerated high energy ions, primarily carbon and neon, at the BEVALAC accelerator at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The research program applied to medicine utilizes heavy-ion radiography for low dose mammography, for treatment planning for cancer patients, and for imaging and accurate densitometry of skeletal structures and brain and spinal neoplasms. The presentation will be illustrated with clinical cases under study. Discussion will include the potential of heavy-ion imaging, and particularly reconstruction tomography, as an adjunct to existing diagnostic imaging procedures in medicine, both for the applications to the diagnosis, management and treatment of clinical cancer in man, but also for the early detection of small soft tissue tumors at low radiation dose. 18. Quarterly title list for the period ending September 1976 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1976-01-01 The title list of the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik and the Projektgruppe fuer Laserforschung of the MPG is concerned with the period from July until September 1976, and it contains: a) 12 titles and abstracts of laboratory reports, b) 37 titles of publications (30 abstracts), c) 20 titles of articles submitted for publication (16 abstracts), and d) 25 titles of lectures (12 abstracts). (GG) [de 19. Elmo Bumpy Torus proof of principle. Phase II - title 1 report. Volume I. Device summary International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Haas, D.W. 1982-02-01 This document presents a summary of the EBT-P Preliminary Design (Title I) effort. The work was performed, under the direction of ORNL, for the Department of Energy by MDAC-St. Louis. Major subcontractors assisting MDAC included General Dynamics for the magnet system, Gilbert Associates for the device utilities and facility architecture and engineering, and Lockheed - Oak Ridge for engineering support services. The Title I period of performance was from 1 October 1980 to 1 March 1982 20. Rama in the royal title of the Hungarian kings Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Živković Tibor D. 2004-01-01 Full Text Available The region (župa of Rama was enlisted in the official title of the Hungarian kings around 1138, as it is known from an official document. The exact answer to the question under which circumstances it happened has never been reached. It is most probable that Rama was not just other name for Bosnia as it was proposed in historiography, neither was a part of Bosnia conquered by military action of the Hungarian king around 1135. Having in mind that Rama was a part of the principality of Raška during the Early Middle Ages, it is quite possible that Rama became part of the official title of the Hungarian kings through some direct connections between ruling families of Hungary and Raška. The most probable answer could be reached through the examination of these relations. Namely, a daughter of Raška's župan, Uroš I, Helena, was married to the Hungarian crown prince Bela in 1129, when Rama was, most probably, part of Helena's dowry. When the crown prince became king of Hungary in 1131, Rama was included in his royal title. Later on during the Middle Ages Rama became part of Bosnia giving ground to the Hungarian kings to claim whole Bosnia as their heritage. . 1. Serial Learning Process: Test of Chaining, Position, and Dual-Process Hypotheses Science.gov (United States) Giurintano, S. L. 1973-01-01 The chaining, position, and dual-process hypotheses of serial learning (SL) as well as serial recall, reordering, and relearning of paired-associate learning were examined to establish learning patterns. Results provide evidence for dual-process hypothesis. (DS) 2. Ranking serials in oceanography: An analysis based on the Indian contributions and their citations Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India) Tapaswi, M.P.; Maheswarappa, B.S. An analysis of serials preferred and cited in various communications by the Indian oceanographers during 1963 to 1992 is presented. A shift in preference of serials from general sciences to oceanography (interdisciplinary) and to core subject... 3. High speed serial communications for control systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mathieson, D.; Kalbfleisch, C.; Hunt, S.; Low, K. 1993-01-01 The Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory is a complex of accelerators being built in Ellis County, Texas. The SSCL control system consists of front-end processors and their associated control points remotely distributed from the Central and Regional control rooms. Control messages passing between these locations require timely (deterministic) distribution. A prototype network consisting of point-to-point links utilizing commercial T1 (1.544 Mb/s) communication boards has been implemented. These dedicated communication links will replace networking services traditionally provided for by shared medium networks like Ethernet(IEEE 802.3) and FDDI(IEEE 802.5). A seamless migration will be achieved by using packet encapsulation based on PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol, RFC 1171). All other networking functions including routing and reliable delivery are still being handled by the usual internet services. A distributed control system that currently uses Ethernet for communication is being re-implemented using these point-to-point links. The authors report on throughput measurements, timing constraints and ease of transition of a point-to-point network 4. Lessons Learned as a Serial Technology Entrepreneur Science.gov (United States) Economou, Nicholas 2009-03-01 Starting a new technology company can be an exciting experience, and can, on occasion, be financially lucrative as well. Aside from the obvious requirement to have some new technology to offer, the main impediment to making the leap is usually fear of unknown. This arises from several real issues: a) you don't know how to do it; b) you assume the new situation will be less secure; c) you have to give up progress along your current career path; d) you fear failure itself, and how it will reflect on you as a person. There is no easy way to resolve these concerns, and although talking with others who have done it is helpful, the final decision is always difficult and very personal. Assuming you decide to go forward, there are some simple rules that will help along the way: 1. Have a PRODUCT idea, not just an innovative technology: it's a business, not a way to continue interesting research. 2. Team up with experienced people in certain (not all) key jobs. The specifics depend on what your own skills are. 3. Make sure you have adequate funding at the outset to achieve some significant milestones. 4. Be selective about who funds you; they will be your business partners and will have a lot to say about what happens. 5. Start thinking about the liquidity/exit strategy from day one. The stories of how other companies were started and developed are good background information. Several of these from my own experiences will be discussed. They include a company that struggled for many years but ultimately went public and was successful, one that was quickly a success and was acquired, one that was an outright failure and two that continue on but with dubious prospects of success. Some thoughts on what went right or wrong, and what could have been done better will be presented. 5. 20 CFR 408.931 - How much will we withhold from your title II and title XVI benefits to recover a title VIII... Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How much will we withhold from your title II... and Overpayments Adjustment of Title II Benefits § 408.931 How much will we withhold from your title...-due benefits. (b)(1) We will collect the overpayment from current monthly benefits due in a month... 6. Successfully Managed Acute Transverse Myelitis Related to Scrub Typhus and Serial Image Findings. Science.gov (United States) Yun, Jae Sung; Song, Ji Soo; Choi, Eun Jung; Hwang, Jeong-Hwan; Lee, Chang-Seop; Park, Eun Hae 2017-03-01 AbstractCentral nervous system involvement manifesting as meningitis or meningoencephalitis is a known complication of scrub typhus, but very few spinal cord lesions such as acute transverse myelitis (ATM) have been reported in association with this disease. Scrub typhus patients with a spinal lesion present with neurologic symptoms including dysuria, motor, and sensory weakness. Herein, we describe a rare case of ATM associated with scrub typhus. Clinical characteristics, cerebrospinal fluid cytology, Orientia tsutsugamushi serum antibody titer, and serial magnetic resonance imaging scans resulted in a diagnosis of ATM associated with scrub typhus. 7. Factors Influencing Title VII Bilingual Program Institutionalization. Science.gov (United States) Lewis, Gerald R.; And Others 1985-01-01 This study of the primary restraining and driving forces that influence Title VII bilingual education programs found the external environment, the local community, to be the main factor influencing institutionalization and self-renewal. The internal environment--the local school, and the local school's organization or central office, school board,… 8. What Difference Does a Title Make DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Balle, Søren Hattesen out by Gerard Genette, by naming and “designat[ing] it as precisely as possible and without too much risk of confusion” (Genette, 1997). In accordance with its title the poem thus represents the discourse of a newsreader neutrally reporting the events of war scenario. However, each section of the poem... 9. 76 FR 60593 - Title VI; Proposed Circular Science.gov (United States) 2011-09-29 ..., several of them related to ambiguous language in the existing Circular. The proposed Circular reorganizes... regional entity, and inclusive of public and private entities. This term is used exclusively in Chapter IV... revisions to the Title VI Circular. The section that addresses the existing requirement for a Language... 10. Browse Title Index - African Journals Online African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 801 - 850 of 1006 ... Issue, Title. Vol 59, No 4 (2017), Spatial patterns and determinants of fertility levels among women of childbearing age in Nigeria, Abstract PDF. Oluwayemisi O. Alaba, Olusanya E. Olubusoye, J.O. Olaomi. Vol 55, No 1 (2013), Spirit(ed) away: preventing foetal alcohol syndrome with motivational ... 11. 36 CFR 254.15 - Title standards. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ...) Conveyances of lands from the United States are made by patent, quitclaim deed, or deed and without express or implied warranties, except as to hazardous substances pursuant to § 254.3 of this subpart. (c) Title... of the existing use(s) authorized under the terms of the grant, permit, easement, or lease. The non... 12. Providing Transparency to the Title IX Process Science.gov (United States) Hartle, Terry 2017-01-01 When U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos announced Sept. 7, 2017, that her department would revisit how Title IX rules are enforced with respect to campus sexual assault, she said the first step would be a "transparent notice and comment process" to replace the 2011 "guidance" (and follow up 2014 guidance) that has been… 13. Software Development Framework For Electronic Land Titles ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Record keeping is a fundamental activity of public administration. Land Titles management in Nigeria, by virtue of the Land use act 1990, is one of the functions of government. Most of the records hitherto used in managing the records of lands are documented on paper. We carried out an investigation into the suitability of ... 14. Browse Title Index - African Journals Online African Journals Online (AJOL) Items 151 - 200 of 771 ... Issue, Title. Vol 33, No 4 (2013), Community-researcher liaisons: the Pathways to Resilience Project Advisory Panel, Abstract PDF. LC Theron. Vol 37, No 3 (2017), Comparing the achievement goal orientation of mathematics learners with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Abstract ... 15. Impact of Serials Management, Access and Use on Publication Output of Lecturers in Nigerian Universities Science.gov (United States) Akinbode, Rahmon O. Onaolapo; Nwalo, Kenneth Ivo Ngozi 2017-01-01 This study investigates serials management in university libraries, determines the extent to which serials are accessed and used and appraises the influence of availability, accessibility and use of serials on publications output of lecturers in federal universities in Nigeria. Questionnaire administration method was adopted to accumulate data for… 16. A constrained rasch model of trace redintegration in serial recall. Science.gov (United States) Roodenrys, Steven; Miller, Leonie M 2008-04-01 The notion that verbal short-term memory tasks, such as serial recall, make use of information in long-term as well as in short-term memory is instantiated in many models of these tasks. Such models incorporate a process in which degraded traces retrieved from a short-term store are reconstructed, or redintegrated (Schweickert, 1993), through the use of information in long-term memory. This article presents a conceptual and mathematical model of this process based on a class of item-response theory models. It is demonstrated that this model provides a better fit to three sets of data than does the multinomial processing tree model of redintegration (Schweickert, 1993) and that a number of conceptual accounts of serial recall can be related to the parameters of the model. 17. Plastic optical fiber serial communications link for distributed control system Science.gov (United States) Saxena, Piyush; Sharangpani, K. K.; Vora, H. S.; Nakhe, S. V.; Jain, R.; Shenoy, N. M.; Bhatnagar, R.; Shirke, N. D. 2001-09-01 One of the most common interface for communications specified is RS 232C standard. Though widely accepted, RS232 has limited transmission speed, range and networking capabilities. RS 422 standard overcomes limitations by using differential signal lines. In automation of the operation of gas discharge lasers, multiple processors are used for control of lasers, cooling system, vacuum system etc. High EMI generated by lasers interfere through galvanic transmission or by radiation over the length of cables, and hang up operation of processors or control PC. A serial communications link was designed eliminating copper transmission media, using plastic optical fiber cables and components, to connect local controllers with the master PC working on RS232 protocols. The paper discusses the design and implementation of a high ly reliable EMI harden serial communications link. 18. Lipidic cubic phase serial millisecond crystallography using synchrotron radiation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Przemyslaw Nogly 2015-03-01 Full Text Available Lipidic cubic phases (LCPs have emerged as successful matrixes for the crystallization of membrane proteins. Moreover, the viscous LCP also provides a highly effective delivery medium for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs. Here, the adaptation of this technology to perform serial millisecond crystallography (SMX at more widely available synchrotron microfocus beamlines is described. Compared with conventional microcrystallography, LCP-SMX eliminates the need for difficult handling of individual crystals and allows for data collection at room temperature. The technology is demonstrated by solving a structure of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR at a resolution of 2.4 Å. The room-temperature structure of bR is very similar to previous cryogenic structures but shows small yet distinct differences in the retinal ligand and proton-transfer pathway. 19. Serial network simplifies the design of multiple microcomputer systems Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Folkes, D. 1981-01-01 Recently there has been a lot of interest in developing network communication schemes for carrying digital data between locally distributed computing stations. Many of these schemes have focused on distributed networking techniques for data processing applications. These applications suggest the use of a serial, multipoint bus, where a number of remote intelligent units act as slaves to a central or host computer. Each slave would be serially addressable from the host and would perform required operations upon being addressed by the host. Based on an MK3873 single-chip microcomputer, the SCU 20 is designed to be such a remote slave device. The capabilities of the SCU 20 and its use in systems applications are examined. 20. Serial murder in America: case studies of seven offenders. Science.gov (United States) Beasley, James O 2004-01-01 This article summarizes and compares information on seven interviewed serial killers in an ongoing project designed to study similarities and differences among these individuals. The aim of this article is to increase our collective knowledge of the dynamics of serial murder by examining the perpetrators' backgrounds, as well as the unique ways in which they view themselves and the world around them. Although qualitative interview research alone is not sufficient to fully understand such behavior, it is useful in many ways. Some of the information discussed based on the seven offenders interviewed is compared with broader epidemiological studies, and the strengths and limitations of each type of research are discussed. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1. Native sulfur/chlorine SAD phasing for serial femtosecond crystallography. Science.gov (United States) Nakane, Takanori; Song, Changyong; Suzuki, Mamoru; Nango, Eriko; Kobayashi, Jun; Masuda, Tetsuya; Inoue, Shigeyuki; Mizohata, Eiichi; Nakatsu, Toru; Tanaka, Tomoyuki; Tanaka, Rie; Shimamura, Tatsuro; Tono, Kensuke; Joti, Yasumasa; Kameshima, Takashi; Hatsui, Takaki; Yabashi, Makina; Nureki, Osamu; Iwata, So; Sugahara, Michihiro 2015-12-01 Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) allows structures to be determined with minimal radiation damage. However, phasing native crystals in SFX is not very common. Here, the structure determination of native lysozyme from single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) by utilizing the anomalous signal of sulfur and chlorine at a wavelength of 1.77 Å is successfully demonstrated. This sulfur SAD method can be applied to a wide range of proteins, which will improve the determination of native crystal structures. 2. A matter of emphasis: Linguistic stress habits modulate serial recall OpenAIRE Taylor, John C.; Macken, Bill; Jones, Dylan M. 2014-01-01 Models of short-term memory for sequential information rely on item-level, feature-based descriptions to account for errors in serial recall. Transposition errors within alternating similar/dissimilar letter sequences derive from interactions between overlapping features. However, in two experiments, we demonstrated that the characteristics of the sequence are what determine the fates of items, rather than the properties ascribed to the items themselves. Performance in alternating sequences i... 3. Serial MR imaging in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uchino, A.; Hata, H.; Ohno, M. (Kyushu Rosai Hospital, Kitakyushu (Japan). Dept. of Radiology); Yoshinaga, M.; Shiokawa, O. (Kyushu Rosai Hospital, Kitakyushu (Japan). Stroke Care Unit) 1991-08-01 Serial magnetic resonance (MR) imagings of two autopsied patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are presented. Both patients showed a dramatic progression of brain atrophy. The initial MR imagings were, however, interpreted as normal except for localized mild cortical atrophy in one patient. When a normal MR image is obtained in a demented middle-aged or aged patient, CJD may still need to be ruled out: follow up MR imaging may be useful. (orig.). 4. Serial MR imaging in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Uchino, A.; Hata, H.; Ohno, M.; Yoshinaga, M.; Shiokawa, O. 1991-01-01 Serial magnetic resonance (MR) imagings of two autopsied patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are presented. Both patients showed a dramatic progression of brain atrophy. The initial MR imagings were, however, interpreted as normal except for localized mild cortical atrophy in one patient. When a normal MR image is obtained in a demented middle-aged or aged patient, CJD may still need to be ruled out: follow up MR imaging may be useful. (orig.) 5. Which serial killers commit suicide? An exploratory study. Science.gov (United States) Lester, David; White, John 2012-11-30 In a sample of 483 serial killers, 6.2% were documented to have committed suicide. Those who committed suicide were found to come from more dysfunctional homes characterized by more psychiatric disturbance in the parents. The sexual acts involved in the murders by the suicides seemed to be more deviant in some aspects, such as committing more bizarre sexual acts or more often taping the murder. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 6. PROTECTION OF WORKS TITLES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AND TRADEMARK PROTECTION Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) George-Mihai IRIMESCU 2017-05-01 Full Text Available The main purpose of the paper is assessing the possibilities of protecting the titles of works. One possibility is the protection by means of registered or unregistered trademarks. This route presents difficulties because of the distinctiveness perspective. In this sense, the European case-law has recently developed a constant practice and outlined a series of criteria that should be taken into consideration when examining a trademark consisting of a title. Another possibility is protecting the title under the provisions of the copyright law. From this respect, the practice has not yet determined a constant practice. However, the dominant opinion is that the originality criterion should be taken into consideration when assessing the protection of a tile. Finally, brief conclusion are made, including short remarks on the cumulative protection of titles, both as trademarks and under the copyright law. 7. Results of readiness review for start of Title II Design of ESF in salt International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1986-01-01 The Readiness Review Board recommends that the ESF Title II Design be initiated after approval of revised Functional Design Criteria for Title II design. This review was conducted assuming a Deaf Smith location for ESF. Seventy-four open items and eight technical holds were identified during the Readiness Review that must be addressed and resolved to ensure successful completion of the ESF Title II Design. These items include definition and approval of surface based, EDH, and subsurface testing requirements; development of an approved OCRWM/SRPO licensing position for the ESF; and acquisition and availability of site-specific confirmatory data. A Risk Assessment should be conducted to define corrective action data and technical, cost and schedule impacts and associated program risks of continuation of Title II design activities beyond those dates 8. Taking serial correlation into account in tests of the mean International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zwiers, F.W.; Storch, H. von 1993-01-01 The comparison of means derived from samples of noisy data is a standard part of climatology. When the data are not serially correlated the appropriate statistical tool for this task is usually the conventional Student's t-test. However, data frequently are serially correlated in climatological applications with the result that the t-tests in its standard form is not applicable. The usual solution to this problem is to scale the t-statistic by a factor which depends upon the equivalent sample size n e . We show, by means of simulations, that the revised t-test is often conservative (the actual significance level is smaller than the specified significance level) when the equivalent sample size is known. However, in most practical cases the equivalent sample size is not known. Then the test becomes liberal (the actual significance level is greater than the specified significance level). This systematic error becomes small when the true equivalent sample size is large (greater than approximately 30). We re-examine the difficulties inherent in difference of means tests when there is serial dependence. We provide guidelines for the application of the 'usual' t-test and propose two alternative tests which substantially improve upon the 'usual' t-test when samples are small. (orig.) 9. Cognitive, emotional and social markers of serial murdering. Science.gov (United States) Angrilli, Alessandro; Sartori, Giuseppe; Donzella, Giovanna 2013-01-01 Although criminal psychopathy is starting to be relatively well described, our knowledge of the characteristics and scientific markers of serial murdering is still very poor. A serial killer who murdered more than five people, KT, was administered a battery of standardized tests aimed at measuring neuropsychological impairment and social/emotional cognition deficits. KT exhibited a striking dissociation between a high level of emotional detachment and a low score on the antisocial behavior scale on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 showed a normal pattern with the psychotic triad at borderline level. KT had a high intelligence score and showed almost no impairment in cognitive tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Theory of Mind, Tower of London, this latter evidenced a mild impairment in planning performance). In the tests on moral, emotional and social cognition, his patterns of response differed from matched controls and from past reports on criminal psychopaths as, unlike these individuals, KT exhibited normal recognition of fear and a relatively intact knowledge of moral rules but he was impaired in the recognition of anger, embarrassment and conventional social rules. The overall picture of KT suggests that serial killing may be closer to normality than psychopathy defined according to either the DSM IV or the PCL-R, and it would be characterized by a relatively spared moral cognition and selective deficits in social and emotional cognition domains. 10. DDCMP protocol on a DMA serial-line board International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hunt, D.N.; Kessler, G.C. 1982-01-01 The Nuclear Chemistry Division of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is in the midst of an upgrade to their radiation counting facility. The result of this upgrade wil be a computer-based data acquisition network, the Nuclear Chemistry Counting Facility Network (NCCF-NET). This network will consist of forty dedicated LSI-11/2 based controllers, ten interactive LSI-11/23 based workstations and a VAX-11/750 central node for data reduction and storage. One of the data acquisition instruments used in this network is a Nuclear Data pulse-height analyzer, the ND66L. This analyzer communicates to a host system over a 9600-baud serial line, using the DDCMP link level protocol. In order to relieve the host computer from the overhead of handling the DDCMP protocol, an in-house designed DMA serial line board was implemented to communicate with the ND66L. The hardware used and its environment will be duscussed along with the design and implementation of the firmware, which implements the serial DDCMP link 11. A matter of emphasis: Linguistic stress habits modulate serial recall. Science.gov (United States) Taylor, John C; Macken, Bill; Jones, Dylan M 2015-04-01 Models of short-term memory for sequential information rely on item-level, feature-based descriptions to account for errors in serial recall. Transposition errors within alternating similar/dissimilar letter sequences derive from interactions between overlapping features. However, in two experiments, we demonstrated that the characteristics of the sequence are what determine the fates of items, rather than the properties ascribed to the items themselves. Performance in alternating sequences is determined by the way that the sequences themselves induce particular prosodic rehearsal patterns, and not by the nature of the items per se. In a serial recall task, the shapes of the canonical "saw-tooth" serial position curves and transposition error probabilities at successive input-output distances were modulated by subvocal rehearsal strategies, despite all item-based parameters being held constant. We replicated this finding using nonalternating lists, thus demonstrating that transpositions are substantially influenced by prosodic features-such as stress-that emerge during subvocal rehearsal. 12. The Effect of Concurrent Semantic Categorization on Delayed Serial Recall Science.gov (United States) Acheson, Daniel J.; MacDonald, Maryellen C.; Postle, Bradley R. 2010-01-01 The influence of semantic processing on the serial ordering of items in short-term memory was explored using a novel dual-task paradigm. Subjects engaged in two picture judgment tasks while simultaneously performing delayed serial recall. List material varied in the presence of phonological overlap (Experiments 1 and 2) and in semantic content (concrete words in Experiment 1 and 3; nonwords in Experiments 2 and 3). Picture judgments varied in the extent to which they required accessing visual semantic information (i.e., semantic categorization and line orientation judgments). Results showed that, relative to line orientation judgments, engaging in semantic categorization judgments increased the proportion of item ordering errors for concrete lists but did not affect error proportions for nonword lists. Furthermore, although more ordering errors were observed for phonologically similar relative to dissimilar lists, no interactions were observed between the phonological overlap and picture judgment task manipulations. These results thus demonstrate that lexical-semantic representations can affect the serial ordering of items in short-term memory. Furthermore, the dual-task paradigm provides a new method for examining when and how semantic representations affect memory performance. PMID:21058880 13. Voltage balancing strategies for serial connection of microbial fuel cells Science.gov (United States) Khaled, Firas; Ondel, Olivier; Allard, Bruno; Buret, François 2015-07-01 The microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts electrochemically organic matter into electricity by means of metabolisms of bacteria. The MFC power output is limited by low voltage and low current characteristics in the range of microwatts or milliwatts per litre. In order to produce a sufficient voltage level (>1.5 V) and sufficient power to supply real applications such as autonomous sensors, it is necessary to either scale-up one single unit or to connect multiple units together. Many topologies of connection are possible as the serial association to improve the output voltage, or the parallel connection to improve the output current or the series/parallel connection to step-up both voltage and current. The association of MFCs in series is a solution to increase the voltage to an acceptable value and to mutualize the unit's output power. The serial association of a large number of MFCs presents several issues. The first one is the hydraulic coupling among MFCs when they share the same substrate. The second one is the dispersion between generators that lead to a non-optimal stack efficiency because the maximum power point (MPP) operation of all MFCs is not permitted. Voltage balancing is a solution to compensate non-uniformities towards MPP. This paper presents solutions to improve the efficiency of a stack of serially connected MFCs through a voltage-balancing circuit. Contribution to the topical issue "Electrical Engineering Symposium (SGE 2014)", edited by Adel Razek 14. Evidence for spontaneous serial refreshing in verbal working memory? Science.gov (United States) Vergauwe, Evie; Langerock, Naomi; Cowan, Nelson 2018-04-01 Working memory (WM) keeps information temporarily accessible for ongoing cognition. One proposed mechanism to keep information active in WM is refreshing. This mechanism is assumed to operate by bringing memory items into the focus of attention, thereby serially refreshing the content of WM. We report two experiments in which we examine evidence for the spontaneous occurrence of serial refreshing in verbal WM. Participants had to remember series of red letters, while black probe letters were presented between these memory items, with each probe to be judged present in or absent from the list presented so far, as quickly as possible (i.e., the probe-span task). Response times to the probes were used to infer the status of the representations in WM and, in particular, to examine whether the content of the focus of attention changed over time, as would be expected if serial refreshing occurs spontaneously during inter-item pauses. In sharp contrast with this hypothesis, our results indicate that the last-presented memory item remained in the focus of attention during the inter-item pauses of the probe-span task. We discuss how these findings help to define the boundary conditions of spontaneous refreshing of verbal material in WM, and discuss implications for verbal WM maintenance and forgetting. Science.gov (United States) Fischer, Rico; Plessow, Franziska 2015-01-01 16. Simple measuring rod method for the coaxiality of serial holes Science.gov (United States) Wang, Lei; Yang, Tongyu; Wang, Zhong; Ji, Yuchen; Liu, Changjie; Fu, Luhua 2017-11-01 Aiming at the rapid coaxiality measurement of serial hole part with a small diameter, a coaxiality measuring rod for each layer hole with a single LDS (laser displacement sensor) is proposed. This method does not require the rotation angle information of the rod, and the coaxiality of serial holes can be calculated from the measured values of LDSs after randomly rotating the measuring rod several times. With the mathematical model of the coaxiality measuring rod, each factor affecting the accuracy of coaxiality measurement is analyzed by simulation, and the installation accuracy requirements of the measuring rod and LDSs are presented. In the tolerance of a certain installation error of the measuring rod, the relative center of the hole is calculated by setting the over-determined nonlinear equations of the fitting circles of the multi-layer holes. In experiment, coaxiality measurement accuracy is realized by a 16 μm precision LDS, and the validity of the measurement method is verified. The manufacture and measurement requirements of the coaxiality measuring rod are low, by changing the position of LDSs in the measuring rod, the serial holes with different sizes and numbers can be measured. The rapid coaxiality measurement of parts can be easily implemented in industrial sites. 17. A network-based Macintosh serial host interface program International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wight, J. 1991-03-01 A program has been written for the Apple Macintosh to replace conventional host RS232 terminals with customizable user interfaces. Serial port NuBus cards in the Macintosh allow many simultaneous sessions to be maintained. A powerful system is attained by connecting multiple Macintoshes on a network, each running this program. Each is then able to share incoming data from any of its serial ports with any other Macintosh, as well as accept data from any other Macintosh for output to any of its serial ports. The program has been used to eliminate multiple host terminals, modernize the user interface, and to centralize operation of a complex control system. Minimal changes to host software have been required. By making extensive use of Macintosh resources, the same executable code serves in a variety of roles. An object oriented C language with a class library made the development straightforward and easy to modify. This program is used to control a 2 MW neutral beam system on the DIII-D magnetic fusion tokamak. 7 figs 18. The neural signature of emotional memories in serial crimes. Science.gov (United States) Chassy, Philippe 2017-10-01 Neural plasticity is the process whereby semantic information and emotional responses are stored in neural networks. It is hypothesized that the neural networks built over time to encode the sexual fantasies that motivate serial killers to act should display a unique, detectable activation pattern. The pathological neural watermark hypothesis posits that such networks comprise activation of brain sites that reflect four cognitive components: autobiographical memory, sexual arousal, aggression, and control over aggression. The neural sites performing these cognitive functions have been successfully identified by previous research. The key findings are reviewed to hypothesise the typical pattern of activity that serial killers should display. Through the integration of biological findings into one framework, the neural approach proposed in this paper is in stark contrast with the many theories accounting for serial killers that offer non-medical taxonomies. The pathological neural watermark hypothesis offers a new framework to understand and detect deviant individuals. The technical and legal issues are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 19. Relationships between nutrition-related knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavior for fifth grade students attending Title I and non-Title I schools. Science.gov (United States) Hall, Elisha; Chai, Weiwen; Albrecht, Julie A 2016-01-01 The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is a widely used theory for nutrition education programming. Better understanding the relationships between knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavior among children of various income levels can help to form and improve nutrition programs, particularly for socioeconomically disadvantaged youth. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavior among fifth grade students attending Title I (≥40% of students receiving free or reduced school meals) and non-Title I schools (students receiving free or reduced school meals). A validated survey was completed by 55 fifth grade students from Title I and 122 from non-Title I schools. Differences in knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavior scores between groups were assessed using t test and adjusted for variations between participating schools. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavior. In adjusted models, the Title I group had significantly lower scores on several knowledge items and summary knowledge (P = 0.04). The Title I group had significantly lower scores on several behavior variables including intakes of fruits (P = 0.02), vegetables (P = 0.0005), whole grains (P = 0.0003), and lean protein (P = 0.047), physical activity (P = 0.002) and summary behavior (P = 0.001). However the Title I group scored higher on self-efficacy for meal planning (P = 0.04) and choosing healthy snacks (P = 0.036). Both self-efficacy (β = 0.70, P knowledge (β = 0.35, P = 0.002) strongly predicted behavior; however, only self-efficacy remained significant in the Title I group (self-efficacy, β = 0.82, P = 0.0003; knowledge, β = 0.11, P = 0.59). Results demonstrate disparities in nutrition knowledge and behavior outcomes between students surveyed from Title I and non-Title I schools, suggesting more resources may be necessary for lower income populations 20. Uniform Title in Theory and in Slovenian and Croatian Cataloguing Practice Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marija Petek 2013-09-01 Full Text Available ABSTRACTPurpose:  The paper investigates the importance and development of uniform title that enables collocation in the library catalogue. Research results on use of uniform titles in two union catalogues, the Slovenian COBISS and the Croatian CROLIST are also presented.Methodology/approach:  Theoretical apects of the uniform title are treated: for the first time by Panizzi, then in the Paris Principles being the basis for the Verona's cataloguing code; in the latest International Cataloguing Principles including conceptual models Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR and Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD; and last but not least in the international cataloguing code Resource Description and Access (RDA. To find out whether the uniform titles are used consistently according to the Verona's cataloguing code and to the requirements of the bibliographic formats COMARC and UNIMARC, the frequency of tags 300 and 500 in bibliographic records is explored.Results:  The research results indicate that the use of uniform titles in COBISS and CROLIST is not satisfactory and that the tags 300 and 500 are often missing in bibliographic recods. In online catalogues a special attention should be given to the uniform title as it is considered an efficient linking device in the catalogue and as it enables collocation.Research limitations:  The research is limited to bibliographic records for translations of works of personal authors and of anonymous works; corporate authors are not included.Originality/practical implications:  Presenting development of the uniform title from the very beginning up to now and the first research on the uniform title in COBISS. 1. Serial measurements of serum human placental lactogen (hPL) and serial ultrasound examinations in the evaluation of fetal growth DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Sørensen, Steen; von Tabouillot, D; Schioler, V 2000-01-01 Serial serum hPL measurements and serial ultrasound fetometry were compared in the evaluation of fetal growth by relating these two parameters to size at birth and to clinical factors known to influence size at birth. The data were from a prospective study of 1000 consecutive pregnant women...... considered to be at risk for fetal growth retardation with retrospective analysis. Serum hPL was measured by radioimmunoassay and fetal weight estimated by ultrasound every 3 weeks during the last trimester. hPL values were expressed as multiples of the median (MoM) and linear regression analysis of the h......PL MoM values was carried out for each pregnancy to find the slope of the line (hPL-slope); at least 3 serum hPL values were required. The estimated fetal weight and weight-for-age at birth was expressed in Z-scores. The individual intrauterine growth velocity was calculated by regression analysis... 2. The role of serial casting in early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Science.gov (United States) Baulesh, David M; Huh, Jeannie; Judkins, Timothy; Garg, Sumeet; Miller, Nancy H; Erickson, Mark A 2012-01-01 Serial casting has demonstrated efficacy for idiopathic early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Results of casting in nonidiopathic (syndromic and congenital) EOS patients have not previously been well described. A total of 53 patients underwent serial casting for EOS from 2005 to 2010 at a single institution. Deformity was classified as idiopathic or nonidiopathic. Diagnosis, time in cast, number of casts, use of bracing, complications, and outcomes were recorded. Radiographic measures included Cobb angle and thoracic height (T1-T12). Thoracic height velocity was calculated and compared with established norms. A total of 36 patients, 19 idiopathic and 17 nonidiopathic (14 syndromic, 3 congenital), completed cast treatment and had >6-month follow-up and were therefore included. Of those, 17% (6/36) experienced resolution of their deformity, 53% (19/26) are currently in braces, and 31% (11/36) had undergone surgery. Surgery occurred on average at age 5.6 years and was delayed by an average of 2.1 years from time of first cast. A 19% complication was observed. There was no statistical difference in the rate of resolution of deformity between idiopathic (5/19) and nonidiopathic (1/17) patients (P=0.182), although there exists a trend toward greater curve correction in idiopathic patients. Surgery occurred in fewer patients (2/19) in the idiopathic group compared with the nonidiopathic group (9/17) (P=0.006). Significant improvements in Cobb angle was observed in the idiopathic group (12.2 degrees) during casting (P=0.003). Nonidiopathic patients did not maintain the correction gained during casting at the time of final follow-up. T1-T12 height increased across all study patients regardless of etiology during the period of casting at similar velocity to established norms of 1.4 cm/y for this age group. Serial casting offers modest deformity correction in idiopathic deformities compared with nonidiopathic deformities. Thoracic height growth continued throughout the casting period 3. Protein Turnover Measurements in Human Serum by Serial Immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS. Science.gov (United States) Farrokhi, Vahid; Chen, Xiaoying; Neubert, Hendrik 2018-02-01 The half-life of target proteins is frequently an important parameter in mechanistic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of biotherapeutics. Clinical studies for accurate measurement of physiologically relevant protein turnover can reduce the uncertainty in PK/PD model-based predictions, for example, of the therapeutic dose and dosing regimen in first-in-human clinical trials. We used a targeted mass spectrometry work flow based on serial immunoaffinity enrichment ofmultiple human serum proteins from a [5,5,5- 2 H 3 ]-L-leucine tracer pulse-chase study in healthy volunteers. To confirm the reproducibility of turnover measurements from serial immunoaffinity enrichment, multiple aliquots from the same sample set were subjected to protein turnover analysis in varying order. Tracer incorporation was measured by multiple-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry and target turnover was calculated using a four-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Five proteins of clinical or therapeutic relevance including soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, soluble interleukin 1 receptor like 1, soluble mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1, and muscle-specific creatine kinase were sequentially subjected to turnover analysis from the same human serum sample. Calculated half-lives ranged from 5-15 h; however, no tracer incorporation was observed for mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1. The utility of clinical pulse-chase studies to investigate protein turnover can be extended by serial immunoaffinity enrichment of target proteins. Turnover analysis from serum and subsequently from remaining supernatants provided analytical sensitivity and reproducibility for multiple human target proteins in the same sample set, irrespective of the order of analysis. © 2017 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 4. Experiences with serial and parallel algorithms for channel routing using simulated annealing Science.gov (United States) Brouwer, Randall Jay 1988-01-01 Two algorithms for channel routing using simulated annealing are presented. Simulated annealing is an optimization methodology which allows the solution process to back up out of local minima that may be encountered by inappropriate selections. By properly controlling the annealing process, it is very likely that the optimal solution to an NP-complete problem such as channel routing may be found. The algorithm presented proposes very relaxed restrictions on the types of allowable transformations, including overlapping nets. By freeing that restriction and controlling overlap situations with an appropriate cost function, the algorithm becomes very flexible and can be applied to many extensions of channel routing. The selection of the transformation utilizes a number of heuristics, still retaining the pseudorandom nature of simulated annealing. The algorithm was implemented as a serial program for a workstation, and a parallel program designed for a hypercube computer. The details of the serial implementation are presented, including many of the heuristics used and some of the resulting solutions. 5. Serial type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) load measurement allows differentiation between regressing cervical lesions and serial virion productive transient infections International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Depuydt, Christophe E; Jonckheere, Jef; Berth, Mario; Salembier, Geert M; Vereecken, Annie J; Bogers, Johannes J 2015-01-01 Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is strongly associated with the development of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cancer. Not all persistent infections lead to cancer. Viral load measured at a single time-point is a poor predictor of the natural history of HPV infections. However the profile of viral load evolution over time could distinguish nonprogressive from progressive (carcinogenic) infections. A retrospective natural history study was set up using a Belgian laboratory database including more than 800,000 liquid cytology specimens. All samples were submitted to qPCR identifying E6/E7 genes of 18 HPV types. Viral load changes over time were assessed by the linear regression slope. Database search identified 261 untreated women with persistent type-specific HPV DNA detected (270 infections) in at least three of the last smears for a average period of 3.2 years. Using the coefficient of determination (R²) infections could be subdivided in a latency group (n = 143; R² < 0.85) and a regressing group (n = 127; R² ≥ 0.85). In (≥3) serial viral load measurements, serial transient infections with latency is characterized by a nonlinear limited difference in decrease or increase of type-specific viral load (R² < 0.85 and slopes between 2 measurements 0.0010 and −0.0010 HPV copies/cell per day) over a longer period of time (1553 days), whereas regression of a clonal cell population is characterized by a linear (R² ≥ 0.85) decrease (−0.0033 HPV copies/cell per day) over a shorter period of time (708 days; P < 0.001). Using serial HPV type-specific viral load measurements we could for the first time identify regressing CIN2 and CIN3 lesions. Evolution of the viral load is an objective measurable indicator of the natural history of HPV infections and could be used for future triage in HPV-based cervical screening programs 6. Serial Sampling of Serum Protein Biomarkers for Monitoring Human Traumatic Brain Injury Dynamics: A Systematic Review. Science.gov (United States) Thelin, Eric Peter; Zeiler, Frederick Adam; Ercole, Ari; Mondello, Stefania; Büki, András; Bellander, Bo-Michael; Helmy, Adel; Menon, David K; Nelson, David W 2017-01-01 The proteins S100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and neurofilament light (NF-L) have been serially sampled in serum of patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in order to assess injury severity and tissue fate. We review the current literature of serum level dynamics of these proteins following TBI and used the term "effective half-life" ( t 1/2 ) in order to describe the "fall" rate in serum. Through searches on EMBASE, Medline, and Scopus, we looked for articles where these proteins had been serially sampled in serum in human TBI. We excluded animal studies, studies with only one presented sample and studies without neuroradiological examinations. Following screening (10,389 papers), n  = 122 papers were included. The proteins S100B ( n  = 66) and NSE ( n  = 27) were the two most frequent biomarkers that were serially sampled. For S100B in severe TBI, a majority of studies indicate a t 1/2 of about 24 h, even if very early sampling in these patients reveals rapid decreases (1-2 h) though possibly of non-cerebral origin. In contrast, the t 1/2 for NSE is comparably longer, ranging from 48 to 72 h in severe TBI cases. The protein GFAP ( n  = 18) appears to have t 1/2 of about 24-48 h in severe TBI. The protein UCH-L1 ( n  = 9) presents a t 1/2 around 7 h in mild TBI and about 10 h in severe. Frequent sampling of these proteins revealed different trajectories with persisting high serum levels, or secondary peaks, in patients with unfavorable outcome or in patients developing secondary detrimental events. Finally, NF-L ( n  = 2) only increased in the few studies available, suggesting a serum availability of >10 days. To date, automated assays are available for S100B and NSE making them faster and more practical to use. Serial sampling of brain-specific proteins in serum reveals different temporal trajectories that should be 7. Serial Sampling of Serum Protein Biomarkers for Monitoring Human Traumatic Brain Injury Dynamics: A Systematic Review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eric Peter Thelin 2017-07-01 Full Text Available BackgroundThe proteins S100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1, and neurofilament light (NF-L have been serially sampled in serum of patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI in order to assess injury severity and tissue fate. We review the current literature of serum level dynamics of these proteins following TBI and used the term “effective half-life” (t1/2 in order to describe the “fall” rate in serum.Materials and methodsThrough searches on EMBASE, Medline, and Scopus, we looked for articles where these proteins had been serially sampled in serum in human TBI. We excluded animal studies, studies with only one presented sample and studies without neuroradiological examinations.ResultsFollowing screening (10,389 papers, n = 122 papers were included. The proteins S100B (n = 66 and NSE (n = 27 were the two most frequent biomarkers that were serially sampled. For S100B in severe TBI, a majority of studies indicate a t1/2 of about 24 h, even if very early sampling in these patients reveals rapid decreases (1–2 h though possibly of non-cerebral origin. In contrast, the t1/2 for NSE is comparably longer, ranging from 48 to 72 h in severe TBI cases. The protein GFAP (n = 18 appears to have t1/2 of about 24–48 h in severe TBI. The protein UCH-L1 (n = 9 presents a t1/2 around 7 h in mild TBI and about 10 h in severe. Frequent sampling of these proteins revealed different trajectories with persisting high serum levels, or secondary peaks, in patients with unfavorable outcome or in patients developing secondary detrimental events. Finally, NF-L (n = 2 only increased in the few studies available, suggesting a serum availability of >10 days. To date, automated assays are available for S100B and NSE making them faster and more practical to use.ConclusionSerial sampling of brain-specific proteins in serum reveals 8. 14 CFR 1245.109 - Assignment of title to NASA. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Assignment of title to NASA. 1245.109... INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Patent Waiver Regulations § 1245.109 Assignment of title to NASA. (a) The instrument of waiver set forth in § 1245.115(c) shall be voided by NASA with respect to the domestic title to... 9. Title IX: With New Opportunities, Girls' Interest Rises Science.gov (United States) Toporek, Bryan 2012-01-01 On June 23, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon signed into law Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits gender discrimination in any federally financed education program or activity. Title IX is far-reaching, but the law is most often associated with school and college athletics. Title IX allows schools to prove their athletic… 10. Exploring New Directions: Title I in the Year 2000. Science.gov (United States) Puma, Michael J.; Drury, Darrel W. This report takes stock of the present Title I program, identifies the most promising approaches to educating the nation's disadvantaged children, and offers guidance to policymakers seeking to improve Title I's effectiveness. The report draws upon hundreds of studies, evaluations, and other documents, and details the evolution of the Title I… 11. 40 CFR 300.220 - Related Title III issues. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Related Title III issues. 300.220 Section 300.220 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY... PLAN Planning and Preparedness § 300.220 Related Title III issues. Other related Title III requirements... 12. Word-serial Architectures for Filtering and Variable Rate Decimation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eugene Grayver 2002-01-01 Full Text Available A new flexible architecture is proposed for word-serial filtering and variable rate decimation/interpolation. The architecture is targeted for low power applications requiring medium to low data rate and is ideally suited for implementation on either an ASIC or an FPGA. It combines the small size and low power of an ASIC with the programmability and flexibility of a DSP. An efficient memory addressing scheme eliminates the need for power hungry shift registers and allows full reconfiguration. The decimation ratio, filter length and filter coefficients can all be changed in real time. The architecture takes advantage of coefficient symmetries in linear phase filters and in polyphase components. 13. Diffusion thermopower of a serial double quantum dot International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Thierschmann, H; Henke, M; Knorr, J; Maier, L; Buhmann, H; Molenkamp, L W; Heyn, C; Hansen, W 2013-01-01 We have experimentally studied the diffusion thermopower of a serial double quantum dot, defined electrostatically in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. We present the thermopower stability diagram for a temperature difference ΔT = (20 ± 10) mK across the device and find a maximum thermovoltage signal of several μV in the vicinity of the triple points. Along a constant energy axis in this regime, the data show a characteristic pattern which is in agreement with Mott's relation and can be well understood within a model of sequential transport. (paper) 14. Hi-speed versatile serial crate controller for CAMAC International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Horelick, D. 1984-10-01 A serial crate controller, primarily for use in the SLC CAMAC control system, has been designed, and has been in use for about 2 years. The design supports a party line approach, with up to 16 crates on a single twisted pair for data transfers, plus another pair for prompt L response. The bit rate is 5 megabits/s, and complete transaction times of about 10 μs are achieved for 16-bit data transfers over cables up to 1000 feet long. One of the primary objects of the design was simplicity - there are approximately 60 chips in the two-board unit 15. Lean buffering in serial production lines with Bernoulli machines Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. B. Hu 2006-01-01 Full Text Available Lean buffering is the smallest buffer capacity necessary to ensure the desired production rate of a manufacturing system. In this paper, analytical methods for selecting lean buffering in serial production lines are developed under the assumption that the machines obey the Bernoulli reliability model. Both closed-form expressions and recursive approaches are investigated. The cases of identical and nonidentical machines are analyzed. Results obtained can be useful for production line designers and production managers to maintain the required production rate with the smallest possible inventories. 16. Key Conditions for Successful Serial Entrepreneurship in Healthcare. Science.gov (United States) Piron, Cameron 2017-01-01 As a serial entrepreneur in the medical device industry, the author embraces Snowdon's (2017) effort to create and stimulate dialogue among experts in health system innovation in an effort to define and support Canada's innovation agenda. In this paper, he outlines some of the attributes and skills that companies need to launch their products and scale their companies. He also identifies the main conditions of an innovation ecosystem that create the necessary infrastructure to enable and support highly successful companies while allowing them to accelerate their growth. 17. Serial computed tomography findings in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Schlenska, G.K.; Walter, G.F. 1989-01-01 Serial CT investigations of 3 patients with histologically confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease revealed persisting slight brain atrophy to progressive extreme atrophy corresponding to the absolute, not the individual duration of illness. No correlation was observed between CT findings and the patients condition or electroencephalographic results. In one case with a duration of about 16 months and a terminal brain weight of 750 g a massive bilateral, later unilateral subdural hygroma appeared which probably was caused by retraction of the brain showing an enormous atrophy. (orig.) 18. Serial computed tomography findings in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schlenska, G.K.; Walter, G.F. 1989-09-01 Serial CT investigations of 3 patients with histologically confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease revealed persisting slight brain atrophy to progressive extreme atrophy corresponding to the absolute, not the individual duration of illness. No correlation was observed between CT findings and the patients condition or electroencephalographic results. In one case with a duration of about 16 months and a terminal brain weight of 750 g a massive bilateral, later unilateral subdural hygroma appeared which probably was caused by retraction of the brain showing an enormous atrophy. (orig.). 19. Serial radionuclide quantitative function studies for evaluation of renal transplants International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Martin, D.C.; Hunter, J.L.; Lawton, M.B.; Berke, R.A.; Morton, M.E. 1974-01-01 A new method of assessing renal function following transplantation has been presented. The calculated rate of transfer to the kidney expressed as percent per minute, effective renal blood flow in milliliters per minute and the percentage of the dose in the urine at 20 minutes are calculated from data derived from a scintillation probe over the heart following a single injection of radiohippuran. These indices provide a means of interpreting serial determinations of renal function in states in which the more conventional parameters of renal function are not reliable. (U.S.) 20. Freeform Optics: current challenges for future serial production Science.gov (United States) Schindler, C.; Köhler, T.; Roth, E. 2017-10-01 One of the major developments in optics industry recently is the commercial manufacturing of freeform surfaces for optical mid- and high performance systems. The loss of limitation on rotational symmetry enables completely new optical design solutions - but causes completely new challenges for the manufacturer too. Adapting the serial production from radial-symmetric to freeform optics cannot be done just by the extension of machine capabilities and software for every process step. New solutions for conventional optics productions or completely new process chains are necessary. 1. Long-distance configuration of FPGA based on serial communication International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Liu Xiang; Song Kezhu; Zhang Sifeng 2010-01-01 To solve FPGA configuration in some nuclear electronics, which works in radioactivity environment, the article introduces a way of long-distance configuration with PC and CPLD, based on serial communication. Taking CYCLONE series FPGA and EPCS configuration chip from ALTERA for example, and using the AS configuration mode, we described our design from the aspects of basic theory, hardware connection, software function and communication protocol. With this design, we could configure several FPGAs in the distance of 100 meters, or we could configure on FPGA in the distance of 150 meters. (authors) 2. The essential guide to Serial ATA and SATA express CERN Document Server Deming, David A 2014-01-01 Used in laptop and desktop computers, low-end servers, and mobile devices, Serial ATA (Advance Technology Attachment), or SATA, is the pervasive disk storage technology in use today. SATA has also penetrated the enterprise computing environment by adding hardware components for fail-over, extending command processing capabilities, and increasing device performance and link speeds. If you work in a data center or manage your company's storage resources, you will likely encounter storage solutions that require SATA software or hardware.In this book, leading storage networking technologist David 3. POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY WITHIN SERIAL PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) CODRUŢA DURA 2010-01-01 Full Text Available Under the impact of transition to the new post-industrial society, massproduction recently faced the most numerous difficulties. They are caused by turbulences in theexternal environment in which companies operate, manifested in particular by enhancing thedynamism of markets and by deep changes in the structure of consumers’ demands. In thiscontext, specialized literature records the concerns for increasing the efficiency and flexibilityof products, elements involving radical changes of management and manufacturingtechnologies methods. Given these issues, the paper approaches two separate ways to improvethe management of serial production: increasing economic efficiency by optimizing the size ofbatches and flexible production systems by implementing techniques to reduce the change-overtime. 4. Content and Phrasing in Titles of Original Research and Review Articles in 2015: Range of Practice in Four Clinical Journals Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mary Ellen Kerans 2016-04-01 Full Text Available Reporting guidelines for clinical research designs emerged in the mid-1990s and have influenced various aspects of research articles, including titles, which have also been subject to changing uses with the growth of electronic database searching and efforts to reduce bias in literature searches. We aimed (1 to learn more about titles in clinical medicine today and (2 to develop an efficient, reliable way to study titles over time and on the fly—for quick application by authors, manuscript editors, translators and instructors. We compared content and form in titles from two general medical journals—the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM and the British Medical Journal—and two anesthesiology journals (the European Journal of Anaesthesiology and Anesthesiology; we also analyzed the inter-rater reliability of our coding. Significant content differences were found in the frequencies of mentions of methods, results (between general and subspecialty titles, and geographic setting; phrasing differences were found in the prevalence of full-sentence and compound titles (and their punctuation. NEJM titles were significantly shorter, and this journal differed consistently on several features. We conclude that authors must learn to efficiently survey titles for form and content patterns when preparing manuscripts to submit to unfamiliar journals or on resubmitting to a new journal after rejection. 5. Title V Workforce Development in the Era of Health Transformation. Science.gov (United States) Margolis, Lewis; Mullenix, Amy; Apostolico, Alexsandra A; Fehrenbach, Lacy M; Cilenti, Dorothy 2017-11-01 Purpose The National Maternal and Child Health Workforce Development Center at UNC Chapel Hill (the Center), funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, provides Title V state/jurisdiction leaders and staff and partners from other sectors with opportunities to develop skills in quality improvement, systems mapping and analysis, change management, and strategies to enhance access to care to leverage and implement health transformation opportunities to improve the health of women and children. Description Since 2013, the Center has utilized a variety of learning platforms to reach state and jurisdiction Title V leaders. In the intensive training program, new skills and knowledge are applied to a state-driven health transformation project and include distance-based learning opportunities, multi-day, in-person training and/or onsite consultation, as well as individualized coaching to develop workforce skills. Assessment The first intensive cohort of eight states reported enhanced skills in the core areas of quality improvement, systems mapping and analysis, change management, and strategies to enhance access to care which guided changes at state system and policy levels. In addition, teams reported new and/or enhanced partnerships with many sectors, thereby leveraging Title V resources to increase its impact. Conclusion The Center's provision of core workforce skills and application to state-defined goals has enabled states to undertake projects and challenges that not only have a positive impact on population health, but also encourage collaborative, productive partnerships that were once found to be challenging-creating a workforce capable of advancing the health and wellbeing of women and children. 6. Serial elongation derotation flexion (EDF) casting for patients with infantile and juvenile scoliosis. Science.gov (United States) Canavese, Federico; Rousset, Marie; Mansour, Mounira; Samba, Antoine; Dimeglio, Alain 2016-02-01 Infantile and juvenile scoliosis, among different types of spinal deformity, is still a challenge for pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The ideal treatment of infantile and juvenile scoliosis has not yet been identified as both clinicians and surgeons still face multiple challenges, including preservation of the thoracic spine, thoracic cage, lung growth and cardiac function without reducing spinal motion. Elongation, derotation, flexion (EDF) casting technique is a custom-made thoracolumbar cast based on a three dimensional correction concept. This cast offers three-dimensional correction and can control the evolution of the deformity in some cases. Spinal growth can be guided by EDF casting as it can influence the initially curved spine to grow straighter. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review of how infantile and juvenile scoliosis can affect normal spine and thorax and how these deformities can be treated with serial EDF casting technique. A current literature review is mandatory in order to understand the principles of the serial EDF casting technique and the effectiveness of conservative treatment in young and very young patients. 7. Serial elongation-derotation-flexion casting for children with early-onset scoliosis. Science.gov (United States) Canavese, Federico; Samba, Antoine; Dimeglio, Alain; Mansour, Mounira; Rousset, Marie 2015-12-18 Various early-onset spinal deformities, particularly infantile and juvenile scoliosis (JS), still pose challenges to pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The ideal treatment of these deformities has yet to emerge, as both clinicians and surgeons still face multiple challenges including preservation of thoracic motion, spine and cage, and protection of cardiac and lung growth and function. Elongation-derotation-flexion (EDF) casting is a technique that uses a custom-made thoracolumbar cast based on a three-dimensional correction concept. EDF can control progression of the deformity and - in some cases-coax the initially-curved spine to grow straighter by acting simultaneously in the frontal, sagittal and coronal planes. Here we provide a comprehensive review of how infantile and JS can affect normal spine and thorax and how serial EDF casting can be used to manage these spinal deformities. A fresh review of the literature helps fully understand the principles of the serial EDF casting technique and the effectiveness of conservative treatment in patients with early-onset spinal deformities, particularly infantile and juvenile scolisois. 8. A comparative study of working memory: immediate serial spatial recall in baboons (Papio papio) and humans. Science.gov (United States) Fagot, Joël; De Lillo, Carlo 2011-12-01 Two experiments assessed if non-human primates can be meaningfully compared to humans in a non-verbal test of serial recall. A procedure was used that was derived from variations of the Corsi test, designed to test the effects of sequence structure and movement path length in humans. Two baboons were tested in Experiment 1. The monkeys showed several attributes of human serial recall. These included an easier recall of sequences with a shorter number of items and of sequences characterized by a shorter path length when the number of items was kept constant. However, the accuracy and speed of processing did not indicate that the monkeys were able to benefit from the spatiotemporal structure of sequences. Humans tested in Experiment 2 showed a quantitatively longer memory span, and, in contrast with monkeys, benefitted from sequence structure. The results are discussed in relation to differences in how human and non-human primates segment complex visual patterns. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 9. Optimizing the 3D-reconstruction technique for serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. Science.gov (United States) Wernitznig, Stefan; Sele, Mariella; Urschler, Martin; Zankel, Armin; Pölt, Peter; Rind, F Claire; Leitinger, Gerd 2016-05-01 Elucidating the anatomy of neuronal circuits and localizing the synaptic connections between neurons, can give us important insights in how the neuronal circuits work. We are using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) to investigate the anatomy of a collision detection circuit including the Lobula Giant Movement Detector (LGMD) neuron in the locust, Locusta migratoria. For this, thousands of serial electron micrographs are produced that allow us to trace the neuronal branching pattern. The reconstruction of neurons was previously done manually by drawing cell outlines of each cell in each image separately. This approach was very time consuming and troublesome. To make the process more efficient a new interactive software was developed. It uses the contrast between the neuron under investigation and its surrounding for semi-automatic segmentation. For segmentation the user sets starting regions manually and the algorithm automatically selects a volume within the neuron until the edges corresponding to the neuronal outline are reached. Internally the algorithm optimizes a 3D active contour segmentation model formulated as a cost function taking the SEM image edges into account. This reduced the reconstruction time, while staying close to the manual reference segmentation result. Our algorithm is easy to use for a fast segmentation process, unlike previous methods it does not require image training nor an extended computing capacity. Our semi-automatic segmentation algorithm led to a dramatic reduction in processing time for the 3D-reconstruction of identified neurons. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Science.gov (United States) Park, Chae Jung; Kim, Eun-Kyung; Woo, Ha Young; Moon, Hee Jung; Yoon, Jung Hyun 2015-01-01 Fibroadenoma is a common benign breast lesion and its malignant transformation is rare. There have been several case reports and studies that retrospectively reviewed breast cancers that arose within fibroadenomas; however, none of these studies reported serial changes in radiologic features of the cancer, including findings from mammography and ultrasound (US). We report a case of breast cancer arising adjacent to an involuting fibro adenoma in a 39-year-old woman who was undergoing serial follow-up after her fibroadenoma was diagnosed. Seven years after her diagnosis, the lesion showed evidence of coarse calcifications, a typical sign of involution. Four years later, US revealed a newly developed hypoechoic lesion with irregular margins and peripherally located calcifications adjacent to the fibroadenoma. A core biopsy was performed, and histopathological examination resulted in a diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma. When new suspicious features are observed in a fibroadenoma, radiologists should raise the concern for breast cancer and proceed with diagnosis and treatment accordingly. PMID:26472981 11. Formulating the Right Title for a Research Article. Science.gov (United States) Bavdekar, Sandeep B 2016-02-01 Title is an important part of the article. It condenses article content in a few words and captures readers' attention. A good title for a research article is the one which, on its own, is able to introduce the research work to the fullest extent, but in a concise manner. Writing scientific titles that are informative and attractive is a challenging task. This communication describes the importance of titles and the methods of creating appropriate titles for research papers. © Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2011. 12. Implementation of Bluetooth serial port based profiles in embedded systems Science.gov (United States) Liu, Guanglei; Qiu, Zhengding; Wang, Quanping; Gao, Qiang 2001-10-01 Bluetooth is a new short-range wireless communication technology developing rapidly in recent years. Bluetooth software architecture consists of stack and profiles. Serial Port Profile (SPP) is an underlying profile that emulates RS232 serial cable connections between two peer devices. Based on SPP, Dial-up Networking (DUN) Profile establishes PPP connection with remote dial-up server, Fax Profile realizes document facsimile function and LAN Access Profile (LAP) provides local area network access service. When it comes to their implementation in embedded systems, there are several challenges such as memory consumption, code efficiency, code reliability, and code portability onto different OS and hardware platforms to be attacked. In this paper, we propose integrated software architecture after discussing the great similarities shared among the three SPP based profiles. Then implementation of the architecture is given, in which OS-dependent and OS-independent parts are clearly separated. Profile interfaces with stack and OS are specified respectively so that the three profiles as a whole can be ported onto various software and hardware platforms easily. As a result, policy of transplanting our implementation onto different platforms is addressed at the end of the paper. 13. Automated detection of multiple sclerosis lesions in serial brain MRI International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Llado, Xavier; Ganiler, Onur; Oliver, Arnau; Marti, Robert; Freixenet, Jordi; Valls, Laia; Vilanova, Joan C.; Ramio-Torrenta, Lluis; Rovira, Alex 2012-01-01 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious disease typically occurring in the brain whose diagnosis and efficacy of treatment monitoring are vital. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used in serial brain imaging due to the rich and detailed information provided. Time-series analysis of images is widely used for MS diagnosis and patient follow-up. However, conventional manual methods are time-consuming, subjective, and error-prone. Thus, the development of automated techniques for the detection and quantification of MS lesions is a major challenge. This paper presents an up-to-date review of the approaches which deal with the time-series analysis of brain MRI for detecting active MS lesions and quantifying lesion load change. We provide a comprehensive reference source for researchers in which several approaches to change detection and quantification of MS lesions are investigated and classified. We also analyze the results provided by the approaches, discuss open problems, and point out possible future trends. Lesion detection approaches are required for the detection of static lesions and for diagnostic purposes, while either quantification of detected lesions or change detection algorithms are needed to follow up MS patients. However, there is not yet a single approach that can emerge as a standard for the clinical practice, automatically providing an accurate MS lesion evolution quantification. Future trends will focus on combining the lesion detection in single studies with the analysis of the change detection in serial MRI. (orig.) 14. Forgetting in immediate serial recall: decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference? Science.gov (United States) Oberauer, Klaus; Lewandowsky, Stephan 2008-07-01 Three hypotheses of forgetting from immediate memory were tested: time-based decay, decreasing temporal distinctiveness, and interference. The hypotheses were represented by 3 models of serial recall: the primacy model, the SIMPLE (scale-independent memory, perception, and learning) model, and the SOB (serial order in a box) model, respectively. The models were fit to 2 experiments investigating the effect of filled delays between items at encoding or at recall. Short delays between items, filled with articulatory suppression, led to massive impairment of memory relative to a no-delay baseline. Extending the delays had little additional effect, suggesting that the passage of time alone does not cause forgetting. Adding a choice reaction task in the delay periods to block attention-based rehearsal did not change these results. The interference-based SOB fit the data best; the primacy model overpredicted the effect of lengthening delays, and SIMPLE was unable to explain the effect of delays at encoding. The authors conclude that purely temporal views of forgetting are inadequate. Copyright (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved. 15. Automated detection of multiple sclerosis lesions in serial brain MRI Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Llado, Xavier; Ganiler, Onur; Oliver, Arnau; Marti, Robert; Freixenet, Jordi [University of Girona, Computer Vision and Robotics Group, Girona (Spain); Valls, Laia [Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Girona (Spain); Vilanova, Joan C. [Girona Magnetic Resonance Center, Girona (Spain); Ramio-Torrenta, Lluis [Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Institut d' Investigacio Biomedica de Girona, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Unit, Girona (Spain); Rovira, Alex [Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology, Barcelona (Spain) 2012-08-15 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious disease typically occurring in the brain whose diagnosis and efficacy of treatment monitoring are vital. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used in serial brain imaging due to the rich and detailed information provided. Time-series analysis of images is widely used for MS diagnosis and patient follow-up. However, conventional manual methods are time-consuming, subjective, and error-prone. Thus, the development of automated techniques for the detection and quantification of MS lesions is a major challenge. This paper presents an up-to-date review of the approaches which deal with the time-series analysis of brain MRI for detecting active MS lesions and quantifying lesion load change. We provide a comprehensive reference source for researchers in which several approaches to change detection and quantification of MS lesions are investigated and classified. We also analyze the results provided by the approaches, discuss open problems, and point out possible future trends. Lesion detection approaches are required for the detection of static lesions and for diagnostic purposes, while either quantification of detected lesions or change detection algorithms are needed to follow up MS patients. However, there is not yet a single approach that can emerge as a standard for the clinical practice, automatically providing an accurate MS lesion evolution quantification. Future trends will focus on combining the lesion detection in single studies with the analysis of the change detection in serial MRI. (orig.) 16. Serial sectioning methods for 3D investigations in materials science. Science.gov (United States) Zankel, Armin; Wagner, Julian; Poelt, Peter 2014-07-01 A variety of methods for the investigation and 3D representation of the inner structure of materials has been developed. In this paper, techniques based on slice and view using scanning microscopy for imaging are presented and compared. Three different methods of serial sectioning combined with either scanning electron or scanning ion microscopy or atomic force microscopy (AFM) were placed under scrutiny: serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, which facilitates an ultramicrotome built into the chamber of a variable pressure scanning electron microscope; three-dimensional (3D) AFM, which combines an (cryo-) ultramicrotome with an atomic force microscope, and 3D FIB, which delivers results by slicing with a focused ion beam. These three methods complement one another in many respects, e.g., in the type of materials that can be investigated, the resolution that can be obtained and the information that can be extracted from 3D reconstructions. A detailed review is given about preparation, the slice and view process itself, and the limitations of the methods and possible artifacts. Applications for each technique are also provided. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 17. Working memory capacity and controlled serial memory search. Science.gov (United States) Mızrak, Eda; Öztekin, Ilke 2016-08-01 The speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) procedure was used to investigate the relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and the dynamics of temporal order memory retrieval. High- and low-span participants (HSs, LSs) studied sequentially presented five-item lists, followed by two probes from the study list. Participants indicated the more recent probe. Overall, accuracy was higher for HSs compared to LSs. Crucially, in contrast to previous investigations that observed no impact of WMC on speed of access to item information in memory (e.g., Öztekin & McElree, 2010), recovery of temporal order memory was slower for LSs. While accessing an item's representation in memory can be direct, recovery of relational information such as temporal order information requires a more controlled serial memory search. Collectively, these data indicate that WMC effects are particularly prominent during high demands of cognitive control, such as serial search operations necessary to access temporal order information from memory. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 18. Volume imaging NDE and serial sectioning of carbon fiber composites Science.gov (United States) Hakim, Issa; Schumacher, David; Sundar, Veeraraghavan; Donaldson, Steven; Creuz, Aline; Schneider, Rainer; Keller, Juergen; Browning, Charles; May, Daniel; Ras, Mohamad Abo; Meyendorf, Norbert 2018-04-01 A composite material is a combination of two or more materials with very different mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. The various forms of composite materials, due to their high material properties, are widely used as structural materials in the aviation, space, marine, automobile, and sports industries. However, some defects like voids, delamination, or inhomogeneous fiber distribution that form during the fabricating processes of composites can seriously affect the mechanical properties of the composite material. In this study, several imaging NDE techniques such as: thermography, high frequency eddy current, ultrasonic, x-ray radiography, x-ray laminography, and high resolution x-ray CT were conducted to characterize the microstructure of carbon fiber composites. Then, a 3D analysis was implemented by the destructive technique of serial sectioning for the same sample tested by the NDE methods. To better analyze the results of this work and extract a clear volume image for all features and defects contained in the composite material, an intensive comparison was conducted among hundreds of 3D-NDE and multi serial sections' scan images showing the microstructure variation. 19. Nonlinear Process Fault Diagnosis Based on Serial Principal Component Analysis. Science.gov (United States) Deng, Xiaogang; Tian, Xuemin; Chen, Sheng; Harris, Chris J 2018-03-01 Many industrial processes contain both linear and nonlinear parts, and kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), widely used in nonlinear process monitoring, may not offer the most effective means for dealing with these nonlinear processes. This paper proposes a new hybrid linear-nonlinear statistical modeling approach for nonlinear process monitoring by closely integrating linear principal component analysis (PCA) and nonlinear KPCA using a serial model structure, which we refer to as serial PCA (SPCA). Specifically, PCA is first applied to extract PCs as linear features, and to decompose the data into the PC subspace and residual subspace (RS). Then, KPCA is performed in the RS to extract the nonlinear PCs as nonlinear features. Two monitoring statistics are constructed for fault detection, based on both the linear and nonlinear features extracted by the proposed SPCA. To effectively perform fault identification after a fault is detected, an SPCA similarity factor method is built for fault recognition, which fuses both the linear and nonlinear features. Unlike PCA and KPCA, the proposed method takes into account both linear and nonlinear PCs simultaneously, and therefore, it can better exploit the underlying process's structure to enhance fault diagnosis performance. Two case studies involving a simulated nonlinear process and the benchmark Tennessee Eastman process demonstrate that the proposed SPCA approach is more effective than the existing state-of-the-art approach based on KPCA alone, in terms of nonlinear process fault detection and identification. 20. In vivo serial sampling of epididymal sperm in mice. Science.gov (United States) Del Val, Gonzalo Moreno; Robledano, Patricia Muñoz 2013-07-01 This study was undertaken to refine the techniques of in vivo collection of sperm in the mouse. The principal objective was to offer a viable, safe and reliable method for serial collection of in vivo epididimary sperm through the direct puncture of the epididymis. Six C57Bl/6J males were subjected to the whole experiment. First we obtain a sperm sample of the right epididymis, and perform a vasectomy on the left side. This sample was used in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) experiment while the males were individually housed for 10 days to let them recover from the surgery, and then their fertility was tested with natural matings until we obtained a litter of each one. After that, the animals were subjected another time to the same process (sampling, recover and natural mating). The results of these experiments were a fertilization average value of 56.7%, and that all the males had a litter in the first month after the natural matings. This study documented the feasibility of the epididimary puncture technique to in vivo serial sampling of sperm in the mouse.
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/133076-interesting-integrals-1-a.html
# Math Help - Interesting Integrals. #1 1. ## Interesting Integrals. #1 Evaluate: $\int_0^{\pi} \frac{x \, sin(x) }{1+cos^2(x)} \, dx$. 2. Put $x\mapsto \pi - x$ to get $\int_0^{\pi} \frac{x \sin x }{1+\cos^2 x} dx = \int_0^{\pi} \frac{(\pi-x) \sin x }{1+\cos^2 x} dx = -\int_0^{\pi} \frac{x \sin x }{1+\cos^2 x} dx + \pi \int_0^{\pi} \frac{\sin x }{1+\cos^2 x} dx$ And thus $\int_0^{\pi} \frac{x \sin x }{1+\cos^2 x} dx = \frac{\pi}{2} \int_0^{\pi} \frac{\sin x }{1+\cos^2 x} dx$ The latter integral can easily be evaluated as $\frac{\pi}{2}$ by letting $x \mapsto \cos x$. Thus your integral is: $\int_0^{\pi} \frac{x \sin x }{1+\cos^2 x} dx = \frac{\pi^2}{4}$ 3. Integrating by parts You obtain first... $\int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{x\cdot \sin x}{1+\cos^{2} x}\cdot dx = |-x\cdot \tan^{-1} \cos x|_{0}^{\pi} + \int_{0}^{\pi} \tan^{-1} \cos x\cdot dx$ (1) Now You perform in the second integral the substitution $\xi= x - \frac{\pi}{2}$ so that it becomes... $\int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \tan^{-1} \sin \xi\cdot d\xi$ (2) Now the integrand function in (2) is an odd function, so that the integral (2) vanishes and is... $\int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{x\cdot \sin x}{1+\cos^{2} x}\cdot dx = |-x\cdot \tan^{-1} \cos x|_{0}^{\pi} = \frac{\pi^{2}}{4}$ (3) Kind regards $\chi$ $\sigma$ 4. write $\int_{0}^{\pi }{\arctan (\cos x)\,dx}=\int_{0}^{\pi }{\int_{0}^{1}{\frac{\cos x}{1+t^{2}\cos ^{2}x}\,dt}\,dx}=\int_{0}^{1}{\int_{0}^{\pi }{\frac{\cos x}{1+t^{2}\cos ^{2}x}\,dx}\,dt},$ and in the last integral substitute $x\mapsto \pi-x,$ you'll see it vanishes as well. 5. ## i donot know double integrals Originally Posted by Krizalid write $\int_{0}^{\pi }{\arctan (\cos x)\,dx}=\int_{0}^{\pi }{\int_{0}^{1}{\frac{\cos x}{1+t^{2}\cos ^{2}x}\,dt}\,dx}=\int_{0}^{1}{\int_{0}^{\pi }{\frac{\cos x}{1+t^{2}\cos ^{2}x}\,dx}\,dt},$ and in the last integral substitute $x\mapsto \pi-x,$ you'll see it vanishes as well.
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/what-is-the-wavelength-of-the-x-rays-in-the-direct-beam.93301/
# What is the wavelength of the x-rays in the direct beam? 1. Oct 10, 2005 ### asdf1 for the following question: a beam of x-rays is scattered b a target. At 45 degrees from the beam derection the scattered x-rays have a wavelength of 2.2pm. What is the wavelength of the x-rays in the direct beam? my problem: the question doesn't specify what the target is... so what are you supposed to plug in for the compton's wavelength if you the compton effect formula? 2. Oct 10, 2005 ### big man Don't you just use the expression: $$\lambda$$-$$\lambda_0$$ = ($$h/m_ec$$)*(1-cos($$\theta$$)) Where $$\lambda$$ is the scattered wavelength and $$\lambda_0$$ is the original wavelength. The term $$h/m_ec$$ is the comptom wavelength and you can just check that value in your book no doubt. So the target source is irrelevant for this problem (I think). Last edited: Oct 10, 2005 3. Oct 10, 2005 ### asdf1 for the term, $$h/m_ec$$, doesn't m depend on the target? 4. Oct 10, 2005 ### big man Nope it doesn't depend on the material at all. $$h$$ is planck's constant, $$c$$ is the speed of light and $$m_e$$ is the mass of the electron, which are all independent of the target material. You can calculate its value based on that information, or you can look in your book and it should give an accepted value for the compton wavelength ($$h/m_ec$$). 5. Oct 10, 2005 ### asdf1 @@ i think i don't get the formula thoroughly... i thought the x-rays were supposed to hit the target, and get scattered by it~ unless the target is the electron, why's $$m_e$$ the mass of the electron? 6. Oct 10, 2005 ### big man Okay you have your x-rays which are incident on a target source. The incident x-rays have a wavelength $$\lambda_0$$. Now what happens is that the x-ray is scattered from an electron in the target source. The scattered x-ray has a new wavelength $$\lambda'$$. Now in this process there is also a recoiling electron, which has the compton wavelength $$\lambda_c = h/m_ec$$ 7. Oct 10, 2005 ### asdf1 so it doesn't matter what the target is... whatever target the photon hits will send off an electron? 8. Oct 10, 2005 ### big man Yeah if the photon does interact with the target source there will always be a recoiling electron in order to be consistent with the fact that energy and momentum are conserved. 9. Oct 10, 2005 ### asdf1 i understand it a whole better~ thank you very much for explaining!!! :) Similar Discussions: What is the wavelength of the x-rays in the direct beam?
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https://mogonwiki.zdv.uni-mainz.de/dokuwiki/start:mogon_cluster:access?rev=1616073205
start:mogon_cluster:access This is an old revision of the document! # Accessing MOGON Essentially only accounts of the Johannes Gutenberg University can get access. • External users can approach us to retrieve more information concerning so-called guest accounts. • Internal groups with external members should approach their person in charge of accounts at the deanery of your faculty or at the secretariat of the respective institution. #### Remote Access Since the MOGON clusters are Linux-based systems, remote access is granted via SSH. To access MOGON refer to these instructions: access MOGON using Linux/macOS / access MOGON using Windows. The latter link contains information for accessing MOGON with PuTTY, MobaXterm and PowerShell. The login nodes of MOGON II are miil01.zdv.uni-mainz.de to miil03.zdv.uni-mainz.de. #### SSH-Key You need to have your SSH-Key uploaded on account.uni-mainz.de/sshkey to be able to log in to MOGON1). Your SSH-Key is automatically added to the MOGON cluster. Would You Like To Know More? Read this Article! #### MOGON Service Nodes Overiew Service Node FQDN Description Fingerprint login21 miil01.zdv.uni-mainz.de Login Node MD5:a6:a1:d2:13:df:2b:59:91:2f:e1:a5:50:1c:f1:b0:b4 SHA256:eu8N17/EHw0pwvUVT6Htm7yek54t8s8QdRN+A92sjek login22 miil02.zdv.uni-mainz.de Login Node MD5:3d:90:0e:fa:ce:b1:db:6d:22:ff:6c:94:d0:fe:2d:34 SHA256:WcJllAYU8qNcm31WLeg892JHbuczesfWVM5bTmtaisA login23 miil03.zdv.uni-mainz.de Login Node MD5:dc:e7:9f:c9:3b:13:cc:3a:65:ce:15:5d:8d:b1:9b:71 SHA256:v5wiJI/jBTqpYF/g07VMH7WVesbVaovYTcT/MpgcWhc hpcgate hpcgate.zdv.uni-mainz.de Jump Host MD5:63:67:65:76:5f:ad:fb:20:f2:68:92:cf:d5:49:2c:dc SHA256:CNbkj04hEuJ9IwgGkTBXbF1WtE/Nb46kPVSejKUGfRU #### Service-Node FQDN If you access MOGON Service-Nodes through the HPCGATE you can omit zdv.uni-mainz.de, e.g.: for login21 miil01 is sufficient. SSH-Keys for MOGON require certain information in the comment of the SSH-Key that describes the purpose of the Key. The information is catched by a script and ensures that you can access MOGON correctly. #### MOGON SSH-Key comment additions Make sure you add the following strings to your SSH-Key as part of your comment, to specify the purpose: Purpose Comment String related to MOGON Access Using the jump host hpcgate HPCGATE Log in to MOGON service nodes HPCLOGIN In case you not yet have an SSH-Key pair on your computer, you can use the following command to create a new pair: ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "HPCGATE,HPCLOGIN" This generates a new private/public RSA key pair with 4096 bit key size. Please note: The part -C “HPCGATE,HPCLOGIN” creates the mandatory comment, which can be pasted into the web form. Then ssh-keygen asks for a name for the key. Enter a file in which to save the key (/home/you/.ssh/id_rsa): [Press enter] After that you have to specify a passphrase - use a passphrase! . An empty passphrase is a serious security concern. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): [Type a passphrase] Enter same passphrase again: [Type passphrase again] In this case you deviate from the default names and you ought make your ssh-agent aware of it: ssh-add ~/Path/To/Your/PrivateKey #### Modify existing SSH-Keys If you already have an SSH-Key pair, you can change the comment as follows, for example to add the HPCGATE,HPCLOGIN string if you have forgotten to append it: ssh-keygen -c -C "HPCGATE,HPCLOGIN" -f ~/Path/To/Your/PrivateKey #### Set up SSH-Keys for MOGON using Windows We have created an article for you that explains various ways to create new SSH-Keys using Windows, including PuTTY, MobaXterm and PowerShell. 1) A neat overview on ssh-keys and how to generate and copy them can be found here. Or you can follow our guideline • start/mogon_cluster/access.1616073205.txt.gz
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https://tjpalanca.com/posts/2016-05-27-on-elections-part-1/
On the Elections: Election Fingerprints In this elections series, we’ll explore various aspects of the 2016 Philippine National Elections, from fraud detection to the differences in how our country votes. In this first instalment, we learn about election fingerprints and how they may be used to detect fraud in the form of ballot stuffing or vote padding. 05-27-2016 Election data geekery For the first time, the data geeks have finally gotten some love. Highly detailed elections results, broken down all the way to the precinct level, have been published online by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) as well as poll watchers and the media. There are many things I imagine we could do with this data, but one of the most popular uses is to assess the risk of elections irregularities. For the first few parts of this series, we’ll try to carefully and scientifically assess the risk of election irregularities. Going back to the methodology highlighted in a 2014 post, part 1 of this series will focus on detecting elections irregularities through vote padding, defined as the adding of fraudulent votes into the count to increase a candidate’s probability of a win, or, conversely, the shaving of legitimate votes from the count to decrease a candidate’s probability of a win. Vote padding, sometimes called ballot stuffing, is a form of electoral fraud that involves adding fake votes or shaving legitimate votes to favor a particular candidate. This is not be detectable in the final aggregated election results. However, if vote padding only occurs in a subset of jurisdictions it can change the distribution of voter turnout and vote share in a way that allows detection from granular election data. This method was demonstrated in this PNAS Paper, where they showed that Russian and Ugandan elections, known to be marred with electoral fraud, contained ‘election fingerprints’ that we smeared towards the top left: 1. Increase in voter turnout - because there are now more voters than actual, there is an increase in the % of voters that voted in particular cities/municipalities. 2. Increase in candidate vote share - the favored candidate will see an increase in the percentage of votes won. When you have a significant proportion of areas that have this high turnout, high vote share combination, there is an increased risk that electoral irregularities have occurred. If we replicate this analysis for our elections, we find that there isn’t anything that jumps out immediately. You can explore the plots in the following section: Election Fingerprint Explorer How to read the chart: Select a race to view the “election fingerprints” for each candidate in that race. Dots represent a city/municipality, and the contour lines are intended to highlight suspicious groupings toward the top right corner. You can click on each image to enlarge. For the presidential race, nothing seems to be out of order, as most of the fingerprints are concentrated around a central mass and with minimal ‘smearing.’ For the vice presidential race, you can see a bit of bimodality in terms of the winning percentage for MARCOS, BONGBONG, but the voter turnout is not high enough to cause ‘smearing.’ This is a symptom of a polarizing candidate – some areas voted heavily for the candidate, and some did not at all. For the senatorial race, nothing is out of order. What if the fraud was not as widespread, and it is not immediately detectable by a simple visual inspection? Perhaps, constructing a single index of vote padding risk can allow us to tease out the subtle differences. Creating a vote padding risk score The authors of the PNAS[^Klimek_Yegorov_Hanel_Thurner_2012] paper have devised a simple logarithmic transformation for the vote counts. The distribution of this transformed variable is most likely to be normal (i.e. bell-shaped) for elections with minimal irregularity. Details of this transformation are outlined in the notes. As expected, logarithmic vote counts from the Russian and Ugandan elections show highly negative skewness and highly positive kurtosis, inconsistent with a normal distribution that has skewness and excess kurtosis of 0. So what does it mean in this case? When we compute the skewness and kurtosis of the logarithmic vote counts, the further they are from 0 (negative skewness and positive kurtosis), the higher the risk of vote padding. Computing these values for all national-level candidates, we can construct the following chart: How to read this chart: The closer the values are to the top left corner, the higher the risk of vote padding. Apart from a few party list and senatorial candidates that have understandably strong vote shares in one particular group of cities/municipalities but fall extremely flat in others (BALIGOD, LEVITO, ALONA, KGB, ANG KASANGGA), there seem to be no particular candidates that stand out. What does this mean? Let me be clear: This does not mean that there was no electoral fraud - it simply means that the risk of fraud through this particular form - vote padding or ballot stuffing - is significantly low. Remember, data cannot serve as definitive proof – it can only guide investigation and quantify risk. I highly encourage you to go through these important caveats. Important caveats I’ve used careful language in presenting this analysis, and that’s mainly to avoid misinterpretation; these elections have been very heated, both between candidates and among the general public. I have to make certain things clear: 1. Statistics can’t prove nor disprove fraud. At the most, it can assess the risk of fraud and guide investigation. 2. The results of an analysis should be taken in the context of its scope, limitations, and assumptions. Sometimes, these are more important than the findings themselves. 3. Just because this particular analysis shows/does not show signs of electoral irregularity, does not mean that there was/wasn’t fraud committed. Each analysis is designed to detect a particular kind of fraud only. Data notes • The data was scraped from the COMELEC’s public election results page, as of May 25, 2016. At that time, 96.69% of election returns were transmitted, and 99.93% of city/municipality certificates of canvass were received. For a full list of cities and municipalities that have no results see here. • Data, code, and computations are available on Github. Technical notes Logarithmically scaled vote count The logarithmically scaled vote count $$v_i$$ is computed as follows: $v_i = \log{\frac{N_i - W_i}{W_i}} \hspace{0.4cm} \forall \hspace{0.4cm} W_i > 0, N_i > 0, N_i \neq W_i$ This approach naturally removes cases where the voter turnout is greater than 100%, and also when there is a complete win (100% winning percentage). Therefore, this measure is actually conservative because it eliminates the extremes. This scaled vote count $$v_i$$ is approximately normal when the election results to not contain irregularities due to vote padding. We can therefore quickly assess which candidates have the higher likelihood of vote padding by observing the distance of their moments (skewness and excess kurtosis) from the expected values of a normally-distributed random variable (when $$X \sim N(0,1)$$$, $Sk_X = 0$ and$$$K_X = 0$$). We could go further by computing their Jarque-Bera Test values, but we are parking that for the sake of simplicity. This post also appears in GMA News! Klimek, Peter, Yuri Yegorov, Rudolf Hanel, and Stefan Thurner. 2012. “Statistical Detection of Systematic Election Irregularities.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, September. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210722109. Corrections If you see mistakes or want to suggest changes, please create an issue on the source repository. Reuse Text and figures are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Source code is available at https://www.github.com/tjpalanca/tjpalanca.github.io, unless otherwise noted. The figures that have been reused from other sources don't fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: "Figure from ...". Citation Palanca (2016, May 27). TJ Palanca: On the Elections: Election Fingerprints. Retrieved from https://www.tjpalanca.com/posts/2016-05-27-on-elections-part-1/ @misc{palanca2016on, }
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/cauchy-theorim-question.286096/
# Homework Help: Cauchy theorim question 1. Jan 20, 2009 ### transgalactic i got this question http://img412.imageshack.us/img412/3713/88436110xw9.gif [Broken] here is the solution: http://img297.imageshack.us/img297/6717/14191543qm1.th.gif [Broken] they are taking the minimal value and the maximal value the innequalitty that the write is correct min< <max but why?? Last edited by a moderator: May 3, 2017 2. Jan 20, 2009 ### CompuChip Well, if you have $$f(x_1) + f(x_2) + \cdots + f(x_n)$$ and you know that each of the $f(x_i)$ is not greater than M, then you can write $$f(x_1) + f(x_2) + \cdots + f(x_n) \le M + M + \cdots + M = n \cdot M;$$ similarly for the minimum. It's simply applying the inequality that x + y <= M + y if x <= M. 3. Jan 20, 2009 ### transgalactic i agree with you but why they do that how is it linked to cauchy theorem ? 4. Jan 20, 2009 ### CompuChip I don't know what it has to do with Cauchy's theorem, but it does have to do with the intermediate value theorem: for any value c between m and M (assuming some conditions on f which you didn't state) there is an x such that f(x) = c.
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https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/1409.3187/
# One-loop Structure of Higher Rank Wilson Loops in AdS/CFT Alberto Faraggi Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile    James T. Liu Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA    Leopoldo A. Pando Zayas Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA    Guojun Zhang Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China 230026 ###### Abstract The half-supersymmetric Wilson loop in SYM is arguably the central non-local operator in the AdS/CFT correspondence. On the field theory side, the vacuum expectation values of Wilson loops in arbitrary representations of are captured to all orders in perturbation theory by a Gaussian matrix model. Of prominent interest are the -symmetric and -antisymmetric representations, whose gravitational description is given in terms of D3- and D5-branes, respectively, with fluxes in their world volumes. At leading order in and the agreement in both cases is exact. In this note we explore the structure of the next-to-leading order correction in the matrix model and compare with existing string theory calculations. We find agreement in the functional dependence on but a mismatch in the numerical coefficients. ###### pacs: 11.25.Tq, 05.45.-a, 11.30.Na ## I Introduction Wilson loops are non-local operators that play a central role in field theories, serving as order parameters and as generating functions for all local operators. For the supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory the most natural Wilson loop one can consider is WR=1dim[R]TrRPexp(i∮Cds(Aμ˙xμ+iΦIΘI|˙x|)), (1) where and are the gauge and scalar fields, respectively, taking values in a representation of the gauge symmetry algebra, while parametrizes a curve in and is a vector in . When the contour is a circle and the loop preserves half of the supersymmetries of the theory. From the purely field theoretic side a conjecture for the computation of the exact expectation value by means of a Gaussian matrix model was put forward in Drukker and Gross (2001) Erickson et al. (2000) and later rigorously proven by Pestun via localization Pestun (2007). Some explicit calculations using this matrix model were provided for -symmetric and -antisymmetric representations in Hartnoll and Kumar (2006); Yamaguchi (2006, 2007). Understanding this object in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence has been an important problem for over a decade. The duality provides an alternative way of computing the vacuum expectation value of (1) at strong coupling. The original prescription, proposed in Maldacena (1998); Rey and Yee (2001), identifies the vev of this Wilson loop in the fundamental representation of with the partition function of a fundamental string pinching the loop at the boundary. For higher order representations the string theory origin of the configurations was clarified in terms of D5-branes Gomis and Passerini (2006) and D3-branes Gomis and Passerini (2007) with -units of flux in their world volumes, corresponding to the -antisymmetric and -symmetric representations, respectively. The regularized action of the corresponding brane configuration computes the expectation value of the dual Wilson loop at leading order in and . The calculation was performed for the D3-brane in Drukker and Fiol (2005) and for the D5-brane in Pawelczyk and Rey (2000); Camino et al. (2001), finding exact agreement with the matrix model result. Our purpose in this letter is to summarize the state of affairs at one-loop level. Focusing on the -symmetric and -antisymmetric representations, we discuss certain calculable corrections to the leading order results for the half-supersymmetric circular Wilson loop (1) from the field theoretic perspective and compare them with the gravitational predictions. After revealing numerical discrepancies between the two approaches, we highlight particular aspects of the calculations which could be the source of the mismatch. We contrast our results with previous attempts for the fundamental representation Drukker et al. (2000); Sakaguchi and Yoshida (2008); Kruczenski and Tirziu (2008) and argue that the rank of the representations provides a new knob that might allow us to establish agreement beyond the leading order. Note added. In the original version of this manuscript we claimed to have found exact agreement between the matrix model calculation for the -symmetric representation and the D3-brane results reported in Buchbinder and Tseytlin (2014). This is incorrect as there is an overall sign difference. The functional dependence on , however, is in perfect agreement. ## Ii Gauge theory beyond leading order The starting point is the Gaussian matrix model defined by the partition function Z=∫dMexp(−2NλTr(M2)), (2) where is a matrix and is the ’t Hooft coupling. It is most convenient to work in the eigenvalue basis: . Moreover, for the calculation of the expectation values of (1) in the -th symmetric and antisymmetric representations it is useful to consider the generating functions for the relevant polynomials, namely, and as in Hartnoll and Kumar (2006). When inserted in the Gaussian matrix model we obtain ⟨FA,S(t)⟩=1Z∫N∏j=1[dmj]Δ2(m)FA,Sexp(−2NλN∑i=1m2i), (3) where is the Vandermonde determinant coming from the change of integration variables. Up to a normalization, the coefficients of the term in these series yield the expectation values of the Wilson loops in the corresponding representations. The large approximation. In some cases, it is possible to evaluate (3) as an exact expression in by using orthogonal polynomials. A lot of effort has gone into understanding such expressions Fiol and Torrents (2014), although the results are somewhat formal and do not highlight the functional dependence on the parameters. While we will report progress in this direction in a separate publication, here we will focus on the large limit. In this limit, the eigenvalues can be approximated by continuous variables which are well described by the normalized Wigner semi-circle distribution ρ(m)=2πλ√λ−m2,−√λ⩽m⩽√λ. (4) The expectation value of the Wilson loop in the rank- representation can be obtained from (3) by means of the residue theorem. Following Hartnoll and Kumar (2006), we let and make the transformation , which maps the plane to a cylinder, to obtain ⟨WS,A⟩=d−1S,A√λ2πi∫Cdzexp(∓N[2π∫1−1dx√1−x2log(1∓e√λ(−x+z))±f√λz]), (5) where are the dimensions of the respective representations dS=(N+k−1k),dA=(Nk). (6) Here we have scaled out of the distribution (4). The contour wraps the cylinder once and is taken to the left of any singularities. Our goal is to evaluate the contour integral in (5) in the limit of large , and . Since the integrand in the exponent scales like , this can be performed using Laplace’s method or, more generally, the steepest descent method. While the leading behavior was obtained in Hartnoll and Kumar (2006), it is straightforward to obtain the next-to-leading order term as well by simply expanding around the saddle point. ### ii.1 Symmetric representation at next-to-leading order The -symmetric representation corresponds to the choice of upper signs in (5). As argued in Hartnoll and Kumar (2006), all saddle points lie on the real axis, where the integrand develops a branch cut between and . For given and there exists a critical value of for which the saddle point hits the branch cut and moves to the second Riemann sheet. To avoid this complication we deform the contour by pulling it to the right of the branch cut, thus enclosing the saddle point, as shown in Fig. 1. Since the integral over vanishes in the limit , we are left with the jump across the cut Hartnoll and Kumar (2006) ⟨WS⟩=d−1S√λπIm∫1−1dyexp[−N(2π∫1−1dx√1−x2log(e√λx−e√λy)+4i∫y−1dx√1−x2+f√λy)]. (7) For the integral in (7) can be evaluated using steepest descent. In the large but fixed limit, it is dominated by the saddle point at , which renders the leading contribution. Taking into account the pre-factor of in (7), we find that the asymptotic result for the -symmetric Wilson loop expectation value is ⟨WSk⟩ = exp(2N[κ√1+κ2+sinh−1κ] (8)
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http://slideplayer.com/slide/3432433/
Satellites and Orbits Once a vehicle has climbed above the atmosphere (approx 100 miles altitude for Earth) and achieved a velocity of 17,500 miles per. Presentation on theme: "Satellites and Orbits Once a vehicle has climbed above the atmosphere (approx 100 miles altitude for Earth) and achieved a velocity of 17,500 miles per."— Presentation transcript: Satellites and Orbits Once a vehicle has climbed above the atmosphere (approx 100 miles altitude for Earth) and achieved a velocity of 17,500 miles per hour, tangent to the Earths surface, it will be in orbit. To achieve orbit, a vehicle must be high enough to avoid drag from the atmosphere, with a tangent velocity (v) which matches the gravitational descent (g) and curvature of the planets surface. The velocity is fast enough that the vehicle “falls around the planet”. g v g v g v Newton’s Law of Gravity Where: F = Force G = Gravitational Constant m 1 = mass 1 m 2 = mass 2 r = distance between masses Notice from the equation that there is an “inverse square” function ( r 2 ). This means the further apart the masses are The weaker the gravitational force between them. Or, the higher the satellite orbit the weaker the force Various Earth orbits approx. scale Cyan represents Low Earth Orbit, Yellow represents Medium Earth Orbit, Black dashed line represents Geo- synchronous Earth Orbit, Green dash-dot line - Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, Red dashed line the orbit of the International Space Station (ISS). Blue dotted line Equatorial Orbit, Red dotted line is a Polar Orbit Halo Orbits above poles Orbit Altitude in Miles Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 100-500-1,240 miles Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 1,240-6,000-12,000 miles Geo-Synchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) ~22,300 miles. High Earth Orbit (HEO) Above 22,400 miles. Satellite Orbits Source - Wikipedia S. Akerley 2011 Orbital Satellites & Debris Courtesy NASA S. Akerley 2011 2010 TK7 is an Earth Trojan Asteroid. It has a type of orbit relative to the Earth- Sun gravitational neutral points (Also See Gravity Wells), which are called LaGrange Libration Points. In 2010/2011, TK 7 was at the near-Earth end of its tadpole, 3 which facilitated its discovery. 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia LaGrange Libration Points And Trojan Asteroids S. Akerley 2011 Download ppt "Satellites and Orbits Once a vehicle has climbed above the atmosphere (approx 100 miles altitude for Earth) and achieved a velocity of 17,500 miles per." Similar presentations
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https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Mach_wave
# Mach wave In fluid dynamics, a Mach wave is a pressure wave traveling with the speed of sound caused by a slight change of pressure added to a compressible flow. These weak waves can combine in supersonic flow to become a shock wave if sufficient Mach waves are present at any location. Such a shock wave is called a Mach stem or Mach front. Thus, it is possible to have shockless compression or expansion in a supersonic flow by having the production of Mach waves sufficiently spaced (cf. isentropic compression in supersonic flows). A Mach wave is the weak limit of an oblique shock wave (a normal shock is the other limit). ## Mach angle A Mach wave propagates across the flow at the Mach angle μ, which is the angle formed between the Mach wave wavefront and a vector that points opposite to the vector of motion.[1] It is given by ${\displaystyle \mu =\arcsin \left({\frac {1}{M}}\right),}$ where M is the Mach number. Mach waves can be used in schlieren or shadowgraph observations to determine the local Mach number of the flow. Early observations by Ernst Mach used grooves in the wall of a duct to produce Mach waves in a duct, which were then photographed by the schlieren method, to obtain data about the flow in nozzles and ducts. Mach angles may also occasionally be visualized out of their condensation in air, for example vapor cones around aircraft during transonic flight.
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https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/5310/continue-this-number-triplet-series
Continue this number-triplet series (4-6-4) (6-12-8) (8-12-6) (12-30-20) What is the next number triplet - and why? I'll add hints if nobody gets the answer first. In the past I've used this riddle in a game with my RPG gaming group. Edit: The answer I'm seeking in this riddle is unique and well defined. It requires thinking out of the box a bit. I will add hints over time. One, actually, has already been given. The last triplet is $(20, 30, 12)$. These are the number of faces, edges, and vertices of the five Platonic solids in ordered triples, in order of increasing face count: tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. It doesn't seem like this riddle involves much outside-of-the-box thinking at all; it's just a case of knowing what to look for. I would consider this to be trivia more than it is something that can be reasoned out. • Maybe you're right. It is a very fun puzzle for RPG games though. I've watched my players (with the dice set in front of them and far more hints) for a rather (embarrassingly) long time... – BmyGuest Nov 21 '14 at 0:24 • Haha, yes, when the dice are all Platonic solids, it can be embarrassing when they don't realize the answer is right in front of them on the table. – Joe Z. Nov 21 '14 at 0:24 I think that there are many possible solution for the next triplet. (18, 48, 24) Explanation: I've seen number patterns like this where there is no math pattern. I think that the pattern is that the first and third numbers must both be less than the middle number. • The solution I'm after has a unique answer. I agree that there might be different answers with different rule-sets, but I'm looking for a distinct one. I will add hints towards that goal over time. I've upvoted your answer because you've made a fair point. (Prior the first edit of my riddle.) – BmyGuest Nov 20 '14 at 23:55
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http://www.qi.damtp.cam.ac.uk/publications
# Centre for Quantum Information and Foundations ### Tips on using this search form • All search terms are case-insensitive • If you specify more than one search option (e.g. you search for both "Authors" and "Paper title") then the publications returned will be those that match all of your search terms • Currently displaying 1 - 20 of 275 publications Collapse and Measures of Consciousness A Kent – Foundations of Physics (2021) 51, 62 Efficient Classical Simulation and Benchmarking of Quantum Processes in the Weyl Basis. DS França, S Strelchuk, M Studziński – Physical review letters (2021) 126, 210502 Quantum state readout, collapses, probes, and signals A Kent – Physical Review D (2021) 103, 064061 Testing quantum gravity near measurement events A Kent – Physical Review D (2021) 103, 064038 Convergence Rates for the Quantum Central Limit Theorem S Becker, N Datta, L Lami, C Rouzé – Communications in Mathematical Physics (2021) 383, 223 Computational power of matchgates with supplementary resources M Hebenstreit, R Jozsa, B Kraus, S Strelchuk – Physical Review A (2020) 102, 052604 Toy Models of Top Down Causation A Kent – Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) (2020) 22, 1 Counting the Costs of COVID-19: Why Future Treatment Option Values Matter A Kent – Applied Economics and Finance (2020) 7, 36 How Quantum Information Can Improve Social Welfare B Groisman, MM Gettrick, M Mhalla, M Pawlowski – IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Information Theory (2020) 1, 445 Globe-hopping. D Chistikov, O Goulko, A Kent, M Paterson – Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences (2020) 476, 20200038 Flexible quantum tokens in spacetime A Kent, D Pitalúa-García – Physical Review A (2020) 101, 022309 Stronger tests of the collapse-locality loophole in Bell experiments A Kent – Physical Review A (2020) 101, 012102 Globe-hopping D Chistikov, O Goulko, A Kent, M Paterson – Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2020) 476, All Pure Fermionic Non-Gaussian States Are Magic States for Matchgate Computations. M Hebenstreit, R Jozsa, B Kraus, S Strelchuk, M Yoganathan – Physical Review Letters (2019) 123, 080503 One-out-of-$m$ spacetime-constrained oblivious transfer D Pitalúa-García – Physical Review A (2019) 100, 012302 A Classical Algorithm for Quantum $\textsf{SU}(2)$ Schur Sampling V Havlíček, S Strelchuk, K Temme – Physical Review A (2019) 99, 062336 Implementing smooth functions of a hermitian matrix on a quantum computer S Subramanian, S Brierley, R Jozsa – Journal of Physics Communications (2019) 3, 065002 Summoning, No-Signalling and Relativistic Bit Commitments A Kent – Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) (2019) 21, 534 Quantum advantage of unitary Clifford circuits with magic state inputs M Yoganathan, R Jozsa, S Strelchuk – Proceedings of the Royal Society A (2019) 475, 20180427 S-money: virtual tokens for a relativistic economy A Kent – Proceedings of the Royal Society A (2019) 475, 20190170
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http://www.bconverged.com/calculix/doc/ccx/html/node4.html
Units Next: Golden rules Up: CalculiX CrunchiX USER'S MANUAL Previous: How to perform CalculiX   Contents # Units An important issue which frequently raises questions concerns units. Finite element programs do not know any units. The user has to take care of that. In fact, there is only one golden rule: the user must make sure that the numbers he provides have consistent units. The number of units one can freely choose depends on the application. For thermomechanical problems you can choose four units, e.g. for length, mass, time and temperature. If these are chosen, everything else is fixed. If you choose SI units for these quantities, i.e. m for length, kg for mass, s for time and K for temperature, force will be in kgms   N, pressure will be in Nm   kgms, density will be in kgm, thermal conductivity in WmK   JsmK   NmsmK   kgmsmK   kgmsK , specific heat in JkgK   NmkgK   msK and so on. The density of steel in the SI system is 7800 kgm. If you choose mm for length, g for mass, s for time and K for temperature, force will be in gmms and thermal conductivity in gmmsK. In the mmgsK system the density of steel is since    kgm   gmm. However, you can also choose other quantities as the independent ones. A popular system at my company is mm for length, N for force, s for time and K for temperature. Now, since force = mass length / time, we get that mass = force    time/length. This leads to Nsmm for the mass and Nsmm for density. This means that in the mm   N   s   K system the density of steel is since    kgm   Nsm   Nsmm. Notice that your are not totally free in choosing the four basic units: you cannot choose the unit of force, mass, length and time as basic units since they are linked with each other through force = mass length / time. Finally, a couple of additional examples. Young's Modulus for steel is    N   mm   Nm   kgms   gmms. So its value in the SI system is , in the mmgsK system it is also and in the mm   N   s   K system it is . The heat capacity of steel is    JkgK   msK   mmsK, so in the SI system it is , in the mmgsK and mm   N   s   K system it is . Table 1 gives an overview of frequently used units in three different systems: the m   kg   s   K system, the mm   N   s   K system and the cm   g   s   K system. symbol meaning m,kg,s,K mm,N,s,K cm,g,s,K E Young's Modulus Density 1 F Force Specific Heat Conductivity 1 h Film Coefficient Dynamic Viscosity Next: Golden rules Up: CalculiX CrunchiX USER'S MANUAL Previous: How to perform CalculiX   Contents guido dhondt 2012-10-06
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https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/69087/how-to-be-sure-ive-cleaned-up-all-prior-definitions-and-assignments
How to be sure I've cleaned up all prior definitions and assignments [duplicate] 1. Is there any general way besides restarting the kernel to make sure that nothing I've done earlier in a session will affect code I want to run now? One book suggested running Clear["Global'*"] but this did not protect me from the problem illustrated below. 1. To verify whether I need to do something like restart the kernel, is there a way to get a list of all user definitions or assignments that are still in effect? Background: I ran into a problem because I set y' equal to a+b*y, tried to clear y, found that y' was not a symbol, and mistakenly thought that this assignment was no longer in effect even though it was. Eventually, I discovered that I had to use Remove[y] to undo this assignment. In[1]:= y' = a + b*y Out[1]= a + b y In[2]:= Clear[y] ClearAll[y] Clear["Global'*"] In[5]:= Clear[y'] And getting an error In[5]:= Clear::ssym: y^[Prime] is not a symbol or a string. >> In[6]:= Information[y'] During evaluation of In[6]:= Information::ssym: y^[Prime] is not a symbol or a valid string pattern. >> Out[6]= Information[Derivative[1][y]] In[7]:= ?y' During evaluation of In[7]:= Information::nomatch: No symbol matching y' found. >> (* Looks like there is no trace of my assignment from line 1. And yet ... *) In[8]:= y' Out[8]= a + b y In[9]:= Remove[y'] During evaluation of In[9]:= Remove::ssym: y^[Prime] is not a symbol. >> In[10]:= Remove[y] In[11]:= y' Out[11]= Derivative[1][y] • Welcome to Mathematica.SE! I suggest the following: 1) As you receive help, try to give it too, by answering questions in your area of expertise. 2) Read the faq! 3) When you see good questions and answers, vote them up by clicking the gray triangles, because the credibility of the system is based on the reputation gained by users sharing their knowledge. Also, please remember to accept the answer, if any, that solves your problem, by clicking the checkmark sign! – user9660 Dec 15 '14 at 16:09 • @Lou, please edit the link. it is giving the current question. – Basheer Algohi Dec 15 '14 at 16:23 • Have you seen this How to Clear variables with apostrophe? – user9660 Dec 15 '14 at 16:25 • @Algohi, thanks for the hint, very thoughtful of you. – user9660 Dec 15 '14 at 16:26 • @Mr.Wizard even that may not be enough. Remember that Manipulates with the SaveDefinition option set to true may inject definitions into a session as soon as the Manipulates come into view. – Sjoerd C. de Vries Dec 15 '14 at 21:40 Remove["Global *"] `
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https://www.groundai.com/project/origins-of-scaling-relations-of-globular-cluster-systems/
Origins of GC Scaling Relations # Origins of scaling relations of globular cluster systems Nick Choksi and Oleg Y. Gnedin Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA E-mail: nchoksi@berkeley.edu Released July 2, 2019 ###### Abstract Globular cluster (GC) systems demonstrate tight scaling relations with the properties of their host galaxies. In previous work, we developed an analytic model for GC formation in a cosmological context and showed that it matches nearly all of the observed scaling relations across 4 orders of magnitude in host galaxy mass. Motivated by the success of this model, we investigate in detail the physical origins and evolution of these scaling relations. The ratio of the combined mass in GCs to the host dark matter halo mass is nearly constant at all redshifts, but its normalization evolves by a factor of 10 from birth to . The relation is steeper than linear at halo masses , primarily due to non-linearity in the stellar mass-halo mass relation. The near constancy of the ratio , combined with the shape of the stellar mass-halo mass relation, sets the characteristic shape of the GC specific frequency as a function of host galaxy mass. The contribution of accreted satellite galaxies to the buildup of GC systems is a strong function of the host galaxy mass, ranging from 0% at to 80% at . The metal-poor clusters are significantly more likely to form ex-situ relative to the metal-rich clusters, but a substantial fraction of metal-poor clusters still form in-situ in lower mass galaxies. Similarly, the fraction of red clusters increases from at to at , and flattens at higher . Clusters formation occurs essentially continuously at high redshift, while at low redshift galactic mergers become increasingly important for cluster formation. ###### keywords: galaxies: formation — galaxies: star clusters: general — globular clusters: general pubyear: 2019pagerange: Origins of scaling relations of globular cluster systemsOrigins of scaling relations of globular cluster systems ## 1 Introduction The combination of their high masses, small sizes, and old ages means that globular clusters (GCs) in the local universe can be used as fossils of the extreme, high-redshift environments in which they formed. Although the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and future thirty-meter class telescopes are poised to bring direct observations of GC formation at high-redshift (Renzini, 2017; Boylan-Kolchin, 2018; Zick et al., 2018; Vanzella et al., 2017, 2019), current observations of GCs are limited to within 200 Mpc (Harris et al., 2014). Inside this range, however, there is now a wealth of information on GC systems (e.g., Huchra et al., 1991; Harris, 1996; Beasley & Sharples, 2000; Beasley et al., 2000; Peng et al., 2006; Leaman et al., 2013; Brodie et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2016; Harris et al., 2017a; Forbes et al., 2018a). Despite the diversity of systems studied, observations have revealed that the ensemble properties of GC systems consistently correlate with the properties of their host galaxies. Below, we briefly summarize the main properties of GC systems relevant to this work. The combined mass in GCs has been shown to scale almost linearly with the total host galaxy mass (including the dark matter halo) over at least 4 orders of magnitude, with a normalization (Spitler & Forbes, 2009; Hudson et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2017b; Forbes et al., 2017; Forbes et al., 2018b): MGC≈3.4×10−5Mh. On the other hand, the specific frequency of GCs (the number of GCs divided by the galaxy stellar mass or luminosity) is highly non-linear and shows a characteristic -shape, which is minimized for galaxies of stellar mass . Moreover, within an individual galaxy, the specific frequency also decreases with metallicity (Harris & Harris, 2002; Beasley et al., 2008; Lamers et al., 2017). In contrast to the relatively universal GC mass function, the metallicity distribution function (MDF) of GC systems varies greatly from galaxy to galaxy. Because of the difficulty in acquiring high-resolution spectroscopy of extragalactic GCs, these MDFs are typically derived from integrated photometry combined with an empirically calibrated colour-metallicity relation (Peng et al., 2006; Harris et al., 2006; Usher et al., 2012). The mean and dispersion of GC system MDFs have also been found to scale with the mass of the host galaxy over a large range in galaxy mass (Peng et al., 2006). Qualitatively, many galaxies have clearly multi-modal MDF (e.g., Gebhardt & Kissler-Patig, 1999; Peng et al., 2006; Brodie & Strader, 2006; Brodie et al., 2012), but the most massive galaxies typically show broad, single-peaked distributions (Harris et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2016; Harris et al., 2017a). The discovery of multi-modality in GC system MDF has historically led to the division of GCs into the so-called metal-poor “blue” and metal-rich “red” subpopulations, with a typical dividing line at . These two subpopulations also differ in their spatial and kinematic properties. The blue GCs are typically on radially extended, eccentric orbits supported by random motions, while the red GCs follow more closely the field star distribution and kinematics (Zinn, 1985; Strader et al., 2011; Forbes et al., 2011; Pota et al., 2013; Durrell et al., 2014; Schuberth et al., 2010). Motivated by these observations, many authors have since suggested that the blue GCs formed ex-situ, in now-disrupted satellite galaxies, while the red GCs formed primarily in-situ (e.g., Cote et al., 1998; Katz & Ricotti, 2014). On the theoretical side, recent efforts have sought to build unified models of GC formation as a natural outcome of normal star formation occurring at the highest densities and pressures Kravtsov & Gnedin (2005); Muratov & Gnedin (2010); Tonini (2013); Li & Gnedin (2014); Kruijssen (2015); Li et al. (2017); Pfeffer et al. (2018); Choksi et al. (2018), rather than invoking distinct formation physics for each of the two subpopulations (as proposed by, e.g., Forbes et al., 1997; Cote et al., 1998; Beasley et al., 2002; Strader et al., 2005; Griffen et al., 2010). Observations of ubiquitous young massive star clusters by the Hubble Space Telescope in nearby interacting and starbursting galaxies, such as the spectacular Antennae galaxies (e.g., Whitmore et al., 1993), have solidified the idea that mergers of gas-rich galaxies may trigger formation of star clusters destined to evolve into globular clusters. Galaxy mergers can pressurize the ISM and provide tidal torques that ultimately drive large-scale inflows of cold gas (Ashman & Zepf, 1992; Kravtsov & Gnedin, 2005; Bournaud et al., 2008; Renaud et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017), increasing the bound cluster formation efficiency (Kruijssen, 2012). In Choksi et al. (2018), we presented an analytic model for the formation and evolution of GC systems along these lines. In this model, periods of rapid accretion onto dark matter halos are assumed to trigger cluster formation. The properties of the cluster population that form are set by the properties of the host galaxy, which are in turn set by empirical scaling relations derived from the observational literature. We found that GCs form over a wide range of redshifts and host galaxy masses, but the majority of cluster formation still occurs before the peak of field star formation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this simple model simultaneously matches nearly all of the scaling relations obeyed by GC systems. In Choksi & Gnedin (2019) we improved on the physical realism of this model by updating the adopted cluster initial mass function from a pure power-law to a Schechter (1976) function which exponentially truncates the formation of the most massive clusters. This change was motivated by numerous observations of the initial mass function of young clusters in nearby galaxies (e.g., Gieles et al., 2006; Larsen, 2009; Bastian, 2008; Adamo et al., 2015; Johnson et al., 2017) and by galaxy formation simulations that model cluster formation (Li et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018). After experimenting with various values of the cutoff mass, we determined that produced results that were most consistent with present-day GC scaling relations. Lower values of prevent the formation of very massive GCs found in massive elliptical galaxies (Harris et al., 2014), while higher values are disfavoured by modeling the high-mass end of the present-day GC mass function (Johnson et al., 2017). Section 2 provides more detail on the model setup. In this work, we investigate the origin of the scaling relations presented in Choksi et al. (2018). We begin in Section 3 by examining the evolution over time of the GC system mass - halo mass () relation. We also discuss the origins of non-linearity in the relation for dwarf galaxies and the implications for the specific frequencies of GCs. In Section 4 we investigate the contribution of accreted satellite galaxies and their GC systems to the properties of present-day GC systems. In Section 5 we discuss the role of galaxy mergers in GC formation. Finally, in Section 6 we discuss the implications of our results and summarize our conclusions. ## 2 Methodology Below, we briefly summarize the main components of our cluster formation model. For further details and justification regarding the choices of equations and parameters, we refer readers to Choksi et al. (2018) and Choksi & Gnedin (2019). ### 2.1 Summary of cluster formation model We trigger cluster formation when the specific mass accretion rate onto a dark matter halo exceeds a threshold value between consecutive outputs of our adopted collisionless cosmological simulation. Specifically, for a halo of mass at time and its progenitor of mass at time , we calculate the specific mass accretion rate as: Rm≡Mh,2−Mh,1t2−t1.1Mh,1, (1) and trigger cluster formation for . When cluster formation is triggered, we form a population of clusters of combined mass : Mtot=1.8×10−4p2Mg, (2) where is the cold gas mass in the galaxy and the normalization of equation (missing) is motivated by the cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of Kravtsov & Gnedin (2005). The values of and are taken to be free parameters111The current form of our model has only two adjustable parameters, but we keep the labels and for consistency with previous versions of the model., whose values are constrained using a wide array of observational data on GC system metallicities and masses (Harris, 1996; Côté et al., 2006; Peng et al., 2006; Harris et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2016; Harris et al., 2017a). The cold gas fraction is parameterized as a function of the stellar mass and redshift as: MgM⋆(M⋆,z)=0.35×32.7(M⋆109M⊙)−nm(M⋆) (1+z3)nz(z), (3) where and are given by: nz =1.4forz>2,andnz=2.7forz<2, nm =0.33forM⋆>109M⊙,andnm=0.19forM⋆<109M⊙. The host galaxy stellar mass is increased self-consistently using a modified version of the semi-empirical stellar mass-halo mass relation derived from forward modeling by Behroozi et al. (2013), and extrapolated at high-redshift (). The stellar mass also sets the galaxy metallicity via an empirical galaxy mass-metallicity relation: [Fe/H]=log10⎡⎣(M⋆1010.5M⊙)0.35(1+z)−0.9⎤⎦. (4) Individual cluster metallicities are set by the metallicity of the host galaxy in which they form, with an additional scatter of 0.3 dex. Clusters are drawn from a cluster initial mass function of the form: dNdM=M0M−2e−M/Mc, (5) where is an overall normalization factor and is the characteristic truncation mass. Our method for sampling the cluster initial mass function is the “optimal sampling” method of Schulz et al. (2015). In Choksi & Gnedin (2019) we analyzed the effects of different values of on GC system scaling relations. However, because it is not the focus of this work, here we present results from only one model of fixed . This value of is consistent with theoretical expectations and inferences from observations of the local GC mass functions, and also robustly reproduces the various GC system scaling relations (Reina-Campos & Kruijssen, 2017; Jordán et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 2017; Choksi & Gnedin, 2019). All results presented in this work are qualitatively robust to variations in . For the model we adopt in this work, the best-fit values of the free parameters are , . GCs lose mass gradually due to two-body relaxation and tidal stripping. Because our model contains no spatial information on cluster orbits, we apply a spatially-averaged dynamical disruption prescription following Gnedin et al. (2014): dMdt=−Mttid, (6) where the disruption timescale was calibrated using direct body simulations (Gieles & Baumgardt, 2008): ttid(M)=5Gyr(M(t)2×105M⊙)2/3(P0.5), (7) where is a normalized period of rotation around the galactic center. In Choksi & Gnedin (2019) we showed that adopting a constant value of reproduces well the present-day GC mass function. Integrating equation (missing) yields the mass as a function of time since cluster birth: M(t)=M(t=0)[1−23tttid(t=0)]3/2×flost,se(t), (8) where we apply a fractional mass loss due to stellar evolution as calculated by Prieto & Gnedin (2008). ## 3 The globular cluster system mass - halo mass relation In this section we investigate the origin and evolution of the relationship between the combined mass in GCs and the host halo mass. Throughout this section and next, we distinguish between the central galaxy and its satellites using the “main progenitor branch” (MPB) tag of the adopted dark matter merger trees. The MPB is defined as the branch along the merger tree with the largest integrated mass history (for details, see De Lucia & Blaizot, 2007). It can be thought of as a “current” halo mass at each redshift. Merger trees are taken from the collisionless run of the Illustris simulation and constructed using the sublink algorithm (Springel et al., 2001; Vogelsberger et al., 2014). Fig. 1 shows the relation at three distinct epochs, , 3, and 0. We include in the calculation of only the clusters that have already been accreted onto the MPB, so that represents the observable mass in clusters in the galaxy at a given epoch, including the effect of disruption and stellar evolution. is the mass of the MPB halo of each merger tree. We find that the nearly linear relationship between and holds across redshifts, but with a normalization that decreases monotonically with cosmic time. When cluster formation is triggered, we form a population of clusters of combined mass . At , near the beginning of cluster formation, most galaxies are very gas-rich, and . Each cluster formation event then produces a mass in clusters . There are several outputs of the Illustris simulation at , which may combine the young cluster populations to reach . This is the upper envelope of the normalization seen at high redshifts in Fig. 1. At high redshift, continuous cluster formation and accretion of external GC systems during galaxy mergers, combined with concurrent growth of the host halo, causes points to move diagonally in the plane. The normalization decreases only by a factor of from to . On the other hand, we find that between and the normalization decreases by a much larger factor of : from at to at . Over this redshift range, the GC system mass can decrease because of dynamical disruption, or increase because of late cluster formation, but on average it remains nearly constant. In contrast, the halo mass only increases with time and this dominates the evolution of the normalization at and causes the points in Fig. 1 to move rightward in the plane. Furthermore, because the logarithmic accretion rates onto dark matter halos depend only weakly on halo mass, (McBride et al., 2009), the points shift rightward about the same amount and therefore the shape of the relation is preserved until . However, our model also predicts deviation from a purely linear relation. At halo masses below the predicted scaling falls off faster than linearly. Moreover, this behaviour is already present at , meaning that it is imprinted at birth and is not due to how the GC system evolves. The shape of the relation between the cold gas mass and halo mass therefore is the dominant factor in setting the model’s non-linearity. The relation is set indirectly, via the relation in equation (missing) and the relation of Behroozi et al. (2013). The latter of these is highly nonlinear and dominates the nonlinear behaviour seen in the model. Therefore, the observed non-linearity in Fig. 1 can be used to place a constraint on the shape of the stellar mass-halo mass relation at high redshift. To quantify the degree of non-linearity, we perform a linear fit to the model relation at each redshift and calculate the median deviation (in perpendicular log-mass distance) of the model points from the best-fit line. At , this deviation remains at small values 0.13-0.14 dex, barely distinguishable from the linear relation. By the median deviation increases to 0.19 dex, and the relation can be considered mildly non-linear. At the largest galaxy masses, the relation (Behroozi et al., 2013) is significantly more non-linear than the relation. Giant early-type galaxies are believed to assemble by consuming a large number of satellite galaxies, thus combining both their field stellar populations and GC systems. Why does this process result in visibly different scaling relations for and ? We return to this point in next section where we investigate the contribution of satellite galaxies to the overall GC system. Finally, although the non-linearity is already present at birth, we note that the lower average cluster masses in low-mass galaxies (Choksi et al., 2018), combined with the fact that low-mass clusters have larger fractional mass loss by equation (missing), may exacerbate the steeper than linear fall-off in dwarf galaxies. We plan to investigate the GC systems of dwarf galaxies in more detail in future work. A commonly used statistic in studying GC systems is the specific frequency . This specific frequency is proportional to TN∝MGCMhMhM⋆. The first ratio in the above expression, , is nearly constant. The ratio , however, is a strong function of and is minimized for (e.g., Behroozi et al., 2013). Thus, in our model the shape of the specific frequency as a function of galaxy mass is predominantly set by the shape of the stellar-mass halo mass relation (see also El-Badry et al. 2019). Fig. 2 shows that our model prediction for is consistent with data from the Virgo Cluster Survey (as presented in Peng et al. 2008). This is expected given that the model matches the relation. At low halo masses, the ratio is no longer constant and its variation with host mass will begin to affect the shape of the relation. ## 4 Effects of satellite systems In this section we examine the impact of accreted satellite systems on the buildup of present-day GC systems. As discussed in Section 3, we identify the central galaxy and its satellites at each redshift using the “main progenitor branch” tag of the adopted dark matter merger trees. Fig. 3 illustrates the effect of satellite GC systems on the relation. It shows the fiducial model prediction with and without contribution of GCs formed in satellite systems. At low halo masses, the two cases are indistinguishable. However, the difference becomes noticeable in the most massive (group or cluster sized) halos with . Without the contribution of accreted GCs, the GC system mass is too low by up to 0.3 dex. Fig. 4 demonstrates the more drastic impact of satellite accretion on the MDF of GC systems. Without the contribution of accreted systems, the mean metallicity would continue to rise with halo mass, rather than plateauing at . The typical mean metallicity of GC systems in the most massive halos with would increase by about 0.5 dex relative to the observations and fiducial model. A related quantity is the dispersion in metallicities of a GC system, (the width of the MDF) plotted in Fig. 5. In Choksi et al. (2018) we showed that the weak scaling of with is a robust prediction of our model. However, when we exclude accreted GCs, we find a break in this relation at , such that begins to decrease with halo mass. In the most massive galaxies, the width of the metallicity distribution is far too narrow without the contribution of accreted satellite systems. In lower mass halos below , still scales weakly with the halo mass because the main branch dominates cluster formation events. The results visualized in Figs. 3-5 can be understood by analyzing Fig. 6. The shaded grey region in that figure shows the interquartile range for the accreted GC mass fraction for model halos. In low mass halos, in-situ GC formation dominates, while in giant halos the majority of GCs are formed ex-situ. This explains the increasing discrepancy between the “All” and “MPB Only” curves at high halo masses in the previous figures. Because satellites (and by extension, their GCs, according to the adopted galaxy mass-metallicity relation) will tend to have lower metallicities, excluding their contribution leads to a higher metallicity. We note that the fraction of clusters by number formed in satellites follows a very similar trend for red clusters, but is always somewhat higher for blue clusters. This is because the mean mass of blue clusters formed in satellites is lower than that formed in the central galaxy by about a factor of 2. This is due to the fact that satellites have smaller gas reservoirs, which prevents sampling of the high-mass end of the cluster initial mass function (for a more detailed discussion of this effect see Choksi & Gnedin 2019, Appendix A). For a Milky Way mass halo with , we expect only 30% of GCs to have formed ex-situ. The figure also shows two estimates of the accreted stellar mass fraction for all (“field”) stars. The dash-dot brown curve shows the semi-empirical result derived via forward modeling from the UniverseMachine model of Behroozi et al. (2018), while the dashed brown curve shows the prediction from the Illustris cosmological simulation as analyzed by Rodriguez-Gomez et al. (2016). These two curves can be compared to the shaded black region, showing the analogous result for GCs. All three curves show a similar normalization and slope for very massive galaxies, demonstrating that GCs indeed trace well the overall buildup of field stars in galaxies. However, in Milky Way-sized galaxies there remains a a factor of 2-3 difference in the median trend. Numerical values of the plotted fractions are given for reference in Table 1. Fig. 6 also shows the median accreted GC mass fraction separately for the red and blue populations: and . Clusters are identified by applying the Gaussian Mixture Modeling (GMM) algorithm of Muratov & Gnedin (2010) to the MDF of each GC system. We take the metallicity where the magnitude of two Gaussians are equal as the dividing line between blue and red clusters. This metallicity is typically located in the range to . Therefore, in systems with either too few clusters to reliably apply GMM or strongly unimodal MDFs, we continue to use a fixed cutoff to differentiate red and blue clusters. As expected, we find that the blue clusters are systematically more likely to form ex-situ than red clusters. However, for a Milky Way mass galaxy we still predict a majority – roughly 70% – of the mass in blue clusters to have formed in-situ. On the other hand, in the most massive galaxies we predict the majority of mass of red clusters to have also formed ex-situ, due to the strong dependence of the accreted mass fraction with host halo mass. To better understand the relative importance of the red and blue populations as a function of galaxy mass, we show in Fig. 7 the fractions (by number): and . The model predicts to increase with halo mass. In dwarf galaxies with , red clusters are highly subdominant, with . On the other hand, in group and cluster environments with , the model predicts more red than blue clusters, with reaching an asymptotic value of about 60%. We note that El-Badry et al. (2019) also predicted the fraction of red clusters as a function of halo mass (see their Fig. 9). It is reassuring that despite the many differences in their inputs, both models predict a very similar behaviour of with halo mass, including an asymptote at for . We have also overplotted in Fig. 7 upper limits (triangles) from the Virgo Cluster Survey (VCS; Peng et al., 2006) over the mass range . These points represent upper limits because HST covered only the central parts of their host galaxies, where red clusters preferentially reside. At , we also show data from the recent HST survey of brightest cluster galaxies (Harris et al., 2014). Finally, we include data from the Milky Way and M31 (Harris, 1996; Huxor et al., 2014). The data are qualitatively consistent with the predictions of our model. For a Milky Way mass halo in particular, our model predicts , in excellent agreement with the observed fraction in the Galaxy (Harris, 1996). ## 5 The role of galaxy mergers in triggering GC formation In this section we analyze the role of mergers in our model. We emphasize that our criterion for forming clusters is only that the specific accretion rate onto a dark matter halo exceeds a threshold value which is calibrated based on observations; we do not explicitly require any link to actual mergers of two distinct halos. Therefore, we can test what fraction of model clusters form in events that satisfy the criterion and also represent major mergers. To identify mergers, for each halo in the merger tree we search for progenitors at the previous simulation snapshot. If more than one progenitor is identified, we label the event as a merger. However, the typical spacing between outputs of our adopted simulation is only 0.1 Gyr, yet the time for dark matter halos to merge (the interval between being accreted and disappearing from the halo catalog) can range from 0.1 to 1 Gyr. Therefore, the merger may be resolved over the course of multiple simulation snapshots. To account for the extended duration of mergers, we consider all the snapshots within some time interval before the disappearance of the satellite from the halo catalog as “undergoing” a merger. The exact value of is somewhat arbitrary, as the range of merger timescales in the Illustris simulation is quite broad, peaking at  Myr but having an extended tail up to 1 Gyr. For clarity we adopt a fixed duration  Myr. A different choice of would affect the inferred merger probability (for example,  Myr increases it by a factor up to 1.6) but would not qualitatively alter our conclusions. For each merger we calculate the ratio of masses of the satellite and central halo, . Because the merger may be resolved over multiple snapshots, the infalling satellite may have experienced significant tidal stripping before the last time it appears in the halo catalog. Therefore, the mass ratio calculated at the satellite’s last snapshot is not representative of the extent to which the galactic potential was disturbed by the merger. The final recorded satellite mass is also strongly resolution-dependent; for a complete discussion of these effects, see Rodriguez-Gomez et al. (2015). Instead, we calculate at the snapshot corresponding to the maximum mass of the satellite, which occurs approximately when the satellite crosses the virial radius of the central halo.222We verified our merger-identification process by calculating the cumulative number of major mergers along the main branch, in bins of halo mass, and compared this to the result in Fig. 7 of Fakhouri et al. (2010) for the Millennium-II simulation. We found generally good agreement in the redshift evolution and normalization of the number of mergers, with differences of . The discrepancy is likely attributable to differences in the adopted collisionless simulation and details of the halo finding and merger identification process. Overall, this comparison gives us confidence in the number of major mergers we detect. Applying this procedure, we find that 20% of all clusters with initial masses above form during major merger events with , with only a weak scaling with the host halo mass. To better understand this result, we calculated at each simulation snapshot the ratio of the number of halos that satisfy both conditions and to the number of halos with . In essence, this ratio represents the probability that a halo which is forming clusters is also undergoing a major merger, . Our model assumes that the number of clusters formed in any event is proportional only to the cold gas mass in the central galaxy, and does not include the actual effects of the merger (increase of ISM pressure, rapid change of gravitational potential, etc.). Therefore, this probability can be taken as a simple estimate of the fraction of clusters expected to form during major mergers, which relies only on CDM statistics and not on the details of our GC formation model. The solid curves in Fig. 8 demonstrate that this probability ranges from for halos with to for the highest-mass halos, with only a weak redshift evolution. On the other hand, the probability that a randomly selected halo is undergoing a major merger at a given redshift, , actually decreases steeply towards low redshift, as seen in the dashed curves in Fig. 8 which begin to diverge significantly from the solid curves at . Why does the probability of a halo undergoing a merger decrease with time while the probability of major merger-induced cluster formation remains constant? This difference indicates that the probability of a halo exceeding the threshold for forming clusters also systematically decreases with time. In terms of the probabilities it can be written as . In Fig. 9 we illustrate the sharp decline of the halo accretion rates with cosmic time, consistent with standard expectations from CDM (e.g., McBride et al., 2009; Behroozi & Silk, 2015; Rodríguez-Puebla et al., 2016). At high redshift, , typical halo accretion rates significantly exceed the threshold and cluster formation can occur almost continuously. Of course for some halos occasional drops in below can occur (as demonstrated by the dotted 5th percentile curve) but these are rare. On the other hand, at the entire region of the interquartile range lies below the cluster formation threshold. However, a few formation events do still occur (as demonstrated by the dotted 95th percentile curve). Thus low-redshift cluster formation proceeds far more discretely. ## 6 Discussion ### 6.1 The origin of the GC-halo mass relation El-Badry et al. (2019) showed that the tight relation does not necessarily imply such a relationship at formation. The action of repeated galaxy mergers, which combine GC systems, naturally leads to a tight relation by simply due to the central limit theorem. However, this does not preclude the existence of an relation at formation; it only makes it unnecessary to explain local observations. As we showed in Section 3, such a correlation is still expected at high redshift in our model, due to the adopted relation for the cluster formation rate . This proportionality was initially motivated by the results of early cosmological simulations by Kravtsov & Gnedin (2005). Those simulations identified dense giant gas clouds in high-redshift galaxies and applied a sub-grid model for the formation of globular clusters. The sum of masses of all clusters formed in a given event was roughly proportional to both the halo mass and the baryon (gas plus stars) mass. The relation to gas mass is more directly causal because star clusters are observed to form from dense cold gas. For this reason, the original version of our model (Muratov & Gnedin, 2010) adopted the proportionality of to the mass of neutral gas in the host galaxy. In Choksi et al. (2018) we revised it to the mass of molecular gas, which should be even more closely related to the formation rate of massive clusters. While observations indicate that the surface density of molecular gas is most directly proportional to the star formation rate, our model cannot incorporate this relation because it does not calculate the spatial structure of galaxies. We believe our three-step scaling procedure from to to to is an acceptable parameterization of the cluster formation rate. Kruijssen (2015) predicted the relation at to be nearly identical to the relation, in contrast to our prediction of a factor of 10 evolution (see Fig. 1). His model uses the cluster formation efficiency of Kruijssen (2012) and assumes all GC formation happens in a single epoch. Furthermore, in contrast to our explanation of the shape of the relation, Kruijssen (2015) uses the shape of to explain the relation and derive . However, in our model, it is the relation that is more fundamental, because the mass that forms in clusters (indirectly) scales almost linearly with the halo mass. Similar to our results, the fiducial model of El-Badry et al. (2019) predicts a steeper-than-linear fall-off of the relation at low galaxy mass. In their model, it is due to the cosmic UV background shutting off gas accretion onto dwarf galaxies. This effect is incorporated implicitly in our model in the shapes of the and relations. In addition, our model includes the effect of systematically lower cluster masses in dwarf galaxies (Choksi et al., 2018), which further steepens the relation. However, the scatter of the relation increases dramatically at the dwarf galaxy scale, which makes comparison with observations more challenging and requires a more detailed investigation. ### 6.2 Accretion of satellite GC systems Most massive early-type galaxies in the local universe are believed to form in two phases: a short high-redshift phase of intense, concentrated in-situ star formation followed by late time accretion of satellite galaxies (e.g., Oser et al., 2010; Forbes et al., 2011; van Dokkum et al., 2015). Recently, Beasley et al. (2018) studied the GC system of the nearby “red nugget” galaxy NGC 1277, so called because it is believed to be a low-redshift analog of early massive galaxies, i.e., it has not yet undergone the phase of late-time satellite accretion. They find NGC 1277 to be nearly devoid of blue GCs () and present it as a puzzle for theory. This observation can be explained by our model, which predicts for typical galaxies of NGC 1277 mass () that of all clusters are blue and of these blue clusters are accreted (Figs. 6-7). Thus the blue fraction could drop to as low as 12% if a galaxy happened to miss accretion of all satellites. This is plausible for NGC 1277 because it may have fallen early into the Perseus cluster and been tidally limited. In fact, the observed fraction indicates that some satellites did contribute to this GC system. The predicted range of the fraction of blue clusters may thus be used to constrain the history of galaxy assembly. For the same stellar mass, galaxies in group or cluster environments where tidal limitation prevents accretion of satellite galaxies, should have a lower blue fraction than those in the field. ### 6.3 Impact of galaxy mergers on the cluster formation rate Li et al. (2017); Li et al. (2018) used cosmological simulations of a single Milky Way mass halo to study in detail the formation process of massive star clusters. While our model ultimately produces similar results for the average GC formation epochs and demographics as in these simulations, the role of major mergers differs. Li & Gnedin (2019) find about 75% of clusters with initial masses form within 200 Myr of three major mergers, about a factor of 4 higher than our model prediction. The difference between these two results may stem from several sources. Galaxy formation simulations include a variety of detailed physics relevant for cluster formation that is not captured in our model. In particular, they find that the cluster initial mass function extends to higher masses during major mergers, increasing the probability of forming massive GCs that would survive to the present day. In contrast, our model adopts a merger-independent cluster formation rate. Finally, there is significant scatter in galaxy assembly histories, even at fixed galaxy mass, and therefore a single simulated realization may differ from the ensemble average of our model. ### 6.4 Which model parameters disfavour mergers? Our current best-fit range on the free parameters and simultaneously matches properties of both the masses and metallicities of GC systems. Increasing the threshold accretion rate for forming clusters () and the cluster formation rate parameter () would lead to a higher fraction of all cluster formation occurring during major mergers. Such values could still match the observed relation, by having fewer cluster formation events but more mass formed in each event. However, we found that such a parameter combination is disfavoured in our model. We have performed parameter optimization by minimizing the merit function (Choksi et al., 2018): M≡1Nh∑h(MGC(z=0)MGC,obs(Mh)−1)2+1Nh∑h(0.58σZ,h)2+1GM+2GZ, where the first term is the reduced of the relation, the second term compares the observed average of 0.58 dex to the of model galaxies, and and are the mass and metallicity “goodness” statistics, defined as the fraction of model-observed galaxy pairs that have GC system metallicity and mass distributions with an acceptable Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. To understand in detail what aspect of the model determines this conclusion, we investigated the relative contributions of each term in the merit function over a wide range and Gyr. We found that across almost the entire parameter space the variation of the and terms dominates the gradient of the merit function. The and terms vary negligibly and could be eliminated for simplicity without loss of model accuracy. High values of and , which would lead to a higher fraction of cluster formation during major mergers, still result in a higher term than the fiducial model. At the same time, high values of are strongly disfavored by the term: a higher normalization of the cluster formation rate would make the GC system MDF closer to the field star MDF, which is peaked at a significantly higher metallicity than the observed GCs. Finally, we note that Fig. 9 also demonstrates that the model results are not very sensitive to the exact value of . While shifting slightly may change results in detail, the median evolves by two orders of magnitude over cosmic time. Therefore, the main function of is instead to select out the general range of accretion rates at low redshift that are allowed to form clusters. ## 7 Summary In this work, we explored the origins and buildup of many of the GC system-host galaxy scaling relations. Our main results are: 1. The ratio at birth, and evolves only mildly at due to continuous cluster formation. From to , the ratio decreases by roughly a factor of ten because the GC formation rate drops sharply while the halo mass continues to increase (Fig. 1). 2. The shape of the relation between GC specific frequency and host galaxy stellar mass exhibits a characteristic shape, which is set by the near constancy of the ratio and the peaked shape of the stellar mass-halo mass relation (Fig. 2). 3. The fraction of GC mass accreted from now-disrupted satellite galaxies increases monotonically with , ranging from a few percent at to 80% at . These values are similar to the accreted fraction of “field” stars in giant galaxies, but exceed them in Milky Way-sized and dwarf galaxies (Fig. 6 and Table 1). Blue GCs are systematically more likely to form in satellite galaxies than red GCs. 4. Consequently, without the contribution of accreted GCs the mean metallicities of GC systems would be up to 0.5 dex too high and the metallicity dispersions 0.4 dex too low (Figs. 4-5). The combined mass in GCs would also be up to 0.3 dex too low (Fig. 3). 5. Major mergers are not the dominant channel for triggering cluster formation in our model. The extremely high accretion rates onto dark matter halos at high-redshift are sufficient to trigger cluster formation without the aid of mergers (Fig. 9). At lower redshift, major mergers become increasingly important, especially for giant galaxies (Fig. 8). 6. The fraction of clusters formed during major mergers in our model is a factor of 4 lower than in recent simulations of galaxy formation (Li & Gnedin, 2019). This discrepancy may indicate a limitation of the analytical model in capturing detailed physics of GC formation. 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http://giref.ulaval.ca/scmai2013/programme-section.html?day=1&room=6&ampm=am
1er Symposium canadien en analyse numérique et calcul scientifique Lundi, 17 juin Salle Des Plaines C 10h00 Secrets to the success of the Rush--Larsen method Spiteri, Raymond J. Cardiac electrophysiology can be modeled by the bidomain equations, a multi-scale reaction-diffusion system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing the ionic currents at the cellular scale coupled with a set of parabolic partial differential equations describing the propagation of the electrical activity at the tissue scale. To produce clinically useful data, billions of variables must be evolved. In this presentation, I discuss the Rush--Larsen method, arguably the most effective time-integration method for the ionic currents in the bidomain equations. I reveal the secrets of the method's success and suggest a generalization that can be even more effective. 10h30 The Monotone Acceptance Ordered Upwind Method: A Causal Algorithm for Minimum Time / Cost Optimal Control Mitchell, Ian M and Ken Alton Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada The static or time-independent Hamilton-Jacobi equation -- an example of which is the Eikonal equation -- is a fully degenerate nonlinear elliptic PDE.  The viscosity solution of this PDE is useful in applications such as minimum time or cost optimal path planning or control to a target set.  Fast label setting algorithms are available for approximating the viscosity solution of some classes of these equations; most notably the Fast Marching Method (which is a continuous version of Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path through a discrete graph) applies to some forms of the Eikonal equation.  The Ordered Upwind Method introduced by Sethian & Vladimirsky [SINUM 2003] expanded the class of equations to which these fast algorithms can be applied.  The Monotone Acceptance Ordered Upwind Method (MAOUM) solves the same class of problems as does Sethian's & Vladimirsky's algorithm, but it does so with a precomputed stencil that can adapt to local grid spacing.  Consequently, MAOUM is able to guarantee that nodes are accepted in order of their value and performs considerably better than the older algorithm when significant grid refinement is used to improve approximation quality for problems with nonsmooth solutions. [Alton & Mitchell, J. Scientific Computing, 2012] 11h00 Multigrid Method for Solving Elliptic Monge-Ampère Equations Arising from Image Registration Wan, Justin W.L. University of Waterloo The Monge-Ampère equation is a nonlinear second order partial differential equation, which arise in many areas such as differential geometry and other applications. In image registration, one is interested in transforming one image to align with another image. One approach is based on the Monge-Kantorovich mass transfer problem. The goal is to find the optimal mapping $M$ which minimizes the Kantorovich-Wasserstein distance. The optimal mapping can be written as $M =\nabla \psi$ where $\psi$ satisfies the following Monge-Ampère equation $det (D^2 \psi(x) )= \frac{I_1(x)}{I_2(\nabla \psi))}$where $I_1$ and $I_2$ are the given images. Here $det( D^2 \psi(x) )$ denotes the determinant of the Hessian of $\psi$. In this talk, we will present a multigrid method for solving the Monge-Amp` ere equation. We will discuss the discretization of the nonlinear equation and the issues of viscosity solutions and monotone finite difference and finite element schemes. We will then present a relaxation scheme which is a very slow convergent method as a standalone solver but it is very effective for reducing high frequency errors. We will adopt it as a smoother for multigrid and demonstrate its smoothing properties. Finally, numerical results will be presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. 11h30 Why do numerical shockwaves jump to the wrong conclusions? Zaide, Daniel W. University of British Columbia The reliable simulation of shockwaves is critical in the prediction and study of many phenomena, where abrupt changes in material properties due to shockwaves can greatly affect regions of interest and activate physical mechanisms. When a physical shockwave is formed, it moves through the flow with a certain speed, having some finite width determined by physical dissipation until it encounters some event in its path. For numerical shockwaves, however, a numerical width is enforced, often much greater than the physical width. With this numerical width comes the formation of intermediate states having no direct physical interpretation. Even as the mesh is refined, these intermediate states do not go away; they simply occupy less space. The existence of intermediate states does raise some doubt, however, about how closely a captured shockwave may emulate an ideal discontinuous shockwave, or a real physical one. There are in fact several types of error associated with intermediate shock states such as errors in shock position, spurious waves, or unstable shock behavior. These errors can be classified as numerical shockwave anomalies; they are numerical artifacts formed due to the presence of captured shockwaves within the flow solution. Each numerical shockwave anomaly is directly related to the nonlinearity of the jump conditions and to a resulting ambiguity in sub-cell shock position in a stationary shock. Two new flux functions are developed that do not have this ambiguity. On all of the shock anomalies in one-dimension, both flux functions show improvement on existing methods without smearing or diffusing the shock.
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