url stringlengths 14 1.76k | text stringlengths 100 1.02M | metadata stringlengths 1.06k 1.1k |
|---|---|---|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazur_swindle | # Eilenberg–Mazur swindle
(Redirected from Mazur swindle)
In mathematics, the Eilenberg–Mazur swindle, named after Samuel Eilenberg and Barry Mazur, is a method of proof that involves paradoxical properties of infinite sums. In geometric topology it was introduced by Mazur (1959, 1961) and is often called the Mazur swindle. In algebra it was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and is known as the Eilenberg swindle or Eilenberg telescope (see telescoping sum).
The Eilenberg–Mazur swindle is similar to the following well known joke "proof" that 1 = 0:
1 = 1 + (−1 + 1) + (−1 + 1) + ... = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ... = (1 − 1) + (1 − 1) + ... = 0
This "proof" is not valid as a claim about real numbers because Grandi's series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ... does not converge, but the analogous argument can be used in some contexts where there is some sort of "addition" defined on some objects for which infinite sums do make sense, to show that if A + B = 0 then A = B = 0.
## Mazur swindle
In geometric topology the addition used in the swindle is usually the connected sum of knots or manifolds.
Example (Rolfsen 1990, chapter 4B): A typical application of the Mazur swindle in geometric topology is the proof that the sum of two non-trivial knots A and B is non-trivial. For knots it is possible to take infinite sums by making the knots smaller and smaller, so if A + B is trivial then
$A=A+(B+A)+(B+A)+\cdots = (A+B)+(A+B)+\cdots=0\,$
so A is trivial (and B by a similar argument). The infinite sum of knots is usually a wild knot, not a tame knot. See (Poénaru 2007) for more geometric examples.
Example: The oriented n-manifolds have an addition operation given by connected sum, with 0 the n-sphere. If A + B is the n-sphere, then A + B + A + B + ... is Euclidean space so the Mazur swindle shows that the connected sum of A and Euclidean space is Euclidean space, which shows that A is the 1-point compactification of Euclidean space and therefore A is homeomorphic to the n-sphere. (This does not show in the case of smooth manifolds that A is diffeomorphic to the n-sphere, and in some dimensions, such as 7, there are examples of exotic spheres A with inverses that are not diffeomorphic to the standard n-sphere.)
## Eilenberg swindle
In algebra the addition used in the swindle is usually the direct sum of modules over a ring.
Example: A typical application of the Eilenberg swindle in algebra is the proof that if A is a projective module over a ring R then there is a free module F with A + F = F.[1] To see this, choose a module B such that A + B is free, which can be done as A is projective, and put
F = B + A + B + A + B + ....
so that
A + F = A + (B + A) + (B + A) + ... = (A + B) + (A + B) + ... = F.
Example: (Eisenbud 1995, p.121) Finitely generated free modules over commutative rings R have a well-defined natural number as their dimension which is additive under direct sums, and are isomorphic if and only if they have the same dimension. This is false for some noncommutative rings, and a counterexample can be constructed using the Eilenberg swindle as follows. Let X be an abelian group such that X = X + X (for example the direct sum of an infinite number of copies of an abelian group), and let R be the ring of endomorphisms of X. Then the left R-module R is isomorphic to the left R-module R + R.
Example: (Lam 2003, Exercise 8.16) If A and B are any groups then the Eilenberg swindle can be used to construct a ring R such that the group rings R[A] and R[B] are isomorphic rings: take R to be the group ring of A + B + A + B + ...
## Other examples
The proof of the Cantor–Bernstein–Schroeder theorem uses a similar idea. If there are injections of sets from X to Y and from Y to X, this means that formally we have X=Y+A and Y=X+B for some sets A and B, where + means disjoint union and = means there is a bijection between two sets. Expanding the former with the latter,
X = X + A + B.
In this bijection, let Z consist of those elements of the left hand side that correspond to an element of X on the right hand side. This bijection then expands to the bijection
X = A + B + A + B + ... + Z.
Substituting the right hand side for X in Y = B + X gives the bijection
Y = B + A + B + A + ... + Z.
Switching every adjacent pair B + A yields
Y = A + B + A + B + ... + Z.
Composing the bijection for X with the inverse of the bijection for Y then yields
X = Y.
This argument depended on the bijections A + B = B + A and A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C as well as the well-definedness of infinite disjoint union.
## Notes
1. ^ Lam (1999), Corollary 2.7, p. 22; Eklof & Mekler (2002), Lemma 2.3, p. 9. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9244878888130188, "perplexity": 184.4893192614399}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009777.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00139-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://unapologetic.wordpress.com/2007/11/22/ | The Unapologetic Mathematician
Bases and Subbases
We’ve defined topologies by convergence of nets, by neighborhood systems, and by closure operators. In each case, we saw some additional hypothesis — sometimes more and sometimes less explicitly — to restrict which data actually corresponded to a topological space. That is, many neighborhood systems give rise to the same topology, which in turn induces only one of those neighborhood systems. Now let’s turn back to our original definition of topology and see how we can weaken it in a similar way.
Remember that we defined the closure of a set $A$ in a topological space $(X,\tau)$ as the smallest closed set containing $A$. To get at it, we took the intersection of all the closed sets containing $A$. And we knew that at least one such closed set existed because the whole space $X$ was closed. We’re going to do the exact same thing to come up with topologies.
So let’s take a collection $\sigma\subseteq P(X)$ of subsets of $X$. We want the smallest collection $\tau\subseteq\sigma$ of subsets of $X$ that contains $\sigma$ so that $\tau$ is a topology. To get at it, we consider all the topologies on $X$ that contain $\sigma$, and then take their intersection. As we saw back when we first defined topologies, this intersection will again be a topology, and it will be contained in any topology containing $\sigma$. And we know that we have at least one topology containing $\sigma$ because the discrete topology has all of $P(X)$ as its open sets.
Let’s see how we can build up the topology $\tau$ from $\sigma$ more directly. What is it that prevents $\sigma$ from being a topology itself? Well, it might not be closed under taking arbitrary unions and finite intersections. So let’s start with $\sigma$ and throw in all the unions of finite intersections of elements of $\sigma$. We’ll use the convention that the union of no subsets of $X$ is the empty set $\varnothing$, while the intersection of no subsets of $X$ is the entire set $X$. This means we at least have $\varnothing$ and $X$ as unions of finite intersections.
Now let’s consider the intersection of two such sets. That is, if we start with $\bigcup\limits_{a\in\mathcal{A}}\bigcap\limits_{i\in\mathcal{I}_a}U_{a,i}$ and $\bigcup\limits_{b\in\mathcal{B}}\bigcap\limits_{i\in\mathcal{I}_b}U_{b,i}$, then we get the intersection
$\left(\bigcup\limits_{a\in A}\bigcap\limits_{i\in\mathcal{I}_a}U_{a,i}\right)\cap\left(\bigcup\limits_{b\in B}\bigcap\limits_{i\in\mathcal{I}_b}U_{b,i}\right)=\bigcup\limits_{a\in A}\bigcup\limits_{b\in B}\left(\bigcap\limits_{i\in\mathcal{I}_a}U_{a,i}\cap\bigcap\limits_{i\in\mathcal{I}_b}U_{b,i}\right)$
which is again a union of finite intersections. Similarly, if we take an arbitrary union of these unions of finite intersections, we get another union of finite intersections. And any topology containing the sets in $\sigma$ must contain these sets. So this is exactly the topology generated by $\sigma$. In this case, we call $\sigma$ a subbase for the topology it generates.
“Subbase”? What happened to “base”? Well, a base for a topology is sort of halfway in between a subbase and a topology. First of all, we require that the elements of $\sigma$ cover $X$. That is, every point in $X$ shows up in at least one of the sets in $\sigma$. We also require that if $S_1$ and $S_2$ are in $\sigma$ and $x\in S_1\cap S_2$ then there is some $S_3$ in $\sigma$ with $x\in S_3\subseteq S_1\cap S_2$. Thus we can write the intersection of any two elements of $\sigma$ as a union of other elements of $\sigma$. The covering property says that we can write the empty intersection as a union as well. And so we don’t need to take any intersections at all — only unions. That is, a base $\beta$ for a topology $\tau$ on a set $X$ is a collection of subsets of $X$ so that every subset in $\tau$ is a union of subsets in $\beta$. In particular, if we start with any collection of sets $\sigma$ and throw in all the finite intersections of subsets in $\sigma$ we get a base for the topology generated by $\sigma$.
Probably the nicest thing about defining a topology with a subbase is that the subbase is all we need to check continuity. More explicitly: let $\sigma\subseteq P(Y)$ be a subbase generating a topology $\tau_Y$ on a set $Y$, and let $(X,\tau_X)$ be any topological space. Then we have defined a function $f:X\rightarrow Y$ to be continuous if $f^{-1}(U)\in\tau_X$ for each $U\in\tau_Y$. What I’m asserting here is that we can weaken this to say that $U\in\sigma$ implies $f^{-1}(U)\in\tau_X$. For then any set in $\tau_Y$ is the union of finite intersections of sets in $\sigma$, and the preimage of such a set is then the union of the finite intersections of the preimages of the sets in $\sigma$. So if these are all open, so will be the preimage of every set in $\tau_Y$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 68, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9515039324760437, "perplexity": 65.5113906871801}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948597585.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217210620-20171217232620-00687.warc.gz"} |
https://lubricants-ils.com.au/product/aeroshell-fluid-41/ | AeroShell Fluid 41
Hydraulic Fluid
AeroShell Fluid 41 is a mineral hydraulic oil manufactured to a very high level of cleanliness, and possesses
improved fluid properties. AeroShell Fluid 41 contains additives which provide excellent low temperature fluidity
as well as exceptional anti-wear, oxidation – corrosion inhibition and shear stability. In addition metal de-activators
and foam inhibitors are included in this high viscosity index fluid to enhance performance in hydraulic
applications. AeroShell Fluid 41 is capable of wide temperature range operation.
AeroShell Fluid 41 is dyed red.
Application
AeroShell Fluid 41 is intended as an hydraulic fluid in all modern aircraft applications requiring a mineral hydraulic
fluid. AeroShell Fluid 41 is particularly recommended where use of a “superclean” fluid can contribute to improvements
in component reliability, and can be used in aircraft systems operating unpressurised between –54°C to 90°C
and pressurised between –54°C to 135°C.
AeroShell Fluid 41 should be used in systems with synthetic rubber components and must not be used in
systems incorporating natural rubber.
AeroShell Fluid 41 is compatible with AeroShell Fluids 4, 31, 51, 61 and 71 and SSF/LGF.
Chlorinated solvents should not be used for cleaning hydraulic components which use AeroShell Fluid 41. The
residual solvent contaminates the hydraulic fluid and may lead to corrosion.
Looking for any other product in AEROSHELL LUBRICANTS or other Lubricant ? Just give us a call. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.16218817234039307, "perplexity": 8449.537401731324}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743963.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118031826-20181118053826-00287.warc.gz"} |
https://webwork.libretexts.org/webwork2/html2xml?answersSubmitted=0&sourceFilePath=Library/Rochester/setLinearAlgebra6Determinants/ur_la_6_2.pg&problemSeed=1234567&courseID=anonymous&userID=anonymous&course_password=anonymous&showSummary=1&displayMode=MathJax&problemIdentifierPrefix=102&language=en&outputformat=libretexts | If $A = \left[\begin{array}{cc} -3 &7\cr -8 &3 \end{array}\right]$, then $\det(A)=$ is .
Thus, $A^{-1} =$ $\left[\Rule{0pt}{2.4em}{0pt}\right.$ $\left]\Rule{0pt}{2.4em}{0pt}\right.$ and $\det(A^{-1})=$ . | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 6, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9984431862831116, "perplexity": 97.29385890302075}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00176.warc.gz"} |
http://www.bmj.com/content/281/6240/575 | Research Article
# A flexible model for planning facilities for patients with end-stage renal failure.
Br Med J 1980; 281 (Published 30 August 1980) Cite this as: Br Med J 1980;281:575
1. I T Wood,
2. N P Mallick,
3. B Moores
## Abstract
Resource needs for patients with renal failure change as policies vary and survival improves. Thus a model was developed to estimate the facilities (number of beds) needed for such patients in the North-west Region; national resource needs could be obtained by multiplying the regional needs by eleven. The model predicted an unforeseen demand for hospital and satellite unit facilities and for unit back-up beds. The increasing survival of transplants is an important determinant of resource needs, and the model readily indicates the impact of changes in this factor. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8545981645584106, "perplexity": 7961.620358095214}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948545526.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214163759-20171214183759-00507.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/applied-mathematics/elementary-technical-mathematics/chapter-16-test-page-567/8 | ## Elementary Technical Mathematics
We repeatedly divide 407 by 2, writing the result under the number and writing the remainder to the right of that number. When we read the remainders from the bottom up, we get our answer. $2|\underline{407}\ \ \$ remainders $2|\underline{203}\ \ \ \ \ 1$ $2|\underline{101}\ \ \ \ \ 1$ $2|\underline{50}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1$ $2|\underline{25}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0$ $2|\underline{12}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1$ $2|\underline{6}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0$ $2|\underline{3}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0$ $2|\underline{1}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1$ $2|\underline{0}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1\ \ \uparrow\$read digits up | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.479170560836792, "perplexity": 293.80782249353126}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864191.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621153153-20180621173153-00439.warc.gz"} |
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04%3A_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01%3A_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(%CE%BCCE) | Skip to main content
$$\require{cancel}$$
# 4.1: Microcanonical Ensemble (μCE)
$$\newcommand\bes{\begin{split}}$$
$$\newcommand\ltwid{\propto}$$
$$\newcommand\ees{\end{split}}$$
$$\newcommand\mib{\mathbf}$$
$$\newcommand\Sa{\textsf a}$$
$$\newcommand\Sb{\textsf b}$$
$$\newcommand\Sc{\textsf c}$$
$$\newcommand\Sd{\textsf d}$$
$$\newcommand\Se{\textsf e}$$
$$\newcommand\Sf{\textsf f}$$
$$\newcommand\Sg{\textsf g}$$
$$\newcommand\Sh{\textsf h}$$
$$\newcommand\Si{\textsf i}$$
$$\newcommand\Sj{\textsf j}$$
$$\newcommand\Sk{\textsf k}$$
$$\newcommand\Sl{\textsf l}$$
$$\newcommand\Sm{\textsf m}$$
$$\newcommand\Sn{\textsf n}$$
$$\newcommand\So{\textsf o}$$
$$\newcommand\Sp{\textsf p}$$
$$\newcommand\Sq{\textsf q}$$
$$\newcommand\Sr{\textsf r}$$
$$\newcommand\Ss{\textsf s}$$
$$\newcommand\St{\textsf t}$$
$$\newcommand\Su{\textsf u}$$
$$\newcommand\Sv{\textsf v}$$
$$\newcommand\Sw{\textsf w}$$
$$\newcommand\Sx{\textsf x}$$
$$\newcommand\Sy{\textsf y}$$
$$\newcommand\Sz{\textsf z}$$
$$\newcommand\SA{\textsf A}$$
$$\newcommand\SB{\textsf B}$$
$$\newcommand\SC{\textsf C}$$
$$\newcommand\SD{\textsf D}$$
$$\newcommand\SE{\textsf E}$$
$$\newcommand\SF{\textsf F}$$
$$\newcommand\SG{\textsf G}$$
$$\newcommand\SH{\textsf H}$$
$$\newcommand\SI{\textsf I}$$
$$\newcommand\SJ{\textsf J}$$
$$\newcommand\SK{\textsf K}$$
$$\newcommand\SL{\textsf L}$$
$$\newcommand\SM{\textsf M}$$
$$\newcommand\SN{\textsf N}$$
$$\newcommand\SO{\textsf O}$$
$$\newcommand\SP{\textsf P}$$
$$\newcommand\SQ{\textsf Q}$$
$$\newcommand\SR{\textsf R}$$
$$\newcommand\SS{\textsf S}$$
$$\newcommand\ST{\textsf T}$$
$$\newcommand\SU{\textsf U}$$
$$\newcommand\SV{\textsf V}$$
$$\newcommand\SW{\textsf W}$$
$$\newcommand\SX{\textsf X}$$
$$\newcommand\SY{\textsf Y}$$
$$\newcommand\SZ{\textsf Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Ha{\hat a}$$
$$\newcommand\Hb{\hat b}$$
$$\newcommand\Hc{\hat c}$$
$$\newcommand\Hd{\hat d}$$
$$\newcommand\He{\hat e}$$
$$\newcommand\Hf{\hat f}$$
$$\newcommand\Hg{\hat g}$$
$$\newcommand\Hh{\hat h}$$
$$\newcommand\Hi{\hat \imath}$$
$$\newcommand\Hj{\hat \jmath}$$
$$\newcommand\Hk{\hat k}$$
$$\newcommand\Hl{\hat l}$$
$$\newcommand\Hm{\hat m}$$
$$\newcommand\Hn{\hat n}$$
$$\newcommand\Ho{\hat o}$$
$$\newcommand\Hp{\hat p}$$
$$\newcommand\Hq{\hat q}$$
$$\newcommand\Hr{\hat r}$$
$$\newcommand\Hs{\hat s}$$
$$\newcommand\Ht{\hat t}$$
$$\newcommand\Hu{\hat u}$$
$$\newcommand\Hv{\hat v}$$
$$\newcommand\Hw{\hat w}$$
$$\newcommand\Hx{\hat x}$$
$$\newcommand\Hy{\hat y}$$
$$\newcommand\Hz{\hat z}$$
$$\newcommand\HA{\hat A}$$
$$\newcommand\HB{\hat B}$$
$$\newcommand\HC{\hat C}$$
$$\newcommand\HD{\hat D}$$
$$\newcommand\HE{\hat E}$$
$$\newcommand\HF{\hat F}$$
$$\newcommand\HG{\hat G}$$
$$\newcommand\HH{\hat H}$$
$$\newcommand\HI{\hat I}$$
$$\newcommand\HJ{\hat J}$$
$$\newcommand\HK{\hat K}$$
$$\newcommand\HL{\hat L}$$
$$\newcommand\HM{\hat M}$$
$$\newcommand\HN{\hat N}$$
$$\newcommand\HO{\hat O}$$
$$\newcommand\HP{\hat P}$$
$$\newcommand\HQ{\hat Q}$$
$$\newcommand\HR{\hat R}$$
$$\newcommand\HS{\hat S}$$
$$\newcommand\HT{\hat T}$$
$$\newcommand\HU{\hat U}$$
$$\newcommand\HV{\hat V}$$
$$\newcommand\HW{\hat W}$$
$$\newcommand\HX{\hat X}$$
$$\newcommand\HY{\hat Y}$$
$$\newcommand\HZ{\hat Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Halpha{\hat\alpha}$$
$$\newcommand\Hbeta{\hat\beta}$$
$$\newcommand\Hgamma{\hat\gamma}$$
$$\newcommand\Hdelta{\hat\delta}$$
$$\newcommand\Hepsilon{\hat\epsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Hvarepsilon{\hat\varepsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Hzeta{\hat\zeta}$$
$$\newcommand\Heta{\hat\eta}$$
$$\newcommand\Htheta{\hat\theta}$$
$$\newcommand\Hvartheta{\hat\vartheta}$$
$$\newcommand\Hiota{\hat\iota}$$
$$\newcommand\Hkappa{\hat\kappa}$$
$$\newcommand\Hlambda{\hat\lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\Hmu{\hat\mu}$$
$$\newcommand\Hnu{\hat\nu}$$
$$\newcommand\Hxi{\hat\xi}$$
$$\newcommand\Hom{\hat\omicron}$$
$$\newcommand\Hpi{\hat\pi}$$
$$\newcommand\Hvarpi{\hat\varpi}$$
$$\newcommand\Hrho{\hat\rho}$$
$$\newcommand\Hvarrho{\hat\varrho}$$
$$\newcommand\Hsigma{\hat\sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\Hvarsigma{\hat\varsigma}$$
$$\newcommand\Htau{\var\tau}$$
$$\newcommand\Hupsilon{\hat\upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Hphi{\hat\phi}$$
$$\newcommand\Hvarphi{\hat\varphi}$$
$$\newcommand\Hchi{\hat\chi}$$
$$\newcommand\Hxhi{\hat\xhi}$$
$$\newcommand\Hpsi{\hat\psi}$$
$$\newcommand\Homega{\hat\omega}$$
$$\newcommand\HGamma{\hat\Gamma}$$
$$\newcommand\HDelta{\hat\Delta}$$
$$\newcommand\HTheta{\hat\Theta}$$
$$\newcommand\HLambda{\hat\Lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\HXi{\hat\Xi}$$
$$\newcommand\HPi{\hat\Pi}$$
$$\newcommand\HSigma{\hat\Sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\HUps{\hat\Upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\HPhi{\hat\Phi}$$
$$\newcommand\HPsi{\hat\Psi}$$
$$\newcommand\HOmega{\hat\Omega}$$
$$\newcommand\xhat{\hat\Bx}$$
$$\newcommand\yhat{\hat\By}$$
$$\newcommand\zhat{\hat\Bz}$$
$$\newcommand\ehat{\hat\Be}$$
$$\newcommand\khat{\hat\Bk}$$
$$\newcommand\nhat{\hat\Bn}$$
$$\newcommand\rhat{\hat\Br}$$
$$\newcommand\phihat{\hat\Bphi}$$
$$\newcommand\thetahat{\hat\Btheta}$$
$$\newcommand\MA{\mathbb A}$$
$$\newcommand\MB{\mathbb B}$$
$$\newcommand\MC{\mathbb C}$$
$$\newcommand\MD{\mathbb D}$$
$$\newcommand\ME{\mathbb E}$$
$$\newcommand\MF{\mathbb F}$$
$$\newcommand\MG{\mathbb G}$$
$$\newcommand\MH{\mathbb H}$$
$$\newcommand\MI{\mathbb I}$$
$$\newcommand\MJ{\mathbb J}$$
$$\newcommand\MK{\mathbb K}$$
$$\newcommand\ML{\mathbb L}$$
$$\newcommand\MM{\mathbb M}$$
$$\newcommand\MN{\mathbb N}$$
$$\newcommand\MO{\mathbb O}$$
$$\newcommand\MP{\mathbb P}$$
$$\newcommand\MQ{\mathbb Q}$$
$$\newcommand\MR{\mathbb R}$$
$$\newcommand\MS{\mathbb S}$$
$$\newcommand\MT{\mathbb T}$$
$$\newcommand\MU{\mathbb U}$$
$$\newcommand\MV{\mathbb V}$$
$$\newcommand\MW{\mathbb W}$$
$$\newcommand\MX{\mathbb X}$$
$$\newcommand\MY{\mathbb Y}$$
$$\newcommand\MZ{\mathbb Z}$$
$$\newcommand\CA{\mathcal A}$$
$$\newcommand\CB{\mathcal B}$$
$$\newcommand\CC{\mathcal C}$$
$$\newcommand\CD{\mathcal D}$$
$$\newcommand\CE{\mathcal E}$$
$$\newcommand\CF{\mathcal F}$$
$$\newcommand\CG{\mathcal G}$$
$$\newcommand\CH{\mathcal H}$$
$$\newcommand\CI{\mathcal I}$$
$$\newcommand\CJ{\mathcal J}$$
$$\newcommand\CK{\mathcal K}$$
$$\newcommand\CL{\mathcal L}$$
$$\newcommand\CM{\mathcal M}$$
$$\newcommand\CN{\mathcal N}$$
$$\newcommand\CO{\mathcal O}$$
$$\newcommand\CP{\mathcal P}$$
$$\newcommand\CQ{\mathcal Q}$$
$$\newcommand\CR{\mathcal R}$$
$$\newcommand\CS{\mathcal S}$$
$$\newcommand\CT{\mathcal T}$$
$$\newcommand\CU{\mathcal U}$$
$$\newcommand\CV{\mathcal V}$$
$$\newcommand\CW{\mathcal W}$$
$$\newcommand\CX{\mathcal X}$$
$$\newcommand\CY{\mathcal Y}$$
$$\newcommand\CZ{\mathcal Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Fa{\mathfrak a}$$
$$\newcommand\Fb{\mathfrak b}$$
$$\newcommand\Fc{\mathfrak c}$$
$$\newcommand\Fd{\mathfrak d}$$
$$\newcommand\Fe{\mathfrak e}$$
$$\newcommand\Ff{\mathfrak f}$$
$$\newcommand\Fg{\mathfrak g}$$
$$\newcommand\Fh{\mathfrak h}$$
$$\newcommand\Fi{\mathfrak i}$$
$$\newcommand\Fj{\mathfrak j}$$
$$\newcommand\Fk{\mathfrak k}$$
$$\newcommand\Fl{\mathfrak l}$$
$$\newcommand\Fm{\mathfrak m}$$
$$\newcommand\Fn{\mathfrak n}$$
$$\newcommand\Fo{\mathfrak o}$$
$$\newcommand\Fp{\mathfrak p}$$
$$\newcommand\Fq{\mathfrak q}$$
$$\newcommand\Fr{\mathfrak r}$$
$$\newcommand\Fs{\mathfrak s}$$
$$\newcommand\Ft{\mathfrak t}$$
$$\newcommand\Fu{\mathfrak u}$$
$$\newcommand\Fv{\mathfrak v}$$
$$\newcommand\Fw{\mathfrak w}$$
$$\newcommand\Fx{\mathfrak x}$$
$$\newcommand\Fy{\mathfrak y}$$
$$\newcommand\Fz{\mathfrak z}$$
$$\newcommand\FA{\mathfrak A}$$
$$\newcommand\FB{\mathfrak B}$$
$$\newcommand\FC{\mathfrak C}$$
$$\newcommand\FD{\mathfrak D}$$
$$\newcommand\FE{\mathfrak E}$$
$$\newcommand\FF{\mathfrak F}$$
$$\newcommand\FG{\mathfrak G}$$
$$\newcommand\FH{\mathfrak H}$$
$$\newcommand\FI{\mathfrak I}$$
$$\newcommand\FJ{\mathfrak J}$$
$$\newcommand\FK{\mathfrak K}$$
$$\newcommand\FL{\mathfrak L}$$
$$\newcommand\FM{\mathfrak M}$$
$$\newcommand\FN{\mathfrak N}$$
$$\newcommand\FO{\mathfrak O}$$
$$\newcommand\FP{\mathfrak P}$$
$$\newcommand\FQ{\mathfrak Q}$$
$$\newcommand\FR{\mathfrak R}$$
$$\newcommand\FS{\mathfrak S}$$
$$\newcommand\FT{\mathfrak T}$$
$$\newcommand\FU{\mathfrak U}$$
$$\newcommand\FV{\mathfrak V}$$
$$\newcommand\FW{\mathfrak W}$$
$$\newcommand\FX{\mathfrak X}$$
$$\newcommand\FY{\mathfrak Y}$$
$$\newcommand\FZ{\mathfrak Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Da{\dot a}$$
$$\newcommand\Db{\dot b}$$
$$\newcommand\Dc{\dot c}$$
$$\newcommand\Dd{\dot d}$$
$$\newcommand\De{\dot e}$$
$$\newcommand\Df{\dot f}$$
$$\newcommand\Dg{\dot g}$$
$$\newcommand\Dh{\dot h}$$
$$\newcommand\Di{\dot \imath}$$
$$\newcommand\Dj{\dot \jmath}$$
$$\newcommand\Dk{\dot k}$$
$$\newcommand\Dl{\dot l}$$
$$\newcommand\Dm{\dot m}$$
$$\newcommand\Dn{\dot n}$$
$$\newcommand\Do{\dot o}$$
$$\newcommand\Dp{\dot p}$$
$$\newcommand\Dq{\dot q}$$
$$\newcommand\Dr{\dot r}$$
$$\newcommand\Ds{\dot s}$$
$$\newcommand\Dt{\dot t}$$
$$\newcommand\Du{\dot u}$$
$$\newcommand\Dv{\dot v}$$
$$\newcommand\Dw{\dot w}$$
$$\newcommand\Dx{\dot x}$$
$$\newcommand\Dy{\dot y}$$
$$\newcommand\Dz{\dot z}$$
$$\newcommand\DA{\dot A}$$
$$\newcommand\DB{\dot B}$$
$$\newcommand\DC{\dot C}$$
$$\newcommand\DD{\dot D}$$
$$\newcommand\DE{\dot E}$$
$$\newcommand\DF{\dot F}$$
$$\newcommand\DG{\dot G}$$
$$\newcommand\DH{\dot H}$$
$$\newcommand\DI{\dot I}$$
$$\newcommand\DJ{\dot J}$$
$$\newcommand\DK{\dot K}$$
$$\newcommand\DL{\dot L}$$
$$\newcommand\DM{\dot M}$$
$$\newcommand\DN{\dot N}$$
$$\newcommand\DO{\dot O}$$
$$\newcommand\DP{\dot P}$$
$$\newcommand\DQ{\dot Q}$$
$$\newcommand\DR{\dot R}$$
$$\newcommand\DS{\dot S}$$
$$\newcommand\DT{\dot T}$$
$$\newcommand\DU{\dot U}$$
$$\newcommand\DV{\dot V}$$
$$\newcommand\DW{\dot W}$$
$$\newcommand\DX{\dot X}$$
$$\newcommand\DY{\dot Y}$$
$$\newcommand\DZ{\dot Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Dalpha ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[1], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dbeta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[2], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dgamma ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[3], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Ddelta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[4], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Depsilon ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[5], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dvarepsilon ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[6], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dzeta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[7], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Deta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[8], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dtheta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[9], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dvartheta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[10], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Diota ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[11], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dkappa ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[12], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dlambda ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[13], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Dmu{\dot\mu}$$
$$\newcommand\Dnu{\dot\nu}$$
$$\newcommand\Dxi{\dot\xi}$$
$$\newcommand\Dom{\dot\omicron}$$
$$\newcommand\Dpi{\dot\pi}$$
$$\newcommand\Dvarpi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[14], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Drho{\dot\rho}$$
$$\newcommand\Dvarrho{\dot\varrho}$$
$$\newcommand\Dsigma{\dot\sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\Dvarsigma{\dot\varsigma}$$
$$\newcommand\Dtau{\var\tau}$$
$$\newcommand\Dupsilon{\dot\upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Dphi{\dot\phi}$$
$$\newcommand\Dvarphi{\dot\varphi}$$
$$\newcommand\Dchi{\dot\chi}$$
$$\newcommand\Dpsi{\dot\psi}$$
$$\newcommand\Domega{\dot\omega}$$
$$\newcommand\DGamma ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[15], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\DDelta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[16], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\DTheta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[17], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\DLambda{\dot\Lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\DXi{\dot\Xi}$$
$$\newcommand\DPi{\dot\Pi}$$
$$\newcommand\DSigma{\dot\Sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\DUps{\dot\Upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\DPhi{\dot\Phi}$$
$$\newcommand\DPsi{\dot\Psi}$$
$$\newcommand\DOmega{\dot\Omega}$$
$$\newcommand\Va{\vec a}$$
$$\newcommand\Vb{\vec b}$$
$$\newcommand\Vc{\vec c}$$
$$\newcommand\Vd{\vec d}$$
$$\newcommand\Ve{\vec e}$$
$$\newcommand\Vf{\vec f}$$
$$\newcommand\Vg{\vec g}$$
$$\newcommand\Vh{\vec h}$$
$$\newcommand\Vi{\vec \imath}$$
$$\newcommand\Vj{\vec \jmath}$$
$$\newcommand\Vk{\vec k}$$
$$\newcommand\Vl{\vec l}$$
$$\newcommand\Vm{\vec m}$$
$$\newcommand\Vn{\vec n}$$
$$\newcommand\Vo{\vec o}$$
$$\newcommand\Vp{\vec p}$$
$$\newcommand\Vq{\vec q}$$
$$\newcommand\Vr{\vec r}$$
$$\newcommand\Vs{\vec s}$$
$$\newcommand\Vt{\vec t}$$
$$\newcommand\Vu{\vec u}$$
$$\newcommand\Vv{\vec v}$$
$$\newcommand\Vw{\vec w}$$
$$\newcommand\Vx{\vec x}$$
$$\newcommand\Vy{\vec y}$$
$$\newcommand\Vz{\vec z}$$
$$\newcommand\VA{\vec A}$$
$$\newcommand\VB{\vec B}$$
$$\newcommand\VC{\vec C}$$
$$\newcommand\VD{\vec D}$$
$$\newcommand\VE{\vec E}$$
$$\newcommand\VF{\vec F}$$
$$\newcommand\VG{\vec G}$$
$$\newcommand\VH{\vec H}$$
$$\newcommand\VI{\vec I}$$
$$\newcommand\VJ{\vec J}$$
$$\newcommand\VK{\vec K}$$
$$\newcommand\VL{\vec L}$$
$$\newcommand\VM{\vec M}$$
$$\newcommand\VN{\vec N}$$
$$\newcommand\VO{\vec O}$$
$$\newcommand\VP{\vec P}$$
$$\newcommand\VQ{\vec Q}$$
$$\newcommand\VR{\vec R}$$
$$\newcommand\VS{\vec S}$$
$$\newcommand\VT{\vec T}$$
$$\newcommand\VU{\vec U}$$
$$\newcommand\VV{\vec V}$$
$$\newcommand\VW{\vec W}$$
$$\newcommand\VX{\vec X}$$
$$\newcommand\VY{\vec Y}$$
$$\newcommand\VZ{\vec Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Valpha{\vec\alpha}$$
$$\newcommand\Vbeta{\vec\beta}$$
$$\newcommand\Vgamma{\vec\gamma}$$
$$\newcommand\Vdelta{\vec\delta}$$
$$\newcommand\Vepsilon{\vec\epsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Vvarepsilon{\vec\varepsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Vzeta{\vec\zeta}$$
$$\newcommand\Veta{\vec\eta}$$
$$\newcommand\Vtheta{\vec\theta}$$
$$\newcommand\Vvartheta{\vec\vartheta}$$
$$\newcommand\Viota{\vec\iota}$$
$$\newcommand\Vkappa{\vec\kappa}$$
$$\newcommand\Vlambda{\vec\lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\Vmu ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[18], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vnu ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[19], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vxi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[20], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vom ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[21], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vpi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[22], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vvarpi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[23], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vrho ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[24], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vvarrho ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[25], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vsigma ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[26], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vvarsigma ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[27], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vtau ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[28], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vupsilon ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[29], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vphi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[30], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vvarphi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[31], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vchi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[32], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vpsi ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[33], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\Vomega ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[34], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\VGamma ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[35], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\VDelta ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/p[1]/span[36], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\VTheta{\vec\Theta}$$
$$\newcommand\VLambda{\vec\Lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\VXi{\vec\Xi}$$
$$\newcommand\VPi{\vec\Pi}$$
$$\newcommand\VSigma{\vec\Sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\VUps{\vec\Upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\VPhi{\vec\Phi}$$
$$\newcommand\VPsi{\vec\Psi}$$
$$\newcommand\VOmega{\vec\Omega}$$
$$\newcommand\BA{\mib A}$$
$$\newcommand\BB{\mib B}$$
$$\newcommand\BC{\mib C}$$
$$\newcommand\BD{\mib D}$$
$$\newcommand\BE{\mib E}$$
$$\newcommand\BF{\mib F}$$
$$\newcommand\BG{\mib G}$$
$$\newcommand\BH{\mib H}$$
$$\newcommand\BI{\mib I}}$$
$$\newcommand\BJ{\mib J}$$
$$\newcommand\BK{\mib K}$$
$$\newcommand\BL{\mib L}$$
$$\newcommand\BM{\mib M}$$
$$\newcommand\BN{\mib N}$$
$$\newcommand\BO{\mib O}$$
$$\newcommand\BP{\mib P}$$
$$\newcommand\BQ{\mib Q}$$
$$\newcommand\BR{\mib R}$$
$$\newcommand\BS{\mib S}$$
$$\newcommand\BT{\mib T}$$
$$\newcommand\BU{\mib U}$$
$$\newcommand\BV{\mib V}$$
$$\newcommand\BW{\mib W}$$
$$\newcommand\BX{\mib X}$$
$$\newcommand\BY{\mib Y}$$
$$\newcommand\BZ{\mib Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Ba{\mib a}$$
$$\newcommand\Bb{\mib b}$$
$$\newcommand\Bc{\mib c}$$
$$\newcommand\Bd{\mib d}$$
$$\newcommand\Be{\mib e}$$
$$\newcommand\Bf{\mib f}$$
$$\newcommand\Bg{\mib g}$$
$$\newcommand\Bh{\mib h}$$
$$\newcommand\Bi{\mib i}$$
$$\newcommand\Bj{\mib j}$$
$$\newcommand\Bk{\mib k}$$
$$\newcommand\Bl{\mib l}$$
$$\newcommand\Bm{\mib m}$$
$$\newcommand\Bn{\mib n}$$
$$\newcommand\Bo{\mib o}$$
$$\newcommand\Bp{\mib p}$$
$$\newcommand\Bq{\mib q}$$
$$\newcommand\Br{\mib r}$$
$$\newcommand\Bs{\mib s}$$
$$\newcommand\Bt{\mib t}$$
$$\newcommand\Bu{\mib u}$$
$$\newcommand\Bv{\mib v}$$
$$\newcommand\Bw{\mib w}$$
$$\newcommand\Bx{\mib x}$$
$$\newcommand\By{\mib y}$$
$$\newcommand\Bz{\mib z}$$\)
$$\newcommand\vrh{\varrho}$$
$$\newcommand\vsig{\varsigma}$$
$$\newcommand\ups{\upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\eps{\epsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\ve{\varepsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\vth{\vartheta}$$
$$\newcommand\vphi{\varphi}$$
$$\newcommand\xhi{\chi}$$
$$\newcommand\Ups{\Upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Balpha{\mib\alpha}$$
$$\newcommand\Bbeta{\mib\beta}$$
$$\newcommand\Bgamma{\mib\gamma}$$
$$\newcommand\Bdelta{\mib\delta}$$
$$\newcommand\Beps{\mib\epsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Bve{\mib\varepsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Bzeta{\mib\zeta}$$
$$\newcommand\Beta{\mib\eta}$$
$$\newcommand\Btheta{\mib\theta}$$
$$\newcommand\Bvth{\mib\vartheta}$$
$$\newcommand\Biota{\mib\iota}$$
$$\newcommand\Bkappa{\mib\kappa}$$
$$\newcommand\Blambda{\mib\lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\Bmu{\mib\mu}$$
$$\newcommand\Bnu{\mib\nu}$$
$$\newcommand\Bxi{\mib\xi}$$
$$\newcommand\Bom{\mib\omicron}$$
$$\newcommand\Bpi{\mib\pi}$$
$$\newcommand\Bvarpi{\mib\varpi}$$
$$\newcommand\Brho{\mib\rho}$$
$$\newcommand\Bvrh{\mib\varrho}$$
$$\newcommand\Bsigma{\mib\sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\Bvsig{\mib\varsigma}$$
$$\newcommand\Btau{\mib\tau}$$
$$\newcommand\Bups{\mib\upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\Bphi{\mib\phi}$$
$$\newcommand\Bvphi{\mib\vphi}$$
$$\newcommand\Bchi{\mib\chi}$$
$$\newcommand\Bpsi{\mib\psi}$$
$$\newcommand\Bomega{\mib\omega}$$
$$\newcommand\BGamma{\mib\Gamma}$$
$$\newcommand\BDelta{\mib\Delta}$$
$$\newcommand\BTheta{\mib\Theta}$$
$$\newcommand\BLambda{\mib\Lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\BXi{\mib\Xi}$$
$$\newcommand\BPi{\mib\Pi}$$
$$\newcommand\BSigma{\mib\Sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\BUps{\mib\Upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\BPhi{\mib\Phi}$$
$$\newcommand\BPsi{\mib\Psi}$$
$$\newcommand\BOmega{\mib\Omega}$$
$$\newcommand\Bxhi{\raise.35ex\hbox{\Bchi}}$$
$$\newcommand\RGamma{ \Gamma}$$
$$\newcommand\RDelta{ \Delta}$$
$$\newcommand\RTheta{ \Theta}$$
$$\newcommand\RLambda{ \Lambda}$$
$$\newcommand\RXi{ \Xi}$$
$$\newcommand\RPi{ \Pi}$$
$$\newcommand\RSigma{ \Sigma}$$
$$\newcommand\RUps{ \Upsilon}$$
$$\newcommand\RPhi{ \Phi}$$
$$\newcommand\RPsi{ \Psi}$$
$$\newcommand\ROmega{ \Omega}$$
$$\newcommand\RA{ A}$$
$$\newcommand\RB{ B}$$
$$\newcommand\RC{ C}$$
$$\newcommand\RD{ D}$$
$$\newcommand\RE{ E}$$
$$\newcommand\RF{ F}$$
$$\newcommand\RG{ G}$$
$$\newcommand\RH{ H}$$
$$\newcommand\RI{ I}$$
$$\newcommand\RJ{ J}$$
$$\newcommand\RK{ K}$$
$$\newcommand\RL{ L}$$
$$\newcommand { M}$$
$$\newcommand\RN{ N}$$
$$\newcommand\RO{ O}$$
$$\newcommand\RP{ P}$$
$$\newcommand\RQ{ Q}$$
$$\newcommand\RR{ R}$$
$$\newcommand\RS{ S}$$
$$\newcommand\RT{ T}$$
$$\newcommand\RU{ U}$$
$$\newcommand\RV{ V}$$
$$\newcommand\RW{ W}$$
$$\newcommand\RX{ X}$$
$$\newcommand\RY{ Y}$$
$$\newcommand\RZ{ Z}$$
$$\newcommand\Ra{ a}$$
$$\newcommand\Rb{ b}$$
$$\newcommand\Rc{ c}$$
$$\newcommand\Rd{ d}$$
$$\newcommand\Re{ e}$$
$$\newcommand\Rf{ f}$$
$$\newcommand\Rg{ g}$$
$$\newcommand\Rh{ h}$$
$$\newcommand\Ri{ i}$$
$$\newcommand\Rj{ j}$$
$$\newcommand\Rk{ k}$$
$$\newcommand\Rl{ l}$$
$$\newcommand { m}$$
$$\newcommand\Rn{ n}$$
$$\newcommand\Ro{ o}$$
$$\newcommand\Rp{ p}$$
$$\newcommand\Rq{ q}$$
$$\newcommand\Rr{ r}$$
$$\newcommand\Rs{ s}$$
$$\newcommand\Rt{ t}$$
$$\newcommand\Ru{ u}$$
$$\newcommand\Rv{ v}$$
$$\newcommand\Rw{ w}$$
$$\newcommand\Rx{ x}$$
$$\newcommand\Ry{ y}$$
$$\newcommand\Rz{ z}$$
$$\newcommand\BBA{\boldsymbol\RA}$$
$$\newcommand\BBB{\boldsymbol\RB}$$
$$\newcommand\BBC{\boldsymbol\RC}$$
$$\newcommand\BBD{\boldsymbol\RD}$$
$$\newcommand\BBE{\boldsymbol\RE}$$
$$\newcommand\BBF{\boldsymbol\RF}$$
$$\newcommand\BBG{\boldsymbol\RG}$$
$$\newcommand\BBH{\boldsymbol\RH}$$
$$\newcommand\BBI{\boldsymbol\RI}$$
$$\newcommand\BBJ{\boldsymbol\RJ}$$
$$\newcommand\BBK{\boldsymbol\RK}$$
$$\newcommand\BBL{\boldsymbol\RL}$$
$$\newcommand\BBM{\boldsymbol }$$
$$\newcommand\BBN{\boldsymbol\RN}$$
$$\newcommand\BBO{\boldsymbol\RO}$$
$$\newcommand\BBP{\boldsymbol\RP}$$
$$\newcommand\BBQ{\boldsymbol\RQ}$$
$$\newcommand\BBR{\boldsymbol\RR}$$
$$\newcommand\BBS{\boldsymbol\RS}$$
$$\newcommand\BBT{\boldsymbol\RT}$$
$$\newcommand\BBU{\boldsymbol\RU}$$
$$\newcommand\BBV{\boldsymbol\RV}$$
$$\newcommand\BBW{\boldsymbol\RW}$$
$$\newcommand\BBX{\boldsymbol\RX}$$
$$\newcommand\BBY{\boldsymbol\RY}$$
$$\newcommand\BBZ{\boldsymbol\RZ}$$
$$\newcommand\BBa{\boldsymbol\Ra}$$
$$\newcommand\BBb{\boldsymbol\Rb}$$
$$\newcommand\BBc{\boldsymbol\Rc}$$
$$\newcommand\BBd{\boldsymbol\Rd}$$
$$\newcommand\BBe{\boldsymbol\Re}$$
$$\newcommand\BBf{\boldsymbol\Rf}$$
$$\newcommand\BBg{\boldsymbol\Rg}$$
$$\newcommand\BBh{\boldsymbol\Rh}\}$$
$$\newcommand\BBi{\boldsymbol\Ri}$$
$$\newcommand\BBj{\boldsymbol\Rj}$$
$$\newcommand\BBk{\boldsymbol\Rk}$$
$$\newcommand\BBl{boldsymbol\Rl}$$
$$\newcommand\BBm{\boldsymbol }$$
$$\newcommand\BBn{\boldsymbol\Rn}$$
$$\newcommand\BBo{\boldsymbol\Ro}$$
$$\newcommand\BBp{\boldsymbol\Rp}$$
$$\newcommand\BBq{\boldsymbol\Rq}$$
$$\newcommand\BBr{\boldsymbol\Rr}$$
$$\newcommand\BBs{\boldsymbol\Rs}$$
$$\newcommand\BBt{\boldsymbol\Rt}$$
$$\newcommand\BBu{\boldsymbol\Ru}$$
$$\newcommand\BBv{\boldsymbol\Rv}$$
$$\newcommand\BBw{\boldsymbol\Rw}$$
$$\newcommand\BBx{\boldsymbol\Rx}$$
$$\newcommand\BBy{\boldsymbol\Ry}$$
$$\newcommand\BBz{\boldsymbol\Rz}$$
$$\newcommand\tcb{\textcolor{blue}$$
$$\newcommand\tcr{\textcolor{red}$$
$$\newcommand\bnabla{\boldsymbol{\nabla}}$$
$$\newcommand\Bell{\boldsymbol\ell}$$
$$\newcommand\dbar{\,{\mathchar'26\mkern-12mu d}}$$
$$\newcommand\ns{^\vphantom{*}}$$
$$\newcommand\uar{\uparrow}$$
$$\newcommand\dar{\downarrow}$$
$$\newcommand\impi{\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!}$$
$$\newcommand\izpi{\int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\!\!}$$
$$\newcommand\etc{\it etc.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\etal{\it et al.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\opcit{\it op. cit.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\ie{\it i.e.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\Ie{\it I.e.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\viz{\it viz.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\eg{\it e.g.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\Eg{\it E.g.\/}$$
$$\newcommand\dbar{\,{\mathchar'26\mkern-12mu d}}$$
$$\def\sss#1{\scriptscriptstyle #1}$$
$$\def\ss#1{\scriptstyle #1}$$
$$\def\ssr#1{\scriptstyle #1}$$
$$\def\ssf#1{\scriptstyle #1}$$
$$\newcommand\NA{N_{\ssr{\!A}}}$$
$$\newcommand\lala{\langle\!\langle}$$
$$\newcommand\rara{\rangle\!\rangle}$$
$$\newcommand\blan{\big\langle}$$
$$\newcommand\bran{\big\rangle}$$
$$\newcommand\Blan{\Big\langle}$$
$$\newcommand\Bran{\Big\rangle}$$
$$\newcommand\intl{\int\limits}$$
$$\newcommand\half{\frac{1}{2}}$$
$$\newcommand\third{\frac{1}{3}}$$
$$\newcommand\fourth{\frac{1}{4}}$$
$$\newcommand\eighth{\frac{1}{8}}$$
$$\newcommand\uar{\uparrow}$$
$$\newcommand\dar{\downarrow}$$
$$\newcommand\undertext#1{\underline{\hbox{#1}}}$$
$$\newcommand\Tra{\mathop{\textsf{Tr}}\,}$$
$$\newcommand\det{\mathop{\textsf{det}}\,}$$
$$\def\tket#1{| #1 \rangle}$$
$$\def\tbra#1{\langle #1|}$$
$$\def\tbraket#1#2{\langle #1 | #2 \rangle}$$
$$\def\texpect#1#2#3{\langle #1 | #2 | #3 \rangle}$$
$$\def\sket#1{| \, #1 \, \rangle}$$
$$\def\sbra#1{\langle \, #1 \, |}$$
$$\def\sbraket#1#2{\langle \, #1 \, | \, #2 \, \rangle}$$
$$\def\sexpect#1#2#3{\langle \, #1 \, | \, #2 \, | \, #3 \, \rangle}$$
$$\def\ket#1{\big| \, #1\, \big\rangle}$$
$$\def\bra#1{\big\langle \, #1 \, \big|}$$
$$\def\braket#1#2{\big\langle \, #1\, \big| \,#2 \,\big\rangle}$$
$$\def\expect#1#2#3{\big\langle\, #1\, \big|\, #2\, \big| \,#3\, \big\rangle}$$
$$\newcommand\pz{\partial}$$
$$\newcommand\pzb{\bar{\partial}}$$
$$\newcommand\svph{\vphantom{\int}}$$
$$\newcommand\vph{\vphantom{\sum_i}}$$
$$\newcommand\bvph{\vphantom{\sum_N^N}}$$
$$\newcommand\nd{^{\vphantom{\dagger}}}$$
$$\newcommand\ns{^{\vphantom{*}}}$$
$$\newcommand\yd{^\dagger}$$
$$\newcommand\zb{\bar z}$$
$$\newcommand\zdot{\dot z}$$
$$\newcommand\zbdot{\dot{\bar z}}$$
$$\newcommand\kB{k_{\sss{B}}}$$
$$\newcommand\kT{k_{\sss{B}}T}$$
$$\newcommand\gtau{g_\tau}$$
$$\newcommand\Htil{\tilde H}$$
$$\newcommand\pairo{(\phi\nd_0,J\nd_0)}$$
$$\newcommand\pairm{(\phi\nd_0,J)}$$
$$\newcommand\pairob{(\Bphi\nd_0,\BJ\nd_0)}$$
$$\newcommand\pairmb{(\Bphi\nd_0,\BJ)}$$
$$\newcommand\pair{(\phi,J)}$$
$$\newcommand\Hz{H\nd_0}$$
$$\newcommand\Ho{H\nd_1}$$
$$\newcommand\Htz{\Htil\nd_0}$$
$$\newcommand\Hto{\Htil\nd_1}$$
$$\newcommand\oc{\omega_\Rc}$$
$$\newcommand \gtwid{\approx}$$
$$\newcommand\index{\textsf{ind}}$$
$$\newcommand\csch{\,{ csch\,}}$$
$$\newcommand\ctnh{\,{ ctnh\,}}$$
$$\newcommand\ctn{\,{ ctn\,}}$$
$$\newcommand\sgn{\,{ sgn\,}}$$
$$\def\tmapright#1{\xrightarrow \limits^{#1}}$$
$$\def\bmapright#1{\xrightarrow\limits_{#1}}$$
$$\newcommand\hfb{\hfill\break}$$
$$\newcommand\Rep{\textsf{Re}\,}$$
$$\newcommand\Imp{\textsf{Im}\,}$$
$$\newcommand\ncdot{\!\cdot\!}$$
$$\def\tmapright#1{ \smash{\mathop{\hbox to 35pt{\rightarrowfill}}\limits^{#1}}\ }$$
$$\def\bmapright#1{ \smash{\mathop{\hbox to 35pt{\rightarrowfill}}\limits_{#1}}\ }$$
$$\newcommand\bsqcap{\mbox{\boldmath{\sqcap}}}$$
$$\def\pabc#1#2#3{\left({\pz #1\over\pz #2}\right)\ns_{\!\!#3}}$$
$$\def\spabc#1#2#3{\big({\pz #1\over\pz #2}\big)\ns_{\!#3}}$$
$$\def\qabc#1#2#3{\pz^2\! #1\over\pz #2\,\pz #3}$$
$$\def\rabc#1#2#3#4{(\pz #1,\pz #2)\over (\pz #3,\pz #4)}$$
$$\newcommand\subA{\ns_\ssr{A}}$$
$$\newcommand\subB{\ns_\ssr{B}}$$
$$\newcommand\subC{\ns_\ssr{C}}$$
$$\newcommand\subD{\ns_\ssr{D}}$$
$$\newcommand\subAB{\ns_\ssr{AB}}$$
$$\newcommand\subBC{\ns_\ssr{BC}}$$
$$\newcommand\subCD{\ns_\ssr{CD}}$$
$$\newcommand\subDA{\ns_\ssr{DA}}$$
$$\def\lmapright#1{\ \ \smash{\mathop{\hbox to 55pt{\rightarrowfill}}\limits^{#1}}\ \ }$$
$$\def\enth#1{\RDelta {\textsf H}^0_\Rf[{ #1}]}$$
\newcommand\longrightleftharpoons{ \mathop{\vcenter{\hbox{\ooalign{\raise1pt\hbox{\longrightharpoonup\joinrel}\crcr \lower1pt\hbox{\longleftharpoondown\joinrel}}}}}}
$$\newcommand\longrightharpoonup{\relbar\joinrel\rightharpoonup}$$
$$\newcommand\longleftharpoondown{\leftharpoondown\joinrel\relbar}$$
$$\newcommand\cds{\,\bullet\,}$$
$$\newcommand\ccs{\,\circ\,}$$
$$\newcommand\nsub{_{\vphantom{\dagger}}}$$
$$\newcommand\rhohat{\hat\rho}$$
$$\newcommand\vrhhat{\hat\vrh}$$
$$\newcommand\impi{\int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty\!\!\!}$$
$$\newcommand\brangle{\big\rangle}$$
$$\newcommand\blangle{\big\langle}$$
$$\newcommand\vet{\tilde\ve}$$
$$\newcommand\zbar{\bar z}$$
$$\newcommand\ftil{\tilde f}$$
$$\newcommand\XBE{\RXi\ns_\ssr{BE}}$$
$$\newcommand\XFD{\RXi\ns_\ssr{FD}}$$
$$\newcommand\OBE{\Omega\ns_\ssr{BE}}$$
$$\newcommand\OFD{\Omega\ns_\ssr{FD}}$$
$$\newcommand\veF{\ve\ns_\RF}$$
$$\newcommand\kF{k\ns_\RF}$$
$$\newcommand\kFu{k\ns_{\RF\uar}}$$
$$\newcommand\SZ{\textsf Z}}$$ $$\newcommand\kFd{k\ns_{\RF\dar}$$
$$\newcommand\muB{\mu\ns_\ssr{B}}$$
$$\newcommand\mutB{\tilde\mu}\ns_\ssr{B}$$
$$\newcommand\xoN{\Bx\ns_1\,,\,\ldots\,,\,\Bx\ns_N}$$
$$\newcommand\rok{\Br\ns_1\,,\,\ldots\,,\,\Br\ns_k}$$
$$\newcommand\xhiOZ{\xhi^\ssr{OZ}}$$
$$\newcommand\xhihOZ ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/span[1], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\jhz{\HJ(0)}$$
$$\newcommand\nda{\nd_\alpha}$$
$$\newcommand\ndap{\nd_{\alpha'}}$$
$$\newcommand\labar ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Template:MathJaxArovas), /content/body/div/span[2], line 1, column 1 at template() at (Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics_(Arovas)/04:_Statistical_Ensembles/4.01:_Microcanonical_Ensemble_(μCE)), /content/body/p/span, line 1, column 23 $$
$$\newcommand\msa{m\ns_\ssr{A}}$$
$$\newcommand\msb{m\ns_\ssr{B}}$$
$$\newcommand\mss{m\ns_\Rs}$$
$$\newcommand\HBx{\hat\Bx}$$
$$\newcommand\HBy{\hat\By}$$
$$\newcommand\HBz{\hat\Bz}$$
$$\newcommand\thm{\theta\ns_m}$$
$$\newcommand\thp{\theta\ns_\phi}$$
$$\newcommand\mtil{\widetilde m}$$
$$\newcommand\phitil{\widetilde\phi}$$
$$\newcommand\delf{\delta\! f}$$
$$\newcommand\coll{\bigg({\pz f\over\pz t}\bigg)\nd_{\! coll}}$$
$$\newcommand\stre{\bigg({\pz f\over\pz t}\bigg)\nd_{\! str}}$$
$$\newcommand\idrp{\int\!\!{d^3\!r\,d^3\!p\over h^3}\>}$$
$$\newcommand\vbar{\bar v}$$
$$\newcommand\BCE{\mbox{\boldmath{\CE}}\!}$$
$$\newcommand\BCR{\mbox{\boldmath{\CR}}\!}$$
$$\newcommand\gla{g\nd_{\RLambda\nd}}$$
$$\newcommand\TA{T\ns_\ssr{A}}$$
$$\newcommand\TB{T\ns_\ssr{B}}$$
$$\newcommand\ncdot{\!\cdot\!}$$
$$\newcommand\NS{N\ns_{\textsf S}}$$
## The microcanonical distribution function
We have seen how in an ergodic dynamical system, time averages can be replaced by phase space averages:
${ergodicity}\quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad \big\langle f(\Bvphi)\big\rangle\ns_t=\big\langle f(\Bvphi)\big\rangle\ns_S\ ,$
where
$\big\langle f(\Bvphi)\big\rangle\ns_t=\lim_{T\to\infty}{1\over T}\!\int\limits_0^T\!\!dt\,f\big(\Bvphi(t)\big)\ .$
and
$\big\langle f(\Bvphi)\big\rangle\ns_S=\int\!\!d\mu\,f(\Bvphi)\,\delta\big(E-\HH(\Bvphi)\big) \bigg/ \!\int\!\!d\mu\,\delta\big(E-\HH(\Bvphi)\big) \ .$
Here $$\HH(\Bvphi)=\HH(\Bq,\Bp)$$ is the Hamiltonian, and where $$\delta(x)$$ is the Dirac $$\delta$$-function1. Thus, averages are taken over a constant energy hypersurface which is a subset of the entire phase space.
We’ve also seen how any phase space distribution $$\vrh(\Lambda\ns_1,\ldots,\Lambda\ns_k)$$ which is a function of conserved quantitied $$\Lambda\ns_a(\Bvphi)$$ is automatically a stationary (time-independent) solution to Liouville’s equation. Note that the microcanonical distribution,
$\vrh\nd_E(\Bvphi)=\delta\big(E-\HH(\Bvphi)\big) \bigg/\! \!\int\!\!d\mu\,\delta\big(E-\HH(\Bvphi)\big)\ ,$
is of this form, since $$\HH(\Bvphi)$$ is conserved by the dynamics. Linear and angular momentum conservation generally are broken by elastic scattering off the walls of the sample.
So averages in the microcanonical ensemble are computed by evaluating the ratio
$\big\langle A\big\rangle = {\Tra A\,\delta(E-\HH)\over \Tra\delta(E-\HH)}\ ,$
where $$\Tra$$ means ‘trace’, which entails an integration over all phase space:
$\Tra A(q,p)\equiv {1\over N!}\prod_{i=1}^N\int\!{d^d\!p\ns_i\,d^d\!q\ns_i\over (2\pi\hbar)^d}\,A(q,p)\ . \label{trcl}$
Here $$N$$ is the total number of particles and $$d$$ is the dimension of physical space in which each particle moves. The factor of $$1/N!$$, which cancels in the ratio between numerator and denominator, is present for indistinguishable particles2. The normalization factor $$(2\pi\hbar)^{-Nd}$$ renders the trace dimensionless. Again, this cancels between numerator and denominator. These factors may then seem arbitrary in the definition of the trace, but we’ll see how they in fact are required from quantum mechanical considerations. So we now adopt the following metric for classical phase space integration:
$d\mu={1\over N!}\,\prod_{i=1}^N {d^d\!p\ns_i\,d^d\!q\ns_i\over (2\pi\hbar)^d}\ .$
## Density of States
The denominator,
$D(E)=\Tra \delta(E-\HH)\ ,$
is called the density of states. It has dimensions of inverse energy, such that
\begin{align} D(E)\,\RDelta E &=\int\limits_E^{E+\RDelta E}\hskip-0.4cm dE'\!\int\!\!d\mu\>\delta(E'-\HH)=\hskip-0.8cm \int\limits_{E<\HH<E+\RDelta E}\hskip-0.8cm d\mu\label{DOSeqn}\\ &= \hbox{\# of states with energies between E and E+\RDelta E}\ .\nonumber\end{align}
Let us now compute $$D(E)$$ for the nonrelativistic ideal gas. The Hamiltonian is
$\HH(q,p)=\sum_{i=1}^N {\Bp_i^2\over 2m}\ .$
We assume that the gas is enclosed in a region of volume $$V$$, and we’ll do a purely classical calculation, neglecting discreteness of its quantum spectrum. We must compute
$D(E)={1\over N!}\int\!\prod_{i=1}^N {d^d\!p\ns_i\,d^d\!q\ns_i\over (2\pi\hbar)^d}\>\delta\bigg(\!E-\sum_{i=1}^N {\Bp_i^2\over 2m}\bigg)\ .$
We shall calculate $$D(E)$$ in two ways. The first method utilizes the Laplace transform, $$Z(\beta)$$:
$Z(\beta)=\CL\big[D(E)\big]\equiv\int\limits_0^\infty\!\!dE\>e^{-\beta E}\,D(E) = \Tra e^{-\beta \HH}\ . \label{Zlap}$
The inverse Laplace transform is then
$D(E)=\CL^{-1}\big[Z(\beta)\big]\equiv\!\!\int\limits_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty}\!\!\!{d\beta\over 2\pi i}\>e^{\beta E}\,Z(\beta)\ ,$
where $$c$$ is such that the integration contour is to the right of any singularities of $$Z(\beta)$$ in the complex $$\beta$$-plane. We then have
$\begin{split} Z(\beta)&={1\over N!}\prod_{i=1}^N\int\!{d^d\!x\ns_i\, d^d\!p\ns_i\over (2\pi\hbar)^d}\>e^{-\beta\Bp_i^2/2m}\\ &={V^N\over N!}\left(\int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty\!\!{dp\over 2\pi\hbar}\>e^{-\beta p^2/2m}\right)^{\!\!Nd}\\ &={V^N\over N!}\bigg({m\over 2\pi\hbar^2}\bigg)^{\!\!Nd/2}\,\beta^{-Nd/2}\ . \label{zideal} \end{split}$
The inverse Laplace transform is then
$\begin{split} D(E)&={V^N\over N!} \bigg({m\over 2\pi\hbar^2}\bigg)^{\!\!Nd/2}\oint\limits_\CC\!\!{d\beta\over 2\pi i}\>e^{\beta E}\,\beta^{-Nd/2}\\ &={V^N\over N!}\,\bigg({m\over 2\pi\hbar^2}\bigg)^{\!\!Nd/2}\,{E\nsub^{{1\over 2}Nd-1}\over \RGamma(Nd/2)}\ , \end{split}$
exactly as before. The integration contour for the inverse Laplace transform is extended in an infinite semicircle in the left half $$\beta$$-plane. When $$Nd$$ is even, the function $$\beta^{-Nd/2}$$ has a simple pole of order $$Nd/2$$ at the origin. When $$Nd$$ is odd, there is a branch cut extending along the negative $${Re}\,\beta$$ axis, and the integration contour must avoid the cut, as shown in Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$. One can check that this results in the same expression above, we may analytically continue from even values of $$Nd$$ to all positive values of $$Nd$$.
For a general system, the Laplace transform, $$Z(\beta)=\CL\big[D(E)\big]$$ also is called the partition function. We shall again meet up with $$Z(\beta)$$ when we discuss the ordinary canonical ensemble.
Our final result, then, is
$D(E,V,N)={V^N\over N!}\,\bigg({m\over 2\pi\hbar^2}\bigg)^{\!\!Nd/2}\,{E\nsub^{{1\over 2}Nd-1}\over \RGamma(Nd/2)}\ .$
Here we have emphasized that the density of states is a function of $$E$$, $$V$$, and $$N$$. Using Stirling’s approximation,
$\ln N! = N\ln N - N + \half \ln N + \half \ln(2\pi) + \CO\big(N^{-1}\big)\ ,$
we may define the statistical entropy,
$S(E,V,N)\equiv \kB\ln D(E,V,N) = N\kB \,\phi\bigg({E\over N}\, , \,{V\over N}\bigg) + \CO(\ln N)\ , \label{statent}$
where
$\phi\bigg({E\over N}\, , \,{V\over N}\bigg)={d\over 2}\,\ln\!\bigg({E\over N}\bigg) + \ln\! \bigg({V\over N} \bigg) +{d\over 2}\,\ln\!\bigg({m\over d\pi\hbar^2}\bigg)+\big( 1+\half d\big)\ . \label{phinrel}$
Recall $$\kB=1.3806503\times 10^{-16}\,{erg}/\RK$$ is Boltzmann’s constant.
### Second method
The second method invokes a mathematical trick. First, let’s rescale $$p^\alpha_i\equiv\sqrt{2mE}\>u^\alpha_i$$. We then have
$D(E)={V^N\over N!}\,\Bigg(\!{\sqrt{2mE}\over h}\Bigg)^{\!Nd}\,{1\over E}\int\!\!d^{M}\!u\>\delta\big(u_1^2+u_2^2+\ldots + u_M^2 -1\big)\ .$
Here we have written $$\Bu=(u\ns_1,u\ns_2,\ldots,u\ns_M)$$ with $$M=Nd$$ as a $$M$$-dimensional vector. We’ve also used the rule $$\delta(Ex)=E^{-1}\delta(x)$$ for $$\delta$$-functions. We can now write
$d^M\!u=u^{M-1}\,du\>d\Omega\nd_M\ ,$
where $$d\Omega\nd_M$$ is the $$M$$-dimensional differential solid angle. We now have our answer:3
$D(E)={V^N\over N!}\,\Bigg(\!{\sqrt{2m}\over h}\Bigg)^{\!Nd}\,E\nsub^{{1\over 2}Nd-1}\cdot \half\,\Omega\nd_{Nd}\ . \label{nrdos}$
What remains is for us to compute $$\Omega\nd_M$$, the total solid angle in $$M$$ dimensions. We do this by a nifty mathematical trick. Consider the integral
$\begin{split} \CI\ns_M&=\int\!\!d^M\!u\>e^{-u^2} = \Omega\nd_M\int\limits_0^\infty\!\!du\>u^{M-1}\,e^{-\Bu^2}\\ &=\half\Omega\nd_M\!\int\limits_0^\infty\!\!ds\>s\nsub^{{1\over 2}M-1}\,e^{-s}=\half\Omega\nd_M\,\RGamma\big(\half M\big)\ , \end{split}$
where $$s=u^2$$, and where
$\RGamma(z)=\int\limits_0^\infty\!\!dt\,t^{z-1}\,e^{-t}$
is the Gamma function, which satisfies $$z\,\RGamma(z)=\RGamma(z+1).$$4 On the other hand, we can compute $$\CI\nd_M$$ in Cartesian coordinates, writing
$\CI\ns_M=\left(\int\limits_{-\infty}^\infty\!\!\!du\ns_1\>e^{-u_1^2}\right)^{\!\!M}=\big(\sqrt{\pi}\big)^M\ .$
Therefore
$\Omega\nd_M={2\pi^{M/2}\over\RGamma(M/2)}\ .$
We thereby obtain $$\Omega\nd_2=2\pi$$, $$\Omega\nd_3=4\pi$$, $$\Omega\nd_4=2\pi^2$$, , the first two of which are familiar.
## Arbitrariness in the definition of $$S(E)$$
Note that $$D(E)$$ has dimensions of inverse energy, so one might ask how we are to take the logarithm of a dimensionful quantity in Equation \ref{statent}. We must introduce an energy scale, such as $$\RDelta E$$ in Equation \ref{DOSeqn}, and define $${\tilde D}(E;\RDelta E)=D(E)\,\RDelta E$$ and $$S(E;\RDelta E)\equiv\kB\ln {\tilde D}(E;\RDelta E)$$. The definition of statistical entropy then involves the arbitrary parameter $$\RDelta E$$, however this only affects $$S(E)$$ in an additive way. That is,
$S(E,V,N;\RDelta E\ns_1) = S(E,V,N;\RDelta E\ns_2) + \kB\ln\!\bigg({\RDelta E\ns_1\over \RDelta E\ns_2}\bigg)\ .$
Note that the difference between the two definitions of $$S$$ depends only on the ratio $$\RDelta E\ns_1/\RDelta E\ns_2$$, and is independent of $$E$$, $$V$$, and $$N$$.
## Ultra-relativistic ideal gas
Consider an ultrarelativistic ideal gas, with single particle dispersion $$\ve(p)=cp$$. We then have
$\begin{split} Z(\beta)&={V^N\over N!}{\Omega^N_d\over h^Nd}\left(\int\limits_0^\infty\!\!dp\>p^{d-1}\>e^{-\beta cp}\right)^{\!\!N}\\ &={V^N\over N!}\bigg({\RGamma(d)\,\Omega_d\over c^d\,h^d\,\beta^d}\bigg)^{\!\!N}\ . \end{split}$
The statistical entropy is $$S(E,V,N)=\kB\ln D(E,V,N)=N\kB\,\phi\big(\frac{E}{N},\frac{V}{N}\big)$$, with
$\phi\bigg({E\over N}\, , \,{V\over N}\bigg)=d\,\ln\!\bigg({E\over N}\bigg) + \ln\! \bigg({V\over N}\bigg) + \ln\!\bigg({\Omega_d\,\RGamma(d)\over (dhc)^d}\bigg) + (d+1) \label{phiurel}$
## Discrete systems
For classical systems where the energy levels are discrete, the states of the system $$\sket{\Bsigma}$$ are labeled by a set of discrete quantities $$\{\sigma\ns_1,\sigma\ns_2,\ldots\}$$, where each variable $$\sigma\ns_i$$ takes discrete values. The number of ways of configuring the system at fixed energy $$E$$ is then
$\ROmega(E,N)=\sum_\Bsigma\delta\ns_{\HH(\Bsigma),E}\ ,$
where the sum is over all possible configurations. Here $$N$$ labels the total number of particles. For example, if we have $$N$$ spin-$$\half$$ particles on a lattice which are placed in a magnetic field $$H$$, so the individual particle energy is $$\ve\ns_i=-\mu\ns_0 H\sigma$$, where $$\sigma=\pm 1$$, then in a configuration in which $$N\ns_\uar$$ particles have $$\sigma\ns_i=+1$$ and $$N\ns_\dar=N-N\ns_\uar$$ particles have $$\sigma\ns_i=-1$$, the energy is $$E=(N\ns_\dar-N\ns_\uar)\mu\ns_0 H$$. The number of configurations at fixed energy $$E$$ is
$\ROmega(E,N)={N\choose N\ns_\uar} = {N!\over \big({N\over 2} - {E\over 2\mu\ns_0 H}\big)! \, \big({N\over 2} + {E\over 2\mu\ns_0 H}\big)!}\ ,$
since $$N\ns_{\uar/\dar}={N\over 2}\mp {E\over 2\mu\ns_0 H}$$. The statistical entropy is $$S(E,N)=\kB\ln\ROmega(E,N)$$.
• Was this article helpful? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9912647008895874, "perplexity": 267.67485873852957}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301737.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120100127-20220120130127-00181.warc.gz"} |
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Modern_Physics/Supplemental_Modules_(Modern_Physics)/Black_Hole_Thermodynamics | $$\require{cancel}$$
# Black Hole Thermodynamics
$$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$$ $$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$$$$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$
## Introduction:
"Time and space are modes in which we think and not conditions in which we live." -- Einstein
"Space is the order of coexistence, and time is the order of succession of phenomena." -- Leibniz
"For the sage, time is only of significance in that within it the steps of becoming can unfold in clearest sequence." -- I Ching
## Background Information
One of the features of Hawking and Bekenstein's development of black hole thermodynamics is that it ties many many pieces of physics together. Among those pieces are:
• The realisation from Quantum Mechanics that we can think of all matter-energy as waves. A document on this appears here.
• The realisation from classical physics that in a confined region, waves exist as standing waves. A document on this appears here.
• The realisation from thermodynamics that the entropy can be viewed as a measure of the number of combinations or permutations of an ensemble that are equivalent. This is equivalent to viewing the entropy more conventionally as a measure of the heat divided by the temperature of a body. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, in a closed system the entropy never decreases. A document on Entropy appears here.
• The realisation from Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle that we can violate the principle of Conservation of Energy so long as we do it for only a short period of time. This is discussed in the next section of this document.
• The realisation from classical physics that all objects with a temperature above absolute zero radiate away energy as electromagnetic radiation. This is briefly discussed below.
• Feynman's theory of antimatter as regular matter going backwards in time. A document on antimatter appears here.
Finally, background information on black holes can be found here.
## Virtual Pair Production
Recall Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. It basically puts a limit on how much we can reduce the disturbance we introduce in a system by doing a measurement on it. There are a number of forms of the principle, and here we shall use only one of them:
The uncertainty in any measurement of the energy of an object times the uncertainty in when the object had that energy will always be at least equal to a universal constant.
Technical note: The universal constant is Planck's constant h divided by 2 pi.
A moment's reflection on the implications of this form of the Uncertainty Principle may convince you that this means that the energy does not even have a definite value but only a lower and upper bound.
Thus the principle of conservation of energy can be violated so long as the violation occurs for only a brief period of time.
Now consider Dirac's infinite sea of negative energy electrons. One of those electrons can violate conservation of energy by spontaneously jumping into a positive energy state provided it falls back into the hole quickly enough. You will recall that we interpret the hole in the sea as a positron. Thus, we believe that this virtual pair production is occurring everywhere in the universe. The pair can only exist for a time of about 10-35 seconds, i.e. 34 zeroes followed by a 1 to the right of the decimal point; this is called the Planck time.
Similarly we believe virtual pairs of proton-antiprotons, neutron-antineutrons etc. are continually being formed and disappearing everywhere in the universe. Wheeler, then, characterises the vacuum at a scale of very small distances as being quantum foam.
Here is yet another "little" fact that we will need soon: Thermodynamics says that any body with a temperature above absolute zero will radiate its energy away.
Recall that heat is just the internal energy of motion and vibration of the molecules of the substance. And also recall that whenever a body with electric charge vibrates it radiates energy as electromagnetic radiation. These two facts explain the radiation process.
Your body is radiating at a rate of about 60 Watts, the same as a 60W light bulb. Most of that radiation is in the infrared region.
The higher the temperature of a body the faster it radiates energy away.
Technical note: for a perfect radiating body the rate of energy radiation is a universal constant times the fourth power of the absolute temperature.
Whether the radiation is mostly as infrared or visible light or X-rays etc. depends on the temperature of the body. For example, if we heat up a steel bar it starts to glow "red hot." Increasing the temperature shifts the radiation spectrum and it glows "white hot." Raise the temperature further and the radiation becomes blue.
## Black Hole Thermodynamics
We consider here one of Stephen Hawking's contributions to Physics. A reference is his famous book A Brief History of Time. Sadly, a former tutor in JPU200Y was completely correct when he proposed the following multiple choice question for a test:
Lost in the media blitz surrounding Hawking is that, working independently, Bekenstein also came to many of the realisations we describe here.
We imagine a black hole as the singularity in the center surrounded by a spherical event horizon.We know that when a black hole is created by a collapsing neutron star that the neutrons are crushed out of existence; by this I mean that all their neutronness is wiped out. However their total mass-energy remains.
Another way of stating this is that outside of the event horizon all properties of the matter that formed it are gone except for the total mass-energy, rotation, and electric charge: this is sometimes called the Black Hole Has No Hair theorem.
The total mass-energy is manifested as the curvature of spacetime around the singularity.
We have seen that all matter has a wave aspect, and Quantum Mechanics describes the behavior of these waves. So, we shall think about representing the mass-energy inside the event horizon as waves.
Now, what kind of waves are possible inside the black hole? The answer is standing waves, waves that "fit" inside the black hole with a node at the event horizon. The possible wave states are very similar to the standing waves on a circular drum head that we saw earlier; they aren't exactly the same because the waves exist in three dimensions instead of just the two of the drumhead, but they are very close to the same.
Note that I just said "three dimensions." This is correct; we are using non-relativistic quantum mechanics.
The energy represented by a particular wave state is related to the frequency and amplitude of its oscillation. As we saw for the standing waves on a drumhead, the higher "overtones" have a higher frequency and thus these Quantum Mechanical waves contain more energy.
Assume that the total mass-energy inside the event horizon is fixed. So, we have various standing waves, each with a certain amount of energy, and the sum of the energy of all these waves equals the total mass-energy of the black hole. There are a large number of ways that the total mass-energy can distribute itself among the standing waves. We could have it in only a few high energy waves or a larger number of low energy waves.
It turns out that all the possible standing wave states are equally probable. Thus, we can calculate the probability of a particular combination of waves containing the total mass-energy of the black hole the same way we calculated the probability of getting various combinations for dice. Just as for the dice, the state with the most total combinations will be the most probable state.
But we have seen that the entropy is just a measure of the probability. Thus we can calculate the entropy of a black hole.
We have also seen that the entropy measures the heat divided by the absolute temperature. The "heat" here is just the total mass-energy of the black hole, and if we know that and we know the entropy, we can calculate a temperature for the black hole.
So, as Hawking realised, we can apply all of Thermodynamics to a black hole.
In a previous section we saw that any body with a temperature above absolute zero will radiate energy. And we have just seen that a black hole has a non-zero temperature. Thus thermodynamics says it will radiate energy and evaporate. We can calculate the rate of radiation for a given temperature from classical thermodynamics.
How is this possible? Nothing can get across the event horizon, so how can the black hole radiate? The answer is via virtual pair production.
Consider a virtual electron-positron pair produced just outside the event horizon. Once the pair is created, the intense curvature of spacetime of the black hole can put energy into the pair. Thus the pair can become non-virtual; the electron does not fall back into the hole.
There are many possible fates for the pair. Consider one of them: the positron falls into the black hole and the electron escapes. According to Feynman's view we can describe this as follows:
The electron crosses the event horizon travelling backwards in time, scatters, and then radiates away from the black hole travelling forwards in time.
Using the field of physics that calculates virtual pair production etc., called Quantum Electrodynamics, we can calculate the rate at which these electrons etc. will be radiating away from the black hole. The result is the same as the rate of radiation that we calculate using classical thermodynamics.
The fact that we can get the radiation rate in two independent ways, from classical Thermodynamics or from Quantum Electrodynamics, strengthens our belief that black holes radiate their energy away and evaporate.
Technical note: if we measure the mass-energy M of a black hole in units where the mass of our Sun is one, then the absolute temperature of the black hole is 6 × 10-8 / M Kelvin and its lifetime, in seconds, is: 1071 M3.
## Black Holes and Information
Above we mentioned the Black Hole Has No Hair theorem, which states that no matter what falls into a black hole, the only properties that remain are the total mass, charge, and angular momentum of the object. Thus if, say, an encyclopedia falls into a black hole all the information in the encyclopedia is lost.
We can state this circumstance in another way using Quantum Mechanical terminology. Before it falls into a black hole the encyclopedia has in principle a single well defined wave function. This is called a pure state. After it falls into the hole, however, we have seen that the description of its mass-energy becomes a combination of the possible standing wave states that can exist with nodes on the event horizon. This is called a mixed state.
However, Quantum Mechanics provides no mechanism by which a pure state can become a mixed one. This is usually called the "Information Problem" with black holes.
Hawking, Kip Thorne and others believe that when this problem is resolved, it will turn out that the information really has been irretrievably lost. However, John Preskill and others firmly believe that a mechanism for the information to be released by the evaporating black hole must and will be found in a correct theory of quantum gravity.
Thus, in February 1997 Preskill offered a bet to Hawking and Thorne that:
"When an initial pure quantum state undergoes gravitational collapse to form a black hole, the final state at the end of black hole evaporation will always be a pure quantum state."
Hawking and Thorne accepted the bet. The wager is:
"The loser(s) will reward the winner(s) with an encyclopedia of the winner's choice, from which information can be recovered at will."
## Thermodynamics of the Universe
Consider the universe. It has a size of about 15 billion light years or so. It also has a total amount of mass-energy. If we represent this mass-energy as quantum mechanical standing waves, just as we did for black holes, we can calculate the total entropy of the universe.
It turns out that the entropy of either a black hole or the universe is proportional to its size squared.
Thus for a given amount of total mass-energy, the larger the object the higher the entropy.
But the universe is expanding, so its size is increasing. Thus the total entropy of the universe is also increasing.
This leads us to the idea that the Second Law of Thermodynamics may be a consequence of the expanding universe. Thus cosmology explains this nineteenth century principle.
Put another way, recall that we have realized that the direction of time, "time's arrow," can come either from the fact that the universe is expanding or from the Second Law of Thermodynamics. We have now found a relationship between these two indicators of the direction of time.
It is amusing to speculate about what will happen to the Second Law of Thermodynamics if the universe is closed, so that at some point the expansion stops and reverses.
Even more wild is the idea that if the expansion of the universe determines the direction of time's arrow, then if the universe starts to contract the direction of time will also reverse.
## Sentient Beings
Hawking and Bekenstein did much of the above work on the thermodynamics of black holes and the universe. In this section we consider a speculation for which I must take the blame.
Reference: D. Harrison, "Entropy and the Number of Sentient Beings in the Universe," Speculations in Science and Technology 5 (1982) 43.
First, we must think a bit about information.
The search for extra-terrestrial life has concentrated on scanning the universe for radio waves and trying to see if the patterns of the radiation could contain evidence of intelligence. When the pulsars, the radio sources that send blips at highly regular intervals, were first discovered some people got very excited and thought perhaps the search had yielded a positive result; now we believe that the pulsars are the radiation from rapidly rotating neutron stars.
If we receive a radio transmission that is just static, there is very little information in it. The information content of a signal depends on that signal being ordered, not random. Thus if the extra-terrestrial beings are sending information to us in radio waves the signal will be ordered in some way.
Thus, information must have low entropy. You may recall that earlier we mentioned the negentropy, which is the negative of the entropy: it measures the amount of order in a system. People who work in information theory customarily think about the negentropy.
We are, hopefully, acquiring information about the world, ourselves, our friends all the time. Thus we are creating negentropy in our mental system.
Now, the Second Law of Thermodynamics says that the entropy is increasing. This is a sort of strange law for a physicist: it says that the entropy is never conserved. This is as opposed to the types of laws that we are used to, which talk about conditions under which things are conserved.
You will also recall that Quantum Mechanics seems to say that there are no observers in the universe, only participators. Thus the universe is in some sense brought into being by communicating participators acquiring information about it (and vice versa).
What if the Second Law of Thermodynamics is not quite complete as stated? My speculation is that it could be extended to read:
The rate of production of physical entropy by the universe equals the rate of production of negentropy by sentient beings in the universe.
Now we have a conservation law.
However, the total physical entropy of the universe is increasing, and we can calculate the rate of that increase. If we could calculate the rate at which a typical human-like creature acquires information throughout its lifetime, then a simple division will allow us to calculate the number of such sentient beings there are in the universe.
To guess at the rate at which we produce negentropy we take our memory system to be essentially digital, with each of the 1014 synapses in our brain in either an on or off state. The combinations of synapse states are just the same as the combinations of black marble-white marble states that I insisted we think about when we discussed entropy in an earlier class. So, just as always, we count the number of combinations to calculate the entropy, whose negative is the negentropy.
We assume evolution is efficient, so the memory store is full after 100 years.
The result of dividing this rate of negentropy production into the rate at which physical entropy is being produced by our expanding universe is a number on the order of 10102 sentient human-like beings in the universe. To put this number into context, there are on the order of 1080 protons plus neutrons in the universe.
So, perhaps this is a failed speculation. Other alternatives include:
• Neutrons, protons, etc. are sentient.
• The human memory system contains a great deal more potential that we have allowed for.
• We have not included the negentropy production due to the communication that occurs between sentient beings.
• We, along with Hawking and Bekenstein, have calculated the rate of physical entropy production in the universe using equilibrium thermodynamics. A self-organising universe with negentropy production through dissipative structures makes our calculation of the rate of physical entropy production incorrect.
This page titled Black Hole Thermodynamics is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Harrison. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9092305898666382, "perplexity": 345.22990198136085}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00539.warc.gz"} |
http://www.transtutors.com/questions/tts-an-unstable-particle-with-a-mass-equal-to-3-34-multiplied-by-10-27-kg-is-initial-213294.htm | # An unstable particle with a mass equal to 3.34 multiplied by 10-27 kg is initially at rest.
An unstable particle with a mass equal to 3.34 multiplied by 10-27 kg is initially at rest. The particle decays into two fragments that fly off with velocities of 0.981c and -0.864c, respectively. Find the masses of the fragments. (Hint: Conserve both mass-energy and momentum.)
m(0.981c) =_____kg
m(...
Conservation of energy: M 0 c 2 = m 1 c 2 /√(1-(v 1 /c) 2 ) m 2 c 2 /√(1-(v 2 /c) 2 ) Cancel c 2 : M 0 = m 1 /√(1-(v 1 /c) 2 ) m 2 /√(1-(v 2 /c) 2 ) 3.34e-27 = m 1 /√(1-(0.981*0.981)) m 2 /√(1-(0.864*0.864)) 3.34e-27 = m 1 /0.1940077 m 2 /0.50349181 >>>> m2 = 1.68166e-27 - (2.595216)m1 ------------------------------------------------------- Consevation of the momentu: p1 = p2 m 1 v 1 /√(1-(v 1 /c) 2 ) = m 2 v 2...
Related Questions in Quantum Physics
• An unstable particle with a mass equal to 3.34 ? 10-27... February 15, 2016
An unstable particle with a mass equal to 3.34 ? 10-27 kg is initially at rest . The particle decays into two fragments that fly...
• relativistic momentum (Solved) May 12, 2012
An unstable particle is at rest and suddenly breaks up into two fragments. No external forces act on the particle or its fragments. One of the fragments has a velocity of...
• chapt 8. physics question (Solved) June 13, 2012
A particle p traveling with a speed of vpi = 3 m /s hits and scatters elastically from another particle N, initially at rest . Particle p is deflected through 90°, leaving...
• A stationary particle in space decays into three fragments. One of the... March 07, 2016
A stationary particle in space decays into three fragments. One of the fragments is observed to have a momentum of kg m /s and another has...
• angular speed (Solved) March 30, 2012
A candy dish that rotates is called a lazy susan. This lazy susan is a uniform disk ( M = 0.94 kg , R = 0. 334 m ) rotating about the center of the disk on a...
Copy and paste your question here...
Attach Files
187 Wolf Road, Albany New York, 12205, USA
+1.617.933.5480
info@transtutors.com
Reach us on: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8874068260192871, "perplexity": 3241.0356345890877}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292493.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00227-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mersenneforum.org/showthread.php?s=f05a66fe339ba21305885c0ed9a56748&t=15572&goto=nextoldest | mersenneforum.org squre root step problem
User Name Remember Me? Password
Register FAQ Search Today's Posts Mark Forums Read
2011-05-01, 06:38 #1 loong Apr 2011 616 Posts squre root step problem Dear all, I use factmsieve.py to factoring a big N, and it runs very well till the squre root step. The output is as following: Code: xxx@xxx64:/data/corefile/xxx/factortool/test2> /usr/local/bin/python3 factmsieve2.py test2.n -> ________________________________________________________________ -> | Running factmsieve.py, a Python driver for MSIEVE with GGNFS | -> | sieving support. It is Copyright, 2010, Brian Gladman and is | -> | a conversion of factmsieve.pl that is Copyright, 2004, Chris | -> | Monico. Version 0.76 (Python 2.6 or later) 10th Nov 2010. | -> |______________________________________________________________| test2 -> This is client 1 of 1 -> Running on 4 Cores with 1 hyper-thread per Core -> Working with NAME = test2 -> Selected default factorization parameters for 163 digit level. -> Selected lattice siever: gnfs-lasieve4I15e -> No parameter change detected, resuming... -> Running lattice siever ... -> entering sieving loop -> File 'deps' already exists. Proceeding to sqrt step. -> Running square root step ... /data/corefile/xxx/factortool ./msieve -> ./msieve -s test2/test2.dat -l test2/test2.log -i test2/test2.ini -nf test2/test2.fb -t 4 -nc3 -> Computing 1.30423e+09 scale for this machine... -> procrels -speedtest> PIPE __________________________________________________________ | This is the procrels program for GGNFS. | | Version: 0.77.1-20060722-nocona | | This program is copyright 2004, Chris Monico, and subject| | to the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.| |__________________________________________________________| b[a%1024] = 00000000 timeunit: 2.063 Traceback (most recent call last): File "factmsieve2.py", line 2124, in output_summary(NAME, fact_p, pols_p, poly_p, lats_p) File "factmsieve2.py", line 1807, in output_summary tmp = grep_l('timeunit:', res) File "factmsieve2.py", line 190, in grep_l for l in lines: TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable and test2.log shows: ... Sun May 1 14:15:58 2011 commencing square root phase Sun May 1 14:15:58 2011 reading relations for dependency 1 Sun May 1 14:16:01 2011 read 2845889 cycles Sun May 1 14:16:08 2011 cycles contain 7925904 unique relations Sun May 1 14:25:03 2011 read 7925904 relations Sun May 1 14:26:03 2011 multiplying 7925904 relations Sun May 01 14:35:20 2011 -> Computing 1.30423e+09 scale for this machine... Sun May 01 14:35:20 2011 -> procrels -speedtest> PIPE Is there any error with my whole step?
2011-05-01, 13:24 #2 jasonp Tribal Bullet Oct 2004 3×7×132 Posts It looks like you got a reasonable dependency that crashed when you tried to use it. This would sometimes happen if you compiled Msieve or GMP with gcc 4.1.x, for reasons I've never been able to understand. gcc 4.2.x is reported to be safe. The other possibility is that you ran out of memory. If you're running on a 32-bit widows system that could be the problem, give that size of dataset.
2011-05-01, 15:46 #3
WraithX
Mar 2006
2·32·29 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by loong Code: -> Running square root step ... /data/corefile/xxx/factortool ./msieve -> ./msieve -s test2/test2.dat -l test2/test2.log -i test2/test2.ini -nf test2/test2.fb -t 4 -nc3 -> Computing 1.30423e+09 scale for this machine... -> procrels -speedtest> PIPE __________________________________________________________ | This is the procrels program for GGNFS. | | Version: 0.77.1-20060722-nocona | | This program is copyright 2004, Chris Monico, and subject| | to the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.| |__________________________________________________________| b[a%1024] = 00000000 timeunit: 2.063 Traceback (most recent call last): File "factmsieve2.py", line 2124, in output_summary(NAME, fact_p, pols_p, poly_p, lats_p) File "factmsieve2.py", line 1807, in output_summary tmp = grep_l('timeunit:', res) File "factmsieve2.py", line 190, in grep_l for l in lines: TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable
Also, this error was thrown by Python itself, and is not an error returned by one of the sub-programs called by the python script. This error seems to be due to the fact that the output from "procrels -speedtest> PIPE" was printed to stdout and not captured by factmsieve.py for later grep-ing. Since it wasn't saved internally, there was no info to grep, hence the error. It was looking for the line "timeunit: 2.063" that was printed to stdout.
One way to see if this will complete successfully for you is to modify the script like so:
Find the following two lines (the first is at line 1807 of your factmsieve2.py):
Code:
tmp = grep_l('timeunit:', res)
timescale = float(re.sub('timeunit:\s*', '', tmp[0]))
And change them to:
Code:
# tmp = grep_l('timeunit:', res)
# timescale = float(re.sub('timeunit:\s*', '', tmp[0]))
timescale = 2.063
This might be a problem with the version of Python that you are running. Could you run '/usr/local/bin/python3 -V' from the command line and let us know which version of python you are running. And also, which operating system are you on?
2011-05-02, 11:57 #4
loong
Apr 2011
2·3 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by jasonp It looks like you got a reasonable dependency that crashed when you tried to use it. This would sometimes happen if you compiled Msieve or GMP with gcc 4.1.x, for reasons I've never been able to understand. gcc 4.2.x is reported to be safe. The other possibility is that you ran out of memory. If you're running on a 32-bit widows system that could be the problem, give that size of dataset.
Thanks for your reply jasonp.
I've executed msieve with the following command alone:
./msieve -v -s test2/test2.dat -l test2/test2.log -i test2/test2.ini -nf test2/test2.fb -t 4 -nc3
and get the output:
commencing square root phase
reading relations for dependency 1
read 2845889 cycles
cycles contain 7925904 unique relations
read 7925904 relations
multiplying 7925904 relations
Segmentation fault
Note the "Segmentation fault".
I've checked the gcc version, and it is exactly 4.1.x :
gcc version 4.1.2 20070115 (prerelease) (SUSE Linux)
and I compiled msieve under linux x86_64, the memory is 8GB, so it might not the problem of that run out of memory.
I'll update gcc to 4.2.x to see if it will happen again.
Thanks again.
2011-05-02, 12:02 #5
loong
Apr 2011
616 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by WraithX Also, this error was thrown by Python itself, and is not an error returned by one of the sub-programs called by the python script. This error seems to be due to the fact that the output from "procrels -speedtest> PIPE" was printed to stdout and not captured by factmsieve.py for later grep-ing. Since it wasn't saved internally, there was no info to grep, hence the error. It was looking for the line "timeunit: 2.063" that was printed to stdout. One way to see if this will complete successfully for you is to modify the script like so: Find the following two lines (the first is at line 1807 of your factmsieve2.py): Code: tmp = grep_l('timeunit:', res) timescale = float(re.sub('timeunit:\s*', '', tmp[0])) And change them to: Code: # tmp = grep_l('timeunit:', res) # timescale = float(re.sub('timeunit:\s*', '', tmp[0])) timescale = 2.063 This might be a problem with the version of Python that you are running. Could you run '/usr/local/bin/python3 -V' from the command line and let us know which version of python you are running. And also, which operating system are you on?
WraithX, thanks for your help.
I'm running python 3.2, and the operating system is SuSe Linux SP2 x86_64.
Thanks for your help again.
2011-05-03, 02:28 #6 loong Apr 2011 2·3 Posts I've updated gcc to 4.6.0, and have compiled msieve again, but the problem still exists, am I must change gcc to 4.2.x?
2011-05-03, 08:18 #7 fivemack (loop (#_fork)) Feb 2006 Cambridge, England 2×7×461 Posts I would suggest a) build msieve against the newest version of gmp b) run 'ulimit -s unlimited' before trying the square-root step I have had this problem in the past and it came from gmp running out of stack space in the very-bignum arithmetic.
2011-05-03, 08:50 #8
loong
Apr 2011
610 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by fivemack I would suggest a) build msieve against the newest version of gmp b) run 'ulimit -s unlimited' before trying the square-root step I have had this problem in the past and it came from gmp running out of stack space in the very-bignum arithmetic.
Thanks for your suggestion.
I've run 'ulimit -s unlimited' before trying the square root step, and msieve successfully passed the 1st dependency.
It looks like follows:
Tue May 3 10:49:46 2011 commencing square root phase
Tue May 3 10:49:46 2011 reading relations for dependency 1
Tue May 3 10:49:49 2011 read 2845889 cycles
Tue May 3 10:49:55 2011 cycles contain 7925904 unique relations
Tue May 3 10:58:42 2011 read 7925904 relations
Tue May 3 10:59:40 2011 multiplying 7925904 relations
Tue May 3 11:58:43 2011 multiply complete, coefficients have about 420.10 million bits
Tue May 3 11:58:50 2011 initial square root is modulo 34510537
till now, 5 hours has been passed, but the output is still shows as above,
I don't know whether such a long time is normal or an exception has occured which caused msieve stop to running?
Last fiddled with by loong on 2011-05-03 at 08:53
2011-05-03, 12:31 #9 loong Apr 2011 2×3 Posts Thanks for all. After 8 hours of square root phase, msieve successfully got the factors.
2011-05-03, 12:47 #10
xilman
Bamboozled!
"𒉺𒌌𒇷𒆷𒀭"
May 2003
Down not across
2CF016 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by loong Thanks for all. After 8 hours of square root phase, msieve successfully got the factors.
Good!
As a matter of interest, what N were you factoring and what is its factors?
Paul
2011-05-03, 13:14 #11 jasonp Tribal Bullet Oct 2004 3×7×132 Posts Redacted logfile, matrix of size 5.6M, I'd say somebody's RSA key :) (8 hours is a little bit long for a dependency of this size, but not unusually so if the leading algebraic polynomial coefficient is at all large) Last fiddled with by jasonp on 2011-05-03 at 13:16
Thread Tools
Similar Threads Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post lycorn Lone Mersenne Hunters 37 2011-10-09 16:09 CRGreathouse Factoring 9 2010-10-30 16:38 alpertron Software 4 2006-01-11 17:27 Jushi GMP-ECM 7 2005-09-12 01:30 Ken_g6 Puzzles 1 2005-01-16 15:03
All times are UTC. The time now is 05:03.
Fri Oct 7 05:03:53 UTC 2022 up 50 days, 2:32, 0 users, load averages: 1.19, 1.14, 1.09
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.11
Copyright ©2000 - 2022, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
This forum has received and complied with 0 (zero) government requests for information.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation.
A copy of the license is included in the FAQ.
≠ ± ∓ ÷ × · − √ ‰ ⊗ ⊕ ⊖ ⊘ ⊙ ≤ ≥ ≦ ≧ ≨ ≩ ≺ ≻ ≼ ≽ ⊏ ⊐ ⊑ ⊒ ² ³ °
∠ ∟ ° ≅ ~ ‖ ⟂ ⫛
≡ ≜ ≈ ∝ ∞ ≪ ≫ ⌊⌋ ⌈⌉ ∘ ∏ ∐ ∑ ∧ ∨ ∩ ∪ ⨀ ⊕ ⊗ 𝖕 𝖖 𝖗 ⊲ ⊳
∅ ∖ ∁ ↦ ↣ ∩ ∪ ⊆ ⊂ ⊄ ⊊ ⊇ ⊃ ⊅ ⊋ ⊖ ∈ ∉ ∋ ∌ ℕ ℤ ℚ ℝ ℂ ℵ ℶ ℷ ℸ 𝓟
¬ ∨ ∧ ⊕ → ← ⇒ ⇐ ⇔ ∀ ∃ ∄ ∴ ∵ ⊤ ⊥ ⊢ ⊨ ⫤ ⊣ … ⋯ ⋮ ⋰ ⋱
∫ ∬ ∭ ∮ ∯ ∰ ∇ ∆ δ ∂ ℱ ℒ ℓ
𝛢𝛼 𝛣𝛽 𝛤𝛾 𝛥𝛿 𝛦𝜀𝜖 𝛧𝜁 𝛨𝜂 𝛩𝜃𝜗 𝛪𝜄 𝛫𝜅 𝛬𝜆 𝛭𝜇 𝛮𝜈 𝛯𝜉 𝛰𝜊 𝛱𝜋 𝛲𝜌 𝛴𝜎𝜍 𝛵𝜏 𝛶𝜐 𝛷𝜙𝜑 𝛸𝜒 𝛹𝜓 𝛺𝜔 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17862854897975922, "perplexity": 14711.227338319659}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337971.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007045521-20221007075521-00778.warc.gz"} |
https://www.varsitytutors.com/ssat_upper_level_math-help/how-to-find-the-properties-of-an-exponent | # SSAT Upper Level Math : How to find the properties of an exponent
## Example Questions
← Previous 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13
### Example Question #1 : Expressions & Equations
Evaluate
Explanation:
If you divide two exponential expressions with the same base, you can simply subtract the exponents. Here, both the top and the bottom have a base of 2 raised to a power.
So
### Example Question #7 : Expressions & Equations
Explanation:
Since the two expressions have the same base, we just add the exponents.
### Example Question #11 : Expressions & Equations
Evaluate:
Explanation:
A power raised to a power indicates that you multiply the two powers.
### Example Question #2 : Properties Of Exponents
Explanation:
We can either write , or we can convert this to a fraction and write
in decimal form is 0.25.
### Example Question #1 : How To Find The Properties Of An Exponent
Explanation:
Convert .75 to a fraction. .
Now multiply
Explanation:
Therefore,
### Example Question #61 : Algebra
Express 0.00000000000097 in scientific notation.
Explanation:
To rewrite a very small number in scientific notation:
Write the number.
Move the decimal point right as many places as needed until it follows the first nonzero digit, which here is the nine. Count the number of places it is moved - here it will be thirteen places.
The number formed is , which will be placed in front; , the negative of the number of places counted, will be the exponent. The number, in scientific notation, will be .
### Example Question #2 : How To Find The Properties Of An Exponent
Evaluate:
The quantity is undefined.
The quantity is undefined.
Explanation:
This is an undefined quantity.
### Example Question #12 : Expressions & Equations
Evaluate:
The quantity is undefined.
Explanation:
Evaluate: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.897098958492279, "perplexity": 1232.085013174617}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00655.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gamedev.net/topic/625812-color-stripes-based-on-time/ | • FEATURED
View more
View more
View more
### Image of the Day Submit
IOTD | Top Screenshots
### The latest, straight to your Inbox.
Subscribe to GameDev.net Direct to receive the latest updates and exclusive content.
# color stripes based on time
Old topic!
Guest, the last post of this topic is over 60 days old and at this point you may not reply in this topic. If you wish to continue this conversation start a new topic.
### #1kbenderoth89 Members
Posted 03 June 2012 - 12:17 PM
In a class I am taking, we had to create an object, make it rotate and scale (done) and have rainbow stripes moving upwards towards the Y direction as it is scaling and rotating. I was unable to get the last part done. Still passed though , but I don't believe in "good enough" so even though it's aready graded, I want to finish it and make sure that I am able to do it again if I ever need to.
So I'm using FX Composer, and I set up the pixer shader to return the world location, which I know changes the color based on the location. But what I WANT to happen is create a stripe pattern full of colors of the rainbow, and they'll be moving upwards as time goes by. All I know is that it'll involve sine, cosine, and tangent. But I have absolutely no clue how that would work or why. I haven't done trig or calc related stuff in years so if someone could also explain how manipulating the sin,cos,and tan waves works also that would be awesome.
### #2Tsus Members
Posted 04 June 2012 - 05:26 PM
Hi!
If you want a more or less correct rainbow, you could do the following:
(Though it’s probably a little overkill. )
In the vertex shader, add to the y-coordinate an effect parameter “time” that you increment each frame and pass the sum on to the pixel shader. The “time” parameter lets your rainbow move. By using frac() (gives the fractional part) you can turn the value into something periodic in [0..1]. Perhaps scale the value before using frac, to adjust “how many” rainbows you see, i.e. how often it repeats.
Now, the overkill part:
If you assume the scalar value being passed in from the vertex shader to be a wave length, you can use the CIE response curves to retrieve the activation of the RGB receptors. This way you get a true rainbow. Modelling the CIE curves with Gaussian mixture models gives eventually:
// CIE response curves using Gaussians fitting
const vec4 CIEX0 = vec4(0.26714125, 0.173056848724526, -0.0517890668554628, 0.369341509681465);
const vec4 CIEX1 = vec4(0.0, 0.510852785928701, 0.636521548441552, -0.324530476950362);
const vec4 CIEX2 = vec4(1.0622, 0.547302197035226, 0.0899535691555178, 1.10399973088081);
const vec4 CIEY0 = vec4(0.2671425, 0.86798560108836, 0.150307921271593, -0.354744089805774);
const vec4 CIEY1 = vec4(0, 0.10539332389757, 0.168752691961971, -0.289650515359526);
const vec4 CIEY2 = vec4(1.0002, 0.445956775505726, 0.0920541376951253, 0.814888040084084);
const vec4 CIEZ0 = vec4(0.26714375, 0.174251742295476, -0.0569218355789753, 1.72408897831517);
const vec4 CIEZ1 = vec4(0.0, 0.0542544622978704, 0.0457454482464726, -0.442679263574661);
const vec4 CIEZ2 = vec4(1.7826, 0.711309229610584, 0.285040831286585, -0.407629686738774);
float Gaussian(const float x0, const float s, const float w, const float x)
{
return w * exp( -(x - x0) * (x - x0) / (2.0 * s * s + 1.0e-20) );
}
float GaussianMixture(const float lambda, const vec4 Data0, const vec4 Data1, const vec4 Data2)
{
float t = (lambda - 0.380) / (0.780 - 0.380);
float g0 = Gaussian(Data0.y, Data0.z, Data0.w, t);
float g1 = Gaussian(Data1.y, Data1.z, Data1.w, t);
float g2 = Gaussian(Data2.y, Data2.z, Data2.w, t);
return min(max(g0 + g1 + g2 + Data0.x, Data1.x), Data2.x);
}
vec3 Spectrum2RGB(const float lambda)
{
float x = GaussianMixture(lambda, CIEX0, CIEX1, CIEX2);
float y = GaussianMixture(lambda, CIEY0, CIEY1, CIEY2);
float z = GaussianMixture(lambda, CIEZ0, CIEZ1, CIEZ2);
// E to D65
// 0.26713798 is for mapping spectrum 1.0 into rgb (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
x = x * 0.9504700 / 0.26713798;
y = y * 1.0000000 / 0.26713798;
z = z * 1.0888300 / 0.26713798;
// sRGB (D65)
vec3 rgb;
rgb.r = (x * ( 3.2404542) + y * (-1.5371385) + z * (-0.4985314));
rgb.g = (x * (-0.9692660) + y * ( 1.8760108) + z * ( 0.0415560));
rgb.b = (x * ( 0.0556434) + y * (-0.2040259) + z * ( 1.0572252));
return rgb;
}
Spectrum2RGB converts from wave length to color. (The GLSL code is from Toshiya Hachisuka’s GPU SPPM implementation: “Parallel Progressive Photon Mapping on GPUs”.)
You could as well just use the wavelength variable and apply some sin/cos stuff and use different phase shifts for the RGB components. This is probably more what was intended by your teachers. ;)
Something like:
color.r = sin( input.posY_plus_time );
color.g = sin( input.posY_plus_time + 2/3*Pi);
color.b = sin( input.posY_plus_time + 4/3*Pi);
Have fun with that.
Best regards!
Old topic!
Guest, the last post of this topic is over 60 days old and at this point you may not reply in this topic. If you wish to continue this conversation start a new topic. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15234063565731049, "perplexity": 4943.823111993588}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00340-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.proquest.com/docview/759814139/abstract | Document Preview
## A compactification of the space of algebraic maps from P1 to a Grassmannian
Shao, Yijun. The University of Arizona ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2010. 3423969. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8588877320289612, "perplexity": 4367.876855816582}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946535.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326204136-20230326234136-00556.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12933 | astro-ph.HE
(what is this?)
# Title:Formation of wind-captured discs in Supergiant X-ray binaries : consequences for Vela X-1 and Cygnus X-1
Abstract: In Supergiant X-ray binaries (SgXB), a compact object captures a fraction of the wind of an O/B supergiant on a close orbit. Proxies exist to evaluate the efficiency of mass and angular momentum accretion but they depend so dramatically on the wind speed that given the current uncertainties, they only set loose constrains. Furthermore, they often bypass the impact of orbital and shock effects on the flow structure. We study the wind dynamics and the angular momentum gained as the flow is accreted. We identify the conditions for the formation of a disc-like structure around the accretor and the observational consequences for SgXB. We use recent results on the wind launching mechanism to compute 3D streamlines, accounting for the gravitational and X-ray ionizing influence of the compact companion on the wind. Once the flow enters the Roche lobe of the accretor, we solve the hydrodynamics equations with cooling. A shocked region forms around the accretor as the flow is beamed. For wind speeds of the order of the orbital speed, the shock is highly asymmetric compared to the axisymmetric bow shock obtained for a purely planar homogeneous flow. With net radiative cooling, the flow always circularizes for wind speeds low enough. Although the donor star does not fill its Roche lobe, the wind can be significantly beamed and bent by the orbital effects. The net angular momentum of the accreted flow is then sufficient to form a persistent disc-like structure. This mechanism could explain the proposed limited outer extension of the accretion disc in Cygnus X-1 and suggests the presence of a disc at the outer rim of the neutron star magnetosphere in Vela X-1, with dramatic consequences on the spinning up of the accretor.
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE) Cite as: arXiv:1810.12933 [astro-ph.HE] (or arXiv:1810.12933v1 [astro-ph.HE] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Ileyk El Mellah [view email]
[v1] Tue, 30 Oct 2018 18:01:57 UTC (3,819 KB) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9072564244270325, "perplexity": 2750.5503620840063}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745015.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119023120-20181119045120-00274.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/323914/how-to-interpret-this-logistic-regression-table/323948 | # How to interpret this logistic regression table?
As someone without much statistics training it can be very annoying to come across tables like this one (supposedly explaining the relationship between various individual level characteristics, such as age, class and perceptions of immigration rates, and the tendency to vote to leave the EU) in academic papers/books:
There are a couple things bothering me here:
1. Can I compare the regression coefficients in order to rank the importance of different variables (e.g., can I say the perception that Brexit would reduce immigration is a more important predictor of Brexit voting than, say, believing immigrants are a burden on the welfare state, because the respective regression coefficients are 0.71 and 0.27, respectively, with both being statistically significant at the 0.01 level).
2. How can I describe the effect in layman's terms? In linear regression I think I'm right in saying that if the independent and dependent variables are measured in percentage terms then you can say a 1 per cent increase in the independent variable will lead to an X per cent increase in the dependent variable, but how does that work in logistic regression?
3. Why does there appear to be two different sets of regression coefficients (i.e., columns 1 and 3)?
Any help would be much appreciated.
• @mdewey provides precise answers to your questions. I assume this is the article: "Taking back control? Investigating the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit" by Goodwin and Milazzo (2017). Regarding your question 3, they clearly stated: "In the second model presented in Table 4, we include a variable that captures the intensity of each respondent’s anti-immigration sentiments across all three dimensions" (p.9). And they removed previous three variables. So, in this table, they reported the results of two different models. – T.E.G. - Reinstate Monica Jan 19 '18 at 15:23
2. I am afraid your understanding of linear regression is awry. A unit change in the predictor leads to a $\hat\beta$ change in the outcome. The position for logistic regression is outlined elsewhere on this site in answers to the question linked below | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7780575156211853, "perplexity": 642.4707941678785}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518882.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209121316-20191209145316-00024.warc.gz"} |
https://www.lmfdb.org/ModularForm/GL2/Q/holomorphic/1600/4/a/bi/ | # Properties
Label 1600.4.a.bi Level $1600$ Weight $4$ Character orbit 1600.a Self dual yes Analytic conductor $94.403$ Analytic rank $0$ Dimension $1$ CM no Inner twists $1$
# Related objects
## Newspace parameters
Level: $$N$$ $$=$$ $$1600 = 2^{6} \cdot 5^{2}$$ Weight: $$k$$ $$=$$ $$4$$ Character orbit: $$[\chi]$$ $$=$$ 1600.a (trivial)
## Newform invariants
Self dual: yes Analytic conductor: $$94.4030560092$$ Analytic rank: $$0$$ Dimension: $$1$$ Coefficient field: $$\mathbb{Q}$$ Coefficient ring: $$\mathbb{Z}$$ Coefficient ring index: $$1$$ Twist minimal: no (minimal twist has level 5) Fricke sign: $$1$$ Sato-Tate group: $\mathrm{SU}(2)$
## $q$-expansion
$$f(q)$$ $$=$$ $$q + 2 q^{3} - 6 q^{7} - 23 q^{9} + O(q^{10})$$ $$q + 2 q^{3} - 6 q^{7} - 23 q^{9} - 32 q^{11} - 38 q^{13} - 26 q^{17} - 100 q^{19} - 12 q^{21} + 78 q^{23} - 100 q^{27} + 50 q^{29} - 108 q^{31} - 64 q^{33} + 266 q^{37} - 76 q^{39} + 22 q^{41} + 442 q^{43} + 514 q^{47} - 307 q^{49} - 52 q^{51} + 2 q^{53} - 200 q^{57} - 500 q^{59} + 518 q^{61} + 138 q^{63} + 126 q^{67} + 156 q^{69} + 412 q^{71} + 878 q^{73} + 192 q^{77} + 600 q^{79} + 421 q^{81} + 282 q^{83} + 100 q^{87} - 150 q^{89} + 228 q^{91} - 216 q^{93} - 386 q^{97} + 736 q^{99} + O(q^{100})$$
## Embeddings
For each embedding $$\iota_m$$ of the coefficient field, the values $$\iota_m(a_n)$$ are shown below.
For more information on an embedded modular form you can click on its label.
Label $$\iota_m(\nu)$$ $$a_{2}$$ $$a_{3}$$ $$a_{4}$$ $$a_{5}$$ $$a_{6}$$ $$a_{7}$$ $$a_{8}$$ $$a_{9}$$ $$a_{10}$$
1.1
0
0 2.00000 0 0 0 −6.00000 0 −23.0000 0
$$n$$: e.g. 2-40 or 990-1000 Significant digits: Format: Complex embeddings Normalized embeddings Satake parameters Satake angles
## Atkin-Lehner signs
$$p$$ Sign
$$2$$ $$1$$
$$5$$ $$1$$
## Inner twists
This newform does not admit any (nontrivial) inner twists.
## Twists
By twisting character orbit
Char Parity Ord Mult Type Twist Min Dim
1.a even 1 1 trivial 1600.4.a.bi 1
4.b odd 2 1 1600.4.a.s 1
5.b even 2 1 320.4.a.g 1
8.b even 2 1 25.4.a.c 1
8.d odd 2 1 400.4.a.m 1
20.d odd 2 1 320.4.a.h 1
24.h odd 2 1 225.4.a.b 1
40.e odd 2 1 80.4.a.d 1
40.f even 2 1 5.4.a.a 1
40.i odd 4 2 25.4.b.a 2
40.k even 4 2 400.4.c.k 2
56.h odd 2 1 1225.4.a.k 1
80.k odd 4 2 1280.4.d.l 2
80.q even 4 2 1280.4.d.e 2
120.i odd 2 1 45.4.a.d 1
120.m even 2 1 720.4.a.u 1
120.w even 4 2 225.4.b.c 2
280.c odd 2 1 245.4.a.a 1
280.bf even 6 2 245.4.e.f 2
280.bk odd 6 2 245.4.e.g 2
360.bh odd 6 2 405.4.e.c 2
360.bk even 6 2 405.4.e.l 2
440.o odd 2 1 605.4.a.d 1
520.p even 2 1 845.4.a.b 1
680.h even 2 1 1445.4.a.a 1
760.b odd 2 1 1805.4.a.h 1
840.u even 2 1 2205.4.a.q 1
By twisted newform orbit
Twist Min Dim Char Parity Ord Mult Type
5.4.a.a 1 40.f even 2 1
25.4.a.c 1 8.b even 2 1
25.4.b.a 2 40.i odd 4 2
45.4.a.d 1 120.i odd 2 1
80.4.a.d 1 40.e odd 2 1
225.4.a.b 1 24.h odd 2 1
225.4.b.c 2 120.w even 4 2
245.4.a.a 1 280.c odd 2 1
245.4.e.f 2 280.bf even 6 2
245.4.e.g 2 280.bk odd 6 2
320.4.a.g 1 5.b even 2 1
320.4.a.h 1 20.d odd 2 1
400.4.a.m 1 8.d odd 2 1
400.4.c.k 2 40.k even 4 2
405.4.e.c 2 360.bh odd 6 2
405.4.e.l 2 360.bk even 6 2
605.4.a.d 1 440.o odd 2 1
720.4.a.u 1 120.m even 2 1
845.4.a.b 1 520.p even 2 1
1225.4.a.k 1 56.h odd 2 1
1280.4.d.e 2 80.q even 4 2
1280.4.d.l 2 80.k odd 4 2
1445.4.a.a 1 680.h even 2 1
1600.4.a.s 1 4.b odd 2 1
1600.4.a.bi 1 1.a even 1 1 trivial
1805.4.a.h 1 760.b odd 2 1
2205.4.a.q 1 840.u even 2 1
## Hecke kernels
This newform subspace can be constructed as the intersection of the kernels of the following linear operators acting on $$S_{4}^{\mathrm{new}}(\Gamma_0(1600))$$:
$$T_{3} - 2$$ $$T_{7} + 6$$ $$T_{11} + 32$$ $$T_{13} + 38$$
## Hecke characteristic polynomials
$p$ $F_p(T)$
$2$ $$T$$
$3$ $$-2 + T$$
$5$ $$T$$
$7$ $$6 + T$$
$11$ $$32 + T$$
$13$ $$38 + T$$
$17$ $$26 + T$$
$19$ $$100 + T$$
$23$ $$-78 + T$$
$29$ $$-50 + T$$
$31$ $$108 + T$$
$37$ $$-266 + T$$
$41$ $$-22 + T$$
$43$ $$-442 + T$$
$47$ $$-514 + T$$
$53$ $$-2 + T$$
$59$ $$500 + T$$
$61$ $$-518 + T$$
$67$ $$-126 + T$$
$71$ $$-412 + T$$
$73$ $$-878 + T$$
$79$ $$-600 + T$$
$83$ $$-282 + T$$
$89$ $$150 + T$$
$97$ $$386 + T$$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8755235075950623, "perplexity": 20499.24926477442}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302740.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121071203-20220121101203-00586.warc.gz"} |
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Elec_p071.shtml?from=Blog | # Turn Mud into Energy with a Microbial Fuel Cell — and a Dash of Salt
Difficulty Time Required Very Long (1+ months) Prerequisites Having used a voltmeter/multimeter before is helpful, but not required. Material Availability The microbial fuel cell kit needs to be special ordered from the Science Buddies Store. Cost Average ($50 -$100) Safety Be sure to wear the gloves supplied with the kit when handling the microbial fuel cell's electrodes (its cathode and anode). The electrodes are made of a conductive material called graphite fiber and should not be placed near electronics, power plugs, or have their fibers dispersed in the air. The fibers will cause electrical shortages when in contact with electronics.
## Abstract
Generating power from mud sounds like science fiction, but it is actually real science, and a promising source of alternative energy. Topsoil is packed with bacteria that generate electricity when placed in a microbial fuel cell. Because such bacteria-laden soil is found almost everywhere on Earth, microbial fuel cells can make clean, renewable electricity nearly anyplace around the globe. They are an up-and-coming technology that scientists and engineers are working on making even more efficient. In this science project, you will experiment with a real microbial fuel cell, investigating how to make it produce more power by adding a few dashes of salt.
## Objective
Investigate how adding salt to a microbial fuel cell changes its power output.
## Credits
Teisha Rowland, PhD, Science Buddies
Thanks to Bob Rowland, ColdQuanta Inc., for assistance with testing this project, and to Ben Finio, PhD, and Howard Eglowstein, Science Buddies, and Keegan Cooke, Executive Director at Keego Technologies LLC for their feedback.
This project was adapted from Keego Technologies LLC.
• Scotts is a registered trademark of The Scotts Company LLC.
• Styrofoam is a registered trademark of The Dow Chemical Company.
• Velcro is a registered trademark of Velcro Industries B.V.
• Digi-Key is a registered trademark of Digi-Key Corporation.
• SparkFun is a registered trademark of SparkFun Electronics.
### MLA Style
Science Buddies Staff. "Turn Mud into Energy with a Microbial Fuel Cell — and a Dash of Salt" Science Buddies. Science Buddies, 20 Mar. 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2015 <http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Elec_p071.shtml?from=Blog>
### APA Style
Science Buddies Staff. (2015, March 20). Turn Mud into Energy with a Microbial Fuel Cell — and a Dash of Salt. Retrieved April 27, 2015 from http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Elec_p071.shtml?from=Blog
## Share your story with Science Buddies!
Last edit date: 2015-03-20
## Introduction
In the early 1900s, scientists showed that microbes (microscopic organisms, including bacteria) could make electricity, which is the basis of microbial fuel cell (or MFC) technology. While only a limited number of scientists researched this technology early on, more recently, as natural resources are depleted, scientists' attention has shifted to pursuing alternative energy sources, such as MFCs.
A microbial fuel cell, also known as a biological fuel cell, is a device that can use microbial interactions to generate electricity. It is a renewable, clean source of energy, and thus quite appealing. An MFC has an anode, a cathode, and an area that separates the two (called a membrane). Anodes and cathodes are both electrodes. An electrode is something that conducts electricity, with electricity either flowing into, or out of, it. An anode specifically has electricity flowing into it, whereas a cathode has electricity flowing out of it. So, for an MFC to function, electricity must be made to flow into the anode and then leave from the cathode. How is this accomplished?
To answer this question, we will look at MFCs that use microbes from the soil to generate electricity. When you think of electricity, and how it can be made naturally, you may think of lightning and electric eels, though you probably do not think about microbes! But some soil microbes, specifically soil bacteria, can help generate electricity, too. These bacteria, known as electrogenic bacteria, include the Shewanella species, which can be found in almost any soil on Earth, and the Geobacter species, which prefer living in soil deep underground or even under the ocean, where no oxygen is present. How can these bacteria help make electricity? The soil bacteria eat what is in the soil, such as microscopic nutrients and sugars, and in turn produce electrons that are released back into the soil. Electrons are subatomic particles that have a negative electric charge. These electrons can be harnessed and used to create electricity, which is a form of energy caused by charged particles (such as electrons) flowing from a power source (such as a battery) to other components in the circuit — for example, a light bulb. If a light bulb is connected to a circuit that is made correctly and has enough electricity flowing through it, the light bulb will light up. You can learn more about electricity in the Science Buddies Electricity, Magnetism, & Electromagnetism Tutorial.
In an MFC using these soil bacteria, the anode is buried in the damp soil. Down there, the bacteria multiply and cover the anode (creating a biofilm on it), supplying it with lots of electrons. At the same time, electrons are taken away from the cathode. How does this happen? While the anode is buried in the soil, the cathode sits on top of the soil, leaving one of its sides completely exposed to the air. Electrons from the anode travel up a wire to the cathode and, once there, they react with oxygen (from the air) and hydrogen (produced by the bacteria as it digests the nutrients in the soil) to create water. (The anode is buried deep enough, where there is no oxygen, so this reaction could not take place right next to the anode.) See Figure 1 below for a visualization of this process. The more electron-producing, soil-munching bacteria are in the soil, the more electricity the MFC produces.
Figure 1. This diagram shows the reactions taking place in a microbial fuel cell (or MFC) that make it generate electricity. (Wikimedia Commons, 2010, MFCGuy2010)
While scientists and engineers know how to make MFCs, they are still trying to figure out what conditions MFCs need to work the best. For example, if we add something to the soil, would it make the MFC produce electricity better, increasing the amount of power it makes? In this electricity and electronics science project, you will investigate how adding salt to an MFC changes its electrical power output. Why salt? Salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), can be dissolved in a liquid-rich solution, such as wet soil, to create an electrolyte. An electrolyte is a liquid-rich medium that has ions, which are atoms or molecules that have an electric charge. (In the salt electrolyte, there is a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion.) Consequently, if electrodes are put into an electrolyte, it can conduct electricity. (In terms of electricity, how well something can conduct electricity is related to its resistance; if something has low resistance, then electricity should easily flow through it, and it can be said to conduct electricity well — and vice versa.) If you add salt to the MFC, how will this affect the MFC's power output? You would expect an initial increase in the power output (as the resistance of the MFC decreases and its conductivity increases), but what would happen if you kept adding salt? Would the MFC continue to produce more and more power, or would it crash after a while because, perhaps, the bacteria will have died from the excess of salt? What is the ideal amount of salt to add to improve the MFC's power output?
## Terms and Concepts
• Microbes
• Microbial fuel cell
• Electrode
• Anode
• Cathode
• Bacteria
• Electrons
• Electricity
• Power output
• Electrolyte
• Ions
• Electrical resistance
• Resistor
• Ohms
• Voltage
• Watts
### Questions
• How does an MFC work?
• What different types of MFCs are there?
• How do soil bacteria help make electricity in an MFC?
• How much salt do you think you will need to add to the MFC to maximize its power output? What do you think will happen if you add more salt than this?
## Bibliography
This project idea was adapted from Keego Technologies LLC, and additional resources can be found through the company's website:
• Science Buddies Staff. (n.d.). Electronics primer: Introduction. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from Electronics Primer: Introduction
• Science Buddies Staff. (n.d.). Electronics primer: Using a multimeter. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from Multimeter Tutorial
## News Feed on This Topic
, ,
Note: A computerized matching algorithm suggests the above articles. It's not as smart as you are, and it may occasionally give humorous, ridiculous, or even annoying results! Learn more about the News Feed
## Materials and Equipment
These specialty items can be purchsed from the Science Buddies Store:
• Microbial Fuel Cell kit (1). Includes:
• Microbial Fuel Cell vessel
• Anode
• Cathode
• Hacker board with capacitors, an LED, and a digitial clock/thermometer to be powered by the microbial fuel cell
• Resistors (7)
• Digital multimeter
• Nitrile gloves (1 pair)
You will also need to gather these items:
• Topsoil from just about anywhere works — from a backyard, park, open space, or even a riverbed. Just make sure the topsoil has not been treated with pesticides and that you have permission to take some of it.
• Topsoil can also be purchased from a plant nursery or online. Here are two that will work:
• Scotts® Premium Humus & Manure Topsoil, available at Amazon.com
• Scotts® Premium Topsoil, available at Amazon.com
• Do not use any topsoil with little white StyrofoamTM balls, vermiculite pieces, or perlite, since these can aerate the soil and inhibit bacteria from growing that do not want to be exposed to oxygen. Also avoid topsoils with peat moss.
• Measuring cups or 100 mL graduated cylinder. A 100 mL graduated cylinder is available online at Amazon.com.
• Large mixing bowl
• A plastic strainer or colander. This is for removing large particles from the topsoil to prevent them from aerating the soil and inhibiting bacteria from growing.
• Optional: Old newspapers
• Paper towel or rag
• Stopwatch
• Measuring teaspoon
• Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl)
• Lab notebook
Disclaimer: Science Buddies occasionally provides information (such as part numbers, supplier names, and supplier weblinks) to assist our users in locating specialty items for individual projects. The information is provided solely as a convenience to our users. We do our best to make sure that part numbers and descriptions are accurate when first listed. However, since part numbers do change as items are obsoleted or improved, please send us an email if you run across any parts that are no longer available. We also do our best to make sure that any listed supplier provides prompt, courteous service. Science Buddies does participate in affiliate programs with Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and AquaPhoenix Education. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501( c ) 3 public charity. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science fair projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at scibuddy@sciencebuddies.org.
## Order Product Supplies
Project Kit: \$79.95
## Experimental Procedure
### Setting Up the Microbial Fuel Cell
The first thing you need to do is assemble your microbial fuel cell (MFC).
1. First watch the video below to see how to assemble your MFC.
This video shows how to assemble your microbial fuel cell (or MFC). Read the steps below for how to assemble the hacker board.
This video shows how to assemble your microbial fuel cell (or MFC). Read the steps below for how to assemble the hacker board. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPnJ0OGjCDM
1. Place a plastic strainer or colander over a large mixing bowl.
2. Measure a total of about 2 cups (about 500 milliliters [mL]) of your topsoil into the strainer. Gently shake the strainer over the bowl so that the topsoil is strained and any small, hard particles (such as rocks, pebbles, twigs, etc.) are removed from the soil. You will likely need to be patient — it may take several minutes to strain the soil. When you are done, the soil in the bowl should be very fine.
1. It is important to remove these particles from the soil because they can aerate the soil and inhibit the desired bacteria from growing (the bacteria do not want to be exposed to oxygen).
3. Add distilled water and mix it in until your topsoil mud feels like cookie dough. Add more water if the mud is too crumbly, or add more topsoil if the mixture feels too wet.
1. If you are using Scotts Premium Topsoil, you will likely need about ½ cup (120 mL) of water.
4. When you have prepared your topsoil mud, set it aside and wash your hands.
2. Carefully take the MFC pieces out of the box and lay them out. Identify the different components.
3. Put on the gloves that came with the MFC.
4. Take out the green and orange wires that came with the MFC. Bend each wire where the plastic part ends so that each wire is now at a 90° angle (shaped like a capital "L"), as shown in Figure 3, below.
Figure 3. Bend the orange and green wires so they are each at a 90 ° angle where the plastic and metal parts meet, as shown here.
1. Remove the MFC anode from its bag. (The anode is the thinner, black, felt-like circle.)
1. Safety Note: The MFC's cathode and anode (its electrodes) are made of a conductive material called graphite fiber. Do not put the cathode or anode near electronics or power plugs, and do not disperse the fibers in the air, as the fibers will cause electrical shortages when in contact with electronics.
2. Straighten the metal part of the green wire and carefully insert it into the anode, as shown in Figure 4, below. Make sure the wire goes straight and does not poke out on the top or bottom sides of the anode, as shown in Figure 5, below.
Figure 4. Insert the metal part of the green wire into the anode circle.
Figure 5. Completely insert the metal part of the green wire into the anode, making sure the wire does not poke out above or below the anode.
1. Repeat steps 6 and 7 using the cathode (the thicker, black, felt-like circle) and the orange wire (which is shorter than the green wire). The assembled cathode should look like the one in Figure 6, below.
Figure 6. Assemble the cathode with the orange wire just as you assembled the anode with the green wire. This is what a complete cathode should look like.
1. Take the topsoil mud that you prepared in step 2 and use it to fill the vessel up to the line next to the "1" on the plastic vessel (marking 1 centimeter [cm]). Once filled, pat the mud so that its surface is smooth, as shown in Figure 7, below.
1. Tip: You may want to cover the surface you are working on with old newspapers to prevent mud from getting on it.
2. When you are finished, rinse the mud off your gloves and dry them (but do not take them off yet).
Figure 7. Fill the microbial fuel cell vessel with 1 cm soil, up to the "1" mark, and then pat the mud to make the surface smooth.
1. Put the anode on top of the mud in the vessel, as shown in Figure 8, below.
1. The green wire from the anode should be sticking up. The green wire should not be stuck down in the mud.
2. Gently press the anode flat against the mud so that no air bubbles are under the anode.
Figure 8. Place the anode on top of the 1 cm of mud.
1. Use more topsoil mud to fill the vessel up to the line next to the "5" mark (marking 5 cm), as shown in Figure 9, below. Once filled, again pat the mud so that its surface is smooth.
1. Run the green wire along the side of the vessel.
2. Rinse the mud off your gloves and dry them.
Figure 9. Place soil on top of the anode up to the 5 cm mark.
1. Gently place the cathode on top of the mud and press it as flat as you can, as shown in Figure 10, below.
1. The orange wire from the cathode should be sticking out of the top side.
2. Do not let any mud or liquid cover the top of the cathode.
3. It is best to arrange the cathode so that its orange wire is about 1–2 cm to the left of the green wire.
4. Let the mud rest in the vessel for a few minutes. Then carefully pour off any excess liquid.
Figure 10. Add the cathode on top of the 5 cm of mud.
1. Use a clean paper towel or rag to wipe any mud off the vessel's rim. Then take off your gloves.
2. Take the white plastic lid and pass the wires through the small holes in the lid. Arrange the wires so that the orange wire is on the left and the green wire is on the right when the semicircular indentation on the lid is facing the front. Then carefully snap the lid onto the plastic vessel, as shown in Figure 11, below.
Figure 11. Snap the lid in place, making sure the orange wire is on the left and the green is on the right when facing the semicircular indentation.
1. Take out the hacker board (the small green circuit). Attach it into the lid's rectangular indentation.
2. Locate the "+" and "-" ports (i.e., holes) on the hacker board. Plug the cathode's wire (orange) into the "+" port and the anode's wire (green) into the "-" port, as shown in Figure 12, below.
Figure 12. Insert the orange wire into the "+" port and the green wire into the "-" port.
1. Locate ports 1 and 2 on the hacker board. Plug the blue capacitor (the small, cylinder-shaped item with two longer metal prongs) into these ports. The blue capacitor's longer prong should go into port 1 and the shorter prong into port 2, as shown in Figure 13, below.
1. Note: You may need to bend the capacitor's longer end slightly so that the capacitor's prongs fit into the ports well.
Figure 13. Insert the blue capacitor's longer prong into port 1 and its shorter prong into port 2.
1. Plug the red LED below the capacitor into ports 5 and 6. (Ports 3 and 4 will remain empty.) The LED's longer prong should go into port 5 and the shorter prong into port 6.
1. Note: You may need to bend the LED's longer end slightly so that the LED's prongs fit into the ports well.
2. Make sure that the wires, capacitor, and LED are all securely in place. The top of the MFC should look like Figure 14, below.
Figure 14. When you have finished assembling your MFC and its hacker board, the top should look like the one in this image.
1. Set the MFC indoors, at normal room temperature (about 19 to 25° Celsius [C], or 66 to 77° Fahrenheit [F]), in a place where it will not be disturbed. The MFC should remain in the same location the entire time after you set it up because if it is moved this could disrupt the growth of the bacteria. It should take between three and ten days before the red LED on the hacker board starts blinking, but you will start taking measurements before that, as described in the next section.
### Measuring Power Output and Adding Salt
You will measure the power output of your MFC every day. Once the power output seems to have stabilized, you will add some salt. The salt should increase the power output of the MFC. Once the power output stabilizes again, you will add more salt. You will keep doing this until it appears that the addition of salt no longer increases the power output. How much salt do you think it will take?
1. One day after setting up your MFC, check to see if the LED is blinking. Most likely, it will not be, but check to make sure. Watch the LED for 2 minutes to see if it is blinking.
1. If the LED is blinking, time how many seconds apart the blinks are.
1. To do this, start a stopwatch as soon as you see the LED blink and stop the stopwatch when the LED blinks again.
2. If the LED is blinking faster than once every 5 seconds, do not time the seconds between blinks, but instead time the blinks per second. Time a 10-second interval and count how many times the LED blinks in this period and then divide this by 10 to get blinks per second.
3. Repeat step 1.a.i. or 1.a.ii. two more times so you have made three counts total.
4. Record your results in your lab notebook in a data table like Table 1 below. (If you counted blinks per second, as in step 1.a.ii., change the heading from "Seconds Between Blinks" to "Blinks per Second.") Calculate the average for your three counts and record that, too.
Day Count #1 Count #2 Count #3 Average
1
2
3
Table 1. Each day check the MFC to see if the LED is blinking. If it is, record how many seconds elapse between the blinks (or how many blinks there are per second), making three separate counts. Record the results in a data table like this one in your lab notebook.
1. Next measure the power output of the MFC using the multimeter that comes with the Microbial Fuel Cell kit. If you need help using a multimeter, consult the Science Buddies' Multimeter Tutorial, as well as the instructions that came with your multimeter.
1. To measure the MFC's power output, remove the capacitor and LED from the hacker board. Then remove the orange wire from the "+" port and plug it into port 3. This means that the orange wire should be in port 3, the green wire should still be in the "-" port, and all other ports should be empty.
2. Place a resistor between ports 5 and 6.
1. Several resistors come in the MFC kit. Start with the largest-capacity resistor, which will probably be a 4.67 K Ω resistor. (Ω, the capital Greek letter Omega, is the symbol for ohms, the unit used to measure resistance. 1 kilo-ohm, or 1 kΩ, is 1000 ohms.)
2. Resistors' values are labeled using color-coded bands. Use the pictures in the booklet that comes with the kit to determine the resistance for each resistor.
1. Tip: If you want, you can confirm the resistance of any resistor using your multimeter by setting it to measure resistance (usually a "Ω" symbol for ohms) and connecting the multimeter's leads on the wire ends of the resistor.
3. Leave the resistor plugged in for 5 minutes.
3. After the resistor has been plugged in for 5 minutes, use your multimeter to measure the voltage across the resistor.
1. Make sure the multimeter's black wire is plugged into the "COM" port and its red wire is plugged into the "VΩMA" port on the multimeter.
2. Set the multimeter to measure DC voltage. This is marked as "V" with a straight line next to it (other multimeters may mark it with "DCV"). Specifically turn the dial to "2000 m."
3. Clip the multimeter's red lead to the resistor's metal wire that is plugged into port 5. Then clip the multimeter's black lead to the resistor's metal wire that is plugged into port 6. Read the multimeter's screen to see what the voltage is (in millivolts [mV]).
4. If the voltage seems to be changing a little, such as decreasing slightly over the period of a few seconds, watch the readings on the multimeter for a few seconds more until they stabilize (and stay the same for a few seconds). Use the stabilized value.
1. If the readings are still changing after several seconds, or if your readings are 0 mV, make sure all of the wires are correctly and securely plugged into the circuit (both the cathode and anode wires, and the resistor's wires), disconnect the multimeter's leads from the resistor, and come back in another 5 minutes. Then repeat step 2.c.
5. Record your results in your lab notebook in a data table like Table 2 below.
Day and Time:
Resistance (ohms) Voltage (mV) Power (μW)
4670
2190
1000
470
220
100
47
Table 2. In your lab notebook each day, create a data table like this one to record your voltage measurements. Do not forget to write down the date and the time you started taking measurements on the top line.
4. Disconnect the multimeter's clips from the resistor. Remove the resistor.
5. Repeat steps 2.b.–2.d. until you have tested the MFC with all of the resistors in the kit. Start with the resistor with the largest resistance value and end with the resistor with the smallest resistance value.
2. Once you have finished taking your voltage measurements, plug the capacitor and LED back into the hacker board, as described in steps 15–18 in the "Setting Up the Microbial Fuel Cell" section above.
3. Calculate the power output (in microwatts, or μW) for each resistor. You can calculate this by using a derivation of Ohm's law shown as Equation 1 below.
1. Note: It is important to convert the voltage measurements into power output measurements. The power output depends on the resistors you use, so you cannot determine how well the MFC is performing by just looking at the voltage measurements alone; they need to be converted into power for them to be meaningful.
2. To use Equation 1, you will need to convert your voltage readings from millivolts (mV) to volts (V). To do this, divide the millivolt values by 1000 to give you volts.
1. For example, if you had a voltage reading of 45 mV, this would equal 0.045 V.
3. Using Equation 1, your answer will be in watts (W). Convert watts to microwatts by multiplying your answer by 1,000,000 (for example, 2 watts is 2 million microwatts).
Equation 1:
• P is the power in watts (W).
• V is the voltage (V).
• R is the resistance in ohms(Ω).
4. Once you have calculated it, record the power for each resistor in the data table (such as Table 2 above) in your lab notebook.
4. Determine what the peak power of your MFC is.
1. In the second data table in your lab notebook, look at the power produced using each resistor. The peak power is the highest power produced by any of the resistors.
2. If you want to visualize this, you can plot your data for the day on a graph, putting the resistance of the resistors on the x-axis (horizontal axis) and the power on the y-axis (vertical axis). A sample graph is shown in Figure 15, below.
1. You should see a curve, with the peak power being at the top of the curve, as shown in the sample graph.
3. Make a note in your lab notebook of what the peak power is each day, by circling or highlighting this value in your data table.
4. You can investigate peak power more in the Make It Your Own section. Although it will not be explored in this science project, you might like to know that the peak power tells you what the internal resistance of your MFC is. The resistor that gives the peak power is closest to the internal resistance of the MFC. This may change a little over time.
Figure 15. This sample graph shows possible power output data using the resistors with the MFC. In this sample, the peak power was found using a 1 K ohm resistor, and the peak power is about 45.5 μW.
1. Repeat steps 1–5 each day until it looks like the power output (the peak power) is stabilizing.
1. Take these measurements around the same time every day. This will limit variables affecting your results (such as changes in temperature).
2. For step 1, it should take 3–10 days for the LED to start blinking. However, even if the LED never blinks, you may still be able to do this science project; be sure to continue to take the power output measurements every day.
1. Tip: See the Frequently Asked Questions section for what to do if the LED does not blink, or if it was blinking and unexpectedly stopped blinking.
3. For step 2, you should see the power output slowly increase.
1. For each day, make a data table like Table 2, above, in your lab notebook to record your results and use them to determine the peak power.
4. After about 10–12 days, the power output should stabilize.
1. It may stabilize anywhere between 10 μW to 200 μW or more. A lot depends on the topsoil you are using and other factors. Wherever it stabilizes, it should make enough power to blink the LED at least once every 30 seconds.
1. Tip: If the power output seems low, see the Frequently Asked Questions section for suggestions on what to check and try.
2. When it stabilizes, the peak power should not change by more than about 0.5 μW for at least 3 days in a row.
1. Do not worry if your peak power changes by a little more than this (such as by 1 μW or 2 μW). If it has been at least 10 days and when you graph the peak power (as described in step 6.d.iii., below) it looks like it is stabilizing (e.g., it is not steadily increasing or steadily decreasing from day to day), then it has probably stabilized enough.
2. Keeping this in mind, if it still does not look like your peak power is stabilizing, see the Frequently Asked Questions section for suggestions on what to check and try.
3. Tip: Making a graph of your data as you collect it may help you see if the power output is stabilizing. If you do this, put the date on the x-axis and the power output (peak power) for each day on the y-axis. Does the peak power appear to be stabilizing?
4. The time between LED blinks should also stabilize.
2. Once it appears that the power output has stabilized, carefully open up the MFC and mix in ¼ teaspoon (tsp.) of salt throughout the mud.
1. Take your measurements for the day as usual before adding the salt.
2. Measure out ¼ tsp. of salt and leave it nearby.
3. Unplug the anode and cathode from the hacker board and carefully remove the lid.
4. Put your gloves on and gently lift up the cathode, being careful not to get any mud on top of the cathode.
1. Safety Note: The MFC's electrodes are made of a conductive material called graphite fiber. Do not put the cathodes or anodes near electronics or power plugs, and do not disperse the fibers in the air, as the fibers will cause electrical shortages when in contact with electronics.
5. Sprinkle some of the salt on top of the mud, mix it in, and then dig around inside of the mud, adding salt and mixing it in as you go. You want to mix the salt as evenly into the mud as possible, but do not disturb the anode - leave it in place (as well as its wire and the mud below the anode).
1. Note: Disrupting the anode could damage the developing biofilm and interfere with your results.
6. Rinse the mud off your gloves and dry them.
7. Assemble the MFC exactly as you put it together before, following the instructions from the "Setting Up the Microbial Fuel Cell" section above to make sure that the wires are twisted together properly and everything is reconnected to the hacker board correctly.
1. Specifically, this will be following steps 11–18 from the previous section.
2. Do not get any mud on the top of the cathode. If you do, carefully wipe it off, being careful not to grind it into the cathode.
3. Starting the day after you add the salt, repeat steps 1–5 each day until it looks like the power output (the peak power) is stabilizing again (as described in step 6).
1. Take these measurements at the same time every day.
2. On the day after adding the salt, you should see an increase in power output. The power output may then slowly decrease over time until it stabilizes again.
3. For each day, make a data table like Table 2 above in your lab notebook to record your results and use them to determine the peak power. Note: It is possible that the resistor you use to determine the peak power will change slightly. Make a note of this in your lab notebook if it happens.
4. About four to five days after adding the salt, the power output should stabilize again.
1. When the power output is stabilized, the peak power should not change by more than about 0.5 µW for at least three days in a row.
2. Do not worry if your peak power changes by a little more than this. If it has been about five days after adding the salt and the peak power is not steadily decreasing each day, then it has probably stabilized enough.
3. Tip: Making a graph of your data as you collect it may help you see if the power output is stabilizing. If you do this, put the days on the x-axis and the power output (peak power) on the y-axis. Does the peak power appear to be stabilizing?
4. The time between LED blinks should also stabilize.
4. Repeat steps 7 and 8, adding ¼ tsp. of salt each time the MFC stabilizes, until adding salt no longer results in an increase in power output.
1. Depending on the type of topsoil you are using and other factors, this may take a total of about ¾ tsp. of salt.
2. If you have added a total of 1 tsp. of salt and still see an increase in power output after adding the fourth quarter teaspoon of salt, try adding ½ tsp. salt in the future (instead of ¼ tsp. salt).
5. After you have determined that adding salt no longer increases the MFC's power output, add ¼ tsp. of salt one last time and see if this changes the power output (repeat steps 7 and 8).
1. Continue monitoring the MFC's power output for at least seven days after adding salt this last time.
2. Did the power output remain stable, or did it decrease? If it decreased, did it then stabilize after decreasing, or did it continue decreasing?
1. Make two graphs of your data, one showing how the power output changed over time and one showing how the frequency of LED blinks changed over time.
1. For the graph showing power output over time, put the number of days after setting up the MFC on the x-axis and the peak power output (in µW) on the y-axis.
2. For the graph showing the frequency of LED blinks over time, put the number of days after setting up the MFC on the x-axis and the blinks per second on the y-axis.
1. If you recorded the time between blinks in your data table, convert this to blinks per second by taking the data for the average seconds between blinks that you collected each day and calculate what 1 divided by this number is. For example, if your LED blinked an average of once every 15 seconds, 1 divided by 15 is 0.067, which is the number of blinks per second it made.
1. Locate the days that you added salt. What happened to the power output and frequency of the LED blinks the day after adding salt? How quickly did these measurements stabilize? When they stabilized, were they higher or lower than they were originally, before adding salt?
2. When was the power output and blinking frequency the highest? What was the peak power at this time? How much salt had been added to the MFC by this point?
3. What happened to the power output and frequency of LED blinks when you added the last bit of salt? Why do you think this is? What do you think would happen if you added even more salt? Why?
4. Based on your results, what is the ideal amount of salt to add to your topsoil mud for maximum power output? Why do you think so?
5. Did you see many differences in how the power output changed versus how the frequency of blinks changed? Why do you think this might be? Which measurement do you think is more accurate? Why? If you want to explore this relationship further, see the Make It Your Own section.
### Troubleshooting
For troubleshooting tips, please read our FAQ: Turn Mud into Energy with a Microbial Fuel Cell — and a Dash of Salt.
## Variations
• In this science project you measured both LED blinks per second and power output using the MFC, but you did not extensively analyze how those two types of measurements correlate with each other. Go through some of your data and create a graph showing power output (in µW) on the x-axis and blinks per second on the y-axis. How does the power output correlate with the blinks per second? Is there a linear relationship, or something else? Are there some points at which the relationship does not seem to work, such as at very low or very high power outputs? Why do you think this is?
• If you want a more challenging way to explore this relationship further, try using a power supply with the MFC hacker board and two multimeters. Have someone very experienced with electronics help you hook up the power supply with the hacker board and the multimeters, arranging it so that one multimeter measures the voltage from the power supply and the second multimeter measures the current. Knowing the voltage and current, you can use Equation 2 below to calculate the power going into the hacker board. What is the relationship between the frequency of LED blinks and the power supplied? Is there a minimum amount of voltage needed to make the LED blink? Why do you think this is? How does this data correlate with the data you collected using the MFC to power the hacker board?
• Safety Note: Adult supervision is recommended with use of the power supply, as it can cause serious harm to the hacker board and user if used incorrectly.
• Note To prevent damaging the hacker board, it is recommended to test it with no greater than 0.75 V.
• Tip: The hacker board has a voltage-boosting chip (the tiny black rectangle in between the circular testing pads). This chip "up-converts" the voltage the hacker board receives into short bursts to blink the LED. Additional information on the chip can be found at Digi-Key® Corporation.
Equation 2:
P = I V
P is the power in watts (W). V is the voltage (V). I is the current in amperes (amps, or A).
• The MFC in the Science Buddies kit normally powers a red blinking LED light, but it could power other electronic devices instead, if it produces enough power for them. Investigate what other electronic device(s) could be powered using the amount of voltage and current produced by your MFC, then test whether it can power the device(s). Does it work? How much more voltage and current would you need to power other devices? Knowing that you can hook multiple MFCs together to make more power, how many MFCs would you need to power larger electronic devices, such as a television or a computer?
• In this science project you used different resistors to figure out the peak power made by the MFC, but you were limited by the resistors supplied in the MFC kit. You could repeat this project, using additional resistors to more closely figure out what the peak power is. For example, if you used the 100-ohm, 220-ohm, and 470-ohm resistors from the kit and found the peak power when using the 220-ohm resistor, this tells you that the peak power is somewhere between 100 ohms and 470 ohms, but it may not be exactly at 220 ohms — this is just the closest resistor you had available. You could use additional resistors that fall within this range (100 ohms to 470 ohms) to more closely find the peak power. On the other hand, if you found that the peak power could be produced using resistors greater than the ones supplied in the Science Buddies MFC kit (such as shown in Figure 3 in the Procedure section, in sample graph #2), you can use larger resistors to test this. Is the actual peak power significantly different than what it was using the resistors in the kit? (If you find that the peak is shifting over time, you could investigate the next Variation below.)
• To use additional resistors, you can either find an electronics specialist who might let you use some of his or her resistors, or you can purchase them online as a kit from SparkFun Electronics® or individually at a company such as Digi-Key. (The type of resistors you want are "Through Hole Resistors," with power of 0.25W and a composition of metal film. Note: If you order resistors from Digi-Key, some may need to be purchased in large quantities — check the minimum quantity needed after selecting the resistor you want to purchase.)
• Alternatively, you can try to use the resistors in the kit to narrow down the peak power. Connecting the resistors in series (connecting the resistors to each other) will increase the total resistance, but this can be challenging to do successfully. Connecting the resistors in parallel (turning on two resistors) will decrease the resistance. If you want to try this, research more on how to do it.
• As yet another alternative, you can use a device called a potentiometer to narrow down the peak power (although fixed resistors may work better with the MFC). Look into potentiometers to figure out how to use one this way.
• The resistor you use to find the peak power tells you what the internal resistance of the MFC is. If you have to use different resistors over time to find the peak power, this means that the internal resistance of the MFC is shifting. If you saw this happening, why do you think this is? Do you see a correlation with anything, such as a shift after adding more salt or a change in the power output? Hint: Re-read the Introduction and research internal resistance and electrolytes to try and figure this out. You may want to use additional resistors to narrow down the internal resistance of the MFC, as described in the previous Variation above.
• For additional ideas focusing on the biology aspects of the microbial fuel cell, see the Science Buddies science project Powered by Pee: Using Urine in a Microbial Fuel Cell and its Make It Your Own section.
## Share your story with Science Buddies!
Q: The LED on the microbial fuel cell has never blinked. What should I do?
A: Even if the LED is not blinking, you should still take and analyze your peak power output measurements and you may be able to continue with the experiment, as described in the "Measuring Power Output and Adding Salt" section in the Procedure. If your peak power output stabilizes around at least 4 µW, then this is enough power for you to continue with the experiment. It is possible that the microbial fuel cell is making enough power for you to continue with the experiment even though the LED is not blinking. There are several reasons why the LED might not be blinking:
• If the hacker board is not set up correctly, the LED will not blink. You should confirm that everything is set up as described in the "Setting Up the Microbial Fuel Cell" section of the Procedure.
• The LED might not have enough power to blink. You will need a peak power output of at least 4 µW before the LED starts to blink, and the initial blinking may only be about once every 30 seconds so you will need to closely watch the LED to see it blink.
• Depending on the type of topsoil you are using, it may take about 3–10 days for the LED to start blinking, if everything is properly in place. Some types of topsoil might make the microbial fuel cell take longer to blink than other types of topsoil because it may take longer for enough power to be made to light up the LED. From our experience, using the Scotts Premium Topsoil—which is recommended in the Materials section—results in the microbial fuel cell starting to blink after about 4–5 days. Make sure that you are not using any topsoil with little white Styrofoam balls, vermiculite pieces, or perlite, since these can aerate the soil and inhibit the desired bacteria from growing (they do not want to be exposed to oxygen). Also avoid types of topsoil with peat moss or topsoil that has become completely dry.
• The temperature of the room that the microbial fuel cell is in can significantly affect how well the bacteria grow, which affects whether (and how quickly) the LED blinks. The microbial fuel cell should be kept indoors, at normal room temperatures (about 19–25° Celsius [C], or 66–77° Fahrenheit [F]), in the same location the entire time after you set it up. If the room gets too cold, the bacteria may not grow well. If the microbial fuel cell is moved to a different location, this could disrupt the growth of the bacteria.
• Even if the hacker board is set up correctly, some of the wires might be loose or may not be making good electrical contacts in the hacker board. You can try taking the wires out of the microbial fuel cell and then putting them back into the correct positions, and/or gently jiggling the wires around in the slots in the hacker board. Also make sure that none of the exposed parts of the wires are touching each other.
• It is possible that the LED has become damaged. You can check to make sure the LED is working by hooking it up to a battery, as shown in Figure 5 of this science project idea: See the Light by Making a Cell Phone Spectrophotometer.
Q: The peak power output of the microbial fuel cell seems low. What might be the problem and what can I do?
A: If your peak power output stabilizes around at least 4 µW, then this is enough power for you to continue with the experiment, as described in the "Measuring Power Output and Adding Salt" section in the Procedure. It may take about 10–12 days for the peak power output to reach at least 4 µW, depending on the topsoil and other conditions used. If your peak power output does not reach at least 4 µW by 10–12 days after setting up the microbial fuel cell, there are several possible reasons for this:
• If the hacker board is not set up correctly, it will not produce power. You should confirm that everything is set up as described in the "Setting Up the Microbial Fuel Cell" section of the Procedure.
• Even if the hacker board is set up correctly, some of the wires might be loose or may not be making good electrical contacts in the hacker board. You can try taking the wires out of the microbial fuel cell and then putting them back into the correct positions. Also make sure that none of the exposed parts of the wires are touching each other.
• If it looks like the peak power output is still increasing each day, it may just take a few more days for the microbial fuel cell to reach 4 µW.
• The soil you are using might not work well in the microbial fuel cell. First be sure that you are using topsoil, and not potting soil. From our experience, the Scotts Premium Topsoil—which is recommended in the Materials section—works well under our testing conditions and the microbial fuel cell produces at least 4 µW after about four days or earlier, but other types of topsoil may behave differently. Make sure that you are not using any topsoil with little white Styrofoam balls, vermiculite pieces, or perlite, since these can aerate the soil and inhibit the desired bacteria from growing (they do not want to be exposed to oxygen). Also avoid types of topsoil with peat moss or topsoil that has become completely dry.
• If there are air bubbles trapped in the damp topsoil in the microbial fuel cell, this can prevent the bacteria from growing well because they do not want to be exposed to oxygen. When packing the mud in the microbial fuel cell, pat down the mud and electrodes, as described in the "Setting Up the Microbial Fuel Cell" section of the Procedure, so that you do not have any trapped air bubbles in the mud. Air bubbles may also be caused by small, hard particles (such as rocks, pebbles, vermiculite, twigs, etc.) being trapped in the mud, and so anything like this should be removed from the topsoil before adding it to the microbial fuel cell.
• If the temperature of the room that the microbial fuel cell is in is very cold, the bacteria may not grow well, which would decrease the peak power output. The microbial fuel cell should be kept indoors, at normal room temperatures (about 19–25° C, or 66–77° F), in the same location the entire time after you set it up. Also, if the microbial fuel cell is moved to a different location (particularly if it is at a different temperature), this could disrupt the growth of the bacteria.
Even if the microbial fuel cell is not making more than 4 µW, this may still be an interesting result, especially if you are testing conditions different from the ones described in the main project idea. Keep in mind that a science project does not have to work as anticipated in order to be real, good science. It is important to communicate (on your Science Fair Project Display Boards, report, or however you are presenting your project) your question, your hypothesis, what you anticipated would happen, then what you actually saw (such as your peak power output measurements over time), your questions about what was happening, and your attempts to troubleshoot. You could also communicate any possibilities of what could be happening and how you would test that (if you do not have enough time to test it now).
Q: Is the voltage made by my microbial fuel cell too low?
A: When you take the voltage measurements with the different resistors each day, the voltage measurements need to be converted into power (in microwatts, or µW). This is described in the Procedure in the section "Measuring Power Output and Adding Salt." The power output depends on the resistors you use, so you cannot determine how well the microbial fuel cell is performing by just looking at the voltage measurements alone—they need to be converted into power for them to be meaningful. Once you have converted the voltage measurements into power outputs and determined your peak power output, you can determine whether the peak power output seems low or not. If your peak power output stabilizes around at least 4 µW, then this is enough power for you to continue with the experiment, as described in the "Measuring Power Output and Adding Salt" section in the Procedure. It may take about 10–12 days for the peak power output to reach at least 4 µW.
Q: The LED on the microbial fuel cell was blinking, but now it has stopped and this is unexpected. Why did this happen?
A: Even if the LED stops blinking, you should still continue to take and analyze your peak power output measurements and you may be able to still do the experiment, as described in the "Measuring Power Output and Adding Salt" section in the Procedure. If the LED was blinking one day but then stopped blinking the next, there are several possible reasons for this:
• If the hacker board is not set up correctly, the LED will not blink. You should confirm that everything is still set up correctly, as described in the "Setting Up the Microbial Fuel Cell" section of the Procedure.
• Even if the hacker board is set up correctly, some of the wires might be loose or may not be making good electrical contacts in the hacker board. You can try taking the wires out of the microbial fuel cell and then putting them back into the correct positions, and/or gently jiggling the wires around in the slots in the hacker board. Also make sure that none of the exposed parts of the wires are touching each other.
• The LED may no longer have enough power to blink. You will need a peak power output of at least 4µW, for the LED to blink, and the blinking may be as infrequent as about once every 30 seconds so you will need to closely watch the LED to see it blink.
• If the temperature of the room that the microbial fuel cell is in is very cold, the bacteria may not grow well, which would decrease the peak power output and affect whether the LED blinks. The microbial fuel cell should be kept indoors, at normal room temperatures (about 19–25° C, or 66–77° F), in the same location the entire time after you set it up. Also, if the microbial fuel cell is moved to a different location (particularly if it is at a different temperature), this could disrupt the growth of the bacteria.
• It is possible that the LED has become damaged. You can check to make sure the LED is working by hooking it up to a battery, as shown in Figure 5 of this science project idea: See the Light by Making a Cell Phone Spectrophotometer.
Keep in mind that a science project does not have to work as anticipated in order to be real, good science. You should always record your observations, even unexpected ones, and think of ways to explain why they happened.
Q: The peak power output does not seem to be stabilizing. Should I be concerned?
A: About 10–12 days after setting up the microbial fuel cell, the peak power output should stabilize to around at least 4 µW. For the peak power output to be considered "stabilized," it should not change by more than about 0.5 µW for at least three days in a row. But even if your peak power output changes by a little more than this (such as by 1 µW or even 2 µW), do not worry; if it has been at least 10 days and the peak power looks like it is stabilizing when you graph it each day (i.e., it is not steadily increasing or steadily decreasing from day to day), then it has probably stabilized enough. Keeping this in mind, if it still does not look like the peak power output is stabilizing, this could be because some conditions have changed (i.e., the temperature has changed or the fuel cell has been moved to a different location). It is very important that conditions are kept as consistent as possible for the peak power output to stabilize and to do the rest of the experiment using the fuel cell, as minor changes in conditions can significantly affect the power output.
Q: After I set up the microbial fuel cell, the peak power output was increasing, and then decreased before I added any salt. Should I be concerned?
A: Within the first 10–12 days of setting up the microbial fuel cell it is normal to see some fluctuations in the peak power output. This may include seeing the peak power output increasing, and then decreasing a little. After about 10–12 days the peak power output should appear to stabilize. If this does not appear to happen, refer to the other relevant questions in this FAQ.
Q: What is the purpose of using the different resistors?
A: You need to use multiple resistors so that you can determine what the peak power output of your microbial fuel cell is. The power output depends on which resistors you use, and you need to determine which resistor gives you your peak power output, as described in the "Measuring Power Output and Adding Salt" section of the Procedure. The resistor that gives the peak power output is closest to the internal resistance of the microbial fuel cell, and this depends on the type of topsoil you are using and other factors.
Q: Why do I need to wait until the peak power output has stabilized before adding the salt?
A: If you do not wait for the peak power output to stabilize before adding salt then you will not know how the addition of salt changed the peak power output because it would have still been fluctuating. You would not be able to know for certain whether any changes in peak power output you see, after adding the salt, would then be due to normal fluctuations of the microbial fuel cell or actually to the addition of the salt.
Q: Why is salt added to the microbial fuel cell?
A: As discussed in the Background, when the salt is dissolved in the damp soil, it creates an electrolyte, which is a liquid-rich medium that has an electric charge. Consequently, if electrodes are put into an electrolyte, it can conduct electricity. This means that initially when salt is added to the microbial fuel cell, there should be an increase in the peak power output, but eventually if too much salt is added it may kill the bacteria and decrease the peak power output.
Q: Is there a way to clean out the microbial fuel cell without damaging it so that I can use it in another experiment?
A: Yes, the microbial fuel cell can be cleaned out without damaging it. To do this, carefully rinse the vessel and electrodes with tap water. The electrodes should be gently rubbed while rinsing them until the water running off of them is not dirty anymore. Also, to make sure you are starting with a clean slate of bacteria for each test, the vessel and electrodes should be quickly rinsed with 70% isopropyl rubbing alcohol, which should kill the bacteria. To do this, you can put the electrodes in the vessel (using it as a cup) and fill it with just enough alcohol to submerge the electrodes. Get some of the rubbing alcohol on the inside sides of the vessel while you do this too. Then pour off the rubbing alcohol and briefly rinse the electrodes and vessel with tap water (so the rubbing alcohol does not remain on these parts). Make sure to follow all proper safety precautions when using the rubbing alcohol.
The Ask an Expert Forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. If you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.
If you have purchased a kit for this project from Science Buddies, we are pleased to answer any question not addressed by the FAQ above.
1. What is your Science Buddies kit order number?
2. Please describe how you need help as thoroughly as possible:
Examples
Good Question I'm trying to do Experimental Procedure step #5, "Scrape the insulation from the wire. . ." How do I know when I've scraped enough?
Good Question I'm at Experimental Procedure step #7, "Move the magnet back and forth . . ." and the LED is not lighting up.
Bad Question I don't understand the instructions. Help!
Good Question I am purchasing my materials. Can I substitute a 1N34 diode for the 1N25 diode called for in the material list?
Bad Question Can I use a different part?
## If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
### Electrical & Electronics Engineer
Just as a potter forms clay, or a steel worker molds molten steel, electrical and electronics engineers gather and shape electricity and use it to make products that transmit power or transmit information. Electrical and electronics engineers may specialize in one of the millions of products that make or use electricity, like cell phones, electric motors, microwaves, medical instruments, airline navigation system, or handheld games. Read more
### Fuel Cell Engineer
Most of the world's energy comes from fossil fuels. However, the amount of fossil fuels is finite, and many people are concerned about where our energy will come from in the future. We can turn to alternative, renewable sources of fuel, such as our sun (solar energy) and the winds (wind energy). But what happens when the sun doesn't shine or the winds don't blow? Would we be stuck? Well, that is where the fuel cell comes in. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that generates electricity through a reaction between a fuel, like hydrogen, and an oxidant, like oxygen. This reaction produces few greenhouse gas emissions other than water or water vapor. The job of the fuel cell engineer is to design new fuel cell technology that improves the reliability, functionality, and efficiency of the fuel cell. Do you like the idea of using your math and science skills to work on mankind's future energy needs? Then start "fueling your future" and read more about this career. Read more
### Energy Engineer
How much energy do you think all the houses and buildings in the United States consume? It turns out they eat up 40% of all the energy that the U.S. uses in a year. The figure is high because all those houses and buildings need to be heated, cooled, lit, ventilated, and supplied with heated water and electricity to run all sorts of electrical devices, appliances, and computers. Energy efficiency engineers help reduce the energy that houses and buildings use. This saves families and businesses money, and lowers the emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Read more
### Microbiologist
Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, algae, and fungi) are the most common life-forms on Earth. They help us digest nutrients; make foods like yogurt, bread, and olives; and create antibiotics. Some microbes also cause diseases. Microbiologists study the growth, structure, development, and general characteristics of microorganisms to promote health, industry, and a basic understanding of cellular functions. Read more
## News Feed on This Topic
, ,
Note: A computerized matching algorithm suggests the above articles. It's not as smart as you are, and it may occasionally give humorous, ridiculous, or even annoying results! Learn more about the News Feed
## Looking for more science fun?
Try one of our science activities for quick, anytime science explorations. The perfect thing to liven up a rainy day, school vacation, or moment of boredom. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4399260878562927, "perplexity": 1257.4478204341003}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660628.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00054-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/whats-mistake-is-done-here/ | ×
# Whats mistake is done here???
(6)^2=(-6)^2 => 6=-6 => 1=-1
Note by Pratik Raj
2 years, 11 months ago
Sort by:
Taking square gives ± sign and we will take minus because we have to assume that 6 ≠ -6 · 2 years, 11 months ago
Square root cancels sign And if removing power from squares, then sign of either side remains same · 2 years, 11 months ago | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9866198897361755, "perplexity": 8012.293634186057}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423269.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720161644-20170720181644-00299.warc.gz"} |
http://www.ams.org/joursearch/servlet/DoSearch?f1=msc&v1=35C10 | # American Mathematical Society
My Account · My Cart · Customer Services · FAQ
Publications Meetings The Profession Membership Programs Math Samplings Policy and Advocacy In the News About the AMS
You are here: Home > Publications
AMS eContent Search Results
Matches for: msc=(35C10) AND publication=(all) Sort order: Date Format: Standard display
Results: 1 to 22 of 22 found Go to page: 1
[1] Markus Bachmayr and Albert Cohen. Kolmogorov widths and low-rank approximations of parametric elliptic PDEs. Math. Comp. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [2] Frédéric Hélein. First integrals for nonlinear dispersive equations. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 368 (2016) 6939-6978. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [3] Yuri M. Urman and Sergey I. Kuznetsov. Translational transformations of tensor solutions of the Helmholtz equation and their application to describe interactions in force fields of various physical nature. Quart. Appl. Math. 72 (2014) 1-20. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [4] P. L. Dattori da Silva and A. Meziani. Properties of solutions of a class of planar elliptic operators with degeneracies. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 139 (2011) 3937-3949. MR 2823040. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [5] Xiaoping Xu. Asymmetric and moving-frame approaches to Navier-Stokes equations. Quart. Appl. Math. 67 (2009) 163-193. MR 2497602. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [6] Xiaoping Xu. Stable-range approach to the equation of nonstationary transonic gas flows. Quart. Appl. Math. 65 (2007) 529-547. MR 2354886. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [7] Xinfu Chen, Shangbin Cui and Avner Friedman. A hyperbolic free boundary problem modeling tumor growth: Asymptotic behavior. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 357 (2005) 4771-4804. MR 2165387. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [8] Congwen Liu and Lizhong Peng. Boundary regularity in the Dirichlet problem for the invariant Laplacians $\Delta_\gamma$ on the unit real ball. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 132 (2004) 3259-3268. MR 2073300. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [9] Shangbin Cui and Avner Friedman. A free boundary problem for a singular system of differential equations: An application to a model of tumor growth. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 355 (2003) 3537-3590. MR 1990162. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [10] L. Halpern. A spectral method for the Stokes problem in three-dimensional unbounded domains. Math. Comp. 70 (2001) 1417-1436. MR 1836911. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [11] Avner Friedman and Fernando Reitich. Symmetry-breaking bifurcation of analytic solutions to free boundary problems: An application to a model of tumor growth. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 353 (2001) 1587-1634. MR 1806728. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [12] Ch. Dorschfeldt and N. N. Tarkhanov. Golubev series for solutions of elliptic equations. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 351 (1999) 581-594. MR 1433116. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [13] Laurence Halpern. Spectral methods in polar coordinates for the Stokes problem. Application to computation in unbounded domains. Math. Comp. 65 (1996) 507-531. MR 1333315. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [14] R. Z. Yeh. Errata to: Analysis and applications of holomorphic functions in higher dimensions'' . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 347 (1995) MR 1303130. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [15] R. Z. Yeh. Analysis and applications of holomorphic functions in higher dimensions . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 345 (1994) 151-177. MR 1260207. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [16] J. Abramowich. Some applications of generalized exponentials to partial differential equations . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 89 (1983) 239-245. MR 712630. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [17] Peter A. McCoy. Mean boundary value problems for a class of elliptic equations in $E\sp{3}$ . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 76 (1979) 123-128. MR 534401. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [18] Stanley Kaplan. Formal and convergent power series solutions of singular partial differential equations . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 256 (1979) 163-183. MR 546913. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [19] Peter A. McCoy. Extremal properties of real axially symmetric harmonic functions in $E\sp{3}$ . Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 67 (1977) 248-252. MR 0457754. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge [20] Leslie Lamport. An extension of a theorem of Hamada on the Cauchy problem with singular data. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 776-779. MR 0318637. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [21] V. Guillemin and D. Schaeffer. Remarks on a paper of D. Ludwig. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 382-385. MR 0410050. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [22] Reese Harvey and John C. Polking. A Laurent expansion for solutions to elliptic equations . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 180 (1973) 407-413. MR 0320494. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF This article is available free of charge
Results: 1 to 22 of 22 found Go to page: 1 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9258677363395691, "perplexity": 1783.2074960307682}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720154.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00380-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.programming-techniques.com/2019/04/c-programming-functions.html | # C Programming Functions
## What is a function in C?
Functions come into play when there arises a situation where the same codes are executed repeatedly. It is a better practice to build Functions when the same code is used in the different location of the program. The idea is to put together all the common types of codes together as Functions.
A function is a named independent section of code that performs a specific task. Optionally, It returns a value to a calling program. Without the use of the function, the program will be buggy and it will be hard to manage. Writing the same block of code, again and again, will be boring for the programmers. We can use the function at any part of our program simply by calling them.
C programming provides two different categories of functions. You can see the description of the categories in detail below.
### Predefined functions:
Those functions that are available in the ‘C’ standard library are called Predefined functions. They are the functions whose definitions will be on the header files such as stdio.h, string.h etc. Those functions are already defined to the compiler of the C language. The functions under this header files are printf (), scanf(), puts, gets etc. All you need to do is to include an appropriate header file to use these functions. Those functions are declared and defined in the C Libraries.
### User-defined functions:
C Language provides us with a privilege to create the function of our own. We can define these functions at the time of writing program. Functions that the programmer creates for a specific task are known as a user-defined function. There are 4 types of user-defined functions. These types of functions are defined for the reusability of the codes and to save time and space. We can define the function of our own in 4 different ways. In general, programmers can go for any of these ways will writing their programs.
1. No return type and no argument
2. No return type with the argument
3. With return type and no argument.
4. Return type with the argument.
## How to use the function in our program?
We just need to perform 3 different tasks while using functions in C. We will see the tasks that we perform while using the function in detail below.
### Function definition:
The function definition contains two principal components. The first component is the name and argument declaration and the second component is the body of the function. Look at the syntax of function definition below.
Syntax:
return type function name ([data type argument 1, data type argument 2,….])
{
statement 1
statement 2;
statement 3;
………………..
………………..
}
### Function prototype
Whenever you define a function, you just need to declare a prototype above the main function. This is preferable in the top-down approach of programming in which the main appears before the user-defined function definition. In the bottom-up programming approach, where we define functions above the main we do not need to use function prototypes. In top-down programming approach, By defining a function prototype the compiler is first alerted to the fact that the function being accessed will be defined later in the program.
Syntax:
return type function name ([datatype arguments, datatype argument 2, …….., datatype argument 3]);
{
statement 1;
……………….
}
### Function call:
We can simply call the functions by specifying its name followed by a list of arguments enclosed in parenthesis and separated by commas.
Syntax:
Function name([arguement 1, argument 2,……, argument n]);
### What are the Actual and formal parameters?
The parameters in the function call consist of the list of arguments that the function expects. We define these arguments within the function. The arguments defined within the called function are called formal parameters or formal arguments. We will actually use formal parameters in the function definitions. On the other hand, the actual arguments or actual parameters are those arguments which we will use to call the function from the calling function. We will use these parameters in the function call.
## Why is Function important in C?
• The function will enforce modularity in our program.
• Function helps in code reusability and makes debugging easier. We just simply need to call the function by its name whenever required.
• With the help of function, it becomes easier to distribute different tasks to the programmers by specifying different functions.
• The program will consume less space and time with the help of functions.
• Functions make the programs readable and easy to understand.
• In the case of large programs, functions will manage the codes
### Example of Function in C:
Now let’s move on to our first code implementing the function in C. The below program is a simple program that will add any two given numbers. Firstly, the program will ask the user to input numbers. We will then define a function that will compute the result of the addition. If our function returns value then we will have to specify the return type either int or float or any datatype depending on the value the function will return. If or function won’t return any value then we have to specify its return type as a void. The below example deploys all the parts of functions that will help to clarify the concept of it more.
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b, sum;
printf("Enter any two numbers: ");
scanf("%d%d", &a,&b);
printf("The sum of any two given numbers is: %d",sum);
}
int sum;
sum = x+y;
return sum;
}
The above program presents the top-down approach to programming. So we have to specify the prototype of the function before the main function. Here the function is using the return type ‘ int’ which indicates that the function will return an integer value to the main program. Moreover, we can also use void instead of the int in the above program. But in that case, the function won’t return anything. So we will have to print the result within the function definition. Thus, we pass two numbers to our function ‘sum’ which will compute the sum by adding two numbers and returns the final result to its respective calling function.
Output
Enter any two numbers:
3
4
The sum of any two given numbers is: 7 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5307278037071228, "perplexity": 733.5623760158992}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738855.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811205740-20200811235740-00540.warc.gz"} |
https://edurev.in/studytube/The-Pauli-Exclusion-Principle/dad22a5d-0f59-49e9-a6a0-dde3284142bd_t | The Pauli Exclusion Principle
# The Pauli Exclusion Principle - Notes | Study Modern Physics for IIT JAM - Physics
1 Crore+ students have signed up on EduRev. Have you?
Multiple-Electron Atoms:
All atoms except hydrogen are multiple-electron atoms. The physical and chemical properties of elements are directly related to the number of electrons a neutral atom has. The periodic table of the elements groups elements with similar properties into columns. This systematic organization is related to the number of electrons in a neutral atom, called the atomic number, Z. We shall see in this section that the exclusion principle is key to the underlying explanations, and that it applies far beyond the realm of atomic physics.
In 1925, the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli proposed the following rule: No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. That is, no two electrons can be in the same state. This statement is known as the Pauli exclusion principle, because it excludes electrons from being in the same state. The Pauli exclusion principle is extremely powerful and very broadly applicable. It applies to any identical particles with half-integral intrinsic spin—that is, having s=1/2, 3/2, ... Thus no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.
Pauli Exclusion Principle:
No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. That is, no two electrons can be in the same state.
The Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) played a major role in the development of quantum mechanics. He proposed the exclusion principle; hypothesized the existence of an important particle, called the neutrino, before it was directly observed; made fundamental contributions to several areas of theoretical physics; and influenced many students who went on to do important work of their own.
Let us examine how the exclusion principle applies to electrons in atoms. The quantum numbers involved were defined in Quantum Numbers and Rules as n, l,ml, s, and ms. Since s is always 1/2 for electrons, it is redundant to list s, and so we omit it and specify the state of an electron by a set of four numbers (n, l,ml, ms). For example, the quantum numbers (2, 1, 0, -1/2) completely specify the state of an electron in an atom.
Since no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers, there are limits to how many of them can be in the same energy state. Note that n determines the energy state in the absence of a magnetic field. So we first choose n, and then we see how many electrons can be in this energy state or energy level. Consider the n=1 level, for example. The only value l can have is 0, and thus mcan only be 0. The spin projection ms can be either +1/2 or -1/2, and so there can be two electrons in the n=1 state. One has quantum numbers (1, 0, 0,+1/2), and the other has (1, 0, 0,-1/2). Illustrates that there can be one or two electrons having n=1, but not three.
The Pauli exclusion principle explains why some configurations of electrons are allowed while others are not. Since electrons cannot have the same set of quantum numbers, a maximum of two can be in the n=1 level, and a third electron must reside in the higher-energy n=2 level. If there are two electrons in the n=1 level, their spins must be in opposite directions. (More precisely, their spin projections must differ.)
Shells and Subshells:
Because of the Pauli exclusion principle, only hydrogen and helium can have all of their electrons in the n=1 state. Lithium has three electrons, and so one must be in the n=2 level. This leads to the concept of shells and shell filling. As we progress up in the number of electrons, we go from hydrogen to helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, and so on, and we see that there are limits to the number of electrons for each value of n. Higher values of the shell n correspond to higher energies, and they can allow more electrons because of the various combinations of l, ml, and ms that are possible. Each value of the principal quantum number n thus corresponds to an atomic shell into which a limited number of electrons can go. Shells and the number of electrons in them determine the physical and chemical properties of atoms, since it is the outermost electrons that interact most with anything outside the atom.
The probability clouds of electrons with the lowest value of l are closest to the nucleus and, thus, more tightly bound. Thus when shells fill, they start with l=0, progress to l=1, and so on. Each value of l thus corresponds to a subshell.
The table given below lists symbols traditionally used to denote shells and subshells.
To denote shells and subshells, we write nl with a number for n and a letter for l. For example, an electron in the n=1 state must have l=0, and it is denoted as a 1s electron. Two electrons in the n=1 state is denoted as 1s2. Another example is an electron in the n=2 state with l=1, written as 2p. The case of three electrons with these quantum numbers is written 2p3. This notation, called spectroscopic notation, is generalized as shown in.
Counting the number of possible combinations of quantum numbers allowed by the exclusion principle, we can determine how many electrons it takes to fill each subshell and shell.
How Many Electrons Can Be in This Shell?
Q 1. List all the possible sets of quantum numbers for the n=2 shell, and determine the number of electrons that can be in the shell and each of its subshells.
Strategy:
Given n=2 for the shell, the rules for quantum numbers limit l to be 0 or 1. The shell therefore has two subshells, labeled 2s and 2p. Since the lowest l subshell fills first, we start with the 2s subshell possibilities and then proceed with the 2p subshell.
Solution:
It is convenient to list the possible quantum numbers in a table, as shown below.
Discussion:
It is laborious to make a table like this every time we want to know how many electrons can be in a shell or subshell. There exist general rules that are easy to apply, as we shall now see.
The number of electrons that can be in a subshell depends entirely on the value of l. Once l is known, there are a fixed number of values of ml, each of which can have two values for mFirst, since ml goes from -l to l in steps of 1, there are 2l+1 possibilities. This number is multiplied by 2, since each electron can be spin up or spin down. Thus the maximum number of electrons that can be in a subshell is 2(2l+1).
For example, the 2s subshell in has a maximum of 2 electrons in it, since 2(2l+1) = 2(0+1)=2 for this subshell. Similarly, the 2p subshell has a maximum of 6 electrons, since 2(2l+1)=2(2+1)=6. For a shell, the maximum number is the sum of what can fit in the subshells. Some algebra shows that the maximum number of electrons that can be in a shell is 2n2.
For example, for the first shell n=1, and so 2n= 2. We have already seen that only two electrons can be in the n=1 shell. Similarly, for the second shell, n=2, and so 2n= 8. As found in, the total number of electrons in the n=2 shell is 8.
Subshells and Totals for n=3
Q.1 How many subshells are in the n=3 shell? Identify each subshell, calculate the maximum number of electrons that will fit into each, and verify that the total is 2n2.
Strategy:
Subshells are determined by the value of l; thus, we first determine which values of l are allowed, and then we apply the equation “maximum number of electrons that can be in a subshell =2(2l+1)” to find the number of electrons in each subshell.
Solution:
Since n=3, we know that l can be
0, 1, or
2; thus, there are three possible subshells. In standard notation, they are labeled the 3s, 3p, and 3d subshells. We have already seen that 2 electrons can be in an s state, and 6 in a p state, but let us use the equation “maximum number of electrons that can be in a subshell = 2(2l+1)” to calculate the maximum number in each:
3s has l = 0; thus, 2 (21 + 1) = 2 (0 + 1) = 2
3p has l=1; thus, 2 (2l + 1) — 2 (2 + 1) 6
3d has l= 2; thus, 2 (21 + 1) = 2 (4 + 1) = 10
Total = 18 (he the n = 3 shell)
The equation “maximum number of electrons that can be in a shell = 2n2” gives the maximum number in the n=3 shell to be
Maximum number of electrons = 2n2=2(3)= 2(9) = 18.
Discussion:
The total number of electrons in the three possible subshells is thus the same as the formula 2n2. In standard (spectroscopic) notation, a filled n=3 shell is denoted as 3s23p63d10. Shells do not fill in a simple manner. Before the n=3 shell is completely filled, for example, we begin to find electrons in the n=4 shell.
Shell Filling and the Periodic Table
Shows electron configurations for the first 20 elements in the periodic table, starting with hydrogen and its single electron and ending with calcium. The Pauli exclusion principle determines the maximum number of electrons allowed in each shell and subshell. But the order in which the shells and subshells are filled is complicated because of the large numbers of interactions between electrons.
Electron Configurations of Elements Hydrogen Through Calcium
Examining the above table, you can see that as the number of electrons in an atom increases from 1 in hydrogen to 2 in helium and so on, the lowest-energy shell gets filled first—that is, the n=1 shell fills first, and then the n=2 shell begins to fill. Within a shell, the subshells fill starting with the lowest l, or with the s subshell, then the p, and so on, usually until all subshells are filled. The first exception to this occurs for potassium, where the 4s subshell begins to fill before any electrons go into the 3d subshell. The next exception is not shown in; it occurs for rubidium, where the 5s subshell starts to fill before the 4d subshell. The reason for these exceptions is that l=0 electrons have probability clouds that penetrate closer to the nucleus and, thus, are more tightly bound (lower in energy).
Shows the periodic table of the elements, through element 118. Of special interest are elements in the main groups, namely, those in the columns numbered 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.
Periodic table of the elements
The number of electrons in the outermost subshell determines the atom’s chemical properties, since it is these electrons that are farthest from the nucleus and thus interact most with other atoms. If the outermost subshell can accept or give up an electron easily, then the atom will be highly reactive chemically. Each group in the periodic table is characterized by its outermost electron configuration. Perhaps the most familiar is Group 18 (Group VIII), the noble gases (helium, neon, argon, etc.). These gases are all characterized by a filled outer subshell that is particularly stable. This means that they have large ionization energies and do not readily give up an electron. Furthermore, if they were to accept an extra electron, it would be in a significantly higher level and thus loosely bound. Chemical reactions often involve sharing electrons. Noble gases can be forced into unstable chemical compounds only under high pressure and temperature.
Group 17 (Group VII) contains the halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, iodine and bromine, each of which has one less electron than a neighboring noble gas. Each halogen has 5 p electrons (ap5 configuration), while the p subshell can hold 6 electrons. This means the halogens have one vacancy in their outermost subshell. They thus readily accept an extra electron (it becomes tightly bound, closing the shell as in noble gases) and are highly reactive chemically. The halogens are also likely to form singly negative ions, such as C1-, fitting an extra electron into the vacancy in the outer subshell. In contrast, alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, all have a single s electron in their outermost subshell (an s1 configuration) and are members of Group 1 (Group I). These elements easily give up their extra electron and are thus highly reactive chemically. As you might expect, they also tend to form singly positive ions, such as Na+, by losing their loosely bound outermost electron. They are metals (conductors), because the loosely bound outer electron can move freely.
Of course, other groups are also of interest. Carbon, silicon, and germanium, for example, have similar chemistries and are in Group 4 (Group IV). Carbon, in particular, is extraordinary in its ability to form many types of bonds and to be part of long chains, such as inorganic molecules. The large group of what are called transitional elements is characterized by the filling of the d subshells and crossing of energy levels. Heavier groups, such as the lanthanide series, are more complex—their shells do not fill in simple order. But the groups recognized by chemists such as Mendeleev have an explanation in the substructure of atoms.
Section Summary
• The state of a system is completely described by a complete set of quantum numbers. This set is written as (n, l, ml, ms).
• The Pauli exclusion principle says that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers; that is, no two electrons can be in the same state.
• This exclusion limits the number of electrons in atomic shells and subshells. Each value of n corresponds to a shell, and each value of l corresponds to a subshell.
• The maximum number of electrons that can be in a subshell is 2(2l+1).
• The maximum number of electrons that can be in a shell is 2n2.
The document The Pauli Exclusion Principle - Notes | Study Modern Physics for IIT JAM - Physics is a part of the Physics Course Modern Physics for IIT JAM.
All you need of Physics at this link: Physics
## Modern Physics for IIT JAM
54 videos|44 docs|15 tests
Use Code STAYHOME200 and get INR 200 additional OFF
## Modern Physics for IIT JAM
54 videos|44 docs|15 tests
### Download free EduRev App
Track your progress, build streaks, highlight & save important lessons and more!
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
; | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8399742841720581, "perplexity": 587.9664435379046}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499654.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128184907-20230128214907-00063.warc.gz"} |
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun9/149845588936-Near-Optimal-Broadcast-with-Network-Coding-in-Large-Homogeneous-Wireless-Networks.php | # Near Optimal Broadcast with Network Coding in Large Homogeneous Wireless Networks
Near Optimal Broadcast with Network Coding in Large Homogeneous Wireless Networks - Descarga este documento en PDF. Documentación en PDF para descargar gratis. Disponible también para leer online.
1 HIPERCOM - High performance communication Inria Paris-Rocquencourt, UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11, Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Polytechnique - X, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR 2 LIX - Laboratoire d-informatique de l-École polytechnique Palaiseau
Abstract : We propose an efficient broadcast algorithm for wireless sensor networks, based on network coding: we introduce a simple rate selection and analyze its performance through computation of \emph{min-cut}. By broadcast, we mean sending data from one source to all the other nodes in the network, and our metric for efficiency is the number of transmissions necessary to transmit one packet from the source to every destination. We address this problem, in some special cases of wireless homogeneous- sensor networks contained of the plane: wireless lattice networks, and dense unit disk networks. Our results are based on the simple principle of Increased Rate for Exceptional Nodes, Identical Rate for Other Nodes IREN-IRON, for setting rates on the nodes wireless links of the network. With this rate selection, we give a value of the maximum broadcast rate of the source: our central result is a proof of the value of the min-cut for such networks.
Autor: Cédric Adjih - Song Yean Cho - Philippe Jacquet -
Fuente: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/
DESCARGAR PDF | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38101926445961, "perplexity": 2822.6861333146103}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648177.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323024544-20180323044544-00599.warc.gz"} |
https://web2.0calc.com/questions/chandler-tells-aubrey-that-the-decimal-value-of-1-7-is-not-a-repeating-decimal-should-aubrey-believe-him | +0
# Chandler tells Aubrey that the decimal value of -1/7 is not a repeating decimal. Should Aubrey believe him?
0
324
4
Chandler tells Aubrey that the decimal value of -1/7 is not a repeating decimal. Should Aubrey believe him?
Guest Nov 26, 2014
#3
+78754
+10
A fraction will have a terminating decimal only if we can write the denominator as (2n x 5n) where n ≥ 0
To see why this is true......note that all terminating decimals can be written as A / 10n = A / (2 * 5)n = A / (2n x 5n) where A is the integer formed by moving the decinal point in the non-repeating decimal n places to the right.
For instance
1/4 = 1/(22 x 50) = .25 = 25 / (22 x 52) = 25 / 100
And
1/5 = 1/(20 x 51) = .20 = 20 / (22 x 52) = 20 / 100
But, note that fractions such as 1/6, 1/13, 1/23 will repeat because the denominators cannot be factored solely in terms of 2 and 5.
CPhill Nov 26, 2014
Sort:
#1
+10
- 1/7 = - 0.142857(142857)...
In fact, all fractions have repeating decimals (or a finite number of decimals).
Guest Nov 26, 2014
#2
+91051
+10
Hi anon
Not all fractions have repeating decimals. What about 1/2 that is just 0.5 nothing is repeating :)
$${\mathtt{\,-\,}}{\frac{{\mathtt{1}}}{{\mathtt{7}}}} = -{\mathtt{0.142\: \!857\: \!142\: \!857\: \!142\: \!9}}$$ but this is a repeating decimal just like you said
Melody Nov 26, 2014
#3
+78754
+10
A fraction will have a terminating decimal only if we can write the denominator as (2n x 5n) where n ≥ 0
To see why this is true......note that all terminating decimals can be written as A / 10n = A / (2 * 5)n = A / (2n x 5n) where A is the integer formed by moving the decinal point in the non-repeating decimal n places to the right.
For instance
1/4 = 1/(22 x 50) = .25 = 25 / (22 x 52) = 25 / 100
And
1/5 = 1/(20 x 51) = .20 = 20 / (22 x 52) = 20 / 100
But, note that fractions such as 1/6, 1/13, 1/23 will repeat because the denominators cannot be factored solely in terms of 2 and 5.
CPhill Nov 26, 2014
#4
+91051
0 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8555095791816711, "perplexity": 2515.379622680395}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807044.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123233821-20171124013821-00152.warc.gz"} |
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/210935/lightweight-grid-transfer-a-file-to-the-master-kernel | # Lightweight Grid: transfer a file to the master kernel? [closed]
I am trying to run code on a Lightweight Grid using ParallelDo. I have ~300 jobs that each take ~20 minutes to run and produce ~8 MB of data, and I am using a fairly unstable grid, so I would like to save the data produced in each job to a file. For simplicity, I am trying to use built-in parallelization features --- I would like to avoid having to manage the parallelization manually if possible. When I try to do this naïvely by simply exporting a file and hoping that it gets transferred to the master kernel, I find (unsurprisingly) that only the files generated on the local kernels are saved to my machine. Here is the minimal working example I am using to test:
makeFile[i_] := Module[{file},
file = StringTemplate["file_i.txt"][<|"i" -> i|>];
Export[file, "hello"];
]
ParallelDo[makeFile[i], {i, 1, 14}]
Is there a way to transfer the exported file to my local machine on the completion of each job? I have been unable to find anything helpful in the Mathematica documentation. I came across a related thread here, but I would prefer not to have to manage the parallelization directly using ParallelSubmit and WaitNext if possible.
• I think this is more a question about the setup of the cluster you run the grid on. If there is a shared filesystem for all nodes in the lightweight grid then write to that using a full path for the files and your problem is solved. If such a shared filesystem does not exist, you will need to collect the results from the remote machines. You could do this with Mathematica, but I doubt it would be very efficient... – Albert Retey Dec 9 '19 at 13:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2705802023410797, "perplexity": 577.2045289692761}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00365.warc.gz"} |
http://wheretobuyhcgdrops99941.soup.io/post/646819058/ | You are at the newest post.
com. We now have no Command more than the nature, articles and availability of Those people web pages. The inclusion of any one-way links isn't going to necessarily suggest a recommendation or endorse the sights expressed within them. SupplementCritique.com has money associations with many of the nutritional supplements reviewed on the web site, and SupplementCritique.com can be compensated if individuals choose to click on the link supplied and finally come up with a invest in.
Some analysis has located that garcinia cambogia may enhance cholesterol concentrations, lowering triglycerides and LDL (the "terrible" cholesterol) and elevating HDL (the "excellent" cholesterol). But you should not utilize it if you are presently on a prescription for the cholesterol.
The environmentally friendly coffee beans are seeds of the plant often called Coffea fruits. As the names propose they are extracted from inexperienced coffee beans.
It truly is productive while in the feeling which the crucial nutrients essential for weight loss* are all present With this health supplement.
It absolutely was from caffeine withdrawal. I feel this stuff is just overpriced caffeine powder and products. The patches built my pores and skin itch and left gooey sticky marks that stuck to me for times In spite of scrubbing them while in the shower. I attempted the conventional patches they send out (environmentally friendly) plus the black labels. I invested over $four hundred, and once more, I acquired ten lbs. This could be excellent for someone who Demands far more Vitality to get on the gymnasium. It won't work if you don’t adjust your diet regime or add in work out. For me, it just established me back some$ and many lbs.”
Deciding on the ideal product would be the #one issue questioned by DietSpotlight visitors. We recommend making an attempt any products ahead of acquiring it and recognize that getting a merchandise with a sample offer is in the vicinity of not possible - so we produced our have item, Burn High definition, with scientifically backed ingredients.
Simply because they’re controlled in a different weight loss patches how to use way than OTC or prescription prescription drugs, dietary health supplements don’t have to meet exactly the same safety criteria. Many dietary nutritional supplements, like weight loss patches, have not been tested for safety. Unfamiliar components
Weight-loss patches may appear similar to a dieter’s dream. All you should do is stick 1 on your skin so you’ll see the pounds melt away—or Therefore the makers assert. No scientific proof exists which the patches work On this way, so this is a acquire-at-your-possess danger predicament.
This page may very well be outside of day. Help save your draft ahead of refreshing this web page.Submit any pending changes before refreshing this web page.
We’ve not read any mentions of troubles that pertain to Thrive Patch dangers, however, if you will discover any troubles, it is best to find the visit advice of your respective medical doctor.
Connected:trim weight patchesultimate human body applicatorpure garcinia cambogiatresemme shampooslim fastchia seedthigh Unwanted fat burningcellulite treatmentipodsstring lights
The start Handle patch suffered from the identical issue, and was not recommended for women more than 150 pounds for precisely that rationale. There is not any proof to suggest that weight loss patches visit assist in weight loss, or accelerate weight loss in These dieting.
Just about every package also has a meal planner with grocery increase-in strategies, a shopping record weight loss patches gnc that matches the sample food program, furthermore a daily tracker to assist you to remain on the path to good results. Have queries You'll also get unlimited do weight loss patches work access to non-public diet counseling and weight loss resources. Easy food tracker and endless counseling guidance provided Nutrisystem 5 Working day Turbo Weight Loss Kit, Protein Run Homestyle Health and fitness Weight M.
I have already been getting Prosper for around 8 months. In advance of I began it, my spouse did plenty of investigation about the caffeine in it. There’s only about forty five milligrams in every day’s serving, in comparison to a Starbucks typical coffee, which has about 325milligrams of caffeine. I truly feel excellent on Thrive. I don't have any motivation for espresso or sugar any more, my joint agony is sort of wholly long gone (only nevertheless present in one knee that I injured), I do have more energy, my thinking is far clearer and I truly truly feel inspired to complete issues.
## Don't be the product, buy the product!
YES, I want to SOUP ●UP for ... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2157551795244217, "perplexity": 6375.396280244016}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158429.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922123228-20180922143628-00076.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/help-with-universal-theorem-of-coefficients-for-homology.183750/ | # Help with universal theorem of coefficients for homology
1. Sep 9, 2007
### Coolphreak
*note before reading: pretend that the superscripts are really subscripts, for some reason , Latex is making the subscripts into superscripts*
I'm not sure if I'm interpreting the universal coefficient theorem for homology correctly. Let's say I have a Homology group H(X;Z). This is a homology group using ring of integers. Now, let's say I want to compute Homology over the Field $$Z$$$$_{2}$$ (integers modulo 2), in order to simplify matters. By the way, I am trying to calculate the Betti numbers for a simplicial complex. Now, let's say I have a matrix M whose nullspace is isomorphic to the homology group. Now, I want to make all of the entries in the matrix modulo 2, if possible, in order to greatly simplify calculations.
So far we have:
kerM = H(X; Z)
Now, the universal theorem gives us this: 0$$\rightarrow$$$$H$$$$_{k}$$($$X$$) $$\otimes$$G$$\rightarrow$$$$H$$$$_{k}$$(G)$$\rightarrow$$Tor(H$$_{k+1}$$($$Z$$),G)$$\rightarrow$$0
Basically, in this case, we can replace G with $$Z$$$$_{2}$$. Also, the torsion should go to zero, since we have a free group. Now, since kerM is isomorphic to $$H$$$$_{k}$$($$X$$), can I say that ker(M)$$\otimes$$ $$Z$$$$_{2}$$ is isomorphic to $$H$$($$X$$)$$\otimes$$ Z2= H(X;Z$$_{}2)$$$$Z$$$$_{2}$$ ? Can i also say that Ker(M) $$\otimes$$ Z$$_{}2$$ is the same as Ker(M$$\otimes$$Z$$_{}2$$) ?
Back to my goal again, I want to make the entries in the matrix M, integers modulo 2. However, I realize that the nullspace of M modulo 2 and and the nullspace of M are different. By applying the universal coefficient theorem, can I say that these two nullspaces are isomorphic? If this universal coefficient theorem is correct, can I just convert the entries of the new matrix ($$M$$$$\otimes$$$$Z$$$$_{2}$$) into 1's and 0's? It seems I would need to tensor the matrix $$M$$ with $$Z$$$$_{2}$$, but what would $$Z$$$$_{2}$$ in matrix form be? The identity matrix with modulo 2 entries? (basically just ones on the diagonal?). If I am totally wrong, can anyone suggest a method of making the nullspace of M and the nullspace of M modulo 2 isomorphic?
Last edited: Sep 10, 2007
2. Sep 10, 2007
### Hurkyl
Staff Emeritus
You need to put consecutive symbols all within the same [ tex ] ... [ /tex ] tag to get the formatting right. To make it line up nicely with texts in paragraphs, you should use [ itex ] ... [ /itex ] instead of [ tex ] ... [ /tex ].
Similar Discussions: Help with universal theorem of coefficients for homology | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9910720586776733, "perplexity": 762.2041234072701}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189462.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00222-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://clay6.com/qa/1439/construct-a-3-x-4-matrix-whose-elements-are-given-by-a-2i-j | Home >> CBSE XII >> Math >> Matrices
# Construct a 3 x 4 matrix,whose elements are given by: $\;a_{ij}=2i-j$
Note: This is a 2 part question, split as 2 separate questions here.
Toolbox:
• In general given a matrix $A_{3\times 4}$ its elements are given by $A=\begin{bmatrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14}\\a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24}\\a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34}\end{bmatrix}$ where (i, j) = (1,2,3,4).
Given that $a_{ij}=2i-j \Rightarrow$
• $a_{11}=2\times 1-1=1.$
• $a_{12}=2\times 1-2=0.$
• $a_{13}=2\times 1-3=-1.$
• $a_{14}=2\times 1-4=-2.$
• $a_{21}=2\times 2-1=3.$
• $a_{22}=2\times 2-2=2.$
• $a_{23}=2\times 2-3=1.$
• $a_{24}=2\times 2-4=0.$
•
• $a_{31}=2\times 3-1=5.$
• $a_{32}=2\times 3-2=4.$
• $a_{33}=2\times 3-3=3.$
• $a_{34}=2\times 1-4=2.$
Hence the required matrix is $A=\begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & -1 & -2\\3 & 2 & 1 & 0\\5 & 4 & 3 & 2\end{bmatrix}$
edited Feb 27, 2013 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8855938911437988, "perplexity": 350.4709392072479}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806832.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123123458-20171123143458-00471.warc.gz"} |
https://ts-salobj.lsst.io/py-api/lsst.ts.salobj.TestCsc.html | # TestCsc¶
class lsst.ts.salobj.TestCsc(index, config_dir=None, initial_state=<State.STANDBY: 5>, settings_to_apply='', simulation_mode=0)
A simple CSC intended for unit testing.
Supported commands:
• setScalars and setArrays: output the provided data using the corresponding event and telemetry topics. Note that this violates the convention that telemetry is output at regular intervals, but it makes unit tests much easier to write.
• wait: wait for the specified amount of time, and, if requested, raise an exception. One use for this is to test command timeout by specifying a long wait and waiting a shorter time for the command to finish. Another use is to test multiple simultaneous commands, since wait supports this.
• The standard state transition commands do the usual thing and output the summaryState event. The exitControl command shuts the CSC down.
Parameters: index : int Index of Test component; each unit test method should use a different index. config_dir : str, optional Path to configuration files. initial_state : salobj.State, optional The initial state of the CSC. Typically one of: salobj.State.ENABLED if you want the CSC immediately usable. salobj.State.STANDBY if you want full emulation of a CSC. settings_to_apply : str, optional Settings to apply if initial_state is State.DISABLED or State.ENABLED. simulation_mode : int, optional Simulation mode. The only allowed value is 0. ValueError If config_dir is not a directory or initial_state is invalid. salobj.ExpectedError If simulation_mode is invalid. Note: you will only see this error if you await start_task.
Notes
Unlike a normal CSC this one does not output telemetry at regular intervals. Instead, in order to simplify unit tests, it outputs the arrays and scalars telemetry topics in reponse to the setArrays or setScalars command (just like the arrays and scalars events). That makes it more predictable when this data will appear. Note that the heartbeat event is output at regular intervals, as for any CSC.
Also, unlike most normal configurable CSCs, this one does not need to be configured in order to be used (though self.config will be None). Thus it is safe to start this CSC in the salobj.State.ENABLED state.
Error Codes
• 1: the fault command was executed
Attributes Summary
arrays_fields Get a tuple of the fields in an arrays struct. config_dir Get or set the configuration directory. default_initial_state disabled_or_enabled Return True if the summary state is State.DISABLED or State.ENABLED. domain enable_cmdline_state field_type Get a dict of field_name: element type. int_fields Get a tuple of the integer fields in a struct. require_settings scalars_fields Get a tuple of the fields in a scalars struct. simulation_mode Get the current simulation mode. summary_state Get the summary state as a State enum. valid_simulation_modes version
Methods Summary
add_arguments(parser) Add arguments to the parser created by make_from_cmd_line. add_kwargs_from_args(args, kwargs) Add constructor keyword arguments based on parsed arguments. amain(index, **kwargs) Make a CSC from command-line arguments and run it. as_dict(data, fields) Return the specified fields from a data struct as a dict. assert_arrays_equal(arrays1, arrays2) Assert that two arrays data structs are equal. assert_enabled([action]) Assert that an action that requires ENABLED state can be run. assert_scalars_equal(scalars1, scalars2) Assert that two scalars data structs are equal. begin_disable(data) Begin do_disable; called before state changes. begin_enable(data) Begin do_enable; called before state changes. begin_exitControl(data) Begin do_exitControl; called before state changes. begin_standby(data) Begin do_standby; called before the state changes. begin_start(data) Begin do_start; configure the CSC before changing state. close([exception, cancel_start]) Shut down, clean up resources and set done_task done. close_tasks() Shut down pending tasks. configure(config) Configure the CSC. do_disable(data) Transition from State.ENABLED to State.DISABLED. do_enable(data) Transition from State.DISABLED to State.ENABLED. do_exitControl(data) Transition from State.STANDBY to State.OFFLINE and quit. do_fault(data) Execute the fault command. do_setArrays(data) Execute the setArrays command. do_setAuthList(data) Update the authorization list. do_setLogLevel(data) Set logging level. do_setScalars(data) Execute the setScalars command. do_standby(data) Transition from State.DISABLED or State.FAULT to State.STANDBY. do_start(data) Transition from State.STANDBY to State.DISABLED. do_wait(data) Execute the wait command by waiting for the specified duration. end_disable(data) End do_disable; called after state changes but before command acknowledged. end_enable(data) End do_enable; called after state changes but before command acknowledged. end_exitControl(data) End do_exitControl; called after state changes but before command acknowledged. end_standby(data) End do_standby; called after state changes but before command acknowledged. end_start(data) End do_start; called after state changes but before command acknowledged. fault(code, report[, traceback]) Enter the fault state and output the errorCode event. get_config_pkg() Get the name of the configuration package, e.g. handle_summary_state() Called when the summary state has changed. implement_simulation_mode(simulation_mode) Implement going into or out of simulation mode. make_from_cmd_line(index, **kwargs) Construct a CSC from command line arguments. make_random_cmd_arrays() make_random_cmd_scalars() make_random_evt_arrays() make_random_evt_scalars() make_random_tel_arrays() make_random_tel_scalars() put_log_level() Output the logLevel event. read_config_dir() Set self.config_label_dict and output evt_settingVersions. report_summary_state() Report a new value for summary_state, including current state. set_simulation_mode(simulation_mode) Set the simulation mode. start() Finish constructing the CSC.
Attributes Documentation
arrays_fields
Get a tuple of the fields in an arrays struct.
config_dir
Get or set the configuration directory.
Parameters: config_dir : New configuration directory. config_dir : pathlib.Path Absolute path to the configuration directory. ValueError If the new configuration dir is not a directory.
default_initial_state = 5
disabled_or_enabled
Return True if the summary state is State.DISABLED or State.ENABLED.
This is useful in handle_summary_state to determine if you should start or stop a telemetry loop, and connect to or disconnect from an external controller
domain
enable_cmdline_state = True
field_type
Get a dict of field_name: element type.
int_fields
Get a tuple of the integer fields in a struct.
require_settings = False
scalars_fields
Get a tuple of the fields in a scalars struct.
simulation_mode
Get the current simulation mode.
0 means normal operation (no simulation).
Raises: ExpectedError If the new simulation mode is not a supported value.
summary_state
Get the summary state as a State enum.
valid_simulation_modes = [0]
version = '?'
Methods Documentation
classmethod add_arguments(parser)
Add arguments to the parser created by make_from_cmd_line.
Parameters: parser : argparse.ArgumentParser The argument parser.
Notes
If you override this method then you should almost certainly override add_kwargs_from_args as well.
classmethod add_kwargs_from_args(args, kwargs)
Add constructor keyword arguments based on parsed arguments.
Parameters: args : argparse.namespace Parsed command. kwargs : dict Keyword argument dict for the constructor. Update this based on args. The index argument will already be present if relevant.
Notes
If you override this method then you should almost certainly override add_arguments as well.
classmethod amain(index, **kwargs)
Make a CSC from command-line arguments and run it.
Parameters: index : If the CSC is indexed: specify True make index a required command-line argument that accepts any index, or an enum.IntEnum class to make index a required command-line argument that only accepts the enum values. If the CSC is not indexed specify None or 0. **kwargs : dict, optional Additional keyword arguments for your CSC’s constructor.
as_dict(data, fields)
Return the specified fields from a data struct as a dict.
Parameters: data : any The data to copy. fields : The names of the fields of data to copy.
assert_arrays_equal(arrays1, arrays2)
Assert that two arrays data structs are equal.
The types need not match; each struct can be command, event or telemetry data.
assert_enabled(action='')
Assert that an action that requires ENABLED state can be run.
Parameters: action : str, optional Action attempted. Not needed if this is called at the beginning of a do_... method, since the user will know what command was called.
assert_scalars_equal(scalars1, scalars2)
Assert that two scalars data structs are equal.
The types need not match; each struct can be command, event or telemetry data.
begin_disable(data)
Begin do_disable; called before state changes.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
begin_enable(data)
Begin do_enable; called before state changes.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
begin_exitControl(data)
Begin do_exitControl; called before state changes.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
begin_standby(data)
Begin do_standby; called before the state changes.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
begin_start(data)
Begin do_start; configure the CSC before changing state.
Parameters: data : cmd_start.DataType Command data
Notes
The settingsToApply field must be one of:
• The name of a config label or config file
• The name and version of a config file, formatted as <file_name>:<version>, where the version is a git reference, such as a git tag or commit hash. This form does not support labels.
close(exception=None, cancel_start=True)
Shut down, clean up resources and set done_task done.
May be called multiple times. The first call closes the Controller; subsequent calls wait until the Controller is closed.
Subclasses should override close_tasks instead of close, unless you have a good reason to do otherwise.
Parameters: exception : Exception, optional The exception that caused stopping, if any, in which case the self.done_task exception is set to this value. Specify None for a normal exit, in which case the self.done_task result is set to None. cancel_start : bool, optional Cancel the start task? Leave this true unless calling this from the start task.
Notes
Removes the SAL log handler, calls close_tasks to stop all background tasks, pauses briefly to allow final SAL messages to be sent, then closes the dds domain.
close_tasks()
Shut down pending tasks. Called by close.
configure(config)
Configure the CSC.
Parameters: config : object The configuration as described by the schema at schema_path, as a struct-like object.
Notes
Called when running the start command, just before changing summary state from State.STANDBY to State.DISABLED.
do_disable(data)
Transition from State.ENABLED to State.DISABLED.
Parameters: data : cmd_disable.DataType Command data
do_enable(data)
Transition from State.DISABLED to State.ENABLED.
Parameters: data : cmd_enable.DataType Command data
do_exitControl(data)
Transition from State.STANDBY to State.OFFLINE and quit.
Parameters: data : cmd_exitControl.DataType Command data
do_fault(data)
Execute the fault command.
Change the summary state to State.FAULT
do_setArrays(data)
Execute the setArrays command.
do_setAuthList(data)
Update the authorization list.
Parameters: data : cmd_setAuthList.DataType Authorization lists.
Notes
Add items if the data string starts with “+”, ignoring duplicates (both with respect to the existing items and within the data string). Remove items if the data string starts with “-“, ignoring missing items (items specified for removal that do not exist). Ignore whitespace after each comma and after the +/- prefix.
do_setLogLevel(data)
Set logging level.
Parameters: data : cmd_setLogLevel.DataType Logging level.
do_setScalars(data)
Execute the setScalars command.
do_standby(data)
Transition from State.DISABLED or State.FAULT to State.STANDBY.
Parameters: data : cmd_standby.DataType Command data
do_start(data)
Transition from State.STANDBY to State.DISABLED.
Parameters: data : cmd_start.DataType Command data
do_wait(data)
Execute the wait command by waiting for the specified duration.
If duration is negative then wait for abs(duration) but do not acknowledge the command as “in progress”. This is useful for testing command timeout.
end_disable(data)
End do_disable; called after state changes but before command acknowledged.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
end_enable(data)
End do_enable; called after state changes but before command acknowledged.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
end_exitControl(data)
End do_exitControl; called after state changes but before command acknowledged.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
end_standby(data)
End do_standby; called after state changes but before command acknowledged.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
end_start(data)
End do_start; called after state changes but before command acknowledged.
Parameters: data : DataType Command data
fault(code, report, traceback='')
Enter the fault state and output the errorCode event.
Parameters: code : int Error code for the errorCode event. If None then errorCode is not output and you should output it yourself. Specifying None is deprecated; please always specify an integer error code. report : str Description of the error. traceback : str, optional Description of the traceback, if any.
static get_config_pkg()
Get the name of the configuration package, e.g. “ts_config_ocs”.
handle_summary_state()
Called when the summary state has changed.
Override to perform tasks such as starting and stopping telemetry (example).
Notes
The versions in BaseCsc and ConfigurableCsc do nothing, so if you subclass one of those you do not need to call await super().handle_summary_state().
implement_simulation_mode(simulation_mode)
Implement going into or out of simulation mode.
Deprecated. See simulation mode for details.
Parameters: simulation_mode : int Requested simulation mode; 0 for normal operation. ExpectedError If simulation_mode is not a supported value.
classmethod make_from_cmd_line(index, **kwargs)
Construct a CSC from command line arguments.
Parameters: index : If the CSC is indexed: specify True make index a required command-line argument that accepts any index, or an enum.IntEnum class to make index a required command-line argument that only accepts the enum values. If the CSC is not indexed specify None or 0. **kwargs : dict, optional Additional keyword arguments for your CSC’s constructor. csc : cls The CSC.
Notes
To add additional command-line arguments, override add_arguments and add_kwargs_from_args.
make_random_cmd_arrays()
make_random_cmd_scalars()
make_random_evt_arrays()
make_random_evt_scalars()
make_random_tel_arrays()
make_random_tel_scalars()
put_log_level()
Output the logLevel event.
read_config_dir()
Set self.config_label_dict and output evt_settingVersions.
Set self.config_label_dict from self.config_dir/_labels.yaml. Output the settingVersions event (if changed) as follows:
• recommendedSettingsLabels is a comma-separated list of labels in self.config_label_dict, truncated by omitting labels if necessary.
• recommendedSettingsVersion is derived from git information for self.config_dir, if it is a git repository, else “”.
report_summary_state()
Report a new value for summary_state, including current state.
Subclasses may wish to override for code that depends on the current state (rather than the state transition command that got it into that state).
set_simulation_mode(simulation_mode)
Set the simulation mode.
Await implement_simulation_mode, update the simulation mode property and report the new value.
Parameters: simulation_mode : int Requested simulation mode; 0 for normal operation.
start()
Finish constructing the CSC. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6019430756568909, "perplexity": 13405.644042493816}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529331.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122113332-20210122143332-00005.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/differential-geometry/117998-analysis.html | ## Analysis
Thanks in advance for the help.
definition: a function f is said to cover the set M if for every point y in M there is an x in the domain of f so that f(x)=y.
Prove: Suppose that f is continuous with domain [a,b] so that f(x) is in [a,b] for every x in [a,b]. Prove that there is some x in [a,b] so that f(x)=x. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9765195846557617, "perplexity": 275.76919208447316}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170925.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00093-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/81283/finding-the-posterior-pdf | # Finding the posterior pdf
Suppose $X$ has probability density function $$f(x, \theta) = \theta e^{-\theta x}$$ when $x > 0$ and $\theta > 0$, and $0$ otherwise; given $\Theta = \theta$. Suppose the prior probability density function of $\Theta$ is $$h(\theta) = 1$$ when $0 < \theta < 1$, and $0$ otherwise. Find the posterior probability density function of $\Theta$ given $X = x$ (for $x > 0$).
Let $k( \theta | x)$ denote the posterior pdf. We have $k( \theta | x) = \frac{L(x | \theta)h(\theta)}{f_1(x)}$, where $f_1(x)$ is the joint pdf of $X$. We have $L(x | \theta)h(\theta) = (\theta^n e^{ - \theta \sum^{n}_{i=1} x_i})(1) = \theta^n e^{ - \theta \sum^{n}_{i=1} x_i}$.
Let $Y= \sum^{n}_{i=1}$
We also have $f_1(x) = \int^{\infty}_0 \theta^n e^{-\theta Y} d \theta$. But since $\Gamma(n+1) = \int^{\infty}_0 \frac{\theta^{(n+1)-1} e^{-\theta Y}}{(1/Y)^{n+1}} d\theta$, we have $f_1(x) = \int^{\infty}_0 \theta^n e^{-\theta Y} d \theta = \frac{\Gamma(n+1)}{Y^{n+1}}$.
So $k(\theta | x) = \frac{(\sum x_i)^{n+1} \theta^n e^{-\theta \sum x_i}}{\Gamma(n+1)}$ for all $x_i > 0$ and $0< \theta < 1$, and $0$ otherwise.
Do you think my answer is correct?
• Where is $n$ in the problem statement? – Dilip Sarwate Jan 5 '14 at 16:36
The joint density of $X$ and $\Theta$ is $$f_{X,\Theta}(x,\theta)= f_{X\mid \Theta}(x\mid \Theta=\theta)f_\Theta(\theta) = \begin{cases} \theta e^{-\theta x}, & 0 < x < \infty, 0 < \theta < 1,\\ 0, &\text{otherwise.}\end{cases}$$ Thus, for $0 < x < \infty$, the marginal density of $X$ is should be found by integrating the joint density of $X$ and $\Theta$ with respect to $\theta$ over the interval $(0,1)$ instead of $(0,\infty)$ the way you have it. Note that your purported density $\Gamma(n+1)y^{-(n+1)}$ is not a valid density function since it does not integrate to $1$ over $(0,\infty)$ even when $n=1$
• Thanks a lot. So $f_1(x) = \int^1_0 \theta e^{-\theta x} d \theta$. We use integration by parts with $u = \theta$ and $v = e^{- \theta x}/(-x)$. So we have $\int^1_0 \theta e^{-\theta x} d \theta = \theta e^{-\theta x}/(-x) - \int^1_0 \frac{e^{-x \theta}}{-x} d \theta = \theta e^{-\theta x}/(-x) + \frac{1}{x} [ e^{-\theta x}/(-x) ]^1_0$ $= \theta e^{-\theta x}/(-x) + \frac{1}{x}[ \frac{e^{- x}}{-x} + \frac{1}{x}]$. And $k(\theta | x) = \frac{f_{X, \Theta}(x, \theta)}{f_1(x)}$. Is my answer correct? – Artus Jan 5 '14 at 19:20
• I have not checked the details of your calculation but an obvious error is that the purported marginal density of $X$ shows dependence on $\theta$. You need to apply the limits $\theta=0$ and $\theta=1$ to the $\thetae^{-\theta x}/(-x)$ also... – Dilip Sarwate Jan 5 '14 at 21:43
• That last should have been $\theta e^{-\theta x}/(-x)$. – Dilip Sarwate Jan 6 '14 at 15:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.987118661403656, "perplexity": 101.53078415029717}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540543850.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212130009-20191212154009-00215.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/67771-groups.html | Math Help - Groups
1. Groups
Hey, I am not entirely sure if I am doing this right. But anyways...
The directions say...
"Determine whether the binary operation * defined on the given set results in a group."
(A group is classified by 3 properties:
Associative Law a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c
Existence of an Identity: There exists an element, e, such that
a * e = e * a = a
Existence of Inverses: For each element, a, there exists an element, s,
such that a * s = s * a = e (the identity)
So, here is what I'm supposed to do:
(a) Let * be defined on the positive reals by a * b= √(ab)
(b) Let * be defined on all the Reals except 0, by a * b= a/b
(c) Let * be defined on all the Reals except 0, by a * b= a+b+ab
Any help would be much appreciated!
2. Originally Posted by dude15129
Hey, I am not entirely sure if I am doing this right. But anyways...
The directions say...
"Determine whether the binary operation * defined on the given set results in a group."
(A group is classified by 3 properties:
Associative Law a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c
Existence of an Identity: There exists an element, e, such that
a * e = e * a = a
Existence of Inverses: For each element, a, there exists an element, s,
such that a * s = s * a = e (the identity)
So, here is what I'm supposed to do:
(a) Let * be defined on the positive reals by a * b= √(ab)
(b) Let * be defined on all the Reals except 0, by a * b= a/b
(c) Let * be defined on all the Reals except 0, by a * b= a+b+ab
Any help would be much appreciated!
Hi,
(a) Yes.
(b) No. Associativity fails.
(c) No. The identity element does not exist.
See if you can come up with the detailed work.
3. Awesome...Those were actually what I was thinking, but I wasn't really sure. Thanks so much! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9683025479316711, "perplexity": 579.7423294926698}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894319.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00188-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://slideplayer.com/slide/685070/ | # Chapter 39 - Nuclear Physics
## Presentation on theme: "Chapter 39 - Nuclear Physics"— Presentation transcript:
Chapter 39 - Nuclear Physics
A PowerPoint Presentation by Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University © 2007
Objectives: After completing this module, you should be able to:
Define and apply the concepts of mass number, atomic number, and isotopes. Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy per nucleon for a particular isotope. Define and apply concepts of radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. State the various conservation laws, and discuss their application for nuclear reactions.
Composition of Matter All of matter is composed of at least three fundamental particles (approximations): Particle Fig. Sym Mass Charge Size Electron e x kg -1.6 x C Proton p x kg x C 3 fm Neutron n x kg fm The mass of the proton and neutron are close, but they are about 1840 times the mass of an electron.
The Atomic Nucleus Compacted nucleus: 4 protons 5 neutrons
Beryllium Atom Since atom is electri-cally neutral, there must be 4 electrons. 4 electrons
Modern Atomic Theory The Bohr atom, which is sometimes shown with electrons as planetary particles, is no longer a valid representation of an atom, but it is used here to simplify our discussion of energy levels. The uncertain position of an electron is now described as a probability distribution—loosely referred to as an electron cloud.
Definitions A nucleon is a general term to denote a nuclear particle - that is, either a proton or a neutron. The atomic number Z of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of that element. The mass number A of an element is equal to the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons). The mass number A of any element is equal to the sum of the atomic number Z and the number of neutrons N : A = N + Z
For example, consider beryllium (Be):
Symbol Notation A convenient way of describing an element is by giving its mass number and its atomic number, along with the chemical symbol for that element. For example, consider beryllium (Be):
Example 1: Describe the nucleus of a lithium atom which has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 3. Lithium Atom A = 7; Z = 3; N = ? N = A – Z = neutrons: N = 4 Protons: Z = 3 Electrons: Same as Z
Isotopes of Elements Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons (Z1= Z2), but a different number of neutrons (N). (A1 A2) Helium - 4 Helium - 3 Isotopes of helium
The following are best described as nuclides:
Because of the existence of so many isotopes, the term element is sometimes confusing. The term nuclide is better. A nuclide is an atom that has a definite mass number A and Z-number. A list of nuclides will include isotopes. The following are best described as nuclides:
Atomic mass unit: 1 u = 1.6606 x 10-27 kg
One atomic mass unit (1 u) is equal to one-twelfth of the mass of the most abundant form of the carbon atom--carbon-12. Atomic mass unit: 1 u = x kg Common atomic masses: Proton: u Neutron: u Electron: u Hydrogen: u
Exampe 2: The average atomic mass of Boron-11 is 11. 009305 u
Exampe 2: The average atomic mass of Boron-11 is u. What is the mass of the nucleus of one boron atom in kg? = Electron: u The mass of the nucleus is the atomic mass less the mass of Z = 5 electrons: Mass = u – 5( u) 1 boron nucleus = u m = 1.83 x kg
Mass and Energy Recall Einstein’s equivalency formula for m and E:
The energy of a mass of 1 u can be found: E = (1 u)c2 = (1.66 x kg)(3 x 108 m/s)2 E = 1.49 x J Or E = MeV When converting amu to energy:
Example 3: What is the rest mass energy of a proton (1.007276 u)?
E = mc2 = ( u)(931.5 MeV/u) Proton: E = MeV Similar conversions show other rest mass energies: Neutron: E = MeV Electron: E = MeV
The Mass Defect The mass defect is the difference between the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the rest masses of its constituent nucleons. The whole is less than the sum of the parts! Consider the carbon-12 atom ( u): Nuclear mass = Mass of atom – Electron masses = u – 6( u) = u The nucleus of the carbon-12 atom has this mass. (Continued )
Mass Defect (Continued)
Mass of carbon-12 nucleus: Proton: u Neutron: u The nucleus contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons: 6 p = 6( u) = u 6 n = 6( u) = u Total mass of parts: = u Mass defect mD = u – u mD = u
The binding energy for the carbon-12 example is:
The binding energy EB of a nucleus is the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent parts. EB = mDc2 where c2 = MeV/u The binding energy for the carbon-12 example is: EB = ( u)(931.5 MeV/u) EB = 92.2 MeV Binding EB for C-12:
Binding Energy per Nucleon
An important way of comparing the nuclei of atoms is finding their binding energy per nucleon: Binding energy per nucleon For our C-12 example A = 12 and:
Formula for Mass Defect
The following formula is useful for mass defect: Mass defect mD mH = u; mn = u Z is atomic number; N is neutron number; M is mass of atom (including electrons). By using the mass of the hydrogen atom, you avoid the necessity of subtracting electron masses.
M = 4.002603 u (From nuclide tables)
Example 4: Find the mass defect for the nucleus of helium-4. (M = u) Mass defect mD ZmH = (2)( u) = u Nmn = (2)( u) = u M = u (From nuclide tables) mD = ( u u) u mD = u
Since there are four nucleons, we find that
Example 4 (Cont.) Find the binding energy per nucleon for helium-4. (mD = u) EB = mDc2 where c2 = MeV/u EB = ( u)(931.5 MeV/u) = 28.3 MeV A total of 28.3 MeV is required To tear apart the nucleons from the He-4 atom. Since there are four nucleons, we find that
Binding Energy Vs. Mass Number
Curve shows that EB increases with A and peaks at A = 60. Heavier nuclei are less stable. Mass number A Binding Energy per nucleon 50 100 150 250 200 2 6 8 4 Green region is for most stable atoms. For heavier nuclei, energy is released when they break up (fission). For lighter nuclei, energy is released when they fuse together (fusion).
Stability Curve Nuclear particles are held together by a nuclear strong force. Atomic number Z Neutron number N Stable nuclei Z = N 20 40 60 80 100 140 120 A stable nucleus remains forever, but as the ratio of N/Z gets larger, the atoms decay. Elements with Z > 82 are all unstable.
Radioactivity As the heavier atoms become more unstable, particles and photons are emitted from the nucleus and it is said to be radioactive. All elements with A > 82 are radioactive. a b- b+ g Examples are: Alpha particles a b- particles (electrons) Gamma rays g b+ particles (positrons)
The Alpha Particle An alpha particle a is the nucleus of a helium atom consisting of two protons and two neutrons tightly bound. Charge = +2e- = 3.2 x C Mass = u Relatively low speeds ( 0.1c ) Not very penetrating
The Beta-minus Particle
A beta-minus particle b- is simply an electron that has been expelled from the nucleus. Charge = e- = -1.6 x C - Mass = u - High speeds (near c) - Very penetrating -
The Positron A beta positive particle b+ is essentially an electron with positive charge. The mass and speeds are similar. Charge = +e- = 1.6 x C + Mass = u + High speeds (near c) + Very penetrating +
The Gamma Photon A gamma ray g has very high electromagnetic radiation carrying energy away from the nucleus. Charge = Zero (0) g Mass = zero (0) g Speed = c (3 x 108 m/s) g Most penetrating radiation g
X is parent atom and Y is daughter atom
Radioactive Decay As discussed, when the ratio of N/Z gets very large, the nucleus becomes unstable and often particles and/or photons are emitted. Alpha decay results in the loss of two protons and two neutrons from the nucleus. X is parent atom and Y is daughter atom The energy is carried away primarily by the K.E. of the alpha particle.
Example 5: Write the reaction that occurs when radium-226 decays by alpha emission. From tables, we find Z and A for nuclides. The daughter atom: Z = 86, A = 222 Radium-226 decays into radon-222.
X is parent atom and Y is daughter atom
Beta-minus Decay Beta-minus b- decay results when a neutron decays into a proton and an electron. Thus, the Z-number increases by one. X is parent atom and Y is daughter atom The energy is carried away primarily by the K.E. of the electron. -
X is parent atom and Y is daughter atom
Beta-plus Decay Beta-plus b+ decay results when a proton decays into a neutron and a positron. Thus, the Z-number decreases by one. X is parent atom and Y is daughter atom The energy is carried away primarily by the K.E. of the positron. +
The rate of decay for radioactive substances is expressed in terms of the activity R, given by: Activity N = Number of undecayed nuclei One becquerel (Bq) is an activity equal to one disintegration per second (1 s-1). One curie (Ci) is the activity of a radioactive material that decays at the rate of 3.7 x 1010 Bq or 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second.
The Half-Life The half-life T1/2 of an isotope is the time in which one-half of its unstable nuclei will decay. No Number of Half-lives Number Undecayed Nuclei 1 4 3 2 Where n is number of half-lives
Half-Life (Cont.) The same reasoning will apply to activity R or to amount of material. In general, the following three equations can be applied to radioactivity: Nuclei Remaining Activity R Mass Remaining Number of Half-lives:
First we determine the number of half-lives:
Example 6: A sample of iodine-131 has an initial activity of 5 mCi. The half-life of I-131 is 8 days. What is the activity of the sample 32 days later? First we determine the number of half-lives: n = 4 half-lives R = mCi There would also be 1/16 remaining of the mass and 1/16 of the number of nuclei.
Nuclear Reactions It is possible to alter the structure of a nucleus by bombarding it with small particles. Such events are called nuclear reactions: General Reaction: x + X Y + y For example, if an alpha particle bombards a nitrogen-14 nucleus it produces a hydrogen atom and oxygen-17:
Conservation Laws For any nuclear reaction, there are three conservation laws which must be obeyed: Conservation of Charge: The total charge of a system can neither be increased nor decreased. Conservation of Nucleons: The total number of nucleons in a reaction must be unchanged. Conservation of Mass Energy: The total mass-energy of a system must not change in a nuclear reaction.
Example 7: Use conservation criteria to determine the unknown element in the following nuclear reaction: Charge before = = +4 Charge after = +2 + Z = +4 Z = 4 – 2 = 2 (Helium has Z = 2) Nucleons before = = 8 Nucleons after = 4 + A = 8 (Thus, A = 4)
Conservation of Mass-Energy
There is always mass-energy associated with any nuclear reaction. The energy released or absorbed is called the Q-value and can be found if the atomic masses are known before and after. Q is the energy released in the reaction. If Q is positive, it is exothermic. If Q is negative, it is endothermic.
Substitution of these masses gives:
Example 8: Calculate the energy released in the bombardment of lithium-7 with hydrogen-1. Substitution of these masses gives: Q =17.3 MeV Q = u(931.5 MeV/u) The positive Q means the reaction is exothermic.
Fundamental atomic and nuclear particles
Summary Fundamental atomic and nuclear particles Particle Fig. Sym Mass Charge Size Electron e x kg x C Proton p x kg x C 3 fm Neutron n x kg fm The mass number A of any element is equal to the sum of the protons (atomic number Z) and the number of neutrons N : A = N + Z
Summary Definitions: A nucleon is a general term to denote a nuclear particle - that is, either a proton or a neutron. The mass number A of an element is equal to the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons). Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons (Z1= Z2), but a different number of neutrons (N). (A1 A2) A nuclide is an atom that has a definite mass number A and Z-number. A list of nuclides will include isotopes.
Summary (Cont.) Symbolic notation for atoms Mass defect mD
EB = mDc2 where c2 = MeV/u Binding energy Binding Energy per nucleon
Summary (Decay Particles)
An alpha particle a is the nucleus of a helium atom consisting of two protons and two tightly bound neutrons. A beta-minus particle b- is simply an electron that has been expelled from the nucleus. A beta positive particle b+ is essentially an electron with positive charge. The mass and speeds are similar. A gamma ray g has very high electromagnetic radiation carrying energy away from the nucleus.
Summary (Cont.) Alpha Decay: Beta-minus Decay: Beta-plus Decay:
The half-life T1/2 of an isotope is the time in which one-half of its unstable nuclei will decay. Nuclei Remaining Activity R Mass Remaining Number of Half-lives:
Summary (Cont.) Nuclear Reaction: x + X Y + y + Q
Conservation of Charge: The total charge of a system can neither be increased nor decreased. Conservation of Nucleons: The total number of nucleons in a reaction must be unchanged. Conservation of Mass Energy: The total mass-energy of a system must not change in a nuclear reaction. (Q-value = energy released)
CONCLUSION: Chapter 39 Nuclear Physics | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8986717462539673, "perplexity": 1246.5168487945057}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00848.warc.gz"} |
http://www.archive.org/stream/jewishquarterly01montgoog/jewishquarterly01montgoog_djvu.txt | # Full text of "The Jewish quarterly review"
## See other formats
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at http : //books . google . com/|
Digitized by
Digitized by
Digitized by
Digitized by
Googk
i
Digitized by
Digitized by
THE JEWISH
QUARTERLY REVIEW
VOL. VII.
Digitized by
Digitized by
EDITED BY
I. ABRAHAMS AND C. G. MONTEFIORE.
VOLUME VII,
London : D. NUTT.
1894.
Digitized by
lokdok:
printed bt webtheiheb, lea k 00.
OIBOUS PLACE, LONDON WALL.
Digitized by
CONTENTS.
PAOK
APOCALYPSE OF MOSES. By F. C. Contbbabe 216
CBmCAX NOTICES.
"As Others Saw Him" 776
Back "Die Geschichtb des JCd. Volkes" 168
BEBLrxER^s "Geschichtb der Juden in Rom" 353
Babdowitz " Orthoobaphie des AlthebbaIsohen ... 367
Chables, B. H. "Ethiopio Book op Jubilees" 546
Dbummond's ** Via, Vebitas, Vita " 548
FbiedlIndeb (M.) "Zub Ektstehungsobsohichtb des
Cheistenthums " 664
GoLDSMiDT "Das Buoh deb Schopfuno 360
Habkayy ON THE Qabaite Al-Qibqisaki 365
KOnio's " Intboduction to the Old Testament " ... 329
KUENEK^S " 6E8AMMELTE AbHANDLUNGEN " 340
Nathanel Ibn Yeshaya's " Light of Shade, and Lamp
OF Wisdom" 350
Maimonides* Ababic Commentabt to the Mishnah ... 846
Ratner's " Intboduction TO THE Sedeb Olam " ... 348
ROBENMANN*S ** StUDIEN ZUM BUCHE TOBIT " 349
Simon, Lady, " Recobds AND Eeflbctions " 164
Simon (O. J.), "Faith and Expebienge" 770
St&ack^s "Intboduction to the Talmud" 338
DARMESTETER (JAMES) AND HIS STUDIES IN ZEND
LITERATURE. By Prof. F. Max MDlleb 173
Digitized by
VI COXTENTS.
PAGE
DEATH, BURIAL, MOURNING. By A. P. Bendeb 101, 259
DOMNINUS. A JEWISH PHILOSOPHER OF AI^TIQUITY. B7
Db. S. Keauss 270
BMANUELE DA ROMANS NINTH MEHABBERETH AND THE
TRESOR OF PEIRE DB CORBIAC. B7 Gustavo
Sacebdote 711
EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM ENGLAND. By B. L.
Abbahams 75, 236, 428
FOURTH GOSPEL, NOTES ON ITS RELIGIOUS VALUE. By
C. G. MONTEFIOBE 24
IDEAL IN JUDAISM. By Rev. M. Joseph 169
IDEAL MINISTER OF THE TALMUD. By Nina Davis 141
INCARNATION: THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE
DOCTRINE OF DIVINB INCARNATION. By F. C.
ComfBEABE 607
ISAIAH, GLEANINGS FROM. By G. H. Skipwith 470
JEREMIAH, STUDIES IN THE BOOK OF. By G. H. Skipwith 664
JEWISH ARABIC LITURGIES. IL By Db. H. Hibschpeld. ... 418
« JUBILEES " : NEW TRANSLATION OF. By Rev. R. H. Chables 297
«KING": "THE REFERENCES TO THE "KING" IN THE
PSALTER, IN THEIR BEARING ON QUESTIONS OF
DATE AND MESSIANIC BELIEF. By Rev. G. Buchakak
Gbay 658
LAZARUS DE VITERBO'S EPISTLE TO CARDINAL SIRLBTO
CONCERNING THE INTEGRITY OF THE HEBREW
BIBLE. By Pbof. D. Kaufmann 178
PERLES (JOSEPH). By Pbof. W. Bachbb 1
PERSIAN HEBREW MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. By
Rev. G. Mabgoliouth 119
PHILO : FLORILEGIUM PHILONIS. By C. G. Montefiobe ... 481
PHILO: CONCERNING THE CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE. By
F. C. Contbeabe 7.55
Digitized by
CONTENTS. vii
PAGE
POEMS, HEBREW, TRANSLATIONS. By Nina Davis, Elsie
Davis, AND Rev. Dr. E. King 459
PRE-TALMUDIC HAGOADA. II. THE APOCALYPSE OP
ABRAHAM. By K. Kohler 581
QIRQISAlfl, THE QARAITE, AND HIS WORK ON JEWISH
SECTS. By Prof. W. Backer 687
RABBINIC THEOLOGY, ASPECTS OF. By S. Schbchter 195
SAMARITAN LITURGY AND READING OF THE LAW. By A.
Cowley 121
SHIR HASHIRIM: AGADATH SHIR HASHIRIM. By S.
SCHECHTER
I. Text Concluded 145-
II. Corrections AND Notes 729^
SHORTHAND : THE HEBREW BIBLE IN
I. By Dr. Neubauer 361
II. By Dr. M. FriedlAnder 564
TARGUM : A SPECIMEN OF A COMMENTARY AND COLLATED
TEXT OF THE TARGUM OF THE PROPHETS (NAHUM)
ZAMORA, ALFONSO DE. By Dr. A. Neubauer 398
ZUNZ, LEOPOLD. By Lector L H. Weiss ... 36&
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 711.
B. L. Abrahajis.
W. Bacher.
A. Bender.
L. Blau.
J. Ebtun Carpenter.
R. H. Charles.
F. C. Conybeabe.
6. A. Cooke.
A Cowley.
E. Davis.
N. Davis.
M. FriedlInder.
G. Buchanan Gray.
S. J. Halberstam.
H. HiRSCHFELD.
J. Jacobs.
D. Kaupmann.
E. G. King.
K. KOHLER.
S. Krauss.
A. Law.
D. S. Marooliouth.
G. Marooliouth.
C. G. MONTEFIORE.
F. Max MtfLLER.
A. Neubauer.
G. Sacerdote.
S. Schechter.
G. H. Skipwith.
I. H. Weiss.
Digitized by
Digitized by
^mrtmlg l^rip*
BDITSD BT
L ABRAHAMS AND C. G. MONTEFIORE
Vol. VII.
OCTOBER, 1894.
No. 25,
CONTENTS.
JOSEPH PERL^. By Prof . W. Bachkb
NOTES ON *HB BELIGIOUS VALUE OP THE FOUKTH
GOSPEL. By C. G. Montkfiobb
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS PBOM ENGLAND IN 1290.
By B. LioKBL Abbahams
BELIEFS, RITES, AND CUSTOMS OP THE JEWS, CON-
NBCTBD WITH DEATH, BURIAL, AND MOURNING.
IV. ByjLP. Bbndeb
PBRSL/LN HfJBREW M8S. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. By
the Rey. G. Marooliouth
THE SAMARITAN LITURGY, AND READING OF THE LAW.
ByA. CoWiiBT
THE IDEAL MINISTER OF THE TALMUD. By Nina Davis...
AGADATH SKIR HASHIRIM. By S. Schbohtbb
CRITICAL irOl^OES.— Lady Simon's Records and Reflections:
By AucB Law. Baeck's Die C^esohiclite des jiidisohen
Volkes nnd seinee Litteratur, tibersichtlich dargestellt: By
Dr. H. HlBSCHFEL^. Note by the anthor of '' The Ideal of
Jndmism.^ Correctiosi ta Vol. VI., p. 707 : By Dr. Nbubaueb
PAGI.
1
24
75
101
119
121
141
145
D. NUTT, 270—271, -5TRAND,
jPH^e Three SkiUwnfif, Awnmal Suh4eniftion, Pott
C /v
164
ESTJft iinX«Z8ECZ:Z>
801.
SOQiailPTOH BDIU^GS, CHAHCEBT lA \ LOPOH.
TWO AND A- HALF per CENT. INTigiEST allowed on DKPOST'i • '?p«yftWe on demand*
TWO per CttVT. on CUHRENT AOOOCJNTa, on the mlnlmam . .. ^7 balanoe^ wben
■ot drawn Inflow £100.
STOCKS, SHAKES, and ANNUITIES Pu.'based aad Sold.
SAYINGS DEtlRTMEN'^
For the enooangeineni of Thrltr hi. Bank reoevea sm*'. 4 a deposit, and allow
Intercut Monthly, on each completea ; ' .
BZBSBBCX BVZ&DnrO r \JBTY.
HOW TO PURCHASE A HOUdl' "OR TWO OUINR ^ m:R MONTH.
BZBSBBCX rBEBSOXJ> XmAW* "KJIBTT.
HOW TO PURCHASE A PLOT OF LAND FO' FI7KL i i jVGS PER MOSTB.
THE BIRKBSCK ALMANACK, wion hxh tartlcuhuTb, pcA
FRANCI3 Vv:n3CR0FT. Manager.
DAYID NUTT, 270-71, TRAND.
JUST PUBLISHE
SCARABS^; The History, Manui
Religious Symbolism of the Se6
Anciant Egypt, Phoenicia, Sardin >
etc. ; als'^ Remarks on the
Philosophy, Arts, Ethics, F
Ideas as to the Immortality o
etc.' of the Ancient Egyptia*
ciajis, etc..
By ISAAC UTF ^
AUTHOR OF
*'The Quabbalah," "The P];>' ophical Writings of
Ibn Gfdhir ,- etc.
:,ure and
■ bseus in
Etruria,
,,earning,
;^ch< logy,
;he Soul,
Phoeni-
Crown 8yo*, zxyI* /7 pp. Cloth, 12s. net
Digitized by
^h ^tmh (|ttarterlg |lmm
OCTOBER, 1894.
JOSEPH PERLES.
1835-1894.
The modem science of Judaism was not invented by
Rabbia Bappoport (in his creative period), Luzzato,
Znnz, E^rochmal, Dukes, GrStz, Munk, Derenbourg, Stein-
schneider, Jost, Neubauer — to mention but a few of the best
names — ^these were no Rabbis as far as their office and
dignity are concerned. It was not their outward position,
but their inward mission that led these men to scientifically
cultivate the field of Judaism and its literature, and to create
the solid foundation of our present-day Jewish science.
But partly contemporaneous with these, partly their
successors, there have also been found Jewish pastors — the
religious guides of large communities, those holding most
important pulpits, who laboured very successfully to build
up this many-sided branch of learning, and gave practical
proof that the modem Rabbi is as well adapted to cultivate
and develop the new science of Judaism as those Rabbis
of former centuries were fitted to deal with and advance
the Jewish learning of their own times. It will suffice to
name but such men as Frankel, Geiger, Sachs, Jellinek,
Low and Kayserling in order to make it clear what part
the Rabbis have taken in this great work of our century,
viz., the founding and building ug^.j^-^^^^ffJl^gajige. The
VOL. VII.
2 The Jewuh Quarterly Reoiew.
connection between the official post of Rabbi and Jewish
science (solely dependent upon the spontaneous activity of
individuals), was strengthened when Rabbinical seminaries
arose, the almost exclusive business of which consists in
endowing their disciples with scientific qualifications, so as
to fit them the better for their future office. And since, on
the other hand, the number of those in other walks of life,
who devoted themselves to Jewish learning and cultivated
less, it naturally follows that a closer bond of union has
arisen between Jewish learning and the Rabbinate, which
has the significance of a real union, considering the nature
the historical origin, and the mission of this office : with the
result that the dignity of the position of Rabbi is enhanced
by reason of its devotion to learning, and that literary
activity is invested with a sort of halo by the very dignity
of the Rabbinic position. As a matter of fact, the conno-
tation, so to speak, of the term Rabbi implies a Jewish
scholar; while it depends of course upon the gifts, the turn
of mind and the career of each individual, as to whether
be will take part in originating or advancing any work and
in enriching the storehouse of literature. The Breslau
Seminary has the merit of having impressed its disciples
with this duty of the modern Rabbi, namely, that he should
be actively engaged in the paths of science and literature :
and to those of its disciples who were the earliest to pro-
ceed from its walls belongs the merit that they ever kept
this ideal of duty before them, and knew how to combine
the exercise of the laborious and many-sided office of
Babbi with a successful literary career. As the first and
most important among these, it was customary to name the
man who has but lately been taken from our midst at the
early age of barely sixty years. And Joseph Perles will in
future, too, be named as the pattern of a modem Rabbit
whose calling was Jewish learning, as the type of a modem
Jewish scholar, who, with the utmost love and devotion,
discharged the duties of teacher and leader of a large
Digitized by
Joseph Perks, S
congregation. But the virtues of Rabbi and scholar which
Joseph Perles combined within himself reposed upon the
stable foundation of the best qualities of a brave and noble
heart, so that he presented the rare example of an
harmonious life ever actively directed towards the highest
ideals, and had a fascinating influence upon all who came
in contact with him, impressing them with the example of
an accomplished and sympathetic personality. But in
these pages we do not intend to pourtray his personality,
nor to speak of his labours as Rabbi. These pages are to
be devoted to his literary activity ; and within the bio-
graphical limits of this notice there shall appear the picture
of his life-work, by means of which he joined the ranks of
the leading workers in the field of Jewish learning, upon
of which he has secured for his memory a reputation far.
beyond the term of his earthly existence.
Joseph Perles was bom at Baja, a small town in
Southern Hungary, on the 25th of November,^ 1835. He
was the son of the Rabbinic Assessor (Dayan), Baruch
Perles, who was descended from an old family of Rabbis.
In a brief note on the expulsion of the Jews from Prague in
1744 (Frankel's Monatsschrift, 1866, p. 231), Joseph Perles
mentions a work printed in 1739, the author of which
was his ancestor, who was Dayan in Prague (the work
is ethical, and cited in Benjacob's Bibliographical Lexicon,
p. 379, No. 2441).
The family name Perles (or Perls) is traced back, accor-
ding to an ancient tradition, to Perl, the second wife of
the " hohe Rabbi Low " — the renowned Rabbi of Prag,
after whom it is said her children surnamed themselves
' In hiB short Vita^ attached to his Doctor's Dissertatioii, Perles gives the
26th of December as the day of his birth. But it seems that this was
afterwards found to be incorrect, for the date communicated to me bj
letter bj his youngest son, Felix Perles, and that which appeared in the
obttnary notice of the MUnohsner neuette Nachrickten^ was the 25th of
Korember.
A 2
Digitized by
4 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
(v. Kaufmann, Monats,^ xxxvii. 384). The education which
fell to the lot of young Perles was quite in consonance
with so learned a descent. He was in early life introduced
to a knowledge of Biblical and Rabbinic literature, and was
at the same time sent to the Gymnasium in his native city,
at which he received a certificate for proficiency. The Jewish
community of Baja belonged to those of Hungary who
were in the van of culture and the most progressive and
enlightened in matters of religion. It therefore offered the
most favourable spiritual atmosphere for the comprehensive
cultivation of a youth aspiring to the office of Rabbi, both
as regards Jewish and general knowledge. And Perles had
the good and rare fortune, when his own city could offer
him no more in the way of higher knowledge, that pro-
videntially the seat of learning was founded, at which he
could prepare himself in so beneficial a manner for his
future profession. In the same summer in which he passed
the highest class of the Gymnasium, there was opened in
Breslau (August 10th, 1854) the Jewish-Theological Semi-
nary, which Perles entered in 1855, matriculating at the
same time at the University. Both Seminary and Uni-
versity offered the richest opportunity for the acquisition
of sound knowledge and for the scientific training of the
mind. While at the seminary the teaching and example of
men like Frankel, Gratz, Bemays, Zuckermann and Joel in-
troduced him to the various branches of Jewish learning, he
applied himself at the University during seven "semesters"
to Oriental, philosophic, and historical studies. Of Oriental
languages he studied with great zeal in addition to Arabic
and Persian, chiefly Syriac, under the direction of Bernstein,
the best Syriologist of his time. The exact knowledge of
this language, and also his thorough acquaintance with
Persian, were most significant for his later etymological
researches. But the study of Syriac bore rich fruit even
during his University career : I mean his critical researches
into the Peschito, the important products of which he set
down in his Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor (to
Digitized by
Joseph Perlea, 5
which we shall refer more fully), his renowned "Melete-
mata Peschitthoniana."^
Two years before the appearance of his Dissertation
literature, by means of a series of anonymous reviews
signed with the Greek tt, which appeared in the 6th, 7th
and 8th Annuals (1857-1859) of the '' Manatsschrifi fur Ge-
icIUchte und Wmenschaft dea Judenthums" It shows the
remarkable esteem and confidence which he received from
the editor of the Monatsschrift, Director Frankel, that he
entrusted his youthful student with reviews of the most
varied literary subjects ; and we might specially dwell
upon the fact as most suggestive, that the first work upon
which Perles had to give his opinion was actually written
by one of the teachers at the seminary. It was the mono-
graph of Zuckermann : " Ueber Sabbath-Jahrcyclus und
Jubel-Periode " (6th Annual, pp. 194-198). These reviews,
the first-fruits of Perles* literary work, by no means bear
the impress of youthful production, and they already
give evidence of the characteristics of his later efforts.
Strict relevancy, a careful avoidance of all general
observations not belonging to the subject, the gift of
brief and clear language, simple and perspicuous state-
ments, an almost obvious dislike of any attempt at
rhetorical display — these peculiarities which differentiated
Perles as a scientific and literary author, and from which
ensued a certain refreshing dryness and plainness in
harmony with the severity of his material — these
characteristics are akeady apparent in those reviews by
which he anonymously made his dihut in the literary
world. It is true that they concern themselves chiefly
with giving a thorough survey of the contents of the book
under criticism ; but they are not devoid of expressions
of judgment in which we find resoluteness, and, where
' Meletemata Peschitthoniana : Dissertatio Inau^ralis. Vratislaviae, 56
pp. Vide Monatsschrift (1859), pp. 223-225, and Ben Chananja, 2nd Ann.,
pp. 871-378.
Digitized by
6 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
necessary, unreserved severity combined with benevolent
appreciation and grateful praise.
The works he reviewed are further a valuable testimony
to the fact that Perles accustomed himself in early years
to those branches of literature on which his later activity
was spent : the History of Exegesis, Researches into the
language of the Talmud and into Archaeology, Legend and
the History of Literature. He treats of Low's '* Hamaph-
teach, Introduction to the Holy Scriptures and History of
Exegesis" (6th Annual, pp. 433-436), Jehuda Ibn Koreisch's
Ris^le, edited by Barges and Goldberg (ib., pp. 470-473),
Beer's Life of Abraham (8th Ann., pp. 315-316), Kayser-
ling's Sephardim (ib., pp. 41-44). Perles discussed at
greater length, this time giving his name, and adding
copious remarks and original explanations concerning
words, Lewysohn's Zoology of the Talmud (ib., pp. 354-359,
390-396). His delight in etymology is evidenced in his
review of the ** Etudes sur la formation des racines semifiques,"
by Abbe Leguest (7th Ann., pp. 231-236). His knowledge of
Italian, which stood him in good stead in his later works, is
shown in his treatment of some speeches by Lelio della
Torre (ib., pp. 315-316). We might specially refer to his
review of two Hebrew works, the Hebrew translation of
the Koriln by Reckendorf (6th Ann., pp. 357-359), and the
philosophic encyclopaedic work of I. Barasch, with an
introduction by Rappoport (ib., pp. 274-278). In the latter
Perles expresses his disapproval of treating in the Hebrew
language modem scientific themes. And as far as I am
aware he never published his researches in a Hebrew garb,
although the short preface attached to his edition of his
father-in-law's work on the Targum clearly shows that
he knew how to write Hebrew simply and well As
early results of his lexicographical studies we ought to
mention his explanation of several foreign words occurring
in the Halachoth Qedoloth, which Frankel attached to his
own review of an article by Reifmann (8th Ann., pp. 158-
160). Had this review been consulted in the preparation
Digitized by
Joseph Perles. 7
of the glossary fotind in the new edition of the Ebdachoth
Gedoloth (by Hildesheimer), it would have been an
In the year 1857 Perles gained ont of seven candidates
the prize for an essay on Moses Nachmanides' Commentary
on the Pentateuch, and this work appeared in th^ MonaU-
%ehrijl as the first independent product of the young
scholar.^ His taste for the historical treatment of literary
subjects and his capacity to seize on the vital and essential
parts of a scientific work were shown to be already highly
developed in this essay, which included an adequate
discussion of the historical environment and importance
of Nachmanides. The spirit of Frankel, who set the
subject of the essay and with whom Nachmanides' Com-
mentary was a favourite, as well as the spirit of Perles
himself, may be said to be well reflected in the following
sentence employed by him to characterise the subject of
his work: — "Thus Nachmanides proves himself to be a
man of moderate progress, clinging to the old views
hallowed by centuries, yet following the tide of his own
age and taking account of the spirit of the time/' In these
words Perles, to a certain extent, expressed the nature
both of his teacher Frankel and of his own views. Perles'
work on Nachmanides remains a valuable and lasting con-
tribution to the history of exegesis. The characteristics
and contents of this Pentateuch Commentary are fully
given, as well as the sources, and all literary and historical
references. In a supplement which appeared two years
later^ Perles treats of Nachmanides' teachers, the chronology
of his halachic works, his halachic authorities, and edits
also his epistle to the French Rabbis on the subject of
Maimonides' writings.* With this work Perles commenced
* " Cber den Geist dee Oommentars des B. Mows b. Nachman zum Pen-
tateach and dber sein YerhaltniBaznmPentateach-CoininentarBasohiV*
Monatuehrift (1858), pp. 81-97, 113-116, 117-136, 146-169.
* «Kachtr&g« fiber B. Moees b. Nachman." MoiMtstchHft (1860), pp.
16.1795.
Digitized by
8 The JetHsh Quarterly Review,
his labours as a careful editor of the unpublished. stores
of literature.
On the 30th of March, 1859, Perles received the degree of
Doctor from the Breslau University, having passed the
Examination summa cum lau4e, a rare distinction. He
dedicated his Dissertation to " his most-beloved Teachers '*
{prcBceptorihuB dikctissimu), G. H. Bernstein and Zacharias
Frankel. This Dissertation for the Doctorate was, as it
seldom happens with such attempts, truly epoch-making.
Within somewhat narrow limits it contained a fulness of
most interesting matter and many new points of view.
His subject was in the main nothing less than that
the old Syriac Translation of the Bible, though it had been
preserved by the Christian Church alone, was yet a product
of Judaism, and, like the other ancient Jewish Trans-
lations of the Bible, reflected the Jewish exegesis of the
Bible as well as Jewish traditions. This view has, it is true,
been combated, and with good reason partly narrowed
down ; but it advanced to a considerable degree the know-
ledge of the Peschito, and for the first time brought to light
its historical setting. I may just refer in passing to the two
theses which Perles appended to his Doctor-Dissertation, in
order, as was the custom at the time, to defend his views in
public — subjects germane to the comparative researches of
sideration: — " Traditionum qtue in re divina valent, similis apud
Arahea atque apud Judwos est ratio ;" and " Cabhalistarum
doctrine cum Ssufiorum arete cohceret**
In the summer of 1859 Perles made a stay in his native
town, and he employed his run through the Hungarian
capital in looking through the Hebrew and other Oriental
MSS. contained in the National Museum of Hungary. A
short account of the former he contributed to Low's Ben
Chananja,^ which periodical contained other contributions
^ *^Die Hebraica im nngariachen Nationalmuseams in Pest." Ben
Chananja, 2nd Ann., p. 571. Details concerning these manuscripts are
Digitized by
Joseph Perks. 9
from his pen in 1859 and 1860 ^ his intention to refer to
the other Oriental MSS. in the proper place was not carried
out. In the course of the last two years of his student-
ship at Breslau, Perles published two most valuable and
interesting archaeological studies, having collected scraps of
material with the greatest industry and care, which contri-
buted greatly to the understanding of these subjects.* He
further published some reviews and notices.' The time was
approaching when he was to leave College and take up the
profession for which he had been preparing himself with so
much diligence and devotion. Before he had reached the
end of his College term at Breslau he received a call in the
autumn of 1861 as Rabbi of the Brildergemeinde of Posen ;
but it was not before the 30th of April, 1862, that Perles,
in conjunction with his two colleagues, M. Gudemann, at
present Rabbi in Vienna, and M. Rahmer, at present
Rabbi in Magdeburg, was at a public celebration declared
fully qualified to undertake the position of Rabbi and
Preacher. It was the first celebration of its sort at the
Breslau Rabbinical Seminary, and one can quite understand
the following proud terms in which the Director reported
upon it in the Monataschrift, 12th Ann., p. 66: — "This
giTen by Sam. Kohn, Die KehrdUoken Handsohriften de$ungarUchen Katumal-museumt : Berlin, 1877. 1 ^ Cber den Ansdmok HDH^ als Bezerohnong der Anf erstehung." B. Ch. n. 466. "* Die Nabataer im Thalmnd and Midrasoh." B. Gh. III. 81. ** ChryBostomus und die Juden." Ih,, 569-671. * " Die jMische Hochzeit in naohbiblischer Zeit," Monat9»chrift (18G6), 3S9-360, appeared in separate form : Leipzig, 1860. **Die Leicben-Feier- lichkeiten im naobbibliscben Jndenthnm," ih,^ 1861, pp. 345-355, 376-394, alBO separately printed : Breelan, 1861. Botb appeared in Englisb in the Hebrew Characteristics of the American Jewish Publication Society: New York, 1875. ' The reviews are now signed with the initials J J*., and refer to — Die Fabdn de$ Sophos, of Landsberger (9th Ann., 71-74) ; Don Joseph Nasi, of
M. A. Levy (*^., 118, 119) ; Die Juden-Frage, of M. Kalisoh (i*., 387-391) ;
Ueher die Chronik des Sulpicius Severus, of J. Bemays (10th Ann., 152-
155). Vide also, in 8th Ann., pp. 319, 320, a note npon das Targomwort
OJO^n. Ih,, 435, concerning several remarkable statements made by a
Persian lexicographer relating to a Jewish money-forger.
Digitized by
10 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
Institution has now by means of these young men re-
deemed the promise which it made to the public at the
time of its inception ; then it could but beg for the con-
fidence of its supporters, now it has the consciousness of
not having abused that trust."
Perles worked for a whole decade in Posen. Concerning his
position there we have the following statement of a trust-
worthy writer (in a necrologue in the laraelitische Wbchen-
schri/t, March 30th, 1894) : " Perles was a very young man
when he came to Posen ; but even then he was invested
with a certain dignity and loftiness of mind which made
him respected by the entire large congregation. Not that
he had the talent or the desire to cast a halo about his
own person ; there was, in fact, no one simpler and plainer
than he was. That sanctimoniousness of the pastor,
which, however much it may impress the ignorant, is
repugnant to and repels the enlightened, was foreign to
Perles' nature; it was, in truth, abhorrent to him. But,
nevertheless, there was a charm about his personality
which captivated those who were admitted into his family
circle. For fortune had favoured him with a helpmate
who had the most exalted notions concerning the dignity
of the office of preacher, and who cherished the thought
that it was within the power of a preacher's wife — ^aye,
that it was incumbent on her — to help and even sustain
her husband."
It was on June 2nd, 1S63, that Perles contracted the ma-
trimonial alliance, which proved a truly happy one, with the
partner of his life, as she is described in the words I have
just quoted. Now she and her two exemplary sons mourn
the loss of husband and father, so early taken from their
midst ; but what a source of comfort must the widow find
in the recollection of three decades passed together with
her husband in a work so heartily taken up and jointly
carried out to the blessing of both ! The father-in-law of
Perles, who died in 1885, was a learned merchant, who
made the Targumim his favourite study, and whose Hebrew
Digitized by
Joseph Perks, 11
Cofnmentary on Targnm Onkelos may be described &s the
best and most thoroughly scientific manual, free from*
dilettantic speculation, which exists for the study of the
Targtim. It was edited by Perlesin 1888.^
Almost simultaneously with his marriage Perles was able
to publish the first-fruits of his studies in Posen — ^the
monograph concerning R. Salomon b. Abraham b. Adereth
(Adret), which, in consequence of its subject-matter, stands
in close relation to his prize essay on Nachmanides? Conspi-
cuous in it appears the controversy regarding the Philo-
sophy and Freedom of the Study of Science, in which Sa-
to the reader by Perles by means of a careful analysis of the
most important collection of statements upon the subject
contained in the book Minchath Kenaoth. In the Appendix
Perles publishes two hitherto unknown writings of S. b.
Adereth,* and the preface to Jacob b. Anatoli's homiletic-
philosophical work, which subsequently appeared in a
complete form.
The archives of the congregation at Posen gave Perles an
opportunity of turning his attention to another pha«se of
Jewish history. He wrote the History of the Jetcs in
Pos^i,* according to Professor Kaufmann's opinion (Sup-
' Binre Onkelos, Scholia znm Targfnin Onkelos von Simon Bamch
Schefftel. Bdited after the death of the author by Dr. J. Perles : Munich,
1888. 288 pp.
' R, Salomo "b, Ahraham h» Adereth. Sein Lehen und seine Schrifteny
nebst handsohriftlichen Beilagen znm ersten Male heransgegeben : Bres-
lau, 1863. 83 and 61 pp. See Remsws by Frankel iMonatsschri/t, 12th
Aim., pp. 183 and 188) and Geiger {Jiidische Zeitschrift, 2nd Ann., pp. 69
and 63). The work is dedicated *' in loying devotion *' to Dr. H. Graetz,
*' the valued teacher and friend.'*
' Thej are : The beginning of a commentary upon the Agada of the
Babylonian Talmud (24*56) ; A polemical treatise defending the Jewish
religion against the attacks of a Mohammedan. In the latest volume
of the Z, d. M. G. (vol. 48, pp. 39-42), Schreiner shows that these attacks
on the part of an unknown Mohammedan are identical with those of the
Mohammedan polemical writer, Abft Mohammed Ibn 'Hazm.
« Jfonatssehrift, 13th Ann. (1864), 281-295, 321-334, 361-373, 409-420,
Digitized by
12 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
plement to the Allgemeine Zeitung, of Munich, March 17th,
1894) " the most important monograph in German which has
appeared to this day on the subject, distinguished alike by
the evidence it affords of researches into archives, and of
deep acquaintance with what has been written on the topic
by Rabbis of the Middle Ages and modern times." To the
same class of writings belongs the work which was pub-
lished two years later, Recordi Concerning the History of the
Jewish Provincial Synods in Poland.^
Such historical studies in nowise drew Perles away from
his never-ending task of investigating and explaining the
language of the Talmudic and Midrashic literature.
When I. Levy's Chaldee Lexicon of the Targumim, etc.,
appeared, Perles contributed to the first six parts most
valuable appendices, chiefly concerned with Persian.*
In an interesting article he points to an older worker in
the field of Rabbinic vocabulary, and shows that many of
the explanations of foreign words given by M. Sa^chs are
already to be found in De Lara's work,* and that his
etymologies are often to be preferred to those of later
scholars. He soon showed in how masterly a manner he
had conquered the subject of Talmudic etymology by the
appearance of a very important work, the last that he
finished in Posen. Few books present, within such narrow
limits, such a richness of material combined with a host of
fresh views and observations as his Etymological Studies,*
449-461 ; 14th Ann. (1865), 81-93, 121-136, 165-178, 206-216, 266-263. In
separate form : Breslan, 1865.
» Monatssohrift, 16th Ann. (1867), 108-111, 162-154, 222-226, 304-308
343-348.
« Zu dem ChalddUchen Wdrterbuoh von Babbiner Dr. J. Levy. MonaU'
schrift, 15th Ann., 148-153 ; 16th Ann., 297-303.
' David Cohen de Lara's RabbinUches Lexicon Kheter KheUunnah,
Ein Beltrag zur Geschichte der rabbinischen Lexicographie. Monati-
schrift, 17th Ann. (1868), pp. 224-232, 255-264, separately: Breslan, 1868.
4 " Etymologische Studien znr Ennde der rabbinischen Sprache and
Alterthumer. Monatsschri/t, 19th Ann. (1870), 210-227, 263-267, 310-326,
876-384, 416-431, 467-478, 493-524, 558-567. Also printed in separate form
(with a short preface and foar registers): Breslan, 1871.
Digitized by
Joseph Per lei. 13
which deserve to rank with such works as Michael Sachs'
Contributions to the Science of Language and Archaeology.
Both Perles and Sachs, had a two-fold object, namely, by
means of proper etymologies, to advance the knowledge
of the Eabbinic texts, and to deepen the historical know-
ledge of Rabbinic antiquities.
It is difficult, considering the nature of the subject, to
give in a few sentences an idea of this work. Perles, as was
his custom, did not furnish it with any general introduction,
but plunges his readers at once medias in res, inasmuch as
he uses a string of examples to show how a right etymo-
logy is conditional upon a previous correction of the
text He makes ample use of this need for copious
textual emendation, but never in a capricious and
unscientific manner. The etymological studies of Perles
may be regarded as a rare and rich fund for the explana-
tion of foreign words, Greek as well as Persian, occurring
in Rabbinic literature, and they carry out the author's
wish as expressed in the preface to the special edition, that
" they might advance the scientific enquiry into the yet
much-confused language of Rabbinic literature." ^
The decisive period of the Franco-German war was an
important turning-point in the life of Perles. The Jewish
congr^ation of Munich elected him their Rabbi, and he
was thus transferred from the provincial city of Posen to
the capital of Bavaria, in which it was his lot to labour
incessantly until the very end of his life. On the first day
of Shevuoth, May 26th, 1871, he delivered his Installation
Sermon, from which we would extract a few sentences and
give them as a sample of the sense in which Perles re-
* A few of the writings of Perles during his labours in Posen have yet
to be noted here : — " A Review of S. Kohn De Pentateucho Samari-
tano." Monataschrift, 14th Ann. (1866), pp. 856-359. " Die Leichenver-
brennong in den alten Bibelversionen," id., 18th Ann., pp. 76-81. A
Review of Stein, Talmndische Terminologie," iJ., 473-477. In 1864
there appeared ** GottesdienstUche Vortrage/' held in the Synagogue of
the Jewish Gommonity of Posen, in aid of the Riesser-Stiftnng : Posen,
1864.
Digitized by
14 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
garded his vocation and the manner in which he discharged
its duties: — "I regard it as the first and indispensable
demand made upon the conscientious guide of a congrega-
tion, that he be impressed with the exalted and important
character of his office, which is, that he is the bearer and
proclaimer of pure and unadulterated doctrine, and that
he shall ever have present before his mind the weighty
responsibility which rests upon his shoulders I
regard it as the second demand made upon the conscientious
guide of a congregation, that he shall never tire in the task
of proclaiming those truths of which he has become con-
vinced by reason of his uninterrupted investigation of the
Word of GJod, such truths, the acquisition of which have
only become possible for him by reason of his contact with
noble spirits and earnest thinkers. I regard it as
the third and highest demand made upon the conscientious
guide of a congregation that, by means of the example of
his own life, he should point the way to his congregation
in morality and uprightness of charallcter. .... I shall
conscientiously make enquiry into the present condi-
tions of the congregation and see what is necessary for the
development of its religious life. I shall oppo'ise that want
of moderation which flies to extremes, the unconditional
reverence of all that is ancient, simply because it is
ancient, and the unconditional apotheosis of all that is
new, simply because it is new It shall be my
earnest endeavour to bring about, in conjunction with my
congregation, an adequate and proper form of divine ser-
vice in harmony with the times, one that shall satisfy both
the mind and the heart, one that while it will draw to the
House of God the cultured members, the younger genera-
tion, our wives and daughters, shall not repel from its
midst that faithful band of fellow- worshippers who belong
to the old school."^
> *^ Antrittspredigt gehalten bei der tTbemahme seinoB Amtee als Rabbi-
ner der israelitiBchen ColtuBgemeinde MUnohen. Prooeeds to be devoted
to the sick and wounded in the G^man army " : Munich, 1871. 15 pp.
Digitized by
Joseph Perks, 15
Perles was, in fact, the conscientious guide of his
congregation, to the members of which, in the sixth
year of his ministration among them, on the occasion of
the fiftieth (jubilee) celebration of the Synagogue, he
addressed the following words :^ "As in the paat half-
century, so shall there be proclaimed during the coming
time in this Synagogue the principles of truth, the fear
of (Jod, and the love of one's fellow-man; there shall
be reared and educated in this place a generation of
peace — peace with God, with the State, with the com-
munity, and with society at large." And God's blessing
rested upon the efforts of Perles. Just as he offered his
congregation the best at his disposal as regards the trea-
sures of mind and heart and the power of the will, in the
same manner did his congregation give him the best that
a congregation is able to offer its pastor — unlimited con-
fidence, an affection begotten of unbounded respect, full
appreciation of his instruction, and reverence for his per-
sonality. Under his lead the Munich community, the largest
in Southern Germany, grew in outward dignity and internal
possessions ; and coming generations will find an evidence
of his activity as Rabbi in the new Synagogue, which was
founded mainly by his efforts, and consecrated on the 16th
September, 1887, and which stands as "a monumental
work of architecture, much admired," and which, in
a city abounding in works of art, "ranks among the
numerous large and beautifid houses of prayer, or at least
takes a modest place in their midst." In the Dedication
Sermon,' from which these words are taken, Perles, while
apostrophising the pulpit, the seat of his own eloquence,
makes the following remarks : " O place whence words of
instruction flow, be thou and remain for all times a seat of
^ Predigt znr fUnfzigjahrigen Jabelfeier der Sjnagofce zu Munohen,
am 1. Pesach-Tage, 5636 (April 9th, 1876) : Mnnich, 1876. 20 pp.
' Beden znm Abechiede Ton der alten nnd zur Einweihung der nenen
Sjnagoge in MUnchen, am 10. xmd 16. September, 1887: MUnohen, 1887.
18 pp.
Digitized by
16 The Jetciah Quarterly Review.
fruitful impulse and religious teaching. Let all impatient
expressions, all words of hatred and enmity, be ever banished
from thy midst ! May vanity and arrogance be foreign to
those who preach from thee ! From this spot may the in-
exhaustible treasure- stores of God's word be unlocked for
the thorough instruction of the congregation assembled, so
as to arouse a clear understanding of life's duties, a right
and proper conception of the higher truth, a strengthening
of the conscience and of the heart, a cheerful disposition
in the fulfilment of those duties which devolve upon us
as Germans and as Israelites, as citizens of the narrower and
of the wider Fatherland ! O that this might be brought
about in the spirit of truth, of love, and of peace ! " We
would utter the wish that all succeeding occupants of this
pulpit, once and for ever hallowed by Perles himself, will
work in the midst of the congregation in this self -same
spirit.
Munich, with its rare collection of printed and manuscript
works, supplied the zeal of Perles, untiring in investigation,
with never-ending means and subjects for fresh activity.
Just as he once jocularly said, in reviewing the Jewish-
German Chrestomathy^ of his learned friend. Max
Griinbaum, the well-known investigator of the legendary
literature, that he " lived in Munich, I would fain
say, in the Royal and National Library of Munich,"
so was also henceforth the life of Perles, as a scholar
and learned author, indissolubly bound up with this
famous Library. Munich, moreover, possessed in Abraham
Merzbacher one of the most high-minded lovers of Jewish
literature, who had formed a large and valuable collec-
tion of printed books and manuscripts, and with whom
Perles associated himself in true friendship. One of the
few addresses of Perles^ which have appeared in print
is a funeral oration on the occasion of the death of his
» Monatstchrift, 3l8t Ann. (1882) pp. 128-138.
* "Trauerrede an der Bahre des am 21. Sivan (4. Juni 1885) ver-
ewigten Herm Abraham Merzbacher" : Miinchen, 1886. 12 pp.
Digitized by
Joseph Perks. 17
friend. Perles pays a warm tribute of eulogy^ also to the
learned and indefatigable R. N. Rabbinowicz, who was en-
abled by the help of Merzbacher to collect and publish his
Varice Lectiones to the Babylonian Talmud. As for Perles
himself, he too possessed a toleiubly important and ever-
growing private library, which contained many valuable
and rare works, and which, as I am informed by his son
Felix, numbers over three thousand volumes. As an
instance of his personal relations, I would cull the follow-
ing words from the obituary notice of a Munich news-
paper :* " The respect in which the deceased was held was
deeply rooted, not alone in the Jewish circles of Munich,
Bavaria, and Germany, but also in the circles of Christian
theology of both denominations. As scholar Dr* Perles was
greatly honoured by the late Bishop Haneberg, formerly
Abbot of the Benedictine Order here, and by Dr.
Dollinger. The Rabbi of this city stood in constant com-
munication on matters of learning with a number of
eminent Catholic theologians."
The first important work which Perles published while in
Munich follows, as far as concerns its contents, close upon
his etymological studies. It consists of fifteen larger and
smaller studies upon philological and archasological subjects
growing out of Rabbinic literature.' There is evidence here
of the abundant use made of the Midrash MSS. contained
in the Munich Library. Soon followed a contribution to
comparative folklore, a subject to which Perles had always
paid great attention ; he pointed out with much learning and
in a convincing manner the Jewish sources of the Thotisand
and one Nights.^ He published both works in separate
form, dedicating them to " Herr Abraham Merzbacher, the
> ** Beilagre zor Allgemeinen Zeitang/' vom 4. December 1888.
* "MtLQcbener Neneste Nachrichten," vom 6. Marz 1894.
' ** Miscellen zor rabbiniBohen Sprach- nnd Alterthumskunde." Mo-
natssehri/i, 2l8t Ann. (1872), pp. 251-273, 358-876.
* *' Babbinisohe Agada*8 in 1001 Naoht. Ein Beitrag znr Geschichte
der Wandenmg orientalisolier Marcben.'* Monatttchrift, 22nd Ann. (1873),
pp. 14-34, 61-85, 116-125.
VOL. VII. B
Digitized by
18 The Jewish Quarter^ Beview.
friend and patron of Rabbinic studies."^ He edited
simultaneously a highly interesting Mid rash, which in his
thorough and masterly manner he showed to be a monu-
ment of the Byzantine influence upon Judaism,' and
described the " Memorialbook of the Pf ersee Community/'
which, like other memorial books of this sort that have been
brought to light in modem times, contained several accounts
of persons and events of former times.' A discovery in
the Munich Library soon led him into quite another field. He
found in a well-preserved codex the oldest Latin translation
of the MAre of Maimonides, with the result that the Latin
rendering of the MAre by Giustiniani (Justinianus), which
appeared in Paris in 1520, was proved to be none other than
a faulty copy of this very translation. He published these
and other important results of his investigations of MSS.,
together with specimens from them in another and larger
treatise.* Rare Hebrew printed books, chiefly belonging
to mediaeval popular literature, and manuscripts chiefly bear-
ing on the Liturgy, form the subject-matter of the article
published in 1876, entitled : " Bibliographische Mitthei-
lungen aus Munchen."* In the next year he gave an account
of the contents of a work in the Merzbach collection of
MSS., important in many directions, viz., the commentary
upon the Piyutim by Abraham b. Asriel of Bohemia,
and he published out of it several explanations of the
Text given by the great Exegete, R. Samuel b. Meir.* In a
1 << Zur rabbinisohen Sprach- nnd Sagenkimde " : Breslan, 1878. x.
and 99 pp.
' ^'Thron and Oirons des Eonigs Salomo." MofuUssohrift^ 2lBt Ann,,
pp. 122-139. Also in eeparate form. Breslaa, 1878.
' Mojuittsohrift, 22nd Ann., pp. 508-615, 572.
* " Die in einer Miinohener Handsohrif t aof gAfundene erste lateinisohe
t^bersetzung des Maimonidisohen Ftlhrers." Monat4iohri/ty 24th Ann.
(1875), pp. 9-24, 67-86, 99-110, 149-159, 209-218, 261-265. Also in separate
form : Breslan, 1875.
* MatuUisohrift, 25th Ann., pp. 350-375.
* "Das Bach ^Artlgath Habboeem des Abraham b. Asriel."* Monati'
iehrift, 26th Ann. (1877), pp. 360-873. Also in separate form : Krotosohin,
1877.
Digitized by
Joseph Perles. 19
collection of Responsa of the I7th century, he thought he
had found some mention of the unfortunate Uriel Acosta ;
but his surprising discovery met with serious doubt.^
The Breslau Seminary, to the memory of whose first
director, Zacharias Frankel, Perles in 1875, also devoted a
faithful and mournful tribute,^ celebrated on August 10th,
1879, the twenty-fifth anniversary of its establishment. At
the request of the former students of the institution, Perles
issued in celebration of the event a remarkable monument
of mediaeval literature, which led him back once again to
that period of ferment and strife with which, on the occasion
himself. His edition is based upon the only extant MS-
which happened to be contained in the Munich Library.'
When the Revues des Utudes Juivea was established,
Perles became one of the contributors, and wrote in the
third volume two articles concerning some disputed
Talmudic expressions, offering divers bold hypotheses
in relation to them.* The same year there appeared in
the Z.d.D.M,G. a splendid review of a Syriac work,
use being made of some newly expounded Talmudic ex-
pressions and phrases.^ And now a long pause ensued
in his publications, only broken by the appearance
(1882) of the review already referred to, of Griine-
baum's Jewish-German Chrestomathy, but which was
* ♦* Eine neaerschlossene Qnelle tlber Uriel Acosta.'' Monnttsohrift^ 26th
Ann, (1877), pp. 193-213. In separate form: Krotoschin, 1877. Vide
G&demann and G-raets on the same {Monats,, ib., pp. 327-330). In the 27th
Ann. of the Afonatsschri/ty pp. 317-324, Perles described " Eine hebra^che
Handscbrif t der Fiirstlibh Oettingen-Wallersteinischen Bibliothek."
» " Worte der Erinnenmg " : Miinohen, 1 875. 12 pp.
> *' E^alonymns ben Ealonymns. Sendsohreiben an Joseph Easpi " :
MiLDchen, 1879. Vide Steinsohneider, Mebr, Bibliographies vol. XXI., pp.
115-118 ; Neubaner-Renan, Les Serivaim Juives de XVI, nhcle^ pp. 95-99.
* "Revme des itudes Juives," III., 1881, pp. 109-120: "Etudes Tal-
mndiqnes.*'
^ **Bemerkangen zn Bmns^achan." Sjrisch-Bdmisohes Rechtsbnoh
aofldem fOnften Jahrhundert. Z.d.DM. Q,, XXXV., pp. 139-141, 725-727.
B 2
Digitized by
20 The Jewish Quarterly Revietc,
ultimately ended by the work which came as a
joyful surprise to all friends of Jewish learning, in
which Peries united the rich fruits of long years of
study and the results of a diligent and thoroughgoing
course of literary enquiry.^ This book, which is de-
dicated to Leopold Zunz on his ninetieth birthday,
consists in a series of studies reproducing newly-dis-
covered or newly-adduced materials with a copiousness
and variety rarely met with, the titles of which can
give but a very inadequate idea of the richness of
its contents. Its headings may nevertheless be re-
peated here : (i.) The small Aruch ; (ii.) The"] Makre
Dardeke and the Munich MS. of the same; (iii.) Elia
Levita's Nomenclature; (iv.) Jewish- German Glosses by
a disciple of R. Moses Hadarshan of the 13th century ;
(v.) Unpublished letters of the years 1517 — 1555. As
was Peries' manner, there was not even the shortest
introduction attached to this collection of studies, brist-
ling as it did with new data and explanations. The
history of Hebrew and Rabbinic Lexicography, the history
of the Humanist literature, the history of the beginnings
of Jewish learning among Christians, the history of
manners and customs, and middle High German philology
from the important, ample and trustworthy materials
presented in this volume. To the same class of litera-
ture as the " Contributions " belongs an article which
appeared two years later in the Retme des Etudes Juives
on the Jewish Scholars of Florence.* Peries continued his
investigations concerning the small Aruch in a neat
article forming the beginning of the (Jerman portion
of the Gratz-Jubelschrif t, the appendix to which contains
> *^Beitrage znr G^schiohte der hebriiisohen nnd aramaischen Sta-
dien " : Miinchen, 1884. 247 pp.
' " Les sayantB joifs h, Florence ^ I'^poque de Lanrent de M^ois.'*
Retue det Etude* Juivet, XII. (1886), pp. 244-257. Separately: Paris,
1887.
Digitized by
Joseph Perks, 21
some highly learned contributions to the History of lite-
rature, specially to that of the habits and customs of the
Jewish people.^
In 1888 Perles edited the work on the Targum, written
by his father-in-law, to which reference has already been
made, and allowed, apparently through continued ill-
health, a somewhat long pause to ensue before he again
rejoiced the hearts of friends and adorers with the fruits of
his uninterrupted labours. Then in a tolerably lengthy
publication he wrote of the Sicilian Bible Exegete Aboul-
rabi,' who had become famous by reason of his free and
original views, and dealt more briefly with the Legend of
Asenath.' The reappearance in the autumn of 1892,
after a long interval, of the Monatsschrift, for many years the
home of his literary activity, afforded Perles a welcome
opportunity to publish what he had been collecting for
some time, new Contributions to Bahbinic Philology and
Arehceology} Here again, after a lapse of twenty years, he
proved himself to be still the tried master of etymological
studies. It seemed as if he returned with renewed
pleasure and undiminished vigour to his favourite inves-
tigations. Partially collating the results of former in-
quiries, partially widening their range and presenting
new matter, he wrote a most fascinating article upon
"Jewish Byzantine Relations."* Everything tended to
show that a new period of active originality and fruitful
* "Die Beraer Handschrift des kleinen Aruch." JubeUchrift zum
siebadgsten Gebnrtetage des Prof. Dr. H. Graetz : Breslaii, 1887, pp. 1-38.
' '^Ahron b. Gersou Abonlrabt" Bevue des Mtides Juives^ XXI.
(1890), pp. 246-269.
> ** La l^gende d' ABenath, fiUe de Dina et f emme de Joseph.'* JRevue
des Etudes Juives, XXII. (1819), pp. 87-92. Perles let this article appear
in Hnngarian in the 8th Ann. of the Magyar Zoidd Szemle, pp. 249-252.
* Monatsschrift, 37th Ann. (new series, 1st Ann.), 1892-1893, pp. 6-14,
64-68, 111-116, 174-179, 356-878.
» *' Bjzantmisohe Zeltsohrift," heransgegeben von Earl Knunbacher.
VoL IL, pp. 569-584.
Digitized by
22 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
become better. In the summer of 1892 he visited,
after a long absence, his native place in Hungary, to
which, in spite of his having become a thorough German,
he was deeply attached, watching with sustained interest
the social and literary movements of the Jewry in
Hungary.
In the spring of 1893, on my return from a mournful
journey to Paris (whither I had gone to pay my last
respects to a dear brother of mine), I spent almost an
entire day in the family circle of Perles, and realised the
picture of the noblest form of domestic life of a man
who found in his vocation, his learning, and his near and
dear ones, the concentration of all fortune and felicity, the
picture of a man who looked into the future with the
fullest confidence and security. There was no trace then
of a shattered constitution ; he showed me some new and
valuable acquisitions to his library, and spoke of continuing
his contributions to Rabbinic philology, and of other work
that he had in view. Full of pride, justified in a father, he
spoke of the progress made by the younger of his two sons
ophthalmologist), who seems to have inherited the talent
for languages and the spirit for research, as well as the
philological turn of mind, which characterised his father,
and whom he trained to continue his vocation and his
scientific labours. When I bade him "Auf Wieder-
sehen," I little dreamt that my words would never be
realised. In the beginning of the following year the news
spread of his serious illness, though the hope of his re-
covery was not abandoned. When I forwarded to him, in
the middle of February, the Hebrew poems of my late
father, which had just appeared, he thanked me through
his son, at the same time informing me that he was pro-
gressing slowly. But the hope was vain. On Sunday,
March 4th last, Joseph Perles breathed out his noble soul,
and on the 6th his mortal' remains were laid to their
eternal rest, amid the deepest manifestations of wide-felt
Digitized by
Joseph Perles. 23
mourning, in the cemetery belonging to the Israelitish
community of Munich. His name and memory are
honoured and blessed among the Jews of Hungary, whence
he sprang, as they are honoured and blessed in the Jewry
of Germany, in whose midst and for whose welfare he
laboured. But he will be ever mentioned in the annals of
Jewish learning among the best spirits, among those whose
life was one uninterrupted work in spreading this learning
and advancing the knowledge of this science. Blessed be
his memory !
W. Bagheb.
Budapest, May, 1894.
Digitized by
24 The Jetcish Quarterly Review.
NOTES ON THE RELIGIOUS VALUE OF THE
FOURTH GOSPEL.
My title sounds presumptuous. It is not, however, pre-
sumptuously meant. I merely wish to indicate the limits
of my intention. It would be foolish and unnecessary on my
part to attempt to give any systematic representation of the
religious doctrine contained in the Fourth Gospel. In the
case of St. Paul it was almost obligatory, even to a writer
who was bold enough to print his first impressions, to cast
them into the form of exposition. The readers for whom
he specially wrote were not only, as he imagined, un-
familiar with the actual wording of the Pauline Epistles,
but from upbringing, association and temperament, were
unable, without eflfort and assistance, to understand
or appreciate their meaning. On the other hand, though
the Epistles of Paul are not fully to be explained or
understood without a study of the religious and in-
tellectual environment of their author, they can, never-
theless, to some extent be expounded from themselves,
or, at any rate, from data known to the average Jewish
reader of magazines. But as regards the Fourth Gospel
the case is different in both directions. It is at once
harder and easier than the Epistles. Let a fairly-cultivated
Jew, ignorant of the New Testament (the two qualifications
are at present quite compatible), read the Epistles to the
GaJatians and the Romans, and I believe his main sensa-
tion will be one of bewilderment j let him read the Fourth
Gospel, and he will at all events think he understands a fair
amount of it. Moreover, in a sort of way he will under-
stand it ; for the oppositions between " spirit " and " fiesh,"
or " of this world " and " not of this world," the meta-
phorical and spiritual use of words like " bread," " light,"
Digitized by
Notes on the Religious Value of the Fourth Gospel 25
" life," and many others, have become familiar to him in
other ways. Yet, per contra, he who would fully under-
stand " St. John " must understand two of his predecessors.
It is true that the Jewish outsider can partially under-
stand and partially appreciate the Fourth Gospel far more
readily than he can appreciate and understand St. Paul.
And yet properly to understand that Gospel you must in
the first place understand Paul. And, secondly, to pro-
perly understand that Gospel you must be acquainted
with and even understand Philo. But Philo, though, as I
imagine, no savour of unorthodoxy attaches to his name,
is necessarily no more than a name to all but the professed
student.
It would not be difficult to assign other reasons for the
comparative comprehensibility of the Fourth Gospel, in
spite of its dependence upon two obscure or even unknown
quantities. For one thing there is the style so lucidly
clear and simple, so different from the involved and excited
utterances of Paul. Then, again, just because the Fourth
Gospel is so much further removed from Judaism, it is
easier for a Jew to understand it. The period of conflict and
creation is nearly over; the Gentile Church is fully formed.
The Law is no longer a burning question ; the opposition
of faith and works, no longer prominent, is even partially
reconciled, for "faith" has become the supreme "work."
The Pauline paradoxes have done their duty ; they have
been absorbed and disappeared. In spite of the subject
and its tragedy, we have passed into a serener air. Again,
as the books on " St. John " fully explain, the death of
Christ is no longer the main feature of the Gospel. There
is a sense in which that death and its effects are still a
stumbling-block to the Jew, even as they were when first
enunciated by the daring genius of St. Paul — a stumbling-
block in two senses: impossible to accept, difficult to
appreciate or understand.
Once more putting questions of authorship on one side,
there seems much more agreement among theologians
Digitized by
26 The Jetcish Quarterly Review,
as regards the Fourth Gospel than as regards St. Paul.
There seems less room for endless diversities of interpreta-
tion. Even on the critical side the commentators on St.
Paul differ a good deal one from the other, so that much
time is taken up by one man in pointing out the degrees
of error in others. But in explaining St. John, the ex-
ponents of the critical school show a much greater unani-
mity. Of course, there are varieties, and you learn things
in one book which you do not find in another. Still the
views of Pfleiderer, and Thoma, and the two Holtz-
mann's, and Scholten, and Martineau, and Cone, all bear
a very marked likeness to each other; and there is a
fair amount of repetition as you pass from the first book
to the second, and from the second to the third and fourth.
The consequence is that anybody who will work a little
at Philo, should be able with the help of some two or
three of these scholars to get a very fair idea of the
contents of the Fourth Gospel.
A principal question which I have set before myself
St. John " is, What is the religious value of this book to
those who have not been brought up in Christianity, and
who do not believe in some of its most distinctive dogmas ?
What is its religious value to the average modern Jew ?
For a Jew to ask this question is partly but not entirely
equal to asking without qualifications " What is the religious
value of the Fourth Gospel ? " Such an identification is
only conceited in appearance. Each one of us in estimating
the leligious worth of another creed, is bound to re-
gard his own belief to a considerable extent as a fixed
standard of value. The Christian judges Buddhism
favourably by its real or supposed resemblances to Chris-
tianity, and so on. But this identification need not and
should not be complete. To the more philosophic believer
at any rate, no religion (his own included) is ever perfect,
and none is without its partial though perhaps temporary de-
fects. One religion may be onesided in one respect, a second
to
Digitized by
Notes on the Religiom Value of the Fourth Gospel 27
in another. A third may have the defects of its qualities.
The exaggerations of one religion may be of a certain use
to the opposite exaggerations of another. It is, therefore,
quite possible that certain points in the Fourth Gospel,
themselves perhaps not wholly true or accurate, may be
of religious value to a Jew. He may realize their onesided-
ness, while they help him to correct his own.
It must at once be allowed that this method of approach-
ing the Fourth Gospel is the one of all others which would
probably be least sympathetic to its author. I assume that
ment Ifidd down in its opening prologue {e.g., i. 1-14) or in its
closing verse (xx. 31) — is false : and then I coolly proceed to
ask. What is its religious value ? As the believer would
answer, ''Infinite," so might he maintain that the un-
believer must answer, " Nil." For the object of the Gospel
is not to teach ethics ; it is not to teach any aspect of reli-
gion, or any phase of the spiritual or moral life, which
may be independent of or only mediately connected with
its supreme and central propositions, that the Eternal and
Divine Word became flesh, that Jesus was the Christ, the
Son of God, and that he is the Way, the Truth, and
the life. As Thoma most rightly says, " Die Lehre des
Johannesevangeliums ist eigentlich nichts anderes als Chris-
tologie*' ^ " The doctrine of the Fourth Gospel is pure
Christology." Does it not seem ridiculous that any one
should find religious value in a book the essential and
all-pervading object of which he, ab initio, assumes to
be untrue ? If we want a florilegium of ethical and reli-
gious sayings, we should go elsewhere than to the Fourth
Gospel, where almost every verse is made subservient to
and dependent on the main doctrine and purport of the
whole. "Take away the Oodhead of Christ," says Dr.
Martineau, '* and there is not an incident or a speech in the
Fourth Gospel which does not lose its significance."'
* Thoma, I>if OeneiU det Johannes- Evangeliumt, 1882, p. 302.
* Mardnean, The Seat of Authority in Religion, 1890, p. 426.
Digitized by
28 The Jetoish Quarterly Review.
What, then, can be the value of this book to the Unitarian
or the Jew ? Is it not almost an affront to the book and
almost an insult to its author to ask the question, when
you defiantly shut your ears to the very thing they have
to say ? Yet the Unitarian, Dr. Martineau, can find in this
same Gospel at least " one vital element " of permanent
value. And so, perhaps, may a Jewish reader, though (put-
ting the central proposition on one side) he finds some
things that are ethically and spiritually dangerous, and as
he hopes erroneous, find also others which are ennobling,
beautiful and true.
Few persons, at any rate, be their religion what it may,
can read the Fourth Gospel through without yielding to
its spell. Few persons, I imagine, can remain proof to
its remarkable fascination. May I briefly indicate wherein
probably (to the outsider) the causes of this fascination
consist ?
First of all there comes the beauty of the manner, apart
from the matter of the book. Its simplicity and eleva-
tion of style, the sustained dignity and, occasionally, the
dramatic power, all hold the interest of the reader. The
greatest subjects in heaven or on earth are dealt with, and
while the sentences are clear and unadorned, the sense of
grandeur is usually well maintained. We feel that we are
reading the work of a genius, and, moreover, the work of one
who has full control over his material, his thought and his
words. How delightfully the shortness and pointedness of
St. John contrast with the diffuse rhetoric of Philo. The
very same ideas sometimes offend us in the one writer which
charm us in the other. A single crisp verse takes the
place of pages of involved and florid rhetoric. The taste of
the one was doubtless excellent for his own age and en-
vironment ; the taste of the other still seems excellent to
our own. A thought strangely expressed in Philo fails to
arrest our attention. The same thought in the Fourth
Gospel compels reflection or astonishment. Again, the
Fourth Gospel, like so many other books, both of the
Digitized by
Notes on the Religioue Value of the Fourth Chspel. 29
Hebrew and the Christian Scriptures, is alone of its kind.
It is very short ; but there is no other book exactly re-
sembling it. Like the Prophets, the Psalms, or the Epistles
of St. Paul, it has a uniqueness and isolation of its own.
But these reasons have only skimmed the surface. Others
lie deeper. Most fairly cultivated persons, who are not
naturally indifferent to one important side of our complex
humanity, will be attracted by the spirituality of the book,
by its idealism. This Fourth Gospel has, I suppose, gone a
good way to form the religious consciousness of civilised
humanity such as it now existwS, and we have not yet, I
imagine, got beyond — ^it may be hoped that we never shaJl
get beyond — these oppositions between the seen and the un-
seen, the outward and the inward, the flesh and the spirit,
which our Gospel has helped to make a permanent item in
the forms and categories of cultivated, and even unculti-
vated, thought. When Plato talks about the true beauty
and the true goodness, unseen and yet real, more real far
than the world of sense, when he speaks of a life that is
death, and of a death that may be life, though his
ideals be often " vacant forms of light," they will always
awaken a sympathetic response from our higher nature
— a yearning, sometimes vague and untutored, but not
phantastic or spectral, towards a truth and goodness
of which we could not dream if they were not real.
So with the Fourth Gospel. On the purely religious side
it has been the great source for those spiritual anti-
theses and truths with which mankind is now familiar.
And great primal phrases such as "God is a spirit,"
the " Bread of Life," " Peace not as the world giveth," in
their striking simplicity and at their fountain source,
will always, I should imagine, continue to attract and
fascinate the spiritual and religious consciousness of man.
Connected with this spirituality, or only another expres-
sion of it, is the symbolic language of the Gospel. As
artistic limits of length and degree are not outstripped,
the double meaning with which the actions and words of
Digitized by
30 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
Christ are often charged cannot fail to cause pleasure and
profit. The scene where Christ washes his disciples* feet is
in itself striking and beautifiil, but its inner and symbolic
meanings, half concealed and half revealed, add materially
to its effect. As sometimes we feel that the respondents in
the Platonic dialogues are made to misapprehend the mean-
ing of the questions too clumsily, so sometimes the gross
misconceptions of Christ's auditors are exaggerated in the
Gospel But the spiritual use of such words as light and
darkness, slavery and freedom, bread and water, life and
death, through their very background of material applica-
tion, moves our admiration and quickens our discernment.
The spirituality of the Gospel liberates and,appeals to what
is spiritual in ourselves ; we are not reminded of or im-
pelled to any particular duty, but we are rendered alert and
responsive to that ever-recurrent opposition of sense and
spirit, on which much that is best and noblest in life seems
to depend. There is a possible danger in this. A mere
tickling of the spiritual instincts, a mere spiritual palpita-
tion, may be of little use or even of positive harm to our
moral nature, and may not make us fulfil the better, but
even the worse, our definite duties and obligations. It is
much better to fulfil these well and not to appreciate the
ethereal spirituality of the Fourth Gospel, than to suc-
ceed in the latter and to fail in the former. Moreover
these sundered capacities are quite, possible and probably
not unfrequent. But the fascination, beyond which at this
stage I should perhaps not have gone, is independent of
the question of ethical profit and loss.
What has been said of the spirituality and symbolism of
the Fourth Gospel applies in even greater measure to its
mysticism. Putting aside the religious tmlue of mysticism,
whether generally or for the average modem Jew, there
can be no question of the fascination which mystic religious
sentiment, if expressed with adequate simplicity and con-
ciseness, exercises upon the mind and the feelings. These
qualifications are eminently complied with in the Fourth
Digitized by
Not€9 on the JReligwus Value of the Fourth Ooapel SI
Gospel. The eternal need of a Qod within as well as a
Grod without, of breaking down or bridging over the gulf
which seems to separate the human from the divine, and
of yet maintaining the separateness and " personality " of
both — these needs are felt and realised in the Fourth
Gospel with considerable power and penetration, and for
the believer of its main hypotheses, they are largely satis-
fied and appeased.
To these causes of fascination there may perhaps be
added, not only the beautiful use of the ideas of love and
sacrifice, a use so beautiful that we are apt to overlook the
limitation of their range, but also the fact, however
unconscious the average reader may be of it, that the
author of the Fourth Gospel is a philosopher, and that his
book is a form of popularised, or rather religionised,
philosophy, transfigured by his genius and by his faith.
The simplicity of this Gospel is not the simplicity of nature.
It is the elaborate simplicity of art. It is carefully wrought
out and worked up. Even while we admire, we feel that our
admiration puts us into the category and fold of the elect.
We are initiated into the mystery, and those who accept
the Gospel become, as it were, the chosen few out of the
condemned mass — in the world, but not of the world.
Unconsciously to ourselves we philosophise, and this
philosophy may truly be called divine. More even thaji
with Plato, we are elevated and carried out of ourselves.
In Plato we are invited to side with Socrates ; in the Fourth
Gospel we are invited to side with Christ. The distinction
fascinates. We seem to breathe a purer and rarer air, and
this higher atmosphere quickens and gladdens us. We
are free and even bidden to enter within the holy place, to
take our seats and be enrolled in the spiritual aristocracy
of the world.
Such might be said to be some of the causes of that
fascination which the Gospel of St. John is likely to
exercise upon most cultivated and religious minds even
outside the pale of believing Christianity. And these
Digitized by
32 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
causes of its fascination are partly the causes of its abiding
religious value. Nevertheless, emotional fascination is one
thing, critical appreciation is another. And upon this a
due appraising of the Fourth Gospel must largely depend.
Religious belief, while not without its intellectual
basis, is notoriously different from belief in matters of
science or history. I believe that in the year 84?1 A.D.
a battle was fought at Fontenay. Firmly as I believe
this, it has not, as an isolated fact, any effect upon
my thought, feelings, character, actions, happiness, or
power. I believe that there is a good God in the ordinary
sense of that word ; or I believe that there is a devil into
whose power I may fall for all eternity, or I believe that
an aspect of God became flesh at a particular time, and
while I believe these things to be facts, just as true as the
occurrence of the battle of Fontenay in the year 841,
they may also have a tremendous effect upon my life and
character.
The power and influence of true belief are intensely pro-
minent in the Fourth Gospel In its emphatic insistence
on truth, as in its frequent use of the very word, it is
at once separated from the Synoptics (aXrjdeia occurs
between twenty and thirty times in John, once in
Matthew). The true knowledge of the only true God, and
of Jesus Christ, his Son, is in itself eternal life : the lack,
still more the rejection, of that knowledge, is in itself the
absence or the forfeiture of that life. The whole man is
transformed by his belief.
We shall, I think, find that the Fourth Evangelist
goes beyond even this, and here we shall probably part
company with him. To all Jews, presumably to all
liberal Christians, the action of God on man is not de-
termined by the accuracy of his belief about God. We
do not believe that the relation of God to man is different
in the case of a Jew and in the case of a Christian. We
realize that varying religious beliefs may and do have
varying effects upon character, but so far as God is con-
Digitized by
Notes on the Religious Value of the Fourth OospeL 83
cemed we do not believe that he has other laws of in-
fluence and judgment for those who believe concerning
him more truly or less truly, or even for those who have
failed to find him altogether. Least of all do we believe
that these variations of belief affect the destiny of the
soul beyond the grave. And in these negations, which can
also be presented as the most solemn affirmations, we find
comfort and consolation, even as we find glory and rest. But
inconsistently, as we believe, with the justice of God and the
universalism of his providence, the author of the Fourth
(Sospel did presumably believe that the result of true
belief is not merely the moral and spiritual transformation
of the believer, but the bestowal on him by God as a gift
of his grace, the prerogative of eternal life, the special
influx of the divine spirit.
Once more. Not merely is it true that religious be-
lief may ethically transform, but it is also true that
the essential character of your belief, as realised and
appropriated by you, is partly dependent upon your prior
or present ethical condition. The interaction and inter-
relation of morality and religion are notoriously complex
in the extreme. Every man, good or bad, is at once
capable of believing that a great battle was fought at
Fontenay in 841. As the belief in the battle has no effect
upon him hereafter, so it makes no demand upon him
beforehand. But the belief in God — and here is one aspect
of its solemnity — is not as easy as the belief in the battle.
At all events there is, I apprehend, a sense in which it is
true to say, that though a scamp can believe in God as
well as a saint, his belief must be of a different texture
and complexion. He may believe ; he cannot realise. He
may say that he believes in communion with God, but that
belief in it which is more than verbal, because based on
experience and feeling, he cannot possibly possess. With-
out goodness a man cannot sound the depths of belief in
God. A man may be very good, and not believe in God
— and this is where the Johannine writers (like Philo)
VOL. VIL c
Digitized by
34 The Jewish Quarterly Revieto.
were naturally in the wrong — but he cannot adequately
realise God and not be good. "He that loveth not,
knoweth not God; for God is love/' It is a great
saying.
While we shall have to reject the Fourth GospeVa
dualism, and its identification of the good man and the be-
liever, we must always bear in mind that it was written when
Christianity was still comparatively new, and fresh adult
adherents, drawn from Paganism, were continually coming
in. We can hardly appreciate the ethical effect which the
may have had upon such persons. The recollection of it
may also serve to partly excuse the peculiar dogma of the
Evangelist, that he who rejected Christianity was morally
bad. Among ourselves religion and morality grow up
together, and their intermixture and interaction are far
more subtle and complicated than anything which the
writer of the Fourth Gospel could possibly have conceived.
Proceeding now from these points of view to the main
religious ideas of this remarkable book, we perceive that
what it contains is a new revelation of God in his own
nature and in his relation to man. And by God must be
also included those other aspects or phases of him, which are
known as the Word or the Son, and €« the Holy Spirit or
the Spirit of Truth. We are told that before the advent of
the Incarnate Son none knew the Father, for none can come
unto the Father but through the Son. So tremendous an
assertion, that the true nature of God was unknown before
Christ, makes us ask what fuller revelation of God is given
in this Gospel than we had known before, whether
through the Old Testament, Philo, or the Synoptics?
Now, apart from the metaphysical question of a distri-
bution of the divine nature and function among double or
triple aspects within the Godhead itself, there is very little
in the Fourth Gospel to make good this claim. There is,
indeed, far less than in the Synoptics, where Jesus, with
perhaps one exception, never casts so overwhelming a
Digitized by
Notes on the Religious Value of the Fourth Oospel, 35
disparagement upon the religious knowledge of the
generations which had preceded him. We find one
statement of grand simplicity and permanent value : " God
is spirit, and they that worship him must worship in spirit
and truth." It cannot be said that the statement con-
tains a truth which was wholly new, for it is already
implied in Isaiah and Philo.^ But in its setting, in its final
overthrow of that dangerous localization of deity which
stiU attached to the temple of Jerusalem, in its bold and
distinct denial of the notion that God can be nearer to one
spot than to another, its value is undoubted and abiding.
It takes its place with the 139th Psalm as one of the
great spiritual possessions of humanity. With this ex-
ception, the Fourth Gospel contains little that is of
value to the outsider about God, even as regards the
more metaphysical relations of his being. In v. 17 : " My
Father worketh until now," we get the idea of God's cease-
less activity, which, however, is more clearly enunciated by
the Evangelist's predecessor, Philo.* On the moral side we
notice that the appellation Father is used far more to mark
the relation of God to the Word than to man. Scholten
has pointed out that the use of the term is reserved for the
Logos: man may be the child of God; Christ is his son,*
Passing over the restricted character of God's beneficence,
of which there will be more to say later on, it is also
true, as Cone observes, that the Evangelist "shows no
predilection for dwelling on the goodness and mercy of
God, and in this respect he is not to be compared with
some of the prophets and psalmists, and even with Philo." ^
It is not unnatural that the Jew, familiar with a catena of
* Cp. Reuss : Historie de la Theohtgie CJirHienne an iihcle Ajpostolique,
Vol. II. p. 433.
* Cp. especially I. Alleg. III. (M. I. 44) : " God neyer ceases to create,
bnt as it is the property of fire to bum, and of snow to be cold, so also it
is the property of God to create."
' Scholten : Das Evangelium nach Johannes^ 1867, p. 82.
* Cone : The Oospel aiid its earliest Interpretations ^ p. 275. Why
''even withPhilo"?
C 2
Digitized by
36 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
the best and noblest sayings about God in those psalmists
and prophets, rejects with something like indignation
the right of the Fourth Evangelist, whose divine hero
prays not for the world which he has come to save,
to assert that the Father was not known before the
coming of the Son, or to teach the Jew something more of
the nature and goodness of God than he already knew and
revered. If the Jesus of the Synoptics claims this right,
there is something to be said for its accuracy. Challenged
by the Fourth Gospel I deny it. But it must not be over-
looked that the First Epistle of St. John has succinctly
summed up in a single formula or epigram the ethical
earlier writers. " God is love," on the ethical side, ranks
worthily with " God is spirit," on the metaphysical side.
For both we are grateful. But I have sometimes wondered
whether, if goodness or righteousness had been used in-
stead of love, and if it had been said, therefore, " God is
righteousness," or " God is goodness," rather than " God is
love," the religion of Christ would have been stained by
so many sins and cruelties committed in his name. Per-
haps, however, human nature, in its corruption and blind-
ness, is indifferent to the meaning of words.
When we pass from God as he is in himself, io God in
his relation to the world, we are at once plunged into
the theory of the Logos. It is true that the Logos con-
stitutes part of the eternal nature of Gkxi, as well as the
predominant factor in his dealings with the universe ; but
to the Evangelist the importance of the Logos centres in
its incarnation and in its relations with humanity.
Consistently with my special purpose, I do not propose
to give any analysis of the doctrine of the Logos or of its
genesis. I am only concerned with its value. Seeing,
then, that the doctrine may be represented as an adap-
tation of the Philonic theory to the person and story of
Christ, we can hypothetically regard it under two aspects,
distinguishable in our thought, though not in its author's.
Digitized by
Nates on the Religious Value of the Fourth Oospel. 37
first as a division or separation of the single Godhead into
divers aspects or phases ; secondly, as the incarnation of
one particular aspect in the person of Christ.
Now to those who stand outside the Christian pale,
these various aspects of Qod are only ideal. We make
them for our purposes because we conceive that they may
approximately answer to that which we think must be
included in Qod's own nature, and in his relation to the
world. With our human capacities and knowledge, we do
not presume to take the immense further step of con-
structing any hypothesis as to the relation of these ideal
aspects to each other. Most of us would, I think, feel that
any introduction of such human relationships (for they
can only be human) between the aspects of the one
and only true Qod, would be an infringement of the
Unitarian point of view, a violation of monotheistic purity.
What we lose thereby in warmth and colour we gain in
truth, sublimity and self-restraint.
But even the strictest monotheist may recognize that
the ideal separation of the Divine unity into various
aspects may have had in the past, and may have in the
present, a religious value of its own. It is in the change
of aspects into persons that the danger begins ; in the
second pcurt of the Athajiasian creed rather than in the
first. For the theory of a Logos, or of a spirit, or of both,
represents one way of realising to ourselves, whether
popularly or philosophically, that relation of Qod to the
world and to man which we not only tvant to be true, but
which we also trust is true ; that relation, in other words,
which not only satisfies our feeling, but our thought.
The metaphysical diflBculties, for which the Logos seemed
a solution to Philo, no longer press so hardly upon us.
Qod in his lonely greatness must be kept apart from the
world; God, in his perfect purity and abstractedness, is
unapproachable and unknowable by man. And yet a way
there must be in which God and the world, and God and
ifi^n^ must be brought together, just as a way there must
Digitized by
88 The Jewish Quarterly Renew.
be in which the self-sufficing God must be conceived to
have created both the world and man. These oppositions
and difficulties, of which we caji easily find traces in the
Fourth Gospel, scarcely hamper and trouble us to-day as
they troubled and hampered the Alexandrian divines and
philosophers of eighteen hundred years ago. For one
thing, we are less worried by the conception of matter as
something in itself opposed or resistent to God. For
another, we are perhaps less sensitive of logical difficulties
in matters of religion, more willing to leave them unsolved,
but to believe them soluble. But, perhaps, also, we are
less easily taken in by the creations of our own thought.
We do not suppose that we have really bridged the gulf
or solved the puzzle by any theory of a Divine " Word " or
a Divine " Spirit." We merely put back the difficulty
another step. Just as, on the moral side, the theory of a
devil, with which the Fourth Gospel thinks it can take
away from God the responsibility of giving over to evil
the souls which he himself has created, merely removes the
problem in one form to raise it more sharply in another,
so the theory of the Logos does not really harmonise the
dual aspects of the Divine nature, it merely expresses them
more clearly.
Nevertheless, a Logos theory is not an arbitrary and
even immoral hypothesis like the theory of a devil We
feel that while God is omnipresent and infinite, he must
also be self-conscious. Not less than " personal," we say,
however much he may be more. He is something in him-
self, to himself, and for himself; above and beyond the
world. We call him " transcendent." But then comes the
recoil. He is also something for the world and for our-
selves. We are not wholly without God. " Whither shall
I go from thy spirit, and whither shall I flee from thy
presence ? " God is omnipresent. Moreover, there is reason
in the world, and above all there is self-conscious reason in
man. There is a relation, partly constant and partly
variable — constant as regards God, variable as regards our-
Digitized by
Notes on the Heligious Value of the Fourth Oospel. 39
selves — between us and him. He is "there," though we
see him not. He is within us, though he is also without.
We grope for words to express this realised feeling and this
believed truth. The psalmist speaks of the Holy Spirit
within him; Philo speaks of the Logos. Some such
hypothesis, some such method of verbally expressing in
separate terms this aspect of the Divine, we may perhaps
always stand in need of. It is possible that a too exclusive
consideration of God as the transcendent cause (though not
without its justification), a too complete avoidance of those
other appellations of him, the manysided One, which the
Hebrew Scriptures, the Alexandrian philosophers, and the
older Rabbinical writers created or employed, may have
reacted not without prejudice upon the religion of our
later Judaism. It may to some extent have robbed us of
those elements of "personal religion" which are partly
conditioned, or, at least, aided by emphasizing more
markedly, through the help of separate words and titles,
the "immanent" aspect of God's complex personality and
being.
We feel at any rate that a theory such as that of the
Logos has a distinct value in helping us to realize that
aspect of God turned outwards to the world and to man,
which seems as much a part of him as any other. Human
thought and human love are not merely the gift of God,
but as the product of reason are themselves partly divine.
Man is created in the image of God, says Genesis : through
thy light we see light, says the Psalter. We can commune
with God and aspire towards him, because, in however
fragmentary a degree, we are akin to hiuL And if akin to
him, this means that there is a sense in which, though we
are we and God is God, he may be said to be within us as
we may also be said to be within him. *' There is a sense "
in which these seductive words have a meaning and a
value: although let it never be forgotten that there is a
sense, only too easily reewhed, in which they can become
dangerous, immoral and untrue.
Digitized by
40 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
For these reovsons such a theory ba the Philonic Logos
has not only an historical interest, but also, as I venture to
think, something of permanent and religious value. Per-
haps its value is not wholly out of relation to its vague and
floating character, to its inconsistencies and contradictions.
We feel that the theory cannot be hardened into a fixed
dogma ; it is always more or less metaphorical or symbolic
— a way of expressing the inexpressible. For these reasons
too the Logos of the Fourth Gospel may also have its value
even to outsiders. Whether /or them it has greater religious
worth than the Logos of Philo may well be doubted.
They cannot accept a human relationship between the two
aspects of the one God, and therefore the love of the Father
to the Son, and the love of the Son to the Father, however
movingly and delicately expressed, is for them meaningless
and inapposite. The single and complete incama4)ion of the
Logos at a particular time and place gives the theory, to
their eyes, something of that hard and fast chaoraxjter which
the fluid nature of Philo's Logos avoids. Listead of a con-
stant divine and spiritual operation, we have — at all events
for the period of the incarnation — something mechanical,
sensuous, spasmodic, magical It seems as if the work of
the Logos before Christ had been a failure, and a new and
miraculous method was conceived as necessary. The gra-
dual development of God's purpose in human history seems
interrupted by a divine interposition, which comes athwart
and between the relation of God to man both before it and
after. Such considerations will seem both unphilosophic
and unmeaning to those who take their stand upon the
dogma of Christ's divinity ; but I think they may partially
explain the impression which that dogma makes upon those
who have been from their very childhood brought up in
a difierent environment and with difierent notions of the
divine nature and rule.
If we pass to the relation of the Evangelist's Logos —
that is, of Jesus Christ — to man, and of man to the Logos,
we are immediately confronted by the intense Johannine
Digitized by
Notes on the Beligioua Value of the Fourth Oospel 41
dualism. The main object of the incaomation is to save ;
but then there is only a certain number for whom salvation
is possible. Those who are potentially good attend to the
words of Christ, and believe in him and in his works; those
who are potentially children of God, become so de facto by
the life and death of the incarnate Logos and by the Spirit
which he sends. But more than the children of God are
the children of the Devil. For them no salvation is pos-
sible. Their life is no true " life," and with the end of their
earthly existence their separate personality is concluded.
For the children of GJod the " life eternal," begun on earth,
is continued in heaven ; for the children of this world, that
is, for the children of the Devil, there would appear to be
no hope. Their end is not eternal punishment, but sheer
annihilation. In no other point is the Fourth Gospel more
antipathetic to the outsider than in this. We object to this
dualism, both in itself and in its test. That it is but the
culmination of a tendency does not make it truer or more
acceptable. There is a dualism discernible in the Psalter
and in other portions of the Hebrew Scriptiures ; but it is
not so theoretic and complete as the dualism of " St. John."
It is more natural and ordinary ; the dualism of the average
hot-blooded patriot, not the thought-out dualism of the
philosopher in his study. Jewish particularism is very
objectionable ; to identify the enemies of your people with
the enemies of God, the Gentile with the wicked, is utterly
repugnant to our modem notions of justice and religion.
But this particularism was happily not part and parcel of
the real Jewish creed. It could be, and has been, easily got
rid of. The Johannine doctrine involves a particularism
more deadly than the Jewish form of it, because it is more
intertwined with the very essence of the Evangelist s creed,
and receives a more theoretic and logical basis. It is, there-
fore, less easily got rid of.
Philo too teaches a dualism analogous to the dualism of
" St John." But as R6ville, in his admirable pamphlet. La
doctrine du Logos dans la quatrikme Evangile et dans les ceuvres
Digitized by
42 The Jewish QtmHerly Review.
de Philon, has well pointed out, Philo's dualism is less sharply-
defined, less consistent and less irreversible. Between
the two extremes there are various shades and modifica-
tions of character, partly inclining towards the flesh, partly
aspiring towards God. Moreover Philo admits the possibility
of a passage from one division to the other; he finds
a place for Repentance. But in the Fourth Gospel, those
who belong to Christ's flock believe and are saved, those
who do not belong to it cannot believe. The "world"
cannot receive the spirit : it knows him not. Those who
are not of God cannot hear his words. He that is of
the "earth" cannot receive that which comes from
"heaven." The Fourth Gospel knows nothing of Re-
Those who receive the words of Christ no longer include
a contingent of publicans and sinners; they are morally
good.^ A forgiveness of sins is only cursorily mentioned :
it is inconsistent with the main doctrine, an importation
from without, or rather a survival of a rejected element.
It is true that the wrath of God abides on the unbeliever,
but this would seem to be not so much because the un-
believer can help his unbelief, but because God, as pure
light and goodness, must by his own nature be eternally
hostile to what is corrupt, evil and diabolic. The
intense dualism of the writer is finally and consummately
revealed to us in the great prayer in the seventeenth
chapter, where Christ is made to say, " I pray not for the
world, but for those whom thou hast given me." Surely
the defenders of the Gospel's authenticity and historical
character do Jesus of Nazareth an evil turn. Surely
"I come to call sinners to repentance," "Father, forgive
them, for they know not what they do," were more
characteristic of the historic Jesus than all the elaborate
speeches of " St. John."
For the exquisite beauty of the Fourth (Jospel tends to
' Oaoar Holtzmann, Das Johannes Evangeliuni^ 1887, p. 89.
Digitized by
Note^ on the ReUgioua Value of the Fourth OospeL 43
blind us to the full meaning and implication of its dualistic
doctrine. We do not realise that all the love which God
and the Logos, God's son, bear to the world is only to an
elect portion, and that the sublimer pity of the Synoptic
Gospel to the outcast and the sinner is wholly and ne-
cessarily wanting. Nor do we easily realise that the
human reflection of that love is ojily to be exercised within
the brotherhood of believers. If it be charged against the
Rabbis — with some truth and with some falsehood — that
they interpreted the Jove of one's neighbour enjoined in
Leviticus to mean the love of one's fellow-Jew, it may with
bett^er accuracy be said that the love enjoined by the
famous " new commandment " of St. John is restricted to
fellows in faith. Is love restricted by race much more
objectionable than love restricted by creed ?
Moreover, the moving splendour and calm assurance of
language, which adds so greatly to the Gospel's perennial
charm, has tended to make men think that its dualism, if
not justified in itself, was justified by the environment
and age in which the author lived. I find this excuse for
the Evangelist in Thoma,' and I find it also, where it
seems far more surprising, in Dr. Martineau. He speaks
of the " inevitable but imperfect dualism forced upon
human thought by the contrasts of experience." " A new
religion," he goes on to say,
giveB birth to an entrancing affection, and, going apart with its own
entbosia^m, sees all else at variance with it, and needing either con-
yenion or rejection. It cannot live without its outcasts : the Israelite
has his Gentiles : the apostle Paul his false " brethren," that '* make
th** cross of Christ of none effect " through their *' dead works " ;
and now the mysterious evangelist, who finds in union with Christ the
whole spiritual distance annihilated between the life of man and God,
looks upon a world made up of dissolute Paganism and embittered
Judaism as in the mass delivered over to the power of evil. Between
the low pa^Nons that reign there of greed and lust, of ambition and
envy, and the aspimtions and trust, the humility and love that breathe
through the prayers and sweeten the inner life of a true Christian
' Tboma, Die OenetU des Johannes JEvangeliumt, 1882, p. 283.
Digitized by
44 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
community, the contrast presents itself to him as little less than
infinite ; so that onlj now does the genuine history of humanity open,
with the planting of a nacred colony in the midst of the dark con-
tinent of earthly ain and shame.^
Now, in the first place, the immense ethical difference
between " conversion " and " rejection " is somewhat ignored
by their dose juxtaposition in this passage; but in the
second, what right has Dr. Martineau even to imply
that the world upon which the author of the Fourth
Gtoapel " looked forth " was not only seemingly to the
Evangelist, but really made up of a " dissolute paganism "
and an "embittered Judaism"? Within the Christian
pale, nought but aspirations and trust, humility and love ;
without, nothing but greed and lust, ambition and envy !
At the very period when the Fourth Gospel was composed,
Paganism was not without its spiritual revival and its
ethical nobility. Surely there were many Pagans who
rejected Christianity and yet led lives of purity and good-
ness ; and as for Judaism, was there no spirituality among
its martyrs and heroes who perished in all the sublimity of
perfect faith at the scaffold and by the sword ? It is a
mournful fact that the good men among the Jews thought
that the good men among the Christians were bad, and
vice versd; but it is still more mournful to perpetuate
their error, and to think that either side could arrogate
to itself an exclusive possession of goodness, humility and
love.
A number of points relative to the moral and religious
^ Seat qf Authority^ p. 493. Still more one-sided is a passag^e on
p. 434 : " This intense moral dualism in the Johannine writings, which
invokes G-od and devil to settle every disputed cause, doubtless Indicates
that the interval had become practically hopeless between the spiritual
ideal of life and character reached by the Christian conscience, and the
low types of motive and conduct into which the unconverted Judaism
and heathenism had set.*' If one met this sentence in any unorthodox
German Protestant divine, one would pay no notice. It seems to belong
to their business to misrepresent Rabbinic Judaism ; it lies, perhaps,
in their blood. But from the English Dr. Martineau it is amazing.
Digitized by
Notes on the Religious Value of the Fourth Gospel, 46
condition of the world before and at the advent of Christ
are left obscure. Those who " come to the light," that is,
believe in Christ, are good. Did then the Incarnation- not
increase the capacity of human goodness ? Did it merely
give the means of acquiring "truth," the chance of a
fuller bliss, a purer enlightenment, but not the power
of becoming more good? The command to love one
another is described as new. Were then people not
really good before Christ, but only potentially so,
seeing that the only definition of goodness recog-
nized by the Evangelist seems to be love ? If they
were in any true sense good, why should they have been
in danger from the devil ? The redemption of the good
seems less urgent than the redemption of the evil, and yet
the purpose of the Incarnation is for the sake of the good
and not for the sake of the evil. The Logos shone into
the world before it became flesh. The darkness did not
apprehend it. But was that darkness universal both
among the Jews and among the heathens ? Were there
good men who died before the Incarnation, and in
what sense? What knowledge of God, what light
had they, whether in Judaea or outside it? One
of the best features in the Qospel is its universalism,
for on this point the author is no inept disciple of
St. Paul. Gentiles rather than Jews come readily to the
light. Other sheep there are not of this fold. But what
then of all the great mass of heathen who died before
Christ came ? Was the pre-Christian action of the Logos
too feeble to generate in them the spiritual life ? Was
nobody bom anew, or born from above, whether Gentile
or Jew, in all that immense period of waiting and prepara-
tion ? If yes, why did not this normal auction of the Logos
and the grace of God suflSce ? If not, and if no man was
" spiritual," could any have been good? Are we to suppose
that the new birth euid the true goodness which it includes
were coincident with Christ? And lastly, was every-
body before Christ annihilated at death, or are we to
Digitized by
46 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
believe with Dr. Martineau that two or three obscure and
doubtful passages refer to a resurrection and a judgment
both of punishment and of reward for the endless genera-
tions of the dead ? ^ Just in proportion as the Fourth
Gospel leaves us with no clear answer to questions
such as these its religious value seems to me to halt and
f aiL If you set up a great religious theory, involving mighty
miracles and tremendous presuppositions, you should at
least make that theory complete. A religious Weltanschau-
ung, which intellectually and morally is fraught with
difficulty, should at least be co-extensive with the world
which it seeks to interpret. If in crucial points of urgency
and moment, it leaves us in the lurch and in the dark,
if it not only does not satisfactorily explain the facets of
history and human nature, but even ignores them, its
religious value, both theoretically and practically, is, I
venture to think, most seriously impaired.
We pass from these unexplained and unsolved difficulties
to consider how " eternal life," in the bestowal of which are
contained both the prerogative and the mission of Christ, is
won, and wherein it consists. So far as it is bestowed
ab extra, as a gift from without, it does not concern us.
So far as it is conditioned by the fact of Christ's death
and by a participation in baptism and the eucharist, it also
lies outside our sphere. Whatever spiritual meanings the
author attached to these material processes, he would appa-
rently have believed that they exercised upon the rightly
disposed person a special and semi-miraculous influence. He
would probably have objected to any abolition of these
ceremonies, just as Philo objected to a merely spiritual
interpretation of the Pentateuchal laws.^ But the details
of his views do not affect our present enquiry, just as the
degree of atoning or sanctifying efficacy which he assigned
to the death of Christ is of little importance to the outsider
* tSeat of Autharity in Rtligion^ p. 439, n. 1.
* Cp. Pfleiderer, Da^ UrchHxtinthum^ p. 774.
Digitized by
Notes on the ReUgiom Value of the Fourth Oospel 47
except historically. What we want to know is how this
eternal life can be won by man. We have already seen that
the attainment of it is, partially at any rate, predetermined.
Those who have not the spiritual germ within them can
not be quickened by the spiritual sun. For them darkness
is light and light is darkness. The opportunity of salva-
tion to the one class is but the means of completer dam-
nation to the other. Therefore it is that the "judgment"
of Christ is one of sifting : the rejected become worse and
worse as the light shines brighter and brighter. But in
addition to all this, human effort is needed for the acquisi-
tion of life eternal, and there is a method by which it can
be won. This may not be wholly logical, but it is certainly
more in accordance with experience and fact So in Philo
all spiritual attainment is due to the grace of God,
and Philo's insistence on this point, implying man's in-
capacity to move upward without divine help and the
necessity of humility, is quite parallel to John v. 41-44 and
viL 18 ; but, nevertheless, there is room and need for moral
effort and endeavour. You are reborn by the spirit, and
the spirit is given you from above; and yet you may
struggle to attain the spirit, or at any rate to develop the
potentialities of the divine gift. Any obscurity and incon-
sistency here need not surprise us: no one can precisely
allocate to man and God their exact share in the moral
and religious development of the human character. Yet
most religious persons feel that there are both human and
divine agencies helping towards the ultimate product.
Now, in most of the higher religions, the attainment of
the best life is supposed to depend upon two main ele-
ments. One of these elements is moral and one is
religious. These separations are somewhat misleading,
but nevertheless they have their uses. The elements may
also be described thus : eternal life is partly won by works
and partly by faith.
Which element comes first in time and in importance ?
The modem and Jewish view is that the ethical element
Digitized by
48 The Jemsh Quarterly Review,
comes first. What society needs is the most developed
goodness ; with what fashions and dogmas of religious be-
lief this goodness is combined is of inferior moment.
That belief is of the greatest value to society which has
the best ethical effect upon its believers. Moreover, we
recognise that in faith, do and say what we will, there
does enter an intellectual element which is not wholly
under the control of our will. We are aware, though Philo
was not, that a man may be very good who is an Atheist
or an Agnostic, though we are far from thinking that
society would not morally degenerate if Atheism and
Agnosticism were immensely to increase. That we become
good by doing good is still true. And the content of
"life eternal" is interpenetrated by morality. Remove
morality and it is vague, ascetic, selfish — a refined egoism.
But this ethical element is not unaffected by the other
element, which consists in man's attitude towards Gk)d, in
his belief in him, his love of him, his more or less con-
stant sense of his abiding omnipresence. " Solet enim
dei amator illico etiam hominum amator esse." Yet while
these two elements influence and interact upon each other,
we feel that the primary one of the two is morality. If
we may separate inseparables, we might say : Through
morality to religion.
And in the Fourth Gk)spel the need of these two elements
is also recognised. But, on the whole, the emphasis seems
placed on the wrong feictor, on faith rather than on
morality. Through religion to morality, rather than
through morality to religion, is the tendency of the Gospel.
In this respect, the First Epistle of St. John takes a saner
and more ethical line. But both Oospel and Epistle incline
to identify the one element with the other or to gloss over
the difference between them.
As we have already seen, the man who believes in
Christ is at least potentially good. The bad man is an
unbeliever, and even the reverse holds also true — the un-
believer is a bad man. Now, apart from bis metaphysical
Digitized by
Note* on the Religiom Value of the Fourth Ooepel. 49
and i priori dualism, what reason has the Evangelist to say
that the unbeliever is morally bad ? " Every one that doeth
evil hateth the light." " Except ye believe that I am he, ye
shall die in your sins." The second quotation seems, with
doubtful consistency, to imply that even in spite of sin,
belief may be won and sin destroyed (cp. v. 14). You
might argue that only those who were hardened to good-
ness could be insensible to the moral beauty of Christ's
words, or doubt that he was inspired. The argument is
plausible though not convincing. But even if admitted,
it does not suit the case. For what the moral beauty of
Christ's words can never prove is that the speaker of
them was metaphysically connected with Deity, the In-
carnation of the eternal Word.^
It is, however, also true that the Gospel teaches morality
as the condition precedent of faith. " If any man willeth
to do his will, he shall know of the teaching, whether it
be of God, or whether I speak from myself." " He that
doeth the truth cometh to the light." " He that keepeth
my commands, loveth me." And this teaching is whole-
some and sound. Let God and duty prove themselves to
you in your life by living on as if they truly were.' The
Epistle is more definite still on this point. "If a man
say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar";
through the love of man we pass to the love of God. Prac-
tically this teaching comes to this : theoretic belief is of no
spiritual value ; the test of true faith is that it should rest
on a moral basis and issue in a moral life. Through
morality to religion, and when there, from religion to
morality. These excellent utterances of the Epistle {e.g.,
1 Cp. ChaTaanes' La Religion dans la Bible, II. p. 183 :— "Gertee Jdsos
me r^y^e la yeritable vie ; mais en qnoi oela me proave-t-il qa*il est od
tee divin incam^ 7 Poorquoi YeatM>n abBolument que je le oroie pour
aimer la Tie qui m^e k Dieu? . . . Cette th^oeophie est nn hors-
d*(BaTTe dangerenx. 0*eet eUe qui est canse qne notre autenr ae soit ei
maUieii^ieiiMment exprim6, par exemple, lorsqu'U 6orivait : * Qnioonqae
croit que J^eoe est le Ohrist, eet n6 de Dieu.' "
» T. H. Oreen, "Address on Faith." Works, HI., p. 273.
VOU VII. D
Digitized by
50 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
** whosoever doeth not righteousness is not of God, and he
that loveth not knoweth not God"), suflSce to give it
value to the outsider as to the insider, to the Jew as to
the Christian.
But, as we have seen, neither Epistle nor Gospel stops
there. They do not merely say, morality shall be the test
of your faith, and the method by which you reach it.
They have led the way to the dangerous doctrine that
unbelief is necessarily as much moral as intellectual. If
you can win faith by goodness, you miss it because of vice-
The unbeliever is a sinner. It seems to me that for the
terrible consequences of this doctrine, the Johannine
writings are partially responsible. Their matchless beauty
tends to hide the danger and the cruelty of the doctrine
which they preach. For let us pass from the work of a
great genius such as the Fourth Gtospel to the writings of
a soulless fanatic, and what do we find there? The
fanatic would be reprobated now by all; nevertheless,
views such as his have had great influence in the world,
and if he had been asked to justify them, he could have
quoted the Fourth Gospel with great cogency and aptitude
for his uncharitable purpose. That Gospel undoubtedly
maintains that moral evil is the root of unbelief. And is
not this what Dr. Gumming, as quoted by George Eliot, in
that striking essay of hers, on Evangelical Teaching, in the
Westminster Review of October, 1855, also maintained ?
I onoe met with an acute and enlightened infidel, with whom I
reasoned day after day, and for hours together ; I submitted to him
the internal, the external, and the experimental evidences, but made
no impression on his scorn and unbelief. At length I entertained a
suspicion that there was something morally, rather than intellectualiy
wrong, and that the bias was not in the intellect, but in the heart.
One day, therefore, I said to him : ** I must now state my oonricuon,
and you may call me uncharitable, but duty compels me ; you are
living in some known and gross sin." The man's countenance
became pale; he bowed, and left me.
One point more. The author of the First Epistle of St
John is urgent to impress upon his readers the importance
Digitized by
Notes on the ReligiouB Value of the Fourth GhspeL 51
of morality. In simple adages of great power and beauty
he preaches, as we have seen, the noble doctrine that the
doer of righteousness is begotten of God, and that the lover
of God must be also a lover of man. But there is another
side to this picture. Even with him the element of faith
frequently overcomes and predominates over the element
of morality. That he should be blind to goodness outside his
own community is natural But what of the sinners within
its pale ? He cannot consistently maintain the paradox
that the man who calls himself a Christian is not a
Christian if he be a sinner. It conflicts with language
and experience. He therefore equivocates. The Christian
sins, but it is a '^sin not unto death." What is a sin
unto death ? It is clearly apostasy. Therefore the intel-
lectual sin of abandoning a belief in Christ would seem to
be more unpardonable in the author's eyes than a moral sin
of indefinite intensity. Here again we are confronted with
a false doctrine which has worked grievous evil in the
history of the world. The believer's sins are judged by a
different standard from the sins of his imbelieving neigh-
bour. No longer "Ye are my people: there/ore will I
visit upon you all your iniquities." But rather, *' Whoso-
ever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is begotten of God ;
and whosoever is begotten of God doeth no sin." The
individual who is proudly conscious that he so believes
and is so begotten, may rapidly become convinced that
he is incapable of sin. Take care of your faith, and your
deeds will take care of themselves — a perversion doubtless
of the Epistle's general doctrine, but not without possible
support from the ambiguous language of a document which
exalts faith at the expense of morality even while it
attempts indissolubly to combine the two.^
The content of eternal life, according to the Fourth
Gospel, we have already heard defined as the knowledge of
the only true God and of Jesus Christ, the Divine Word
> Cp. Chayannea* La Religion dans la Bible ^ p. 184.
D 2
Digitized by
52 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
made flesh. But it would be improper to infer from this
single passage that no ethical elements entered into its com-
position. With equal or greater injustice the same attack
might be made on Philo when he defines this life as a taking
refuge with the true God (17 Trpo? to ov Kara(\>xrfri)\ or
where in many other similar passages he gives to it an
exclusively religious character. The moral element is
certainly not wanting in the Fourth Evangelist, though by
the very purpose and object of his Gospel moral teaching
as such is very slightly dwelt upon. But in the flush and
glow of his spiritual enthusiasm, faith in Christ seemed
necessarily to involve a regeneration of the whole man.
Man receives by it the fullest truth and highest know-
ledge, and it so transforms his character as to bring out its
best and divinest possibilities. Personal devotion and
emotional love are part and parcel of that knowledge of
the Son and of the Father wherein life eternal consists. To-
day we are bound to separate, at least in language, our
moral and religious life more clearly, and the intellectual
element in "faith," through its very difficulty, presses
itself the more strongly and distinctly upon our atten-
tion.
All the same, the ethics of the Fourth Gospel are cer-
tainly its lecwt original part. If you subtract all that
seems a reproduction of Paul and all that seems a re-
production of Philo, you have little left that is at
once admirable and new. So, for example, with the con-
ception of spiritual freedom and the slavery of sin (viii.
31-36). So also, in the main, with the conception of self-
glory as preventing the possibility of spiritual enlighten-
ment. As with Socrates the vain man who thinks he
knows but is really ignorant is intellectually hopeless and
helpless, so to our Evangelist they who love the glory of
men more than the glory of God are also those who think
they see but are really blind. ** If they were blind they
would have no sin ; but now they say We see ; therefore
their sin remaineth." To this conception also there are
Digitized by
Notes on the Beligiom Value of the Fourth Ooepel. 63
several parallels, both in the Epistles of Paul and in the
treatises of Philo.
Yet everyone who reads the Gospel and Epistles of
St. John with a fair measure of sympathy, will pro-
bably find in them a certain ethical elevation. They
are not only spiritual in religion, but also in morality.
And when in this essay the word "morality" has
been used, and all things in heaven and earth have been
appraised by a moral standard, I have always had in
mind the fullest connotation that could possibly be given
to this expansive term. I was not thinking only of
mere work-a-day and bourgeois morality (though this, as
Bauwenhoff says, includes a good part of man's moral
worth), but of the morality which is exhibited in self-sacri-
fice and devotion. Morality does not stop short of love ;
and, though the highest morality to our modern notions
does not consort with useless a^eticism or isolation, it
does, I should imagine, always include that antagonism to
the " world," in one specific and spiritual sense, which is
characteristic of the Johannine writings. The precise
meaning which their authors gave to the word koc/jlo^ has
doubtless passed away. We do not approve their anti-
thesis between this world and auother world when they
mean by it that this world is under the sway of diabolic
agencies. Nevertheless, softened and modified though our
notions of the " world " may be, there is a sense in which
we do find ethical meaning and religious value in the
famous sentences : " Love not the world, neitlier the things
that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love
of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world,
the lust of the fiesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the
vainglory of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world.
And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof ; but he
that doeth the will of God abideth for ever." So far as
these words are true, they are true for those without, as
well as for those within, the limits of Christianity ; and,
seeing that the measure of abiding truth which they con-
Digitized by
54 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
tain is nowhere else, to my knowledge, more simply and
effectively expressed, the outsider, as well as the insider,
may rightly render them both gratitude and admiration.
Ethics certainly owes more to the Epistle than to the
Gospel. It is undoubtedly true that in the long speeches in
the Gospel, " the ethical teaching of the Synoptic Christ falls
wholly into the backgroimd." ^ Not unconnected, I should
imagine, with this lack of ethics is another fact pointed
out by the same acute commentator, that the predominance
of the Fourth Gospel in the Christian Church has regularly
produced a tendency to asceticism and mysticism, from the
days of Clement of Alexandria to those of Schleiermacher.*
The one positive moral command of the Johannine Christ
is that contained in the word arfOTrq, or love. "A new
commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another."
But is not this, it may pertinently be asked, sufficient and
all inclusive ?
Without attempting to depreciate in a nasty or grudging
spirit the value of so famous an injunction, it must be
pointed out that this love is merely reciprocal. It is re-
stricted to the fellow disciple, and is thus in sharp and
violent contrast to the bidding of the Synoptic Jesus. The
particularism of race is exchanged for the new and more
dangerous particularism of creed. Leviticus xix. 18 is
perhaps supplemented by Luke x. 33, and enlarged by
Matthew v. 44 ; it is not improved by John xiii. 34. That
is no new command which does not go beyond the old.
Enlargement fulfils, and therefore Matthew v. 44 does not
(it may be contended) contradict Matthew v. 17, but
John xiii. 34 is not only in conflict with Leviticus xix. 18,
but with Matthew v. 17 as welL And the supplementary
» " Die sittliolie Verktindiguiig des synoptischen ChristuB tritt voU-
kommen in ihuen znrfick." (O. Holtonazm, p. 89.)
* "Das Hervorheben des johanneisclien ChristiiBbildes vor dem synop-
tiaohen hatte in der Eirche regelmassig ein Ueberwiegen des weltf remden
Lebens der Christen znr Folge, in Askese und Mystik, von Clement Alezan-
drinns an bis auf Sohleiermacher xind Lnthardt." (0. HolUmann, p.
186.)
Digitized by
NoteB on the Rligiom Value of the Fourth Oospel. 65 command of Leyiticus xix. 34 finds no parallel in St. John. The stranger in creed need not be loved. Too accurately has Christianity recognised the difference : too closely has she followed the Christ of the Fourth Gospel rather than the Christ of the First. Nevertheless within the limit of the brotherhood, the force and beanty with which the command of love is urged and emphasized, cannot be gainsaid. All of us may be grateful for such passages, and can apply them in our own way. As a picture of the love which lays upon itself willingly the lowliest duties, the scene where Christ washes the feet of his disciples will always retain its power. This service of love is to rise to the heights of sacrifice. " Qreater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends.'' But it is again characteristic of the Evangelist that whereas to Paul the supremacy of Christ's sacrifice consisted in his dying for sinners, those whom his death benefits in the Fourth Gospel are no longer aaeffeU, but ifUXjoi, not the ungodly, but the good. The dualism is preserved unto the end. One integral portion of the Evangelist's conception of love has thus far been omitted. The followers of Christ are to love one another. But wherefore ? By what force or example is this love to be set in motion, stimulated, maintained ? Here we come to the great and distinctive ethical motive characteristic of the Fourth Gospel. The love of man to man is conditioned by the love of man for Christ, and of Christ for man. It may also be said to be partly conditioned by the love of God both for Christ and man. (But we must always remember that neither QoA nor Christ has love for the man who will not or cannot be saved by faith in the Incarnate Son.) No outsider would dream for a moment of denying the ethical power which the love of man for Christ and the belief in the love of Christ for man have exercised in human his- tory. This is not the place to consider how far that power can be, has been, or is supplied by Judaism with its more direct Digitized by Google 56 ITie Jetmh Quarterly Review, appeal and immediate relationship to God the Father. It is probably harder to love God, and to feel the joy of loving him, than to love Christ; and it must not be forgotten that this emotional feeling of love and of joy in loving — reaching up to and passing into a mystic feeling of union and communion with the beloved and Divine object — ^may, within certain limits, have excellent ethical results. Now, as Rauwenhoff has so clearly pointed out, every excite- ment of feeling, however noble the feeling may be, par- takes to some extent of the character of enjoyment. This enjoyment is easier if the spiritual is clothed in sensuous forma An image impresses us much more keenly than an abstract conception. For how, he adds, could the worship of Jesus and the worship of Mary have so obscured the worship of God in Christianity if it were not that the humanised God appeals so much more to the feelings than the Infinite One ? ^ It is certainly true that one element in the love of Christ and also in the conception of God, produced by the Christian theory, can never be filled up by concentrating our love upon God alone. It is the element of sacrifice. Christians are convinced of God's love for man, because he sent his Son to save them. They love God the more because they think he so sacrificed himself. And the exemplar of human love is given them to all time in the divine sacrifice of Christ. It has been said in this Review by a gentle and gifted Christian writer, that if we say that self- sacrifice is the greatest of the virtues, but that it has not been or cannot be displayed by God, then God's character is less noble than man's. This argument appears to me to assimilate the divine and the human nature too closely. To resist temptation is a human virtue, but it cannot be attributed to God: the same might be said of other virtues that imply efibrt. Is there not still a truth in the Aristotelian diptum, that we praise virtue (and virtue is * Rauwenhoff, Wijtlegeerte van den Oodsdunstf 1887, pp. 176, 176 (German translation, p. 117). Digitized by Google Notes on the Rdigiom Value of the Fourth Gospel 57 human), tov<; deoif^ Sk fuiKapL^o/jbev 1 At any rate the "inner contradiction" of which Hausrath speaks in the conception of a being who is both God and man, the vivid feeling that " human life becomes an empty phantom (ein leei'er Schein) if it is lived by a God," prevent those who stand without the Christian pale from realising how the notion of a Divine sacrifice, offered at a given moment in time and once for all, can be assimilated with the idea of God, or what exact meaning it can convey.^ It may be questioned whether the Fourth Gospel, though it lays so much stress upon the love which Christ bore to his disciples, has been the Gospel which has chiefly contri- buted to create that wonderful figure of the pitying and suffering martyr, the divine ideal of humanity, in whom so many countless souls have foimd comfort in trouble, strength in temptation, light in darkness, and love amid hate. "Inasmuch as ye did it unto one of these my brethren, even these least, ye did it unto me." Such sayings, and others like them, are more characteristic of the Synoptic than of the Johannine Christ. Are they not also more characteristic of a conception of Christ in which he reveals the love of God and the " divine image " of man, inasmuch as, though inspired, he was, nevertheless, human, and not God himself, incarnate and complete ? It would be very interesting to consider what share the human or Unitarian conception has really had in the motive power for good which the worship and love of Christ have pro- duced in the course of the ages. Or is that motive power dependent upon a belief in his absolute divinity ? Can we have no Father Damiens without the Incarnation ? Putting these ultimate questions on one side, let us note some peculiar features of the Fourth Gospel's conception of human and divine love, and how these are partially modified in the first Epistle. In the Gospel the Logos, still more than in Philo, occupies the position of intermediary * Cp. HanBrath, Xeutegtamentliche Zeitgetchichtef iY.,'p, 493, ^». Digitized by Google 58 The Jewish QaaHerly Eevietc. between God and man. Through the Son to the Father ; other approach there is none. Where such a theory is merely metaphysical, as we may say it is in Philo — for whom the aspect of Deity revealed in the Logos is the means whereby man may ultimately pass to the fuller knowledge and love of the absolute God — ^it is not objectionable. The danger of its presentment in the Fourth Gospel is that the Logos is no longer merely a philosophical aspect of God, but a "person" in our modem sense of the word, who became flesh for a definite period of time. If you say " only through the Son to the Father" with this definite and personalised sense attaching to the Son, you run near to sajdng that the Father cannot be known except by those who may have heard of, and hearing may believe in, the dogma of the pre-existent, incarnate and resurrected Son. And this implies, as it seems to me, an improper and intolerant limitation of the knowledge and love of God to the followers of a particular creed. In the Gospel the love of the Father is mainly directed to the Son. That love is insisted on several times with marked emphasis. On the other hand, the love of the Son for the Father is only once alluded to (xiv. 31). The love of the Son is directed mainly to his disciples. The love of the disciples is directed to the Son. The love of God by man is only * once alluded to (v. 42). The object of Christian love in this Gospel is not the Father, but the Son. Yet it is only fair to say that the Father's love for those who are capable of loving the Son, and hence of winning life eternal, is the motive of the incarnation. " He that loveth the Son will be loved of the Father. The Father loveth you because ye have loved the Son." Finally the love of the Son for them conditions and causes the love of the disciples for each other. "A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another ; even as 1 loved you, that ye may also love one another," In contrast with this markedly mediatorial position of Digitized by Google Notes <m the Beligious Value of the Fourth Oospel. 59 the Son in the Gospel stands the relation of the believer to Qod in the Epistle. That relation is more immediate, and therefore more sympathetic with the Jewish point of view. Professor Pfleiderer would, of course, be outraged to hear that what he calls, "die tie/sinnige Erfaaaung dee Kemee der christlichen JReligion" and the immediate relation of the human soul to the Divine Father — enger und ein/acher in the Epistle than in the Gospel — is essentially Jewish. And yet, outraged as he and his friends would be by such a statement (as if Rabbinic Jews could possibly know any- thing of an immediate love of God by the individual believer), it is nevertheless strictly true. Moreover, this love of God is brought into direct relation with the love of man. None can love God if he love not his brother. When Professor Pfleiderer asks whether it would not have been possible for the Church to have abided by the teaching of the Epistle in this respect, and whether it could not have thus avoided many quarrels, useless alike for piety and for morality, his Jewish readers are in full accord with him.^ Such has ever been the con- tention of Judaism, to put no separable divine " person " between man and God. It is running on the same uncon- sciously Jewish lines when Cone, quoting and following Pfleiderer, remarks that the author of the Epistle " estab- lishes an immediate relation of the soul to God, which Christian theologians since Paul have unhappily dis- regarded, apparently solicitous lest the person of Christ should not be sufficiently exalted and his mediatorial office magnified." ' One more characteristic and essential feature of "life eternal,'* according to the Johannine conception of it, remains. That element may fitly be called mystic. It is the glad and keen consciousness of God and of his love, the sense of nearness to him, by our being in him and his being in us, which is often supposed to constitute » Pfleiderer, Das UrohrUtenthumy p. 799. * Cone, p. 326. Digitized by Google 60 7^ Jewish Quarterly Review. the core of the inner religious life. In the Fourth Gospel this consciousness is once more strictly limited to the Christian believer. It is so limited because it partly depends on a definite and supernatural act, namely, the bestowal of the Spirit to the disciples after the death of Christ The gift of that Spirit is not granted in various measures to those who seek God by many creeds and divers pathways. It is rigidly restricted to those who seek the Father through the adoration of the Son. They only are capable (through their incipient spiritual nature) of receiving it. It is therefore necessary, before the doctrine of the Fourth Gospel can be appreciated by the outsider, to disentangle it of the narrow and circumscribing form in which it is presented. As it stands, it is too closely con- nected with a miraculous dispensation of a supernatural gift at a particular season, and too limited in its application and its sphere, to be true generally and for all time. The parallel presentment of the theory in Philo may be arid and rhetorical, yet it is more human, because it is consonant with a variety of creeds. Many of those who have extolled the Johannine mysticism seem to forget its narrowness. But mysticism above all things should be broadly human. It is "the intimate relation between God and man" which the Fourth Gospel teaches— at least for the believer. " K a man love me, he will keep my word ; and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him and make our abode with him." " He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same beareth much fruit." " I will pray the Father, and he will give you .... the spirit of truth .... he abideth with you, and shall be in you." ** Even as thou. Father, art in me and I in thee, that they also may be in us ; that they may be one, even as we are one ; I in them, and thou in me, that they may be perfected into one ; . . . . that the love wherewith thou lovedst me may be in them, and I in them " — in other words, God's immanence in man, and man's glad consciousness of that immanence and love of it. Digitized by Google Noie^ on the Religious Value of the Fourth Oospel 61 As an introduction to the study of this subject, many people might find it useful to read those pages of Eauwenhoff's book which deal with what he calls the Psychological Fonns of Religion, Intellectualism, Mystic- ism, and " Moralism/'^ To the Understanding, to the Feelings (or rather to Oemiif), and to the Will, are there assigned their proper part and function both in the religious history of the past, and in the religious life of the individual. He shows that of these three forms, "Moralism,** which lays the stress of religious life on moral action, is on the whole the most important and the most wholesome. Judged from the oatdde, moralism presents little attraction, espeoially when compared with mysticisin {Mystih), Putting aside eTerything which savonrs of emotion, God is considered as the Bopreme Lawgiver, and the test of piety is exclusively sought for in firtne. Man's future is usually regarded as a reward or rt^tri- bution of the nse to which he has put his life on earth.* There is an undoubted onesidedness in " Moralism," but nevertheless that onesidedness is not religiously so dan- gerous as the onesidedness of " Intellectualism " and " Mysticism." In a onesided emphasis of Morality lies an adequate means to prevent the practical character of religion being misconceived — an error into which " intellectualism *' so readily falls — and at the same time a means to prevent religion being made sensuou;), which is the besetting danger of mysticism. If for a ** Moralist '' religions life becomes little more than a discharge of what he thinks to be his duty, he is at least preserved both from sterile orthodoxy and from an immoral running riot of the religious emotions. The discipline of the moral consciousness may never lead to the sunny heights, whereon the purest life of religious sentiment is passed : it keeps men at any rate upon the right path. No such sins can be charged to the school of Kant as to the school of Calvin or of Spener.* ' Pp. 109 — 124, in the German translation. * Banwenhoff, p. 180, German translation, p. 120. > Banwenhoff, p. 182, German translation, p. 122. Digitized by Google 62 The Jewish Quarterly Review. Nevertheless, religion needs and implies something more than mere " moralism " can supply : — The one-sided conception of religion as a sanctifying power which acts upon the will is nnable to perceive that there is also something else in religion which can never be dispensed with without harm. The unio myttica^ the yearning of the heart to a more intimate rela- tion with Deity, for that '* Thou in me and I in thee/' which forma the fundamental thought of the theology of the Fourth Gospel, may easily lead the way to hurtful aberrations. It, nevertheless, always remains a truly religions phenomenon and an essential constituent of the normally-developed religious life. To this mystic union and yearning, "moralism,*' to its own great loss, can do no justice ; for it thereby fiiils to realise that in these emotions lies the great motive which lifts morality above legalism, and so ennobles the consciousness of duty till it becomes a mighty impulse and passion towards moral perfection. " Thou shalt " will presumably always remain the basis of all morality ; but when religion transforms it into " God wills," and Gk>d is no longer a mere lawgiver, but the object of heartfelt love and spiritual desire, you reach the " Da quod jubes et jube quod vis," which unites religion and morality, and brings morality to its highest possible perfection.* This unio mystica of which Rauwenhoff here speaks is the source or the content of those blissful experiences wherein, according to Oscar Holtzmann, the perennial value of the Fourth Gospel consists. He says : — The blissful experiences which Christ declares concerning himself in Matthew xi. 25-30, and to which Paul briefly alludes (Gikl ii. 20), are described in the Fourth G^wpel as the permanent possession of the Christian community (x. 14, xiv. 20-24, xv. 10, 11-16, xvi. 12-16, 33). They are, in short, the experiences which accrue to the indi- vidual from his consciousness of the love of God and the redemption through Christ. In its expression of this thought lies, to my idea, the absolute and eternal value of the Johannine Gospel' Now, if Rauwenhoflf be right, and if the yearning of the spirit towards a closer relation and communion with God be in truth an essential constituent of the properly developed religious life, the presentment of that yearning and of its ^ Bauwenhoff, p. 181 ; German Translation, p. 121. ' Dot Johannesevangeliumy p. 90. Digitized by Google Note^ on the Religiom Value of the Fourth Gospel, 63 satisfaction in the Fourth Gospel will probably always re- tain its attraction and its value, however unnecessary and even intolerable Jews and Theists may find it to split up the Deity into two so markedly personal aspects as the Father and the Son, and however repugnant it may be to them to put any mediatorial agency — human and divine in one — between the human soul and God. Philo's less personal Logos is in this respect far more universal and less restrictive than the Johannine Christ. " Nearer, my God, to thee " is a true and fundamental feeling of the religious mind. Their sense of the nearness of God is the stepping stone on which men have risen to the consciousness of the " Unio mystica." This nearness is fully recognised and asserted in the Hebrew Scriptures. God is described as near, because, in the first place, he is lovingly omniscient. " The Lord is nigh unto all them that call upon him, to all that call upon him in truth." " The Lord is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart, and saveth such as be of a contrite spirit" This certainty of God's saving solicitude, his ever present and watchful care of those who pray to him in truth, passes over into a glad sense of communion. It is not merely that the Old Testament psalmist believed in God's protective nearness, but he also felt that nearness as a possession and a joy. This feeling was partly, as we know, conditioned by the Temple, but it was perfectly real, and it reaches classic and forcible expression in such Psalms as the 63rd, the 73rd, the 84th, and several others. It is quite a mistake to suppose that this living sense of communion with God was lost by the Rabbis. Both in the Old Testament and in the Talmud it is, however, purely popular. It has not been given any foundation in religious psychology or metaphysics, showing how this sense of communion with God and nearness of God is based upon a theory of man's nature and God's immanence. It could, as I imagine, only receive such a foundation by the fructifying contact of Greek philosophy. Digitized by Google 64 The Jewish Quarterly Review. And I believe that it is this union of practical Hebrew religiousness with Greek philosophy which has produced that religious mysticism, that idea of " Thou in me and I in thee," which constitutes a main conception of the Fourth Gospel. So, too, in the famous speech attributed to St. Paul in the seventeenth chapter of the Acts, we may notice, I believe, this union of Greek and Hebrew. "That they should seek God, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he is not far from each one of us," is a Hebrew thought, hardly going beyond what might have been said by a Psalmist or a BabbL But the philosophical justification of the divine nearness passes beyond the Hebraic limit. And it is just this philosophic justification which is, to our modern notion, the kernel or essence of the whole — iv avr^ yctp ^Afiev tccd Kivovfi^da /cal iafUv \ " In him we live and move and have our being." It may be noted that J. Holtzmann in his Commentary cites a curious parallel from the Greek rhetorician Dion Chrysostom. One could, perhaps, find other parallels in Philo. The Hebrew had no definite theory of man's nature or of God's ubiquity. He was not in the least disturbed by any philosophical difficulties about a God outside the world who must be "far" from man. He had no difficulty in finding God: or rather he had no doubt as to the road. Through goodness unto God: but not through perfection. Pride stood in the way : to the repentant sinner the path lay open. " To them that repent he granteth a return, and he cheereth them that fail in hope.*' He had no theory of God being within him and of himself being in God, but without the theory he prfiwjtically realised its results. I do not say that for the Jew reared mainly on the Old Testament, the Liturgy and Rabbinical excerpts, there is nothing in this respect to be gained from Philo and the Fourth Gospel. We want the justification as well as the simpler and more popular expressions of that faith which it seeks to justify. Nor can we afford to lose this union Digitized by Google NoieB on the Religious Value of the Fourth Gospel. 65 of Greek and Hebrew thought as exemplified in the Johannine Gospel For it is no mere union : it is religious genius working upon its twofold material with majestic effect and thriUing beauty. Nor again would I for a moment deny that, owing to the absence of this union between Greek and Hebrew, and also to the greater difficulty of loving God and feeling him near than of loving and feeling near the less abstract Christ, the Jewish religion, at any rate from the days of Moses Mendelssohn, the rationalist, has been somewhat exposed to the dangers of " Moralism." Hence it is that a sympathetic study of the Johannine writings may help some of us (without the least infraction of our purer monotheism) to a more vivid and habitual sense of communion between ourselves and God, and a keener consciousness of the Divine presence. Dr. Martineau, the great Unitarian philosopher and divine, goes further than this, and becomes, as I think, not only unjust to the Judaism, whether Palestinian or Hellen- istic, which had preceded Christianity, but exaggerates the debt we owe to the Fourth Gospel itself. In the Johannine theology he tells us " there is contained one vital element, which, however questionably reached, transcends in truth and power the level of the Synoptists' Gospel.'* It BO coDstraes the personality of Christ, so avails itself of his characteristics, as to abolish the difference of essence between the Divine and the human nature^ and substitute for the obedience of dependence the sympathy of likeness and the fellowship of trust. In appearance, it unites the qualities of God and man in one case only, and centres the blended glory in a single incarnation. But there it does not end. The unexampled spectacle of such ** grace and truth/' of heavenly sanctity penetrating all human experiences, startles and wins hearts that never were so drawn before^ and wakes in them a capacity for that which they reverence in another. This attraction of afSnity there could not be, were there not divine possibilities secreted and a divine persuasion pleading in each soul. There cannot be a chasm of forbidding antipathy and alienation, rendering for ever inaccessible to man the very ** beauty of holiness " which he already adores ; nor is there any hindering curse to be bought off, before he can enter on the new life of self -consecration. There is no longer VOL. VII. E Digitized by Google 66 The Jewish Quarterly Review, need of despair at the seemingly hopeless task of climbing the heavens and finding the anapproacbable God. For He himself comes unsought, and lifts the latch of our nature when we thought the door was shut, and makes his abode with us (John xiy. 23), seeking us with his love, finding us with his truth, and claiming us with his righteousness. Thus does the Pat*aclete perpetuate and universalise the impersonation of the Son of God in the Son of Man, and carry it through the spiritual history of the world, and convert the life of Humanity itself into a Theophany.* He emphasizes the newness of the Johannine teaching in another passage more definitely still — And so the great end is reached, that the mingling of the Divine and the human in Christ is not there on its own account, as a gem of individual biography, unique and unrepeated ; but as the type and the expression of a fact in the constitution of our nature. The intimate relation between God and man, which declared itself in the utterance, ** I am not alone, but the Father is with me," belongs to the essence of the soul and consecrates every human life. Nor is it anything but simple and indisputable truth to say that the consciousness of this has taken its commencement from the expe- rience and religion of Jesus, and has imparted to Christendom its deeper tone of feeling, its higher conception of purity, and its inextinguishable hope for humanity.' Now I think it is nothing but " simple and indisputable truth " to deny that the consciousness of the intimate relation between God and man took its commencement from the experience and religion of Jesus. He probably felt that relation with intense keenness, but the relation itself, as a known joy and satisfaction, is far older. It existed among the men who wrote the Psalter, and, mirabik dictu, it existed among the men who wrote the Talmud. " The chasm of forbidding antipathy and alienation, the hinder- ing curse to be bought off," never existed for the Jewish consciousness at all, and therefore it wa.s not the Fourth, or any other Gospel, which did away with them. There never existed as a dominant feature in the Jewish religion, from Isaiah to Jesus, or from Jesus to Mendels- » Seat oj Authority^ p. 449. » Ihld,, p. 509. Digitized by Google Note% on the jReligioiis Value of the Fourth OonpeL 67 sohn, any "despair at the seemingly hopeless task of climbing the heavens, and finding the unapproachable God." Therefore, it was not the Fourth, or any other Gospel, which had to annul a non-existent despair. Whether we indeed can say that there is no diflFerencB of essence between the Divine and the humaji nature, so that we should be grateful to the Fourth Gospel for abolishing it, is another and more doubtful question. So far as this merely means that *' there are divine (i.e, rational) passibilities secreted and a divine persuasion pleading in each soul," that there is an affinity between the human and the divine reason, and therefore between human and divine goodness, we may admit it ; but in that case the double theory of the Fourth Gospel, first, that only a select number of men possess this affinity, and secondly, that the sense of it was never wakened and the power of it never realized before the teaching of Christ, or since his advent by unbelievers, is wholly and radically false. When, therefore, it is said of the Fourth Gospel that it is (me writing out of others, which teaches this affi- nity and its possible issues, however " questionable " the manner of its presentment of the doctrine may be, we accept and register the claim. But when the discovery and the sense of glad communion with God, and of the intimate relation between the human and the divine, is asserted to be the patent and prerogative of one religion only and of a single book, we are bound to demur and to protest. We render our homage to the genius of the Fourth Evangelist : we recognise his great contribution to the spiritual store of humanity, but, in homely, though pregnant language, we must not give him more than his due, nor in order to pay our debt of gratitude to the Hellenistic Christian, rob the Jew, whether from Palestine or Alexandria, of all we owe him and still shall owe. Of the Fourth Gospel an outsider can say and feel what a student of philosophy can feel and say of the great philosophers. Such a student may learn and profit from £ 2 Digitized by Google 68 The Jewinh Quartei'lp Review, them all, though he be a disciple and follower of none. So Dr. Martineau says of the philosophers whose teachings he expounds so lucidly in his Ethical Theories, that there is none to whom he is not grateful for intellectual service or delight. So to the outsider a great work of genius such as the Fourth Gospel must always be suggestive, helpful, sti- mulating. There must be many ways of expressing the inexpressible, many ways, in other words, of setting forth by and to our human minds the nature of God and of his relation to man. One way will seem truer to us than another, but the less true in one respect may be the more true in another ; and in whatever form a theory of God may be presented, and however unacceptable it may seem, it may yet contain aspects and germs of valuable truth, which in another form, though, as a whole, purer and truer, are either wanting or less prominent So from the doctrine of the Logos, as it is presented to us both by Philo and the Fourth Evangelist, we may find something to learn and to cherish, some religious profit and truth for the nurture and benefit of our souls. The Logos of Philo is more abstract, but also more impersonal ; far less capable of rousing emotion and enthusiasm, but at the same time less invasive of the Divine unity. There is nothing in the Philonic Logos to stimulate affection or move to self-sacri- fice ; no ideal of love and pity to imitate and adore ; but at the same time no devolution of the Divine perfections upon any aspect of Deity separate or separable from the self-sufficient and infinite Father. For these reasons the two presentments of the Logos theory have, for the out- sider, each its own merits and each its own defects. The identification of the Logos with Jesus, and the plenary in- carnation of the Godhead in the person of Christ, were fraught, as it seems to him, with peculiar danger. The Jew as well as the Unitarian can, I should imagine, largely appreciate and concur in the judgment of Dr. Mackintosh, who says : — The moment the Ohoroh, by recognising the divinity of Ghrist, Digitized by Google Notes on the EeligmiM Value of the Fourth Gospel. 69 abandoned the position of monotheism pure and simple, it placed itself on an inclined plane, or on what a popular preacher has called the *' down grade " ; and that it should descend, sooner or later, to the worship of the Virgin and the saints was inevitable. Nothing but the OTangelic doctrine in its purity and freshness — the liying conception of God as our heayenly Father-— could deliyer the soul of man from the spirit of fear and diffidence before the Unseen Power so as to enable it to dispense with the Logos idea, and, consequently, with all inferior and subordinate agents of the diyine will. The monotheistio doctrine, in its physical or non-moral aspects, is to this day, and alwajTB has been, the strength of Mahometanism. In the moral and humane aspect of it, as presented by Jesus, it has yet to prove the iteength of Ghnstianity by the overthrow of all competing cults, and of superstition in every shape.* But this moral and humane aspect of the monotheistic doctrine is nothing but the purest Judaism. What seems to one student a return to the best and earliest Christian teaching seems to another a return to the best and most developed presentation of Judaism. The doctrine of Jasus may be regarded either as pure Christianity or pure Judaism. Either way of looking at it contains a truth. Nevertheless, though men may possibly learn to dispense with the "Logos-idea," they will scarcely without detriment to the richness and variety of their religious life, dispense with some of the thoughts which it fostered and diffused. To the Jew the Evangelist's " Even as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be in us" will seem to involve a false and needless subtlety of distinction in the Divine nature. But the Epistle's simpler doctrine: "If we love one another, God abideth in us ;" " he that abideth in love, abideth in God, and God abideth in him," remains, and the Jew and the outsider may seek to appropriate and realize its truth as well as the Christian believer. "Love '' is more universal than "wisdom," and therefore the Epistle's doctrine is in this sense wider and nobler than the equivalent and parallel teaching of Philo, for whom « Tkf Natural ffigtory of the ChrUtian Eeligion. By Dr. William HackintOBh. 1894. p. 503. Digitized by Google 70 r/k? Jemsh Quarterly Review, the soul of the wise is inhabited by God. The fool may transcend the philosopher : Parsifal is nearer God than Faust. And with these sayings of the Johannine epistle we may fitly combine the adage of the Acts : " In him we - live and move and have our being." For this more abstract statement, which, as we have seen, gives an Hellenic and philosophic justification to the Hebrew idea of God's near- ness and omniscience, goes also beyond the notion which it justifies. Its value to many persons consists in this, that without destroying or infringing upon the idea of God's transcendence, it uses the omnipresence of God in such a way as to make man himself contained in that Divine ubiquity. Of course it does not really explain the true relation of God to man, and it is liable to perversion. If we are in God, we are a part of God, and if we are a part of God, every aspect of ourselves is equally divine. What then becomes of goodness and sin ; and where is their difference ? What becomes of human responsibility, without which no moral life is possible, and the facts of morality incapable of explanation ? If God is in nature, we may try to believe that its horrors are really beneficent, its cruelty imaginary, its malignancy merely apparent; but what we must not try to believe is that our own sin and our own vileness are only apparent too, or that they can be explained away by any theories of " absolute idealism " or of divine immanence. These lead perilously near to many pantheistic aberrations. The Jewish conception of God and of his relation to man will take its stand upon the separate self-consciousness of both man and God. Judaism will, I imagine, thoroughly concur with that splendid chapter of Dr. Martineau's " Study of Religion," in which he deals with Pantheism. The voluntary nature of moral beings must be saved from Pantheistic absorption, and be left standing, as, within its sphere, a free cause other than the Divine, yet homogeneous with it ... . Are we then to find God in the snnshine and the rain, and to miss him in o«r thought, our duty, and onr love ? Far from it. He is with ns Digitized by Google Notes on the Religious Value of the Fourth Gospel, 71 in both ; only in the former it is his immanetU life^ in the latter his transcendent with which we are in communion. It is not indeed Be that, nnder the mask of our personality, does our thinking, and prays against onr temptations, and weeps our tears ; these are truly our own ; but they are in presence of a sympathy free to answer, spirit to spirit, neither merging in the other, but both at one in the same inmost preferences and affections.* But within these limitations, the doctrine, " In him we live and move and have our being," or " Thou in me and I in thee," has still its value. It is a way of expressing this farther truth, not only that God helps man as from with- out, but that in the Psalmist's phrase the Divine Spirit helps him from within. It means that man is only then most free when he may most fitly be called the child of Grod, and that at his best the difference between his action and the action of God in him falls away. He is then most himself, when he is most at one with God : " Not my work, but God in me." It implies not merely that God, if you are good and humble, helps you in your toil, sustains you in your struggle, and lifts you to himself, but that all your best work and striving are part and parcel of the divine process of things, links in the chain of evolution, lapped round and embraced by the divine infinitude, but yet a portion of it, however infinitesimal, fulfilling its allotted space, and necessary to the whole. It looks away from sin and lust and madness, and thinks only of the good, whether in failure or success, and it finds in this thought of man's best life as lived in God — the everlasting arm« beneath us and ai*ound — a consolation and a solace, a sus- tainment and a strength, which no mere outward God, however wise, powerful and good, could possibly inspire. I feel inclined to ask in conclusion whether there is anything in these selected excellencies of the Johannine writings which is not in full accord with Judaism, or which is out of harmony with the main drift and current of its teaching. ITie answer, I believe, is " None." > Study of Religion, 2nd ed., Vol. ii., p. 167, 179. Digitized by Google 72 Th Jewish Quarterly Review.
For certainly the spiritual or symbolic use of words
like life and death, light and darkness, bread and water, is
not un- Jewish. We find it in the Hebrew Scriptures. That
" God is a Spirit," is, as we contend, in easier accord with
Jewish than with Christian orthodoxy, and the true
method of his worship, indicated by the Evangelist, is now
as axiomatic in the Jewish as in the Christian Church.
If the adage that " God is love," may be looked upon as a
brief summing up in three words of such verses as Psalm
cxlv. 8 and 9, and other parallel paiSsages ,• if love is good-
ness raised to the highest power, then is the doctrine
of the Johannine Epistle the doctrine also of the modern
Synagogue.
Nor is there any reason why the Immanence of God, so
far as we hold it to be true, should not be taught and
maintained by Judaism. It suits certain theologians to
caricature the Jewish " transcendental " or " outside *'
God, but Jews need not be irritated by these foolish
misrepresentations. So long as we suffer no violation
of the Divine unity and spirituality, we are free to
teach, as even orthodox Jews throughout the ages have
taught, an immanent as well as a transcendent aspect
of the Divine Being. So long as we keep rigidly within
the limits of Theism, we may include within our con-
ception of God, and of His relation to man, whatever truth
we can find in the idea of the " Divine within the human.'*
The oldest historic Theism of the world is serviceable
still. And lastly there is one more point in the catalogue
of the Fourth GospeFs merits which we may also with,
I trust, increasing accuracy, accept as consistent with
Judaism — I mean its universalism. Indeed, the Judaism
of to-day is far more universal than the Gospel. For we
have attained to a universalism of creed, as well as of race,
and the famous " other sheep I have, which are not of this
fold," if we only interpret the Shepherd as God, is nowhere
now preached more earnestly than from Jewish pulpits.
I trust that in God's own good time it will become a
Digitized by
Notes on the Religious Value of the Fourth Cfospel. 73
principle of action, as well as of faith, so that when the
bond of race shall be recognised as obsolete, the bond of
religion shall wax firmer and still more firm. Community
in religious practice shall yet, perchance, be wedded to
community in religious belief, and in this union shall lie
the Jewish kinship of the future. To cru77ev€9 ovx aifuiTt
fierpelrai fiovovy 'rrpuTav€vovcnj<i a\rj0€Ca<;, aXKcL Trpd^ecov ofioio-
rr^Ti Kcu dripa r&v avT&y, We may well take to heart and
apply, with due measure of enlargement and difference,
these striking words of the Alexandrian sage.
passed in proof, I received certain criticisms upon it, of part of
whidi the following is the substance : —
" You are not so sympathetic a critic of the Fourth Gospel as of
P^oL Parts of it, at any rate, you interpret in too narrow and
lit^-al a way. For example, your judgment of the writer's ethical
point of view is not as wide and scholarly as it should be. You touch
his weak points, it is true, but you do not distinguish finely in doing
so. A fuller attempt to search for the humanity of the author, his
character, the possible influences round him, and the purpose with
which he wrote, would not have altered your main conclusions, but
would yet have given a more sympathetic tone to your criticism, and
have been more impressive to yoar readers.
" You isolate the Fourth Gospel too severely ; you criticise it rather
too much as if its sayings had been written yesterday for our special
edification. Now, in the author's day, there would have been pro-
bably far fewer examples of a belief which was a mere intellectual
assent, and so, too, the divorce between belief and action would not
have been as common as it is now. ' In the glow of the moment,* to
use your own words, while not forgetting the wideness of God's
mercies, a man might yet have asserted that between the believer in
Christ and the non-believer, not as a matter of intellect, but in a
moral and spiritual sense, the difference was real and wide. It was the
very spirituality and idealism of the author which drove him to assume
that the whole man was transformed by his belief, so that ' believer '
and 'unbeliever' tended to become synonymous with 'righteous' and
' unrighteouB.' And if, on the other hand, he asserted that only the
good could believe, that in a sense is accepted by you also, for you say
that the scamp cannot realize God. You seem readily to perceive
Digitized by
74 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
and allow for enthtisiasin and excitement in Panl, bat not in the
Fourth Evangelist. Bat perhaps there is excitement, though of a
different kind, in the Eyangelist too. It is a sort of intellectual white-
heat. Thus throughout it seems as if the criticism was a little harder
and cruder than it should, or need have been, because yon have not
taken a sufficiently historical and understanding view of the whole.
"Perhaps the new truth (as it seemed to him) came upon the
writer of the Fourth Gospel like a dazzling blaze of light, which
half -blinded him, as Paul, some think, was physically hilf- blinded,
by its very excess of splendour. He looks out, ever after, with what
one might perhaps rather oddly call a dualistic vision up >n the world.
But he was not a philanthropist like PauL Keenly ansious that the
light which he saw should shine throughout the world, he was im-
patient and incredulous of tha<*e who passed it by. Possibly, never-
thele'^s, you might have been more accurate had you shown more
tenderness for the man who said so mach about love, but who in his
intense antagonism to sin, or to what he too rashly thought sin,
seemed unable, or was afraid to let love come in."
How far this criticism is cogent I cannot now inquire. It is at any
rate interesting and suggestive. Any stray reader of the article will,
C. Q. MONTEFIOEK.
Digitized by
The Expulsion of the Joes from England in 1290. 75
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM
ENGLAND IN 1290.^
The expubion of the Jews from England by Edward I. is
a measure concerning the causes of which no contemporary
historian gives, or pretends to give, any but the most
meagre information. It was passed by the King in his
*' secret council," of the proceedings of which we naturally
know nothing. Of the occasion that suggested it, each
separate writer has his own account, and none has a claim
to higher authority than the rest ; and yet there is much
in the circumstances connected with it that calls for ex-
planation. How was it that, at a time when trade and
the need for capital were growing, the Jews, who were
reputed to be among the great capitalists of Europe, were
expelled from England ? How did Edward, a king who
was in debt from the moment he began his reign till the
end, bring himself to give up the revenue that his father
and grandfather had derived from the Jews ? How could
he, as an honourable king, drive out subjects who were
protected by a Charter that one of his predecessors had
these questions we must consider what was the position
that the Jews occupied in England, how it was forced
on them, and how it brought them into antagonism at
various times with the interests of various orders of the
EjQglish people, and at all times with the teachings of the
Catholic Church. We shall thus find the origin of forces
strong enough when they converged to bring about the
result which is to be accounted for.
1 The Arnold prize in the Uniyersity of Oxford was awarded to this
Bmy in 1894.
Digitized by
76 The Jetciih Quarterly Review.
I. — ^The Jews from their Arrival to 1190.
Among the foreigners who flocked to England at, or
soon after, the Conquest were many families of French
Jews. They brought with them money, but no skill in
any occupation except that of lending it out at interest.
They lent to the King when the ferm of his counties, or his
feudal dues were late in coming in ; ^ to the barons, who,
though lands and estates had been showered on them,
nevertheless often found it hard, without doubt, to procure
ready money wherewith to pay for luxuries, or to meet
the expense of military service ; and to suitors who had to
follow the King's Court from one great town to another,
or to plead before the Papal Curia at Rome.*
But though they thus came into contact with many
classes, and had kindly relations with some, they remained
far more alien to the masses of the people around them
than even the Normans, in whose train they had come to
England. Even the baron must, a hundred years after the
Conquest, have become something of an Englishman. He
held an estate, of which the tenants were English ; he
presided over a court attended by English suitors. In
battle he led his English retainers. He and the English-
man worshipped in the same church, and in it the sons of
the two might serve as priests side by side. But the Jews
remained during the whole time of their sojourn in Eng-
land sharply separated from, at any rate, the common
people aroimd them by peculiarities of speech, habits and
daily life, such as must have aroused dread and hatred in
an ignorant and superstitious age. Their foreign faces
alone would have been enough to mark them out.
Moreover, they generally occupied, not under compulsion,
but of their own choice, a separate quarter of each town
* J. Jaoobs, Jews of Angevin England^ 43-4 ; 64-5.
' Of. the account of the litigation of Richard of Anesty in Palgraye*8
Ri$e and Progreu of the English Commontoealthf Vol. II. (Proofs and lUustrations), pp. xxiv.-xzvii. Digitized by Google The Eoapukion of the Jews from England in 1290. 77 in which they dwelt^ And in their isolation they lived a life unlike that of any other class. None of them were feudal landowners, none farmers, none villeins, none ipembers of the guilda They did not join in the national Watch and Ward. They alone were for- bidden to keep the mail and hauberk which the rest of the nation was bound to have at hand to help in pre- serving the peace.^ They were not enrolled in the Frank- pledge, that society that brought neighbours together and taught them to be interested in the doings of one another by making them responsible for one another s honesty. They did not appear at the Court Leet or the Court Baron, at the Town-moot or at the Shire-moot. They went to no church on Sundays, they took no sacrament ; they showed no signs of reverence to the crucifix ; but, instead, they went on Friday evening and Saturday morning to a syna- gogue of their own, where they read a service in a foreign tongue, or sang it to strange Orientfd melodies. When they died they were buried in special cemeteries, where Jews alone were laid.* At home their very food was dif- ferent from that of the Christians. They would not eat of a meal prepared by a Christian cook in a Christian house. They would not use the same milk, the same wine, the same meat as their neighbours. For them cattle had to be killed with special rites ; and, what was worse, it sometimes happened that, some minute detail having been imperfectly performed, they rejected meat as unfit for themselves, but considered it good enough to be oflcred for sale to their Christian neighbours.* The presence of ' See Jewries of Oxford and Winchester, in the plans in Norgate's England under Angevin Xhtgs^ I., pp. 31, 40 ; and Jewry of London, de- scribed in Papers of Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition^ pp. 20-52. * Chronica Rogeri de Hoveden (RoUs Series) II., 261 ; Oesta Eenrici II, et Ricardi I, (Rolls Series), I. 279. * Oesta Eenrici II, et Rioardi I, (R. S.), I. 182 ; CTironioa Rogeri dt Eaveden (R. S.), U, 137. * Depping, Zes Juift dans le Moyen Age, 170 ; Jacobs' The Jews of Angevin England, 54, 178 ; Statutss of the Realm (Edition of 1810), I. 202 Digitized by Google 78 The Jetmh Quartei^ly Review. Christian servants and nurses in their households made it impossible that any of their peculiarities should remain unobserved or generally unknown.* Thus, living as semi-aliens, growing rich as usurers, and observing strange customs, they occupied in the twelfth century a position that was fraught with danger. But, almost from their first arrival in the country, they had enjoyed a kind of informal Royal protection,* though, as to the nature of their relations with the King during the first hundred and thirty years of their residence, very little is known. It was probably less close than it after- wards became, for the liability to attack and the need for protection had not yet manifested themselves. But, at the end of the eleventh century, there began to spread throughout Europe a movement which, when it reached England, converted the vague popular dislike of the Jews into an active and violent hostility. While the Norman conquerors were still occupied in settling down in England, the King organising his realm, and the barons enjoying, dissipating, or forfeiting their newly-won estates, popes and priests and monks had been preaching the Crusade to the other nations of civilised Europe. At one of the greatest and most imposing of all the Church Councils that were ever held, where were pre- sent lay nobles and clerics of all nations^ attending each as his own master, and able to act on the impulse of the moment. Urban II., in 1095, told the tale of the wrong that (Judiciam PiUorie) and 203 (Statntum de Pistoribos). See also Leet Jurisdiction in Norwich (Selden Society, 1891), p. 28, where, in a list of ameroements inflicted at the Leet of Nedham and Maneoroft, the follow- ing entry oconrs :— ** De Johanne le Pastemakere quia yendidit Games quas Jndei vooant trefa, 2s." . * lllLajiei, Sacorum ConcUioruvi Collection Venice, 1775, XX. 399; Wilkins, Concilia Magnae JSritanniae^ I. 691, 675, 719; Qe^ta Htnrici 21. et Bicardi I, (R. S.), L 230. Chronica Rogeri de ffoveden (B. S.), II. 180. 6 Of. the words of John*8 Charter :=** Libertates et oonsuetudines •icnteas habueront tempore Henrioi ayi patris nostri. — Botuli Chartarum^ p. 93. Digitized by Google The Expukion of the Jews from England in 1290. 79 Christieuis had to suffer at the hands of the enemies of Christ. He told his hearers how the Eastern people, a people estranged from Ood, had laid waste the land of the Christians with fire and sword ; had destroyed churches, or misused them for their own rites ; had circumcised Christians, poured their blood on altars and fonts, scourged and impaled men, and dishonoured women.* Such denun- ciations, followed by the appeal to all present to help Jerusalem, which was " ruled by enemies, enslaved by the godless, and calling aloud to be freed," excited, for the first time in Europe, a furious and fanatical hatred of Eastern and non-Christian races. The Jews were such a race, as well as the Saracens, and be- tween the two the Crusaders scarcely distinguished. Before they left home and fortune to fight God's enemies abroad, it was natural that they should kill or convert those whom they met nearer home. Through all central Europe, from France to Hungary, the bands that gathered together to make their way to the Holy Land fell on the Jews and offered them the choice between the sword and the font.^ The disasters that followed the first Crusade brought with them an increase in the ferocity of the attacks to which the Jews of Continental Europe were subjected, and S. Bernard, when he preached the second Crusade, found that he had revived a spirit of fanaticism that he was powerless to quell. He had wished for the reconquest of the Holy Land as a result that would bring honour to the Christian religion ; but his followers and imitators thought less of the end than of the bloodshed that was • ReeueU des HUtorient des Croisades—EistorieM Ocoidentaux (Parig, 1866), III. 321, 727. Of. espeoiaUy (p. 727), Altaria suis foeditatibns inqninata snbvertont, Ohristianos circnmoidunt, ornoremque oironm- cisionis aut Bnper altaria fondant ant in yasis baptisterii immergnnt (Robert! Monachi HUtoria Iherosolimitarut). 1 Nenbaner and Stem, Hehrdisohe JSerichte Uber die Judenver/olgungen wdArend der KreuzcsfQge ; Hefele, ConeUienge^ohichte^ Y., 224, 270 ; Graetz, Ge»r.hieUe der Juden (second edition) VI., 89-107. Digitized by Google 80 The Jewish Quarterly Review. to be the means. A monk, "who skilfully imitated the austerity of religion, but had no immoderate amount of learning," ^ went through the Rhineland preaching that all Jews who were found by the Crusfiuiers should be killed as enemies of the Christian faith. It was in vain that Bernard appealed to the Christian nations whom his elo- quence had aroused, in the hope that "the zeal of God which burnt in them would not fail altogether to be tempered with knowledge." He himself narrowly escaped attack : and the Jews suffered from the second Crusade as they had suffered from the first.^ England was so closely related to the Churches of the Continent that it could not fail to be affected by the great movement. But the lirst Crusade was preached when the Conquest was still recent, and the Normans had no leisure to leave their new country ; the second, during the last period of anarchy in the reign of Stephen. Thus there were, during the first hundred years after the Council of Clermont, few English Crusaders. Yet the Cru- sading spirit, working in a superstitious mediaeval popula- tion, called forth a danger that was destined to be as fatal to the English Jews as were the massacres to their brethren on the Continent. The Pope who preached the first Cru- sade had told his hearers that Eastern nations were in the habit of circumcising Christians and using their blood in such a way as to show their contempt for the Christian religion. This charge was naturally extended to the Jews as well. What alterations it underwent in its circulation it is hard to say; but in 1146, a tale was spread among the populace of Norwich, and encouraged by the bishop, that the Jews had killed a boy named William, to use his blood for the ritual of that most suspicious feast, their Passover. The story was supported by no evidence more trustworthy than that of an apostate Jew, which was so worthless that • 0. U. Hohn, Oeschickte der Ketzer im MUtelalter^ III. 17. ' Graetz, OeschicMe der Juden (second editioii), VI., 165-170. Of. Hefele, V., 498, n 2. Digitized by Google The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 81 the Sheriff refused to allow the Jews to appear in the Bishop's Court to answer the charge brought against them, and took them under his protection. But the popular suspicion of the Jews lent credibility to the story, and so terrible was the feeling which was aroused that many of the Jews of Norwich dispersed into other lands, and of those who remained many were killed by the people in spite of the protection of the Sheriff.^ The accu- sation once made naturally recurred, first at Gloucester, in 1168, and then at Bury St. Edmund's, in 1181. "The Martyrs " were regularly buried in the nearest church or religious house, and the miracles that they all worked would alone have been enough to continually renew the belief in the tenible story.^ Under the firm reign of Henry II., anti-Jewish feeling found no further expression in act. The King, like his predecessors, gave and secured to the Jews special privi- leges so great as to arouse the envy of their neighbours. They were allowed to settle their own disputes in their own Beth Din, or Ecclesiastical Court, and in so far to enjoy a privilege that was granted only under strict limitations to the Christian Church.* They were placed, apparently, under the special protection of the royal oflScers of each district.* They lived in safety, and they made coasiderable contributions to the Royal Exchequer. The death of Henry II. and the accession of Richard I., the lij^st English Crusading King, might naturally have been expected to bring trouble to the rich and royally > Jaoobe, Ojf. Cit.. 20, 257. ' HUtoria et Cartularium Monoiterii S, Petri Oloucestriae^ R. S., I., 21 ; Chronica Joeelini de Brakclmda (Camden Society), 12, 113-14 ; AmnaU* Moruutici (R. 8.), L, 843, XL, 347; Matt. Paris, Chronica Maiora (B. S.), IV., 877, V., 518 ; Jacobs* Jew* of Angevin Engla^^, 19 ; and cf. Chronicles of Reigns of Stephen^ Henry 11,^ Richard J. (Bolls Series), I., 311. * Materials for History of Thomas Bechet (Rolls Series), IV. 148 ; Jacobs, Jews of Angewn England, 43, 165. * Cf . the protection given to Jews of Norwich by the Sheriff, Jacobs, 257. VOL. vn. F Digitized by Google 82 The Jewish Quarterly Review. favoured infidels of the land where the blood accusation had its birth. The interregnum between the death of one King and the proclamation of the " peace *' of his successor was always a time of danger and lawlessness during the first two centuries after the Conquest, and the growth of the crusading spirit, and of the popular belief in the ti-uth of the blood accusation, caused all the forces of disorder to work in one direction, viz., against the Jews. The day of Richard's coronation was the first opportunity for a great exhibition of the anti-Jewish fanaticism of the populace. The nobles from all paorts of the country brought with them to London large trains of servants and attendants, who were left to occupy themselves as best they might in the streets, while their lords were present at the ceremony. The Jews, who had been refused permission to enter the Abbey, took up a prominent position outside. Their appearance ex- asperated the crowd, and in the mediaeval world a crowd was irresistible. While the service was proceeding, the Jews were fiercely attacked by the " wild serving men " of. the nobles and the lower orders of citizens. One at least was compelled to accept baptism to save himself from death. Later in the same day, when the King and mag- nates were banqueting in the palace, the attack was re- newed. The strong houses of the Jewry were besieged and fired, and the inhabitants were massacred. But soon "avarice got the better of cruelty," and in spite of the efforts of the King's officers the city was given up to plunder and rapine.^ Though the King was bitterly angry at what had hap- pened, the first attempt at punishment showed him how powerless he was against the forces hostile to the Jews. Had the offenders been nobles or prominent citizens, he could, when the first irresistible disorder had subsided, have taken vengeance at his leisure. But what could he do against a collection of serving-men and poor citizens, whom ' Chronicles of the Beigns of Stephen^ Henry II., and Richard 1, (BoUs Series), I. 294-9. Digitized by Google The Expuhion of the Jews from England in 1290. 83 no one knew, who had come together and had separated in one day? When he departed for the Crusades, he left behind him all the materials for more outbreaks of the same kind. In the more populous towns Crusaders were con- tinually gathering together in order to set out for the Holy Land in company : and they, aided by the lower citizens, clerics, and poor countrymen, and in some cases by ruined landholders, fell on and killed the Jews wherever they had settlements in England, at Norwich, York, Bury St. Ed- munds, Lynn, Lincoln, Colchester, and Stamford.^ Again the Royal officers were unable to touch the offenders. When the Chancellor arrived with an army at York, the scene of the most horrible of all the massacres, he found that the murderers were Crusaders, who had long embarked for the Holy Liand, peasants and poor townsmen who had retired fh)m tlie neighbourhood, and bankrupt nobles, who had fled to Scotland. The citizens humbly represented that they were not responsible for the outrage and were too weak to prevent it. No punishment was possible except the inflic- tion of a few fines, and the Chancellor marched back with his army to London.* It was clear that the King must strengthen his con- nection with the Jews. He could not afford to lose them or to leave them continually liable to plunder. They were too rich. In 1187, when Henry II. had wanted to raise a great sum from all his people he had got nearly as much from the Jews as from his Christian subjects. From the former he got a fourth of their property, £60,000, from the latter a tenth, or £70,000.* It is of course improbable that, as these figures would at first seem to show, the Jews held a quarter of the wealth of the kingdom, but * Badnlft de Diceto, Opera Eistorica (K.S.), II. 75-6. Jacobs, Jetos of Angetin EngUnid^ 176 ; Chronicles of the Beigns of Stephen^Senry 11.^ and Biehard I. (Bolls Series), L 309-10, 812-322. * Chronicles of the Beigns of Stephen, Henry IL, arul Biehard I, (B.S.)L823-4. ' Jacobs, Jews of Angevin England^ pp. 91-6 ; Gervase of Canterbury (BJS.) I. 422. F 2 Digitized by Google 84 The Jewish Quarterly Remew. they were as useful to the King as if they had He had a far greater power over their resources than over those of his other subjects ; their wealth was in moveable pro- perty, and what was still more important, it was concen- trated in few hands. It was easily found and easily taken away.^ n. The Constitution of the Jewry. Richard s policy, or his councillors*, was simple. On the one hand, in order to encourage rich Jews to continue to make England their home, he issued a charter of protection, in which he guaranteed to certain Jews,^ and perhaps to all who were wealthy, the privileges that they had enjoyed under his father and great-gi*andfather. They were to hold land as they had hitherto done; their heirs were to succeed to their money debts; they were to be allowed to go wherever they pleased throughout the country, and to be free of all tolls and dues. On the other hand he asserted and enforced his rights over them and their property by organising a com- plete supervision of all their business transactions. In 1194 he issued a code of regulations, in which he ordered that a register of all that belonged to them should be kept for the information of the treasury. All their deeds were to be executed in one of the six or seven places where there were establishments of Jewish and Christian clerks especially appointed to witness them; they were to be entered on an official list, and a half of each was to be deposited in a public chest under the control of royal officers.' No Jew was to plead before any one but the King's officers, and special Justices were appointed to hear 1 For instanoe, the enormoDS wealth of Abraham fil Babbi, Jumet of Norwich and Aaron of Lincoln. Jacobs, Op, Cit., 44, 64, 84, 90, 91. • Bymer, Fcedera I. 51. ' Chronica Rogeri de Hoveden (B.S.), III. 266-7. Digitized by Google The Expukion of the Jewsfrom England in 1290. 85 their cases and exercise a general control over their business.^ Their constitution underwent various modifications under Richard's successors. The privileges which had at first been granted to certain Jews by name were extended by John to the whole community ; ^ and the royal hold over them was tightened by an edict, issued in 1219, which ordered the Wardens of the Cinque Ports to prevent any Jews who lived in England from leaving the country.' This elaborate constitution did not indeed afford com- plete security against a repetition of the massacres of 1189 and 1190, but its existence was a more solemn and official recognition than had been given before of the fact that the King was the sole lord and protector of the Jews, and that he would regard an injury done to them as an injury to himself. And thus it went far to secure to him his revenue and to them their safety. From this time forward, the Jews yielded to the king, not simply irregular contributions, such as the £60,000 they had paid to Henry II., and the sums they had paid to Long- champ towards the expenses of Richard's Crusade,* but a steady and regular income. They paid tallages, heavy reliefs on succeeding to property, and a besant in the pound, or ten per cent, on their loan transactions ; they were liable to escheats, confiscation of land and debts, and fines and amercements of all kinds.^ Their average annual contribution to the Treasury, during the latter part of the twelfth century, was probably about a twelfth of the whole Ro3'al revenue,* and of the greater part of what they owed the realisation was nearly certain. Other debtors might find in delay, or resistance, or legal formalities, a way of * Chronicon Johannis Brompton in Twysdea'a HUteria AnglicafUd Seriptoreg X., col. 1258. * Rotuli Ckartantm (Record Commission), p. 08. * Tovey, Anglia Judaica, 81. * Oesta Henrici IL et Rlcard, L (R.S.), II. 218 ; M. Paris, Chronica Majora (E.S.) II. 381, and Jacobs, 162-4. * Jacobs, 222, 228-30, 239-40. « Ibid. 828. Digitized by Google 86 The Jewish Quarterly Review. avoiding payment. But the Jews were in thr King's hands. He could order the sheriffs of the county to distrain on defaulters, and there wa,s no one between the sheriffs and the Jews.^ He could despoil them of lands and debts. He could imprison them in the royal castles. In the reign of John, all the Jews and Jewesses of England were thrown into prison by his command, and are said to have been reduced to such poverty that they begged from door to door, and prowled about the city like dogs.* The only way they had of removing any of their property from his reach was by burying it. Whereupon the King, if he had any suspicion that a Jew had more treasure than was apparent, might order him to have a tooth drawn every day until he paid enough to purchase pardon.' Powerless as the Jews were against royal oppression in England, the position that was offered to them by Richard and John was no worse than that of their co-religionists in other countries of Europe. Those of Germany were the Emperors Kammerknechte ;^ those of France had been expelled in 1182, and though they were soon recalled, might at any time be expelled again.* A Jew in a feudalised country was liable to be the subject of quarrel between the lord on whose estate he dwelt and the king of the country, and he could be handed about, now to the one and now to the other.^ The right to live and to be under jurisdiction, was everywhere still a local privilege that had to be enjoyed by the permission of a lord, lay or clerical, and had to be paid for. In England, the Jews, so long as they were protected by the King, were at any rate under the greatest lord in » Jacobs, 222. » M. Paris, Chronica Majora (R.S.) II. 528 ; Annales MonagtUi (E.S.) I. 29, II. 2G4, III. 32, 451 ; Chronicles of Laneroost (Maitland Club), p. 7. ' M. Paris, Chronica Majora II., 528. * Depping, Les Juifs dans le Moyen Age, 185. * Bouquet, Recueil des Historiens des Oaules etdela France, xvii. 9. 6 Depping, Les Juifs dans le Moyen Age, 59, 60, 185, 194. Of. Rotuli Chartarum, I. 76 {Carta WUlielmi Marescalli, de quodam Judaeo apud Camhay). Digitized by Google The Expuhian of the Jews from England in 1290. 87 the land. The towns where especially they wished to settle for the purposes of their business, were, thanks to the policy of William the Conqueror, mostly on the royal domain. And the royal power acting through its local officers was used to the full to protect the Jews. The sheriflfe of the counties were especially charged to secure to them personal safety and the enjoyment of the im- munities that had been granted to them.^ The arrangement by which Jewish money-lenders received on English soil the protection of the King against his own subjects was not very honourable to either of the parties. But the King had no compunction, and the Jews had no choice. It could endure so long as the royal power was strong enough to override the objections of barons and abbots to a measure in favour of their creditors, of the towns to an encroachment on their privileges, and of the Church to the royal support of a body of infidel usurers. At the end of the twelfth century neither towns nor landholders nor Church were in a position to offer any effectual protest. In the thirteenth century the strength of the opposition of each of these three orders grew steadily. But in each it pursued a separate course, though to the same end ; and each order struck its decisive blow at a different moment. Hence the various forms of opposition must be separately considered. III. — ^The Conflict with the Towns. The towns were the first to carry out a practical and effective anti-Jewish policy. It was they that suffered most keenly and constantly from the presence of the Jews. They had bought, at great expense, from King or noble or abbot, the right to be independent, self-governing communities, living under the jurisdiction of their own Tovey, Anglia Judaica, 78-9. Digitized by Google 88 The Jfiidsh Quarterly Review. officers, free from the visits of the royal sheriffs, and paying a fixed sura in commutation of all dues to the King or the local lord ; and yet many of them saw the King protecting in their midst a band of foreigners, who had the royal per- mission to go whithersoever they pleased, who could dwell among the burgesses, and were yet free not only from all customs and dues and contribution to the ferra,^ but even from the jurisdiction of those authorities which were respon- sible for peace and good government.^ This was exasperat- ing enough ; but there was more and worse. The exclusion of the sheriff and the King's constables was one of the most cherished privileges of towns, but, wherever the Jews had once taken up their residence, it was in danger of being a mere pretence. At Colchester, if a Jew was unable to recover his debts, he could call in the King's sheriffs to help him. In London, Jews were "warrantised*' from the exchequer, and the constable of the Tower had a special jurisdiction by which he kept the pleas between Jews and Christians. At Nottingham, complaints against Jews, even in cases of petty assaults, were heard before the keeper of the Castle. At Oxford the constable called in question the Chancellor's authority over the Jews; contending that they did not form part of the ordinary town-community.' Moreover, the debts of the Jews were continually falling into the King's hands, and whenever this happened, his officers would no doubt penetrate into ' Stamford was an exoeptioii in this respect, Madoz, IHrma Burgi^ p. 182. ' Et Jndaei non intrabnnt in placitam nisi coram nobis ant coram illis qni turres nostras custodierint in qnorum baUivis Jndsei manserint, Rot. Chart., 93. ' Cntts, Colchegter, 123 ; Tovey, Aiiglia J., 50 ; Forty -Seventh Report of Deputy-Keeper of Public Records, 306 ; Lyte, Hutory of the Uni- versity of Oxford, 69 ; Papers of Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition, 35-6 ; De Antiquis Legibfts Liber (Camden Soc.), p. 16, (A.D. 1249, Nam rex concessit quod Jndei qui antea warantizati fuerunt per breve de scaccario, de cetero placitassent coram civibus de tenementis suis in Londoniis). Chronica Jocelini de Brahelond (Camden Soc.), p. 2, (Venit Jndens portans literas domini regis de debito sacristae). Digitized by Google TRe Expukion of the Jem from England in 1290. 89 the town to make on behalf of the royal treasury a collection such as had never been contemplated when the burgesses made their agreement, which was to settle once and for all their payment to the King.^ In some of the towns the feeling against the Jews was expressed in riots as early as the reign of John, and the beginning of that of Henry III. But the King in each case took stem measures of repression. John told the mayor and barons of London that he should require the blood of the Jews at their hands if any ill befell them.^ In Gloucester and in Hereford, the burgesses of the town were made responsible for the safety of the Jews dwelling amongst them. In Worcester, York, Lincoln, Stamford, Bristol, Northampton, and Winchester, the sheriffs were charged with the duty of protecting them against injury.* Such measures only increased the ill-feeling of the burgesses. At Norwich in 1234 the Jewry was fired and looted.* The Jews were maltreated and beaten, and were only saved from further harm by the timely help of the garrison of the neighbouring castle. At Oxford the scholars attacked the Jewry and carried off " innumerable goods."* But the towns soon began to use a far more efiective method than rioting in order to rid themselves of the Jews. Just as they had found it worth while to pay heavily for their municipal charters, so now they were willing to pay more for a measure which would secure them in the future against a drain on their revenues and a violation of their privileges. Whether a town held its ' Cp. Chronica Mona^erii de Melsa (R.S.), I., If7. Interea mortuns eet AarozL Jadaens Lincolniae, de quo jam dictum est, et oompnlsi sumasy regis edicto totnm quod illi debuimus pro Willielmo Fossard infra breve tempos donuno regi persolvere. » Rymer, Fcedera, I.. 89. * Calendar of Patent Rolls from 1281 to 1292, p. 15 ; Tovey, Anglia Judaiea, 77, 78, 79. * Torej, 101, Norfolk Antiquarian MUcellavy, I., 826. * AHn€Ue9 Monastiei (KoUs Series), iv. 91. Digitized by Google 90 The Jewish Quarterly Review, charter from the King or was still dependent on an inter- mediate lord, the motive was equally stronp^. An abbot or a baron would be glad to second the efforts made by the inhabitants of one of his vills to expel a portion of the populace which took much from the resources whence his revenue came and added nothing to them.^ The abbot of Bury St. Edmund's induced the King to expel the Jews from the town in 1190.* The burgesses of Leicester obtained a similar grant from Simon de Montfort in 1231, those of Newcastle in 1234, of Wycombe in 1235, of South- ampton in 123G, of Berkhampsted in 1242, of Newbury in 1244, of Derby in 1263 ; at Norwich the citizens complained to the King, but without any result, of the harm that they suffered through the growth of the Jewish community settled in the city.' In 1245 a decree in general terms was issued by Henry III., prohibiting all Jews, except those to whom the King had granted a special personal license, from remaining in any town other than those in which their co- religionists had hitherto been accustomed to live.^ This series of measures did not simply deprive the Jews in England of a right which had been solemnly granted them and which they had long enjoyed. It went much further. * EspeciaUj irritating mnst have been the fact tliat the one restriction on the business of Jews, as money-lenders, was the order that forbade them to take in pledge the land of tenants on the royal demesne. W. Prynne, The Second Part of a Short Demurrer to the Jews' long dU* continued remitter, etc., London, 1656, p. 35 ; Norfolk Antiquarian Mit- cellany, I. 328. ' Chronica Joeelini de Brakelonda (Oamden Society), p. 38. ' Thompson, Leioetter, 72 ; Madoz, Eitt. of Exchequer , I. 260, notes and P ; J. E. Blunt, Ettahliihment and Residence of Jews in England, 45 ; Papers Anglo- J. H. Ex. 190 ; Prynne, The Second Part of a Short Demurrer, etc., p. 37 ; Norfolk Antiquarian Miscellany, I. 326, (De Judeis dicebant quod major multitudo manet in civitate sna qoam solebat, et quod Jndei qui aliis locis dissainati (sic) faeront yenemnt ibidem manere ad dampnom civitatis). * Prynne, The Second Part of a Short Demurrer, etc., p. 75 ; Madox, His- tory of the Exchequer, I. 249 : Et quod nnUos Jndaeus reoeptetur in aliqna villa sine speoiali licentia Beg^, nisi in yillis illis in qoibns Jndaei manere consneTemnt. Digitized by Google The Expulsion of the Jeics from England in 1290. 91 For, by circumscribing the area in which they could carry on their business, and so diminishing their opportunities of acquiring wealth, it threatened their very existence in a land where their wealth alone secured them protection. IV. — The Conflict with the Barons. At the same time that the towns were making their attack on the Jews in their own way, there was growing up within the baronial order a new party, stronger than the towns in the elements of which it was composed and in its capacity for joint action, and filled, on account of the private circumstances of its members, with a deeper hatred of the Jews than the greater barons, who had hitherto represented the order, had ever known. For the old Baronial party which had forced Magna Carta on John was too rich to be seriously indebted to the Jews, and the anti-Jewish feeling of its members must have been blunted by the fact that, when they had to pay their debts, they could raise the money by benevolences levied on their tenanta^ Moreover some of them imitated on their own estates the King's policy of sharing in the profits of usury.* Hence they were little influenced by personal grievances, and it was no doubt partly from political con- siderations, and partly as a concession to the lesser and poorer members of their order, that they had introduced into Magna Carta certain limitations of the power of the Jews, or of their legatee, the King, over the estates of ' Jacobs, mTeivs of Angevin England, 269-271. ' M. Paris, Chronica Major a, V. 245. Of. the article in the Constitations enacted by Walter de Cantilape, Bishop of Worcester, at his diocesan STDod in 1240 : Quia vero parom refert, an qnis per se vel per aliom incidat in crimen nsnramm, prohibemns ne qnis Ghristianns Judseo pecnniam committat, ut earn Jadseos aimulate sno nomine proprio mntnet ad nsnram. WiUdns, MagruB Britannia Concilia, I. 676,676. Stubbs, 8deot Charters, 385-6. Digitized by Google 92 The Jewish Quarterly Revieu), debtors, a measure which, small a.s it was, was repealed on the re-issues of the charters, when, during the minority of Henry III., the Barons had to undertake the duty of Government. And yet even the greater Barons must have felt, after twenty years' experience of the personal Govern- ment of Henry III., that an alteration in the Royal system of managing the Jewry was necessary if their order was ever to succeed in the constitutional struggle in which it was engaged. They knew that many of those among the King's acts which they hated worst would have been impossible but for the Jews. It was by money extorted from them that he had been enabled to prolong his expeditions in Brittany and Gascony, to support and enrich his foreign favourites, and to baffle the attempts of the Council to secure, by the refusal of supplies, the restoration of Govern- ment through the customary officers. In 1230, and again in 1239, he took from them a third of their property ; in 1244, he levied a tallage of 60,000 marks ; in 1250, 1252, 1254, and 1255 he ordered the royal officers to take from them all that they could exact, after thorough inquisition and the employment of measures of compulsion so cruel as to make the whole body of Jews in England ask twice, though each time in vain, for permission to leave the country. Thus the whole Baronial order was for a time united, on the ground of constitutional grievances, in a policy which found its expression in the successful attempt of the National Council in 1244 to exact from the King the right of appointing one of the two justices of the Jews, so as to gain a knowledge of the amount of the Jewish revenue, and a power of controlling its expenditure.* 1 For the nature and duration of the earlier straggle between the king and the barons, see Stubbs, Constitutional HUtory of England (Library Edition), II., 40, 44, 63, 67, 69-77. For the king's acts of extortion from the Jews, see Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora^ III., 194, 643 ; IV., 88 ; v., 114, 274, 441, 487 ; Madox, History of the Exchequer, I., 224-5, 229 ; Prynne, Second Part of a Short Demurrer, 40, 48, 66, 70, 76, 57. For the appointment by the Council of one Justice of the Jews, M. Paris, Chronica Majora, iv. 367. Digitized by Google The Expuhion of the Jeicsfrom England in 1290. 93 But such a measure did nothing to relieve the personal grievances of the lower baronage, and it was naturally from this class that further complaints proceeded. Its members, unlike the greater barons, made no profit from the encouragement of usury. On the other hand, they were among the greatest sufferers from the practice^ Many a one among them must, when summoned to take part in the King's foreign expeditions, have been com- pelled to pledge some land to the Jews in order to be able to meet the expenses of service; and no doubt the Jews derived from such transactions, a large share of the profits that enabled them to make their enormous contri- butions to the exchequer. A landholder's debt to a Jew would, when once contracted, have been, under any cir- cumstances, difficult to pay off. But the lower baron- age, or knight's bachelors, were threatened, when they had fallen into debt, with new dangers, the knowledge of which intensified their hatred of the whole system of money-lending. " We ask," they said in the petition of 1259, " a remedy for this evil, to wit, that the Jews some- times give their bonds, and the land pledged to them, to the magnates and the more powerful men of the realm, who thereupon enter on the land of the lesser men, and although those who owe the debt be willing to pay it with usury, yet the said magnates put off the business, so that the land and tenements may in some way remain their property, .... and on the occasion of death, or any other chance, there is a manifest danger that those to whom the said tenements belonged may lose all right in them."! The special wrongs of the lower baronage were, in the course of the Civil War, temporarily lost sight of. Never- tiieless, the action of the whole baronial party throughout the war contributed greatly, though indirectly, to the ulti- mate banishment of the Jews from England. Just as the > Stubbs, Select ChaHert, 386-6. Digitized by Google 94 The Jevskh Quarterlt/ Review. towns had, by their measures of exclusion, weakened the mercenary bond that united the Jews to the King, so now the barons, by their wholesale destruction of Jewish property, worked, as unconsciously as the towns had done, to the same end. They attacked and plundered the Jewry of London twice in the course of the war, and destroyed those of Canterbury, Northampton, Winchester, Cambridge, Worcester, and Lincoln. Everywhere they carried oflf or destroyed the property of their victims. In London they killed every Jew that they met, except those who accepted baptism, or paid large sums of money. They took from Cambridge all the Jewish bonds that were kept there, and deposited them at their head-quarters in Ely. At Lincoln they broke open the official chests, and " trod underfoot in the lanes, charters and deeds, and whatever else was injurious to the Christians." ^ " It is impossible," says a chronicler, in describing one of these attacks, " to estimate the loss it caused to the King's exchequer." V. — ^The BKaiNNiNQ OF Edward's Policy of Restric- tion. When the Civil War was over, the position of the King's son Edward as, on the one hand, the sworn friend of the lower baronage, and, on the other hcmd. the leader of the Council and the most powerful man in England,' made it impossible that the Jews should continue to carry on their business under the royal protection as they had hitherto done. And Edward's personal character and political ideals were such as to make him execute with vigour the policy > Annates MonaHici, H. 101, 363, 371, III. 230, IV. 141, 142, 145, 449, 460 ; Liber de Antiquu Legihut (Camden Society), 62 ; Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft (R. S.), II., 151 ; Chronicle of William de Rishanger (Camden Sodetj), 24, 25, 126 ; Florentii Wigomiensis Chronioon ex Chronicis (English HiBtorioal Society), II. 192. » Tout, Edward Z, 13, 89. Digitized by Google The Rtpulsian of the Jews from England in 1290. 95 towards the Jews that was forced on him by his relations with the lower baronage. He was a religious prince, one who could not but have felt qualms of conscience at seeing the " enemies of Christ " carrying on the most unchristian trade of usury in the chief towns of England. He was a statesman, the future author of the Statutes of Mort- main and Quia Umptores, and he wished to see the work of the nation performed by the united action of the nation, and its expenses met by due contributions from all the National resources. But in so fax* as the Jews had any hold on English land they prevented the realisation of this ideal Sometimes they took possession of land that was pledged to them, and then the amount of the feudal re - venue and the symmetry of the feudal organisation suffered, though the King might gain a great deal in other ways ; * very often they secured payment in money of their debts by bringing about an a»greement for the transfer to a monastery of the estates that had been pledged to them as security,* and then the land came under the *' dead hand *'; sometimes they contented themselves with a perpetued rent-chai^,' and then it would be hard, if not impossible, for the struggling debtor to discharge his feudal obliga- tions.* The indebtedness of the Church must have shocked Edward's sympathies as a Christian, just as much as the indebtedness of the lay landholders thwarted his schemes ' Palgrftve, Botuli Curia JRegU (Record Commission), II., 62 (Judaoi habeant seisiiuim) ; Oesta abbatitm Moneuterii S, Alhani (B. S.), I., 401 ; HaeUoruM Ahhrematio (Record Ck>mmi88ion), p. 58 ; Jacobs, pp. 90, 234. * Chromcles cf the Abbey of Mdta (RoUs Series), I., 173, 174, 306, 367, 374, 577 ; IL, 65, 109, 116 ; Arohaological Journal^ vol. 88, pp. 189, 190, 191, 192. * Blunt, EstablUhment and BeHderioe of the Jevoi in England, 136 ; Prynne, Second Part of a Short Dem/urrer, p. 106. * A very long list of landowners indebted to the Jews conld be ex- tracted from Ifadoxy Sietory of Exchequer, Vol. I., p. 227, eq. Of. Prynne, Second PaH, eta, pp. 96, 98, 106 ; Calendar of Patent Rolls from 1281 to 1292, p. 25. Digitized by Google 96 The Jewish Quarierh/ Review. as a statesman. For the condition of ecclesiastical estates was indeed deplorable. They had begun to fall into debt in the twelfth century, no doubt in consequence of the expense that was necessary for the erection of great build- ings, and their debts had gone on growing, partly in conse- quence of bad management, partly through the necessity of fulfilling the duties of hospitality by keeping open house continually, partly through the exactions of the Pope and the King. The Bishop of Lincoln pledged the plate of his cathedral, the Abbot of Peterborough the bones of the patron-saint of his Abbey ; at Bury St. Edmunds each obedientiary had his own seal, which he could apply to bonds which involved the whole house; and loans were freely contracted which accumulated at 50 per cent.^ Hence in the thirteenth century Matthew Paris wrote that "there was scarcely anyone in England, especially a bishop, who was not caught in the meshes of the usurers."* "Wise men knew that the land was corrupted by them." ^ The literary documents of the latter half of the century fully confirm these accounts. The See of Canterbury was weighed down with an ever-growing load of debt when John of Peckham first went to it.* The buildings of the cathedral were becoming dilapidated for want of money to repair them.* Those of the neighbouring Priory of Christ Church were in an equally bad state, and its revenue was equally encumbered.* The bishop of Norwich was so poor that in spite of the extortions regularly practised by his officials, he had to borrow six hundred marks from the Archbishop of Canterbury.^ The Bishop of Hereford had been compelled to seek the intervention of Henry III., in order to obtain respite of his debts to * Oetta Henrici II, (R. S.), I., 106 ; Giraldi CamhrensU Opera (B. S.), VII., 36 ; Cronioa Jooelini de Brakelonda (Camden Soc.), p. 2. » III., 328. » V. 189. * Letters of John qf Peckham (Bolls Series), I., 20, 156, » Ibid.y I., 203. 6 Ibid,, I., 841. 7 /dui., I., 177, 187. Digitized by Google The Expukion of the Jews from England in 1290. 97 the Jews.^ The Abbey of Glastonbury was weighed down by " immeasurable debts/' and, in order to save it from further calamities, the Archbishop had to order a reorgani- sation of expenditure so thorough as to include regulations concerning the number of dishes with which the abbot might be served in his private room.' The Prior of Lewes asked permission to turn one of his churches from its right use, and to let it for five years to any one who would hire it, in order that he might thus get together some money to help to pay off what the priory owed.' The Church of Newneton could not afford clergymen.* Even the great Monastery of St. Swithin's, Winchester, in spite of the revenue that its monks drew from the sale of wine and fur and spiceries, and from the tolls paid by the traders who attended its great annual fair, was always in debt, some- times to the amount of several thousand pounds.* Except in the cutting down of timber and the granting of life annuities in return for the payment of a lump sum, the religious houses had no resources except the money-lenders.^ They borrowed from English usurers, from Italians, from Jews, and from one another.'' If the lay and ecclesiastical estates of England were to be freed from their burdens, heroic measures were neces- sary. The barons had done their part in the work by carrying off or destroying such bonds as they could find. But the financial revolution, to be effective, must be carried out by due process of law. When, on the restoration of tranquillity, the Council under Ekiward's influence began its attempt to redress the grievances against which the barons had been fighting, the > BobertB, Exoerpta e Rot, Finittm (Record Commission), II., 68. > Letters of John of Peckham, I., 261. * Ihid,, I., 380. « Ibid., L, 194. • Obedientiary BolU of 8, SwUhin% Winchester (Hsmpehire Record Societj), 1892, pp. 10, 18. • Letters qf John of Peckham, I., 244 ; Eitchin, Winchester, 65 ; Obedientiary Rolls of 8, Swithin's, pp. 22, 25. ' Cf. Letters of John of Peckham, I., 642. VOL. VII. G Digitized by Google 98 The Jewish Quarterly Review, first measare in the programme of reform was one for the relief of the debtors to the Jews. Any interference with Jewish business would, of course, entail a loss to the Royal Exchequer, and, honest and patriotic as Edward was, his poverty was so great that he could not afford to sacrifice any of his resources. But the exhausting demands that the King had made on the Jews in the time of his difficul- ties, and the terrible destruction of their property that had taken place during the war, must have so far diminished the revenue to be derived from the Jews as to make the possible loss of it a far less serious consideration than it would have been twenty yeara earlier. Accordingly, at the feast of St. Hilary in 1269, a measure, drawn up by Walter of Merton, was passed, forbidding for the future the aliena- tion of land to Jews in consequence of loan transactions. All existing bonds by which land might pass into the hands of Jews were declared cancelled ; the attempt to evade the law by selling them to Christians was made punishable with death and forfeiture ; and none to such effect was to be executed in future.^ But this was only a slight measure compared with what was to follow. The Jews might still €tcquire land by pur- chase, and needy lords and churches, when forbidden to pledge their lands, were very likely, under the pressure of necessity, to sell them outright. Already the Jews were "seised" of many estates,* and, according to the story of an ancient historian,* they chose this moment to ask the King to grant them the enjoyment of the privi- leges that regularly accompanied the possession of land, viz., the guardianship of minors on their estates, the right to give wards in marriage, and the presentation to livings. Feudal law recognised the two former privileges, and the * Tovey, Anglia Judaica^ 176-7. * Oefta Ahbatum MonoHerii S, Alhani (RoUs Series), I. 401 ; Placu torum Ahhreviqtio (Record Commission), p. 58, col. 2. * De AntiqnU Legihus Liber (Camden Society), 234$q.
Digitized by
The Expuhion of the Jem from England in 1290. 99
Chnrch recognised the latter,^ as incidental to the possession
of real property. It was strange, however, that the Jews
should present a demand for new social privileges of this
to deprive them of their old legal rights ; and it was only
natural that the churchmen should take the opportunity
of denouncing their " impious insolence." Certain of the
councillors were at first in favour of granting the Jews'
request ; but a Franciscan friar, who obtained admittance
to the Council, pleaded that it would be a disgrace to
Christianity, and a dishonour to God. The Archbishop of
York, and the Bishops of Lichfield, Coventry, and Worcester
were present, and argued that the *' perfidious Jews " ought
to be made to recognise that it was as an act of the King's
grace that they were allowed to remain in England, and
that it was outrageous that they should make a demand,
the granting of which would allow them to nominate the
ministers of Christian churches, to receive the homage of
Christians, to sit side by side with them on juries, assizes
and recognitions, and perhaps ultimately to come into
possession of English baronies. Edward and his equally
religious cousin, the son of Richard, King of the Romans,
were present at the council to support the argument of the
Bishops,* and not only were the original requests refused,
but the Jews were now forbidden by the act of the King
and his Council to enjoy a freehold in "manors, lands,
tenements, fiefs, rents, or tenures of any kind," whether
held by bond, gift, enfeoffment, confirmation, or any other
grant, or by any other means whatever. They were for-
bidden to receive any longer the rent -charges which
had been a common form of security for their loans.
Lands of which they were already possessed were to
be redeemed by the Christian owners, or in default of
them, by other Christians, on repayment without interest
* Hefele, ConcUiengesohichte, V., 1028.
» Annalei Mimastici (R.S.), IV., 221.
a 2
Digitized by
100 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
of the principal of the loan in consequence of which they
had come into the hands of the Jews. In the interest
of parochial revenues, Jews were forbidden to acquire
B. Lionel Abrahams.
(To be continued,)
Blunt, EitaUUhment and Residence^ eto., 184-9.
Digitized by
Death, Burial, and Mourning, 101
BELIEFS, RITES, AND CUSTOMS OF THE JEWS,
CONNECTED WITH DEATH, BURIAL, AND
MOURNING.
(As ILLUSTRATED BY THE BEBLE AND LATER JEWISH
UTERATTJRE.)
IV.
As the soul is leaving the body, a threefold call is heard
from Heaven, *0 son of Adam, hast thou abandoned
the world, or has the world abandoned thee; hast thou
gathered of the world, or has the world gathered of thee ;
hast thou slain the world, or has the world slain thee ?"
{Muhamm, Eschat, eh. viii.)
In this moment the sound occasioned by the divorce of
soul from body reaches from one end of the world to the
other, but none hears it (T.B. Jotna, 206 ; Pirqe E. JEliezer,
ch, xxxiv.). It is stated, however, in Tblin m>!^ nSDD (Beth
Ha-Mid., Jellinek, I., p. 153) that the sound is heard by
the cock alone.
As the soul of the Jew wings its flight to the Soul of
the universe, those present rend their garments, and express
their resignation to the will of God by reverently exclaim-
ing, ^V^ 1-^ "^^^ " Blessed be the true Judge !"
When the last breath has left the body, and no trace
of life can be discerned, the eyes of the dead are reverently
closed, generally by the eldest son, but, failing him, by
the nearest relative (Zohar, Ed. Krotoschin "f? Thw 'D,
169flr. In pn** "inPD, 128a, it says that it is but
right that this office of love should be performed by the
heir, and that the act in itself is beneficial to the
deceased). It is distinctly stated however, that one is
Digitized by
102 The Jewish Quarterly Bevietc.
" guilty of death/* if one closes the eyes before one is
fully satisfied that life is wholly extinct (T.B. Semach, I.),
or even tt7D3n rw^^T* D37, i.e., while the soul is in the act
of emerging from the body {MisL Shabb. xxiii. 4), as seems
to have been usual among the Arabs. This custom is
reputed to be one of great antiquity. Thus there is sup-
posed to be an allusion to it already in Gen. xliv. 4,
where God tells Jacob in a vision : " Joseph shall put his
hands upon thine eyes " (Nachmanides, Comm, in loco). It
is likewise not confined to the Jews. The practice was
observed by the ancient Greeks and Eomans (cf. Hom.
jn. XL 453 ; Odi/s, XL 426 ; xxiv. 296 ; Eurip., Phoen, 1465
and ffec, 430 ; Virg. ^w., IX. 487 ; Ovid, Heroid. I. 102 ;
Euseb., Hist Eccl VII. ch. xxii. § 9). It represents one of
the directions given by Bar Hebraeus in his well-known
Book of Coiviuct {Die Ca nones Jacob's von Edessa, Ed. C.
Kayser, p. 152); and it also prevails among the Egyp-
tians. "When the rattles in the throat, or other symp-
toms, show that a man is at the point of death, an attendant
(his wife or some other person) turns him round to place
his face in the direction of Mekkah and closes his
eyes." {Modem Egyptians, Stanley Lane-Poole, 1875,
II. ch. xxviii.)
The " motif " of this custom is explained in pn^ nn370
128a). As man is supposed to behold the Shechina in
the moment when he expires, it is not proper that his
eyes should be permitted to rest upon a profane object
after this divine vision. He is likewise deemed un-
worthy to obtain a view of yonder sphere, until this
world has been completely hidden from his sighi Pliny
{Nat, Hist, xi. § 150, quoted by Mr. Frazer) also assigns
fiLS a reason for the custom, that the dead should be seen
for the last time, not by man, but by Heaven. Mr. Frazer,
however, is of opinion that its basis is to be sought else-
where. *'The very general practice of closing the eyes
of the dead appears to have originated with a simUar
object (that the ghost might not be able to find his way
Digitized by
Death, Burial, and Mourning. 108
back) ; it was a mode of blindfolding the de€ul, that he
might not see the way by which he was carried to his
last home. At the grave where he was to rest for ever,
there was, of course, no motive for concealment, hence
the Romans, and apparently the Siamese, opened the eyes
of the dead man at the funeral pyre, just as we should
unbandage the eyes of an enemy after conducting him
to his destination. In Nuremberg, the eyes of the corpse
were actocJly bandaged with a wet cloth. In Corea, they
put blinkers, or rather blinders, on his eyes ; they are
made of Uack silk and are tied with strings at the back
of his hsad. The Jews put a potsherd, and the Russians
coins, on each of his eyes. The notion that if the eyes
away another of the household still exists in Bohemia,
Grermany, and England" {^Journal of the Anthropological
Institute^ xv. 64ff.).
But while this explanation is no doubt, in the main, the
correct one, is it not possible that the Jews, who, as his-
tory proves, had a remarkable capacity for spiritualising
every heathen usage which they assimilated, may have
originally had no other motive in carrying out this
practice than that set forth in pn> nn370 ? It seems to
have been a general belief among the Jews that man was
privileged to catch a passing vision of his Creator just
as the soul was leaving the body ; and we find even Job,
when sunk in the slough of despond, breathing a confident
hope that he will himself behold God with his own eyes
(Job xix. 27). Thus it was only natural that such a
people should have considered it sacrilege to suffer any-
thing earthly to be seen by eyes which had once peered
beyond the mysterious veil which cannot be riven by the
soul of man while it remains in contact with aught that
is subject to corruption.
y Besides the eyes, the mouth is closed, and the cheek-
bones are bound together, to prevent them dropping
asunder (T.B. Semach. I. and references).
Digitized by
104} The Jewish Quarterly Review,
The Bible records an isolated instance of kissing the
dead (Gen. 1. 1). But this act of Joseph's was probably
due to nothing else but an irresistible impulse of affection.
In the Book of Jubilees it is recorded that when Rebekah,
accompanied by Isaac, found Abraham dead in his bed, the
son of the patriarch fell upon his father's face and kissed
him. But, of course, there is no historical foundation for
this incident Among the ancient Eomans, if not an uni-
versal, still it was not an uncommon habit, apparently, to
give the dying a last kiss in order to catch the parting
breatL The passages from which this is inferred are Cic.
Ver, V. 45 ; Virg. ^n. IV. 684 (quoted by Becker). There
is also some reference (though it is likewise not very dis-
tinct) in Lucian, De Luctu (Ed. Heitland) § 13, to the
custom among the Greeks of a father and mother em-
bracing their departed son (Trepix^d€\<;=^* tiyxng his arms
around " the corpse). The modem Greeks, when bidding
farewell to a dead relative, usually imprint a kiss upon the
lips of the corpse '{Customs and Lore of Modem Greece,
Rennell Rodd, p. 129). The Copts and the Druses likewise
kiss their dead before interment (Vide Social History of
the Races of Mankind, Featherman, Div. V. 254-482). But
the practice does not seem to have been generally popular
in ancient times. In the book niDn nm% a philosophical
and cabbalistic commentary on the Pentateuch, quoted
by pn'» "tn37» (1016) the kiss which Joseph imprinted
upon his deceased father is explained as the "kiss of
leave-taking," one of the three kinds of kisses recognised
as permitted by the law of decency {Schir. Hasch. Rab,
I. 14), the other two being the kiss of homage and the
kiss on meeting those near and dear to ona Hence the
author infers from Gen. 1. 1 that it is proper to kiss a dead
relative in token of farewell In Mid.. Ijekach Tob, or Pesikta
Sutarta (Ed. Buber) I. 121a, Joseph's kiss is likewise
described as HT^D btt? np>tt71 For examples of this latter
type of kiss see 1 Kings xix. 20, where Elisha asks permis-
sion of Elijah to go and kiss his father and mother before
Digitized by
Death, Buriul, and Mourning. 105
consecrating himself to the ministry of God ; and Acts xx.
37f , where the people fall upon the neck of Paul on the
eve of his departure from their midst, and kiss him.
pn** nn^a itself remarks that when one's son or daughter
dies one is not allowed to kiss them, notwithstanding the
instance cited above of a son embracing his deceased father.
We find the same view expressed in D>TDnn nSD, para-
graph 236. And there are no other examples of such a
practice in post-Biblical Jewish Literature.
An hour after death has taken place, the corpse is
reverently lifted, while straw is spread under it, a prayer
(for the text of which tfide pn^ 1237^, p. 55), being recited
the while. The feet of the dead are turned towards the
door, and a black cloth is stretched over the body (T.B.
Shabb. 161a; cf. Sirach xxxviii. 16, "And then cover his
body according to the custom "). The ancient Greeks also
placed the dead on a couch in the same posture, and among
the Romans, the corpse was laid out on a state-bed in
the atrium with its feet turned towards the door. ( Vide
Seyfiert's Diet of Class. Antiqs. Ed. Nettleship and Sandys.)
I come now to the ancient mode of announcing that a
death had occurred in a household. This was done by the
sound of the Shouphar and work was at once temporarily
suspended, so that all might be enabled to participate
in the ol^equies (T.B. Moed, Eat 276). The Jews had
great reluctance to communicating evil tidings to those
concerned (Cf. Prov. x. 10; xviL 27; and see Zunz,
ZuT Qtsehichte und Literatur, p. 308.) Thus, when Rabbi
Jehuda ha-N&si was dying at Sepphoris, the inhabi-
tants said: He who brings us the news that Rabbi is
no more, shall be put to death. Bax Eappara looked
down from a window attired as a mourner, with garments
rent and head covered, and spoke thus: "Brethren, the
strong and the feeble have had a contest for the possession
of the Tables of the Law, and the strong have asserted
their claim successfully and have taken the Tables unto
themselves." Thereupon the people burst forth : "Rabbi
Digitized by
106 The Jeiokh Quarterly Review,
is dead !" " You have declared it," he answered, "not I "
(T. B. Kethuh 104a; T. J. Kilaim ix. 3 ; Kohel Bab. vii. 12).
Likewise when Rab Kahana was dangerously ill, the
Eabbis sent Rabbi Joshua bar Rab Idi to him, and he
found Rab Kahfitna dead He returned with rent garments
and dissolved in tears, when the Rabbis asked, " He is
dead, is he not?" "You have announced the fact," he
replied, "not I" (T.B. Pesach, 3b).
While on this subject, I may mention another peculiar
usage of the Jews supposed to be connected therewith,
which is observed on the occasion of a death and which has
been adopted by other nations, between some of whom
there is no ethnological affinity. Hence it is impossible to
trace its original birth-place. All the water in the house
at the time when the death occurs, is immediately poured
out, and the same is done in a few of the adjoining dwell-
ings on either side (D>bin nipn 'd L. M. Landshuth, xxx.).
Various attempts have been made to explain this practice
satisfactorily; but in the multitude of reasons there is
confusion.
The Kolbo offers two alternative explanations of the
afore-mentioned custom, thereby throwing doubt upon the
veracity of either.
(1.) As it is objectionable to communicate bad news to
any one directly, water is poured out to make manifest to
the neighbours and passers-by that a death has taken
place.
(2.) It symbolises the fact that the Angel of Death
cleanses his dripping knife in water after it has been
steeped in gall, and all water is poured away in case he
may dip the bloodstained weapon into any vessel that
comes across his path, and so scatter death broadcast
Mr. Frazer, a recognised authority on such matters,
thinks the practice is to be traced to a fear " lest the ghost
should fall in €Uid be drowned."
In support of Mr. Frazer's plausible theory, we may note
Digitized by
Death, Burial, and Mourning. 107
that in Haute Bretagne, as well as in Basse Bretagne,
when there is a death in the house, the water which is
found in the vessels is thrown out for fear lest the soul of
the deceased should he drowned in it (Coutumea de la Haute
Breiagne, P. S^biUot, 155f). Also Mr. Andrew Lang tells
us (" Folklore of France," in Folklore Record, I. 101) that
" the water in the house must be poured out of pitchers and
glasses (as among the Jews), lest the flying soul should
drown itself" (Cf. Souchfe, Croyances, Priaages et Traditions
IHvers, p. 6). In Germany, the water and milk which may
be left in uncovered vessels at tlie moment when a death
has taken place, are immediately thrown out. This is
done, according to some, because the departed soul, on its
earthen envelope, might be drowned ; according to others,
because one should not expose one's self to the risk of
taking a draught of the sins of the deceased (Liebrecht,
Zur Volkskunae, p. 350).
That there was a current belief that the soul might
perform a lustration after it had passed out of its
ephemeral frame is shown by the following. In some
parts of Bohemia, after a death, the water-bath is emptied,
because, if the ghost happened to bathe in it and anyone
drank of it afterwards, he would be a dead man in the year
(James G. Frazer in Journal of Anthrop, Inst. xv. 64!ff).
There is a German tradition to the same effect (Liebrecht,
Zur Volkskunde, p. 350). It is Ukewise an Indian burial
custom, that after the death of a person, milk and water
are placed in an earthen vessel in the open air, and the
relatives exclaim : " Departed one, here bathe " (the com-
mentary adds) " and here drink " (Ibid, p. 351).
In some cases another reason altogether different is
assigned for the practice, whilst in others, no explanation
seems to be forthcoming, it having possibly been lost in
process of transmission from one generation to another.
" In many parts of Germany, in modem Greece and in
Cyprus, water is poured out behind the corpse as it is being
Digitized by
108 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
carried from the house, in the belief that if the ghost
returns, he will not be able to cross it. Sometimes, by
night, the Germans pour holy water before the door, the
ghost is then thought to stand and whimper on the further
side " (James G. Frazer in Journal of Anihrop, Inst, xv.
64ff). A somewhat confusing explanation of the custom
as observed in Cyprus, is given in " Notes on Greek Folk-
lore" (E. M. Edwards) in Folklore Journal, II. 170: "In
Cyprus, after the funeral has passed out of the street, they
pour from a large vessel the water which it contains, and
then throw down the vessel This custom is referred to
the bfiisins of lustral water, ' '^ipytfia* which were placed
at the doors of the house in which there was a deceased
person, to be used by those who had touched the body, but
with the Cypriotes it is thought to be for the refreshing of
the soul that has left the body, or according to another
version, for washing off the blood from the sword of the
Archangel Michael, who is supposed to be invisible after
having taken the soul of the departed." In Corfu, the
poor people throw water from the windows, when a funeral
has passed by {Customs and Lore of Modem QreecCy Rennell
Rodd, p. 124.) Similarly, in some parts of Calabria
(Castrovellari and Nocara) and of Germany, all the vessels
are emptied at death (James G. Frazer, Journal ofAnthrop-
Inst, XV. 64ff). That the practice was also prevalent in
ancient Greece is shown by an inscription found in lulis
(Tzia) which prohibits it : iiriZe to vi<op iic)(ev (Dittenberger,
Syllog, Inscrip, Oraec, II., No. 468). Among the Poljmesians,
" as soon as the corpse was committed to its last resting-
place, the mourners selected five old cocoa-nuts, which were
successively opened, and the water poured out on the
ground {Anthropological Religion, Max Miiller, p. 278)«
" In Burma, when the coflin is being carried out, every vessel
in the house that contains water is emptied" (James O.
Frazer, Journal of Anthrop, Inst xv. 64ff). In the north-
east of Scotland, all the milk in the house is poured out
on the ground (Folklore of North-East Scotland, W.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Death, Burial, and Mourning. 109
Gregor, p, 206). The same custom is observed in parts of
England, and thus the vulgar expression "kicking the
bucket " is explained, evidently deriving its origin fix)m
the act of turning over the pail and upsetting the water
(Liebrecht, Zur Volkihunde, p. 351).
Furthermore, an examination of versions of the custom
in vogue among various races, seems to point to its possible
derivation from four other causes than that suggested by
Mr. Frazer.
1. All water remaining in open vessels after a death had
occurred was regarded as unclean, and people were afraid
of being contaminated by it.
2. It represented an offering in honour of the dead.
3. It is a survival of the practice of providing food for
the departed spirit, in anticipation that it would return
in quest of nourishment.
4. It is a symbol of the pouring-out of the soul before
God.
With reference to the first, we know from numerous
passages in the Bible the precautions taken by the ancient
Hebrews against being defiled by contact with the dead,
as well as the remedial measures necessary in the event
of such a mishap. But it is a special passage in the book
of Numbers (xix. 14f) which, according to some authorities
forms the basis of the custom referred to above. " This
is the law when a man dieth in a tent: Every one
that cometh into the tent and every one that
is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days. And
every open vessel, which hath no covering bound upon it
is unclean" (Vide Buxtorf, Synagoga Judaica,ch. xxxiii.).
Even modem Jews, as they leave the graveyard, wash
their hands, while reciting some verses of Scripture. In
ancient Greece and Rome, the mourner had to be cleansed
by lustration from the contaminating presence of death.
" At the door of the Greek house of mourning was set the
water-vessel (dpBdviov), that those who had been within
might sprinkle themselves and be clean; while the
Digitized by
110 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
mourners returning from a Roman funeral aspersed with
water, and stepping over fire, were by this double process
made pure " ( Vide Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii. 398). In
the former case, the water had to be brought from another
house, in which no dead body lay {Poll, viii. 65). " In
modern Greece, Cappadocia and Crete, persons returning
from a funeral wash their handa In Samoa, they wash
their faces in hot water. In ancient India, it was enough
merely to touch water. In China, on the fifth day after a
death, the mourners wash their eyes and sprinkle their
faces three times with water. The Wends of Geiszlitz,
make a point of passing through running water as they
return from a burial ; in winter, if the river is frozen they
break the ice in order to wade through the water " (James
Q. Frazer, Journ, of Anthrop, Inst, xv. 64ff.). It is a Mala-
gasy custom that after a funeral the mourners all wash
their dress, or at least dip a portion of it in running water
(" Malagasy Folklore, etc.,'* James Sibra, Junr., in Folklore
Record II.). Among a number of South African tribes,
whose manners, customs, superstitions, and religions have
been described by the Rev. J. Macdonald [Journ, of Anthrop.
Imt,, xix.), " those who handled the body were unclean, and
had to bathe in running water before associating with other
men, or partaking of food." And Professor Max Muller
relates of the Indians [Anthropological Religion, p. 254),
that '* when they have come to a place where there is stand-
ing water, they dive once, throw up a handful of water,
pronounce the name of the deceased and his family (Gotra),
go out from the water, put on new garments, wring the
others once, spread them out towards the north, and then
sit down till they see the stars or the sun." It also appears
that in parts of Scotland, the chairs, etc., in the house are
sprinkled with water, and the clothes of the de^d are
treated in like manner (W. Gregor, Folklore of N.E,
Scotland, p. 206).
Thus we see how wide-spread is the belief that the
occurrence of a death in a house tenJs to promote general
uncleanuess.
Digitized by
Death, Burial, and Mourning, 111
As to the possibility of the emptying of the water
representing a libation to the dead, or an offering on its
behalf, with the object of assisting the soul of the departed
towards beatitude, the sacrifices to the manes are familiar
to all students of classical history. To the Jews, however,
such sacrifices were strictly forbidden. Embodied in the
declaration to be recited by the Israelite who should be
privileged to enter the Promised Land, and to fulfil the law
of tithe, was the following : — " I have not given thereof to
the dead ; I have hearkened to the voice of the Lord my
God ; I have done according to all that thou hast com-
manded me " (Deut. xxvi. 14 ; cf. Book of Jubilees, c. xxii.).
Yet there are some traces of the violation of this prohibition
by the chosen people. Does not the Psalmist, in his suc-
cinct poetical history of the Children of Israel, reproach
them with having eaten the sacrifices of the dea.d ? (Ps.
cvi 27; but possibly the author is thinking of Deut.
xxxiL 38.)
That water might have formed part of such sacrifices
gains credence from the foUowing : —
In India, " the man who is performing the obsequies, when
the body is placed in an urn (after burning), walks three
times raund the place, turning his left to it, and with a
Sami branch sprinkles milk and water over it, reciting a
verse, R.V. x. 16, 4. Again, on the day of the new moon
after the obsequies, the performer of the expiatory service
for the dead pours out a continuous stream of water, re-
citing a verse, RV. x. 16, 9 " (Max Miiller, Anthropological
BeUgiony p. 268). If a wife, or one of the chief Gurus
(a father or Ak&rja dies), they pour out water consecrated
in such a manner that the dead shall know it to be given
to them (" Apastamba : Aphorisms of the Sacred Laws of
the Hindus/' II. 8—10, in Vol. III. of Sacred Books of the
East). The custom of giving offerings to the dead lingers,
to a similarly slight extent, among the Buddhists. At the
interment, after the body is laid in the grave, wrapped in
linen, another doth is placed over it, and the monk takes
Digitized by
112 The Jewinh Quarterly Review,
hold of the comer of this cloth ; and while another person
pours water on the upper end of the corpse, the monk says,
"As water rolling down from higher ground, flows over
the lower land, so may that which is given in this world
benefit (the pr^tas or) the departed" (Vide Buddhism,
Primitive and Present, in Magadha and in Ceylon, T. W.
Copleston).
On the whole, there is no reliable evidence to support
the conjecture that the Jews were accustomed to ofier
On behalf of the assumption that the pouring out of the
water is a survival of the widely prevalent custom of pro-
viding refreshment for the departed soul, there is certainly
more to be said.
It is well known that the ancients imagined that the
ghost of the departed would need the same nourishment in
its new abode that it had required in its earthly home.
Among the Assyrians and Babylonians " it was believed
that the spirits of the dead needed sustenance in their new
home, and clay vases were accordingly placed in the
tombs, some of them filled with dates and grain, others
with wine and oil ; but a more bountiful provision was
made in the case of water, which, it was thought, was
wholesome to drink only when it was fresh and running"
(Social Life among the Assyrians and Babylonians, A. H,
Sayce, Chap. IV.). Among the Arabs, too, " the dead are
thirsty rather than hungry, and water and wine are poured
upon their graves. Thirst is a subtler appetite than
hunger, and therefore more appropriate to the disembodied
shades, just as it is from thirst rather than from hunger
that the Hebrews, and many other nations, borrow meta-
phors for spiritual longings and intellectual desires"
(Religion of the Semites, W. Robertson Smith, p. 217). In
India, "one requirement of a burning-ground (SmasSna,
the place for burying as well as burning) is that the water
should run down from it on all sides" (Max Mliller,
Anthropological Religion, p. 243). When one of the Yese-
Digitized by
Death, Burial, and Mourning, 113
dees (a race inhabiting several valleys near Mosul and
ancient Nineveh) is at the point of death, " a * eawal ' is
called in, who pours a quantity of water into the mouth of
the dying man ; and if at his arrival, life is already extinct,
the ceremony is performed before the body is consigned to
the grave " (Social History of the Races of Mankind, Feather-
man, Div. v., p. 63.) Likewise among the Nubas, as soon
as the mortal remains are committed to the earth, vessels
filled with water are placed by the side of the grave
{Ibid., p. 263).
It certainly seems difficult to believe that even in
primitive times, man should have thought that water
poured out promiscuously, and at some distance from the
grave, could serve the useful purpose of supplying re-
freshment for the thirsty soul of the dead underneath the
ground. But the act of placing food and drink in vessels
on the tomb is altogether diflTerent, and the modern
practice of pouring out the water on the occasion of a
death may be a filtered form of this ancient and almost
universal custom.
With regard to the fourth possible explanation sug-
gested above, it is oidy entitled to consideration because it
may represent the current interpretation of the custom in
rationalistic times, when its real drift had been forgotten
for some generations, and it became necessary to invent a
pedigree for it.
Inman, in Ancient Faiths, etc., I. 85 (quoted by Liebrecht),
remarks : " The ancient Egyptians, and the Jewish people
to the present day, have the custom of pouring out all the
water contained in any vessel in a house where a death
has taken place, under the idea that as the living being
comes by water, so does it make its exit through water."
What this is intended to convey is not quite clear. We
know, of course, that the theory of some of the ancients was
that man was created from water. But the popular Jewish
belief was that God formed the first man of dust gathered
from the four comers of the earth, so that in whatever
VOL. VIL H
Digitized by
114 The Jemah Quarterly Bevieta.
part of the world it might be his lot to die, no portion of
the ground " from whence he was taken " could refuse to
with him {Pirqe It. Eliezer^ Chap, xi., etc.) But the prob-
able drift of Inman's explanation is that water, fresh and
flowing, represents life; and water, stale and stagnant,
typifies death. Or at least, this is the sense in which I
interpret his statement.
" Springing water " is symbolical of life. Thus it is
designated "living" in Gen. xxvi. 19, Lev. xiv. 5-20, and
Song of Songs iv. 15. God is the " fountain of living
waters," «>., the source of life (Jer. ii. 13, xvii. 13). Bileam
predicts of Israel : " Waters shall flow from his buckets,"
t>., he shall live and flourish (Numb. xxiv. 7). "The
righteous is like a tree planted by streams of water," Le,,
receiving continual moisture, so that he never ceases from
yielding fruit (Jer. xvii. 8 ; Ps. L 3). Water cleanses
from moral filthiness, ».e., regenerates the soul (Ezek.
xxxvi. 25). Thus "springing" (t>., "living") water is
used for the purification of one who has been defiled by
contact with the dead (Numb. xix. 17). Likewise, at the
ceremonial of cleansing the leper, the birds that were em-
ployed had to be killed over running (t.e., living) water
(Lev. xiv. 5f ; cf. LXX., t. /.). And when Aaron and his
sons entered the tent of meeting, they had to wash with
water that they should not die, since having been pre-
viously unclean (in a ritual sense), they required to be
purified before approaching the sacred symbols of the
fountain of life (Exod. xxx. 20). For " water puts off" the
deadness; it is one of the means by which we must be
bom again " {Th$Witness of Hermas to the Four Gospels, C. Taylor, p. 88). " Except a man be bom of water and of the spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of heaven" (John iii. 5). Thus Jesus offers the woman of Samaria "living water" which shall spring up into eternal life (John iv. lOf). And on the day when God's unity and universal sovereignty shall be acknowledged by all man- Digitized by Google Death, Burial, and Moummg, 115 kind, living waters shall come forth from the apparently inanimate Jerusalem, after which the holy city shall dwell safely, i.e., have a new lease of life (Zech. xiv. 8). Likewise in Ezekiel's dream of the regenerated Jeru- salem (xlvii. 1-12), perennial waters flow on all sides, nourishing fruit-yielding trees that shall never fail, because the waters issue out of the sanctuary where dwells "the Source of living waters." In this connection it is worthy of record that the ancient Assyrians and Baby- lonians made " little rivulets by the tombs, through which a constant supply of water could be kept flowing for the spiritual needs of the dead." This represented " the water of life," of which we hear so often in the inscriptions. Pure water was indispensable in all religious ceremonies, and ancient legends recorded that there was a ** spring of life " bubbling up beneath the throne of the spirits of the under-world, of which whoever drank would live for ever. It was of this spring that the water which ran in number- less rills through the cities of the dead was a symbol and outward sign " (Social Life among the Assyriam and Baby- loniam, A. H. Sayce, ch. iv.). On the other hand, the pouring away of water is figuratively equivalent to death. Thus when we die we are " as water (t>., life) poured out upon the ground, that cannot be gathered up again " (2 Sam. xiv. 14 ; cf. Targ, in loco). Job compares a man who dieth and wasteth away to waters failing {i,e., poured out) from the sea (Job xiv. llf ). And David poured out the water that the three mighty men had fetched' for him in jeopardy of their lives (2 Sam. xxiii 16) as an outward sign of the death they had risked. Again, we are taught that "the blood is the life," therefore it is not to be eaten, but to be poured out on the earth as water (Deut. xii. 23, 24; xv. 23). " I am poured out like water," exclaims the Psalmist (Ps. xxii. 15), I.e., I am drawing near to the end of my life. " Waters flowed over my head ; I said, I am cut oflT/* is the metaphor employed in Lam. iii. 54. " Pour H 2 Digitized by Google 116 The Jewish Quarierli/ Review. out thine heart like water," the poet addresses the daughter of Zion (Lam. ii. 19), i.e,, exhaust thy vitality in weeping, that God may take pity upon thy children. Further, when all Israel had assembled to acknowledge their sin in worshipping the Baalim and the Ashtaroth, they poured out water before the Lord, to show that the " old Adam " had passed away (1 Sam. vii. 6). And when an end shall come upon the four comers of the land, '' all knees shall be weak (properly " go ") as water," ie,, cease to exist (Ezek. xxi. 12). Thus the pouring-out of the water at a death may be an outward sign of the pouring-out of a human soul before God. Yet another idea seems to have been extant among the Indians, but I have not found a parallel to it. It is that the sprinkling of water drives away the spirits hovering round the place of burial, just as the Jews believed that the kindling of light in the room of the dead had the effect of causing the demons wandering about to vanish. Thus, in India, " when they have reached the place (of interment) the performer walks three times round the spot with his left side turned towards it, sprinkles water on it with a Saml branch and says (to the imaginary spirits) : — " Go away, disperse, remove from hence ; The fathers have made this place for him, Tama grants him this resting-place, Sprinkled with water day and night.'* (Riff'Veda,x.U,9.) When it is said that the place is sprinkled with water day and night, this implies that it ought to be thus honoured by the relatives of the dead. (Max MtQler, Anthropological Religion, p. 245.) It is a remarkable fact that in Jerusalem, the sanctuary of Jewish tradition, this custom is not in vogua Thus Joseph Schwarz, writing to his brother from the Holy City in the year 1837, says : " Here they know nothing of the practice of pouring out the water in the house of the dead Digitized by Google Death, Burial, and Mourning, 117 or in its vicimtj *' (Wissens, Ztachr./, Jiid. Theol,, Qeiger, 1839, iv. 159). Besides the custom of which I have written at such length, it is also usual to turn the mirrors towards the wall or to cover them up entirely in the house of the dead (See Taylor, The Dirge of Cohekth, Jewish Quarterly Review, IV. 539). Likewise in parts of Germany, the moment anyone dies, everything of a bright colour or glit- tering aspect, such as looking-glasses, windows, pictures, and clocks, is veiled in white cloth till after the funeral (Liebrecht, Zur VoUcakunde, p. 350; H.R, in Folklore Journal, vi. p. 77). In parts of Scotland, at a death, the mirrors used to be turned to the wall, or were covered up {Death and Burial Cuetoma, Scotland, James F. Frazer, in Fblklore Journal, iiL p. 281). Notably, in Ross-shire when a death takes place . . . looking-glasses are removed from the apartment in which the death occurs and the body is to be laid out (Folklore Journal, vi. p. 263). Mr. Frazer regards the custom as having arisen from the fear " that the soul projected out of the person in the shape of his reflection in the mirror, might be carried off by the ghost of the departed, which is commonly supposed to linger about the house till the burial " (The Golden Bough, i. 146). Might it not rather be traceable to a fear lest the dis- embodied spirit, wandering about in search of its former abode, might project itself into the mirror in which it beheld its likeness, and thus be irretrievably injured ? An explanation given by a writer (H. Prahn) in Ztschr, d. Vereina /. Volkskunde (L, p. 185) is that, if the looking- glasses in the room of the corpse were not covered up, people would be prone to see the coffin twice (the coffin itself and its counterfeit presentment), and that would betoken a second death in the house during the current year. In the event of a death taking place on the Sabbath, some of the rites detailed above must not be carried out until the termination of the Day of Rest These are the Digitized by Google 118 The Jewish Quarterly Beview. closing of the eyes, the stretching out of the hands and feet, and the covering of the head ( Fide T.B. Shabb. 306, 436, 1426). The corpse may, however, be washed and anointed on the Sabbath, provided the limbs be not strained out of joint ; the pillow may be moved from under the head, and the body may be laid on sand that it keep the longer from putrefaction ; the jaws may also be tied, not to force them closer, but to prevent them dropping lower (Mish, Shabb. xxxiiL 5). The reason for only a partial observance of the rites connected with the dead on the Sabbath is that they in- volve a profanation of the Day of Rest, which is only per- mitted in the case of a /enn^ person (See T.B. Shabb. 1516). Thus we are told that King David having died on the Feast of Weeks, which fell coincidently with the Sabbath, Solomon asked the Sanhedrin who had come to greet him on his accession (we must pass over the anachronism), whether the corpse might be removed on the Day of Rest. They replied : The Mishna teaches that the corpse may be covered and washed, but no limb dare be moved (Ruth. Bab. L 17). On High Festivals, however, the dead may be cared for as on week days. On no account is it permitted to leave the corpse alone from the moment death has supervened. The reason assigned by pn> "iMD (1126) is that evil spirits, which are of course incorporeal (cf. Mid. Tanch. ed. Buber Gen. 66), and, as such, anxious to effectuate their completeness, which they can only do by becoming incarnate, might avail themselves of the opportunity of entering into the dead body. How pathetic and refreshing in its natural simplicity is an explanation such as this, which comes to us as an echo from the distant, boundless realms of the primitive imagination. A. P. Bender. {To be continued.) Digitized by Google Persian Hebrew MS8. 119 PERSIAN HEBREW MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. The British Museum recently acquired a small collection of MSS. from Teheran, which will be of special interest to students who combine a sufficient mastery of Persian with a knowledge and appreciation of Hebrew literature. It will be best to arrange them in the numerical order which they occupy in the Oriental Series of the Museum MSS., after prefixing the general statement that they are all written in the Hebrew character, but that the language is Persian : — 1. A Persian translation of the Psalms, followed by several liturgical poems in the same language. Dated A.D. 1822. [Or. 4,729.] 2. "Haft Paikar" (i.e,, the Seven Images) of NizamL Eighteenth century. [Or. 4,730.] 3. Timsal Namah, known as the " Story of the Seven Vizirs," in the redaction of Rabbi Yehudah ; the legends of EUdad the Danite; Makhzan ul-pand (ie,, Treasury of Advice), etc. Nineteenth century. [Or. 4,731.] 4. The Prince and the Sufi (t.e,, Barlaan and Josaphat), in metrical form, translated from Abraham ben Hasdai's nnani ^T^n ^n. Nineteenth century. [Or. 4,732.] 5. Bible Stories in Persian verse, by MoUa Shahin. Dated AJ>. 1702. [Or. 4,742.] 6. Daniyal Namah, or History of Daniel, by Khwajah BukharaL Dated a.d. 1816. [Or. 4,743.] 7. Another copy of the work named under 4, followed by liturgical poems in Hebrew and Persian. Dated A.u 1812. [Or. 4,744.] 8. The Divan of Hafiz. Dated A.D. 1739. [Or. 4,745.] Digitized by Google 120 I%e Jeunsh Quarterly Review. In order to complete the account of the Persian Hebrew MSS. in the Museum, it will be useful to draw attention to the following numbers in the " Descriptive List of the Hebrew and Samaritan MSS. in the British Museum ": — Or. 2,452 (p. 11); Or. 2,459-60 (p. 21); Or. 2,466 (p. 42); Or. 2,453 (p. 69) ; Or. 2464 (p. 72) ; Or. 2,456 (p. 85). The first three are Biblical ; the fourth contains Persian glosses on Maimonides* 37Tan nDD; the fifth Jami's Tusuf and Sulaikha, etc. ; the sixth is a Vocabulary of diflScult words in the Bible, with explanations in Persian ; and the last is a treatise on compound medicaments, preceded by a calendar for the reading of the Torah and niaibn pnns. G. Margoliouth. Digitized by Google The SamaHtan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law. 121 THE SAMARITAN LITURGY, AND READING OF THE LAW. l/ It is not intended to attempt here a description of Sa- maritan literature, a satisfactory account of which is to be found elsewhere,* nor even to deal exhaustively with the liturgical section of it, but simply to call attention (so far as is possible within the limits of an article) to some of the chief points of interest in the latter. With the exception of the few hymns published by Gesenius in 1824, and the fuller selection of Dr. M. Heidenheim in recent years, the Liturgy is only accessible in MSS., 80 that its extent and elaborate chara-cter have not been very generally recognised. To give some idea of this, it may be mentioned that the collection in the Berlin library, for example, consists of some twelve stout quarto volumes — ^not to mention duplicates. Much of this, of course, is biblical: the rest will shortly be published, with a translation, by the Clarendon Press. The interest of the compositions consists not in their antiquity, for the earliest date that can be certainly assigned to any is the fourth century c.E., but in the view they present of the religious development of an obscure tribe surrounded by conflicting religious systems, and yet holding aloof from all. The beginning of the Liturgy, as at present constituted, may be safely placed in the time of Baba Rabba^ 322 to 362 c.E., who, according to a chronicle,* 1 See Natt, A Sketeh of Samaritan History ^ Dogina^ and Literature^ London, 1874. * GaUed Eltholideh, of Tarious dates. Edited by Neubauer, with trans- lation, in the Journal Atxatique^ 1869, p. 885 seq. Digitized by Google 122 The Jewish Quarterly Review, restored the services of the Synagogue. That some sort of Liturgy was in use pre^'iou8ly is indeed probable, and some of the existing prayers, of which no author is named, may have formed part of it ; but there is no proof one way or the other. It is more than probable that the earlier Liturgy consisted of passages of the Law almost exclusively. Under the direction of Baba Rabba a new departure was apparently made, a large and important body of prayers and hymns for various occasions being composed by Marqah^ and Amram Darah. Amram's work is called after him the ^MTiT, and their joint productions form the larger part of the Defter {hL(\>depa\ a common Arabic word for book. Before them stand a few prayers for daily and Sabbath use, whose authors are not named, and also the so-called prayers " of Joshua b. Nun," " of Moses b. Amram," and " of the Holy Angels." These may be from the earlier Liturgy. The following from the opening prayer, to be said at the beginning of every service, will give some idea of their general character^ : — " I stand before thee at the door of thy mercy, O Lord I my God, and the God of my fathers, to speak forth thy prcdse and thy manifold greatness, according to my feeble strength, for I know' mine infirmity this day, and consider in my heart that thou. Lord, art God in heaven above and upon the earth beneath ; there is none else beside him. Wherefore in thy hands I stand, and turn my face towards the chosen place. Mount Gerizim, the house of God, toward Luz, the mount^ of thine inheritance and of thy presence, the place which thou hast made thy dwelling, O Lord, the ^ Seyeral pieces were published bj Heidenheim in his VierteljahrsschHft^ patiimj more in his Sanuiritanische Liturgies Leipzig, 1885. Part of a oommentarj by him was edited by Banetii (Des Samaritanen Marqah . . . Abhandlwng, Berlin, 1888), and another part of the same by E. Monk (2Vt Samaritanert Marqah UrzaMung, etc, Berlin, 1890, v. Jbwish QuABTEBLT Bbyiew), both from the oniqae MS. at Berlin. * It is cited as l^Om nriD ^. The text published by Heidenheim, Op. eit., p. ISO, is here OOTrected from two MSS. ' Dent iy. 39. * Bxod. xt. 17. Digitized by Google The Samaritan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law, 123 sanctuary, O Lord, which thy hand hath fashioned. The Lord shall reign for ever and ever, for great is the Lord above all gods: righteous and upright is he. This, my prayer, is to the Preserver, the Living, for it goeth up to the Unseen, before him who knoweth the unseen things. Where is any God that helpeth his worshippers but thou ? Blessed be thy name for ever. There is no God but one ! '' The Defter contains by far the most important, the ear- liest, and most frequently-used pieces. It would seem, in fact, that until the fourteenth century this was a sort of Corpus Liturgicuntf whence selections were made for special occasions. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, C.E., this corpus was further extended (as was the case with Rabbini- cal liturgies) by the admission into the Defter of hymns and prayers by Abulhassan (mon ^), the Tyxian,^ who died some time before 1070, and Ab Gelugah (ronb^ n«), about the middle of the twelfth century, possibly a grand- son of the former. Considering the miserable condition of the people from the fourth century onward, it is not likely that they produced much liturgical work in the interval, It is not, however, impossible that some has been lost, for even in Samaria they had prayer-book revisers who omitted older and better prayers to make room for the recent com- positions of their friends. This was certainly the fate of some of Ab Gelugah's work, for two long prayers of his in Cod. Vat iii. are not found either in the Berlin copy or in the two copies belonging to the Earl of Crawford.^ This second period, which was poor in liturgical work, was exceedingly rich in theology. Abulhassan himself was the author of polemical and exegetical works, and Abu Said, * Eltholideh mentions oolonies of Samaritans at Aoco, Gaza, Gerar, Gsesarea, Bamasons, and in Egypt. Jacob, who wrote the continoation of Eltholideh in the middle of the fourteenth centnr j, was priest at Damas- cus, and there was a congregation there stiU in the sixteenth oentor j ; but it must have died out soon after. ' Or perhaps some of the prayers were only local. Ab G^logah belonged to Acco. Digitized by Google 124j The Jewish Quarterly Review. probably his son, wrote the Arabic version of the Penta- teuch.^ The third period of liturgical composition began in the fourteenth century. Up to that time, it will be remem- bered, there existed only the Defter in an extended form ; there were no special services, properly speaking, for Feasts or Fasts. The credit of iirst starting these is due to Pioihas b. Joseph, High Priest at Shechem from 1331 to 1387, a man who, though his sphere of action was restricted, fully deserves the title of " Great." By his own writings and by encouragement of others he gave an impulse to religion and to literature which lasted through the next two centuries, and can hardly be said, even yet, to have entirely died away. To his time and influence belong not only all the special services, but also the Chronicle of Abul/ath, and other works on grammar, lexicography, theology, and the like.^ The writers of liturgy, with whom alone we are now concerned, are, of course, unknown outside the narrow circle of Samaritan history. The most famous are : Abisha, son of the great Pinhas (not to be confounded with the biblical Abisha), an author second only to Marqah in popular esteem ; his brother Eleazar, often called, for the sake of distinction, 37ttrn« pITW "^rw ; Abisha's son, Pinhas, with his guardian, Abd Allah b. Shelomoh, a prolific writer; and Saad Allah, or Saad ed-Dln. These all come within the century 1330 — 1430. The evidence for their dates is very much scattered, but fairly well established. As an instance of the way in which it has to be gathered, and of the curious phenomenon of personal history mixed up with liturgical composition, the following, by Pinhas b. Abisha, from a hymn for the Day of Atonement, > For other writers, see Natt, op, cU,, pp. 138, teqq. Also Wreechner, Sanharitanuohe Traditionen^ Berlin, 1888, pp. xrii.$eqq,^ whoee oondnaiona
differ from mine in some points.
' I am inclined alio, with Vilmar {Ahulfalthi Annates, Goths, 1865,
p. xxxri.), to ascribe the ** invention ** of the famous roll of Abisha to
this Pinhas.
Digitized by
The Samaritan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law. 125
may be of interest ^ : — ** Before we read in the Book
of Moses the Prophet, I will make mention of that
which is meet to be remembered ; for that which is
worthy is stored up in my thoughts, concerning the
grandfather Pinhas, and after him came the affliction (t.^.,
death ?) of my father. I saw not his face, and he beheld
not my face, nor taught me his words nor the divisions of
the Scripture. After him was none left save only my
uncle Eleazar. By him I was cherished, and my heart was
strengthened. I was left (?) an orphan, yet he ceased not
to love me. But behold the star (»>., Abd Allah b. Shelomoh)
who taught me and brought me up ! The Lord reward his
work with good, cmd command the blessing upon him ! "
etc. The next important Liturgist is Abraham ('»!5np), early
in the sixteenth century — the last, perhaps, who can claim
much literary merit. The remaining authors are chiefly
indebted to Marqah, Abisha, and the earlier writers for
such inspiration as they can show ; they are for the most
part either members of the Danfi family, as Marj4n (also
called ni3D 3H), and Meshalmah, in the last century ; or of
the LeviticaP family, as Tobiah (also called Ghaz^l), and
his son Shelomoh in the present century. The latest com-
position I have seen is by Pinhas b. Isaac, written within
the last twenty years. The present priest, Jacob b. Aaron
b. Shelomoh b. Tobiah, seems to inherit the scribendi
KcucoriOe^ of his family.
At the risk of being tedious, the above very imperfect
list is given to show the range of this class of literature.
The names have been identified and dates assigned (in the
absence of history) only by a careful examination of the
epigraphs of all available MSS.
' From M8. Samar,, e. 5 f oL 68^, in the Bodleian Librarj. The text ia
not quite certain, bat I hare no opportanity of collating it at present.
* The '* Honse of Aaron " died oat in 1624, np to which time the priest
called himaelf hx^yi^ \T\2\\ The office then went to another branch, the
priest being called M^n {HSn.
Digitized by
126 The Jewish Quarterly Beriew.
Before proceeding to describe the contents of the Liturgy,
it may be well to say a word as to their language. All is
not Samaritan which comes from Samaria. The name
should properly be restricted to the Aramaic dialect of the
Targum; that is to say, the language spoken by the
Samaritans in the fourth century c.E. Its form, however,
is not very well fixed even by Petermann's splendid edition,
and a careful examination of his various readings shows
not only a great variety of forms and of words, but a
distinct Hebraizing tendency in at least one of the MSS.
(C.) used.^ In this dialect are written the compositions of
the first Liturgical period, by Marqah, Amram, etc. Since
these are numerous, and the MSS. (at least of some texts)
are many, it might be thought that they would help con-
siderably in fixing the forms of the dialect. But this is
not 80. The oldest Liturgical MS. now in Europe (of the
Defter, in the Vatican) is not earlier than the fourteenth
in popular use by Arabic. Later MSS. vary so much that
it is often difficult to* decide whether, e.g., lb for rh, CD
for ]1D, and more important differences, are due merely
to the carelessness of the scribe. Even when the text is
tolerably certain it is often difficult to interpret. The
following from a Litany of Marqah will illustrate this.
The text, which is quite certain, is : —
]«i )b "^mtt ]M pD bv rh r^P^ pw*^ P^ )^ '^nitt rh^n
: imnn )^w:i n'^mn )b n'^oD
•' Praise and glory let us speak, before we turn away from
this place, to him who endureth for ever, the Almighty
who giveth us life freely, though we anger him wantonly.
Whether thou give us life or death, both are in the power
of thy majesty!"
Heidenheim * translates HDS p n3DQ wfw " dem Gotte
^ These maj be due to local differences of translation.
« Virrteljahrsschri/t, vol. ii. (1866), p. 487.
Digitized by
The Samaritan Liturgy, and Beading of the Law, 127
bereitet von dem Verganglichen." Geiger^ corrects " with-
out ceasing, from henceforth." Geiger translates rrVrj "his
strength"; but the word is rfj'^O, "the power," the equi-
valent in meaning (and probably in sound) of nbM.
Heidenheim translates pD bv rh ]'»3ptt ]3W1 pa ]b '»mD,
"our protector is destroyed, and we bewail our protector."
Both translate mmn " thou art merciful."
In the second period (eleventh and twelfth centuries) the
language is still Aramaic, but it was by then "a tongue not
underst€Lnded of the people." It has an admixture of He-
brew, and many words already must be explained from
Arabic. In the third period the language is Hebrew, which
deteriorates more and more in quality, until it reaches its
complete decadence as it approaches our own time. It
was clearly in no sense a living language, and W6W only
employed, as among the Jews, because it was the sacred
tongue.
We may now pass to the arrangement of the religious
year, which depends upon the two conjunctions (nia:5) of
the sun and moon (1.) of Pesah, (2.) of Succoth. The
calculation of these is so important that, according to Ben
Manir (MS, Samar, E. 2, foL 136., in the Bodleian Library),
the secret of it comes down preserved " from the days of
the creation, from the angels to the father of mankind,
from Noah to Shem and Eber, to Abraham, the son of
Terah, to him who dwelt at Gerar, to him who said, * How
venerable priest, to Eleazar, who offered the incense, to
Phinehas, who stayed the plague, and set up the calculation
on Mount Qerizim, by the oak of Moreh," etc But the word
nms not only meant the conjunction of sun and moon,
which regulates the beginning of the month, it has the
secondary meaning of an assembly of the congregation, for
the purpose of paying the half -shekel (Exod. xxx. 13).
"Why is it called niD2?" says Abisha "Because in it
^ Z.d.M. O., xxi., p. 181.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
128 The Jewish Quarterly Revieu?,
Israel are gathered together in their assemblies, which are
hallowed, .... and they take and give every man a
ransom for his soul."^
Taking the festivals in order, there is then a special
service for the Sabbath of the rWG^ of Pesah,* which is
'^'^ nria nr\r^ — for the first of Nisan— for Pesah and
Mazzoth — for the six Sabbaths following — ^for Pentecost
(]'»a7Dn). In the latter part of the year there is the
Sabbath of the nia:5 of Succoth— the first of Tishri,»
B7T1P HnpD rrsT\r\ pnDT yymw — the ten penitential days,
nirr^bon "^ttV — the great Day of Atonement, when the
service lasts the whole of the twenty-four hours, the
whole Law is read, and at the end of it they exhibit the
great roll said to have been written by Abisha, in the
thirteenth year after the children of Israel entered
Canaan. Then follow the seven days of Succoth
and the festival of the eighth day of Succoth, called
'»3'»aB7n Tyia-^'* . nriD nam im.* For each of these
occasions (except the Day of Atonement) there is a short
form of evening prayer, a form for the morning prayer,
and generally, as for ordinary Sabbaths, a form for the out-
going (pIDD) of the festival. On the great festivals of Pesah,
Mazzoth, Hamsin, and Succoth, they make a 3n, or
pilgrimage to the sacred mountain, Gerizim. An interesting
account of the noDn 2n, when the Paschal saxjrifice is still
slain, and the lambs eaten on Mount Gerizim, is given by
Mills,* who witnessed the ceremony in 1860. The services
^ During a visit I paid to N&blns in the spring of this jear, the priest
informed me that the niDV of Pesah was to commemorate the meeting
of Moses and Aaron (Exod. iv. 27), and that of Saccoth in memory of
the death of Aaron. The MIDV falls two lunar months before the
festival from which it has its name ; or rather the date of the festival
depands on the date of the HID^.
* See below, in the order for the Reading of the Law.
* They do not use the ceremony of the Shophar,
* There is no mention of n^lfl nnot^, but they begin the Law on the
Sabbath after ^3^D*^n lyiD : see below.
* Nahlti4 and the Modern Samaritans^ pp. 248 seqq*
Digitized by
The Samaritan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law, 129
for the three other pilgrimages are much alike. That for
the niSDH an directs that " the people and the elders shall
assemble at the door of the synagogue before dawn," when
certain parts of the Law are recited. Then they march up
the mountain to the twelve stones which they believe to
have been placed there by Joshua, according to Deut.
xxvii. 4, reading Gerizim for Ebal. Taking off their shoes
(for it is holy ground) "they shall approach them and
bow down and kiss them"; then, after several prayers,
" they shall descend to the altar of Adam," reciting the pas-
sage from Marqah's Litany, quoted above (p. 126) — thence
to the altar of Seth, the altar of Isaac, and the altar of
Noah, where the service comes to an end.
The other festival services resemble one another in their
general plan. They open with the ^iDp (see below) ; then
follow certain general prayers, among others the b37
"f am nriD quoted above, then sections of the Law
usually a;CCompanied by parts of the Durr&n or Marqah.
Next come short ascriptions of praise (nana?'*) interspersed
with either psissages of the law or hymns. Here is an
example of a nnna?'* from the service for the niDOn niD!^ :
" The God of gods in his greatness blessed and sanctified
this day of the Sabbath of the conjunction, which is the
gate of the feasts of the Lord, which he appointed by the
hand of the great prophet Moses, the man of God. Happy
art thou, O holy people ! if thou pray with heart and soul
and say earnestly : And the Lord God planted [then the
more passages from the Law, and afterwards the distinctive
part of the service, hymns specially composed for the
occasion. Besides the festival services, there are special
prayers for marriage, circumcision, and burial. The ^IDp,
a great feature of the Liturgies, requires some description.
The following is a specimen from the beginning of the
^nsm ^IDp: **and God remembered Noah and every
living thing (Gen. viii. 1) ; and I will remember my cove-
nant which is between me and you (Gen. ix. 15), and I
VOL. VJI. 1
Digitized by
130 The Jeunsh Quarterly Review,
will look upon it that I may remember the everlastings
covenant* to the end ^ (Gen. ix. 16) ; and God remembered
Abraham (Gen. xix. 29); and God remembered Rachel
(Gen. XXX. 22)/' and so on. It will be seen that it simply
consists of biblical passages containing a mention of
remembering, strung together without any connection.
Sometimes the rjlDp is made up of whole verses, sometimes,
as in this specimen, of short fragments. Various explana-
tions of these selections have been proposed. Perhaps the
truth may be that they served originally, when the
Liturgy consisted chiefly of biblical passages, as headings
of the parts to be recited (something like the Talmudic
D'»3D^D), and that afterwards, when the services grew in
Now even a cursory inspection of the contents of the
festival services in the light of the chronology here
sketched will show that they date no farther back, as men-
tioned above, than the fourteenth century. The question
then arises, Whence came the plan of these special services,
and whence the views expressed in the later hymns ? A
few passages in answer to the latter question may perhaps
indicate the answer to the former. If the Samaritans,
while priding themselves on observing the law in every
detail, did not develop certain doctrines till late in their
history, the Pentateuch cannot indicate them with any
clearness. But it is well known that the Samaritans
reject all the Jewish Canon except the five books of Moses ;*
and from the fact that they have no dealings with the
Jews, it is generally supposed that they have no acquaint-
ance with Jewish literature either canonical or rabbinical
If it can be shown that the contrary is true, we shall be
justified in suspecting that most of the later developments
of doctrine, which they hold in common with the Jews, as
' 7.^., to the end of the section : see note 2 on the Order for reading the
Law.
' Their book of Joahna, in Arable, is quite different from the biblioal
book, and oomparatively late.
Digitized by
The Samaritan Liturgy^ and Reading of tlie Law, 131
well as the general plan of the liturgy, may be referred
to Jewish sources. The Talmudic passages relating to
intercourse with Samaritans have been often quoted/ so
that it is unnecessary to go into them here. Let us see
what evidence there is from the Samaritan side. It is ad-
mitted that their Targum ^ bears some relation to Onqelos,
and Abu Said (11th century) was evidently indebted to
Saadiah in making his version. He was in fact led to
translate the Law because he found the people using
Sctfwiiah's work, under the impression that it was by
Abulhassan.
But even in the 14th century, when it might be sup-
posed that there was less intercourse, we find the same.
Li the " Legends of Moses,"* reference is made to Moses
Maimonides, who is cursed as a heretic and perverter of
the Law : and the history of Saul, David and Solomon is
noticed, with an endeavour to cast discredit upon them.
The last is especially singled out for condemnation as being
the cause of schism in Israel by building the " rival" Temple
at Jerusalem. In the same treatise a passage of Isaiah
(ii. 3), dbByTT^a '»> nntl min M!:n P'^SD >D, is quoted
and explained in the sense that '' the true law shall desert
Jerusalem, the abode of falsehood," and thus the passage is
made to bear a meaning agreeable to Samaritan bitterness.
Heidenheim in his notes,* points out several parallels in the
•' Legends " with Rabbinical literature, and argues that the
writer had a good knowledge of Midrash. He also thinks
that the use of the phrase " Ancient of Days " shows an
acquaintance with the book of Daniel — but it may perhaps
be derived rather from the Kabbala, a knowledge of which
is, from other places, probable. By far the most remark-
' See Natt, op, oit,, pp. 42 and 43, note.
* The date of the Samaritan Targum can no more be fixed than that of
Onqeloe. Traces, however, already ocoar in Marqah of the existence of
some sort of Targum, though it was perhaps onlj oral.
' Translated by Dr. Leitner in Heidenheim's Vierteljahrnchriftj toI.
iv., pp. 184 seqq. * Ibid.^ p. 212.
I 2
Digitized by
132 The Jewish Quarterly Betnew.
able, however, in this connection is a commentary by an
unknown author, on part of Genesis.^ It was written in
Arabic in 1053 CE. The author quotes in Hebrew illustra-
tive passages from the books of Joshua, Samuel, Kings,
Isaiah, Elzekiel, Psalms, Job, Nehemiah, and Chronicles,
besides the Mishna. His quotations are adduced for gram-
matical, not doctrinal or polemical, purposes. Again,
Abulfath, in compiling his Chronicle in 1356, seems to
have made a careful study of the historical books of the
Bible, even going so far as to imitate the phraseology of
the Hebrew original in some cases.* Somewhat later the
commentator Ibrahim quotes Eccl. xii. 7 : bM DWH rmm
xh mn: nwH D'»r6«n, and Ezek. xxii. 22 : Tinn rp^ y^nn^
niD. The same willingness to borrow (of course without
acknowledgment) may be observed in the Liturgies. In a
hymn for the Day of Atonement, Abd Allah b. Shelomoh
says: viD37ai » T^nD D'»N-iinn bD mi D'^nsoa u^i^mn
♦ crrfbMn bDD >'» bna "^d D'^rf^iDi onnoan rh rr^y^ D'^w-iian
" The heavens declare, and also all creation, the glory of
the Eternal ; and his terrible works show to us, in things
hidden and revealed, that the Eternal is great above all
gods." Cf. Psalm xix. 2 : ^1WV^^^ b« TIM D'^nDDD D'^Q»n
y'^p-in T2D VT. The words D'»N-iinn bs mi look as though
which he considered inadequately expressed in the Psalm.
In the same hymn he says : Drraa^l D^DB? T rf^n fvwv T^
Dni«n:5 bDb nmn fwnn T^X " Hast not thou made with-
out hands the heavens and their heavens, and created by a
word all the host of them ? " Cf . Ps. xxxiii. 6 : >> 'nnm
aO!: bD VS nny) WV^ U^T^W, Farther on, in the same
hymn, he says: in« iDTiT nwib yr\p wribrt, "Our God is
nigh unto him that seeketh him," as Ps. cxlv. 18: nnp
ntstQ ^nvnjy^ na^s bDb VMnp bDb •»>. But Abd Allah
may have been copying from Amram, whose words are
■ Pabliahed by Dr. Neabauer in Jaum. A$iat,^ for 1873. » See Vilmar^ op. cit., p. xcriii, and cf. pp. Iviii and Ixxxriii. teq. Digitized by Google The Samaritan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law. 133 nearer to the Psalm: nnA nnp ipi^TV "picb iwpn ]Mf?S ■pTQC??, "Prayers shall be made unto thy name in truth .... thou art nigh unto them that worship thee." The whole of this hymn of Abd Allah is exceptionally full of Biblical parallels. He seems, like other writers, to have known Ps. cxlv. thoroughly, perhaps from the fact of its popularity among the Jews.^ In a hymn of Abisha we read : iDMnn naby piDT nHTT^ M^n ^{i^ir^^ rvi^^n bDb, " The beginning of all wisdom and the end thereof is the fear of him who fashioned the world." Cf. Prov. L 7: iT^a^Mn '»'» riMT* rnPT (Targ. : 'n^ «rbrn wya^n WVn) and Prov. iii. 19 : ir»n» piD V^M TD'* rm^rXD, >'» — the two having been read together. CJoincidences of thought are of course commoner. In some hymns in the Defter addressed to the Law (nm nnriD) the writer says : TOn yn^SOA V?5ai D'^^n ^VT^^ nrXA ]«T, •* Thou feedest with life them that hear thee, and crownest with grace them that read thee.** Farther on : nn nn bD WM Ty?23 TDK bD ]nQD HA, " Every great plague thou makest to cease : all healing cometh through thee." In the next hymn: l&Tpa in TTXTn '♦D'TO in U'^'^m "{rrDA in rP32b n^DDT in nn«a7D3, "It is the healing of life: it cleanseth the spirit: ithalloweththe soul: it converteth the heart" So in the hymn which follows, it is called nODIp irm, *' The restoring of our life," and '»'»m bboa, " The word of life." The similarity of these hymns to Ps. cxix. in general is so striking, that it is sufficient to mention the fact ; but other passages may also be compared, as Pa xix. 8 ieq.: "^TToam uniST '»'» >Tipo 0733 rQ'»B7D TV^'^'^n '»> mm 'w n-iiniD '♦^ rwn^ u^t^ mr^MD rro, '»'» ni2ttD db. So the Law is caUed often n'^ro n'»n3. It is curious to observe that on Ps. xix. 8, Rashi says of the Torah : n-i*»M» M^n D3 '131 BTDl&D, and refers to Prov. vi. 23, while the Samaritan writer of the hymn quoted goes on to say, without much Digitized by Google 134 The Jewish Quarterly Review. consequence of thought : yhy\ yo'^ xwn n'niMDb' '♦D^T ^^\h nOD'^MI nVbn -r^aD n DV bD, **It (the Torah) is not like the lights (of heaven), for they set and rise every day, but this is the great roll which gives light among us night and day." It looks as though he had read Rashi's com- ment and was anxious to correct his comparison, since else- where the Torah is compared to the sun. These passages are only meant as a slight indication of the extent of the Samaritan debt to Jewish literature, which will become more evident on a careful study of the texts. Nor is this surprising. Jewish literature was easily accessible at least to the learned among Samaritan writers, and through their means the later Jewish teaching, by its harmony with the divine law, could not fail eventually to gain general acceptance. Much might be written on this gradual development of the implicit teach- ing of the Torah ; but the source of a doctrine is often diflScult to trace, while the borrowing of a phrase is more easily detected, and it is for this reason that the above instances only are here chosen. II. The order for reading the Law may suitably be added to the above remarks on the Liturgies. After the learned articles of Dr. Biichler, which lately appeared in this Keview, it will perhaps not be uninteresting to notice the Samaritan system, as the subject has not been hitherto treated. The text, of which the following is a translation, is in Arabic, prefixed to a MS. (Peterijann, i.) of the Samaritan Pentateuch, in the Royal Library at Berlin. I copied it during my last visit there, and give it here precisely as in the text (though the Hebrew quotations are not always exact) only adding the references ajid numbering the Sabbaths, for convenience. The text is dated A.H. 1172. The cycle, it will be observed, is for one year. Digitized by Google The Samaritan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law. 135 " If God will ! We will set forth in this place the arrangement of the order of the holy Law, according to the Sabbath days every year, the course whereof has continued from the earliest times unto our day. This is the order of each book severally. The order of the first book in an ordinary year is for thirteen Sabbaths, beginning with the last Sabbath of the seventh month [Tishri] ; that is to say, the Sabbath immediately succeeding the festival of the eighth, and ending with the last Sabbath of the tenth month. But when the first of the seventh month falls on a Friday, then a fifth Sabbath is reckoned in that month, and an additional division is necessary, because the sections must suffice for two Sabbaths in the seventh month, namely, the fourth and fifth Sabbaths. If there be a fifth Sabbath in the eighth, or ninth, or tenth month, then the aforementioned extra section will be necessary, making fourteen Sabbaths. When the first of the seventh month is a Sabbath, the extra divu»ion is not necessary, because in that case the order is only begun on the fifth Sabbath. But God knows besi^ This is the complete division of the first book in an ordinary year, as follows : — (1) From iTtwnn to DIM Vl>\ Gen. iv. 25 ; (2) from rTI D-W to inb b«, viii. 2P ; (3) from inb bw to ^^ ^^, xii. 1 ; (4) from ^bib to Dmn« *»n'»1 (sic) xvii. 1; (5) from *»n'»l > This is to say, if Tishri 1st be a Sabbath, then the eighth day of Saccoth (Tishri 22nd), will be the fourth Sabbath of the month. But it' is laid down above that the law is to be begun on the Sabbath after Tishri 22nd. Hence the fifth Sabbath of Tishri only necessitates an extra sub- division when Tishri 1st is a Friday. « The Samaritan text of the Law is divided into sections {\^)ip)i which are carefully marked in all MSS.,and their total number given at the end of each book. In doubtful casea, as here, this division is important, since they always end the lesson with the end of a section, and the words quoted in the text, are always the beginning of anew section, except when the first words are not distinctive. Hence this 13^ ?X cannot be G-en. vi. 6, where the words end the section, but must mean the section beginning )2^ ^K C'* "*Ofe^^1), viii- 21, in the middle of the verse. The pVp are given in Walton's Polyglot, and in Petermann*s Targum, but not in Blayney. Digitized by Google 136 The Jewish Quarterly Review. nrrOA to IpQ '»'^'), xxL 1 ; (6) from TpQ '^*»1 to ^pT Dm3«1, xxiv. 1; (7) from ^pT Dm:wi to pryr rrb^n nb«x xxv. 19; (8) from pri^ rrh^n rht^^ to vbai npr> «ar»x xxix. l; (9) from vban npr'^ WtD*»1 to n3>T Wimi, xxxiv. 1; (10) from «2mi na^T to T-iin ^DW xxxix. 1; (11) when there is no addi- tional Sabbath, as explained, the lesson shall be from ^DV) X^^ri to nn^^n rpy^ Mn*»i, xliil 26 ; but when there is the additional Sabbath, the lesson shall be from xv\r\ ^DVI to 1Tb> ^OVb"), xli. 60; and (11a) from rvh"^ ^DVbl to NS'^1 nn^^n ^di>, xliiL 26 ; (12) from nr^^n fpv NS*»i to ^im bS> xlviii 3 ; (13) from ^nw bS to the end of the book. As regards the order of the Holy Law in an intercalated year, the first book shall then be divided between eighteen Sabbaths, beginning in the 7th month and continuing to the last Sabbath of the 11th month, including the fifth Sabbath which must fall in one of the five months, to wit : the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, or 11th month. But a subdivi- sion is made at ItV ^Dvbl to allow for the fifth Sabbath, whether it be in an ordinary or an intercalated year. The following is the division of the first book in an intercalated year : — (1) From n^^Kin to 37T DTMHI, Gen. iv. 1 ; (2) from DlwrT) 37T to >33n '^3«1, iv. 17; (3) from ^aan *»3«1 to ^db bw, viii. 21; (4) from inb bw to -^b Tb' ^- ^5 (^) ^^^ 1^ 1^ ^ ^^^"^ rrOA, xvii. 1; (6) from Dn:^ '^mi to TpQ »1, xxi. 1; (7) from TpD >'^') to pT Dmn«1, xxiv. 1 ; (8) from pT Dmn«') to Tpn'^ mbin nbwi, xxv. 19 ; (9) from xi^"^ riTbin rh^^ to rb3i npr> ^m^\ xxix. l; (lO) from vbin np37'^ HQ?^') to Dp*»1 npr\ xxxi. 17; (11) from npr'^ Dp'^') to n3n «2rni, xxxiv. l; (12) from r\T^ M2rm to np37> nB?*»X xxxvii. 1 ; (13) from npr^ nar^i to rrxn ppy^\ xxxix. 1; (14) from ^^r\ nov') ^ rxh> ^Dvbx xli. 50; (15) ffom itV ppyh^ to ^Dv wn^') nrr^nn, xliii. 26; (16) from nn^^n t\u)> ^G^^ to niD» nbm, xlvi 8; (17) from mD» nb«') to *»1Q7 bS, xlviii. 3; (18) from >"VD bS to the end. Throughout the reading of the first book shall be said, after the lesson, the first^ DV riM nUD» ' The text has '' seoond " erased, ** first *' being written in the margin. Digitized by Google The Samaritan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law. 137 roam, Exod. xx. 8 (where the Samaritan text has niDlD for -11DT). In soioe intercalated years it happens that there are two fifth Sabbaths, the first of them when the 7th month b^ins on Friday, and the second occurriag in the 11th month. When this happens a further division, besides the above, will be necessary, and it shall take place at m9 p, thus : from "^Ttt^ b«, xlviii. 3, to ms p, xlix. 22, and from rPiD 7n to the end. But this is of rare occurrence. And God most High is above all and knows all ! The order of the second book is for eight Sabbaths be- ginning with the first Sabbath of the 11th month and extending to the last Sabbath of the 12th month. If the year contain an interccdary month the Sabbaths are to be reckoned in the 12th month and in the last month. If a fifth Sabbath fall in one of the two months in which this book is read, then the order is for nine Sabbaths : the place (of the extra division) being nQ7!3 VU'X Exod. xv. 22. The following is the order of the second book : — (14) From ma» rbA to nnT O, Exod. vii. 9 (8) ; (15) from nnT "^D to pnw bwi, xii. 1. On these two Sabbaths, after the lesson, shall be said also the first n^», Exod. xx. 8 ; (16) from prw bw") to "^whwn »in2, xix. 1. This is the section appointed for the day of the conjunction (i>.. nODn niD2r), and after the section is to be read HtDD '^3, Exod. xxx. 12. K there be a fifth Sabbath, as mentioned, the lesson shall be from prw btn to nttWD V0^\ xv. 22, and (I6a) from rWD V0^^ to "^mham iDTnn, xix. 1 ; (17) from ^mhDn »inn to ^'n'sP^ rvynn >b, xxv. 2 ; (18) from nDTin ^b ^^Xi^^ to nn-m rm, xxix. 1 ; (19) from -am mi to naWD bw ^JTI, xxxi. 18 ; (20) from rWD bw ^mi to D*»ttnpn riM m^^X xxxvi. 20; (21) from D^'Onpn rw »37'»1 to the end. From the Sabbath after the conjunction to the lesson niin mi> there shall be said after the lesson, nm nnSi, Ex. xxxi. 13, and on the last (of those) Sabbaths (%je. No. 19) the passage mentioned closes the lesson, and the reader shall read with a loud voice n'bbnD nai> mn, xxxi. 14, and the congregation shall finish the Digitized by Google 138 The Jeunsh Quarterly Review. reading from the place rQ»n n«bMnQ7'» '^33 naQ71, xxxi. 16, to the end of the passage. On the last two Sabbaths (t.e. Nos. 20 and 21), after the lesson, shall be said \^ \^ -^^^ mr, Lev. xix. 2. The order of the third book is for eight Sabbaths, every year, without addition or exception. They are the first two Sabbaths of the first month (Nisan) and the six Sabbaths in Hamfi,sln, ending with the Sabbath of Amalek, The order is as follows : — (22) From rwd bw Kip^l to T^nw riM "^IS, Lev. vi. 2; (23) from yir{\^ ns '^12: to pnw HQ7'»i, ix. 22. On these two Sabbaths, after the lesson, is to be said "^TS^ID, xxiii. 2.^ (24) from pHM HQ7^1 to the first nQ7M IM a?^«\ xiii. 38 ; (25) from ntt^M 1M a?^W1 to ^-inM, xvi. 1; (26) from nns to DD-T^^rpni, xix. 9; (27) from D3-i*»2pni to '^iriD, xxiii. 2; (28) from ^T^^ltt to ^rw'or^:! DM, xxvi. 3; (29) from ^rv\pn:i DM to the end. On the Sabbath of D^n, the Sabbath of ma, the Sabbath of D^b^'M and the Sabbath of ^on, after the lasson, shall be said DrnDDI, xxiii. 15. On the Sabbath of ni^rn and the Sabbath of pbD^, after the lesson, shall be said ni^yno? nrna?, Deut. xvi. 9. The order of the fourth book is for eight Sabbaths, but in some years it extends over only seven Sabbaths, namely, when no fifth Sabbath falls in any of the first four months, for the beginning of this book takes place on the Sabbath next after the festival of the Pilgrimage of the Harvest {^'^^'pn m T^yia), and extends to the first Sabbath of the fifth month, as follows: — (30) From ^yo in-ran to nnp '^sn a?Mn rw Ntt?3, Num. iv. 2 ; (^31) from nnp '^Dn XD^n riM Ntt?3 to pHM b« -ai, viii. 2 (1). On those two Sabbaths, after the lesson, shall be said pHM bw nm ; (32) from yin^ b« im to -f? nbo?, xiii. 2; (33) from ^b nba? to mp np'^x xvi. 1 ; (34) from mp np'^^ to D'^DwibD nQ7D rhJD% xx. 14 ; (35) from D*»Dsba ntt7D rhJD'>^ to orDD, xxvi. 11 (10). On these four Sabbaths, after the ^ Then foUow Pesah and Mazzoth, with their proper lessons. Digitized by Google The Samaritan Liturgy, and Reading of the Law. 139 lessons, shall be said *»3nip HN *»i!r, xxviii. 2 ; (36) from oroD to npbon "^mi, xxxi. 32 ; (37) from nsbor\ '^r\^^ to the end of the book. On these two Sabbaths, after the lesson, shall be said the second "T^Da?, Deut. v. 12, to the end of the section (ver. 15). If there be no fifth Sabbath in any of the four months named above, the lesson, from DPIDQ to the end of the book, shall be taken as one. — And God is more wise! The following is the order of the fifth book for eight Sabbaths, beginning with the second Sabbath of the 5th month and extending to the second Sabbath of the 7th month, called the Sabbath of Hiscanti^ If a fifth Sabbath fall in the 5th or 6th month, the order shall be for nine Sabbaths, dividing at DTlS D'^as (xiv. 1). In some years this Sabbath, called Hiscanti, does not occur, because, when the first of the 7th month falls on a Thursday, it (Hiscanti) coincides with the Day of Atonement ; and if the first of the 7th month fall on a Sabbath, it (Hiscanti) will be the Sabbath of the ten days of Penitence. In such case the order of the fifth book will be for seven Sabbaths, and the completion of the Holy Law will take place on the last Sabbath of the 6th month, and its lesson will be increased so as to finish the book, from ntn Dl'^n to the end of the Holy Law.* The order is as follows : — (38) From Dnnm nfb« to ^mxb IKi, Deut. iv. 5, and after the lesson is to be said the second "TtDa?, Deut v. 12 ; (39) from >rn^ iMn to DD«^n*» *»D, vii. 1. This is the lesson appointed for the day of the conjunction {i,e,, niDDH niD2r). In the last section of it, ^bHtt7'» *»D rr>n\ vi. 20, the reader shall read with a loud voice l^'^mnrf? '»*» rntt73 na?N, ver. 23, and the congregation shall finish it together, with a loud voice, ^ rO^DH should stand for ri^^pH, but it apparently has some reference to Num. zxiL SO (^ri33pnV the only place in the Pentateuch where the word occurs. s The first Sabbath of the 7th month, having a proper lesson in any case, is not counted. Digitized by Google 140 The Jewish Quarterly Review. from 13W), ver. 24, to the end of the passage. After that they say NO^n '^D, Exod. xxx. 12 ; (40) from DDK^n*» *»D to un:iv nnR "^d, xi. 31; (41) from Dn» nnS "^d, to d^iddw, xvi. 18. When there occurs a fifth Sabbath, as mentioned above, the lesson shall be from Dnnr DHS >D to DHS D^Dn, xiv. 1, and (41a) from DPS 0*^33 to D'^IDDW, xvi. 18 ; (42) from D*»IDQW to the first ntt7H Q7'^H np*» *»D, xxii. 13 ; -(43) from ntt^M tt^'^N np^ ^D to mn DVn, xxvi. 16 ; (44) from mn Dvn to i«n'» ^d n'^ni, xxx. 1 ; (45) from ifcc* *»d mni to the end of the Holy Law. If the order happen to be for seven Sabbaths, as afore mentioned, then the (last) lesson shall be from nm DVn to the end of the Law. And God is more wise ! After the Sabbath of the conjunction, shall be said at the end of the lesson ^D^^l, Deut. xxxiii. 28 (?), and on the Sabbath of the lesson nQ7« W^H np"^ *»D (No. 43), the end of which is the passage nbDH "^D xxvi. 12-15, the reader shall read with a loud voice, *»3n>^2 niDM bM "^n^WV (ver. 14), and the congregation shall finish it together from v\pwn TtDTp p37ttD (ver. 15) to the end of the passage. And God most High is above all and knows all ! " A. Cowley. Digitized by Google The Ideal Minister of the Talmud, 141 THE IDEAL MINISTER OF THE TALMUD. Talmud Babli, Taanith, Mishnah, 15a, Oemara 16a and b. Introduction. MISHNAH. — ^What is the order of service for the [seven]* fasts? They brought the Ark [containing the Scrolls of the Law] into an open place of the city and sprinkled ashes upon it, and upon the head of the Prince, and upon the head of the Chief of the Beth Din, and every man placed ashes upon his own head. An Elder said before them words of great solemnity : — " Our brethren, it is not said of the men of Nineveh, ' And God saw their sackcloth and their fasting ' ; but, ' And God saw their works that they turned from their evil way ' ; and in Holy Writ it is said, * Rend your hearts and not your garments.' " They stood in prayer, and brought before the Ark an Elder who was qualified, and who had children, and whose house was free from transgression, so that his heart should be perfect in prayer , and he said before them twenty-four blessings — the eighteen blessings of the Amedah, and added six thereto ; and these are they : — '' In my distress I cried unto the Lord, and he heard me ; " I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills . . . '* ; " Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O Lord " ; " A prayer of the afflicted when he is overwhelmed." * These Beven fasts were appointed by the Sanhedrin to f oUow a series of six in the event of the continuanoe of the drought in Palestine.] Digitized by Google 142 The Jewish Quarterly Review. Rabbi Judah says he need not say mariDT and ntiSW ; but he could say in their place : — " If there be in the land famine, if there be pestilence *' ; " The word of the Lord that came to Jeremiah concern- ing the dearth." And he completed them in the following manner : — For the first he said : — ** He who answered Abraham on Mount Moriah, may he answer you, and listen to the voice of your cry this day. Blessed art thou, O Lord, who redeemest Israel." For the second he said : — " He who answered our fathers by the Red Sea, may he answer you, and listen to the voice of your cry this day. Blessed art thou, O Lord, who rememberest forgotten thinga" For the third he said : — *' He who answered Joshua in Gilgal, may he answer you, and listen to the voice of your cry this day. Blessed art thou, O Lord, who hearest the trumpet-blast." For the fourth he said : — " He who answered Samuel in Mizpah, may he answer you, and listen to the voice of your cry this day. Blessed art thou, O Lord, who hearest cries." For the fifth he said : — " He who answered Elijah on Mount Carmel, may he answer you, and listen to the voice of your cry this day. Blessed art thou, O Lord, who hearest prayer." For the sixth he said : — " He who answered Jonah from the whale, may he answer you, and listen to the voice of your cry this day. Blessed art thou, O Lord, who answer- est in the time of sorrow." For the seventh* he said : — " He who answered David, and Solomon, his son, in Jerusalem, may he answer you, and listen to the voice of your cry this day. Blessed art thou, O Lord, who hast compassion upon the earth "... GEMARA.— . . . The Rabbis have learnt:— "They * The introdaotion of the *' seventh " is explained in the Gem&ra. Digitized by Google The Ideal Minister of the Talmud. 143 stood in prayer." Even if he were an Elder, and a man of learning, they did not appoint him unless he was qualified. Who was qualified ? The Ideal Minister {Suggested by the reply of the Gemara), Behold him humble and with nought of wealth, Except the righteousness within his soul And knowledge which adorns his noble mind, More precious than the riches of the earth. Gentle and meek and lowly in his ways, Knowing his wisdom comes not from himself. Labour despising not nor scorning toil, The curse of labour to*a blessing turns. And he hath children, fashioning his heart Unto the feelings of a father's love, So that with fervour and with earnestness He prayeth for the sons of other men ; And unto all he is compassionate As hath a father pity on his son. Closed are his portals to unrighteousness, Guilt findeth not a place beneath his roof. His fame is perfect and his name unstained, From youth through life's career unknown to sin. Unto the people ever welcome he, For there dwells that in him which lures the heart, A perfect and a wondrous sympathy, Embracing all their sorrows and their joys ; Breathing the word of comfort in their woe, Rejoicing in the welfare of their lives. What can surpass the sweetness of his voice. Revealing all the beauty of his soul ; Digitized by Google 144 The Jewish Quarterly Review. Unto his heedful hearers, gathered round, Intoning solemn words of holiness. Enthralled they listen when he reads the Law ; The sacred words sink deep in every heart, And leave an impress of authority, Holding them there with true and mighty force. They hear from him the Prophet's holy words. The thunder of their warning and reproach, The bitter lamentation for their sin, The pleadings and the promises of good ; And in the sound outpouring from his lips, They seem to hear the Prophet's voice again. And when he reads the books of Holy Writ, Telling of glory which hath passed away, His throbbing heart wells forth in song so sweet. It seems an echo of the voice Divine, Inspiring them with hope that yet once more The glory will return which hath been theirs. His lips are steeped in wisdom handed down In golden links unbroke from sire to son, LoQg treasured race-traditions old and dear. To be preserved through ages yet unborn. Speaking in glowing words of metaphor. He shows the beauty of their ancient faitL His prayers mount up like incense from the shrine, And bear a people's anguish to the Throne. And when he stands before the sabred Ark, A thousand prayers unite and rise as one. This is the chosen Minister of God, To lead his people in the righteous way ; Yet not alone a picture of the mind, A dream of what a minister must be, Behold the Rabbis in their wisdom gazed On Rabbi Iscah, Immi's noble son. Nina Davis. Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Hashirim. 145 AGADATH SHIR HASHIRIM. {Concluded from Vol. VI., p. 697). [ 'n rmn9 ] too DnHswa D*K3 ^>enB^ -p rm k^w ♦ pn8rn JlTXan ^iK (K ^dS • dijjdS nir K^ne^ kSk p-rn ^k p-itJ^n nWan *3K «"•? niDiKn oniDnn pia d^w 'tb^ id nw n^K^itrne' tiid • d^poyn najriB^ •fB^iTQ (126a) ant ^B' mayi dK^Kna Ttrni kod nnin^ ane^ n^nK' 805 D^KUD rn • nnpn pnisn nw pDyo {wSK^n vn ^tnpch ly^an n^nom doion vm dnoD^ r);2i:i n^n tb^hi dnoni d^^^Kni d^a^y 'TDiKi -i^B^n pDo dn^n rn rrwih iran ♦ dn^^DD pnoiy inni^am d^poyn naenB' pirn nWan ok idjo -p^ • ^kd on^Sn *d '^^ iniK rw ^no^K ♦ piB^n nSvnn ok k"*? : d^iyn Kintr *d^ najr wddb' sio roB^B' IK B^i • m^B' noK • d^n p "tb^ iSye^ {vs dipoS 'x^ ^rane^ ly dnD3 n^no n^ni d^n iin^ nTB^ p^rm n*n nr • d^poy 'w B^i : B^3 ny d^D ikd ^d d*n^K oy^enn '3B^ • iDiDina d*Dn nD 1DDD3 dsn ^pD^ya cm iin^ 'tb^ m^tr nyB^a d^pDyn r\:^m^ iS^nnn • in^na ^y dSKoe^m oa^D^a dnD^n vni dn^^y dn^B^K^a 815 'IK • mn ^npn b nyoni doino no 'iki • {nyovDi d*Dn "tb^ nK roni -p^^ "^^^ •"'^^^^ "P ^J^^ k^i *Dy^ d^D3 ^n^B^ n^npn j^oDi • HBiD rwv "pi pipo^ d^Dn ntn^i d*D h^ paon aip^ dsn ymr* vt"« b^ki vtDDa napa riBneo pipan nn nsn isb^ ^ wy K^i tiiD d^ hv non dipDn dn^^y nSyn nyB^ nniK • ov^anS 820 •p^ • rrw 'TD1K rni d^n ^ nnKi hb^du |n*^iiD nnK p^no k^k p nSyBO dipD^ "xw dni3K n? k^t :pTB^n nSvan ok idw nnryi W^d no^n nr k^i : p-irn n^van idk3 is^ • B^n jb^dd nyeo ^kot nt k^t : Bt<n jb^dd iino i^yB^ nyBa dipoS nB^ : nviK DiOD nSyB' 825 TOL. VII. K Digitized by Google 146 The Jemah Quarterly Review. •p • D^mnn pa nfeo r\:mt^T\^ -pns D^Hinn |^3 T\yffW2 (3 'iVDD i^nvi 1^ nyra dw ^hd^k ♦ niDiKn pa d^w 'tb^ D^mnn naK^ nnn n^cn^^ (1266) nn^^niu dk D^ninn p rimh X nnK D^D ini 830 iniK nwn dn^BO nrn nienn to ♦ 'y\ ij^n ^Xy3 nifinoi njmDB^ HBT^Dn "tb^ loip n^ • '3*d in od^ itoj; k^b^ ny "le^ vn 'ui ly^n ^vya niDW «"•? : ytDB^ii ne^a '^^ inn "«5t< ^3 itdki 1^ pno o^*K linn nK3 nin niDnne' Tn3 dipo^ ntDK 'tb^ nn 835 *mDn i^^va '^ no D^*p^ • pn^vi xm\ qkid n^n k^ t'y ^ wip-a nDDD nnK k^ in-nn nanS ^mon *iK ♦ ^D^n^ pintD vnoi ♦naa^i V-MD1 • l^^Vn IB^^ UIDTU ♦ IDVyO K^S D13D 1^ W HDH K^ *nW : KVD3 T"® ^^DO 'JB' HD D^^p^ mm nnn i^k • ^3r6 pino i^^K nnnK *^y i^:ni ^btd ^b' nn nt p\n n^3 '?« *iN^in (T 840 : ni2Kn ID nmnn^ naw nrn n^inn no ♦ 'ii niB^^B^N3 ^ilDfiD Gl 13^K nSinn to rh\rh "ib^ 1^3 hd^ vC^ : n^waS povD 'x^ 13^K nrn -»nn id • *rD rwDn ne k^k khd na kSi n^^m k^ ^dik : D^DDH nmBn nn^Kn ^oyo k^k iniDni p^ip «Si niDoo b^id 845 'JB^ HDD HB^ nr • ^3*pann w^d^i ♦ ^B^N^S HPin I^KDB^ ^3B^ HDB^ ^B^-i^ nnn i^KtDB^ «"•? : iniKon ynt hbid pD^^ yh\o i^^K H5^-i^ nnn '^kdb' k"t : nDipo pD^ni npnro ^kdb^h • n'apn D^B^n* m HDHK nr^ ♦ D^B^n^ niii Dantt ^nyae^n (t ^^ iy niy i3Dn fe6 Dnni Bnpon nu nw dn^on "ib^^ n'^npn tokb^ ■iBiB^ yipnDi dnn d3 kw^d 'jb' hd d**p^ • dn^rn 10 h^p \}nx^T^ la^D niDy^ K^B' n^Dpn '^B^n 'ui n-nyn dK nw d&< j lyDB^n ntDD K"T • 'IVDD miKDV n^< K^VinB' ^tDD • nWDM TOK3 "p • niD^D ^^nn •»1W KIHB^ l^DD niKDV 1K-Jp3B^ 'IB^D niKDVD ]n)H yOB^ 855 ♦ nnDTOH nK yrjnrD ^<1nB' ^dd mB^n m^^^KD (I27a) n s wa w n1^<DVD K"T : ni^^^K V?m^ '^^ ^ip -uto ^im '^* ^ip 'jb^ hdd : y*KDi »DVD dD^OT nn nvD^on hv nmno dK • nwn r\)h^'vo, Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Hashirim, 147 xTwA Diip «3^ x^^rm 'iSipn i^*k Ki HT Hin ^TIT 'jlp (H p^np mjnr me^ lown h\p jttxw iri : k3 n? n^n nn Sip Wn 860 nnw nnen pcc^ id^ ♦ po'wo rrt^yi p^em nitDipD rrwv^ k^S trScn Tfiij^ 'TtDK • pr u^ ^5» • 'wi ^axS ♦tn HtoH (ID • TDU^ IK K'l : .TTZDIK iniK HfiWI * {pT ISt dSij6 T^naD T'*^ 865 nrtx^ TtD^ ♦ 3py* nsy rxso nD '^B' nD3 • th\v kSk naiyS tk : noipD^ mtin K^-«r nrDBTi riK Dipon ^ ^p • dSiya *^wh Dipon K'n : roDi ^"£0 nKi3 Dipon to^ ♦ ^yhrw^ nnK idij; nr nan • 6 ninnDj mm npc^. K3V jvdb^ • rwon nr noAnn p m^e^ • rrwD Kn Kin noSi ♦ iSr6 miKnp pnv ititdd Tyn ^o *:0 rMHi^ 870 • noro Siro Kintr in ^ v:i ^330 ni^D nr • nSij; hvr\^ p^no te Kineo -iw Kine^ 'nan v^ 'dwt no3i : n)j tweo ikdd '^b' HKD PB103 *nn^n 'n^n 'ok y pn nK j^^ne^ iv5 n^npn ^mt • t^» 'TB^ 6«^ kSk • pavn p Ka Kin ixch\ : nDB^a Kip* ^mx^ mron *nmrn tdk3 -p S^ae^a • jifivS iiiiDn dnoy nSa Sii^as |1dvS 875 Kin p\-6 • peitn p k3 rhryy nn n^m ^ptm 'dk pi ♦ jidvo iS< n^n^ nab mneS '-idk3 -pS • ina^ dipoS • DmS l^in : Di-nn nye^ kSk naiy \jh dnjri ♦ mio nye^ Dip mvh 'IK t*K • nSiKin K^n it • '131 "h ^ONI HIT HiJ^ (^ ne^PM wnwB^ 'fc^ ^ f^**'* V^ ^'^W nnwDnK^ • aen^ Kinc^ kSk 88O : nion 1^ \h T^m ri^ Dran na^n (I27ft) nay VHOn HiH ^3 (K^ : nny^B'n ^d^ • wn Torn ny ♦ x^pn^in nwo 6*k ♦ pK3 1^ni D^iXiH (2^ ^ 'ttDKi mi naj; k^t : nay* D^vny "t^or '35r noD ni^So h^ wm 885 *3i«fe ni^bo ^ p3T j^iinr "qidS iKan?' iv3 ♦ ^n^Ti i^ *»ip m IDK K^n : najn D»DTin Ti^n '3B^ no D^*pS • t"6y piy onon : Dni^ nn"n -jS nw j«nn*S n'npn 'iKe^ ova ^n**xn i^ ^oip pna ijrani innnK 5|ii-i njne n^ne^ 'tb^ iS^k ♦ j/^DH ^WPll ^WV (1^ • nSw) nn^vn ptn kSk • -nn^v mSe^ oy imo oipon i^k d^S 890 ^Kior ^n*i 'IK Kin pi • 'iai 6k pyvn no n«w3 'ik Kin pc^ K 2 Digitized by Google 148 The Jewish Quarterly Review. D*n nnnK p nriK-iBO • nav^ i^«wd3b^ "ib^ nD35 ir j^on ^una K^» n'npni • in*a5 njna kv^ • nnnn tinn vo^m piod^ -uid nDn^o HK^^fir iy toh^d b^k Kine^ y^nin i6i nn^» njno *rii5 895 • pnc^a njnD ^<v^ : ya^ '^^ pronSo b^k '^» '3b^ nra • njnB *r:33 T\^\ yai^n njne kv^ ♦ |viw npnv e^niS '3B^ • npi^^ Kir n'npm D^^^nD J iB^-i3 nxne^ yniai '3tr • yniDS npnva kv^ n'^npni • D^v^m •T'npni ♦ Dion ^y njnD n^vi • i5b>.T i^v^n niK^ nnon pna n:ii^ ^3B^ innn^y IT j^DH nana k't : ami n^v -p^mi 'ob' ♦ na^D nSit 900 HDn nmn HD^ ivD ♦ nnn n^nnna nv^nn 'jb' nD3 • »3^ %n n^DH 'D« • n^^y nSa*p ♦ iS KB^a^ne^ n^ nB^ bt^^d kihb^ t^^ • i^DH ^3rK3 inm yoiB^ ^3ki nan *^ 'dik • nniK nK-» ♦ nnimS n^iKan nr ^^^<■«D *i'Knn 'tb^^ n'apn id inK^ • any n^ip rv^rw nyaB'a iIbt^d hstb' b>KytDB^ '"11 pyoB^ "\ nD^a "ib^S n'lpn K^anr 905 nSy^ 'DK1 ♦ nn« fnon n«5^-in kvo ♦ thms^h pSiy wb^ dhwh ny n^iDoi • *y^3BVi y^inB' ny d^id ib^ i3 ^a^n pi (I28a) non IV3 • r\ior\ 113 Klip HM injoy ny • on^a^a nipSmi • nn^ iy^:inr Sy • inn^ ^y ^^1^<il^ kuhb' Kin ^na 'dk on^ie^ hbwh y^anB^ K"! X niVD3 i^ip ^ynDBTi D^aitD d*bw3 ^^^<•^o *ifcnn idw h^k 910 n^HB' HB^ ^ iSipa 'TB^^ nD ini3 nry^K 'i 'dk : i^ip o^nDB'n •^3^^ nB^ '3B^ hdd ♦ ^d ^-^ d^^b^ ny 'tb^ ^5i Bnni sb'v 'nyoa : Dn^^onn 3iy i^ip ^3 m:i^ ^ipa ^3Ki n^n^K '»^ *33K 'DKB^ nyB^n ^ nn ♦ 'iii lS ^iKl ^S nn (lb 915 nynnjo • d^^b^ib^s nynn : DnDyn teo n^iio ^S on^^ni 'dkbo iS Dy iS^« -pKV ^3D ynn yn* • 'ui wn^n "ib^ nyi-» 'jr 'ib^ jik : 'TB^ nwyniD nuynBO ♦ D^S'jxn IDil DVn PlIfi^lT ly (r i^^H D^^^vn 1D31 i»y *33 Sni jn*^ nayriB^s Dvn niD^ ny k't 920 JO Dm^K piBW tan^ ^a« niDt • 'iai nn i^ rrcn 31D : di^ »j3 J Dnnan Dn^aa i^^K D^aiDp • Do^prn D^nvon i^*k D^'tJTIB^ \h ITHK Clb 'TB^ ^ mo iinS D333 nsiB^ ♦ D^^nan p. -niv "tb^ iti vrw Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Sashirim. 149 •■noD iwoi tD^n^n iKtri i^*k n'^i^^ D^bno -no^nDi p3V nnni 925 nfe DmnK ^ ijnt kvo^i D^nvo^ niws^w nup^ni d^d D^Sn^ni [ 'a rrano ] W3 ♦ ^Bffii nariKtr hk ^ntrpa nMa ^aaj^to Sjr (k ffapn |n^ 'dk • nTnnn n^a K^^B' pUD vn nsi^ra 'tb^ innpw 930 ^ rm^p pK nnyD n i^nnpo dhk p« • wkvo vh) vnbpa mnwD nw • wD-iK K^i vnrnH wa pnv* nw DniaK npya^ Dipoa s ')!) IV nv (168i) Mi) an 'Tgn^ n'npn 'd«w ♦ n^a HMIDKI Ki HDIpK Q /UJT naroa • ^B^3 nanwr n« nB^pn^^ : mn nnn nw D3^ 31d 936 7n n»w nye^a mm* Yk ♦ nM^ *mb^ ^jr k't : dn^ena neiD Siw innK T)^ mv^i vnKVO kSi vnBT?3 ^ikb^ ^^tho mn 'TB^ p>6 i^Dn b)v^ rht^ Tya n331D^<1 K3 noipK k''t : ^imoS : ni^inan pa i^dj; -innoD nn "nn iS iidkb' Toa ^iW5^ ra ^d^d mnine^ nya^a ♦ liS'iK N7l VHTPIN (T 940 »6i iwnK K'T : DiBn kihk^ nno ^1W5^ n^ni niDDn ^ dn^yn n*3 im 'DK^ ^^y>7\ nanx n»D jtiin nK Mncr in n^n no udik ♦a ^ npta m-»in -nn Sk ♦ *dk nu ^k vnKnne^ njr nTnan naron nnn mina nanw ^ inSAu i«voi nnron ^y ^i^Din^ 'le^* : 'TB^ ^ niianipn nw n"3pn h^ k^i 945 i6ni Mnw rhvn -laTO.n |d *di ♦ imDH jfi n'jiy JIKT ^D (1 •••QTO pK3 inKVO* '3B^ HD d^^p^ 13TO3 ^KVID dn« ^n^T ^^<*VtD5 no >6k • vn jbtd *di • iw niitDns nmon p rhw rm *d ^<''*T npw p*M niDiKn b -p ♦ nv^ i^in «intr dipD b ntn twi 950 »6r toVd • ten npax teo n^u^i no mopo j 'ivdd 'x^ "hw wn ntn ion no • dn-»3K nt • no miDpo «'i : dite dn^on vn n'lpn 1^ iDK -pi • d^pnvn teS wc\ Dm3« hd • dnxj^nn teS pDiW^TTO pnv* nt mnSi *nniDn nna m pnv* n« "h :i'n^rh teo • wnte naron n:i ^ pnv* *Tpp3 -p mron ^na te n^n^n nn 955 Digitized by Google 150 The Jewish Quarterly Retnew. n:n^i id r\iopo k"*! : yov ^^ pan '^ hdd ypi^ m ^n np3K an^ (129a) ♦ n'? a^iD Dma^i D^rr ihba nrt (t :D>Dne^ 96D D^ K'n : nS^an it mBT?3i aion new m ^anna • ^ttx^n new ■TDK^ ]3 hv 'iB' • mm nr • nDrto onoa dhd^d dhb' note a^3D Dnu^3 DHJ^ ptron nr rtdyzh^ Tn»o n^n : '^ r\yorho icDa • nonp iDJTDn ♦jb^ tr^inni ':»> • onD^e^ i^^ 'tb^ nn>3D fcri n^ D^K nanwD K^rre^ n nonD no ♦ D^n^D hd^^b^ n:n «"•» : 'w nr nt^^^ moo n:n «"•» : o^iTa n« nt i^niK rn ip wtki 970 nojnDnii nrn • xh\VT\ fea rnii n^nc' no^j? ^y td^^ nni noSc^ • n^TOn -nonn hk isn ':b^ • -noin ^ k^ rh^^ n*n k^i iniste ntn • in^n "r^ ^y d^ ^ irn • nn^n "ik^ hv ^^^ T\vrh irn *:bd royro, niA ^id^ n^n k^ moo ^y t)Ki ♦ ihdd ^ Kb>K e^ k^ nK' Diipnin p nty^^K '-i ^k^b^ ovn ann nin« d^id • nijn nmn 975 nujniD in^3yo vnc^ ni^^b nnao • iDn^ ^p nnn b^k itDC^ Di^a nt i!?B^ ♦ Di^B^ Di^B^nB^ ♦ naSe^ ^'^an h nrv jvisn (o nnn doik ^^B' 'jb^ no D^>p^ D^Bnpn i^^k ♦ jwn^n ^vyo • piKn :nn«n Bnpn 980 inT'Bn 5|DD D^pBnno Dnioyn i^^k ♦ tpa riB^ VTlOy (* HDnen n paiK nDio : iino anr mias n^B^i ♦ nnia^n nt nnr i^^K nnnK tjivi Din • id^-jki n^Dn rorss^ n^B^i • p3T« ^ : Dn^ iD"ia }n 'tb^ ibw^ no nioixn i^-'K D^Bnn^ nwno nini^n • K-13: Bnpon n^no n^B'Knao D^iyn nna it (129^) pn^DK le'n 935 Dnnn i^^k ^idd nB^ vtidp ^bi^ ^bo jvw pK Kip>i nm 'ae^ ^B> i^^^ye ♦ y^'5in nr ant im^ai • onioya j^nxn ^33 ^y jnoiy inc^ niB^Bj i^''K • nanx tjiri win ♦ nuDn kdd nt pnx la^no • Db^j^ Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Hashirim, 161 rM iTa "iwt 'x^ • D^pnvn niB^ ijod d*:b^i ikdd pdd odwdi V^ • T^^ *^'* ^^ I3^^nn "•^"^^^ '"^"^^"^^ ^^^"'^ ^S5 "^^"^ * ^^^ ^" ^2 -nnw DrrQK jnt '3B^ n'npn nic uhkb' D^pnvn niB^w ♦ nan« n>BTO in niBneni ^tne^ ni:3D b^ ^aniK ^wn^ 'ik Hin pi : Dwn oy nu'iynD D>pnv nic^j i^hi • niDii6D ^ktb^ 995 'XT noD D^n ^y loftc i^ mo^*]^ moyn • i^ Di^nK' i?Dn rwsnr^ ysrp nrnfffp Dni« ^iD^nD • n'apn on^ 'd« • nyi d^ij6 hi^d^ '^» nD* n^ r-inoB^ • o^d nn mnDy it in:inn Dvn >B^nn nis^o nny Hinc^ D^K^D *D^3 niDwn ^5 n^^mi n:^Kv k"i : o^Ki^on looo 'w yf^i 'xy • nv^i Dwo Dva loynD Kinc' niDyni niMni • v^J? '^ '» • niD^on jon i^ K^ni • nh^v iyi nnjnD irv inn on-'^y 'Dw i6k ivnwD Dni nnx nyi D^iy i^d '^^ • iyi dSij6 ti^o^ * *mK Dnnboni omtDynK^ ny ni^-'^n vh) no^o ^^ pK ^n^nD *i\irh r« rt>iin DnxB^ D^D^ ta iDi^ ^Kptn* -ibd3 niKnv kvid nnx pK 1005 p^v nna D^reno i^yi '3b^ ♦ dshid^ nirnnK^ ny nisSoi ni^^^n "h • n^WDn nD^ i^n< iwinn W2 h"^ : nsi^on ""h nn\ni 'iw • 'ui Drai • '131 nb ^y inn cnwDi 'i« win pe^ inn^ n^npn h^n^x^ mwsn D^Ti ^n^ai ':b^ • enpon n^n po^nn • in^ nnoB' (I30a) Tt*2h n:*3fir nnns' inoinn ova igk i^ moy^B^ moya k"*! : D-'oya loio Dvai • n^an hv iia^ni cvn nro d^kii oyn ^di '^ : cnpon : n>nn nx no^K^ -p^ne^ Dv ♦ n^ nnoe^ [ 'i nans ] Ds-naa DnDSn nai -p • «w) ^ naiaa nioin^ i^^n D^^^^yn no Tyao • '"v^ in^wD innai td niTHD ine^ D^3*yn no • onxn ^3^ya ioi5 nmac iwy lA »3d^ r'l^w onxw D^naitro on ^no^ • nnov^ •pj^^ : nnDva mm nan jtjny DnxBO ^nDV^ lyaD h^i j nni^K i^v • ny^^n mo ib^^b^ • piroa d^do new n^n nt * wvt^ iiya ninyo pt po t^ inje^aa D^^mn nnya n"w : inD^ iD^ne^ 'x^ Digitized by Google 152 The Jewish Quarterly Reniew. nna: mn \ihv nillXpn 11^3 n'apn h^ hd^i : DWa fW\ 1020 j*K n^iSBn niDiKHD p^i58r tnxa inna: h^ "p nmvpn i6« jaip^ : Dna r« ^'ow niD^«nD d^idb' i^^ 5|^k rwxao i6k dhd nna^ : hny pa pa ^nao n^w rox^n nt ^^HinfiE^ ^iBTI blPia ^ipn HK yoc^i '3B^ pK^^ nciD ^ ino^aa nr • ^ae^n eina •c'l 1025 : rvm panoi •wdw la^ : D^ai-on *X5^ rao nanen ^jnD r^je lano ^aen* i^^k inpn ponn n^ea : 'K^a^n i^^k niw T^a^tD1 k^t : pnK t^ V3*p pa n^rre^ f >vn nr • nnb^ npao niemtDn DmaK n*n nt • Dnia^an ^d^k^ ^a r^y n^n \yor\ n^K Dipo^ nvtn 1030 : \yor\ cj^k wa noW) in^i • ^ po »a3K Dipon ^^ 'dws^ D^ynn • \^Tm (1306) ntro nt DnfiJ^ ^^B^^ *1^^*1B^ *iB^ ^^^ J a^ai prin^ nr Donca nr n^ia^n nyaa ^k • Dmax n^n nr ♦ lian ^H Sk ^^7 t'?K : pnv* n^n io85 l^K K^i : apj^ T\'^r\ nr ♦ ^a pN Ditol W^JH Hfi^ ^\^ (T l^ia • ine^ rr0 n« onnaK npn '3B^ rrm Dnnax nr "iion in ^ ^Syai D^yen pa n^n k^ apy^ nsi nt na px didi ^n^^yi ne* no ^nt n^a^ int^K W3n jm'jO ^flK hSd pia'?^ ^riM (PI 1040 n^nc^ *D ^aK^ k^k ♦ p^a^ idb' trsp^ noh • p:a^ idb^ ktP3k> enptDn a^Bo nwa^nD vni:iy rn^K^ ny dbtd rr nsn \ih py noi De6 n^iy p3a^D ^nw K^n : ira^* hff^ d^3W Da>KDn vn^ dk 'jsr nD D«p^ niK^n : noy Dan« »n^^an enpon noD n^osrn nx ^n^^anw nb jna^Sn nt • ponni i^:k^ «w-id : n^^nna »a Dn^DKne^ • n^tDw swtd io45 ♦ DO^D \W • DnD3 nnno nviK • niyoD twni D^yanx -laioa : DnD^i nviWD o^yi rne^ tn^3»a nnaync^ HD^ ^ ♦T'^W nnxa *3»naa^ ♦n'ja *niPlK ^i^nM*? (b nnxa nn^« nn-i nnnx i^Dn nW D^a^o na npirn^ non nam 'Dw la^ • noai noa nnx ^y t)ian ^a nxi i^*k nnan n^aw io50 a^n n« ^ nn^ nic • nb ^n^nic »:»naa^ k'i : nb ^ninK ♦a^nab : nv-ian ^ t^ n*nw Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Hashirim, 153 10V Kirnr pnvn rwo m ^ nS^ *|WnSB^ nifi^tDfl flfiU (N^ 1055 m^ m rVD P*«^ ^Dw iDiy Kinsr non^D nitro m K"n : minnD rrw : D^oae^n nx (I3ia) -p^ae^ apy^ nr i:ib6 nnn :hrv\ B^ai ^iy: p K'T : 'TB^o Wa n\nB' rP-^ "t ♦ n'?3 ^TOPIN SlJ^J p (1^ 1060 J Dinnn -iBDn ^K^n ^v^p i^^k nb ^ninx vn p WHBf D^^non ^ DTTBH HT D^ilDH DI^S yxhv^ 0^ no • '3iDn DTiDD 1^: no^i • jntD fin )o^in on^BWi Dw 'ib^ rpn ranBoi onvoa pvy tnrnn 'tb^^ na • ijniB ijnii ntn ponn Dn-o oy DnoD niDpn m o^aion dttb k't : iKvn lovy ijno 1065 5 i^nhv n")B3 n^HB^ new y\'hr\ m ^k!?V3 nsn nt ♦ pfiipl nip D13131 ^TTJ H* 'IK B^i : n^^ nB^ i^KD pB^n hbw ini« ntnni ^:^d -in^ : D^^^Kn njr6 ^i6va d^ddhi ^K^a^ nfcnni nn^i hb^^ ntnn oipon in^ laon iini pnHi 'ob^ noa • mm pn« n^n nr po^pi n:p K"n io7o : in« ntoi nnx nto ino^ n*np oiponB' p^yo nr ♦ D*^n D^fi *1N1 D^3i j^^fi (ItD rj» K*! : nanpD inn* »di hki '^ no D^^p^ ia D^pnvn nx na^D inw hihb^ ntn naion no pn^ p d^^tw D^»n onD nxa o^:) T'j» 'TB^ nn ino^ nrny oipon -p • n^ti:i nnnpa ik oiaa nn« 1075 Kin ni^n hv D^vn noK^ ^ia» ik ♦ onDi nia^BB^i nvip n^^ai WW K^) wyi b« kS • onnn W 'oik Kin k^ nnionn hv ^aK ^nio i^n< *3dS oa-n nn^n m^:n nKoioa '-jb^^ 'iki ♦ 'ib^ n-'a ^Si^^i ^k 5 D^iy^ mno Dn^ n*n k^ pKn nKOioa ik n^03 nKoioa 'ok : BHpon n^aa nowr D^K^a^n i^^k p^a^ p d^^tioi k^i 108O Ka^ Tnp^ D*pnvn 'ik nnK ikd^d ♦ p^n ^Klll jlfiX ^1^ (TtD nWi imaao pa^ nn onDB^a onD fe k^i podtbk k^ panv p^K ninnnB^ p^n ♦Kiai pe^ my K^n : pj^ p »30Dia ^a on^^sS fei p*n ni^3 nK^ao ok 'ik Dinn • it oy it nKai D^:an^ nn^ny fei jujv ni^i nrao ok 'ik pevni (13U) t omn ^1 nian 1085 Digitized by Google 154 The Jewish Quarterly Review. 'x^ no d^^f6 ime nnw rw53 pi in»3^a di^ inw Diponi iiDvn [ 'n nonD ] in 1^^ nDB^a dj; niD ♦nmc * 'wi ^DB^a pj^ ^nD ^n^K (N : Dipon *ani« in i^^ • Dnn in^en ine^ Dnn ibK • nwaipn ipr nDp«wn HKT nD • ba ni^i p ^h'H ^ *l^ n^B^ ^iK (1 1090 K"! : Dnvo niSa n y^on Mana ^n^v : n^wD ni^i nt "vw io3 v^p pimni mn jb^S hot: D^iyn n*n nt •ny ^aSi nanj^ ^^k rran ^ya^ ntDM D^iyn n^^ rrtD^ 'w n>n la^py ^^n : mijn oipon n:^K^ OK • pnei nrn ♦ -)3d D^xna vne^ pne k^i d^^^ new '36^ nD5 • miyo Diponi jb^^ nruM Kinsr n^iwn nt * tp ♦n^i 1095 n^iKan niyo Diponi • 'ui B'ob^ mtoD nnxi »n«^^ peviD *niiyn Dm^ pD^ nn nn povn pi mton p n^ "inxi n^^nn onnn p : nnn3 nync^ fin n'*Dn nvoyon n« 8^3*^^ nt b pev^ Dinni nt iy ^3^1 n^^ ok k^i • irn^ fy^ db^ inat^B^ no yy b 'iB^^ 'IK DipDn ny ^3^1 n:*B^ ok k*t ; nnoKi »dtid n^iw noo 'iKT Dvn iry^K Yk : ^n^T^ *ninK 'h ♦nns iy »n^i nonr^ »3k . n^3 ^Di MniK pnm pd:d3 vn nine Knns' n^s^D h22 i?o DipDn n^^ -p*D^ • p*n3 'ib^ i^y^i iDinn idodh ^k ^iy: iKnB^ • n^^DKn D^Bn^ dhk ^no ^y DD^nn inne DnS 'dki ^ktb^^ d*k^33 DoiDo nrn^ pn^ny 'ib^b^ ju >d^^ it nn »ninK ^ »nnD k't iio5 T01K nsn niDB^ p pyoB^ : ^n^hv P^n-io n'apni ni^^ntDm nityoa D^DO Dn^ nBny Diponi pSdhdd pi »ninK "h »nnD 'ib^S 'ik n'3pn» B^K niKD ysiK iDyi skid naiD B^ns iDiy nnron hk dwi Dm nnDiD nK (I32a) ]rh ^nn:i 'ob^ no D^^p^ n^iw Dn^ po Diponi P^tDi3 '-jB^i n-iin^ nKio 13-100 DB^ Dn^ nT»3 n^»noni • db^ luo lioy p^Di3i pKni • in 3inD DB^nB' nun naioo \'>'^r) hk pn^ini .• DnyoB^ poy 03i ♦ di» ni^ 3Kioi dhk 'jb^ no D^p^ 3kioi in^a '-JB^S *iB^ 3iin id mon n^a Dn^ nriy oo^nB^ 'yn:> w» Yk .IH<31 po^Dno i^iDi 3K101 poy ann^B' iww pa^ *d^ nn mon PK3 in ^ pD3Dno DiTrni aiyon ♦d^oi pB^ia naiten pynipi ins iB«*K *K piosB' D^oDnn nK nonS p^vo 'ib^i inoa nvn^ p^wi Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Saahirim. 155 urn • D*oo D^pon )h ncny nxn n^n djdjk^ ^d ^k^ po^ D^nnD nniM • "nsnp in*^i • db« -udw rreiDn^ • pM nnro '^xh noiyi lo nTB> lAi^ nr« nKtn niinn ^Dr x^n tdd n« k^^d jein npc^ 1120 fe ^131 poD 1^ Ki nnjiDni *n^nn ^nin« ^ ^nno D**pD nKV03 • pBtrr ^m n« W5^ '»> no d^**?^ • nnvn ht^m pron^ pi nnto 'XT no D«p^ ^Di-6 DB' nnw nneni • Din« niD^ ^lon «6e^ Tjr IB^ non DnK n"npn Dn^ 'dk •So K^tw nrtnc^ :Say njn* db^ 1125 MDiTD r«a 'TB^i ntonnS j^D^ano mto >dSd nn n-niy oto mn mn Wtb^ 'OKI nnn 3^wd n^npm • d^o^ ny^K^ d^itS jo^npoi nn niia^ 'x^S ]n)2 'w c^ian nfei * mnDn ^^ ii3D nionnS 'iC' no tr»pS • DTOp DnSn kxi^ .T'npni imiB^ pKa jni mpon ■noinSi in^^i ni^ tS w nnroni Dhn D^iaa onSai >^ Mvn 1130 •onpoB^ liop 031 niSro 3x101 ditic 'x^ no d^^S 'n^sSi naiD ^ niK3i nioMno pi yioc^ nnw i^n mown Sdi (132^) nr» '-r* ^31 pTn ^31 niDne isy nnno ^ ioi3 ini i3p Syi KD3 'x^ nmoi Dn^pn nx jnip Diponi nS*BK3B' rrtn mirh •jS3po icini f^ano vni ^Sy ion ^»jnDi 'xr no D^^pS •ni33n 1135 : ^n^^jn ^in« ^S ^nne 'x^ no D^pS DnS Toyo n^3pni yhh^ni^ ini ^S nxi^B^ nnD3 HIT? ^3K (1 nt "mnm r^fiS xinn Dr3 r3B'nB' jw i3 pcnn^S ^n^yns? -ni3 non : imy fei mp k^vio Kinc^ 11313 nx^ nra: i3y pon ''IM : n^tro KinB' Dni3D 'icn DnDB^ npSnoo nrsB^n nn vnxw hSi 1^^153 luo 161 vnwip K'l ♦ ♦iiy 161 vmnp low t3S • D*non nw onS nmo nfe iy DnDye mc^ n^yc^ ^on n^OB^n npSnoiC' nyB^3 ♦ 03y inDoS *rB^ 3iiDn p o^n 3113^ inxn 3ii3n p moB^n npSnoo inaooi nnn jneo Sy Dmi3n Syo M 1133 dti 'db' no3 nnn • noinS n3Tooi •n3Ton Sy noiy ">'» ^nn<ii 'jb^ no3 ♦n3ToS nnn iU5 n3B^ 3ie '3r nD3 • :A noinoi nomn ^ noiy '^» n« ^nnn 'jb^ "^ 1133 Toyn 'x^ no3 • D^nnn inS m n^DOi • 'wi « n:D Sy nsB^ 310 '3B^ no3 • 1310^ D>nnn mo : TyS Dipo ib^ inn ^ nn : '»^ onDB' onDB^n 'x^ no3 ♦ onDB^ i3ion p • 1310 pK3 Digitized by Google 166 The Jewish Quarterly Review. "jDio iD^ • Ypn j^anr ny T\it)n vh K^m n:^D8rn n« ins^aD 'tt* 1150 : 03P K^i vnmp H^T : na^n^D ^iwd mihc' cnpon no la-wn • nnho 11a in>8? nx^iT ^DK^D^ niKn mn^^e^ Dva Tya D>aaiDn '•WDwn ^iwvD • D^-10^8? »mpBn D^enT ^n^oin ^j; 'jb^ '• W2 noinn ^ inojr 1155 niKn nin3 ova n 'h'h^n ^dv 'i ^ W3 io»:n 'n 'tDK (I33a) pi D^Dp m3 pon ^ipD ':b^ no W'^jh nvD^on p jne^S ^«niiS Dy nion Kin n"3pn nr 3i oy hidt ponn pon ^ip -tdw Kin Sy nnv' n^ J^^"^ "P "^nKi • fiKn Sd ^an^ itw ^^^i '^^ 11 »-ttDiK niDiK3K^ D^neon D^B^il PlB^n inD *|Tn Hfi (H ^D ^K ^1DnK TK '3B> HDi • DDDy n^3 Dnaiy DHKC^ nD^ SktC^ no^ : nnK d5b^ nay^i ^^ dm d^is Knp^ nnna nsc' Dn^yn ip'h K^K^ 'le^i n'apn^ yae^^ inmyr k^k • i^nyac^n nDDt^^ igvq nK nsriK^ dv Dnn^KB^ ^D^ nnK nn ity^K Yk : nnyo fv "vw ii65 inK i^^S i^B' niDiKn ^d 1^ lynK^^tr niB^ poy ^k '^8r nDD d^d^dh DipD^ yac^^ Dn^ny )n n^ DnnnK^ 1^ lyne^ac' DipD3i nnyo r'xr : i:ny3B^n nD58? now hd^ • nnyo fv •inK i^^^ k^ hwd^i DHKi • nninn nK )ni3 ^3KB^ nv nn DHKI HX nil (* : niDiKn p ynsj Kine^ 1170 'TB^ hv piD^n nK K^D Kinsr nyc^a ♦ Tfi DHi IB^K^ (K^ : n^TDn nsn nt D^^n^n vniviip ]MiD un)p:f? t niKniDn i^^k ♦ a'^ni n«m^ a^ i^K • D^JKiB^ vninB8r • nini^n i^^k DB^ian Hi'nya Vvh CP :nnaKn 1175 : ^nsn »iD^ loyi ntw d:3:b^ Dva ♦ B^gf ni&y VplB^ (lb [ '1 nans ] 'TB^ nsnsr -inn nnn natD in^i '3b> dvi ♦ n^ii ^^i^ nJK (K : nytj^ ntmp k^k n*n» k^i D^iy ncnnp ♦j^d onuo ^ mip^i ^an t^ iwip^ «wn nn^sr on ♦ ^^ Ti^ ^ti*^ q nn -iDw iD^ in^^Ki rmhm noD pipa pi Kin^sKt 3*wa pi * m ix80 Digitized by Google AgacbUh Shir SasAmm. 157 lo^ niK3V '^* nT p '3B> TOD Ti^^ n*njf Kin nnx niy : wA n* nx KT3W n'apn k-idb^ n^^^ya 'i« \n jkdd • y^i ^yi ivir nn Sjr TT p '3B^ TO D^*p^ K2h TTW Kin pi ^5^0 nn Sj^ i"i* p D^iyn 5 tvv (1385) nn ^y KU^ niKDlf '^» DTK *333 • D^xrwa nynn ^ nm nnS ^^k 'dk • nnnKn p-po : DnnDnD nTay iDyo k^^ n^ 'IK inw nic nnsTD dtkw ♦ mnni W^n HN HB^ H : 13TOK -)3D • Dnn^n injD -pj^ : nnni inoip nw p • nernp nSiDB^ itn hmn no ♦ D^'?mn ^TJ^3 ^^^3^E^ (1 1190 D^aipni D^aiDPD^ lovn njno ^nK^ D^^mn -ny : DWip '"«^ D»ab dSid 'jb' • inD n^^^n j^kk^ D^aS^^ i^wdj D-'ycnni • nnew^ ono^ TOTa DTK 13DO BT?^D DTKH HK KinB' ntn abn no ♦ DnD^^K : 11D new DT^3 t^KB^ D^a^D^ 1^3 p^ ^1D^ W^K D^jtDw •on* ^Kvri DnTnK nsn m ♦ rf\:ht3 T)tiT\ D*B^B^ (H 1195 Vw ninB«wn i^^k • tddd pK nio^i • na^nn ^kvi^ i^^k d^wS^b : TBDD Dn^ • af?yio rttm rhsnso *nD^K • 'iii ^nfiH ^WV tVT\ nriK (t3 N^ D^niii iD3Dn ^ nwD 'dk • ni^rh irinc' nye^a ikt no iKa j6 iKD pK D^iOKn i^^nnn ♦ fTKn neo onnp^i Dnptnnni 1200 innnK jw^n ikv^ • D^iyn nK t)iTc6i nw^^Kn hk f vp^ kSk i:>^k TP innnK pdtit n^^ni >b^ p^hk vn Dn^^K pniDKn id»:i IV31 TT^n ninK iS ^D3 abi • nTin^afir non W tb^d^ ly^ansr nBDi V3E>^ D^D iSboi nHK nniiv nivi idv 'tb^s ly^^nsr ikvidb^ •nnK^DMci D^oion nc^on ^^nc^a DnK3 to *:dd DnS 'ik •onoe^ 1206 ir^nn nwD *»S iksbo • ^btw 13k D^iyn dhtdkb^ wn k^ 1^ ntDK ifa Dni> 'DK • p^y ^n D^^B^n nK i^kt db' itdk ♦ njn pKn naT Jnttnn nw3 hikt tdk3 -p^ • tb^ d^3b^ 'tb^ noii hddb' Don do m vflrnBf TTTS nnw ni^3 w inr 163 nfipB^in flNT ^fi :rwD Kanjo nvD^n ^y nmn n^^DKn hd ♦ r^eS nmin n^^DKi 1210 no • noro nri h^dSd nv • ttib^ idd nspB^^n riKt ^d k't (134a) nvDn nisho rh>r\\so p • ronrM pKa tna^ n^nSni nDn ^Aj •T'apnw • TTV 103 HDpr^ tikt ^d k't : d^ij6 K^onT^a n^^n Digitized by Google 158 The Jewish Quarterly Revtew, I '"iVD ruHD ^K '»^ cpc^i '^ • HK^no Hin HDpB^nn D^iy^ nniD «^ao intf^n no : nonD mn nia^D ne* "irr ira nape^on nw nD K'n 1215 inD^^HD m ^ iriD^^T k^i nt^ non nr h^ niWD k^ nonni rua^n riryo ^bS ^3pD DiK i6« xn^ ttip^ pie^ ^pnvn px -p m ^ nK 1130 DipDn ID nn^n n« imno ine^ n:n^ni nonn no ; n^pnvn n^tnh • Dnn^K nr ^ron ^3^«n niKi^ ♦ ^rni^ DJN T\yi ha (K^ i2:?o nnn nniDDB^ viane^ apy^ nr n^iionn iv^n pnv^ nt jDin nmon D« mn :naio i^wd:k^ ^3^d in od^ icnpwB' 'tb'^ on vh^ ^D mm* '"la *dv 1"^ : ti3k -d^hij '-«5^ -p yayBD i^d ^nc^jn iniK nn yaya d*vp win pb kdb^ nno • hd jni* liw twk run 1225 • niXD ^ nniax nm^K |niK i^k^xid {n> inw ipnn ppi^ jn nvD^D n"npn 1!? nKine^ 'ik nnx p^io «an p mm* Yk : v^i"i nD3D n mc'n "iwn nmi nim ':k^ • V3i nw laye^ nn*ny \m 1230 noi ^33 nirste n n*!?y D^van jkv my ne^e^ dk^ n^ni • 'tb^ nnnDD nn^mB^ nyBnn niD^o n omyn b noB^ ibdwi • ]m '1)^2 vnr 'TB^* i^*« *:nbB^ *b^: *nyn* k^ k^t : pB^ ^dd K^ano 'TB^ MOH • inD *i3ya p^B^m Dipon i^wboi ♦ n^iK3^ i*dvd vw *Dy nuD-TO "iDW HD^ • 1^ ns-ia i^on Dy rnBn* (1346) ur nn 1235 ntoB^ mmr pin *D*a 'ib^* i^*k ^^noB' *b^w *nyn* no^ k't :m3 H'T : pBiD^ 'TB^ mriDB^ Dvn nr m: 'i^v k^t • pn* Sy n^iw [ 'T ntt;nD ] n^apn^ D*i)B^n^ p^ny D^iy *iO ^sb^ n^a'?1B^n ^aiB^ *aiBf (K *3iB^ iry^K '"1 5 min tnon nn^ iruB^ tiid j*D*n on^ tnu Kim 1240 TiiD nt nnK nr noy^i nvnrh jn^ny D^non dhb^ h^d^ib^h *nw TKn 0^13 'IK "ity^^K '1 : nnn nnn pKn p n^ nnn id!?db^ n^moD : nnn k^b^oi k*b^3 • ikdd hv nnn t^oi ^^ nmo mm* Vk : dohdo nni nSmoD n*nB^ yB^^K ^b^ i^)^ nt D^^non Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Sashirim. 159 lojiS \n^rm vh^ "ivh 'dk • D^j«ro K^n nh)}h lan^o no ♦d ^id* 1245 rww Di^K t>«5^ iini • 3jni ivjw j«^^k ^ in^^K ^ -in nr 1^ • Dn^j^B in no ♦ anj M D^'?j^ja ytsjf^ ifi* no o *niwe ^1Dn 'ob^ noD • oniB^i DnDyo D^^:n i^np^B^ o^^^nn 1250 l^ip ivreo • ni50 '-r* vnis^ ^no^K • ^oya 1003 ^n • i^n^^ajnDi •«M0> • 'wi n3B^3 DnDj^D B^e^ '»^ noa nnyion ^^ora D^en^n ^:-iS mr\ DTKBO • D^33 in^yD iD^ no k^t : n^a "h iinn D^^n j^ ^^n?D T3 • Sy3oa i^n nio nos on^ 'ik vn nnn h^ iS^-ia i6k nio maDH n*n 16 on^ 'w vn mown ^d nnan n« 'x^ 1255 iB^ no iTn • 'wi Djr an^nna '3B^ noD 2>i^ na iok: la^ • n:h put n> nrjnD : DmaK na an: na ^ktb^^ n'apn 'ok i^oye : Dinn newS T»a o^aoj ion fc6e^ me^n m ^non pK yvi^ • D^^B'iK^a niiD iHD^n nony ^260 (185a) 'awa niana t^'^v : pnn^o it ♦ hlib^ *|1K*IX (H laini pKvr p no jnv d*ik jwi nv^y^ j^o^ano inco D^oann i^^k • iM^n Tjr n*a nsn nt • proi ^3D noiv Haoa hbk : D^ai^ jni3 : pWDia B^ D*na noa mioi le^fcna dik n^nc' twa^ p^ny jnc^ 'x^ac^ D^^nn on p3r\H2 ^B^KT n'?!'! (1 1265 Tna • ^>0Taa i**^ irfcn k'i : panxa inriaS ine^ i^^Kn D^a^oa D^ni D»*^n Ta • D^^pi n'apn ^ itwi ^oian nna in^^K n^ytj^ mm Dipon ^ ntu nvnS mv nnx nivo n^a b^b^ Sa '-iB^aB^ S>rD Tjw ni^pon nje 3v^i • apr n>n nt D^oma iiw< n^o • D>»po • DnDn ^y 1^ ho^ ne^ nt • D^onna -iidk t^o k't : D^onna 1270 : n3 "in ntn nnion nn ^k n^y ':»> n\y3 ja m jwin^^ Tatne^ h)m n^n nt llton po '^am (^ m An< 'w n^n nti b^k p^* «^« * ^^^^^ *"b^ ^^^^^ * nmon fan^ rp 'w • ^anS aan ^ya j^p n^ni D^iyn n^^nn vnB' ^ani j^p i^^aK DTK nBW no i6k inw 1^ amw DiponB^ ^oa inio D^iyn na 1275 ' t»i 1^ in: Ta • nS^nn D^iyn nw jeiaB^ -pna vnina Sy lo^^B^nB^ fAw p Tino • iniK mnB^ n^^ v6vt inio b^K t^^ki iKan: ^aK Digitized by Google 160 The Jewish Quarterly Review, m Vp yhv ^itDnn W Dipon S'k • vnnn ^an wm • p^^^a ntsop • lann* Kim vVp nnon nriK Dipon i^ 'dk • ^an i^ on • prvi DipDH "h rh'^y^ 'IK nnK p^^o • n»D^ n^nc' pp Dp^i -idio i^^ 1280 IdS • insoy nj; rnov i^j; i6i \m if^w lai: Kini wnc^ Dipo ^ rail ^ani rP ^3*" •"^^''i ^^ ^^ • 0*^^*5^ ^'^^^ ^3^*» "^0K3 piDnnD pB' • DDnpwn ^Vjn ddk D^WDin vnnw • inpwn Tr»it 1285 1D1K nn« nn • nnionn (1355) k^ npwn j^ki • p\pd> prim i6ni ♦ TO^ rm ie^ antn o»jd hk npn 'nvo ife pc^ rAxr jnv n^iB^ not^ nio^ ^no nonno n^ne^ k^k ptw idb' hst aiat nnviK b nK npn nnD no^ yocis^ fVD ♦ inioD e^^ m j^wr : antn ^^^io nx np^i np^ ^an hki tSdh n^a nnviK nni '*> n^a 1290 xhvh Ka n^B^ nn • D^-ieaa r\yh^ niB^n KXi nn T\:h D* nin^a nin*a pxai i^D^ano )ni x oSiy^ xa n^iK^n 'tb^^ dh^ 'wi Dn^Sy • noi D^K^3 n^^3B^ • "^h p^ia^ p^kb^ D^^^pr nin>a r\rmtr\ na : 'IK 'nan DM np^vn new W dik oa i^^k n^^ IJH^i D^Ninn (T npnv ^ niryD ^ Dn« ^:a la • mn o^ipa m p:nio d*ktiw Ka in>^K nr ^dv "i'k • Dnao ^a w^nne ^ : D^ipa niaa pnw w^ n^nn ih^Sk nnx dk i^ DnDiK Dm • \T\h^ »3k '"ur^^ Dn^ 'dki laoo niyi : p-i^atD ijkb' d^hd k^k • inoto wk pKjr D^no k^i • D^ntD h rm^sr om^ nene ^S bh^d i^ 'i« ^^ki in>^K xa^ dk ^dv Yk : D^3B^ Dii D^Bnn • nnK [ 'n rrano ] Sb^ Bnpn nn m ♦ ^ax nB^O piV ^^ HNS "[iTl^ ^0 (K Dnan nyaB' i^^k • "^nthn *dk no ^k iK>aK t^^h^k : nro laos HK-TD »3nn • nv p \rh rwno pB^ena 'tb^^ hk-idi noiy nnwne^ nmo ♦j^aa : imj^ Sai mp Dn^ niriD n^^^ • iiaan Koa pS Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Hashirim, 161 I rwnrh ^^ny pnv Dn^ hk-td ^jrae^a TBT* noa nxtn ncvn no • ^22 ^y oikb^ 1^ 'ok i3TO^ nxv^e^ imo^ rwvnj' iVD • n'npn (I36a) Doten ^d^ i^d ^^D^ Kin nDi nran '1 ♦ ^^n■nw niBnn nnn r im''3K ^y 13KK^ ^^^kk' )h nioK |ni 'Tj^ ^VK anpno pyn n^ni niDiD^ pyo^ nwD 13S niv 'ik nsn 1316 O'DiD «|K Dn>ni^Di Dn^ninoKi urvMV Dn^33i onnr^ v^y pyio Dv D^niK T^no ki.-ib^ onvtD pK nK n'po pyn hmi d^bi d^khd nn^mr • irnS^ rh^n ntxri -pK in^nn nofi^ tdk3 -p^i ♦ jn^ t)-)nD : mW ^SnnD n^anno pKn p '^ yho ^^H K-)p*i '2^ nn^2 ♦ ^1^ Sy DHIPli ^JiS^E^ (1 1320 l'i>*Dnn THD • TpnT ^ onina i3^ ^y oninD Dm^K idk^ d^db^h pnra PK "p •DID nnn pKi d-ik ^k^ nn^niynt ^y lonoB' i^^n nK 3nK n'apnc^ nanKn nn^*n nty • nanK niM n)v ^3 : dig • 'iii D'DiD ^ nnry^ '-^^ Dmi^n nn 'jb^ ♦ annjo nD^a 'i«?^ ^ nria ^ K^nnc' ina on^^y n'apn K^nnc' niDD le^ 'ok 1325 noD3 Dnn 'ik jn: '1 : 'ivo ynD kb^di D^n hv mooi '3B^ ♦ 'ivo nc9 : n^yr Di^3 inooi >dk one' nictc *in ':b^ ♦ nn-'C^n ^y ^> '3r hvner' i3» in*^K o^^Dne^ nwpn nn^^n nc^ • nwp ^ikbo •'ui 'TB^ ^33 inna nty ^3 niK3V '-jb^ nh^k '^^^ ^nwp K^p 161 'TB^ ^ onsm BT53M vnuK noyB^ oipo^ ip'h )n'hvh )h n^n 1330 'uc Kin pi • pBnDi^ aiB^ ip nBp3 T3"ii^ n''3pn 1^ 'ok • p nB^ 10m • nBp3 -piiv n'spn ^k • ^^0*3 noKi di^ n^n^ in*pTn^3 J^wn • in^^K ^ in^^on^ ^Dnv dhk 1^1 • D3^n^K -idk^ ^oy lona nnno ^kd kvi^ nvrh '-»b^ h^ pin t^ny • ri> nsn^B' bv ^dbh Vk • '1J1 n3nS^ iB'i-ipi • B^^ '"iB^^ "11K n*n> ti6^ • nnsn kd3 1335 nj^sB'n *3s^ p3iy pB' b^ ^ nnnj b^ yB'in^ '1 h^ rnK p won 11x6 ^n3J^ (163^) niBn n^WBOi b^3 p3"iiyoi d^o ^ nnn:3 13^ • nnn^n ^3 riK ^3n^ ]n')hh niBn n^no 3nmD ^^n b nK : n^ n3n^B^ b^ ^dbh n*DBn noK: nnnK K^n it^K ♦ nanxn HK niai'? I'jDV ah Q'T) d^o (t i34o VOL. VII. L Digitized by Google 162 The Jewish Quarterly Review, nnp^no e^i mn ^nn ':b^ • d^k^^kh *n: ^y n^iao k^hb^ bvh n m^ny • ry^ryi^rx nw nuD^ ibv i6 D^ni d^d k't • -nan iina D*3i n^D H"! : minn nw nnDD m^ny n3*Ki rv\^i:on riK naso -)B>D>K *K D3nK ^ninKB^ nanw in*n pn nx k^« in* d« :W 13 D^pD *yni d^d ^«n*n '^b^ : i^ nn* tn nansa ^n^a pn b nw ^y in^DD pKKn:i \^^vci\v rw'^rh nn-i3« ^b^ v:a *33d d^dhd pttw EniDDH DB^a jniK pDinoi ^npn DHB' rh nsnK^ iTTiiiai ono nn^M nr • HitSp 137 niHN (n nBT3 no • D0V3Kn n« no^iBD nrwi o^^^yS npiv n:ni3 nrxi la ^B^ nn no 'ui niop w^ nins k"! • 'iai pn^w oy^Dn ^12J vn K^i n*K3 vn id one^ n^ pKjr nx: nB^«^ pon pn^e^ in^vtn nn nt • niayriD^ na lan^c^ Dvn ^nins^ ntry3 no : d*31d innryo : Dp*n« ^ ij wn HD^ ^B^ • '01 ^D3 m^t3 T\h^ n^M nam dk (d IK inoB^ T''y ^y oipon i^ ^ino* no ^y n^nn^ 'dkb^ inw^ non no^ "ID1K p-i3 B^K *i*i p irySw K3K : i^nr nn nriy nVa ^y • n^n niijy pxi ODn '^d b^^k r^y onoiK rnB' inK^ non lann : ni3yi noDn ini3 *3nn 'ror\ Vk • n^n noDn pwi v^y '^d b^k nnna >rK >:k 'tb^ hd^d mow • niSn03 *3E^1 na*in *iN (^ !< ^B'^KD K^i n:^Dn "in ^b'jkd k^i ^inon in ^b'^kd k^ niiiBVin • >3 B^ PD3-IBD1 p^D^DD O B^ D^'^nV B'* D*D3n I^K ^3K * DID : Di^B> nKViDD vryn *n^M *3K 'ob' (I37a) iK3B^ D^MB^n nTB^ i!?*K • pcH Sj;33 na^E^'? n^n di3 (n* • DnDiA Di3n jn3 • 'ui D''3n D^oy poy *in 'iB' o^^ion d*i3 n^^y i n^ini Bvn in*3 nx ^^m D^B^n* nx nnnni noyB^ ivn^n^ m B^K • 131 '-)B^ n*3 niMV '** DID *D 'JB' DID IKIpDB' ^DD^ '"W nK : 'iii riDD K*D* • nnn« nw: p n^u^ nioi K^nB^ 'ib^ no^D ir 0^333 niB^ITl (J* l^ip^ D*D*BT?D D^Dn onnK n^n iwa nx idid n''Dpn px id*d^ i n:B^i novy odd fcnpD pbhbd jnB^ inn^D^ni o^DDn i!?>k *3iy*tDB^n Digitized by Google Agadath Shir Haahirim. 163 : ^^ly^DK'n i^ipS onnn onan b^ DySn nx p^n idk^ or ^hd-'K ^ktj^^ ii3d nn TTO, (1^ • p^Dy m • 'ui '^DK^i "iin«D D^ns^Di Dipo nnw 'ac' 'ic'^ nx 1375 onDn n*B^« p^^k nn^ jn:i dhk *di*?« b n« np^i p*?Dy rh\i^ r\v^ 1^ noyc^ Dv ^no^K ma nx onoiA D^riKoi "h^ ^h\^r\^ d^d^h 1380 ^ nino^ K^ *^ imxr on^ 'dki '^n d^hhd onS in: 3kidi poy ^ nts^i Km n^nn nw po nn« jiniK^ tvDC' hd^dh lan: id^b^ Dr >nD^K 'tb^ nuD mn • '^^'n ma «"n : DDori tnn nsn wdd TO^ n33B^ DB'D • 'wi ninntD nync' ntn ^^ no3 pb^ oy^n idkb' nn mn k't : nyoc': in^-'en wnnc^ ns mnon rhvrv\ mnD^ i385 pBi6 inK D^K^ ':b^ i^yni idiphk oy nna ^nnDc^ dv ^no-'K nn mn k't : d^t db6 h^td^ om^ nn«i loimx db6 naron •Q31 minn nw D^^p (I37ft) kSb' in^niy p onv p rn« ^o^n *nD^K : ^\ah2 rr\\T\ Dinn miyn iiv '3K^ • mina ipoyn^ k^jt '^^ hv Kin Dn^i^a npiSno ^ddk' ^^mi omo ^d^3 • ^nD*« • nn mn K'^n 1890 pn K31 nnr ^ p^ipno D^B^mSo on^o^n ni«D n^oen Kin omo Dn^D^nni iry^K n^yi uini nmo ^k' rnw min^n u p^ysi P'idd p K-mDp nnjnni loniiK ^b'^k in^e^ nyc' nniK ni^i^o nv3D iDnni loy DnnD^nni iry^K n^yi • nDinn vnB^ u^mr\ ^d pkddd vni D^cm^ hv nniK by • D^i^n npibno n^Bi nye^ nniK K"nnDp ^k^3K b wni loy 1395 n^b^KH nBiyb ik nvb i^ ^dii nn mn noK nye^ [The notes to the foregoing Midrash will be given in a subsequent number of this Review.] S. SCHECHTER. L 2 Digitized by Google 164 The Jewish Quarterly Review, CRITICAL NOTICES; Reeords and RqfleetionSy selected from her writiDgs daring half s century (April 3rd, 1840, to April 3rd, 1890), by Lady Simon. [Wertheimer, Lea and Co., London.] Matthbw Arnold, writing of Heine, refers much of the poet's inspiration and genins to the inner promptings of the two great spirits under whose inflnenoe he came^the spirit of Greece, and the spirit of Judasa. "Both these spirits,'* he goes on to say, "reach the infinite, which is the true goal of all poetry and all art — the Greek spirit by beauty, ih£ Hebrew spirit by sublimity" * It is precisely this sublimity of the Hebrew spirit which is so finely illustrated in the work before us. Those of us who haVe taken note of the emotion which the mere contemplation of the Deity, stirred in the ancient Jewish mind, those of us who are familiar with the Hebraistic passion for the Monotheistic conception as exemplified in the prophetical writings, the Psalms, or the Book of Job, we who have observed that intense spiritual craving for the simplification of all moral and religious truth, which — doctrinal or philosophical con- siderations apart — dominates the writings of the greatest Jewish reformers, from St. Paul to Spinoza, we, I repeat, can bear witness to the admirable justness of Matthew Arnold's criticism. The elements of this sublimity are more easily assumed than analysed. It is a gift peculiar to Judaism. Milton alone, among the Gentiles, can be said to have caught the spirit of it, and its possession largely constituted his greatness. This sublimity of spirit defies all attempts at definition ; it is something rarer and finer than enthusiasm, though, perhaps, falling short of actual, conscious worship. It has nothing in common with that condition, either of mad religious frenzy or of sensuous visionary ecstasy, which has been frequently associated with weak, ignorant credulity and debased forms of religious superstition. The materialistic tendencies of modem thought and the application of critical methods have done so much to stifi^ this impassioned out- > Essays in Criticism. The italics here and elsewhere are my own. Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 165 poaring of the soul to God, that the possession of individual testimony as to the workings of the Divine within us becomes more and more precious in proportion to its rarity. Regarded from this point of view, Lady Simon's Records and Reflections afford invaluable evidence as to the vitality of this religious spirit among the Jews of the present day. From cover to cover the work is characterised by one uplifted accent of religious exhortation and spiritual harmony. It exhibits a soul elevated above the things of this world, contending upon those spiritual heights to which its divine aspirations enable it to soar. These Reflections are of particular value and interest to the thoughtful reader as illustrating the unbroken continuity of the Hebraistic idea of God, which to^ay is apparently at one with that of the noblest Old Testament inspiration. The Jewish conception of God is the outcome of the sublimity of the Hebrew spirit. Aspiration was, and is, characteristic of the Jewish mind. The Jew looked away from himself, outwards, upwards; never like the surrounding nations, downwards. From the very beginning of things, the Hebrew mind was dissatisfied with itself. Not content to be alone, it first conceived the notion that man was made for the knowledge of something outside and above him, but which he himself possessed in smaller measure. Examining the character of his own aspirations, and believing himself to be made in the image of the G^ he was seeking, he deduced the nature of the Deity from the infinite yearnings of his own spirit. He longed, with a desire he could not adequately express, for communion with that higher power of intelligence to which he felt his own spiritual nature to be akin. It was just because he realised his affinity with and relations to the Divine, that the Jew rejected all notion of an abstract Deity, as also of one who needed to be propitiated and dreaded. He utterly repudiated the idea of God a^ an Abstraction, an Ethical Principle, an Element, or a First Cause ; his soul yearned after a living personal Deity, the spiritual Father, whose son he felt himself to be : — " My soul thirsteth for Ood, Jor the lioing Ood " (Psalm xlii.2). To the Hebrew, €k>d was the infinite expansion of his own finite intelligence, the answer to his craving for sympathy, love and guid- ance ; his spiritual Father, not far off, but very nigh to him ; the Friend that sticketh closer than a brother. The Hebrew mind be- came saturated with the idea of the nearness and omnipresence of an Almighty Father, so that daily, hourly communion with this God of infinite love and tenderness became, and is still, the Jewish ideal of worship. Digitized by Google 166 The Jewish Quarterly Eevtew. Thus a complete absence of all mental semlity, a complete exclu- sion of all slavish dread, was a marked characteristic of the Hebrais- tic mental and spiritnal attitude. The pious Hebrew ** walked with God/* conversed with him as with a most intimate and loving friend. It is an error to attribute — as many do — the doctrines of human dignity to the teaching of Christ alone. Certainly Christ and his followers taught it, but then Christ himself was bom a Jew, and as such had learnt it from his youth upwards. The Eighth Psalm exquisitely embodies the Hebrew estimate of man's dignity : *' Thou hast made him a little lower than the angels^ and hast crowned him with glory and honour.*' It is in his subtle delineation of Adam's Hebraistic attitude that Milton's genius becomes so apparent : Adam walks and converses with God in the garden, and entertains the Archangel Raphael as little more than an equal. It was Abraham's proudest title to be called ^ the friend of Qod." This elevated view of man's relations to the Divine ennobled the Hebrew mind, and gave it that self-respect and dignity which has never ceased to distinguish it. It is just such a noble, enlightened Deism as this which is set forth in the pages now before us. There is scarcely a line, certainly not a page, which does not testify to the joy and privilege of daily, hourly communion with God, the *' Father of the spirits of all flesh *' (p. 2), as well as to the abiding sense of God's presence (p. 73). The author of these E^cttons refers to the conviction of God's nearness to us as *' the most purify- ing influence possible to man '* (p. 37). God is a refuge in distress, a very present help in trouble. Not even the bitterest domestic bereavements can shake this faith in the infinite love of God. It is this implicit reliance upon God's wisdom and goodness which sustains her in hours of most severe affliction. This conception of God and of his love for man is, we read, the " basis of Judaism." The mission of Israel, as defined by Lady Simon, is to propagate those true ideas about God which alone can stimulate men to righte- ousness ; and she expresses it as her innate conviction that many of the miseries of human life, as well as *^ all the cruelties and all the persecutions that darken history, are the resolt of ignorance concern- ing God " (p. 70). By walking with God the Israelite lives in the light of his coun- tenance, and is influenced by God's love, mercy, peace, and righteous- ness. The Jewish law of life is summed up in the twice-quoted precept of the prophet Micah : " What doth the Lord require of Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 167 thee bat to do justly, and to loye mercy, and to walk hambly with thy God ? ' (Micah vi. 8.) It will be observed how, in the Jewish religion, the greatest stress is laid, not npon belief, but upon righteous acts, which, after all, are bat the outcome of a noble faith. Thus, the Jewish religion is essentially a practical one ; the life, not the creed, is emphasized. This passive bearing of witness is, I take it, one of the distinguish- ing features of Judaism, past and present. The Jews were rarely an actiTely proselytizing nation. They are perhaps the only example in history of an eminently religious community, which, whether in or out of power, was characterised by a general absence of religious fanaticism of the kind referred to. They never regarded it seriously as their mission to compel others, either by force or argument, to share their beliefs. Their interpretation of the mission of Israel is far other, and can have no other source than that of Divine inspiration ; it is to live the life of God, to convince by example rather than by precept. This duty of bearing witness to the truth is scattered throaghout the Old and New Testament, and was the prophetical and apostolic, as, centuries of persecution past, it has at length become the Christian ideal. Inasmuch as Lady Simon's R^flectioTis were not originally set down with any idea of publication, the fact that the book is not put forth as a contribution to the controversial literature of the day seems to me to enhance its value as a factor in that mission of Judaism which its author has so much at heart. The Jews hold a position which is unique in history. Deism is the civilised world's most ancient, as it seems likely to be its latest, religion. The intellectual world has as it were — racial traditions of course apart — come back to Judaism. This goes far to prove, if, in the face of such evidence as the Mosaic theocracy, or St. Paul's missionary system, proof were needed, that the Hebrew mind has a genius for religion, and for its most sublime expression. I cannot close this notice without referring to an objection which, from a pitiful and mistaken sense of loyalty, is often weakly urged against Jewish writings, that, elevated as is their tone of thought, there is no mention of Christ in their pages. But from the Jewish standpoint this silence is perfectly logical, and argues nothing either as to appreciation or non- appreciation of the Christian ideal, any more than the very rare reference made to ICartin Luther in modem Protestant writings argues any depreciation of that great refonner's work in effecting the breach with Rome. I Digitized by Google 168 The Jewish Quarterly Review. am not aware that in the above pages from which I have quoted any allusion is made to the prophet Elijah, and jet I am convinced that his name is one of the peculiar boasts of Judaism. Things are sometimes too generally admitted to require especial reference, and so it is with the Jewish appreciation of Christ. From the Deistic standpoint, leaders of thought among the Jews have long since done ample justice to the beauty of Christ's teaching and character. The question of his divinity is another matter which need not be entered upon here. Did space permit, I should have liked to enlarge upon the many pointjs of general interest, which a perusal of Lady Simon's book suggests. The character of the work is such that it cannot fail to attract a wide circle of readers : one will prize it as a treasury of scriptural quotation ; another, perhaps, will read it for the references to eminent personages of the day which it contains ; a third for the charm of the author's style ; a select company among us will delight in the pure and rarefied spiritual atmosphere which we seem to breathe in its pages ; but its noble toleration, its tender, gentle humanity must touch us all. Alice Law. Die Oesekiehte des judisehen VoUtes und seiner Litteratur^ ubersieht' lick dargestelli von Dr. S. Baeck. Kaufmann, Frankfort on the Main, 1894. Thb fact of a book like Dr. Baeck's Oesekiehte appearing in a second edition is sufficient evidence of its importance. Tet it may not be superfluous to point out its merits to a public which has not too many opportunities of instructing itself in the history of its ancestors ; for the English edition of Graetz*8 comprehensive work is, apart from its being somewhat far from perfection, too voluminous and expensive to become popular. This aim is much better attained by Dr. Baeck's book, which, in a single volume, gives an excellent sketch of the whole of the Jewish history and literature from the Babylonian exile down to the present age. A particularly pleasing feature in the new edition is the literary appendix, which contains translations from the principal works of Jewish writers, beginning with the Greek period. The selection, although not complete, is sufficient, the translations are clear and carefully made. Entirely, but unjustly, omitted, is the modem pulpit literature, which is closely Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 169 ooDnected with the history of the emancipation of the Jews. The essential part of Znnz's Gottesdienstliche Vprtrdge is nothing hut the early history of the sermon, and its last chapter treats of the later development of pulpit oratory. On the other hand, it would have been wise to leave contemporaries entirely unmentioned ; for, to give only one reason, it is but natural that those persons with whom tiie author is at aU personally acquainted, are made prominent, whilst others of equal merit are not spoken of at all. History has only to deal with what is past. I should like to call attention to a few slight inaccuracies. The introduction of the square alphabet into Hebrew writings was not so ■imple a proceeding as Dr. Baeck seems to imagine. It was not a spontaneous reform, but a development which took centuries. The remark on the invention of the vowel signs is likewise inaccurate. The so-called Babylonian ones are, without exception, superlinear. It is by no means so certain that this system is older than the Tiberian, nor has it been entirely supplanted by the latter, as it appears in Temenian MSS. of quite recent date. It is altogether injudicious to speak of these and other unestablished facts with so much certitude, or to connect names with them. Among more modem events the representation of the Damascus affair requires some rectification. The author should not have omitted the name of the late Dr. L. Loewe, whose merit it was— as we leam from Sir Moses Montefiore's 2>uirte5 (vol. i., p. 252) — to have discovered the use of the term pardon (afoo) instead of acquittal (itldk vetervihh) in the FirmSn for the release of the captives. It was due to his exertions that the terms were altered accordingly. For pardoning is only the condoning of a crime committed or believed to be committed- It should not remain unmentioned that the book is capitally got up, for which the enterprising publisher deserves great credit. I think I may advocate the translation of the book into English. H. H. Note by the Author of *<The Ideal in Judaism." Bt the courtesy of the editors I am enabled to offer a few observa- tions in reply to the Bev. Harold Anson's valuable notice of my ▼olume of sermons which appeared in the July number of this Review. It is not usual for an author to appeal against the judgment of VOL. vn. M Digitized by Google 170 The Jewish Quarterly Review. a critio ; and if I depart from the practice in this instance it is ia order to save, not mjself, but Jewish opinion and teaching from misconception. Each indiridual Jew, however obscure, becomes exalted hj outsiders into a type, and there is some danger of my doctrine, as it is set forth by my reviewer, being taken to represent the doctrine of my people. I purposely frame the last sentence in this way, because, despite the genera) fairness and even kindliness of his observations, Mr. Anson has not quite accurately represented some of my views. He thinks, for example, that I have treated '' contemptuously '^ the religious observances of the Old Testament, meaning by ^ religions observances " the Mosaic sacrificial rite, and he quotes in his support my statement that the modem conception of the Divine Being will not permit us to think that He can find delight in animal sacrifices^ a statement made in the teeth of the many positive injunctions to offer sacrifice which are contained in the Pentateuch. But if I am guilty of contemptuous conduct in this respect, I err in the best of aU good company— in the company of the Hebrew Prophets and Psalm- ists, who declared unequivocally that the Supreme Being has no delight in sacrifices, and that the sacrifice He has chosen is a contrite spirit. It is strange to find a Christian, who is bound by the noblest and the most characteristic traditions of his religion to insist upon ^* inwardness,*' taking a Jew to task for his lack of sympathy with " the effete ceremonial of a semi-civilised world." My reviewer, moreover, is disappointed at the absence of any reference in " The Ideal '' to the truth that God still demands sacrifice, though sacrifice of a **more costly, because personal*' kind. He has evidently forgotten my citation from the Boraitha of B. Meir, to which he himself had already alluded with approval : " This is the way of the religious life ; thou shalt eat thy morsel of bread with salt, and dnnk water by measure, sleep on the earth, and live a life of sorrow." The quotation is introduced into the sermon entitled *^ The Suffer- ing Messiah," which from first to last is an appeal for this *^ personal " sacrifice which God so dearly loves. Mr. Anson is surprised that I mention the Founder of Christianity so seldom, and thinks that the terms in which I speak of him are " not very laudatory." There are two allusions to Jesus in my book, and if they are so few, it is because the subjects dealt with did not call for more numerous references. The passages in question ooonron pages 9 and 33 respectively. In the former Jesus is described as ** that central figure whose sufferings and charm of character move our neighbours to alternate sympathy and emulation '* ; in the latter his '^ winning character " is acknowledged. These, I venture Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 171 to sabmit, can hardly be called anajrmpathetio allasions. As to the fairness of my description of Christianity — how far it is essentially a dogmatic system, and whether it is possible for a Christian to deny the Terbal accuracy of the (Gospels, and yet preserve unimpeached his character for orthodoxy — this raises a vexed question which obviously cannot be discussed in a note. But since I am charged with being " not OTcr-sympathetic '' towards Christianity, I may appropriately call attention to my designation of the Christian Watch-Night Service as " an impressive ceremony " (page 62), and to my allusion to the open door of the City Church, " with its silent invitation to busy men," which I call " inexpressibly beautiful." (Page 117.) Far more serious is Mr. Anson's opinion that Judaism, as I expound it, has no place for the conception of an immanent, urging, loving God. This is a familiar objection on the lips of our Christian brethren, and is all the more inexplicable seeing that the Hebrew Scriptures, which are equally accessible to Christians and Jews, are tor ever crying out against it. I hope, in an early number of this Bejiew, to show how groundless this objection is, by expounding in detail Jewish doctrine on the question at issue. Meanwhile, as regards my treatment of the subject in '* The Ideal," I would submit that Mr. Anson has scarcely given to the book, as a whole, that attentive consideration which might have been expected from so conscientious a reviewer. Many of the sermons, I would urge, aim at the satisfac- tion of that " very real need " which, in his opinion, my book has ** left ansnpplied.'* The sermon on ** The Rainbow," in particular, dwells almost exclusively upon the love of God for His earthly children, and upon the revelation of His goodness which is to be discerned in human character. " There is no life so gloomy," to quote a brief passage from that discourse, " but some rays of comfort shall steal in to illumine it ; and though a whole city- full of rebellion and sin separate God from men as with a thick cloud, yet shall that barrier be pierced again and again by the sweet tokens of His mercy. .... And truly it is man's mercy to man that is the most eloquent witness of the Divine love. Every pang assuaged by human agency, every soothing, encou- raging word that is spoken to still the complaining, to strengthen the despairing spirit, every deed of true charity, every grasp of a friend's hand, every ray of light that falls upon our life from the soul of our beloved, is a manifestation of God's mercy. Those virtues of men and women by the exercise of which they bless one another, are as truly God's angels as are the tranquillity and the strength that will sometimes mysteriously find their way into our disquieted hearts, coming we know not whence." And then, if I may be permitted one more extract, there is the sermon, entitled, *'The Penitential Season," Digitized by Google 172 The Jewish Quarterly Review. which, like the season that suggested it, would be utterly unmean- ing, did not Judaism number among its essential constituents the belief in €k>d's infinite love, which is freely extended to the contrite •inner : — "Tear after year this season returns, with its call to repent- ance, eloquent of a love, a pity, a sympathetic recognition of human needs that is Divine. * Return, ye erring children,* it cries, in the name of the Most High ; * I will heal your waywardness. Let not your self-reproaches keep you back. My love is all-powerful ; it will receive you, it will comfort you. If you suffer because of the thought of your disobedience, you shall suffer no more.' Wise, indeed, are they who heed the sublime message, who, touched by its very mer- cifulness, hasten to lay the homage of their contrition before the Throne of Grace ; who read, and judge, and reform their lives under the tranquil influences of these days ; who discern their God in the still small voice of His loving appeal, and wait not till He is revealed by the mighty tempest of His rebuke.'' And the sermon ends with a prayer, breathing precisely the same spirit. MoRKis Joseph. CORRECTION TO PAGE 707. Professor Bacher, who saw the MS. during his short visit to the Bodleian Library, read L 11, jxp-© ni [npiV]; 1. 17, [|K in]; 1. 18, n^V^yO [t5KD!?K] TOKIK^)!); ibidem, the word «mW ought to follow the word «ni*V (1. 19) ; L 19, [«nna^ 1]D. Dr. Harkavy ia abo of opinion that the Arabic fragment (ff. 705 to 707) is by f Dll (Haf s^ ben Tatsliah ; it is certainly not by Samuel ben Hofni. A. N. Digitized by Google Mr. DAVID NUTT'S LIST OF ANKODNCEMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS. IN PREPARATION. In the Series FAIRY TALES of the BRITISH EMPIRE, bj JOSEPH JACOBS and J. D. BATTEN. KOBE CELTIC FA.IBT TALES. Comprising 20 Tales, 8 Fnll-Page ninstratioos, 40 Vignettes, and 20 Initials, 68. Beady October 20th. ** Copies have also been stmck off on Japanese Vellnm with double state of Plates, at £1, lis. 6d. The majoritj of these are already taken np, and immediate application is essential to secure copies. By Same Editor and Illustrator. EXaUSH FAIRY TALES.— CELTIC FAIRY TALES.— INDIAN FAIRY TALES.— MORE ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. Each 6s. In the Series CHILI)REN*S SINGING GAMES, by AUCE BERTHA GOMME and WINIFRED SMITH. CHILBEEirS SINGINa GAMES, SECOND SERIES. Comprising Eight Games, Full-Page Illustrations, and DecoratiTe and Musical Pages. With accompanying Descriptions for Playing the Games, and Notes. Oblong 4 to., 3s. 6d. Ready November. *^* Large-Paper copies will be struck off on Japanese Vellum or Kelms* oott Pai>er as desired by subscribers. Orders must reach the Publisher be- fore October 10th. A few copies remain of the Large-Paper issue of the First Series : Eelmscott Paper at 21s. net. ; Japanese Vellum at 28s. net THE ST0EY07 ALEXANDER. Retold for English children by ROBT. STEELE. With Illustrations by Fred. Mason. Comprising Oover and Title-Page Designs, 6 Full-Page Plates, and 22 Vignettes and Tailpieces. Small 4to., 226 pages, 7s. 6d. Ready October 20th. *^* Fifty copies have be^i pulled on the finest Dutch Hand-made Paper in 4to. at 28s. net. Immediate application is necessary to secure these. THE AJCBEB WITCH. A Romance of the Sixteenth Century. Trans- lated from the German of MEINHOLD by Lady DUFF GORDON, and Edited, with Critical Introduction, by JOSEPH JACOBS. With Full. Page Illustrations by Philip Bume-Jones. Crown 8\ro., upwards of 300 pages, printed by Constable, 7s. 6d. Ready November. %* Twenty copies have been pulled on Japanese rellum with double state of Plates, at £1. lis. 6d. net. L. E&REEA.— The JEWS of RUSSIA. Translated by BELLA LOW)f. Demy 8vo., upwards of 250 pages, Map, cloth, 3s. 6d. Beady. *,* The most exhaustiye and authoritatiT« aocoimt of the recent persecu^ tion. LECTURES on DARWINISM. By the late ARTHUR MILNES MARSHALL, Lecturer in Biolo^ at Queen's College, Manchester. Edited by 0. F. MARSHALL, M.D. Medium 8yo., fully illustrated, oloth. Ready Norember* [TUaX OYSB. Digitized by Google LIST OF ANNOUNGEMENTS AND PU6UCATI0NS (Continued.) NOW READY. At all Booksellers' and Libraries. THE LEaEND of PEBSEITS. A Stndj of Tradition in Story, CnBtom, and Belief. By B. SIDNEY HARTLAND, F.S.A, Author of "The Science of Fairy Tale," &o. Vol. I, The SUPBRNATUBAL BIBTH. Crown 8vo. pp. xxxiv-228, Ts. 6d. •»♦ Vol. IL of the "Grimm Library," the First Volume of which, *' Georgian Folk-Tales," Translated by Marjory Wardrop, published in May last, sells at 5s. net. STUDIES in BIBLICAL AEGHAOLOaY. By JOSEPH JACOBS. Crown 8to., 172 pages, cloth, 3$. 6d.
•^* Beprinted, with additions and reyision, from the Arehaologieal
Review and other specialist periodicals. These "Studies,", which have
excited considerable interest among scholars, are now made accessible to the
wider circle of all students of the Old Testament.
RECENT PUBLICATIONS.
By G. S. STREET, Author of " Autobiography of a Boy."
MINIATUEE8 and UOOBa Crown Svo., cloth, 38. 6d.
By GEOBGE MOORE, Author of " Esther Waters."
nCPEESSIONS and OPINIONS. Crown Syc, cloth, 6s. net.
By Mrs. FRED. PRIDEAUX
BASIL thA ICONOCLAST. A Drama of Modem Russia. 6s. net.
By CANON H. D. RAWNSLEY.
IDYLLS and LTEICS of the NILE. Crown 8to., doth, 8s. 6d.
By P. W. JOYCE, Author of " Irish Names of Places,"
OLD CELTIC EOMANCES. Cheap Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, Ss. 6d.
By the hite A. MILNES MARSHALL, Professor of Zoology in
Owens College.
BIOLOGICAL LECTTJEES and ADDRESSES. Crown 8yo., cloth, 6s.
By WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY, late Editor of the National Observer.
A BOOK of VEBSES. Fourth Edition. 16mo., 6s. net
LONDON VOLDNTAEIES. Second Edition. 16mo., 6s. net.
VIEWS AND BE VIEWS. Second Edition. 16mo., 6s. net.
•^* The aboTC three Works beautifully printed by Constable on Hand-
made Paper, and bound in ribbed cloth, gilt top.
WKBTBEIMKB, LBA AND OO^ CUIOVS FhACE, LUNDOM WALL.
Digitized by
BDITBD Br
I. ABRAHAMS AND C. G. MONTEFIORE.
Vot. Vn. JANUARY, 1895. No. 26.
CONTENTS.
PAGB.
JAMES BABMESTETER AND HIS STUDIES IK ZEND
lilTERATUBE. By Prof. F. Max MClleb 178
SOME ASPECTS OF BABBINIC THEOLOGY. III. By S.
SCHBOHTBB 196
ON THE APOCALYPSE OF MOSES. By F. C. Conybeabb ... 216
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FBOM ENGLAND IN 1290.
n. By B. Lionel Abbahams 236
BELIEFS, BITES, AND CUSTOMS OF THE JEWS, CON-
NECTED WITH DEATH, BDEIAL, AND MOURNING.
V. ByA.F. Bendeb 259
DOMNINUS, A JEWISH PHILOSOPHER OF ANTIQUITY. By
Dr. S. Ebauss 270
LAZARUS DE VITBEBO^S EPISTLE TO CARDINAL SIRLBTO
CONCERNING THE INTEGRITY OF THE TEXT OF THE
HEBREW BIBLE. By Prof . D. Kaupmann ... 278
A NEW TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK OF JUBILEES: By
Rey. B. H. Chables 297
CRITICAL NOTICES.— Ednard Konig's Introdnction to the Old
Testament. By Prof. Dr. L. Blau. Dr. H. L. Strack's Intro-
duction to the Talmud : By Dr. S. Ebaubs. A. Euenen's
Creaammelte Abhandlungen zur Biblischen Wissensohaft, Aub
dem Holl&idischen iibersetzt : By G. A. Cooke. Maimonides*
Arabic Commentary on the Miabnah ; Bar Ratner's Intro-
duction to the Chronicle called Seder Olam Bahba ; Dr.
M. Rosenmann's Studien zum Buche Tobit ; Nathanel ibn
Yesh&ya's Light of Shade and Lamp of Wisdom ; Dr. A.
Berliner's GiMchichte der Juden in Rom von der alteeten
Zeit bis zur Gegenwart ; Dr. Harkavy, Remarks of the
Qaraite Abu-Yusuf Yakub al-Qirqisani : By Dr. A. Neubaueb.
Dr. L. Bardowioz's Studien zur Geschichte der Orthographie
des Althebraischen ; L. Qoldschmidt's Das Buoh der Sondp-
fung : By Dr. H. HiBSOHFELD 829
LITERARY GLEANINGS. -XII The Hebrew Bible in Shorthand
Writing : &j Dr. A. Neubaueb 361
THE WORKS OF PERLES. By S. J. Halbebstam 364
271, STRAND, W.C.
riytion, Poit Free^ Ten Shillingi,
Digitized by
SOUTHAIPTON BUILDINGS, CHAHCERT LAKE, LOUDON.
TWO AND A-HALPper CENT. INTEREST allowed on DEPOSITS, repayable on demand.
TWO per GENT, on CURRENT ACCOUNTS, on the minimum monthly helanceii, when
not drawn below £100.
STOCKS, SHARES, and ANNUITIES Purchased and Sold.
SAYINGS DEPARTMENT.
For the enooongement of Thrift the Bank reoeires small rama on deposit, and allows
Interest Monthly, on each completed £1 .
BZRKBBCK BVZIOZira SOOIBTT.
HOW TO PURCHASE A HOUSE FOR TWO GUINEAS PER MONTH.
BZRKBBCRK FBBBBOXA lUkm 80CXBTT.
HOW TO PURCHASE A PLOT OF LAND FOR FIVE SHILLINGS PER MONTH.
THE BIEKBBGK ALMANACK, with f nU particulars, poet free.
FRANCIS RAYENSCROFT, Manager.
DAVID HUTT, 270-71, STRAND.
JUST PUBLISHED.
THE RUSSIAN JEWSs
Emancipation or Extermination?
By L. EBBKBA, Professor at the University of Bmsseli.
With a Prefatory Note by THEODORE MOMMSEN.
Translated by BELLA LOWY.
Editor of Oraetz' ** History of the Jews."
Demy 8to» Z.-208 pp., Map, olotb, oncnt, Sa. 6d.
*^* The Original has been unanimously rect*gnised as the ablest statement of
the Jewish Question in Russia,
** Professor Errera has done good service to the canse of what Professor
Mommsen rightly calls common-sense and humanity by his temperate and
authentic statement of the facts of the case.'* — The Times.
" We trust that this volume will be widely read, for it is a highly impor-
tant contribution to contemporary history." — The Irish Times.
** Professor Errera by no means overdraws the grim picture of the most
recent expulsions. He says that the simple solution of the Jewish question
may be summed up in one word, Emancipation." — The Sunday Times.
" An important pro-Jewish work. It will be remembered that the trans-
lator performed the same office in a very admirable manner for Oraets
♦ History of the Jews.' ''^HocU.
'* The book has been well translated, and is an authority on one of the
" A sad and sickening story of oppression, * a Heartrending Picture,' and
the * Darkest Blot on our century.' " — Scotsman.
** No better popular sketch of the history of the Jewish question in Russia
has been placed within the reach of English readers. *— Jewish Chronicle.
'* A tremendous indictment on the Jew-baiting policy of M. PobMonosteT,
which was sanctioned by the late Tzar." — Daily Chronicle.
Digitized by
i^tojetcisb ^narttrlj '§mm.
(J
JANUARY, 1898.
JAMES DARMESTETER AND fflS STUDIES IN
ZEND UTERATURK
1849-1894.
The proper biography of a scholar is an autobiography,
•that is to say, a biography written by himself, written in
his own books. The circumstances of his life may concern
his friends, but in most cases they need nob be published,
whether they are meant to gratify the vanity of the
survivors, or the vulgar curiosity of the public at large.
No one could -wish for a better or fuller autobiography in
that sense, than may be found in the published works of
James Darmesteter. They speak for themselves, and they
require a very short commentary only to explain their
origin and their purpose. It is right that we should know
that James Darmesteter had the good fortune of being bom
as the son of poor, but high-minded parents, poor Jews,
who seem to have lived for their children only, and to
have cherished no ambition but to prepare their sons for
a useful and honourable career in life. And in this they
succeeded beyond all expectation. Arsfene, the elder
brother of James, was a rising scholar when he died at a
very early age. The Dictionary of the French Icmguage,
which he prepared and began to publish, will be a lasting
monument of his industry, his leaimp^pr^^lf^^i^|g?g^,^<;ity.
VOr- VII. N y^
oogle
174 The Jewish Quarterly Bevietc.
The younger brother, James, had secured to himself a
foremost place in the brilliant ranks of French scholarship,
when he likewise died comparatively early, at the age of
forty-nine. One more feature has to be mentioned to ex-
plain the spirit in which James Darmesteter devoted his
life with unflagging energy to his special studies. He was
deformed, and his frail body was to him a constant
reminder of the uncertainty of life. It was likewise a
very valid excuse for him for declining to waste his precious
hours in performing the so-called duties of society. He
rather shrank from society, and even among his friends he
his oldest and dearest friends, his books. Later in life, and
more particularly after his marriage, this retiring dis-
position may have yielded to a sense of what he owed to
his wife and to his friends. Still he always remained self-
contained, aloof from the world, and truly at home
in his own world only, the world of ancient thought, as
preserved and revealed to us in the Sacred Books of the
East. I did not know James Darmesteter in his younger
days. But I began to hear of him from our common
friends in Paris, and I was able to take his true measure
when he sent me his first important publication, Haurvatdt
et Ameretdty Essai sur la Mythohgie de FAvesta, 1875, and
his Orniazd et Ahriman, leur origines et leur histoire, 1877.
In these treatises he gave proof, not only of his mastery of
Zend, the sacred language of the Avesta, but likewise of a
critical knowledge of comparative philology and compara-
tive mythology. As a specimen of what he could do as a
classical and comparative scholar, he published about the
same time in the Hecueil des Travaux originatix et traduits
relatifs d la Philologie et d FHistoire Litt^raire, an essay
written in Latin, " De Conjugatione Latini Verbi Dare.'*
What struck me in all these writings was a mind that could
not brook anything obscure or nebulous, a mind that did
not rest till it had discovered the rational beginnings of
mythological and linguistic formations, however irrational
Digitized by
Jame^ Darmesteter. 175
and xmintelligible in their later appearance, a mind that
could grasp a large array of facts, put them in order €uid
present them in language both clear and bold.
When therefore I had to look out for a scholar to
undertake the arduous task of translating the Avesta for
the Sacred Books of the East, I fixed at once on James
Darmesteter as most likely to fall in with my own views,
that is to give a translation of these difficult documents
such as could be given at the time, taking account of all
that had been done before him, avoiding as much as
possible all controversy, and adding only such notes as
were required to enable students, ignorant of Zend, to
understand the fragmentary remains of the ancient faith
of Media and Persia. I was pleased to find that the young
scholar was willing to accept my proposal, and the almost
unanimous expression of opinion on the value of his labours,
as published in vol. iv. (1880), and in vol. xxiii. (1883)
of my Sacred Books of the Bast, has proved that my choice
had been right. I was disappointed, however, when my
excellent coUaboratcur declined to undertake the translation
of the Tasna and the YispSrad, not feeling himself, as he
declared, quite prepared as yet for that work. He felt con-
vinced, he said, that these chiefly h'turgical treatises required
for their proper interpretation an ocular knowledge of the
sacrifices as still performed by the Mobeds of Bombay. As I
could not well leave the gap unfilled, I followed the advice
of Darmesteter himself, €uid €U5cepted the ofler of the Rev.
Dr. Mills, who had been working for years at the Tasna,
and whose translation of Yasna, Visperad, Af rlnagjLn, G&hs
and Miscellaneous Fragments, published in 1887, successfully
in the Sacred Books of the Bast, In Darmesteter's decision
to postpone his own translation of the Yasna, we can see the
same caution and the same impartiality which distinguish
all his work. It is well known that there are two schools of
Zend scholarship, which, to judge from the severe criticisms
which they pass on each other, seem irreconcilable with
N 2
Digitized by
176 The Jewish Quarterly Beview.
regard to the method that should be followed in the inter-
pretation of the Avesta. One school, chiefly represented
by Haug, Benfey, Roth and others, see the true key to the
meaning of the Avesta in the Veda and comparative
philology ; the other school, led by Spiegel and his pupils,
consider the tradition, as handed down in Pahlavi and
Farsi literature, and in the customs and opinions of living
Mobeds, the safest guide of the student of the Zoroastrian
religion. "We may take it for granted that much is to be
said in support of either view, considering the eminence
of the scholars who have taken a leading part in these dis-
cussions. The first successful attempts at a scientific analysis
of the Zend language came from comparative philologists
and Sanskrit students, such as Bopp, Lassen, "Windisch-
mann and others, and after the publication of the
Veda, Vedic scholars, such &s Benfey and Roth followed
in their track. They certainly brought out wonderful
coincidences between the language, the mythology and
the religion of the Vedic poets and the Avestic law-givers.
Burnouf, however, himself the author of some brilliant
discoveries as to the common fund of words and thoughts
in the Veda and the Avesta, was nevertheless one of the first
who pointed out that the tradition handed down from at
least Sa^ssanian times, should not be neglected by European
scholars. Much as he criticised Anquetirs translation,
often misunderstood, he availed himself of it whenever
he could do so with the good conscience of a scholar. Dar-
mesteter, following his example, showed the same good
sense in trying to make use of everything that had been
preserved in the traditions of the Mobeds, though always
with the provision that it must not be in conflict with
the principles of critical scholarship. Such was his faith
in the continuity of tradition, particularly with regard to
the ceremonial, that soon after his appointment as Pro/es-
9eur des Langues et Littiratures de VIran at the ColUge
de France in 1885, he accepted a scientific mission from
Digitized by
James Darmesteter. 177
the French Government to India. One of his chief objects
was to witness at Bombay the performance of the Parsi
ceremonial, and though he did not succeed in being ad-
mitted into the Holy of Holies, he saw and heard enough,
with the help of some really learned Parsi priests, to gain
a clear insight into the liturgical framework of the Zoro-
astrian faith. But he gained even more by examining a
number of Zend, Pahlavi, and Parsi MSS. in the possession
of native scholars at Bombay ; he learned Guzerathi, and
was thus enabled to hold converse with native scholars
and also to avail himself of several Guzerathi translations of
Zend texts. He succeeded even in adding some fragments to
what had been published before of the ancient Zend litera*
ture, and he expressed a confident hope that a more syste-
matic search might still bring to light some portions of the
Avesta which existed in the third, and the fourth, possibly
even in the ninth century A.D., but which have vanished
since. After having done all this work at Bombay, Darme-
steter travelled on to Afghanistan, in order to study the
Pushtu language, and he succeeded not only in collecting
a number of Afghan songs (published in Chants Populaires
des Afghans, 1880-90), but likewise in discovering in the
language now spoken at Kabul a distant descendant of
Zend or Pahlavi. This was an important discovery, for it
once more secured to the language of the Afghans its
proper place in the pedigree of the Iranian branch, of which
prove that the Afghan dialect was a direct descendant of
Sanskrit, and more closely related to the modern verna-
culars of India than of Persia. It is extraordinary how his
delicate constitution could have stood the wear and tear of
this journey, which, though much easier now than it was
in Anquetil's time, is nevertheless both exciting and
fatiguing, particularly if, as in Darmesteter's case, it was
filled with the uninterrupted work of copying MSS.,
learning new languages, and delivering addresses both
before English and native audiences. Darmesteter had, if
Digitized by
178 The Jewish Qtiarterly Review.
not an iron frame, an iron will, and visible as were often
the signs of his bodily suflFerings, he never would allow
himself to complain. He would never say how tired he
was.
And this combination of a delicacy and cautiousness
almost feminine, with the courage of a lion» seems to form
the distinctive character of the literary work that was to
follow his return from India. We have seen how he shrank
exhausted all the materials which might prove helpful;
we can see the same prudence and circumspection in every
line of his translation, in every note in which he weighs
the translation of other scholars, and finally decides be-
tween the claims of the Vedic and of the traditional schools
of interpretation. But when he has once surveyed the whole
evidence, he shrinks from no consequences, and few scholars
have given proof of greater scientific courage than he has
done in the Introduction to his French translation of the
Avesta. This translation appeared in the Annates du Music
Ouimet in three volumes 4to. This magnificent collection of
translations of Oriental texts is published in Paris at the
expense of a private gentleman, M. Quimet, a rich mer-
chant, who devotes a large portion of the fortune which he
has made in the East to the furtherance of a better know-
ledge of the literary treasures of the East. In this collection
Darmesteter published his new translation not only of the
Vendidad, the Yashts, and the Khorda-Avesta (vol xxii.,
1892), but likewise of the VispSrad and the Yasna (voL
XXL, 1892), which he had hesitated to translate for my
collection of the Sacred Books of the Bast, The third
volume (xxiv., 1893) contained the translation of Zend
fragments lately discovered, and last, not least, his impor-
tant essay, Recherches sur la Formation de la Litt^ature et
de la Religion des Zoroastrtens. It was in this treatise that
he boldly dethroned the Avesta from its antiquity, ajid
brought it down from 1500 B.C. to the beginning of the
Christian era. Such an act requires what I call scientific
Digitized by
Jame8 Darmesteter, 179
eourage. It is certainly a very common weakness of
scholars, more particularly of Oriental scholars, to wish to
assign as remote a date as possible to the literary works
which they have brought to light. It is the same in China,
in Babylon, in Egypt, in Palestine, and in India.
Dates such as 5000, 3000, 2000, and 1000 B.c. are freely
assigned to inscriptions or to books, though no honest
scholar can suppress misgivings that the scaffolding on
which these dates repose may some day collapse, and be
replaced by a chronology of much humbler proportions. We
are too apt to forget that real chronology is possible with syn-
chronisms only, and that when we once ascend to 2000 to
5000 B.C. there are few synchronisms left. There are no nails
by which we can fasten the parallel dates of China, India, or
Babylon. When there is a certain willingness all seems
plausible enough. The Avesta having at first been assigned
to the age of VishtAspa, the half mythical father of Darius>
was afterwards raised to the age of 1200 or even 1500 B.C.
This was done chiefly on the supposition that the Avesta
was a branch of ancient Vedic poetry, and that therefore it
could not be much later than the Veda. But what the
exact relation of the Avesta to the Veda was has never bs
yet been fully explained, and the very date of the Veda
belongs to those which require what I call a certain amount
of willingness on the part of those who accept them. The
date of 1200 B.c. or 1500 B.C., which I suggested for the
Veda, and the dates of the successive periods of Vedic litera-
ture previous to the rise of Buddhism in India, have formed,
I believe, a useful working hypothesis, but they cannot claim
to be more than that. It is curious, however, that at the
very time when the date of the Avesta has been so much
depressed, that of the Veda should, on the strength of
purely astronomical calculations, have been raised to 3000,
nay even to 5000 B.c. To me, all these dates, I must con-
fess, seem to be as problematical now as when I wrote my
preface to the fourth volume of the Rigveda in 1862, in
which this astronomical chronology was fully discussed.
Digitized by
180 The Jewish Quarterli/ Review.
The ar^ment constructed by Darmesteter in proof of
the recent date of the Avest^ is extremely sagacious, and
yet I cannot say that I am quite convinced by it. In
order to arrive at a mutual understanding, both the
defenders and the opponents of the antiquity of the Avesta
and of other sacred books of the East ought, first of all, to
distinguish very carefully between the date of a book, in
the form in which we possess it, and the date of the original
composition of its component parts. I still hold, in spite of
all assertions to the contrary, that the existence of books,
in our sense of the word, can nowhere be traced beyond
about 600-700 b.c. A book, as we understood the term, pre-
supposes the existence of an alphabet, abundance of writing
materials, paper, reeds and ink, and most of all, the presence
of a reading public. Alphabets, consisting of consonants
and vowels, existed, as is well known, at a much earlier
time ; but it is a long cry from alphabets used in inscrip-
tions and even in treaties and other official documents, to
books in alphabetic writing intended to be read by an
educated public. If we call Babylonian cylinders or
Egyptian hieratic papyri, books — and there is no harm in
doing this — the age of books would have to be put back
very considerably, possibly to the reign of Yfio, in the
twenty-fourth century B.C. But if we retain its destination
for a reading public as an essential feature of a book, I
doubt whether we can prove the existence of such a thing
in any part of the world previous to 600-700 B.c. But
if that is so, it by no means follows that the earlier centuries
were entirely illiterate. On the contrary, the more we
become acquainted with ancient literature the clearer does
it become that there was everywhere a period of oral
literature, composed and handed down by memory only.
It is difficult for us to realise this, because our memory has
become something totally different from what it was in
ancient times, when writing and reading were unknown,
nay, from what it still is in countries such as India, where,
though there exist MSS., the Veda can properly be learnt
Digitized by
James Darmeateter. 181
from the mouth of a tecwjher only. That people may know
the whole of the Veda by heart is a simple fact that can
easily be verified by anybody inclined to doubt it. while
the accuracy of oral tradition, as superior even to that of
MSS., is equally attested in India at the present day. The
possibility of composing long poems without paper, pen and
ink, forms generally the greatest diflSculty. It is absurd,
we have been told again and again, to suppose that
Homer could have composed the Iliad and the Odyssey
without paper, pen, and ink. But on this point also
we have now indisputable evidence to the contrary.
The Kalevala may not be as great a poem as the
Iliad, but it is certainly as large a poem, and it
was within the memory of man that Lonnrot and others
wrote it down for the first time from the mouth of the
people, many of whom could neither read nor write,
whether in Finnish or in Swedish. It must, therefore, have
been composed by the aid of memory alone. I mention this
in order to show that if Darmesteter had proved that the
Avesta was not written down before the Arsacide or
Sassanicm rulers of Persia, he would not have proved
thereby that it did not exist as oral literature at a much
earlier time. His aorguments against the early date of a
written Avesta are so strong that it will be difficult alto-
gether to upset them. To begin with, we have no MSS.
of the Avesta before the thirteenth century A-D., nor is it
likely that more ancient Zend MSS. will ever be discovered.
There are, no doubt, the Pahlavi translations, which belong
to the fourth century, and were still in existence at the
time when the Dinkart was written, say 900 A-D. {Sacred
Books oj the East, Vol. V., p. Ixiv.) But what is that
compared with the Sarssanian and the AchsBmenian periods,
with the date assigned to Vishtdspa and Darius^ to say
nothing of the earlier dates ranging from 1200 to 1500 B.C.!
Taking his stand on the Dinkart as translated for the
first time by West in the Sacred Books of the Bast, Vol.
XXXVII., Darmesteter has made it clear that there is
Digitized by
182 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
trustworthy evidence of at least three anterior collections
of the Avesta. The account given of the first composition
can hardly claim to be called historical, except in so far as it
records a belief current at the time. We read that the
twenty-one Nasks of the Avesta were the work of Ahura
Mazda, and that they were formed from the twenty-one
words of the Ahura Vairya prayer. These twenty-one
Nasks were supposed to have been presented by 5iOroaster
to King VtshtSsp, who ordered two copies to be made, one
to be deposited in the treasury of Shd;pig&n, the other in the
National Library.
Approaching historical times, the Dinkart goes on to
state that the copy in the National Library was burnt by
Alexander's soldiers, while the other was carried off by the
Greeks to be translated into their own language. This
occurrence is more or less confirmed by Greek writers.
We enter on really historical ground when we are told that
one of the Parthian kings of Persia — Valkhash — was the
first to order the fragments of the Avesta to be collected.
This Valkhash has, with great plausibility, been identified
by Darmesteter with Vologeses I., the contemporary of
Nero, 37-68 a.d.
The next collector was the founder of the new Sassanian
dynasty of Persia, Ardashir (211-241 A.D.). His chief
assistant in the restoration of the old national religion
was Tansar. A famous letter of his, translated from the
original Pahlavi into Arabic by Ibn al Moqaffa, the well-
known translator of Kalila va Dimnah (about 850 A.D.), and
from Arabic into Persian by Muhammed bin ul Hassan
(1210 A.D.), has lately been discovered by Darmesteter cuid
published in the Journal Asiatique,
Next came Ardashir's son Sh&hp<ihr, who reigned from
241 to 272. He made great efforts to collect all that could
still be recovered of ancient Avestic literature, not only in
Persia, but, as we are told, in India and Greece also. He
took particular interest in philosophical and scientific
writings, such as were once comprised in the Avesta. Lastly,
Digitized by
James Darmesteter, 183
Sh&hp{dir n., the son of Auhrmazd (309-379), convoked a
kind of ecclesiastical council in order to put an end to the
division of religion into various sects. The orthodox party
attempt was made to put an end to all forms of dissent,
and, at the same time, to close the sacred canon.
Darmesteter argues very correctly that, accepting these
statements as historical, there would have been every oppor-
tunity for adding portions to the Avesta as late as the time
of the council under Sh&hp{ihr II., that is to say, about as
late as the Council of Nicsea. He meets the objection
that Zend was at that time a dead language by the state-
ment that, though dead, Zend was still studied and
written at that time. The spoken and official language
during the Sassanian period was Pahlavi, as preserved in
contemporary inscriptions, and in translations of the
Avesta ; but the S€U3red language, he thinks, continued to
be understood by the priests. If that was so, it was of
course possible that religious and philosophical ideas pre-
vailing in neighbouring countries, whether India, Palestine,
or Egypt, should have found their way into the Avesta.
And here Darmesteter inverts, and at the same time
strengthens, his argument by pointing out in the Avesta,
even in that small portion which has come down to us,
ideas which, as he thinks, could only have reached Persia
either from a Jewish, from a Greek, or from an Indian
source.
It is difficult to do full justice to the sagacity with
which Darmesteter has searched for traces of these three
influences, particularly if one does not oneself consider
them BA quite conclusive. Still, even without being con-
the great Zend scholar.
The fact that deva^ or daeva, the name for gods in Sans-
krit, is used in Zend as the name of evil spirits, was
formerly explained as the result of a religious schism that
took place at a very early time among Vedic Aryas, and
Digitized by
184 I%e Jewish Quarterly Review.
led to the establishment of the Masdayasnian faith in
opposition to the ancient Polytheism of the Vedic wor-
shippers. Darmesteter, on the contrary, would have us
believe that the name deva was borrowed at a much later
time to designate the false gods of India and of other
neighbouring nations, and was then transferred to all the
evil spirits of the Zoroastrian mythology. But shall we
suppose that such names as Indra, Saurva, and Naunghaithya
(in Sanskrit, Indra, iSarva, and N^satya) existed in Zend as
names of evil spirits, but that they were not called by the
general name of daevas till a much later time, when the
Masdayasnians had learnt this name as that of the idols
of their Indian neighbours ?
Darmesteter takes Buiti^ the name of a daeva, or evil
spirit in the Avesta, who was to have killed Zarathushtra,
as another name borrowed from India after the rise of
Buddhism in that country. The name occurs once as
Buidhi, which he identifies with the Sanskrit, Bodhi Dar-
mesteter would wish us to believe that the composer of
the Nineteenth Fargard of the Vendid&d, where this name
occurs, had been brought in contact with Indian Bud-
dhism, and that, though he regarded it as a hostile religion,
he yet borrowed from it the account of the temptation of
Zarathushtra by Angra Mainyu, in imitation of Buddha's
temptation by M&ra.
As this argument is hardly strong enough by itself,
Darmesteter has tried to support it by the fewjt that in one
of the Yashts Oaotema occurs represented as an impostor.
Oautama is certainly one of the many names of Buddha,
but as Gautama was the name of a large family in India,
why should not Oaotema have been a common name in
Persia also ?
That Buddhism had reached Persia at the time of
Ardashir (211-241 A.D.), 8uid even earlier, may well be
admitted, but that a contact of Zoroetstrianism with Bud-
dhism should have left no traces beyond those two names
of Buiti and Oaotema, and that they ^ould have become
Digitized by
JameB Darmesteter. 185
the names of the adversaries of the half -mythical Zara-
thushtra, is more diflGicult to believe.
So much for the supposed Indian influences. The
Jewish influence on the Avesta is admitted by Darmes-
teter himself to be less perceptible; but he points out
traces of it in the general character of the Pentateuch and
the Avesta. Both have the same object, he says, namely,
to write the history of the Creation, and the history of the
race, the Jewish on one side, the Iranian on the other ; to
inculcate the • worship of a supreme deity, Jehovah or
Ahura Mazda, and to teach a moral code, communicated
by them to their prophets, whether Moses or Zara-
thushtra. All these features, however, might be traced in
other religions also, and would scarcely suffice to prove a
borrowing from the Pentateuch on the part of the author,
or authors, of the Avesta. More special coincidences are
the creation of the world in six days in the Pentateuch,
and the creation of the world in six periods in the Avesta.^
The succession of these six periods, however, is different in
the two Bibles. Instead of light, heaven, sea, earth, plants,
stars, animals, and man, we have in the Avesta heaven,
water, earth, plants, animals, and mankind (Bundahish, i. 28)
as the creation of the six periods.
The account of the Deluge also, no doubt, has many points
of similarity ; but likewise some important differences.
It is true that the division of the earth among the three
sons of Noah is more or less closely matched by the
division of the earth among the three sons of ThraStaona
Airya, Sairima, and Tura; but Thra^taona is not Yima,
and it is Yima in the Avesta who corresponds to the
character of Noah in the Pentateuch, and not Thrafitaona.
Again, that Moses was preceded by three patriarchs, Abra-
ham, Isaac, and Jacob, and Zarathushtra by three saints,
Vivanghvat, Athwya, and Trita, is certainly curious, but
hardly sufficient to support a conclusion such as Darme-
steter tries to erect on it.
1 Mentioned in an Jfrin only, and in Yt, 13, 86.
Digitized by
186 ITie Jetpish Quarterly Review,
Admitting that there are certain similarities between
the Pentateuch and the Avesta, it would not follow that
they must be due to a direct exchange of thought between
the Persians and the Jews dispersed in Asia during the
first centuries before and after the Christian era. Several
of the traditions mentioned by Darmesteter as transferred
from Palestine to Persia, are now known to have formed
part of the most ancient Semitic folklore, preserved to us
in the cuneiform inscriptions of Chaldaea. Therefore, if
borrowed at all from a Semitic source, the borrowing
might have taken place very long before the first century
B.C., and no argument could be derived from it as to the
late date of our Avesta.
Far more powerful than his arguments in support of
Indian and Jewish influences reaching the Avesta during
the Parthian period, are, to my mind at least, Darmesteter's
arguments in favour of Greek, and more particularly of
Neo-Platonic thoughts having found admission into the
Avesta about the beginning of the Christian era.
That the Zoroastrians believed in four great periods of the
world, each lasting 3,000 years, is known firom Theopompos,
who may have seen the very MS. of the Avesta which was
carried off by the soldiers of Alexander, and likewise from
the Avesta. According to Theopompos, the Magi believed
that the good and the evil spirits reign at first alternately,
that during the third period they struggle, while during
the fourth the good prevail. The 2iOroa8trians, while
agreeing as to the four periods of 3,000 years each, and as
to the struggle carried on between Ahura Mazda and
Angra Mainyus during the third, begin the fourth period
with the birth of Zoroaster, and end it with the final
destruction of Ahriman and the resurrection to eternal life.
They differ even more essentially from the account given
by Theopompos with regard to the first and second periods.
Thus the Bundahieh (i. 8) declares that in the first period
Ormazd produced a spiritual creation, and that for three
thousand years his creatures remained in a spiritual state,
Digitized by
James Darmeateter, 187
without corruption (amMt&r), without motion, and in-
tangible. It was in the second period only that the world
became material, while Ahriman remained in confusion.
This conception of a spiritual creation preceding the
material creation is so clearly a repetition of the Neo-
Platonic conception of a xoafw^ vot^to^ preceding the Kocfjuy;
oparo^ (in Zend the sti gaithya and the ati mamyava), that
Darmesteter took it confidently as a late importation from
Greece or Alexandria. The objection that it occurs in the
Bundahish, which could not have been written before the
Mohammedan conquest of Persia (a.d. 650), and which for
other reasons has been assigned to a.d. 881,^ he meets by
showing that, though the Bundahish is of recent date, its
materials are probably taken from the Ddmddt, one of the
twenty-one original Nasks, which, to judge from an
analysis of it in the Dinkart, treated of the creation of
the spiritual world and of its change into the material. He
actually quotes from the Pahlavi version of the VendidM
a fragment of the lost Zend original of that work,
in which the question is asked, '* How long did the creation
of the good spirit last V thus leaving no doubt that such
a work existed in Zend, and what the chief subject of that
All this shows how careful a pleader Darmesteter could
be, and how conscientiously his case was prepared; but
we must remember that the idea of a spiritual, followed by
a material creation, strange as it may sound to some of us,
is not so peculiar in itself that it could have occurred to one
mind only, to that of Plato, and have been handed down in
one school only, that of the Neo-Platonists of Alexandria.
On the contrary, the rudiments of the theory of the Logas
— that is, the Spiritual Creation — proceeding from the
Supreme Spirit, are to be found in places which Greek
influence could not possibly have reached. In a well-known
hymn of the Rigveda, V&fc, or Speech, is represented as hold-
ing the same, or a very similar place, as the Logos in Philo ;
» Sacred Book* of the Ikut^ Vol. V., p. xliii.
Digitized by
188 The Jewish Quarterly Beptetc,
and even among uncivilised races, such as the Elamaths
and other Red Indian tribes, we meet with utterances
which imply the recognition of a spiritual as well as a
material creation, such as "Our Old Father created the
world by thinking and willing."^ If in the Avesta, or
even in the Bundahish, we could point out a single Greek
word such as Logos, we should be as ready to admit Neo-
Platonic influences in the Avesta as in the Fourth Gospel ;
but without such evidence we ought, I think, to leave it an
open question whether the theory of a spiritual and a
material creation was of native growth in Persia, or bor-
rowed from Greek philosophers.
In order to be quite fair, we ought still to
mention what Darmesteter has to say about the
Amshaspands. The Amshaspands, or Amesha Spentas,
the Holy Immortals, cure six in number, and form, as it
were, the staff of Ahura Mazda. They are : —
1. VohU'Mand, ie., Good Mind, the Guardian of flocks
and of man.
2. Asha-Vahista, ie,. Perfect Righteousness, the Guardian
of fire.
3. Khshathra-Vairyay ie., Good Government, the Guardian
of metals.
4. Spentordrmaiti, ie., Holy Piety or Humility, the
Guardian of the earth.
5. Haurmtdt, i.e,, Health, the Guardian of water.
6. Ameretdt, i.e., Immortality, the Guardian of plants.
These six Spirits were known to Plutarch in the first
century A.D., though he may not always have understood
their character quite accurately. He explains Vohu-Mand
as ^609 eifvoia^, Asha-vahista as deo^ aXrjdeia^, Khshathra-
vairya as 0e6^ eifvofila^, Bpenta-drmaiti as ^£09 ao<f>la(;,
Haurvat&t as ^€09 irXotkov, Ameretdt as rh errl T0J9 KoXoi^
1786a.
It is quite dear that these divine beings are not, like
> Gifford Lecturei, VoL IV., p. 383.
Digitized by
James Darmedeter, 189
the oldest Gods in the Avesta, of physical origin. The
question is, Were they abstractions formed by the
Mazdayasnians themselves, or were they borrowed from
Greece ? The names are certainly Persian, and in the case
of Haurvatdt and Anieretdt, Darmesteter has himself in
one of his earliest essays established their Vedic ante-
cedents. He has also shown that all of them began with
abstractions, not intuitions, and that it was by a natural
after-growth that they became personal, and were at last
connected with physical phenomena. Nevertheless, he
now holds that these Amshaspands, and more particularly
the first and most important of them, Vohu-mand, the
Good Mind, represented a thought borrowed from Neo-
Platonism, that he was, in fact, the representative of the
Logos, as taught at Alexandria, as known to Philo, and
as transferred to Palestine by Jews who had been living
in Alexandria. No one could doubt that this doctrine
of the Logos might have been carried from Alexandria to
Persia, just as it might have been to Jerusalem by such
men as Apollos, a Jew mighty in the Scriptures, who wa^
bom at Alexandria, or by the Synagogue of the Alex-
andrians, mentioned in the Acts, or by the author of the
Foui"th Gospel, who, whatever his name, was certainly
no stranger to the doctrines of the Neo-Platonists. The
manner in which this Second Person, or the Good Mind»
is spoken of in the Avestic writings reminds one most
forcibly of expressions used of the Logos by philosophers,
and of the Son by the Christians of Alexandria, such as
St. Clement and Origen. He is called^ the first-born of
all beings, through whom in the beginning Ahura created
the world and the true religion. He is the type of the
human race, and at last the intercessor between Ahura
and man, to obtain forgiveness of sins.
It must be confessed that to a student fresh from Philo
or from Origen, these coincidences sound startling; and
' Darmesteter, III., p. ns.
VJL. VH. O
Digitized by
190 The Jeuoiih Quarterly Review.
yet we must always remember that if the development
of the Logos in the Neo-Platonic sense from the funda-
mental conceptions of Plato and Aristotle, was natural
and intelligible, considering the necessity of having some
kind of connecting link between the transcendent Deity
and the phenomenal world, so would be the parallel
development of the Vohu-Mand, as the instrument through
which Ahura Mazda was able to create and to rule the
world. This may seem a very lame argument, yet, though
I am not satisfied by it, I cannot forget that the whole
system of Angels and Archangels has always been
supposed to have been borrowed by the Jews from the
2iOroa8trian, rather than by the Zoroastrians from the
Jews. And while in the Avestic writings we find not a
single foreign name borrowed from a Jewish source, we
actually find one Zend name at least in the book of Tobit.
One of the evil spirits created by Ahriman to oppose
Ormazd and his six Amshaspands, was Aeshma, and this
Aeshma, under the form of AeshmS daevd, has been proved
by Kohut and Windischmann, to have been the original
of Asmodeus, This shows the direction of a stream of
thought flowing from Persia to Judaea, but not from
Judaea to Persia.
One more difficulty has to be mentioned which prevents
us from accepting Darmesteter's theory of the late and
Neo-Platonic origin of the Amshaspands. "We saw that
there were six Amshaspands, and Darmesteter himself
admits that five of them were later developments of the
original idea embodied in Vohu-Man6. The third of these
Amshaspands is called in the Avesta Khshathra-Vairya,
generally translated by Good Government, but meaning
literally Strong Government This is pure Zend, and
very near to the corresponding Sanskrit words Kshatra
and Vtfya, We have hitherto supposed that this name
was gradually corrupted to Khaahtarvar, ShatrSvar, Shah-
r^var, and ShehrtHr. Fortimately, we can fix the date
of one of these corruptions from coins which were
Digitized by
Janiea Darmesteter. 191
struck by Indo-Scythian rulers such as Kanishka
(about 78 A.D.), and Huvishka (111-129 A.D.). On one
of the coins of Huvishka we read the name Raoreoro
or Baoreoar, which is as exact a rendering of Shah-
rSvar as it was possible to give in the Indo-Scythian
Greek alphabet.^ We are now asked to believe that the
Mazdayasnians knew nothing of their Khnhathra-Vairya
till about the first or second century after Christ, that
is, till about the very time when this Persian Deity was
borrowed by the Indo-Scythian rulers of India, under the
corrupt form of ShahrSvar or Raoreoro. This seems
altogether impossible, while the former theory, that the
old form Khahathra-Vairya became changed to SMhrevar
in the course of centuries and in obedience to the phonetic
laws of Persian, and was adopted in that modern form by
Huvishka, is simple, intelligible, and, as far as I can judge,
indisputable. The ideas, too, which lie imbedded in
Khshathra- Vairpa, must surely have passed through a long
process before they could dwindle down to the meaning
conveyed by Shahrimr,
It may seem hardly fair in an obituary notice to enter
upon a criticism of the opinions of a departed scholar.
Still, as I said at the beginning, the true life of a scholar
is written in his books, and they are of more interest than
the smcdl events which mark the stations of his pilgrimage
on earth. Nor should I wish to be understood as if I
undervalued Darmesteter's arguments in support of a late
date of the Zend Avesta ; all I wish to say is that I am not
convinced, though I feel at the same time that the facts
and arguments he has brought together on his side of the
question, can never again be ignored, and deserve, if they
are to be demolished at all, to be demolished by a better
Zend scholar than I can claim to be. It is to be regretted
that in discussing questions of scholarship, one is always
supposed to be discussing persons rather than things. The
< See Stein, Zoroastriao Deities on Indo-Scythian coins, in Oriental
and Babylonian Record^ August, 1887, p. 161.
O 2
Digitized by
192 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
true scholar, however, cares not about who is right, but
only about what is right. It happens, not unfrequently,
that the man whose views in the end prove to be wrong,
possesses and displays a far greater amount of sound know-
ledge than he who seems almost to divine the truth, and is
able to unravel at once the most confused tangle of facts
and arguments. Darmesteter possessed, certainly, a vast
amount of positive knowledge, nor did he allow this burden
to weigh down his critical ffiiculty or his brilliant combina-
tion. His arguments are always to the point, his work-
manship is always clean and sharp-cut. It seems the very
consciousness of his strength that makes him attempt the
most difficult tasks, which no one before him has ventured
to approach. As I said in another article, his essay on the
modern date of the Avesta, has fallen like a bomb into the
peaceful camp of Zend scholars, and no one has yet
succeeded in quenching it or carrying it away. I am the
last person to undertake this dangerous task, but I could
not, in giving an account of Darmesteter's literary achieve-
ments, suppress altogether the doubts which remain in my
mind after a careful study of his work.
Darmesteter himself avoided, as much as possible, any
literary feuds. He preferred to discuss opinions rather
than men. He would often controvert certain views, and
establish new facts, without once mentioning the names
of those who were responsible for them. Still even he did
not altogether escape from personal conflicts, and his con-
troversy with Dr. de Harlez, now happily forgotten, is
but another instance how two scholars of very high merit
can say most painful things of each other, while all the
time working, and working well, each in his own way,
in the same noble cause, in the conquest of truth. There is
no doubt that Darmesteter's last thesis will continue the
subject of fierce controversy for years to come, but now that
the author of it has been taken away from us, it will no
doubt be carried on with the respect due to the dead, which
is so often denied to the living.
Digitized by
Jamea Darmeateter. 193
My account of the literary labours of Darmesteter, which
I was unexpectedly asked to write, is chiefly confined to
the publications which had brought me in contact with him,
and which were, therefore, quite familiar to me. Even if
at Oxford I had been able to procure some of his other
works, I should not have had time to read them, still less
to judge them. But the following list of his publications,
which I partly owe to the kindness of friends, will give an
idea of his wide interests, and his comprehensive studies.
" Le Mahdi depuis les origines de Tlslam."
" Jemrud et la l^gende de Jemshid" (Joum. Aaiat, 8*
s^rie, torn. viii.).
"Points de contact entre le MahabhArata et le Sh&h-
Nameh " (ibid, t x. p. 6).
" Les inscriptions de Caboul " (ibid. t. xi., p. 491).
" L'apocalypse de Daniel *' {Melanges Reiner, p. 405).
"Souvenirs bouddhistes sur TAfghanistaji " (Joum.
Asiat, 8* s6rie, t. xv., p. 195).
"La grande inscription de Qandahar" (Ibid. t. xv., p.
195).
" Etudes Iraniennes," 2 vols., Paris, 1883.
" Essais orientaux," Paris, 1883.
" Les Prophfetes dlsrael," Paris, 1892.
"L'apocryphe persan de Daniel" ("Bibl. des Hautes
fitudes," fasa 73.)
In the JSevue des etudes Juives.
" Les six feux dans le TeJmud et dans le Bundahish "
(tom. L. p. 186).
"David et Rama " (t. II, p. 300).
" Textes Pahlavis relatifs au Judaisme " (xviiL 1, xix. 41).
" Chants populaires des Afghans, pr6c6d6s d'une introduc-
tion sur la langue, llustoire et la litt^rature des Afghans,"
1890.
This list may give an idea of his indefatigable industry.
Darmesteter had for many years to support himself by his
pen, and he did me the honour at that time to translate
my Hibbert Lectures into French, Origine et DSvehppe-
Digitized by
194 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
ment de la Religion^ Mudes d la lumiire des Religions de
tinde, 1879. His struggle for life must often have been
very severe and very painful, but his laat years were
rendered bright and sunny by the tendemeas of a devoted
friend. Though he had accepted the editorship of a great
French Review, a step which his colleagues and friends
regretted, he did not become unfaithful to his Oriental
studies. To the very last day of his life he worked hard
at a new edition of his translation of the Avesta, for the
Sacred Books of the East. Few only of the works con-
stituting that large series, have as yet had the honour of a
second edition, and it does great credit to the public in
England and abroad that they should have discovered the
exceptional value of the labour garnered in those two
volumes. It will be no easy task to arrange the materials
which he has left for publication, but the first volume is
nearly printed, and the introduction, containing his latest
views on the Avesta, is almost ready for press. Happy as he
was in his birth, he was even happier in his death. After
a cheerful conversation with his wife on some literary plans,
he rested in his chair, while the bright sunlight streamed
down upon him through the window of his library, a part-
ing greeting from Mithra, the friend of light and truth,
whom he had served so faithfully during his life on earth.
He fell asleep unconsciously, and never opened his eyes
again.
F. Max MtJixER.
Digitized by
Sonie Aspects of Rabbinic Theohgy. 195
SOME ASPECTS OF RABBINIC THEOLOGY.
m.
The visible kingdom may be viewed from two aspects,
national and universal. In the following pages I will try
to give the outlines of this idea as they are to be traced
in Rabbinic literature.
*' Before God created the world," we read in the chapters
of R. Eliezer, '' there was none but God and his great name.
' The great name is the tetragrammaton/ " the name expres-
sive of his being, the " I am." All other names, or rather
attributes, such as Lord, Almighty, Judge, Merciful, indica-
tive of his relation to the world and its government, had
naturally no meaning before the world was created. The
act of creation again is a manifestation of God's holy will
and goodness ; but it requires a responsive goodness on the
part of those whom he intends to create. " When the holy
one, blessed be he, consulted the Torah as to the creation
of the world, she answered, * Master of the (future) world,
if there be no host, over whom will the King reign, and if
there be no peoples praising him, where is the glory of the
King V The Lord of the world heard the answer, and it
To effectuate this object, the angels already in existence
did not suflBce. " When God had created the world," one
of the later Midrashim records, " he produced on the second
day the angels with their natural inclination to do good,
and an absolute inability to commit sin. On the following
days he created the beasts with their exclusively cuoimal
* Ghapter III. The thong^ht of the world, and espeoiaUj man, haying
beam oreated for (Jod's glory, is very common in Jewish literature. Cp.
Perth Kinfan Torah^ at the end ; Tanehuma Bereshit, § 1.
Digitized by
196 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
desires. But he was pleased with neither of these extremes.
If the angels follow ray will, said God, it is only on
account of their impotence to act in the opposite direction.
I shall, therefore, create man who will be a combination of
both angel and . beast, so that he will be able to follow
either the good or the evil inclination."^ His evil deeds
will place him below the level of the brutes, whilst his
noble aspirations will raise him above the angels.
In short, it is not slaves, heaven-bom though they may be,
that can make the kingdom glorious. God wants to reign
over free agents, and it is their obedience which he desires
to obtain. Man becomes thus the centre of creation, for he
is the only object in which the kingship could reveal itself
in full manifestation. Hence it is, as it would seem,
that on the sixth day, after God had finished all his work,
that God became King over the world.'
Adam the first invites the whole creation over which he
is master " to clothe God with majesty and strength," and
to declare him King, and he and all beings join in the song,
" The Lord reigneth, he is clothed with majesty," which
forms now the substance of the 93rd Psaim.' God can now
rejoice in his world. This is the world inhabited by man,
and when he viewed it, as it appeared before him in all its
innocence ?Lnd beauty, he exclaimed : " My world, that
thou wouldst always look as graceful as thou lookest
now."*
This state of gracefulness did not last long. The free
agent abused his liberty, and sin came into the world, dis-
figuring both man and the scene of his activity. RebellioE
against God was characteristic of the generations thai
follow. Their besetting sin, especially that of the genera-
tion of the Deluge, which had to be wiped out from the
» Quoted in the P"OD, § 58.
' See Roth Hathanah^ 31a, assaming, of course, that the words *]VD'
\Ty7V on the second day came into the text by a clerioal error. Cp. DH
a,l. Ahoth d^R, Nathan, Appendix 76^, and the Mishnah, ed. Lowe, 191a.
s Chapters of B. Eliezer, XI. « Oenetis R,, IX,
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, 197
face of the earth, was that they said : " There is no judge
in the world." ^ They were the reverse of the faithful of
later generations, who proclaimed God s government and
kingship in the world every day.* They maintained that
the world was forsaken by God, and said unto God, " De-
part from us, for we desire not the knowledge of thy
ways" (Job xxi. 14).' The name of God was profaned by
transferring it to abominations (or idols), and violence and
vice became the order of the day.* By these sins God was
removed from the world in which he longed to fix his
abode, and the reign of righteousness and justice ceased.
The world was thus thrown into a chaotic state of dark-
ness for twenty generations, from Adam to Abraham, all of
them continuing lo provoke God.* With Abraham the
light returned,* for he was the first who called God
master ^^ITH), a name which declares God to be the Ruler
of the world, and concerned in the actions of men.^
Abraimm was also the first great missionary in the world,
the friend of God, who makes him beloved by his creatures,
and wins souls for him, bidding them, as he bade his
children, to keep the way of the Lord, to do righteousness
and judgment.^ It was by this activity that Abraham
brought God again nearer to the world ; • or, as the Rabbis
occasion to quote : Before Abraham made God known to his
creatures he was only the God or the King of the heavens,
but since Abraham came (and commenced his prosel3rtising
activity) he became also the God and the King of the
earth ;^<^ Jacob is also supposed by the Rabbis to have
' Ahatk d'R. ydthan, 47^ and pozaUela.
< See Midrash Tillvn, B., lib. * See SynhedHn, 108a.
^ See Aboth, V. 1, and oommentaries. ' Oenesu B,, III., § 3.
' Beraehfth, 7b. See MK^nD to the passage.
* See Siphre, 73^, and parallels.
* PmUa B.y lb, and Peiihta F., ISb.
*• Siphre, 134*, -where the word iTtD oocnrs.
Digitized by
198 The Jetciah Quartei^ly Review.
taught his children before his death the ways of Grod
whereupon they received the yoke of the kingdom of
heaven.^ Hence the patriarchs (as models and propa-
gators of righteousness) became, as I have mentioned
above, the very throne of God, his kingdom being based
upon mankind's knowledge of him, and their realisation
of his nearness.*
But the throne of God is not secure as long as the re-
cognition of the kingship is only the possession of a few
individuals. At the very time when the patriarch was
teaching righteousness, there were the entire communities
of Sodom and Gomorrah committed to idolatry and the
basest vices,' whilst in the age of Moses Pharaoh said :
" Who is the Lord that I should obey his voice ? "* The
kingship is therefore uncertain until there exists a whole
people " which knows Grod," sanctified unto his name, and
devoted to the proclamation of his unity.* " If my people,"
God says to the angels, ** decline to proclaim me as King
upon earth, my kingdom ceases also in heaven." Hence
Israel says unto God, *' Though thou wast from eternity
the same ere the world wets created, and the same since the
world has been created, yet thy throne was not established
and thou wast not known ; but in the hour when we stood
by the Red Sea, and recited a song before thee, thy king-
dom became firmly established and thy throne was firmly
set." * The establishment of the kingdom is indicated in
the eighteenth verse of the song, where it is said, " The
Lord shfiJl be King for ever and ever." But even more
vital proofs of their readiness to enter into the kingdom
Israel gave on the day of " the glorious meeting " on Mount
Sinai, when they answered in one voice: ''All that the
1 Numbers R., II., § 8. See also Oen. 12., and paraUels.
* See Jewish Quabtebly Review, VI., p. 422.
' Synhedrinj lOSa, and parallels.
« See Maimonidee* M. T. VH K"D DI^V m37n, etc., which Beems to be a
paraphrase of some Midrash.
* See Exod, R, xxiii. * Midrash to Song of Songs MS.
Digitized by
Some Ay>ect8 of Rabbinic Theology, 199
Lord hath said we will do, and be obedient " ^ (Exod.
xxiv. 7). This unconditional surrender to the will of Qod
invested Israel, according to the Rabbis, with a special
beauty and grace.* And by the manifestation of the
knowledge of God through the act of the revelation the
world resumes its native gracefulness, which makes it
again heaven-like, whilst God finds more delight in men
than in angels.'
There is a remarkable passage in the Mechilta, in which
Israel is strongly censured because in the song at the
Red Sea, instead of using the present tense, l!?9 'n, " God is
King,'* they said Tiba> 'n, *' God shall be King " thus defer-
ring the establishment of the kingdom to an indefinite
future.* Israel had accordingly some sort of foreboding of
the evil times to come, a foreboding which was amply
justified by the course of history. Israel soon rebelled
against the kingdom. There was the rebellious act of the
Golden Calf, which took place on the very spot where the
kingdom was proclaimed, and which was followed by
other acts of rebellion against God.* The sons of
Samuel were called Bene Belial — men who threw off the
yoke of God • and denied the kingdom of heaven.^ The
> Petikta B., I7a,
* See Midrash Agadah, ed. B., 171a. Op. tlie Targnm to Song of Songs,
Yu. 7. * See Eoeod, M,, LL, § 8, and parallels.
* See MechUta, 44a, in the name of B. Jose of GkJilee. The text in
the editions is corrupt. In the Midrash Haggadol it runs : — 1170^ 't\
ODD • KU^ nmj;^ TVi xhwh -p^o^ 'n vhtK niD^oi r\xm ona no^K^
nD nx Dn^y 3b^i •^^Da nine 9\}im ixhn nyne did k3 *3 no
-yirm DmiK on in^mi in^jno ikvi ipv ^3K • ae^ on^^y • d^t
HiDi onvtDD nyonc' )fij • Tim apjn nnoB^ t'*'^ P"^* r»T
D^n "pni rwy^i \:hr\ hvctir* oil • t^d^ nyoajy. op. Targum Onkeios
to this verse, who seems to have had the same difficulty as B. Jose, which
Nachmanidee did not apparently appreciate, unless he oyerlooked the
passage from the Mechilta,
* See Numh. J2., VII., § 2. • See Siphre, 93>.
' See Yalhut Samvel^ § 86. The marginal reference to Torath Kohanim
Digitized by
200 The Jemsh Quarterly Review.
division of the ten tribes under Jeroboam was also re-
garded as a rebellion against the kingdom of God. The
reading in 2 Samuel xx. 1 was bsna7> 1>nbrf? a7^M, " Every
man to his gods, O Israel."^ Even the princes of Judah at
a later time " broke the yoke of the Holy One, blessed be
he, and took upon themselves the yoke of the King of
Flesh and Blood." The phrase, "broke" or "removed"
the yoke, is nqt uncommon in Rabbinic literature,
and has a theological meaning. The passage just cited
refers probably to some deification of Roman emperors
by Jewish apostates, and not exactly to a political
revolt.*
Yet, notwithstanding all these relapses, one great end
was achieved, and this was, that there existed a whole
people who did once select God as their King. Over the
people as a whole, as already hinted, God asserts his right
to maintain his kingdom. Thus the Rabbis interpret
Ezekiel xx. 33, " Without your consent and against you
will I (God) be King over you " ; and when the elders of
Israel remonstrate, " We are now among the Gentiles, and
have therefore no reason for not throwing off the yoke of
his kingdom," the Holy One answers, " This shall not come
to pass, for I will send my prophets, who will lead you
back under my wings." ' The right of possession is thus
enforced by an inner process, the prophets being a part of
the people; and so there will always be among them a
remnant which will remain true to their mission of preach-
ing the kingdom. The remnant is naturally small in
(39d) refers only to the first lines of the passage, which Schottgen (1149)
confused. See Koheleth Rahbah, I., § 18.
> The rebellion of the Belial Sheba, the son of Bichri, is only a prelude
to that effected by Jeroboam. See Midrash Shemuel B,, o. 14, § 4, and
notes, and 39a.
« See Aboth d'R. Nathan, c. 20. See, however, Bacher*s Agada der
Tatmaiten, I., 68, note 1, and the reference there to Weiss. Cp. the Beth
Talmud, II. 333-84.
> See Torath Kohanim, 1125. Op. Synhedrin, 105a, and parallels.
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology. 201
number, but is sufficient to keep the idea of the kingdom
alive. " God saw," say the Rabbis, " that the righteous
were sparse ; he therefore planted them in (or distributed
them over) all generations, as it is said in 1 Samuel i. 8,
' For the pillars of the earth are the Lord's, and he has set
the world upon them.'" The pillars, according to the Rab-
binical explanation, are the righteous, who, by the fact of
their being devoted to the Lord, form the foundation of
the spiritual world.^
I will now try to sum up in some clearer way the results
to which the preceding sentences, mostly consisting of
Rabbinical quotations, may lead us. We learn first that
the kingdom of God is in this world. In the next world,
if we understand by it the heavens, or any other sphere
where angels and ethereal souls dwell, there is no object in
the kingdom. The term, " Kingdom of Heaven," must
therefore be taken in the sense in which heaven is equiva-
lent to God, but not locally, as if the kingdom were located
there. The term na? ni3ba in the Prayer-book,^ the
kingdom of the Almighty, may be safely regarded as a
synonym of D'^DB? niDba.
This kingdom again is established on earth by man's
consciousness that God is near to him, whilst nearness of
God to man means the knowledge of God's ways to do
righteousness and judgment, in other words, the sense of
duty and responsibility to the heavenly King who is
concerned in and superintends our actions. "The hill
of the Lord," and '*the tabernacle of God" in the
Pjialms, in which only the workers of righteousness and
the pure-hearted shall abide, are kingdoms of God in
miniature.
The idea of the kingdom is accordingly ethical, not
escliatological, and it was in this sense that the Rabbis
considered the patriarchs and the prophets as the preachers
' rma,386.
* Beginning n^p^ p hv (p. 77 of Rev. S. Singer's Edition).
Digitized by
202 TJie Jemsh Quarterly Memew.
of the kingdom. It is not even identical with the law or
Shema (/.«., Deut. vi, 4-9), and afterwards the section Deut.
xi. 13, commencing with the words : " And it shall come to
pa,ss if ye will hearken diligently unto my command-
ments," This is done, say the Rabbis, to the end that we
may receive upon ourselves first the yoke of the kingdom
and afterwards the yoke of the commandments.^ The
law is thus only a necessary consequence of the kingdom,
but it is not identical with it. Another remarkable pas-
sage, in which the kingdom is distinguished from the
Torah, is the following, alluding to Zech. ix. 9 : "'Rejoice
greatly, O daughter of Zion, .... behold thy King is
coming unto thee ' God says to Israel : * Ye righteous
of the world, the words of the Torah are important for
me ; ye were attached to the Torah, but did not hope for
my kingdom. I take an oath that with regard to those
who hope for my kingdom I shall myself bear witness for
their good These are the mourners over Zion who
are humble in spirit, who hear their offence and answer
not, and never claim merit for themselves." Lector Fried-
mann, in his commentary on the Pesikta, perceives in this
very obscure passage the emphatic expression of the im-
portance of the kingdom, which is more universal than
the words of the Torah ; the latter having only the aim of
preparing mankind for the kingdom.* But from another
passage it would seem that Israel could derive the same
lesson from the Torah itself, if they would only read
it rightly. I refer to Siphre in Deut. xxxii. 29, where
of the Torah which were revealed to them, no nation
would have ever gained dominion over them. And
> Berachoth^ 13a.
* See Pesikta Rahhathi^ 159a, text and notes (especially note ^3).
There are, however, very grave doubts as to the age and character of aU
these Metsianio Pesiktoth, See Friedmann's interesting note, ihid.^ p. 164a
and &, though he defends their genuineness.
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, 203
wha.t did she (the Torah) say unto them ? Receive
upon yourselves the yoke of the kingdom of my name ;
outweigh each other in the fear of heaven, and let your
conduct be mutual loving-kindness."^ The conditions of
the kingdom are thus, mainly at least, ethical : The fear of
God and the love of one's neighbour. Nor again is the
kingdom of God political. The patriarchs in the mind of
the Rabbis did not figure as worldly princes, but as
teachers of the kingdom. The idea of theocracy in opposi-
tion to any other form of government was quite foreign to
the Rabbis. There is not the slightest hint in the whole
Rabbinic literature that the Rabbis gave any preference to
a hierarchy with an ecclesiastical head who pretends to be
the vice-regent of God, to a secular prince who derives his
authority from the divine right of his dynasty. Every
authority, according to the creed of the Rabbis, was ap-
pointed by heaven ; * but they had also the sad experience
that each in its turn rebelled against heaven. The high
priests, Menelaus and Alcimus, were just as wicked and as
ready to betray their nation and their God as the laymen,
Herod and Archelaus, who owed their throne to Roman
machinations.
If, then, the kingdom of God was thus originally in-
tended to be in the midst of men and for men at large (as
represented by Adam), if its first preachers were like
Abraham ex-heathens, who addressed themselves to
heathens, if again the essence of their preaching was
righteousness and judgment, and if, lastly, the kingdom
does not mean a hierarchy, but any form of government
conducted on the principles of righteousness, judgment,
» Siphre, 138fl. Perhaps we ought to read DnDK' instead of ^DB'. Cp.
also "Wnn, c 28 : " And thus said the holy one, blessed be he, My be-
loved children, do I miss anything which yon could give me 7 I want
nothing from yon but that you love each other, respect each other, and
that no sin or ugly thing be found among you.**
* See Berachothy 58a. With regard to Borne in particular, see Abodah
Digitized by
204 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
and charitableness, then we may safely maintain that the
kingdom of God, as taught by Judaism in one of its aspects,
is universal in its aims.
But, (>n the other hand, it cannot be doubted that
the idea of the kingdom is occasionally so strongly con-
nected with the Israelites as to appear almost inseparable
from them. This is its national aspect. The Israelites, as
we have seen, are the people, who, by their glorious acts on
the Red Sea, and especially by their readiness on Mount
Sinai to receive the yoke of the kingdom, became the very
pillars of the throne, with whom even the angels have to
reckon. To add here another passage of the same nature,
I will quote the saying of R. Simon, who expresses the
idea in very bold language. Speaking of the supports of
the world, and Israel's part in them, he says : '* As long
as Israel is united into one league (that is, making bold
front against any heresy denying the unity or the supre-
macy of God), the kingdom in heaven is maintained by
them; whilst IsraeVs falling off from God shakes the throne
to its very foundation in heaven.^ " Jerusalem, which the
Prophet (Jer. iii. 17) called the throne of the Lord, becomes
identified with it ; and Amalek, who destroyed the holy
city, becomes guilty of rebellion against God and his king-
dom.^ Therefore neither the throne of God nor his holy
name is perfect (that is to say, not fully revealed) as long
as the children of the Amalekites exist in the world.' And
just as Israel are the bearers of the name of God, so the
Amalekites are the representatives of idolatry and every
base thing antagonistic to Gk>d, so that R. Eleazer of
Modyim thinks that the existence of the one necessarily
involves the destruction of the other. " When will the name
of the Amalekites be wiped out ? he exclaims. Not before
both the idols and their worshippers cease to exist, when
God will be alone in the world and his kingdom established
» See Midrash Sfwmuel, V., § 11, and references. Cp. Baoher, II. 140,
rote 1.
2 PfMikta j5., 2%a. * Pfsikta F,, oln, and parallels.
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theohgy. 205
for ever and ever." ^ These passages, to which many more
of a similar nature might be added, are the more calculated
to turn the kingdom of heaven into a kingdom of Israel,
when we remember that Amalek is only another name for
his ancestor Esau, who is the father of Edom, who is but
a prototype for Rome. With this kingdom, represented
in Jewish literature by the fourth beast of the vision of
Daniel,* Israel according to the Rabbis is at deadly feud, a
feud which began before its ancestors even perceived that
the light of the world is perpetually carried on by their
descendants, and will only be brought to an end with history
itself.' Thf contest over the birthright is indicative of
the struggle for supremacy between Israel and Rome. It
would even seem as if Israel despairs of asserting the
claims of his a.cquired birthright, and concedes this world to
Esau. " * Two worlds there are,' Jacob says unto Esau, ' this
world and the world to come. In this world there is eating
and drinking, but in the next world there are the righteous,
who with crowns on their heads revel in the glory of the
divine presence. Choose as first-bom the world which
pleases thee.' Esau chose this world." * Jacob's promise
to join his brother at Seir meant that meeting in the distant
future, when the Messiah of Israel will appear and the Holy
One will make his kingdom shine forth over Israel, as it is
said (Obadiah i. 21) : " And saviours shall come up on Mount
Zion to judge the mount of Esau ; and the kingdom shall
be the Lord's." ^ Thus the kingdom of heaven stands in
opposition to the kingdom of Rome, and becomes connected
with the kingdom of Israel, and it is in conformity with
this sentiment that a Rabbi, picturing the glorious spring,
in which the budding of Israel's redemption will first be
perceived, exclaims : " The time has arrived when the reign
of the wicked will break down and Israel will be redeemed ;
^ MechiUa, 56a and b, ^ See Lev, i2., XII., and parallels.
» Oeneru R., LXI., §§ 6, 7 and 9.
« Quoted from a Midrash in a Parma MS. Cp. XIX., T21"n
^ (?CTten# iZ., LXXVUI., and paraUels.
VOL. vn. P
Digitized by
206 The Jewish Quarterly Remew.
the time is come for the extermination of the kinpjdom ot
wickedness ; the time is come for revelation of the kingdom
of heaven, and the voice of the Messiah is heard in
our land." ^
This is only a specimen of dozens of interpretations of
the same nature, round which a whole world of myths and
legend grew up, in which the chiliastic element, with all
its excesses, was strongly emphasised. I cannot enter
here into the details of those legends. They fluctuate
and change with the great historical events and the
varying influences by which they were suggested.* But
there are also fixed elements in them which are to be
found in the Rabbinic literature of almost every age and
date. These fixed elements are : —
1. The faith that the Messiah will restore the Kingdom
of Israel, which under his sceptre will extend over the
whole world. 2. The notion that a last terrible battle will
take place with the enemies of God (or of Isra,el), who will
strive against the establishment of the kingdom, and who
will finally be destroyed. 3. The conviction that it will
be an age of both material as well as spiritual happiness
for all those who are included in the kingdom.'
Now even Christianity, in which the Messianic element
is so predominant, and in which, according to the best
authorities, the chiliastic element is so early " that it may
be questioned whether it ought not to be regarded as a
Christian dogma," dispensed with it as early as the fourth
' See Peiihta jB., 50fl, and PeHkta Jl, 75a, text and notes.
' Principal Drummond's book, The Jewish Messiah, is still the best
work on the subject. A thorough re-examination of aU the materials
as to their real Jewish character and their age would be the more desir-
able, as since the appearance of this work many MSS. and Midrashim have
been discovered. See Gfidemann, Monatsschrift^ 1893, p. 351.
3 Whether the Kingdom of the Messiah is identical with the Kingdom
of God, or only a preparation for it, is not quite clear. In one of the
versions of the weU known Midrash of the Ten Kings after the Messiah,
the kingdom comes back to its first master, that is, God, who was the first
King after the creation of the world. See Chapters of R. Eliezer, XL
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, 207
century. Judaism, which has never shown a great ten-
dency to convert folklore into dogma, whilst, on the other
hand, it has felt a strong reluctance to assume authority in
matters falling within the province of prophecy, had
neither the necessity nor the opportunity of disowning
these chiliastic details. When the Church became trium-
phant, and "the profession of the Christian faith wa,s
attended with ease and honour," the doctors of Chris-
tianity could afford to spiritualise or to explain away the
idea of the millennium, from which the early martyrs de-
rived so much comfort and strength. But Judaism had
then to enter on a new and terrible era of persecution and
suffering, which gave a fresh impulse to the creation of
new Messianic apocalypses or to the spinning out of the
old onea
The process of spiritualisation, as it was partly under-
taken by Maimonides, and others, had therefore to be
postponed to a later period. The theological consequences
of this delay were that, in the meantime, the two ideas of
the Kingdom of Heaven, over which God reigns, and the
Kingdom of Israel, in which the Messiah holds the sceptre,
became confused with each other.
But this delay was not quite an unmixed evil. To a
certain extent I even feel grateful for it. The worst that
can be said of this confusion is, that it has both narrowed,
and to some extent even materialised, the notion of the
kingdom. On the other hand, however, it also contributed
towards investing it with that amount of substance and
reality which are most necessary, if an idea is not to
become meaningless and lifeless. It is just this danger to
which ideas are exposed in the process of their spiritualisa-
tion. That " the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life,"
is a truth of which Judaism, which did depart very often
from the letter, was as conscious as any other religion.
Zei-achya ben Shealtiel, in his Commentary to Job ii. 14,^
* Pablished in the ^^ l^^pH, a collection of commentaries to Job.
P 2
Digitized by
208 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
goes even as far as to say, '' Should I explain this chapter
according to its letter I should be a heretic, because I
would have to make such concessions to Satan's powers
which are inconsistent with the belief in the Unity. 'I
shall therefore interpret it according to the spirit of
philosophy." But, unfortunately, there is also an evil
spirit which sometimes possesses itself of an idea and
reduces it to a mere phantasm. The history of theology
is greatly haunted by these unclean spirits. The best
guard against them is to provide the idea with some
definiteness and reality before we permit ourselves to look
out for the spirit.
This was the service rendered by the connection of the
Kingdom of Israel with the Kingdom of Grod. In the first
plaice, it fixed the kingdom in this world. It had of course
to be deferred to some indefinite period, but still its locale
remained our globe, not unknown regions in another
world. It was extended from the individual to a whole
nation, thus making the idea of the kingdom visible and
tangible. The whole nation, with all its institutions, civil
and ecclesiastical, becomes part and parcel of the Kingdom
of God.
By this fsict, it is true, the Kingdom of God becomes
greatly nationalised. But even in this nairowed sense,
Israel is only the depository of the kingdom, not the ex-
clusive possessor of it. The idea of the kingdom is the
palladium of the nation. According to some, it is the
secret which has come down to them from the patriarchs;^
according to others, the holy mystery of the angels over-
heard by Moses, which Israel continually proclaims.* It
has to be emphasised in every prayer and benediction,*
whilst the main distinction of the most solemn prayers of
the year on the New Year's Day consists in a detailed
proclamation of the Kingdom of God in all stages of
See SiphrCf 72 J, and the very instmotiye notes by the editor.
« Deut, B.y n. » See Berachoth, 12a.
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theohgy, 209
history, past, present, and future. " Before we appeal to
his mercy," teach the Kabbis, "and before we pray for
redemption, we must first make him King over us." ^
We must also remember that Israel is not a nation in the
common sense of the word. To the Rabbis, at least, it is
not a nation by virtue of race or of certain peculiar poli-
tical combinations. As R Saadyah expressed it, 'O'^mDIM '^^
n'»nmra D« "^D lin'mi rD3>« ("This nation is only a
nation by reason of its Torah"); * and if we could imagine
for a moment Israel giving up its allegiance to God, the
Rabbis would be the first to sign its death-warrant as a
nation. The prophecy (Isaiah xliv. 5), "Another shall
subscribe with his hands unto the Lord," means, according
to the Rabbis, the sinners who return unto him from their
evil ways, whilst the words, " And surname himself by the
name of Israel," are explained to be proselytes who leave
the heathen world and join Israel* It is then by these
means of penitence and proselytism that the Kingdom of
Heaven, even in its connection with Israel, expands into
the universal kingdom to which sinners and Gentiles are
invited.
The antagonism between the Kingdom of God and the
kingdom of Rome, which is brought about by the connec-
tion of the former with that of Israel, suggests also a most
important truth : Bad Oovetmnient is incompatibk with the
Kingdom of Ood. As I have already said, it is not the form
of the Roman Government to which objection was taken,
but its methods of administration and its oppressive rule.
It is true that they tried " to render unto Caesar the things
that were Caesar's and unto God the things that were
God's." Thus they interpreted the words in Ecclesiastes
vii. 2 : "I counsel thee, keep the king's commandments and
that in regard of the oath of God," in the following way :
"I take an oath from you, not to rebel against the (Roman)
' See Siphre, 19&, and Roth Ilashanah, 16a.
« nijrni nWION, III. ' MechUta, rob, and paraUels.
Digitized by
210 The Jetciah Quarterly Bevietv.
Government, even if its decrees against you should be most
oppressive; for you have to keep the kings commands.
But if you are bidden to deny God and give up the
Torah, then obey no more." And they proceed to iUus-
trate it by the example of Hananiah, Mishael, and
art our king in matters concerning duties and taxes, but in
things divine thy authority ceases, and therefore * we will
not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which
thou hast put up.'"* But compromises forced upon them
by the political circumstances of the time must not be re-
garded as desirable ideals or real doctrine. Apart from
the question as to the exact definition of things falling
within the respective provinces of Caesar and of God — a
question which, after eighteen hundred yeai^' discussion, is
still unsettled — there can be little doubt that the Rabbis
looked with dismay upon a government which derived its
authority from the deification of might, whereof the
emperor was the incarnate principle. '* Edom recognises no
superior authority, saying, "Whom have I in heaven."^ It
represents the iron (we would say blood and iron), a metal
which was excluded from the tabernacle, as the abode of
the divine pea<;e,* whilst their king of flesh and blood,
whom they flatter in their ovations as being mighty, wise,
powerful, merciful, jast, and faithful, has not a single one
of all these virtues, and is even the very reverse of what
they imply."*
But besides these theological differences the Rabbis
held the Roman Government to be thoroughly corrupt in
its administration ; Esau preaches justice and practises
violence. Their judges commit the very crimes for which
they condemn others. They pretend to punish crime, but
are reconciled to it by bribery. Their motives are selfish.
> See Tanchuma HJ, § 10, and Lev, i2., XXXIIL
« Lev. R., Xin.
» See Exod. J2., XXXV. 7. * MeehUta, 35tf.
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, 211
never drawing men near to them, except in their own
interest and for their own advantage. As soon as they see
a man in a state of prosperity, they devise means how to
possess themselves of his goods. In a word, Esau is
rapacious and violent, especially the procurators sent out to
the provinces, where they rob and murder, and when they
they have collected.^ Such a government was, according
to the Rabbis, incompatible with the Kingdom of Heaven,
and therefore the mission of Israel was to destroy it.^
God by its connection with the Kingdom of Israel is, as I
have said, the feature of material happiness. The Rabbis
pictured it in gorgeous colours : The rivers will flow with
wine and honey, the trees will grow bread and delicacies,
whilst in certain districts springs will break forth which
will prove cures for all sorts of diseases. Altogether,
disease and suffering will cease, and those who come into
the kingdom with bodily defects, such as blindness, deaf-
ness, and other blemishes, will be healed. Men will
multiply in a way not at all agreeable to the laws of
political economy, and will enjoy a very long life, if they
will die at alL War will, of course, disappear, and warriors
will look upon their weapons as a reproach and an offence.
Even the rapacious beasts will lose their powers of doing
injury, and will become peaceful and harmless.' Such are
> See Lev. R,, ibid. ; Abath, II. 3 ; Uxod. R., XXXI. ; Pesikta B., 95 J. In-
teresting is a passage in Mommsen's History of Homey IV., which shows
that the Babbis did not greMj exaggerate the cruelty of the Roman
Government. ''Any one who desires/* says our greatest historian of Rome,
" to fathom the depths to which men can sink in the criminal infliction,
and in the no less criminal endurance of an inconceivable injustice, may
gather together from the criminal records of this period the wrongs which
Roman gfrandees could perpetrate, and Greeks, Syrians, and Phoenicians
could suffer." Cp. Joel's Blicke^ I., 109. How far matters improved
under the emx>erors, at least with regard to the Jews, is still a question.
2 Beraehoth, 11 a. See D"l, a.l.
' See, for instance, Kethuboth^ Ilia; Shabbotk, 6Sa; Gen. i2., XII.;
Exod. R., XIL
Digitized by
212 The Jetoish Quarterly Review.
the details in which the Rabbis indulge in their descrip-
tions of the blissful times to come. I need not dwell upon
them. There is much in them which is distasteful and
childLjh. Still, when we look at the underlying idea,' we
shall find that this idea is not without its truth. The
Kingdom of God is inconsistent with a state of social
misery, engendered through poverty and want. Not that
Judaism looked upon poverty, as some author has sug-
gested, as a moral vice. Nothing can be a greater mistake.
The Rabbis were themselves mostly recruited from the
artisan and labouring classes, and of some we know that
they lived in the greatest want. Certain Rabbis have
even maintained that there is no quality becoming Israel
more than poverty, for it is a means of spiritual purifica-
tion.^ Still, they did not hide from themselves the terrible
fact that abject poverty has its great demoralising dangera
It is one of the three things which makes man transgress
the law of his Maker.^
But even if poverty would not have this effect, it would
be excluded from the Kingdom of Heaven, as involving pain
and suffering. The poor man, they hold, is dead as an in-
fluence, and his whole life, depending upon his fellows, is a
perpetual passing through the tortures of helL* But it is
a graceful world which Gtod has created, and it must not
its perfect state when the visible kingdom is established.
As we shall see in a future essay, Judaism was not wanting
in theories, idealising suffering and trying to reconcile man
with its existence. But, on the other hand, it did not
recognise a chasm between flesh and spirit, the material
and the spiritual world, so as to abandon the one for the
sake of the other. They are both the creatures of God, the
body as well as the soul, and hence both the objects of
his salvation.
Chagi^a^ 9b. • Erubin, ilb,
' Xedarim^ 7ft, and Berachoth^ 6&.
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, 213
In a remarkable book, containing the conversations of a
Jewish Mystic of the present century, R. Nachman of
Braslaw, there a question is put by one of his disciples to
this effect : " Why did God, in whom everything originates,
create the quality of scepticism ? " The Master's answer was :
" That thou mayest not let the poor starve, putting them
off with the joys of the next world, instead of supplying
them with food."
I too venture to maintain with the mystic that a good
dose of materialism is necessary for relijsrion that we may
not starve the world. It was by this that Judaism was
preserved from the mistake of crying inward peace, when
actually there was no peace ; of speaking of inward liberty,
when in truth this spiritual but spurious liberty only served
as a means for persuading man to renounce his liberty
altogether, confining the Kingdom of God to a particular
institution and handing over the world to the devil.
This is not the place to enter into the Charity-system
of the Rabbis, or to enlarge upon the measures taken
by them so as to make charity superfluous. But having
touched upon the subject of poverty, a few general
remarks will not be out of place. In that brilliant Gospel
of the second half of the nineteenth century, which is known
under the title of Ecce Homo, we meet the following state-
ment : " The ideal of the economist, the ideal of the Old
Testament writers, does not appear to be Christ's. He feeds
the poor, but it is not his great object to bring about a state
of things in which the poorest shall be sure of a meal." I
am happy to say that this was included in the ideal of the
Rabbis. They were not satisfied with feeding the poor.
Not only did they make the authorities of every community
responsible for the poor, and would even stigmatise them as
murderers if their negligence should lead to starvation and
death ;^ but their great ideal was not to allow man to be
poor, not to allow him to come down into the depths of
* See Satah, 38&, and Jerttshalmi, ibid., 23(2.
Digitized by
214 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
poverty. They say : " Try to prevent it by teaching him a
trade, or by occupying him in your house as a servant, or
make him work with you as your partner."^ Try all
methods before you permit him to become an object of
charity, which must degrade him, tender as our dealings
with him may be.
Hence their violent protests against any sort of money
speculation which must result in increasing poverty. " Thou
lendest him money on the security of his estate with the
object of joining his field to thine, his house to thine, and
thou flatterest thyself to become the heir of the land ; be
sure of a truth that many houses will be desolate."^ Those
again who increase the price of food by axtificial means,
who give false measure, who lend on usury, and keep back
the com from the market, are classed by the Rabbis with
the blasphemers and hypocrites, and God will never forget
their works.*
To the employers of workmen again they say: "This
poor man ascends the highest scaffoldings, climbs the
highest trees. For what does he expose himself to such
dangers, if not for the purpose of earning his living ? Be
careful, therefore, not to oppress him in his wages, for it
meajis his very life."* On the other hand, they relieved the
workman from reciting certain prayers when they interfered
with his duty to his master. *
From this consideration for the employer and the em-
ployed a whole set of laws emanate which try to regulate
their mutual relations and duties. How far they would
satisfy the modem economist I am unable to say. In
general I should think that, excellent as they may have
* See Torath Kohanim, 109&, and Maimonides' Mithnah Torah, 11 13^1
T"^ 'HI rn v'D D^OJ? ni^no. see also the older oommentaries on Aboth,
I., 5.
* Pesichta of Lament, R., 22, on Is. v. 8.
» See Ahoth d^R. Nathan, 43J ; Baha Bathra, 90a.
* See Siphre, 123 J, and B, Mezia^ 123*, and Berachoth, 16a.
* Berachoth, 17 a.
Digitized by
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, 215
been for their own times, they would not quite answer to
our altered conditions and ever varying problems. But
this need not prevent us from perceiving, in any efforts
to diminish poverty, a divine work to which they also
contributed their share. For if the disappearance of
poverty and suffering is a condition of the Kingdom of
the Messiah, or in other words, of the Kingdom of God,
all wise social legislation in this respect must help towards
S. SCHECHTER.
Digitized by
216 The Jeunsh Quarterly Review.
ON THE APOCALYPSE OF MOSES.
It is almost certain that in this Apocalypse we have one
of those Jewish apocryphs which, like the Book of Enoch,
exercised a formative influence upon the earliest Christi-
anity. For two ideas are prominent in it which have been
perpetuated in the younger religion, namely, that of bap-
tism by trine immersion after repentance and forgiveness
of sins, and that of the resurrection in the flesh and
restoration to the Garden of Eden of the descendants of
Adam. The former of these two ideas is conveyed in ch.
xxxvii., the latter in chs. xxviii., xxxvii., xxxix. and xliii.
The following text of the Apocryph is translated from
the ancient Armenian Version, which in turn seems to
have been made not from a Greek, but from a Syriac or
Ethiopic, or even Arabic text. Thus in ch. xxix. the
words "nard" and "cinnamon" are explained respectively
as "phajlaseni" and "daraseni," and these synonyms are
perhaps Arabic terms, though one of them occurs once in
Ethiopic literature, probably €ts a transliteration. The
frequent Syriacisms, however, strongly suggest a Syriac
original. The date of the Armenian Version is not easy to
assign with any precision, the MS. from which I copied
it being as late as the year A.D. 1539. As regards language,
however, it is old, and probably anterior to 1000 A.D. ; it
might even belong to the fifth or sixth century. There is
a peculiar use observable in it of the dative for the
genitive, which is not characteristic of Armenian in any
age, and may, perhaps, reflect the idiom of the language
from which the version was made.
a volume of Apocrypha, under the title of Apocalypse of
Moses, from four MSS., of which the earliest belongs to the
Digitized by
On the Apocalypse of Moses. 217
eleventh century, and is preserved in the library of Milan.
This MS., which only contains the beginning and end of
the piece, has been republished more critically by Ceriani
Tischendorf s other three MSS. are equally fragmentary and
much later. His Text is, therefore, an eclectic one, and com-
prises many readings which never stood together in any one
Text. The Armenian, however, which I here translate, is
both a real Text and an ancient one, as is clear from the
way in which it cuts across the Greek codices, following
now one and now another. It must, therefore, be taken
account of by any one who wishes to get at the Text as it
originally stood. I have printed in italics passages which
are absent from all the Greek codices, and which may
represent either additions due to the Armenian translator
and to his archetype, or lacunae in the Greek tradition.
Where the sense of the Armenian depaxts from all the
Greek codices alike, or agrees with one of them and not
with others, I have often appended a note explanatory of
the same.
There is one remarkable variant in the Armenian. In
ch. xxxvii. we read in it that Adam is thrice immersed in
a sea not made with hands, as if the Greek original were
dxeipOTTolrjrov \lfivqv ; but the Greek MSS. have ax^potMray
XlfMVffy. At first glance the Armenian reading seems the
better one, for it recalls the temple not made with hands
of Mark xiv. 58, and ''the house not made with hands
which is everlasting in the heavens " of Paul's II. Ep. to
Cor. V. 1, and also the irepirofirj dxe^poiroirjrcy; of Ep. to
Col. ii. 11. It is suitable to think of Adam, who has been
caught up into the second heaven, as being baptised in a
sea or laver not made with hands. On the other hand, the
parallels which I have quoted from the Visio PauU make
it very likely that the Greek has here retained the original
reading, and that the Armenian reflects the brilliant emen-
dation of some Greek scribe who could not allow an Acheru-
sian lake to figure in his conception of heaven.
In the Greek MSS. this piece is entitled "The History
Digitized by
218 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
of the life of Adam and Eve, revealed by Gtod to Moses his
servant, when he received the tablets of the Law of the
Covenant from the Lord a hand, instructed by the archangel
Michael." In the Armenian the Apocryph is entitled simply
the " Book of Adam," and at the end of it is written in the
MS., in the lower margin, this scholium : "Ye should know,
brethren, that this history of the first created (7r/>G)T(wrXa-
<rr(ov) was revealed at the command of God by Michael, the
archangel, to the first prophet, Moses. Glory to God."
That this piece of information is relegated in the Armenian
to a scholium, whereas in the Greek MSS. it is embodied in
the title, makes it probable that it is a late addition in
itself, and that the Armenian title, " The Book of Adam,"
is the true one. It also diminishes the force of Tischen-
dorf s argument, based on the Greek title, that this Apo-
cryph is part of a longer history. There is no internal
reason for supposing this to be so, for the Apocryph is,
as it stands, a self-contained whole, needing nothing to
complete it.
There are several other ** books of Adam " in the library
of Etschmiadzin, but all of them of a late and trifling des-
cription: some of them were versifications of this Apocryph.
One of them, contained in an enormous folio for reading in
church, is entitled " A History of the Repentance of Adam
and Eve, the First-created. How they Fared." This be-
gins with a long and tedious lament uttered by Adam on
being expelled from the garden. At the close of it, it is re-
lated that Adam and Eve's bodies were laid by Sem (Shem)
in his portion, in a place now called Shamajtoun, i,e., " the
house of Shem." But afterwards they were moved, and
Eve's was laid in a cave at Bethlehem, wherein Christ was
bom of the Virgin Mary, just over Eve's tomb; while
Adam's was removed to Golgotha, where Jesus was cruci-
This latter treatise is, therefore, a Christianised version of
our Apocryph ; and though I copied the greater portion of
it, I do not think it merits to be published.
Digitized by
On the Apocalypse of Moses, 219
Prof. Marr, of the University of Petersburg, has printed
some portions of the Adam book here translated in an
article on Armenian apocryphs, contained in the Transac-
tions (or Bulletin) of the Eastern Section of the Ruasian
Imperial Archaeological Society, 1890-91, Vols. V., VI., p.
228. I have made my translation from a photographic
copy of the book which I made on the spot. The MS. is
a small quarto, well written in double columns. It contains
many other apocryphs of a similar nature to this one. Prof.
Jajic has lately published an old Slavonic book of Adam,
which I have not had an opportunity of comparing with
the Greek and Armenian. It would no doubt prove a
valuable aid towards the determination of the earliest form
of the Text.
Fred. C. Conybeare.
From the MS. No. 1,631 (198fl-212a) of the library of Etschmiadzin,
written A.D. 1539 :—
(Ch. i.) A history > of the life of Adam and Eva, the first-created,
after their expulsion from the garden of delight.
Adam took his wife Eva and went to a place which was in the
region of the East, full opposite the garden of delight. And there he
dwelt for eighteen years and two months ; and after that Adam
approached his wife Eva, and she conceived and bore two sons, Anlojs*
(i.<?., without light), who is called Gain, and Barekhooh' (i.e., well-
minded), who is called Habel. (Ch. ii.) But subsequently, while Adam
and his wife were sleeping, Eva saw a dream. Then Eva awoke
Adam, and told the dream to Adam, and said as follows : — " My
lord, I saw in a dream by night, that blood of our son Abel was
poured^ into the mouth of Cain, his brother, and he drank the
blood of his brother. But Habel prayed him to leave him a little
of bis blood. But he hearkened not unto him, but instantly drank
' The Greek Codices have not only the title as translated in the Arm.,
but also this previous one : ^4ijyi|<rif Kai iroXirem *AiaiA cai Hwac fiav
TrpuroTrXdffTiav diroKaXvipOtiffa wapd, 9tov Muvay ry 0e(idrrovTt avrov ots
tAq TtXdKos Tov vSftov rrjc SiaOfiKtjg Ik x^'P^C Kvpiov iSi^aro^ SiSaxOtig vvo
rov dpxayykXov Mixa^X.
' Tif ch. has Sid^iaTov. Ceriani, dSid^iaroVf which answers to the Arm.
» The Grk. has 'A/iiXajSlc.
* " Filled." The Grk. has paXXofAtvov it't rb (TTOjia,
Digitized by
220 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
it all ; and there remained no other blood in his stomach, bat he
Yomited it all oat." When Adam heard this he said unto her :-^
<< Arise, and let us go to see our children and learn what hath happened
unto them, lest the enemy be warring against them. (Ch. iii) And
they went and found that Habel had been slain by the hands of his
brother Cain. And God said to the archangel Michael : *' Gk> and say
onto Adam : The mystery of the dream which thou didst see, tell it
not to thy son Cain. For he is a son of destruction.^ And say to
Adam : * But do thou not sorrow, for I will giye to thee another son
in his place, who shall tell unto thee all that thou art about to do.' '*
And all this the archangel Michael by the behest of God said to
Adam. But Adam kept all that was said in his heart. Likewise also
hi9 wife. But Eva continually sorrowed in her soul for their son
HabeL
(Oh. iv.) But after that Adam again approached his wife Era and
she conceived and bore Seth. And Adam said to Eya : ** Lo, we have
begotten a son in place of Habel, whom Cain slew. Let us then arise
and give glory and praise to God." (Ch. v.) And there came to be
sons of Adam in number thirty,* and the length of his life which he
lived on the earth was 930 years. And after that it happened unto
him to fall sick. And Adam called with a loud voice and said : ** Let
there be summoned all my sons together before me, that I may behold
them before I die.'' And they were all gathered together, for they
were living apart each by himself in his own place.* Then said Seth
his son unto Adam : ^' O my father, what is thy sickness and injury ?"
" Woes many and inextricable hem me round, O my child.*' (Ch.
vi.) Seth said unto him : ^' O my father, surely thou art bringing to
mind the delight and the enjoyment of the garden of God, and the
diverse variety of fruits of which thou didst daily eat ? And because
of that sorrow of thine is thy sickness. Should this be so ? O my
sire, tell me, and I will go and bring to thee of the fruit of the garden
of life. For I will go and will place dnst^ on my head, and will
lament hefore it, and will beseech the Lord God; and the Lord
heareth the voice of the prayer of his servant, and sendeth his angels,
and will fulfil my desire ; and I will bring unto thee of the fruit of the
garden of life (to be) thy food, that, tasting of it, thou mayest be made
whole of thy sickness." Adam said unto him : " It cannot be so, my
child Seth, but many sicknesses and woes without escape beset me.*'
' Grk. : hpyiiQ vUq,
« Grk. adds " and daughters thirty.**
* "And they . . . place **]. Grk. has ^v yiip oUtoBiica ^ yn ci'c rpia fdpij,
« In Grk. : "dung.**
Digitized by
On the Apocalypse of Moses, 221
Said Seth unto him : " And how ^ came there to be woes unto thy sick-
nen? Tell me, father mine.*' (Oh. vii.) Adam saith unto him :*' iT^ar
mey my ehM, with patience. When God created me and thy mother
Eva, because of whom I am dying, he also gave me a command to
taste of and enjoy all the fruits of the garden, but of one tree he com-
manded me not to taste thereof. Arid he saith to me : ^ If ye eat erf
the same with death shall ye die'' ; and that time was near when angels
looked to your mother Eva for her to render homage before God. And
when the angels had departed afar from her, then the enemy, under-
standing that I am not near at haml^ nor yet the angels y^ came and
conversed with her^ and gave her of the fruit, and she did eat of it, and
came and gave unto me, and I did eat. (Oh. viii.) And^ then God
was angry with us, and at the same hour he came into the garden ;
and the Lord spake to me with a terrible voice and said : ' Adam,
where art thou ? Why hidest thou thyself from my face ? For a
house cannot be hidden from its builder.' But forasmuch as ye
have transgressed my command and have not kept my edict, so there-
fore will I bring upon thy flesh per<)ecutions and many woes, as it
were seventy in number." And the first of ills which shall smite
thee will be an affliction of the eyes. But the second blow will fall
on thine ears ; and thus, one by one, there shall be woes and strokes
that befall all thy members."* (Ch. ix.) And when Adam had said
all this to his sons, he drew a deep sigh, and said : " What shall I do,
for (in) great sorrow is my soul ? **
But Eva wept bitterly, and said to Adam : " My lord, rise up, and
the half of the woes of thy soul thou shalt give to me, aod I will
bear them. Because on my account did this come upon thee, and
by reason of me wilt thou be in toiL"^ And Adam said unto her :
MS. D.
' In place of the words italicised, the Grk. has simply : ^i' ol xal AwoOvri-
OKufiiv, which, however, MS. C omits. Cp. Protevang., c. xiii., p. 25.
' In place of the words italicised, the Grk. has xai tivpiv ahrrjv fiSvov ;
bat adds equivalent words : lyviucMC ^^t o^*^ <<M* €yyt<r^a ttOrrig ovn ol
ayioi dyyiXoi later in the sentence after the clause : *' She did eat of it."
* The Grk. codd., except D, prefix : 5rc dk i<i>dyoiJiiv Afi^ortpot.
^ D omits this clause : " For a house," etc., and adds instead these
words : ^ Did I not tell thee not to eat of the tree ? And I said to the
Lord : The woman, whom thou gavest me, she g^ve me from the tree, and
I did eat. And the Lord said to me."
• Ceriani's MS. D reads, "seventy-two." The rest, "seventy."
' The Grk. MS. D adds : " Through me in the sweat of thy brow thou
eatest thy bread ; through me thou sufferest all things." The other Grk.
codd. omit.
VOL. VII. Q
Digitized by
222 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
J* Do thou arise, and thy son Seth, and do ye go near to the garden
and beseech God if he will perhaps have pity on me and send his
angels into the garden of delight, and give unto me of the fruit
from which proceedeth the anointing of pity; ^ and ye shall anoint
my person therewith in order that I may, perhaps, be healed of my
woes/' (Cb. X.) But they arose and went opposite to the garden ;
and when they came into the road,' then Eva looked and beheld her
son Seth, that a wild beast fought with him. And Eva wept bitterly,
and cried : '* Woe to me, woe to me, woe to me I For if it be unto me
to come unto the day of resurrection, all sinners of my progeny will
come to curse me, and will say : [Cursed be Eva^ for] she has not kept
safe the observance of the Lord her God, \and because of this me shall
all die with death'' . And having looked'] she said to the beast : "O evil
beast, art thou not afraid to wage war against the image of God? *'
(Ch. xi.) Then that wild beast called out and said : *' thou woman,
'tis not from us that there was a beginning of greed (TrXcovf^m),' but
from thee. For from thee was the beginning [of the loosing] of wild
beasts. For when thy mouth was opened to eat of the fruit of the
tree, of which God commanded you not to eat of the same, and thou
didst eat and transgress the commandment of God, then our nature
changed into disobedience to men. And now therefore [bandy not
words with tne, but hold thy peace^ for] thou canst not bear it if I
begin to chide thee." (Ch. xii.) But Seth said to the beast : " Shut
thy mouth and be silent, and hold off from the image of God
until the day of judgment.** Then said that wild beast to Seth :
** Behold, I stand aloof from the image of God, and I go
to my dwelliog place.'* (Ch. xiii.)' But Seth and his mother Eva
having got quit of the mild beast^ came nigh to the garden of the Lord^
and they wept and lamented, and prayed the Lord to send his angels
and give unto them the anointing of pity.* And the Lord sent the
archangel Michael and said to Seth : " Man of God, weary not thyself
concerning this quest of thine, about the tree in which flows the oil
of compassion, that thou mayest anoint with it thy father Adam.
For in the present this shall not be ; but going thou shalt behold
thy father end his earthly (or temporal) life. And his time is at
band. For after three days he will pass away (lit. exchange), and
' So Tov iXcovc has dropped out of all the Greek codd. after rh IXoioy
(for which, however, B has iXtog), The sending of Seth for the oil of
pity is also told in the Descensus Christi ad Liferoe {Bvang, Apoeryph,^
p. 308).
' MS. D omits this clause. * The Grk. adds, *' and of wailing.'*
* Ceriani's D has rb IXfoc tov kXaiow,
Digitized by
On the Apocalypse of Moses, 223
thou shalt behold bis translation (lit. change to above), glorious and
terrible."* When the angel of the Lord had said this, he ascended
from them into Heaven, (Ch. xiv.) But Seth and his mother came and
returned' to where Adam was placed and lay in sickness. And Adam
said to Eva : '* Eva, what hast thou done unto me, because thou
hast brought upon me wrath exceeding, which* also shall be inherited
by all the race of my offspring." What answer doth she give and
make to him ? •* Woe unto me, woe unto me, woe unto me, because
I was deceived, obeying the deceitful words of the serpent.** And
when Eva had said this, they began to weep and lament bitterly.
And when they ceased from their lamentation, an awful sorrow
overcame* Adam. But his sons along with Eva sat around the bed
of their father and wept exceedingly. (Ch. xv.) Said to them their
mother Eva : ** Children, so your father dies, and I with him ; and
now, my children, give ear unto me, and I will relate to you the envy
... of the adversary, by what crafty means he robbed us of the
garden of delight and of eternal lifef And she began to say as
follows : ^^God, who loveth man and is meroifuly fashioned me and your
father Adam ; and placed us in the garden of delight, to govern and rule
over all things which grew therein. But from one tree he commanded
us to abstain from the same ; the which Satan beheld, {to wit) our glory
and honour ; and having found the serpent the wisest animal of all
which are on the whole earth, (Ch. xvi.) he approached him and said to
him* : ' I behold thee wiser than all animals, and I desire^ to reveal
' The Greek has : '* Do thou again go to thy father, since the measure of
his life is fulfilled. And as his soul goes forth, thou art about to behold his
ascent Cavodov) all terrible." ' Grk. : '* returned to the tent where."
' The rest of this chapter is much briefer in the Greek, as follows :
*' which is death, dominating all our race. And he saith to her : ' Summon
all our children and our children's children, and inform them of the mode
of our transgression.' "
* The Armenian Text is not quite intelligible here.
* Instead of the passage in italics the Greek Texts read in the follow-
ing sense : " And it happened, as we were guarding the paradise, each of
us kept the portion assigned him by G^. But I guarded in my portion
the south and west. But the devil went into the portion of Adam, where
were the male beasts. For God divided them for us, and apportioned the
males to your father, but the females to me. And each of us watched.
And the devil spake to the serpent and said : Rise up and come to me.
And he arose and went to him. And the devil said to him."
' The Greek Text of Geriani (D) has " And I associate with thee. Why
dost thou eat of the tares of Adam and not of the garden ? Arise, and we
will cause him to be expelled from the garden, as we also were expelled
through him. The serpent said," etc.
Q 2
Digitized by
224 The Jewish Quarterly Bemew,
unto thee the thought which is in my heart and to unite (with)
thee. Thou seest how much worth Qod has bestowed on the
man. But we have been dishonoured ; so hearken unto me and
oome, let us go and drive him out of the garden, out of which
we have been driven because of him.' The serpent saith unto him :
< I fear to do this thing, lest the Lord be wrath with me.' Satan said
to him : ' Fear not concerning this, but do thou only become a vessel
unto me, and I will deceive them by thy mouth in order to ensnare
them.' (Ch. xvii.) And instantly the serpent hung himself from and
lay along the wall of the garden ; and when the angels went forth to do
homage, then Satan having taken the form of an angel, sang the songs
of praise. And I looked and saw him there on the wall in the form of
an angel. And he spake and said to me : ' Art thou Eva ? ' And I
say to him, ' Tes, I may be.' And he saith to me, *• What mayest
thou be doing in yonder garden of thine ? * And I say to him, * Gk>d
placed me here.'* And be saith to me, * And how (is it that) God
commanded thee not to eat of all the trees which are in this garden of
thine ? * And I say to him, ' *Ti6 not so ; but we eat of all, except
of a single tree which is in the middle of the garden, which €k>d
commanded us not to eat of the same ; saying unto us : '* If ye eat
of the same, with death shall ye die." ' (Gh. xviii.) Then saith the
serpent unto me : * As God is alive, my soul hath exceeding sorrow
because of thee,' and I desire not thy ignorance. But take and eat
of yonder fruit ; and then forthwith shalt thou know the honour of
that tree.' And I say unto him, *I fear lest the Lord be wroth
with me, even as he commanded us.' And he saith unto her {8ic\
* Fear not, for when thou shalt eat of the same, thine eyes shall be
opened unto a knowledge of good and evil.' For the Lord knew
that whenever ye shall eat, ye shall become like God to know good
and evil. And being jealous of you because thereof, he forbade you
to eat of the same. And now do thou take and eat of the fruit, and
thou shalt behold the highest glory.' (Gh. xix.) And when I heard
these words spoken by him, I opened the door of the garden and
entered into the garden of delight ; for I was without when the
serpent spake unto me. Bat he went in after me and said to me,
* Gome after me, and I will give to thee of the fruit.' And he began
* The Grk. has : " God placed us here to guard and eat out of it The
devil answered by the month of the serpent : Ye do well, but ye do not
eat of all that grows. And I said : We eat of all, save of one tree only,
which is in the middle of the garden," etc.
> The Grk. adds : '* because ye are as cattle.**
* The Grk. has : '* thine eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods
knowing good and evil."
Digitized by
On the Apocalypse of Moses, 225
to walk before me, and I after him. And when we had gone a little
way, he turned back and said to me craftily : * I will not give thee of
yonder fruit to eat, unless thou swear unto me, that when thou eatest
it, thou wilt give also to thy husband to eat of the same/ And not
understanding his crafty language of deceit, I further say to him, * I
know not how I may swear to thee, but whatsoever I know I will
say. And now then I swear to thee on the throne of the
Lord and on the Cherubin which hear it up and hold it^ and on the
tree of life, that when I shall have eaten, I will give also to my
husband, even as thou tellest me to swear.' When he heard
the oath which I sware unto him, he came instantly and drew
nigh unto the tree, and took and gave to me of the fruit forth-
with ; the offspring of his wickedness,* that is to say of desire.
For desire is the leader in all sin. And he took hold of the
bough of the tree of knowledge, and bent it down to the earth,
and I took and eat of the fruit thereof. (Gh. xz.) And at once
my eyes were opened, and I knew that I was naked of the right-
eousness with which I had dad myself. And I wept bitterly, and I
said unto the serpent : ' Why hast thou done this thing, offspring
of wickedness, and why hast thou deceived me and deprived me of
my glory ? * I also wept much, because of the oath which I had sworn
unto him. But he, when he heard this, at once went down from the
tree and disappeared ! And I sought on my part for leaves in order to
cover my shame, and I found them not. For there rested not upon
my body the leaf of any of the trees* except of the fig-tree only. And
I took thereof and girdled myself and hid the nakedness of my body.
(Gh. xxi.) And I cry out to your father, and say : * Adam, where art
thou. Arise and oome unto me, and I wiU shew thee wonderful
things.'* And when your father cometh to me, I repeat to him the
words of lawlessness, which drove us out of our glory. And I
opened my lips, because Satan gave unto me to speak the words of
hlasphetny and of contumacy. And I say unto him : * Gome, my lord
Adam, hearken unto my words, and eat of the fruit of the tree of
which the Lord commanded us that we should not eat of the
unto me and said : *I fear lest God be angry with me.' And
I say unto him : * Fear not, for when thou shalt eat it, it shall
be thine to know good and evil.' And he hearkened to my words
of temptation, and tasted of the fruit, and at once his eyes were
> The Grk. has : '' the poison of his wickedness."
' The Grk. adds row liiov fiipovc,
• In the Grk. : " a great mystery."
* In the Grk. : " become as a god."
Digitized by
226 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
opened, and be knew the nakedness of his person. And he said
to me : ' O thou woman, why hast thon done this thing nnto me, and
hast depriyed me of the glory of God ? ' (Gh. xzii.) And in that hoar
we heard the voice of Michael the archangel, sounding his trumpet and
saying to all the angels : ^Thus saiih the Lord of Hosts : **Gome ye all,
and go down with me into the garden, and hear the judgment with '
which I shall will to judge Adam." * And when we heard the sonnd of
the trumpet of the archangel Michael and the words which he spake,
we say one to the other : ' Behold the Lord is about to come into this
garden in order to judge us,* and we were afraid, and hid ourselves.
And the Lord God came into the garden sitting upon a chariot of
Gherubin, and all the angels gave praise before him. And when he
entered into the garden all the plants which are in tbe garden
instantly blossomed and burgeoned, all* which were around Adam ;
likewise, also, those which were around me. And the throne of the God-
head was set at the tree of life. (Gh. zxiil) And the Lord God cried
aloud to thy father Adam and said : ' Adam, where art thou hidden ?
Dost thou think thyself hidden from my all-seeing eyes, that I should
not find thee? For the house is not bidden from him that builded
it.' Then thy father made answer to him and said : ^ My Lord, 'tis
not that we hide from thee,* but we are naked, and we thorght
thou wouldst not find us. But we fear thee, for we are naked.*
And God said unto him : * And who taught thee that thon wast
naked (except) that thou hast transgressed my commandment which
I gave thee and hast not kept it ? ' Then thy father pondered my
word which I said unto him,* that I will preserve thee without fear
before God. He turned to me and said : * Why hast thou done this
thing?' And^ I say unto him: *Lord, the serpent deceived me.'
(Gh. xxiv.) Then the Lord God said to thy father Adam : * Foras-
much as thou hast done this, and hast not kept my commandment,
but bast listened to the voice of thy wife, the earth shall be cursed in
thy works. For thou shalt woik it, and it shall not give thee its
strength ; but thorns and thistles shall it biing forth for tbee, abd by
the sweat of thy brows thou shalt eat thy bread." And turning to
1 The Grk. has : ** both those of the portion of Adam and of my portion
also."
* The Grk. has : " We hide as thinking that we are not found by thee,
but we fear, because we are naked," etc.
* The Grk, adds : " when I wished to deceive him."
^ In the Grk. : ** And I remembered the word of the serpent, and said
that the serpent deceived me."
* The Grk. adds a long gloss here, which is not in the Armenian, as fol-
lows : ** and shalt be in many sorts of labour ; thou shalt weary and not win
Digitized by
On the Apocalypse of Moses. 227
the serpent, he said unto him : * Forasmuch as thou hast done this
thing, and hast become the vessel of sbame, and hast deceived the
upright' in heart, cursed shalt thou be among all brutes and dumb
animals, and thou sbalt be deprived of thy food, whence thou didst
eat, and shalt eat dust all the days of thy life. Upon thy navel and
thy belly shnlt thou go, and shalt be deprived of thy hanHs and thy
feet ; and there shall not be left to thee an ear, nor wings, nor any of
thy other members for thee to have,^ forasmuch as by thine evil
devices thou hast worsted and deceived these beings, and hast caused
them to be expelled from the garden of delight. And I will place
enmity between thee and this woman, between thy seed and hers ;
they shall serve thy head, and thou shalt serve the sole of their foot
until the day of judgment.' (Ch. xxv.) And the Lord turned and
said to me": * Forasmuch as thou hast listened to this serpent,
despising my commandment, thou shalt be in empty paius and pangs
that cannot be alleviated. Thou shalt bear many children in sorrow,
and ^ in thy labours thou shalt be straitened, and in thy life and in
thy distress thou shalt make confession, and shalt say : *'0 Lord God,
save me in this present, and henceforth I will not turn me to the
same sinning in my flesh.'* ^
(Two lines undecipherable)
Concerning the enmities which the
enemy hath sown in thee. And there thy turning shall be to thy
husband, and he shall rule over thee.' (Ch. xxvii.) And thereafter
the Lord gave a command to his holy angels to drive us out of the
garden of delight. And when they had driven and led us out, we
me : * Grant me a little respite, that I may pray to God who loveth
man, in order that he may perhaps have compassion on me, for I
rest, be pressed hard by bitterness and not taste of sweetness, be oppressed
by heat and straitened by cold. And thou shalt weary much, and not
be rich, and shalt grow fat, but not reach thine end, and those beasts
which thou roledst shall rise up against thee and rebel, because thou hast
not kept my commandment."
' TohQ "KopfniivovQ, ^ Li the Grk. : Iv '*y kokI^ vov,
' The Greek Text puts this address to Eve before that made to the
serpent, transposing chs. xxv. and xxvi.
* The Grk. continues: **and in one hour thou shalt come and destroy
thy life because of thy great necessity and pains. And thou shalt con-
fess," etc.
^ Two lines are illegible in the Armenian. The Grk. continues : " And
therefore I will judge thee by thy words, because of the hatred which the
enemy put in thee," etc.
Digitized by
228 The Jevnsh Quarterly Review,
alone siimed.' And the angels granted him a little respite from
diiving us out ; and Adam called ont with a loud Yoioe, and said,
lamenting : * Remit unto me, Lord, my transgressions, whatsoever I
have done.* Then said the Lord to his angels : * Wherefore have ye
given them respite, and expel them not from the garden ? Did I not
of myself make (them) ?* or have I judged them unjustly V But the
angels fell on their faces, and said : * Just art thou. Lord ; and
righteous are thy judgments.' (Gh. xxviii.) And the Lord turned to
Adam and said to him : ' I will not permit thee now and henceforth
Lord : ' O my Lord and my God, I pray thee bestow on me of the
tree of life, that I may eat thereof before I go forth from the garden
of life.' God again spake with Adam, and said : 'In this present thou
shalt not receive of ^e same, for we have enjoined on the cherubim
with the flaming sword to guard the path, unto the end that thou
mayest not taste thereof and abide deathless for ever. But there
shall be unto thee' thy war, which the enemy has sown for thee. But
when thou shalt remove thyself from the garden and keep thyself
from all wickedness, and bear in mind death ;' after thine ending, in
the coming of the resurrection, I will raise thee up, and then I will
give to thee of the fruit of life and thou shalt abide deathless for
ever.' (Gh. xxix.) And the Lord, having said this, commanded the
angels to drive us out of the garden. And then your father Adam
wept bitterly in the garden before the angels. And the angels say
unto him : ' What wilt thou that we do to thee, Adam ? ' Adam
made answer to the angeb : * I know that ye now drive me forth, but
suffer me to take some fragrant thing from the garden, in order that
when I shall be outside it, and am offering oblations to God, the Lord
may listen unto my prayers.' (Gh. zxx.) But the angels approached the
Lord, and said: ' Hojili Hojil,'^ which %translated King eternal. And he bade be given to Adam incense of sweet odour (cvcodiar) from the garden. And the Lord God bade that Adam be brought before him, that he might receive the incense of sweet odour and the seeds of his food, giving leave unto his angels. And Adam came before the Lord. And the Lord God bade there be given to him four things, which are the following : crocus, which is saffron ; and nard, which is phajla- ' The Grk.^*' Sorely the transgression is not mine ? " ' " Thou shalt have the war," etc. • In Grk.: "As wishing to die [but Codex C *as about to die'], then when the resurrection again comes I will raise thee up, and then shall be given thee of the tree of life," eta « In the Grk. : «' 'laiiX aiwvu /3a<riXcv." Digitized by Google On the Apocalypse of Moses, 229 . seni ; > and calanms, wliich is a reed ; and cinnamon, which is daraseni ;> and many other seeds among those things which we eat. And when he had received all these, we went forth from the garden, and we beheld ourselves placed in this earth. (Oh. xxzi.) And now, my children, I have discoursed to yon about everything, and con- cerning the chicanery of the enemy {and harv, that hy his deceit^ he .... us). But do ye forthwith be on your guard, lest ye also forfeit the glory of Gk>d." (Ch. xzxii.) And all this did Eva relate to her sons ; and Adam lay before them much afflicted in his sickness.' But Eva and her sons hegan to weep and lament. And when they were silent there arose Adam from his sleep. And Eva said unto him : *^ Wherefore dost thou die and I remain alive, my lord ? Or for how long a time do I (wait to) come after thine end- ing ? Acquaint me with the truth J^ Said Adam unto Eve : "It is not any concern of thine (lit. for thee) to ask concerning this, because thou wilt (? not) delay to follow after me, but alike we shall die together, and they will place thee near to me in the same spot. But when I shall die cover me* ; and suffer not any one of thy sons to behold^ me, until the angel shall ordain what is to be done concerning me. For God neglects me not, but seeks out the vessels which he fashioned. Now, therefore, arise and remain in prayer until there shall pass forth my spirit from my body this day into the hand of my Lord who gave it unto me. Oh^ for I kuow not, how I' shall meet my €h*eator, lest haply he be wroth concerning me, or on the contrary he may have pity on me in his compassion." Then Eva arose and went without, and fell on her face on the earth, and wept and lamented bitterly, and spake as follows: '*I have sinned against thee, O God ; I have sinned against thee, Father of aU ; I have sinned against thee, O Lord ; I have sinned also against thy angels !* I have sinned against thee^ Lover of mankind ; I have sinned against thee and thy cherubim ; I have sinned against thee. Lord, and against thy immoveable throne ; I have sinned against thee, Lord ; I have sinned against the holiness of thy saints ; I have sinned against thee, Lord, I have sinned unto heaven and before thee, O Lord. For sin and trans- gressions have from me originated in the world.'' And as she offered up this prayer, the angel of the Lord came unto her in a human shape > The homonyms added are, perhaps, Arabic. The Greek Text has not > The Grk. adds: "but he had one more day before he quitted his body.*' * The God. A has coXv^crc, but B C raroXt^ere. * In the Grk. : " to touch me/* » Iq the Grk. : " how we,'' « In Grk. : " Thy chosen angels." Digitized by Google 230 The Jetmh Quarterly Bevtetc. (tldos)y^ and having aroused her from sleep, said to her : " Stand strong, thoa woman, in thy adoration.' For behold Adam, thy husband, has passed away from his flesh. And do thon look and behold his spirit ascending unto heaven to his Maker to be before him." (Gh. xxziii.) But Eva having arisen cleansed with her hands her face * Jron her excessive tears ; for her eyes were swollen with weeping. And having raised her eyes to heaven, she beholds a fiery chariot raised aloft by four fiery beasts,^ and the tongue of man is too weak to tell forth the sheen of their glory. And they bore his spirit to the place wherein (?) is Adam in the flesh. And angels went before the chariot. But when they came nigh to that place, the chariot stopped along with the cherubin and Adam upon it ; she beheld also censers of gold and three canopies, and angels went with fragrant incense taking the censers, and came in haste into the holy tabernacle, and kindling fire they cast the incense into the censers, and the smoke of the incenee so went forth as to overshadow the firmament of heaven. And the angels prostrated themselves in adoration before God, crying all of them aloud and saying : " Elidjil, which is being translated Lord, king of eternity y vouchsafe remission to Adam, for he is thine image and the work of thy spotless hands." (Oh. xzxiv.) Eva beheld yet other* marvels before God. And Eva wept bitterly. And Eva turned and spake, and said to Seth her son: *^My child, stand firm over the body* of thy father, and come to me and see what no one hath seen with his eyes. And behold how all the angels beseech the Lord concerning thy father Adam." (Oh. zzxv.) But Seth arose and went to his mother, and said unto her : ** Why weepest thou, mother mine ? " His mother made answer to him and said to him : ** Do thou look up and see with thine eyes the firmi^ment of heaven opened,^ and the ' In the Grk.: "Lo there came to her the angel of humanity (r^c &vBpfair6TfiT0Q)** ' In the Grk. : " Rise up from thy repentance.*' • In G^k. simply : " laid her hand on her face." * The Grk. has : " A chariot of light moved on by f otir bright eagles, of which no one bom of the womb could tell the glory nor behold their countenance, and angels preceding the chariot. When they came to the place where lay your father Adam, the chariot halted, and the seraphim were between your father and the chariot. And I saw gold censers and three cups ; and lo, all the angels with frankincense and with censers and the cups (or vials) came to the altar and blew them, and the vapour of the incense hid the firmaments," etc. * In Grk. : " yet two other mysteries before God." • In Grk. : " rise up from the body." ' In Grk. : <* behold the seven firmaments opened, and see with thine eyes how the body of thy father lies on its f aoe, and all the holy angels with it, praying for it and saying." Digitized by Google On the Apocalypse of Moses. 231 soul of thy father, how he falls down before God on his face, aod all the angfls beseech the Lord in bis behalf, thus saj^ing : * Vouchsafe, O Lord, remission unto Adam, thou who art God long-sifffering and art Lord of all. For he is thine image.' Therefore, my child Seth, what* shall come unto me, when I t^hall stand before the unseen God. And who then may be yonder two men, the Echiops, who stand before God, beseeching the Lord for thy father AdamV" (Oh. xxxvi.) Seth said unto her : "O my mother, yonder two men whom thou beholdest are the son aud the moon, who stand and beseech God, falling upon their &ces, concerning my father Adam." And Eva saith unto him : " And where may be their light ? How darkened do they appear ! " Seth made answer and said : ** *Tis not because their light is laid aside from them, but their light appeareth not before the father of light.* Because their sheen is clouded over by glory and by the mighty sheen of the face of the father of light^^ (Ch. xxxvii.) And as Seth spake this word unto his mother Eva, on a sudden one of the archangels blew his trumpet, and instantly all the angels arose, who were fallen on their faces before God. And they called out with a loud uproar and with terrible voice : " Blessed is the glory of the Lord by his creatures. For that he hath taken pity on those ttiat were fashioned by his hands, upon Adam.'* And when the angels had cried out this aloud, there came one of the six-winged cherubin and caught up Adam and bore him into a sea not made with hands, and washed him three times.* ' In Grk. : " What shall be this ? and when shall it be g^ven over into the hands of the unseen father and of our God ? But who are the two Ethiops," etc. > In Grk. : ^* before the light of the whole, the father of lights, and therefore is their light hidden and lost." • In Grk. : " i^piraaiv rbv 'ASafi^ xai dirriyayiv ahrov tiq Tt^v axipovtriaif XifAVfjv Kai air'iXoucnv avrbv rpirov/* So Ceriani's codex D ; but Tischen- dorf reads : fipiraatv rbv ^ki%ii tl; rijv dxipou<rat* Xifivriv Kai dirsTrXwiv ahrbv ivuir lov OcoD, and on &x^P^^^^^ he has this note : Ita coniecimus scribendum esse pro ytpoutriaQy quod in codice esse dicitur. Poterat enim scribi dxtpovtridBa, Hind vero similiter in Apocalypei Paul! legitur, ubi sect. 22 est: hrav Sk fAtravoriay xai fitravrdOy rov j3cov, vapadiSorai rtp "i/lixf^K '^^i pdXKovaiv avrbv il^ Tt)v ^Ax^povaap Xifivriv, In the same sec- tion of the Apoo. Pauli we read that rf dx^povoa Xifivtf was in the land of the gentle ones who inherit the earth, in a region where the souls of the just are kept. Its waters were brighter than gold and silver, and none might enter it, except after rejientance of their sins. The Syriao version of the Apoo. Pauli renders it '* the sea of Eucharista." In § 31 of the same Apocryph the phrase recurs c^m r^c xoXt mc kqI t^q dxipovanQ Xlfivvc Kai r^c vie riit ^yaOic Digitized by Google 232 The Jemsh Quarterly Revietc. And af^in he broaght and placed him before God ; and he spent three hours, faUen on his face on the earth. But after this be stretched forth his hand, who is lord of all, he that sat on his throne. And having taken Adam, he gave him into the hand of Michael the archangel, sayiog to him : "Bear him unto the second heaven' and lei him repose until the day of the great renewal, which I will bring (as) salvation in the midst of the earth, because of Adam and all kit children, '' Then Michael the archangel took Adam and they bore him and gave him repose in the place where the Lord commanded him. And all the angels sang a strain of praise and the songs of angels. They marvelled at God*B love of man, and at the acceptable pardon of Adam. But after so much rejoicing, which there was concerning Adam, Michael the archangel spake unto the father of light concerning Adam^ and said to him : '* Lord, let all the angels be gathered together before God, each according to his order." And they were all gathered together, some having censers in their hands and others harps and trumpets.' And behold the Lord as- cended in glory upon the four winds, and the cherubim took hold of and held the winds. And angels came down from heaven and went before him, all of them, and descended unto the earth, at the spot in which was lying the body of Adam. And having come thither, the Lord entered into the garden with the heavenly hosts. Then the phmts and fruit-bearing trees all blossomed forth together, and there breathed forth a sweet odour, so that all who were born of Adam, were stupefied and fell into a deep sleep, from the odour wafted to them from the bloom and blossom of the garden. But Seth alone was not stupefied : for the Lord wished to shew unto him the wonders which he was about to work. Bnt the Lord God' having looked, beheld the body of Adam lying just as it was on the earth. He was much distressed in his love of man, and he said : ** O Adam, wherefore hast thou done this, for if thou hadst kept my conmiandment, which I gave to thee, they would not be rejoicing who have brought thee into yonder place of thine ? But now I say to thee, that when my sal- vation shall be manifested to the world, I will turn their rejoicing into sorrow ; but thy sorrow I will turn into rejoicing. For I will restore thee unto thy primal glory,^ and seat thee on a throne of thy * In the Grk. : " Lift him up into the paradise as far as the third heaven, and leave him there till that great day and terrible of my economy, which I will bring about in the world." ' In the Grk. : '< and others trumpets and vials." * According to Tisohendorf s Text Seth was '' distressed." In all the Grk. MSS., however, there is some flaw here. * In Grk. : " will restore thee to thine empire." Digitized by Google On the Apocalypse of Moses, 233 deceiver. And he shall oome to that place, wherein thon art now lying, and he shall hehold thee become hightr than himself. And then he himself shall be jadged and all his worshippers. And I send him into thegehenna ofjire. And he shall be mnch affrighted and will sorrow, beholding thee sitting on his throne.'' (Ch. xl.) And when God had spoken these words to Adam, the archangel Michael again said* : " Gome to the kingdom, which is in the second heaven, and thou shalt take there three linen robes, white and purple, and thalt bring them hither.'* And he went and fulfilled that which was com- manded of the Lord. And God commanded Michael the archangel to envelop the body of Adam, saying thus : ** Spread ye out those fine linen cloths of yours and envelop him, and bring ye of the oil of anointing, of fragrant smell, and scatter it over him." And the archangels Michael and Uriel did as the Lord commanded them. And when they had enfolded the body of Adam, Gk>d commanded them to bring the body of Abel the just. And they bore and laid it before God. And God commanded them to bear in like manner linen cloths, aod envelop the body of Abel the just ; because his body was not wrapped up by anyone, from the day on upon which Cain slew his brother. For Cain himself was desirous to keep it,' but was not able ; for that the earth would not receive his body. But there was a voice of summoning from the earth to Cain saying : " I am not willing to receive the body of the first-formed, which they received from me." And the angel having taken the body of Abel, they placed it on a stone, until they had buried the body of Adam. But the Lord God commanded the angels to lift up his body and carry it into the region of the garden unto that place in which the Lord had taken clay (or dust) and fashioned Adam. And he commanded that they should cleave the earth asunder and bury them together. And the Lord gave command to seven holy archangels to come and bring forth from the kingdom many odours. And the archangels came and brought them, even as the Lord commanded. And they laid the fragrant (spices) in the place in which he commanded them > Aocording to the Grk. ch. xl. begins thus : " After this God said to the archangel Michael : Strew linen clothes and cover the body of Adam ; and bring ye oil of the oil of fragrance and pour it out on it. And the three great angels tended him. And when they had finished tending Adam, God bade the body of Abel also to be brought." ' In the Grk. : '* Cain often wished to hide it, but could not. For his body would leap up from the ground and a voice issued from the earth, saying, A second creation shall not be hidden in the earth, until there be given up to me the first creation which was taken from me, the dust (of me) from whom it was taken." Digitized by Google 234 The Jewish Quarterli/ Review. to set down their bodies. And then they took the body of the tirain and laid them in the place in which they had cloven asunder the sepulchre; and they covered it over with clay (or dust). (Ch. xli.) And the Lord God cried ont to the body of Adam and said : " Adam, Adam." Bathe nttered a cry, saying* : "Lo, here am I, Lord." And the Lord said : "Aforetime I said unto thee that dust thou wast and to dust shouldst thou return. But mightily' do I give thee good tidings of my power and unto all nations of the sons of men, who are of thy children.** (Gh. xlii.) When he said this, the Lord God made a sign (or monument)*, triangular, and with it sealed their sepulchre ; that no one might come nigh thereunto for six days, until the dust return whence it was taken. And when he had completed all this our Lord ascended into heaven in glory. ButEvadid not comprehend where was laid his body. She was filled with great sorrow and wept bitterly because of his death, and again because of not knowing his body, what it was become. For as we said before, all were stupefied together with Eva, in that time in which the Lord descended into the garden of delight concerning the body of Adam. And so all these marvels took place ; but no one of them knew, but only Seth, their son. But after this, when the time of Eva's end came, she arose even of herself, and fell to praying with tears and said : " Lord God of all natures, Greator of creation, separate me not from the body of thy servant Adam. For thou didst even make me out of the body of Adam, and from his bones didst thou even fashion me ; and I pray thee, make me worthy, who am unworthy, (and make worthy) the sinful body of thy hand- maid ; that it be not separated from the body of Adam, even as aforetime I was together with, him in yon garden. For though we had transgressed thy command, we were not divided from one another." And when she had finished this prayer, she looked up to heayen and smote ber breast, and said : " my Lord, and God of aU, receive my spirit in peace,*' And having said this^ she slept, committing her spirit into the hands of angels, (Gh. xliii.) But thereafter Michael the archangel along with three archangels lifted up the body of Eva, and took and buried it in the place in * In the Grk. : ** the body answered from the earth and said.** ' In the Grk.: ** Again I announce to thee the resurrection. I will raise thee in the resurrection with every race of men sprang from thy seed." ' In the Grk. : '' God made a seal and sealed the tomb, that no one might do aught to it in the six days, until his rib revert to him. Then the Lord and his angels proceeded unto their place. But Eve also after the fulfilling of six days fell asleep. But while she still lived, she wept bitterly becaose of the falling asleep of Adam." Digitized by Google On the Apocalypse of Moses, 235 which lay the body of Adam and of Abel the just. And thereafter Michael the archangel cried aloud to Seth and said : '* Thus* shalt thou bury every man who shall die until the day of the coming again aud of the resurrection." And having thus laid down the law, he saith to him : *' On the seventh day thou shalt rest and rejoice in it. For on this day the Lord and all his angels (? caid) : * Let us rejoice with all the spirits of the just ones who may be upon the earth.' " And when Michael the archangel had said this to Seth, forthwith he ascended into heaven along with the three archangels, giving thanks unto and glorifying God. And they sang songp, saying : " AUelouiah, Allelouiah, Holy^ Holy^ Holy, Lord of Hosts, glory to God Almighty for ever and ever."' Lord God of thy holy archangels and angels, and of all the powers of heaven, and of the first created ones Adam and Eva, through their intercession have pity on the owner of this book, Mabdas Gregory, and his wife Selene Qou-sin), and bis sons Thdrwand and Parsam, and on all the blood of his neighbours, and on the writer of the same, and on those who shall read and give ear to it and who say the Amen. Amen. * In the Grk. Michael says : " Thus bury every man who dies until the day of resurrection ." And after giving him this law he said to him : *' Beyond six days ye shall not mourn ; but on the seventh day rest and be joyful on it, because in it (we) God and the angels rejoice with the just soul which has passed away (r^c luraaTdario) from earth." ' The Greek ends here. The rest is an addition of the Armenian trans- lator or scribe. Digitized by Google 236 The Jetciah Quarterly Review, THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM ENGLAND IN 1290. {Continued from p. 100.) VI. — The Prohibition of Usury. Very soon after the passing of the Statute of 1270, Edward left England to join the second Crusade of St. Louis, and did not return till 1274, two years after he had been proclaimed king. At once he took up with characteristic vigour, and with the help and advice of a band of statesmen and lawyers, the work of administrative reform that he had already begun as heir-apparent. He recognised that the state of affairs established in 1270 could not endure, since, under it, the Jews, while practi- cally prevented from lending money at interest, now that the law forbade them to take in pledge real property, the only possible security for large loans, were nevertheless still nothing but usurers, allowed by ancient custom and royal recognition to carry on that one pursuit as best they could, and prevented by the same forces from carrying on any other. Edward, with his usual love for " the defini- tion of duties and the spheres of duty," ^ felt that it was necessary to define for the Jews a new position, which should not, as did their present position, condemn them to hopeless struggles, nor demand from him acquiescence in what he believed to be a sin. For the Church had never ceased to maintain the doctrine of the sinfulness of usury which Ambrose and Clement, Jerome and Tertullian, had taught in strict conformity with the communistic ideas of primitive Christianity. It is true that till the eleventh century ' Stubbs, Constitutional History^ II., 116. Digitized by Google The Expuhion of the Jews from England in 1290, 237 usury and speculative trading generally had nob been active eDOUgh to call for repression, nor would the Church have been strong enough to enforce on the Christian world the observance of its doctrine. It could not follow up the attempt made by the Capitularies of Charles the Great to prevent laymen from practising usury, and it had to rest content with enforcing the prohibition on clerics.^ But the growth under Hildebrand of the power of the Church over every-day life, and the elevation of the moral tone of its teaching that resulted from its struggles with the temporal power, enabled it to adopt with increasing effect measures of greater severity. Hildebrand, in 1083, decreed that usurers should, like perjurers, thieves, and wife-deserters, be punished with excommunication;^ and the Lateran General Council of 1139. when exhorted by Innocent II. to shrink from no legislation as demanding too high and rigorous a morality, decreed that usurers were to be excluded from the consolations of the Church, to be infamous all their lives long, and to be deprived of Christian burial.^ The religious feeling aroused by the Crusades still further strengthened the hold on the Christian world of characteristically Christian theory, while the prospect of the economic results that they threatened to bring about in Europe, awoke the Church to the advisability of putting forth all its power to protect the estates of Crusaders against the money-lenders. Many Popes of the twelfth century ordained, and St. Bernard approved of the ordinance * that those who took up the Cross should be freed from all engagements to pay usury into which they might have entered. Innocent III. absolved Crusaders even from obligations of the kind that they had incurred under oath, and subsequently ordered that Jews should be forced, under penalty of » Ashley, Economic IfUtnry and Theory, I., 126-32, 148-50. * Hefele, Cifneilienge«ehichte, V., 176. • iWrf., 438-441. * Jacobs, Tlu Jewt of Angevin England, 23. VOL. VIL R Digitized by Google 238 The Jetmh Quarterly Review, exclusion from the society of Christians, to return to their crusading debtors any interest that they had already received from them.^ Stronger even than the influence of the Crusades was that of the Mendicant Orders. The Dominicans, who preached, and the Franciscans, who " taught and wrought *' among all classes of people throughout Europe, carried with them, as their most cherished lesson, the doctrine of poverty. It was by the teaching of this doctrine, and by the practice of the simple unworldly life of the primitive Church, that the founders of the two orders had been able to give new strength to the ecclesiastical institutions of the thirteenth century. And their teaching, if not their practice, made its way from the Casiuncula to the Vatican. Cardinal Ugolino, the dear friend of S. Francis, became Gregory IX. ; Petrus de Tarentagio, of the order of the Dominicans, became Innocent IV. ; and Qirolamo di Ascoli, the " sun '* of the Franciscans, was soon to become Nicholas IV. Moreover, the work of formulating and publishing to the world the oflScial doctrines of the Church was in the hands of the Mendicants. A Dominican, Raymundus de Penaforte, w€w entmsted by Gregory IX. with the preparation of the Decretals, which formed the chief part of the canon law of the Church.* And friars of both orders codified with indefatigable labour the moral law of Christianity, and set it forth in hand-books, or SumnuB, which were universally accepted as guides for the confessional, and which all agreed in condemning usury.' Hence, the doctrine of its sinfulness was taught throughout Christian Europe, by priests and monks, by Dominican preachers and Franciscan confessors, who could enforce their lesson by the use of their power of granting > Corpus Juris Canmioi (Leipzig, 1839), II., 786. ' Raamer, Qesohickte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit^ III., 681. ■ Endemann. Studien in der Romanisoh-Kanonistischen Wirtksckafts* und Hechtslehre^l.^ 16-18. Stinteing, Oeschichte der Popularen Literatur des RSmisch' Canonischen Reehts. Digitized by Google The Expukion of the Jews from England in 1290. 239 or refusing absolution. How strong and violent a public opinion was thus created is best shown in the lines in which Dante, the contemporary of Edward I., tells with what companions he thought it fit that the Caursine usurers should dwell in hell.^ There was every reason why the hatred of usury should be as strong in England as anywhere. The Franciscan movement had spread throughout the country, and had found among Englishmen many of its chief literary champions.^ And the Englishman's pious dislike of usury had been strengthened by many years of bitter experience. Italian usurers had in the previous reign gone up and down the country collecting money on behalf of the Pope, and lending money on their own account at exorbitant rates of interest.' From some of the magnates they obtained protection (for which they are said to have paid with a share of their profits),* but to the great body of the Baronage, to the Church and the trading classes, their very name had become hateful. One of them, the brother of the Pope's Legate, had been killed at Oxford.* In London Bishop Roger had solemnly excommunicated them all, and excluded them from his diocese.* No English king who wished to follow the teachings of Christianity could willingly countenance any of his sub- jects in carrying on a traflSc which was thus hated by the people and condemned by all the doctors of Christendom. Even Henry III. was once so far moved by indignation and religious feeling as to expel the Caursines from his king- dom,^ and had religious scruples about the retention of the Je\\rs.® But, as has been shown, he could not do with- ' E pero lo minor giron suggella, Del segno sno e Sodoma e Gaorsa. Inferno, XI. 49, 50. * Monumenta FrancUcana (Rolls Series), XLV., L., 10, 38-9, 61. * Macpherson, AnnaU of Commerce, I., 899-400. * M. Paris, Chronica Majora, V., 245. * Ibid., III., 482-3. « Ibid., III., 332-3. 7 Ibid., IV., 8. ^ M. Paris, Hi^foria Anglornm, III., 104. R 2 Digitized by Google 240 Th0 Jewish Quarterly Review. out the Jewish revenue. Edward was not only free from dependence on that source of income, but he was also a far more religious king than his father. He was a man to obey the behests of the Church, instead of setting them at naught with an easy conscience, as his father had done. In the second year of his reign the Church, by a decree passed at the Council of Lyons, demanded from the Chris- tian world far greater efforts against usury than ever before.^ Till this time, though Popes and Councils had declared the practice accursed, churches and monasteries had had usurers as tenants on their estates, or had even possessed whole ghettos as their property.^ Now this was to be ended, and it was ordained by Gregory X. that no community, corporation, or individual should permit foreign usurers to hire their houses, or indeed to dwell at all upon their lands, but should expel them within three months. Edward, in obedience to this decree, ordered an inquisition to be made into the usury of the Florentine bankers in his kingdom with a view to its suppression, and allowed proceedings to be taken at the same time and with the same object against a citizen of London.' And the events of the last reign enabled him to pro- ceed to what at first seems the far more serious task of bringing to an end the trade that the Jews had carried on under the patronage, and for the benefit, of the Royal Exchequer. For the Jews could no longer support the Crown in times of financial difficulty as they had been able to do in previous reigns. The contraction of their business that * Ashley, Economic BUtory and Theory , I. 150 j Labbeat, Sacrotaneta Concilia, xi. 991, 2. ' Depping, Les Juifs dans le Moyen Age, 202, 207 ; Moratori, Antigui' totes Italica Medli Aevi, L 899, 900 ; Ninth Report of the Historical Manuscripts Commissionj p. 14 (No. 264). » Fitrty-fourth Report of Deputy-Keeper tf Public Records, pp. 8, 9, 72 ; The QuestUm whether a Jew, etc., bj a Gentleman of Linoolns Inn, London, 1753 ; Appendix, § 18. Digitized by Google The Hxpubion of the Jews from England in 1290. 241 was the result of their exclusion from many towns, and the losses that they had suffered through the extortions of Henry III. and the plundering attacks of the barons, had very greatly diminished their revenue-paying capacities, and the legislation of 1270 must have affected them still more deeply. At the end of the twelfth century they had probably paid to the Treasury about £3,000 a year, or one-twelfth of the whole royal income,^ and for some parts of the thirteenth century the average collection of tallage has been estimated at £5,000 ;^ but in 1271 — by which time the royal income had probably grown to something like the £65,000 a year which the Edwards are said to have enjoyed in time of peace^ — Henry III., when pledging to Richard of Cornwall the revenue from the Jewry, estimated its annual value, apart from what was yielded by escheats and other special claims, at no more than 2,000 marks.* And while the resources of the Jews had feUen off, the needs of the Crown had increased. Not only must Edward have conducted his foreign enterprises at a much greater cost than did his predecessors, under whom the English knighthood had been accustomed to serve without serious opposition, but, in addition, he had to make the best of a vast heritage of debt that his father had left him.* He had to seek richer supporters than the Jews, and such were not wanting. The Italian banking companies were the only organisa- tions in Europe that could supply him with such sums of money as he needed. From all the greatest cities of Italy — from Florence, Rome, Milan, Pisa, Lucca, Siena, and Asti — ^they had spread to many of the chief countries of Europe, ■ Jacobs, 328. ' Papers Anglo-JetoUh Hut, ExhiMtwn, 195. » Stubbs' ConstUutioma History II., 601. 4 Bymer, Foedera, I. 489. Gf . Pnblio Beoord Office, Q, R, Miscellanea, * Chronicles Ed, I. and II. (ed. Stnbbs), Vol. I., p. c. Of. Forty-second Jteport cf Deputy-Keeper ef Public Records, p. 479 (At tbe beginning of his reign Edward sajs, in his writs to the sheriffs, ** Pecunise plarimxun indigemna "). Forty -third Report ^ 419. Digitized by Google 242 The Jewish Quarterly Beview. to France, England, Brabant, Switzerland, and Ireland.^ They were merchants, money-lenders, money-changers, and international bankers, and in this last occupation their supremacy over all rivals was secured by the great advan- tage which the wide extent of their dealings enabled them to enjoy, of being able to save, by the use of letters of credit on their colleagues and countrymen, the cost of the transport of money from country to country.^ They were thus the greatest financial agents of the time. They trans- acted the business of the Pope. At the Court of Rome ambassadors had to borrow from them.^ In France their position was established by a regular diplomatic agreement between the head of their corporation and Philip III.* In England they had in their hands the greater part of the trade in com and wool ;* and the protection and favour of English kings was often besought by the Popes on their behalf in special bulls.® Edward began his reign in financial dependence on the Italians. His father had in the earliest period of his per- sonal government incurred obligations to them which he himself, as heir apparent, had to increase considerably at the time of his Crusade.^ When in later years be needed money to pay his army, he borrowed it from them ; when he diverted to his own use the tenth that was voted for his intended second Crusade, they gave security for repa3rment.* So great were the amounts that they ad- vanced to him, that between 1298 and 1308 the Friscobaldi ' MtiratoTi, Antiquitates ItaZica Medii Aevi (Dissertatio XYI) ; Bop- ping, La Jui/f dans le Mnyen Age, 213-6 ; Bymer, Foedera, I., 644. ' Macpherson, AnnaU of Commerce, I. 405, 6 ; and see Pemxzi, Storia del Commeroio e del Banchieri di Firenze, 170. ' PertuEzi, 169 ; \Archaeologiaj zxyiii. 218, 219. ^ Mnratori, ArUiquitates Italicae Medii Aem, I. 889. * AreJuieologia, xxviil 221 ; Oonningham, Growth of Englith Industry and Commerce, Early and Middle Ages, Appendix D ; Perazzi, Storia dd Commercio, 70. • Eymer, Foedera, I. 660, 828, 905. ^ Archaeologia, xxviiL 261-272. • Rynxer, Foedera, I. 644, 788. Digitized by Google The Expulsion of the Jem from England in 1290. 243 ianchi alone, one of the thirty-four companies that J employed,^ received in repayment nearly £100,000.* e was compelled to favour them, although he attempted stop their usury. He gave them a charter of privi- ges.^ He presented them with large sums of money, e bestowed on the head of one of their firms high office Gascony. At various times he placed under their charge te collection of the Customs in many of the chief ports in Qgland.^ Edward's close connection with a body of financiers so ch and powerful made the Jews unnecessary to him. If 3 was not to disobey the decree of the Council of Lyons, 3 must either withdraw his protection from them or else >rbid them any longer to be usurers. To withdraw his rotection from them would be to expose them to the Dpular hatred, the danger from which had been the justi- cation.of the relations that had been established between rown and Jewry after 1190, and still existed. He chose le second alternative. In 1275 he issued a statute, in hich he absolutely forbade the Jews, as he had just for- idden Christians,* to practise usury in the future. He ave warning that usurious contracts would no longer be aforced by the king's officers, and he declared the making B them to be an offence for which henceforth both parties rere liable to punishment. To ensure that all those ontracts already existing should come to an end as quickly R possible, he ordered that all movables that were in ledge on account of loans were to be redeemed before the oming Blaster.* VIL— Edward's Policy: The Jews and Trade. Thus the Jews, already shut out from the feudal and Qunicipal organisation of the country, were forbidden by 1 Perazxl, 174. * Arohaeologia, xxviii. 244-5. • Ibid, 231 , Note L * Peruzri, 172-6. * Tie Queition whether a Jew, etc. Appendix, §18. Prynne, A 8hoi t Jktmrrer, 58. * Blmit, EetablUhment and Beeidenee, etc., 139-144. Digitized by Google 244 The Jewish Quarterly Review. one act of legislation to follow the pursuit in which the kings of England had encouraged them for two hundred years. However, for the hardships imposed by the Christian Church there was an approved Christian remedy. Thomas Aquinas, the greatest authority on morals in Europe in the thirteenth century, had written : ** If rulers think they harm their souls by taking money fix)m usurers, let them remember that they are themselves to blame. They ought to see that the Jews are compelled to labour as they do in some parts of Italy." ^ A Christian king, and one whom Edward revered as his old leader in arms and as a model of piety, had already acted in accordance with the teach- ing of Thomas Aquinas. In 1253 St. Louis sent from the Holy Land an order that all Jews should leave France for ever, except those who should become traders and workers with their hands.* And now, when Edward was forbidding the Jews of England to practise usury, he naturally dealt with them in the fashion recommended by the great teacher of his time and adopted by the saintly king. " The King also grants," said the Statute of 1275, " that the Jews may practise merchandise, or live by their labour, and for those purposes freely converse with Christians. Excepting that, upon any pretence whatever, they shall not be levant or couchant amongst them ; nor on account of their merchandise be in scots, lots, or talliage with the other inhabitants of those cities or boroughs where they remain ; seeing they are talliable to the King as his own serfs, and not otherwise. . . . And further the King grants, that such as are unskilful in merchandise, and cannot labour, may take lands to farm, for any term not exceeding ten years, provided no homage, fealty, or any such kind of service, or advowson to Holy Church, be belonging to them. Provided also that this power to farm * Thomas Aquinas, Ojntseulutn, XXI. (^Ad Dueissam Brabantiae in Vol. XIX. of the Venice edition, 1775-88.) » M. Paris, Chronica Majora^ V. 361, 2. Digitized by Google The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 245 lands, shall continue in force for ten years from the making of this Act, and no longer." ^ The 16,000^ Jews of England were thus called upon to change at once their old occupation for a new one, and the task was imposed upon them under conditions which made it all but impossible of fulfilment. They were forbidden to become burgesses of towns ; and the effect of the prohibition was to make it impossible for them, in most ports of England, to become traders, for it practically ex- cluded them from the Gild Merchant. It is true that some towns professed that their Gild was open to all the inhabitants, whether burgesses or not, so long as they took the oath to preserve the liberties of the town and the king's peace.^ But most of the Gilds were exclusive bodies, to which all non-burgesses would find it hard to gain admission^^ and Jewish non-burgesses, though not as a rule kept out by a disqualifying religious formula,* would on fiwjcount of the unpopularity of their race and religion, find it trebly hard.® As non-Gildsmen, they would be at a disadvantage both in buying goods and in selling them. They would find it hard to buy, because, in some towns at any rate, the Gildsmen were accustomed to " oppress the people coming to the town with vendible wares, so that no man could sell his wares to anyone except to a member of the society." ' They would find it in all towns hard to sell, in some impossible. In some towns non-Gildsmen were forbidden to deal in certain articles of common use. ■ Blnnt, Establishment and Residence^ eta, 141. ' This is the namber of those who left the coantry in 1290. Flores HUtoHarum (Rolls Series), iii. 70. Probably the number of tliose in the oonntrj in 1275 was about the same. * Gross, Ths GUd Merchant, I. 88. * Ibid., I. 39-40. * Ibid, n., 68, 138, 214, 243, 267. * One Jew alone is known to have beoome a member of a Gild daring: the residenoe of the Jews in England before 1290. He became a citizen at the same time. His election took place in 1268 (Eitchin's^TTincA^x^^^- Hittorie Totom Series, p. 108), After 1276 it woold have been iUegal. ' Gross, Th€ GUd Merchant, I. 41. Digitized by Google 246 T}^ Jewish Quarterly Review, such as wool, hiJes, grain, untanned leather, and unfuUed cloth ; in others, as in Southampton, they might not buy anything in the town to sell again there, or keep a wine tavern, or sell cloth by retail except on market day and fair day, or keep more than five quarters of com in a granary to sell by retail. There were even towns where the municipal statutes altogether forbade non-Qildsmen to keep shops or to sell by retail.^ It was almost as difficult for Jews to become agriculturists or artisans, as to become traders. They were allowed by the statute to farm land, but for ten years only, and they were far too ignorant of agriculture to be able to take advantage of the permission. They could not work on the land of others as villeins, because, even if a Christian lord had been willing to receive them, they would have been prevented by their religion from taking the oath of fealty.* Only under exceptional conditions could they work at handicrafts. A Jew who possessed manual dexterity might, as was sometimes done in the thirteenth century, have worked for himself at a cottage industry, and might, though the task would have been a hard one, have gained a connection among Christians, and induced them to trust him with materiala^ But many crafts were at the time coming under the regulations of craft-gilds. Certainly as early as the beginning of the fourteenth century, there were in London fully-organised gilds of Lorimers, Weavers, Tapicers, Cap-makers, Saddlers, Joiners, Girdlers, and Cutlers.* In Hereford there were Gilds for nearly thirty trades.* It was probably very often the case, as it was with the Weavers' Gild in London, that a craft-gild existing > Gross, The OUd Merchant, I. 45, 46, 47. * Liher Custumarum (Bolls Series), 215. * Ochenkowski, Englandt Wirthsehaftliche Entwiclulung im Autgange dea Mittelaltcrs, 51-4. « Liher CuituiMtrum (Bolls Series) 80-81, 101-2, 121 ; Liher Albu» (BoUb Series), 726, 734. Bilej, Memorials qf London, 179. 5 Johnson, Cuttomt (f Hereford, 115-6. Digitized by Google The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 247 in any town could forbid the practice of the craft in the town to all who had not been elected to membership, or earned it by serving the apprenticeship that the Gild's statute required.^ The period required by the Lorimers* statute was ten years, by the Weavers', seven, and in some cases certainly, and probably in all, the apprenticeship had to be served under a freeman of the city.* The apprentice who had served his time, was still, in some towns and industries, unable to practise his craft, unless he became a citizen and entered the frank pledge.^ It was diflScult for a Jewish boy to become an apprentice, for the Church threatened to excommunicate any Christian who received into his house, as an apprentice would naturally be received, a Jew or Jewess ; it was impossible for a Jewish man to become a citizen, for the king forbade his Jewish " serfs " to be in scot and lot with the other inhabitants of the cities in which they lived. Excluded from the trades and handicrafts of the towns, the Jew might try other means of earning a livelihood. He might attempt to travel with wares or with produce, from one part of England to another, or he might be an importer or an exporter. But wholesale trade of this kind would be open to those alone who had command of a large capital. And this was not the only dilBSculty in the way. If the Jew went about the country with his goods from fair to fair, or from city to city, he would do so at very great risk. He would have to travel over the high roads, the perils of which made necessary the Statute of Win- chester, and are recounted in the words of its preamble, de jour en jour roberieSy homicides, arsons, plus sovenerement sont fetes que avaunt ne soleyent} If he survived the dangers of the road and reached a fair, he would find > lAber CustumariMi, 41S-425, • Liber Ciutumarum, 78, 81, 124. RUey, Memorials qf London, 179, 216. • Liber (Msiumaruvi^ 79, Oohenkowski, Op. CU,, 64. • StQhbB, Select Charters, 470. Digitized by Google 248 The Jeiciah Quarterly Revietr. there an assemblage made up in part of '* daring persons," such as those, who, in spite of the orderly traders and citizens, had caused the massa^cre at Lynn, in 1190,^ or those who, at Boston killed the merchants and plundered their goods, until "the streets ran with silver and gold,"* or those citizens of Winchester who, in the reign of Henry III., carried on for a time a successful conspiracy to rob all itinerant merchants who passed through the country.' With his foreign face and striking badge, he would be the first mark for the hatred of the riotous crowd. And if he escaped violence and robbery, he had still to fear the officials of the lord of the fair, who exercised for the time unlimited and irresponsible power, and who, according to the regula- tions of some fairs, could destroy the goods of any trader if their quality did not please them.* When he had managed to escape from the mob and the officials, his difficulties were not over. He might make his bargains, but there was no court of justice to which he could appeal to enforce the completion of any transaction that required a longer time than that of the duration of the fair. Redress for any injustice committed at a fair, or for the failure to carry out an agreement made there, could be obtained only through application made by the mimicipality of the com- plainant to that of the wrong-doer.* The Jew had no municipality to present his claims. If those with whom he had transactions deceived him or refused to pay him, he was helpless. There was no power to which he could appeal. If instead of going to a fair he tried to sell, in a town, produce from another country or a diflFerent part of England, he was in a position of even greater difficulty. * Jacobs, 116. ' Walsingbam, HUtoria Anglicana (BoUa Series), L 30. ' M. Paris, Chronica Majora, v. 56-8. * Ochenkowski, Englands wirthfchaftliche Fntwickelung, 157. s Gmmingham, Qrowth of BnglUh Industry and Commerce, Early and Middle Ages, 175. Digitized by Google The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 249 Tn a strange town he was as much an alien as in a strange country, and there was scarcely any limit to the vexations and sufferings that on that account he would have to endure. In London, for example, alien merchants were forbidden to remain in the city for more than forty consecutive days. While they were there they might not sell anything by retail, nor have any business dealings at all with any but citizens. There was a long list of articles that they were altogether forbidden to buy. They might not stow their goods in houses or cellars ; they had to sell within forty days all that they had brought with them; they were allowed neither to sell anything after that time, nor to take anything back with them. They were continually annoyed by the oflScers of the city.^ All these disadvantages the Jew would have to endure to the full while competing with many powerful organisations which were engaged in foreign trade, and had, after long struggles, secured from the king special charters of privilege. Such were the companies of the merchants of Germany, who had their steelyard in London and their settlements at Boston and Lynn ; the Flemings, who had their Hanse in London ; the Gascons who enjoyed a charter; the Spaniards and Portuguese; the Florentines, most powerful of all, and the Venetians, whose enterprise was, at the beginning of the fourteenth century at any rate, carried on under the auspices of the Republic.* The last opportunity for the Jews was to take part in the export of English produce. English wool W€w the most important article of international trade in Western Europe. It was brought from monasteries and landholders chiefly by the rich and powerful companies of Flemish * Liber Cuttumarum (Bolls Series), xxxiv.-xlTiii., 61-72 ; Liber Albv-t, xcv., xovi., 287 ; Macpherson, Annals of Commerce y I. 388-9. ' LUter Cuttumarum and Liber Albun, as referred to in preceding note : Cunningham, Growth of EnglUh Industry and Cominerce, Early and Middle Ages, 181-6 ; Ochenkowski, Englandt wirthschqftliehe Entwicke' lung, 180 ; Calendar of State Papers ( Venetian^, lx.-lxix. ; Pemzzi, Storia dH Banchieri e del Commercio di Firenze, 70. Digitized by Google 250 The Jewish Quarterly Review. and Italian merchants, and sent to Flanders and Italy to be woven and dyed.^ The Jews had, apparently, long taken some slight part in wholesale trade,' but the amount of capital that it required, and the power of the rivals who held the field, made it impossible for many of them to take to it immediately as a substitute for money-lending. Still it was the only form of enterprise in which they would not be at a hopeless disadvantage, and some Jews, those probably who had a large capital and were able to recall it from the borrowers, followed the example of the Italians, and made to landholders advances of money to be repaid in corn and wool.* VIII. — The Temptations of the Jews. But even for those Jews who were rich enough to take part in wholesale trade, there was still a great temptation to transgress the prohibition against usury. All the legal machinery that was necessary for the due execution and validity of agreements between Jews and Christians — the chest in which the deeds were deposited, and the staffs of officers by whom they were registered and supervised — were still maintained in some towns, since they were necessary alike for the recovery, by the ordinary process, of the old debts (many of which, in spite of the order for summary i*epayment in the Statute of 1275, still remained outstanding/ and for the registration of any new agree- * Ganningham, Grnwth^ etc., 185 ; Maopherson. AnnaU of Commerce, pp. 415, 481 ; Calendar of State Papev (^Venetian), lxvi.-lxvii. * Jacobs, 66-7 ; Areh^ologieal Journal, xxxviii. 179. * This was the procedure adopted by the Italians : They paid down a sum as earnest-money, and then took a bond (Peruzzi, 70). Cf. Tovey, 207. * For pledjres still unredeemed, land still in the hands of the Jews and old debts still unpaid long after the Statutes of 1270-1275 had been passed, see MSS. in Public Record Office (^QueeiCt Revi^mbranrerg MUrellanea, 557, 13-23) ; Rymer. 1. 570 ; John of Peckham, I. 937 ; Calendar of Potent Ridh, 12H1-1292, p. 81; Frynne, Second Demurrer, pp. 74 and 80 (=154). Digitized by Google The EitpuhUm of the Jem from England in 1290. 251 ments that might be made for the delivery of com and wool, or for the repayment of money lent ostensibly without interest. There was no lack of would-be bor- rowers to co-operate with the Jews in using this machinery in order to make agreements on which, in spite of the prohibition of usury, money might profitably be lent. The demand for loans was great, far too great to be satisfied, as the Church thought it reasonable to expect,^ by money advanced without interest ; and owing to the progress of the change from payment of rents in kind or service to payment in cash,* it was steadily growing. It had been met by the money of the Italian bankers, of the Jews, of English citizens, and, as is freely hinted by writers of the time, of great English barons, who secretly shared in the transactions and the profits of the Jewish and foreign usurers.* The supply had suddenly been checked by the simultaneous prohibition of all usury whether of Jews or of Christians. Now a Jew who wished, by collusion with a borrower, to evade the law against usury, had only to study the methods that had been followed by the Caursines, and those that were still followed by the Italians and acquiesced in by the heads of the religious houses with whom they had dealings. The Caursines, for example, sometimes avoided the appearance of usury by lending 100 marks and receiving in return a bond, acknowledging a loan of £100.* Sometimes they lent money for a definite period, on an agreement that they were to get a " gift," in return for their kindness in making the loan, and ** compensation " in case it were not repaid in time.* Sometimes by a still more elaborate device, the Italians combined their two ^ LabbenSf Saerotaneta Concilia^ XI. 649-50. * Vinogradoff, Villeinage in Englandy 179, 307. » M. Paris, V. 245 ; Wilkina, Cone,, I. 675 ; De Antiq, Legihut, 234 8q. (Archbishop of York's remarks on the oormption of the Great Council and on ^efautoret of Jews.) * M. Paris, Chronica Minora, V. 404-5. * Muratori, Antiquitates Italicoi Medii Aevi, I., 893. Digitized by Google 252 The Jewish Quarterly Revieu). professions of money-lenders and merchants, by inducing a monastery which had borrowed money, to acknowledge the receipt, not only of the money, but also of the price of certain sacks of wool which it bound itself in due time to supply.^ The Jews, no doubt, followed the example of the Caursines and of the Italians. In official registers, which are still extant, there are mentioned bonds which secured to Jewish creditors a lartjje payment in money together with a small payment in kind, and which doubt- less represent collusive transactions, in which the offence of usury was to be avoided by the substitution of a recom- pense in kind for interest in money. Other bonds for repayment of money alone are mentioned in the same registers as having been executed after 1275, and every one of the kind that was executed between that date and the date of the amendment of the Statute against usury may be safely considered to represent a transaction which was an offence, either veiled or open, against the prohibition. The temptation to transgrcvss the Statute of 1275 could appeal only to Jews with capital, but on the poorer Jews other temptations acted with even more strength and even worse results. The only reputable careers known to have been open to the poorer Jews were to become servants in the houses of their rich co-religionists,* or else to imitate in a humble way their tinancial transactions, either by keeping pawnshops,^ or by carrying on, in towns where there was no recognised Jewry, business of the same kind as that of the rich money-lenders in the larger Jewish settlements. To follow these pui-suits was now impossible, in consequence, not only of the prohibition of usury, but also of the strict- ness with which Edward enforced the old legislation llotuli Parliamentorumy I. 1, 2. » Royal Letters (RoUs Series), II. 24. ' Le4!t JutUdietion of Norvowh (Selden Society), p. 10; Cf. Aneren Riwle (Camden Society), 395. " Do not men account him a g^ood friend who layeth his pledjje in Jewry to redeem his companion ? " Digitized by Google The Expulsion of the Jewejrom England in 1290. S58 against the residence of Jews in towns where there did no exist a chest for the deposit of Jewish debts, and a staff of clerks to witness and register them.^ There was thus nothing to which the poorer Jews could turn. Crowded as unwelcome intruders into a small and decreasing number of towns, without legal standing or industrial skill, hated by the people and declared accursed by the Church, they were bidden to support themselves under conditions whidi made the task impossible unless they could take by storm the citadel of municipal privilege which bade defiance to the " greatest of the Plantagenets " throughout his reign. Under such conditions degeneration was inevitable. Some of the Jews are said to have taken to highway robbery and burglary;' some went into the House of Converts, where they got l^d. a day and free lodging.' But to the dishonest there was open a £Etr more profitable form of dishonesty than either of those already mentioned, viz., clipping the coin. The offence had long been prevalent. In 1248 such mischief had been done that, according to Matthew Paris " no foreigner, let alone an Englishman, could look on an English coin with dry eyes and unbroken heart" ^ It was in vain that Henry III. issued a new coinage, so stamped that the device and the lettering extended to the edge of the piece,* and caused it to be proclaimed in every town, village, market-place, and fair that none but the new pieces with their shapes unaltered should be given or taken in exchange.* The opportunity for dishonesty was too tempt- ing. The coins that actually circulated in the country * RTiner, Foedera^ I. 603, 634 ; Papers of the Anglo-Jewuh Hittorioal XxhibUim, 187-190. * Calendar of Patent RolU^ 1381-1292, p. 98; Papers Anglo- Jeuiish Hist. Ex, 167. * See DietUmary of PsiUieal JEoonomy, Article Jbws, (Hoiue for Conyerted). * Chronica Majora, V. 16. * Annates Monastici (Rolls Series), II. 339. < M. Paris, Chronica Majora, Y. 16, 16. VOL. VU. S Digitized by Google 254 The Jennsh Quarterly Review, were of many different issues/ they were not milled at ther edges,' they were so liable to damage and mutilation of all kinds that their deficiency of weight had to be recognised and allowed for.' Hence anyone who had many coins passing through his hands could secure an easy profit by clipping off a piece from each one before he passed it again into circulation. In the early part of the reign of Edward I., such was the deficiency in the weight of genuine coins (an annalist of the period estimates it at 50 per cent.),'* and such the amount of false coin in circulation, that the price of commodities rose to an alarming height, foreign merchants were driven away, trade became completely dis- organised, shopkeepers refused the money tendered to them, and the necessities of life were withdrawn from the mar- kets.^ The E^ng had to promise to issue a new coinage, but the announcement of his intention only increased the general disturbance. The Archbishop of Canterbury com- plained that in consequence of the disturbance of circulation, he could not find anyone, except the professional usurers, from whom he could borrow money on which to live during the interval before the revenues of his see began to come in.* When the King at this period of his reign went to a priory to ask for money, the first and most cogent of the excuses that he heard was that "the House was im- poverished by the change in the coinage of the realm." ' Public opinion ascribed to the Jews the greatest share in the injuries to the coinage. " They are notoriously forgers and clippers of the coin," says Matthew Paris.^ And that the suspicion was not absolutely without justification is shown by the fact, that early in Henry IIL's reign, the * Buding, AnnaU of the Chinage, L 179. ' Ashley, Economic HUL^ Theory, I. 169. * Ashley, I., 215, n. 95 ; cf. Jaoobs, 73 and 226. * Annales MonaHici (Bolls Series), IV. 278. ' Annales Monastioi, IV. 278 ; Liher dutumarum^ 189. ^ John of Peokham, Registrum EpUtolarvm (BoUs Series), I. 22. ' Annales Monastici III. 295. ^ Historia Anglorum, III. 76. Digitized by Google The Expukion of the Jem from England in 1290. 255 community made a payment to the King in order to secure as a concession the expulsion from England of such of its members as might be convicted of the crime.^ When in- quiries were ordered into the causes of the debasement, in 1248, it was generally considered that the guilt would be found to rest with the Jews.* The oflScial verdict included them with the Caursines and the Flemish wool-merchants in its condemnation.* It was not unnatural that Edward, when the evil re- appeared in his reign, should share the general suspicion against the Jews, seeing that they had only recently begun to give up dealing in money, while mfiuay of the poorer among them must have become, since 1275, desperate enough to be ready to take to any tempting form of dishonesty. The King's indignation at the suffering that had been caused by the injury done to the old coinage, and at the expense that was involved in the preparation of the new issue which had become necessary, prompted him to act on his suspicions, and to take a measure of terrible severity in order to make sure of the apprehension of the most probable culprits. When, in 1278, he was making prepa- rations for an inquiry into the whole subject of the coinage, he caused all the Jews of England to be im- prisoned in one night, their property to be seized, and their houses to be searched. At the same time the gold- smiths, and many others s^inst whom information was given by the Jews, were treated in the same way.* The prisoners were tried before a bench of judges and royal officers. There can be no doubt that many innocent men were accused, even if they were not condemned. At a time when all the Jews in England were imprisoned, there was a great temptation for Christians to bring false accusations against those among them whom they dis- liked on personal or religious grounds, especially as there ' Tovey, 109 ; Madoz, RiHory of the Exchequer I. 245, z. » M. Paris, Chronica Majora, IV. 608. » Ihid,, V. 16. * Annalcft Mnnastiei, IV. 278. s 2 Digitized by Google 266 The Jewish Quarterly Review. was a good chance of extorting hush-money from the accused, or, in case of condemnation, of concealing from the escheators some of their property.^ The Jews and the King recognised the danger. One Manser of London, for ex- ample, was wise enough to sue that an investigation might be held into the ownership of tools for clipping that were found on the roof of his house.* The King, anxious that punishment should fall only on the guilty, issued a general writ, in which the various motives for false accusation were recited, and it was ordered that any Jew against whom no charge had been brought by a certain date might secure himself altogether by paying a fine.' Nevertheless, a large number both of Jews and Christians were found guilty. Of the Christians only three were condemned to death, though many others were heavily fined. For the Jews, however, there was no mercy. Two hundred and ninety-three of them were hanged and drawn in London, and all their property escheated to the King. A few more had been condemned, but saved their lives by conversion to Christianity.* The activity with which Jews took part, or were supposed to take part, in the debasement of the coinage, and in the pro- hibited practice of usury,* must have aroused in the mind of the King some misgivings on the subject of his new policy. Nevertheless, he did not as yet desp€dr of its ultimate > Calendar af Patent Rolls from 1281 to 1292, 128, U7, 173, 176. 213, 291, 451 ; Chron, Ed. /., I. 93 ; Rotuli Parliamentorum, I. 51a; Bjmer, Fadera, I., 570. ' Papers AnglO'Jetoish Historical Exhibition^ 42-3. » Tovey, 211-13. « Chroniclee of Edward i. and Edward IT, (Bolls Series), L, 88 ; Chronicon Petroburgense (Camden Society), 29. * ** Whereas in the time of our ancestors, kings of England, loans at Interest were wont and were allowed to be made by Jews of our kingdom, and much of such profits fell into the hands of those our ancestors, as the issues of onr Jewry; and we, led on by the loye of Grod, and wishing to foUow more devoutly in the path of the Holy Church, did forbid unto all the Jews of our kingdom who had Tioiously lived from such loans, that none ot them henceforth in any manner be guilty of resorting to loans at interest, but that they seek their living and sustain themselves by other legitimate Digitized by Google The Ewpubion of the Jews from England in 1290. 257 success. The crimes of the Jews were no greater than those of the Christians around them, though they called forth heavier punishment. Christians clipped and coined ; Christians still lent money on usury .^ And a certain amount of crime among Jews could not but be looked for as a natural result of the terrible difficulties in the way of the social revolution that had been demanded of them. Edward saw that he had been trying to do too much at once. The Jews could not change their occupation as suddenly as he had wished. The country could not do without money-lenders. By making the lending of money at interest a penal offence, and thus encouraging debtors and creditors to keep their transactions secret, Edward had weakened the supervision that had been exercised by the Treasury, since 1194, over the business and property of the Jews, and thus he had increased the chance of fraud in the collection of tallages, and in the apportionment of the share of each estate that had long been claimed by the Crown as the succession due on Jewish property.* But he had not stamped out usury, though the Statute of 1275 had forbidden it He had not even secured the redemption of all pledges of Christians from the hands of the Jews, though the Statute of 1275 had demanded it. And, there- fore, in order that he might not keep on the Statute Book a law of which the effective administration was impossible, work and merchandise, especially since hj the fayonr of Holy Ohnroh they are suffered to seU and Utc among Christians. Nererthelees. afterwards, in a blind and eyil spirit, taming to eyil, under colour of merchandise and good contracts and coTenants, what we established by rational thought, premeditating mischief anew, they do it with Christians by means of bonds and divers instruments, which remain with the Jews, and in which, on a given debt or contract, they put double, treble, or quadruple more than they lend to the Christians [this reads like an exaggeration!, penally abusing the name of usury. . . .'* {Papers Anglo-Jewish Historical Bcphibitionj 225-6). ^ For Coining, see Ruding, Annals qf the Coinage 1. 197 ; Calendar qf Patent Rolls from 1281 to 1292, 97 ; Abbreviatio Kotulorum Originalium (Record Commissien), 49 ; Peckham, Negistrum Epistolarumy 1. 146. For Usury, Ibrty-fourth Report of the Deputy-Keeper of the Publie Records, Ep. 8 and 9 ; Aroheeologia, XXVIII., 227-9; Peckham, II., 642 ; and for a kter period, Rotvli Parliamentorum, II. 332tf, (VII.) 350ft. ' Papers of Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition^ p. 192 (note 64), and p. 222. Digitized by Google 258 The Jewish Quarterly Review. he mitigated the severity of the provisions of 1276, and issued, probably a few years later, a new Statute, in which he prescribed certain conditions under which usury was to be permitted. He allowed loans to be made under con- tract for the payment of interest at the rate of half a mark in the pound yearly, but for three years only ; and, in order to reduce the temptation to conclude secret transctctions, restored legal recognition to all debts of the value of £20 or upwards that were made under the prescribed condi- tions, and were registered before the chirographer and clerk, and threatened heavy penalties against all who should lend up to that amount without registration.^ Edward was wise in thus substituting for his earlier, harassing measure, one that allowed for gradual change, and that attempted to control the evil of which the imme- diate suppression was impossible. But the few years' experience that he had already had ought to have made him go farther still. It ought to have shown him that it was hopeless to expect the Jews to give up usury so long as the greater part of them were practically excluded from all other pursuits, and that, if ever he was to bring to a successful issue the policy that he had inaugurated, he would have to find some means of enabling them to work side by side with Christians, and to compete with them on equal conditions. Such a task would have been full of difficulties, the greatest of which resulted from the active hostility with which the rulers and teachers of the Christian Church in the thirteenth century, unlike their predecessors, regarded the Jews. The growth and nature of this hostility must now be considered. B. Lionel Abrahams. {To be continued.) * Papers of Anglo-Jtwish Historical Exhibition, pp. 224-9. Digitized by Google Death, Burial, and Mourning, 259 SLIEFS, RITES, AND CUSTOMS OF THE JEWS, CONNECTED WITH DEATH, BURIAL, AND MOURNING. J3 ILLUSTRATED B7 THE BiBLE AND LATEB JEWISH LITERATURE.) HE next step preliminary to burial is to prepare the >rpse by a process of purification for its journey to its emal home. This sacred task is usually fulfilled by the lembers of a religious confraternity known as MlJT^p MTS^^, ho have voluntarily taken upon themselves to discharge 1 the rites connected with death and burial Their Buried duties are covered by the word avyKOfxi^eiv, occur- mg in Acts viii. 2. The water required for the cleansing of the dead has to e warmed. The ceremonial of washing the corpse must ot be performed by one person alone, not even in the ase of a child. The dead must likewise not be moved rom one position to another by fewer than two persons. ?he corpse is first laid on a deal board, with its feet turned owards the door, and covered with a clean sheet. The K)dy is undressed as far as the inner shirt, which is then ent through from the breast downward in such a manner ;hat the corpse shall remain covered throughout. The iorpse is now washed from head to foot in lukewarm water, luring which process the mouth is covered, so that no water ihould trickle down it. First, the dead lies with face lifted upward ; it is next inclined upon the right side while the left side and part [)f the bcu^k are being washed, and is then turned on to the Digitized by Google 260 The Jewish Quarterly Beview. left side while the right side and the remainiDg portion oi the back are being subjected to the same treatment, th( corpse being afterwards laid on its back. In some casei the nails are cut, but generally they are simply cleaned with a special kind of pin, while the hair i.s often arrangec in the manner in which it was worn in life. In ancieni times the hair was cut (T. B. Moed. Kat, 86), but it is non only washed, and nine measures of cold water are sub sequently poured over the corpse (during which, in some plfitces, the dead is settled in an upright position), and thij constitutes the actual religious purification technicallj known as rpjo©. While this ceremonial is being carried out, some versei are recited by those who officiate, concluding with th( words : " And I will sprinkle clean water upon you, and you shall be clean " (Ezekiel xxxvL 25). The corpse is, of course, thoroughly dried, care being taken not to leave it uncovered the while. Women have to undergo the same process of purification at ih( hands of their own sex. In Acts ix. 37 we have an instance of a woman being washed before burial in Neiv Testament times. The board on which the corpse lay is cleansed, and all the water that may have been spilt around about is cleared up, so that no one should pass over it. The overturning oi the board is fraught with danger, and any one might di( in consequence within three days afterwards (Testament oj R Jehuda Chasid. VL). It was formerly the custom also to anoint the corpse after cleansing, with various kinds of aromatic spices ty^ryo ^V Q'^P^?* It will be remembered that when Mar} was reproached with an unnecessary waste of ointment Jesus exclaimed, ''SulBfer her to keep it against the daj of my burial" (John xiL 7). And we find it recorded that a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about 100 lbs. weight was subsequently brought for the body of Jesus (Ibid xix. 39). The custom of actual embalming, as understood Digitized by Google Death, Burial, and Mourning. 261 by ihe Egyptians, does not seem to have found favour with the Jews, as instances of the practice are extremely rare in the history of Israel The legendary character of stories such as that Herod preserved the corpse of a girl in honey for seven years, and that the corpse of Eleazer bar Simeon was confined in a garret for twenty-two years is, as Perles truly remarks, self -apparent. For examples of swathing the corpse in spices, cf . Matt, xxvi. 12; Mark xiv. 8; xvi. 1; Luke xxiii. 56; xxiv. 1; John xix. 39 f. After the rite of purification has been carried out in the customary manner, the corpse is clothed in grave- vestments, commonly called ^'•DnDn {Mish. Sanhed, vi. 5), or metaphorically MnilT, provision for a journey (T.B. JSrub. 41a). They are identical with the aivSwv of the New Testament (cf. Matt xxvii. 59, etc.), being made of white linen (^TD) without the slightest ornament, and must be stainless. They are usually the work of women, and are simply pieced together, no knots being permitted, accord- ing to some, in token that the mind of the dead is dis- entangled of the cares of this life, but in the opinion of others, as representing the expression of a wish that the bones of the dead may be speedily dissolved into their primitive dust {Eokiach, 816). The outfit of the dead usually comprises n532JD, a cap or mitre, n'»''D3DD, breeches, naVlD, shirty DDno, a garment resembling a surplice, and myn, girdle. No corpse, male or female, must be clothed in less than three garments. Over these is placed the prayer cloak n^bls, usually worn by the Jews during divine worship, with one of the fringes torn off the comer to which it is attached. In the case of women, an apron, ni3^, is supplied instead of D^'^oaDD. Women also dispense with the n^^, as it is not worn by members of the female sex in life. Very frequently the white shroud used by strict Jews on New Year's Day, the Day of Atonement, and the Passover "night of observance/' Digitized by Google 262 The Jetmh Quarterly Reeifiw. forms part of their grave apparel. " It is the custom in some countries that the bride presents the bridegroom with this article on the wedding day*' {The Jewish Religion^ Friedlander, p. 492, Note 2). The cerements correspond to the garments worn by the High Priest in days of old. The regulations (set forth above) with regard to the TXyyt^ and the mode of dressing the dead are post-Talmudic ; see the D^'^nn IDD, a work compiled early in the last century, by Rabbi Simeon Frankfurter, and edited with an English translation and notes, under the title of Book oflAfe, by the Rev. B. H. Ascher. The making of the several vestments to be worn by the departed is esteemed as a n^sp and we are told {Ruth Rab., I. 8) that the kindness which Naomi's daughter-in- law showed to the dead (Ruth i. 8) consisted in her having prepared grave-clothes for them. Apropos of this, the Targ. Jerus. has a remarkable rendering of Deut. xxvi. 14 : : naV ^^^^ ''^n? ^) ^a^^P '^ai^ ""pf?^^ ^\ "I have not defrayed therefrom the expense of grave-vestments." (For a note on this interpretation, see Qeiger's Urschrift, p. 479.) It is strange that T3^?«?, "a mingled stuff, wool and linen together," prohibited for ordinary garments in Levit. xix. 19 and Deut. xxii. 11, may be used for the purpose of cerements (Mish, Kilaim ix. 4). The garments worn by the dead are referred to in the following passages of the New Testament : Matth. xxvii. 69; Mark xv. 46 ; Luke xxiii. 53; John xi. 44; xx. 7; xix. 40 ; Acts v. 6. The cerements were not invariably composed of the simplest material, nor were they "always white." Until about fifty years after the destruction of the Jewish State, gross extravagance was practised in the dressing of the dead. (Cf. Josephus, Ant, XV. iii. 4 ; XVI. vii. 1 : XVIL ix. 3; Wars of Jews, 1. xxxiii. 9.) Thus we are told (T. B. Moed Kat. 27b) that formerly the outlay concurrent on a death in a household was so great, that the suffering of the mourners was thereby Digitized by Google Death, Bui^l, and Mourning, 26S intensified, and the anxiety of having to provide the necessary expenses was often a greater source of sorrow to the bereaved than the actual loss they had sustained. Hence Rabban Gamliel left an injunction that he was not to be buried in many grave-vestments, and it is reported that he was interred in a simple linen shroud (see Toaafoth, i I.). We also find in the Testaments of the Twelve Patri- archs that Judah's last command to his family, which he joined with the injunction to lay him in Hebron, was a protest against, their enwrapping him in costly robes (Tesiamenta XII. Patriarchum, Ed. Sinker, p. 79. Cf. Chrysostom, Somil., 84). The Kolbo enjoins (§ 114) that the dead should not be attired in splendid vestments, so as not to put to shame those who, may not have the means to provide them. Thus in process of time a gar- ment costing a sus became popular (T.B. Moed Kat, 27b)^ and the Jews have since been interred in the simplest and most inexpensive raiment (cf. Josephus c. Apion, ii. § 27). Up to the age of the Rabbis, the cerements used to be of different colours, such as red, white, green and variegated (Cf. T. J. Eilaim, ix. 14). Afterwards white predominated, and has since prevailed, doubtless because it is emblematical of purity and simplicity. Rabbi Jochanan requested to be buried in garments that were neither entirely white nor entirely black, so that should he come hereafter among the righteous he should feel no shame, and should his lines fall among the impious, he should have no reason to blush. (Ibid.) Rabbi Joshia wished to be buried in white gar- ments, because he did not feel ashamed of his deeds. {Beresh. Bab. xcvL 5). Rabbi Jannai is reported to have addressed his children before death: "Bury me not in black garments, nor in white ; not in black, because I might be found righteous, and I should then be as a mourner among bridegrooms ; not in white, in case I should be approved in the sight of God, and I should then be as a bridegroom among mourners. Buiy me rather in vestments that are Digitized by Google 264 The Jetoish Quarterly Rewew. saturated with fine oil and have come from a maritime town." (T3.8habb,lUa.) In T. B. MegiUa, 266, it is stated that antiquated scrolls of the Law, which were no longer fit for use in the syna- gogue, were employed for clothing the dead. Interment in a simple reed-mat, n^3p \tD rtSTTO, was con- sidered as a token of disrespect to the dead, and suggested in the eyes of the people that the departed had been placed under ban, and could not be united with the bands of spirits pervading the world. Thus, in the course of a conversation between two departed spirits, overheard by a Rabbi who was passing the night in the burying-place, one of the spirits remarked that she was buried in a mat of reeds, and could not therefore leave the grave (T. B. Beraeh, 186). The Rabbis seem to have been much exercised as to whether in the time of the resurrection the dead would come forth from their tombs naked or clothed. Rabbi Ibo (or, according to some. Rabbi Nathan) deduced from Job xxxviiL 14, that a man will arise from the grave in the same garments which he wore when he entered it (Kohel. Bab, V. 10). Rabbi Meir argued, a minare ad mqforem, that if a mere grain of wheat, which is deposited in the ground in all its nakedness, comes forth at a later date with an abimdance of vesture, how much more should the righteous, who are interred in grave garments (T. B. Sanhed. 906, and cf. 1 Cor. XV. 37f). We also find a similar opinion expressed in T. B. Kethub 1116, ^mo^'obn 'nTDy'»H7 D>pn2 y>l>nv ** Likewise Aischa asked the Messenger of God (Mohammed), Will no one awake clothed on the day of the resurrection ? No one, he replied, but the prophets, their families (the martyrs), and those who fasted regularly in Ragab, Schab&n, and Ramad^ ** {Muhamm, Eschat ch. xxviii.). The Jews were not the only nation of antiquity who bestowed such care upon the purification of their dead prior to interment. The Syrians (according to Bar He- braeus. Book of CondtAct, 36e?.) likewise washed their dead, Digitized by Google Deaths Burial, and Mourning. 266 afterwards clothed them in linen vestments. Jacob Idessa, however, explains that the washing of the dead, ii the'Nestorians regarded as an ordinance of the rch, was nowhere commanded; it only became a re- dsed custom because at first those who died from re ulcers were washed and anointed with fragrant oil )n8ecTation, and the practice was afterwards extended 11 alike. The laity and inferior clergy had their whole es washed ; monks, nuns, anchorites, and the superior rj had only the head, hands, and feet cleansed {Die }ne8 Jacob's von Edesaa, p. 152.) With reference to Nestorian ritual of the washing of the dead, see an "esting article by Isaac H. Hall in Sebraica, IV. 82. learned author states that the dead is apparelled in e garments as in the days of his wedding. The aritans are likewise prepared for burial by their own ds ; the whole body is washed, but especially the head oe), mouth, nose, face, ears, both inside and out (all Mohammedan fashion), and lastly the feet (Fragments Samaritan Targum, etc., John W. Nutt). The Man- ns also have a sacrament of the dying, referred to by ffi, 120 seq. They pour first hot and then cold water the head of the dying man, and subsequently array in the rast&, in which he is to be interred. Dying out this ablution and attire causes the soul to remain o the last day among the Matartll's (Die Mandaisehe Hon, A, J. Wilhelm Brandt, 82). When one of the iyreeyah dies, the liody is well soaked, and is washed warm water. The corpse is then wrapped in a white ad Likewise among the Abyssinians, the body is )ped in a white cotton shroud (Social Races of Mankind, herman, Div. V., 496f., 619). It was the custom in «e that the women should wash and anoint the body, then clothe it in clean white garments (Lucian, De M. § 11 ; Sophocles, (Edip. Colon. 1602 f. ; Homer, Iliad, H. 350 ; XXIV. 582 ; Odyss., XXIV. 4). It was also a with the Romans for the body to be bathed in hot Digitized by Google 266 Ths Jewish Quarterly Retnew. water and then anointed (SeyflTert's Diet, of Class. Antiqs.): Among the Assyrians and Babylonians, " the corpse was wrapped in mats of reed and covered with asphalt ; it was clothed in the dress and ornaments that had been worn during life — the woman with her earrings in her ears, her spindle- whorl ajid thread in her hands ; the man with his seal and weapons of bronze or stone ; the child with his necklace of shells" (Social Life among the Assyrians and Babylonians, A. H. Sayce, Chap. IV.). The Jews in ancient times had also a number of valuable articles deposited with them in the grave {Semach, VIII.). Thus, when Hyrcanus opened the sepulchre of David he took out of it three thousand talents ( Josephus, Ant. XIIL viiL 4 ; XVI. vii 1). In like manner, Aristobulus was buried with many ornaments (Idem, Ant. XV. iii. 4). With regard to the Syrians the Patriarch John complains that costly garments and all kinds of finery were buried with the dead {Ehed- Jesu in Mai-a-a-O, 258, quoted by Kayser). In Greece, too, many tombs have been found to contain various articles that had been dear or useful to the living (Max Miiller, Anthropological Beligion, p. 264). Among the Polynesians it was customary to bury with the dead some article of value ; a female would have a cloth mallet laid by her side, whilst her husband would enjoin his friends to bury with him a favourite stone adze, or a beautiful white shell worn by him in the dance (Tbid, p. 277). Among various South African tribes, ''the ornaments, rings, armlets, tobacco pipes, and articles of apparel worn by the departed are placed in the grave, as well as his broken spear, walking- stick, and other small personal effects " (Rev. J. Macdonald, in Joum. of Anthrop, Inst XIX.). In the case of the Jews, symbols and souvenirs of the calling of the deceased were sometimes suspended from the coflSn {Semach. VIII.), modem Jews often deposited in the grave a bag filled with earth (by preference, dust of the Holy Land) which is placed under the head of the corpse. When the dead has been thoroughly prepared for burial Digitized by Google Death, Burial, and Mourning. 267 lie is placed in a coflSn in a sleeping posture, the hands and feet being stretched out to their fullest lengtL The corpse must on no account be left in the attitude known as VISOp, ie,, squeezed together as fish are sometimes packed, the head of one being pressed against the feet of another, and so on (T. J. Nasir, ix. 3). The corner of the prayer cloak, of which a fringe was torn ofi", is left hanging out of the coffin. There is some uncertainty as to whether the dead were buried in ancient times with or without a coffin. In early Biblical times there is certainly no mention of a coffin being used for the corpse, with the solitary exception of the case of Joseph (Gen. 1. 26), and his interment in a coffin was no doubt owing to the fact that the Egyptians employed a kind of wooden case called ]i")^, to contain the embalmed dead. In the passages in the New Testament bearing upon the subject there is also no trace of such a practice. In the Ta<*taments of the Twelve Patriarchs, however, it is remarked that they were placed in a coffin prior to burial. With regard to Simeon (p. 8 ; cf. Book of Jubilees, cL xlvi), it is added that the coffin was of wood which did not decay. But this is, of course, only fanciful. At the same time the Talmud contains several names for coffins, and the precise instructions which it gives with regard to the manner of interring persons of difierent status unquestionably points to the fact that a coffin was generally employed to contain the mortal remains in Rab- binic times. (Cf. T. B. Moed Eat 24ft MDpDlb:i or MDpDlbl, = ^'kaiaaoKoiieiov{dlso Semach III., and Targ. Jon, on Gen, 1. 26) ; T. J. Moed Kai. I. 1, ]nM btt7 ]nM ; T. J. Moed Eat I. 5, yv \\D ynA\ T. J. KiMm, IX. 3, p-iM; T. B. MoedKat. 86, DnD3D ynA.) From these titles it would seem that coffins were made either of wood or of stone. For further particulajps with regard to the material of the coffin, see T. B. Moed Eat 8b; T. J. Moed Eat 1. 5. Digitized by Google 268 The Jewish Quarterly Review. The lid of the coffin (according to Bashi on Shabb. 1626) was called V^ti, and each of the side-walls pDll. R Jacob Tarn (on Keihub. 4>b) and R Chananel (on Chull 72b), on the contrary, take V?ti to be the stone used to confine the coffin in the grave, and ptM the stone set at each side for the purpose of strengthening the stone above in its place. A one-day old child (as among the modem Egyptians) is not borne to the grave in a coffin, but in one's arms. A child of thirty days has a miniature coffin that is easily portable D"»^QaHni MDpDlb:i. The same rule applies to children under twelve months. A child aged from twelve months to three years is placed in a coffin that can be carried on one's shoulders i'\nDy) HDpDf?! A child that has com- pleted the age of three, or advanced beyond it, is re- garded as an adult, and conveyed to the grave on a bier (Semach. HI.). In modem times poor and rich Jews alike are interred in a plain coffin, and conveyed to the grave in a hearse without trappings. It appears that a stone used to be placed on the coffin of persons excommunicated by the Ecclesiastical Authorities of the Jews (T. B. Berach. 19a; Moed Kat 15a). Thus we are told {Mi%h, JEdiyoth, v. 6) that Akabya ben Mahalallel died under ban, and the Beth-Din cast stones upon his coffin. K Jehuda says, however, that it was Eliezer ben Chanoch who was " banned." When he died a stone was laid on his coffin by order of the Beth-Din. Hence it is to be inferred that one throws stones upon the co&n of one who has been excommunicated and died under ban. In Semach. Y. it states that when an excommunicated person (miDQ = airoawdy^o^, John ix. 22) dies, a repre- sentative of the community should place a stone on his coffin as a symbol of the fulfilment of the punishment of r6^pD. The custom was, however, abolished by the Babbis of the Hiddle Ages. It was possibly based on the case of Achan, who, having been as it were excommuni- Digitized by Google Death, Burial, and Mourning. 269 cated for having taken of a devoted thing (^ID), had a great heap of stones raised over him (Josh. vii. 26). Cf. also 2 Sam. xviiL 17, where the same is related of Absalom. But it appears that a similar custom prevails among the Arabs. (See Waldemar Sonntag, Die Todtenbesfallung, p. 197.) A. P. Bendeb. (To he continued.) VOL. VII. Digitized by Google 270 The Jewish Quarterly Review. DOMNINCJS, A JEWISH PHILOSOPHER OF ANTIQUITY. This essay will deal with a personage whose name has been kept in darkness for 1500 years, and concerning whom there is a risk that he might sink in oblivion. Many know him not; those who know him do not appreciate him; those who appreciate him, appreciate him not as a Jew. I have undertaken to make him known and appreciated according to his worth, but specially to reclaim him an4 give him a place in Jewish history and science. 1. Life ofDomninus. — He is mentioned by Hesychius and Suidas in the article Jofivivo^ by the former briefly, by the latter more fully. We get some little information concern- ing him from Marinus in the biography of Proclus.^ We have, therefore, but three sources for our information, of which Suidas is the most important. Suidas (ed. Bernhardy, L, 1432) begins as follows: — " Domninus, by race a Syrian, of Laodicea, or Larissa, a town in Syrisi, a disciple of Syrian, a cotemporary of Proclus. Thus it is stated by Damascius.'** The same account is given by Hesychius (ed. Flach, p. 60), who, however, puts immediately after the name the words (f>CK6ao^ Svpo^. Marinus (ed. Boissonade), cap. 26, also states that Syrian was the teacher of Domninus, who > Marinus was a native of Flayia Neapolis, in Palestine, disciple of Proclus, and his successor to the Chair of Philosophy at Athens in 485 A.D. One of his pupils was Agfapius. ' AofivtvoQf Sv/Doc rh ylvoc, iirb rt Aaoiuniac ical AapioirtiQ irAiwc Svp<ac» ftaOiiriJQ ^vpuMPov Kal rov UpSicXov <rti^^o<rf|r^Ci ^ ^1<'*^ AafidvKio^, Damascius was a pupil of Marinus and his sucoessor at Athens; vide Photius, Myrioliblim (ed. Rotomagi, 1653), p. 411. Digitized by Google Domninus, a Jewish Philosopher of Antiquity. 271 hailed from Syria.^ Hesychius states, in addition, that the philosopher Qesius was a pupil of Domninus.* These data are sufficient to determine the age in which Domninus lived. Syrian died in 450 A.D., Proclus was bom in 412 and died in 485. Marinus, the disciple of Proclus, flourished about 480;' but Marinus speaks of Domninus as though deceased, and consequently he could not have been alive about 480. We know, further, that Domninus attained a high age (Suidas styles him yrjpcuo^), and his birth could, accordingly, not be fixed later than 400. Domninus lived, therefore, between 400 and 480 A.D. We know very little about his life. We shall find, later on, that he once stayed at Athens, in company with Plutarch the philosopher, and that he was there seized with a violent illness. Whether he was the head of the Neo-Platonic school at Athens, it is impossible to decide; Marinus speaks of him as though he succeeded Syrian in the direction of this school,* but there are cogent reasons for doubting the accuracy of that statement.* It is nevertheless certain that he was surrounded by pupils. Suidas mentions the tebct that he rejected a certain pupil named Asklepiodotos.* Proclus calls Domninus his companion.^ 2. The Religion of Domninus.— Snidos forms no favourable opinion of him. " In his mode of life,'- he says, " he was not so remarkable as to deserve the title of philosopher," ® and in justification of his opinion he narrates the following anecdote: '^ It happened in Athens that iEsculapius proposed » CI ZeUer, FhUosophie der Oriechen^ 2nd edit., Leipzig, 1868. Vol. III. PL 3, p. 691. ' 8uh voce TkmoQy p. 40 ed. Flaoh ; xide below. ' Vide E. l&.xasik,Oetohiokte d. grieehuehen Prata (2nd ed., Berlin, 1868). Vol II., pp. 477 and 486. * Proolns, Cp. 26, .... Ic r^c Svpiac ^1X996^ xal SiadSx^ Aofivivif. ^ ZeUer, as above. At the end of the article. I do not know why ZeUer makes no men- tion of this fact. ' Proclus in Tim. 34 B. iraifto^, Gf. Zeller, looo leeto, note 8. ' i/v ik oifii TtiP Zwv^v &Kpog, olov d\fi0&c ^tX6ffo^ov tiwilv, T2 Digitized by Google 272 The Jewish Quarterly Bemetc. one and the same cure to Plutarch, the Athenian, and to Domninus, the Syrian ; the latter was subject to frequent attacks of spitting of blood, so much so that he was named after this disease (?). I am unacquainted with the former's malady ; the cure consisted in their eating much port While Plutarch did not keep to this prescription, though there was nothing in his religion to forbid it . . . Domninus, on the other hand, following the dream in contradiction to his law (which is in vogue among the Syrians), and caring nothing for Plutarch s example, ate of this flesh both on this occ&sion and subsequently. It is said that if he omitted to partake of it for but a single day, he had a fresh attack of his illness, until he again stuffed himself with it" ^ It is not diflSicult at first sight to understand that a Syrian, to whom the prohibition not to eat pork was a national one, could only have been a Jew. It is well known that Jews are often styled Syrians by both Greek and Latin authors. The refusal to eat pork is in itself no clear evidence that the person must have been a Jew, for we have reliable accounts which state that other races, besides the Jewish, abstained from pork;* but Suidas speaks of a national law which prohibits the eating of swine's flesh, and such a law is known to Judaism alone^ whilst among other people it is but a voluntary act of self-denial. Plutarch, being a heathen, could have partaken of swine's flesh, but he did not do so, while Domninus the Jew * 6 ydtp ^AOfivritrtv *A<fcXifiriAc i^v airijv laetp kxP^fV^^'' nXoirra^y Tt rf *AOfivaiift leai rf Svpy Aoftvivy. rotary fdv alfi' AwowHoyrt woX' XdxtQ Kai rovTo ^kpovrt r^c v6irov rb Svofia, Ueivift ik oifK oUa o, n veyomi- k6ti, ^ it laffic iiv inwiirXatrOai xo'P^l^v Kpiotv. *0 likv Sk UXovrapxoc ••« ^v iffxtTo T^c Toiavrric ^yuiaQ icatroc oifK ov9tic airrf wapav6ftov Kara ri, wdrpia . . . AofivivoQ ik oi KarA OtfAiv frtioBtic rtp dvilptf, Otpiv role 5:^i|p#cc wdrptoVf oifik wapadfiyfiari rtf liXovr&pxtf XP*I*<*/*«*'<»C> ^^yi rdn ted 'ifvBujf Ad T&v Kpt^v, Xiytrai irov, fiLav il SdXttirtv ^fdpav dytvoro^j iitiTiBto^m rb vaOrjfia 7ravrwc» ^^Q Avfir\rio9ri. « Midroih Koheleth Rabbah on I. 8 (p. Btf, ed. WUna) K3? H^njP, cte. Vide Blau in the Hungarian periodical Magyar-Ztidd-SzemU, XL, 286. Digitized by Google Domninus, a Jewish Philosopher of Antiquity, 273 followed the advice of iEsculapius in preference to the dictates of his religion. Suidas, therefore, lays stress upon this weakness of his as sufficient reason to deny him the title of philosopher, whilst society ridiculed him and invented the story about him that he had ever after to feed himself with the flesh of swine. But, further, Plutarch himself refers in unmistakable language to the Jewish faith of Domninus, inasmuch as he enquires of the god ^scula- pius whether he would prescribe for the Jew also as medi- cine the flesh of swine.^ But there is really no necessity for inferring indirectly what was the faith professed by Domninus, for Hesychius states clearly that Domninus was a Jew.* In the course of this article we shall touch upon a few further details, which only become intelligible upon the supposition that they have reference to Judaism. 3. TJie Works of Domninus, — Suidas entertains no high opi- nion of the scientific labours of Domninus: ''In mathematics he was well grounded ; in other branches of learning all too superficial. Hence the cause of his having perverted many of Plato's teachinga^ We thus learn incidentally what Hesychius clearly states, that Domninus adhered to the * & HciroTa i^ti, ri Si Av irpooirakas 'loviaitfi votrovvrt raitrtiv nifv vSvov, * S. V. riffcoc (p. 40, ed. Flach). The passage is as follows (Domniis and Donminns are, of oonrse, one and the same) : — r#9<oC} laTpooo^urrtit, TltTpaioQ t6 yivoff iiri Zi^viavo^, Ka^Acuv Sk ^6/jivov rbv iavrov BiidffKaXoVf ^loviaiov bvra cai ro^c iraipovQ tig lavrbv fi(Ta<fTri9dfitrog 6\iyov iravrac, fravraxy iyvupiZfro xai fdya tXioc tlxfv. ovtoq KuQitpOiaat rkxvfiv larp&v KaO* iavrbv wdvruv. As from these words it appears that this Opsins played an important part in the life of Donminns, we wiU add here another charaoteristic of this person according to Photios, Bihliothecaf p. 825: Magnum honorem Gesins oonsecntos est, non solom qnod arte medica yaleret et doceiido et operando, sed etiam ob omnem aliam emdi- tionem, Dialeotiois sese instmens. > 'Bv liiv toIq fiaOffuaetv iieavbc ivrip, Iv Sk toXq SKKoig ^iKovo^rifiatfiv |iriiroXa<5r<poc (the text is not quite correct in this place), ^i^ xai iruXAd tUv TWdr^voQ oUtiotc doldfffiaviv fdrptil/t. We must observe that from o'ttHov do^aeiia may be deduced that by birth and education Domninoa belonged to quite a different circle, t.«., he was a Jew. Digitized by Google 274 The Jewish Quarterly Review. philosophy of Plato.^ On account of his perversion of the Platonic philosophy, he was attacked by Froclus in a special work, whereupon Domninus published his views in a col- lected form in the work Kadaprrucrj r&y Boyudrfov nxdrcovo^ (The Teachings of Pkdo purified).^ This work is lost A Manual of Mathematics {efxelpiZiov)^ with Domninus, or Domnius of Larissa, a philosopher, as author, is occasionally quoted, and is still extant in MS. As regards name, place and tendency, our Domninus might have been the author ; but this book is generally ascribed to the renowned Helio- dorus, who also came from Larissa.' Marinus relates that shortly before his death, Syrian commissioned his pupils, Proclus and Domninus, to write a commentary upon the Orphic hymns or the oracles {Xxrfia). Domninus chose the former, Proclus the latter, but nothing came of the project.* We therefore possess not a single work written by Domninus. 4. Theurgic Science in the Neo-Platonic School — The Orient was always the classic ground for crass superstition and witchcraft, and it appears that this craft of ancient Baby- lon and Chaldaea was continued by the Neo-Platonic school under the cloak of a branch of science. These philosophers, whom we meet in the immediate company of Domninus, were all much occupied with such theurgic sciences. It is positively asserted of Plutarch, for instance, that he was quite a master in the science ; that, in fact, in his case it was a sort of heritage.* The same we find in the instance, too, of Proclus, the fellow-student of Domninus. Proclus sets about his work with Chaldaic formulae of prayer (<rv(rrd<7a)9), i.e., with prayers, the object of which is to pro- pitiate the Godhead on man's behalf; with Formulae of Oaths (eiTi^ta*), and tcith ineffable magic wheels {cuf>e^icToi, ^ S. ▼. Domninns, typa^j/i Kara riv rov nX<irwvoc ^o^aoyiorwv. * Snidas, in the passage quoted. ' Vide Pauly*8 R^al EncycUtp., II., p. 1228. * Proel, cp. 26. Zeller, III., pt. 2, p. 691, note 2. * Zeller, p. 677, note 1. Digitized by Google DommntM, a Jetoish Philoscpher of Antiquity, 275 <rTp6<f>aXoi,)} Proclus had adopted these things while in the house of Plutarch. Both the pronunciation (iKifxivriai^) and the mode of application (of those magic wheels) he had acquired from Asklepigeneia, the daughter of Plutarch ; she was, in fact, the only one who had received these things by tradition from the great Nestor, in addition to all kinds of theurgic arts which she acquired from her father.* Who does not perceive in all this a relation to Judaism ? A reference to the mystic prayers and the secret theory of the chariot (hmid nwVDi) ? And an Ineffable Name ! Can this be aught else but the Tetragrammaton, the ineffable name of God in Hebrew ? Even the term " Chaldaic," as applied to prayers, probably means "Hebrew," or such as were composed for and by Jews. It is true that the Greeks also had their mysteries, and the whole might, if pressed, refer to Greek conditions ; but the personages included in this environment are so imbued with the Jewish spirit,' that we feel constrained to judge their mode and aspects of life from the Jewish point of view. But this is certain beyond doubt, that in Domninus' circle theurgic arts were practised. And although Domninus is not directly mentioned as having practised such arts, yet his Syrian descent leaves no doubt in our mind that he must have been addicted to them even more than his Gfreek friends ; as a proof, his very cure, as we saw above, was the result of a dream. Domninus must, therefore, be re- garded as the type of a Greek Jew towards the end of the fifth century, and his life has, accordingly, a real historical significance. 5. A Speaking-Machine in Ancient Times.^To understand aright the life of Domninus and his circle, we must have a ' Marinas, Proelus, op. 28. ZeUer, p. 678, note 1. • Marinns, Proclus^ op. 28. * Domninus was a Jew, his pnpil G^os came from Petra, in Idnmsa. Marinas, the biographer, oame from Flavia Neapolis, in Palestine ; the name of Syrian may not be accidental. Plutarch resided with Domninas the Jew, and Proclas resided at the house of Plutarch. Digitized by Google 276 The Jetmh Quarterly Review, knowledge of a marvellous arrangement which existed in olden times, viz., the speaking-machine. It sounds strange, but it is nevertheless true, that a sort of telephone or phonograph dates from antiquity. The work of a Syrian philosopher, Oinomaos,^ IlepX KuvuTfiovy is also cited by the title Kwo^ aino^vla? What does this mean ? " The very voice of the dog." Crusius has set it down that in ancient times there existed an apparatus which, at the request of its owner, began to speak automatically. According to Lucian, in specially important cases, a scientific apparatus was set in motion in the oracle of iEsculapius, presided over by the false prophet Alexander. Such oracles {avro^vm^ fiavreveaOcu) were quite current. This matter becomes as clear as we could wish it when we take into account what Suidas relates under the head of Domninua. After he, accordingly, relates that Plu- tarch had refused to eat the flesh of swine, as had been ordered him by iEsculapius for the cure of his sickness, he continues as follows : ** He (Plutarch) arose from his slum- bera, supported himself on his bed with his fists and stared at the figure of ^sculapius (for it happened that he slept in the court of the temple), and exclaimed : ' O Lord ! what would thou prescribe for a Jeiv if he had such an iUness ? Wouldst thou bid him to gorge himself with porkV Where- upon the figure spoke, and, lo, iEsculapius furthermore sufi^ered another most sonorous expression to proceed from it, giving a remedy for the disease." * Considering that this speaking-meu^hine is first mentioned by Oinomaos, the Palestinian, and was employed by persons in Athens who formed, 8is it were, a Jewish circle, we may infer that the speaking-machine was well known to, perhaps even invented by, Jews. At least Cumont (Alexandre > Also in the Talmnd DID^^SK. * All these details are ooUected by Cmsias in the RKeinUchet Museum^ New Series, voL XLFV., p. 809. ■ ravra ilrtv 6 dk 'AffcXiy^idc avrUa &wo tov dyaXfiaroc ififiiXivrarov 3f^ Ti%a ^Boyyov hipav vwiypn^aro Otpantiav rtf xaOn, Digitized by Google Domninus, a Jetciah Philosopher of Antiquity, 277 d*Abonoticho8f p. 27) is of opinion that it was no Greek invention, but Oriental (Syrian or Egyptian). To the lover of history the sketch which is here presented of the life of Domninus, drawn as it is from ancient sources, will not be less pleasing because even when pieced together from materials of varied style and sources, the result is but a fragment. Samuel Krauss. Digitized by Google 278 The Jewish Quarterly Review. LAZARUS DE VITERBO'S EPISTLE TO CARDINAL SIRLETO CONCERNING THE INTEGRITY OF THE TEXT OF THE HEBREW BIBLE. The history of the "humanistic" movement among the Jews of Italy has yet to be written. Though the know- ledge of Latin possessed by Jews in other countries was not as low as is generally considered to be the case, we have still to note that it was owing to the culture of Italy, and specially to the influence of the humanists, that the knowledge of Latin literature first spread among the Jews. We have evidence of this not alone in the translation of several pieces of ancient classical literature into Hebrew, but also in the employment of Latin for purposes of scientific expression. But with the language were introduced into the tents of Jacob also the scientific spirit, the comparative study and appreciation of the national literature, aesthetics and criticism. It is by no accident that the founder of modern Jewish science, Azarya di Rossi, came from Italy. The following small contribution to the history of Jewish belles-lettres in Italy I now submit as an instance on the philological side of a Latin treatise by a Jew, the subject-matter serving as an example from the Jewish point of view of a modem scientific diatribe. I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Dr. Walter Friedensburg and the Royal Prussian Historical Institute in Rome for having given me the opportunity of rescuing it from con- cealment among the archives of the Vatican and bringing it to the light of day. Lazarus de Viterbo acts as the defender of his co- religionists before his patron, the learned Cardinal Digitized by Google Lazartts De Viterbo's Epistle to Cardinal Sirleto. 279 Gulielmo Sirleto, inasmuch as he repels the absurd reproach, that the Jews had falsified those portions of the text of Holy Writ which seemed to contain proofs of the truth of Christianity. The charge was not q* new one; it was ever raised against the Jews afresh without intermission, in spite of hundredfold refutations, by both Mohammedans and Christians alike. In Bome, the accusation that the Jews had, out of hatred of the Christians, tampered with the text of their sacred records, was first again levelled at the Jews in 1555 with terrible fury by the fanatic Franciscus Torensis, in his work : De sola lectione legis et prophetarum Judom cum Mosaico ritu, et cultu permittenda. It did not suffice him that the towns of Italy were smoking with the stakes upon which the Talmud was burnt at the bidding of the Pope and his Inquisitors ; he would fain have sacrificed at the same time the entire Jewish writings, the commentators of Holy Writ who had escaped death by fire. The Inquisition had already arrogated to itself the right to watch the printing of Jewish books ; the text of Jewish books had to a certain extent to receive its impress from Rome; all that was wanting to complete the matter was that it be prescribed to the Jews how the text of Holy Writ had to be read — that text which they had saved out of the storms of ages, the purity of which they had guarded as never any other work had been guarded. It was not by accident that Cardinal Sirleto was the man before whom the question as to the integrity of the Hebrew text was to be heard. Not only his study of the Hebrew language, evidenced by his Adnotationes in Paahnoa in the Antwerp Polyglot of 15G9, but also his official position, rendered this question one of deep interest to him. Cardinal from the 12th March, 1665, Protector and Judge of all Catechumens and Neophytes from the end of 1567, the Oracle of the Tri- dentine Council, which he advised from Rome with the Digitized by Google 280 The Jewish Quarterly Bevtetc. fulness of his world-wide scholarship— it was Sirleto's task to occupy himself uninterruptedly with Jewish questions social and literary, so much so that aiccording to Dejob's investigations^ his papers remain even for the present time a valuable source of information, and an unearthed treasure for modern Jewish history. Filled rather with the spirit of Marcello Cervini, afterwards Pope Marcello II., whose memory is blessed in Jewish history'^ in spite of the short duration of his office as Pope — filled rather with his spirit than with that of the dark intolerance of Pope Paul IV., Sirleto possessed the kindness and forbearance to lend an ear to reasonable arguments, though they came from the Jewish side. It was his special knowledge of the subject that made Hebrew as dear to him as the classical languages. Lazarus de Viterbo is on this account confident at the outset of finding in this influential Cardinal an advocate of his righteous cause. He proceeds from the view that the Holy language, the instrument of the world's creation and of Revelation, also produced the crown of all literatures, namely the Bible. With liberal and cultured mind and critical eye, Lazarus praises the fervour of the Psalms, the flights of Isaiah and the inimitable sweetness and tender- ness of the Song of Songs. How could the Jews, the depositaries of these treasures, have dared to lay hands upon such sacred possessions, seeing that their entire history is a proof that they believed with all confidence that they possessed in these writings God's own word. For what else, he adds with clever irony, than this conviction could have kept them steadfast in their faith, unless it was the fortune and peace, the pro- tection and security of which they could boast in the profession of that faith ? Nay, a glance at the condition of these documents as now extant proves with how great a fidelity and " Bevus det Mudei Juitet, IX., 77, «g. • Eaufmann, ih., IV., 88, iq. Digitized by Google Lazarus De Vit^bo's Epistk to Cardinal Sirleto. 281 devotion they guarded the integrity of their texts. For unless it had been so, how would it have been possible that, despite their dispersion over the earth and all the vicissitudes of their career, such a uniformity could have existed in the text of the Sacred Scriptures, that the Bible of an Italian Jew differs in no wise from one found in the other countries of the inhabited globe ! That which was accomplished by straining all the powers of industry and memory till the time of Ezra, in whom, in spite of Elias Levita, our author with rash faith sees the founder of the system of Hebrew vocalisation and accentuation, this marvellous coincidence in the tradition and reading of the sacred texts, this was the work, after Ezra, of the Massora On the alert for every characteristic of the text, it established out of affectionate consideration, by counting every striking gram- matical and orthographical peculiarity, a fence round about the Sacred Scriptures which guarded them against the intrusion of errors and corruptions. Looking at the Massora alone, which has been able to accomplish the most marvellous results by means of the labours, incomparable as they are in point of devotion and self-sacrifice, of those responsible for the counting and classification of verses, words, and even letters, one would have thought that the mere idea would have been silenced and not suffered to be expressed, that a people which had demonstrated to the world such marvellous industry and self-denial could have wilfully and wickedly tampered with the text of these records. But the very examples which are brought forward to substantiate the charge, show on closer investi- gation that they are without foundation, for internal evidence as well as the older translations bear testimony to the truth of Jewish tradition. And though the audacious charge was proclaimed even from the pulpits of Rome, possibly by Jewish converts of the type of Andrea de Monti,^ and appeared before the tribunal of the judge on > Rev%iey IX.. 87, tq. Digitized by Google 282 The Jetcish Quarterly Review, scientific and learned questions — ^a position which in the opinion of Lazarus de Viterbo Cardinal Sirleto held at the time — ^yet the accusation that the Jews had altered the text of the Old Testament had to fall to the ground. Lazarus de Viterbo is not unknown in the history of Jewish literature. He is the one who as Eliezer Mazliach b. Abraham Cohen, published about the year 1685 at Venice, through Juan di Gara, his Italian translation of Moses Riete's ethical poems D'^bMWn ]iyD^ under the title : I tenipio di oratori. It is in the familiar reflective style of the Hebrew ; names of places which occur frequently are reproduced in Hebrew or Aramaic equivalents, as e.g., Posen is rendered HMD TS, Cracow MD^D, and he gives Viterbo the origin of the family name, as Mnnn ^^ to remind one of the Tahnudic "Onn ^n {Joma, 77 a; Bdba K, 23 b). There is no necessity for us to conjecture that Isaac b. Abraham Cohen de Viterbo, whose acquaintance we make as Babbi of Siena in 1573, was his brother, for David de Pomis clearly tells us so in the Introduction to his Lexicon Zemach David. He mentions the fact with pride that through his wife, whom he lost early in life, he became the brother-in-law of these excellent brothers, Eliezer, the learned and pre-eminent physician, and Isaac, a renowned authority, both as Talmudist and philosopher.^ When Joseph of Foligno was about to marry, in 1573, at Pesaro, JuUa, the widow of his brother David who had died without issue, and who at the same time was the sister of his deceased wife, Sulpicia — ^when, in other words, he wished to avail himself of the right of marrying his deceased brother's wife, and he obtained the sanction of all the important Rabbis of Italy, we find that R. Isaac b. Abraham Cohen de Viterbo of Siena was among those who > Cf. Dukes in Orient, IV., 486, n. 30. « HiiK^-i D^icn^n miDNi non n^^x* h^ ninw nn^nc^ nw nw* Tnnoai pr\2^'o KDni Dan itj^W t\7^^ mnnm njnn nirtea Dona na^DD rhn^n "^mrs urv^x; ^nin si^oi^^Dni pwn vhk pnv^ Digitized by Google Lazarm De Viterho's Epistle to Cardinal Sirleto. 283 were foremost in giving their opinion in favour of the permission.^ If I rightly understand the words in which Isaac cites a similar case which occurred in his youth, it would seem that Rome was the native plcwje of these two brothers, and that in that city permission was given by the Rabbinate to a man named Ephraim, who was equally anxious to avail himself of the law of the Levirate. Besides being renowned for their Rabbinic scholarship, these two brothers were famous in the medical profession. Isaac, whom his brother-in-law David de Pomis (himself distinguished as physician and lexicographer) does not style as such, is yet called in his decision upon the question regarding the Levirate, not only Gaon, but also President of the Physicians, while Eliezer is singled out by David him- self as a renowned physician. It is hoi unlikely that, on this account, he stood in the relation of physician in ordinary to Cardinal Sirleto, and that it was this close relationship to the Prince of the Church that impelled him to write his Epistle concerning the integrity of the text of the Hebrew Bible. David Kaufmann. LAZARUS OF VITERBO'S LETTER TO CARDINAL SIRLETO. (Rome : Vat Arch, Var, Pol. 47, fol \0\\) mmo et R^o D»» 8. R.E. Cardinali Sirleto domino meo osseryandissimo. Inter eximias pneclarasqae animi tai dotes R"^*' ac 111°^* Presnl ac yirtutes prope divinas, qaibos csateris omaibas toe setatis hominibus antecelles, veritatis, amor, mazime in te relacet, cam apertam anam dumtazat aurem dicenti inclines, alteram yero claasam contradicenti apertam serves, adeo qood inclinatio tna ad utramqae partem semper eqaalis permanet, cam ergo mnlti arbitrantur hebreoa ipsos at Ohristianoram intentiones aofagerent sacras scriptaras plaribos in locis depravasse proptereaqae ajant, illis correctione > ^TW iriD, III. 2io, Carmoly, Hittoire dei medecins Juifs^ p. 163, and Mortara, K^^^K *D3n niDTD, p. 69. Digitized by Google 284 The Jetoish Quarterly Sevietv. opus ease, com hoc semper 2dgre passas aim an hoc sit yerum nee ne, enitar panels. D. T. Ill"^<> demonstrare, qne tanqnam jndez non iniqnns, sqna lancia yel eosdem nefando crimine accnsabis, rel sacris canonibas favebis eosdemque a calnmniatoribus defendes, reliqnnm est nt D[eum] 0[ptimnm] M[azimnm] deprecer ut Te tanqnam ornam«ntnm atqne secatis nostras decns, incolnmem et snperstitem Gonsenret et ad vota ezaltet. D. T. HI"*" atqne R°^ Hnmillimns servns Lazams hebrens Yiterbiensis. fol. 102*— 108». Non sine optima ratione 111"^ et R"^ D»**, lingnam hebream ab omnibus dici lingnam sanctitatis, cum ille gloriosus Dens sanctis^mnn, non dedignatus est, cum hominibus se ipsnm commnaicare, et hac lingua alloqni, cum qua etiam Ipzum uniyerRum creayit, ut ostendunt, ao demonstrant deriyationes nominum nostrornm primorum parentom, et omnium qui ante lingnarum oonf usionem yixerunt, cum Adam ab Adama, hoc est a terra, deriyetur, ut affirmat teztus dum dicit.^ Et f ormayit Dens hominem e pulyere terrsQ ; et paulo inferins :' et mi«it eum Dominus Dens de horto delitii ad coiendam tarram ex qua sumptus f uerat. Ipse etiam Adam, dixit in primo intuitu midieris * Isoia ab Isc, hoc est mulier, a yiro, dicendo huic yocabitur mnlier quia ex yiro sumpta est, eamque proprio nomine haya, a Gai, idest a yiyente, dicit enim textus,^ et yocayit Adam nomen uxoris sui aya quia ipsa f uit mater omnia yiyentis, ipsa etiam dixit ' Cain, a yerbo acquire, et Seed,' a y«rbo pono. Lemec etiam yati- cinando deriyayit Noac a yerbo consolor, dum dixit,' et yooavit nomen elns Koac dicendo iste consoiabitur nos ab opere no^tro et a dolore manuum nostrarnm et Heber (a quo dicii sunt hebrei) yaticinando etiam ipse dixit.* Peleg a yerbo diyido, quia in diebus eius divisa est terra. Locus etiam confnsionis lingoarnm dictus fuit Babel,* a yerbo conf undo, quia ibi conf uudit Dens labium ooinis terras. Que deriyationes onmes in alia quacuuque lingua, (hebrea excepta) minime deriyari siye deduci possunt. Qaamqnidem lingnam cum nomen duxit ab Heber Noe pronepote. Liquide probatur remanaisse in linea, et ancceasione sanctomoi patriarcharum unde pater ipse Abraam, ex illis primus. Licet patrie esset Galdeua, Oaldaicoque > Gen. ii. 7. » lb. iii. 23, ' lb. ii. 23. Gomp. Mendelssohu's Introduction to his Translation of the Pentateuch. * lb. iii. 20. « lb. iy. 1. • lb. iv. 25. ^ n, ^, 29. • lb. X. 26. » lb. xi. 9. Digitized by Google Lazarus De Viterboa Epistle to Cardinal Sirleto, 285 idiomate (qaod non multam ab hebreo distat) pro yernacula, et materna lingua usoB f aerat, hebream tamen pro sibi propriam retionit. Unde Abram Hebreus* sed non Oaldeas a patria Rua diotas fuit. Unde liqnide colligi potest hoc sanctissimam Idioma, omnibas suis successoribus tanquam hereditarium reliotam faisse, ut etiam derivatione^ nominam filiomm nepotum ac omnium tribuum de- mon^trant ut inspicienti apparere potest. Additur etiam ad hoc, quod quando ille summus Legislator, sibi ipsi compiacnit ut populo suo dtlecto de sua ssnctiHsiraa lege gra- tificaretur, noa ^giptiaco, non Greco, sive alio quoyis idiomate, illam legem iaterpretatus est, sed solum musaica lingua, qua tot, tantaque sauctis-^ima prophetioa verba, tot tantique sauctisMmi Davidis p^almi, ac denique universa sacra historia, exposita sant, col certe tanqaam omnium perfectissime nee copia, neo ornamentum nnquam defecit. Licet hodie auxietate populi sui diminuta repe- riatur, fuit tamen alias plen i et integerrima, ut ostendit tractatus ille tabernaculi divi Moysi, ac templi Regis Salomonis quibus neo instrumentornm, nee materierum, nee lapidum nee preciosarnm gemmarum nomina de quibas opus f aerat defecerunt, sicut in aliis occasionibus animalium, volucram plantaramque nomina, ut aliarum rerum de qnibns non fuit occasio indigebant,' sic tunc temporis minime desiderabaatur, nam quando poma ilia oolloquiatide in ollam Elisei fnerunt apposita statim nomeo iilorum pomorum inrentnm fuit Ait enim et invenit vitem agrestem et oollegit ex ea Pac- cuhod,* hoc est coloquintidos. Quod autem attinet ad eius ornamentum, oerte boo mirabile ao stupendum existit. Sed ne quid dicam de eiusdem lingne subtilita- tibus, dicam tantum quod minime satis exploratam est mihi, que oratio gravior, nee quod eroioum poema, secum deferat altius orna- mentum, sive suaviorem dulcedinem quam Sacrosancti Davidis psalmi, unde merito a sancto spiritu dictus fuit,^ dulcis carminibus Israel. Heo quails copia maior nee dootior eloquentia, sive maiestate ac varietate gravior, que vel superet, vel quidem pari passu ambulet cum oratioae divinissimi vatis lesaie. Unde ipse furore solito pro- fetico gloriando aiebat.^ Dominus Deus dedit mihi linguam era- ditornm ut sciam dicere tempore suo sitibundo verbum. In aliis enim oratoribus maior dicendi facundia minime invenitur, neo • Gen. xiv. 13. ' The author used here certainly Jehuda Halewi's arguments for the wealth of the holy language in his Casari, ii. 68 ; see CassePs remarks in his second edition of this work, p. 169, n. 3^ and Kaufmann, Jehuda Malewi, p^ 28, n. 3. ' 2 Reg. iv. 31), * 2^ Sam. xxiii. 1 , ^ Jes,!. 4. VOL. VIL U Digitized by Google 286 The Jewish Quarterly Review. alias qaidem fiiit acrior vel acerbior in reprebensione, neo dulcior at que saavior in oonsolatioQe neo efficacior in proferendo, ommitto magnum pelagnm ornamenti et oopie aliorum ne tedio sim legenti. Si 610 est ergo quod banotisAimo sanctorum placuit hoc idiomate alloqui, si hac orbem ipsam creavit, si hoc Sanctis patribus in con- fusione linguamm, et successive tanquam hereditariam populo dilecto remansit, hac exposita ac tractata sunt omnia sanota, lex sanota, sancta vaticinia omnia, ac sancti Dividis psUmi ac uni versa sancut historia, iure qaidem optimo lin ^uam saoctitatis dici ac ab omnibus sic (discrepante nemine) recipt necesse est. Sei si hec sanctitatis dicta est, quia sinctas script aras omnes exposuit tanto magis ille sanctiHsioie reputari debant, dicitur enim propter quod uniim quodqae et illad magis nam si prsesdptorem amamus propter diacipulam, discipulum ergo magis amamu^. Quale ergo delictum a<i( faciaas gravius vei atrociaa exoogitari sive imaginari poterimus, quod acerbiori psBua sive supplicio feriori, dignius reputaretur quam illius qui mala mente excogit^ret, ▼el in malo animo oonaretur maculare sive corrumpere (anim» sue pemitisB, totinsque orbis detrimento) minimum quidam de illis sacrosanctis canonibus, opus summi Dai gloriodi, quod toti noiverso pro sua universali perpetuaque silute, gratificatus est, nescio quidem escogitare quod sacrilegium magis impium quod Deo maximo magis dinplioere posset ? Immo facile credo, quod Dens ipse gloriosus, pro sua maxima oharitate et summa pietate, suum opus versus, nanqaam permitteret tale scelus suam conseqni fiaem sicut etiam firmiter teneo, quod mirifice actum sit (habita ratione tan tarn tn aerumnarum et oalamitatum per tot discrimina rerum que musaicus populus passus est), illos sanctissimos canones in suo candore et perfeotione permansisse. Sed quoniam nunquam defecerunt ut nunc non deficiunt ; qui hebreos antiquos vel modemos aperte oppugnando calumniantur asse- rentes ipsos hebreos depravasse et laoerasse soripturas sacras, ideo dionnt et affirmant dictis sacris Uteris opus esse oorrectione cum semper hoc egre tuli cum mea quidem sententia, sit aliennm, et minime rationi consentanenm, omni oonatn [...] evitare vivis rationibus de- monstrare. Tusa 111°^ ac B*"** Dotninationi (cui semper Veritas f uit amica) quod hoc sit impossibiie sed potius m inif estissima ca- lumnia pace ac venia aliter credentium. Et primo dicimus presupponendum esse quod ipsi hebrai Tel credunt (prout firmiter certe tenent) eornm leges et canones esse divinum opus, eis a Deo optimo miximo pro eorum SBtema salute gratificatum, vel aliter credunt et teneat, quoi sint .tantnm opus ab Digitized by Google Lazarus De Viterhos EpUtle to Cardinal Sirleto, 287 bominibas excogitatnm et f abrioatum. Si tenent illos divinoB esse, secnm eoram salatem deferentes, qaonnm ego maxima suarum aoimaram iactara proprias leges cormmpere volaerant ? boo esset potins diabolicam non bamanum opus. Sed si aliter tenent et crednnt, qnorsnm sic pertinaciter per tot secola in errore sibi notissimo permansissent ? foraan ne propter quamplnrimas felicitate^, plarimasque divitias, magnosqae bonores, regna et status, quibus sub boo cobIo maxime gaudent ? que cum deserere et derelinquere non pttiantur perseverant in bac vita mundana adeo f elici quod propter ipsam altera perennis minime ipsis oordi est ? An boo yemm sit nee ne, tanquam manifestissimum aliomm iudicio relinquo. Secundo dico quod licet Hebrei boc facere voluissent numqaam f uisset sibi integrum, propter eorum dissipationem, dispersa- tionemque, nam et si universus bebreorum catus simal unico loco convenissent adbuc longe eis dificillimum umaniter [/. unanimiter] conyenisse ut proprias leges corrupissent saepissime enim magna copia discrepat in sententia. Sed si bebrei per universum orbem disperai sunt, neo quidem bisto- riavetustavel nova legitur, quod ip^i bebrei ab anois 1540 aliquando con^enissent quomodo ergo itali iudei, galli, bispani, alemani, greci, africani, et tandem qui trans Eufratem babitant. Indian! etiam et Etiopes poterant in unicam sententiam coavonire, ut unam vel duo, vel tria vel centum loca sacrss paginas alterarent, sen mutarent ? Ego firmiter teneo minime unquam integrum esse caivis maximo Impera- tori etiam totias mundi Monarobe eum coosensum suum sortiri effectum, tanto minus boc possunt ipsi bebrei qui eorum delicto vel infortunio, nbique locorum opprimimtur, nee unquam aliquis inter ipsos defuibset, qui toti coelo boc notum fecisset, tamen textus scrip- turarum Italorum maxime con^eniunt (sine aliqua minima discrepan- tia) cum alib caiu^svis regionis etiam remotissimse sive quantum^is OCCUltSB.* Heo aatem (mea qaidem sententia) adeo efficax apparet, ut sola sit sufficiens veritatem buius facti luce clariorem demonstrare. Sed ut omnino calumniantiam omnium os daudatur, ex dicendis * It is the same argument derived from the harmony and unani- mity of all the manuscripts of the sacred rolls in the Jewish com- munities from the frontiers of India to the border of Spain, which we find already in the Spanish-Arabic literature against the assertions of Islam, that the Jews have changed and falsified the texts of their holy books. Gomp. A.braham Ilm Dafid Eniuna rama, ed. Weil, p. 80, and Maimfimrs letter to Yemen in D'OOin nniB'n f aip, II. 36, and in Holub*8 edition of Ibn Tibbon's translation of this Letter, p. 28. U'2 Digitized by Google 288 The Jewish Quarterly Review. toti coelo m&nifestiflsime demonstrabitur. An hebreorum iDtentio fait anquam tueri, defendereque sacras Bcripturas Tel easdem oorrampere vel devastare. Sed imprimis sciendam esse oenseo, quod secnndom opinionem doctioram hebreorum dootoram, ante aetatem Esr» hebrei in sonp- taris minime anquam osi fuere, nee accentibus neo punctis, quibus hodie pro vocalibus ntuntur [/] sed looo vocalium tribus Uteris uteban- tur scilicet literis ^1^ qoe literarum matres a nostris grammaticis dicuntur : nam Alef pro A ; Yau pro o rel n ; lod vero pro I vel E o£Scio fungebantur. Sed non abicunque faerat opus ipeius a, pone- bant K alef, oeo ubi erat opus y, vel o, pooebant 1 ran, quemadmo- dam loco i vel e, soribebatur [^] lod [,] sed tantum opponebantur ubi maior urgebat necessitas, alia vero loca omittebant Juditio peritieque legentis qui usu et ezperientia a suo uousquisque preceptore doctus sine errore absque litteris vocalibus script uras legebat, adeo quod principalissimns Moyses profetarum omnium, legis later, interpres- que dirini oraculi, docuit modum recte legeudi (ut isti aiunt) totam hebreorum turbam et imprimis Jesaen eius successorem ac univer- sum eiusdem gimuasium, istique successive alios profetas et illi alios nsquam ad babilonicam transmigrationem, adeo quod professi perseverantibus usquam ad hoc tempus, sacra pagiua inculpabilti incorruptaque semper permansit. Sed in nniveraali babillonica hebreorum peroicie atque ruina, deficientibus saoctis hominibus facile pati potera(n)t, sacra scriptura iacturam non minim am, nisi etiam profete ipsi, eorumque successio perseverassent usque ad secundi tempi! sedificalionem, ut fuerunt Zaocarias, Ageus at alii, ioter quos fuit Esra dUigentissimns soriba sacrsB legis ut plenam fidem de ipso reddit textiis dum ait,> ipse Esra ascendit e Babel et erat scriba velox in lege Moysi quam dedit Dominus Deus Israel. Cum autem cognovisset ipse Esra quanta iactura in plebe iam facta ac quanta poterat fieri in dies etiam in viris patritiis, voluit viam et modun invenire ut unicuique liceret, sacram paginam sioe errore perlegere, atque incorrupta omnino conservaretur.' Unde ultra quamplurima volumina que propria manu scripta reliquit, de qui- bus aliqua hodie etiam vivunt ipse Esra cum sua magna academia, in qua aderant imprimis : Necamias, Zaccarias, Ageus, Malachias, Zerubabel, Jesnes maximus sacerdos et alii probi viri usque ad nume- rum 120, adinveuit puncta pro vocalibus, et aocentus non sine > Esra vii. 6. * For the history of that opinion see 6. Schnedermann, Die Controverse des iMdovietLS Capellus mit den Busctorfen iiber das Alter der ht^brdischen Punctation, Leipzig, 1878, p. 25. Digitized by Google Lazarus De Viterbo's Epistle to Cardinal Sirleto. 289 maxima consideratione et altU misteriis, ut facile eligitur ex illo textu dum ait,^ et legerunt in libro in Lege Dei expositi, et posi- tus est intellectas et iatellexerant soriptaram, node veteres nostri expositores' intelligunt ex dictis verbis, inventionem panotorum, ▼ocalium et accentuam ac paasas sententiarum, ac alia altiora, et aliqni ex dictis intellexemnt ' etiam •^'^^DD hoc est librum tra- dictionis de quo inferius, fuerunt etiam qui dicentes huiusmodi puncta, et accentus traditos fuisse a diviao oraculo ipsi Moysi, ut reliquam sciipturam non tamen in scnptis, sed tamen oretenus,^ ut etiam oretenus aiunt expositio legis universe tradita fnit ab Esra deinde et sua magna academia fuerunt omnia sic disposita ut bodie ordinata sunt. Sed quia h»c opinio aliqua instantia patitur aliqui sibi assentiri nolnerunt, sed cum linga hebrea et sacra scrip tura tot minutiis^ tot punotia, totque aocentibus, repleta sit cognovit ilia magna accademia ac Esra* eiusdem primus, quam facile evenire posset propter mundana accidentia ut in aliqua particula deprava- retur, excogitarunt modum invenire ut quavis ocoasione integerrima coQservaretur, vel si hoc accident, facile ad pristinam integritatem et claritatem reduci valeret, et sic inceperunt illi boni viri componere monumentum quoddam, quod ex eo quiaab uno ad alternm tradendum erat H^DD^o hoc est tradictionem vocabant in quo scripta reliqnernnt omnia signa, omnesque regulas, quibus sacra pagina in sua sinceritate et candore cnstodiretur.' At quoniam error cadere poterat io illis * Neh. viiL 8. » Nedarim f . 37^ » lb., nniDDH )hH rh IIDKI. Comp. Jehnda Halewi, OusaH, iii. 81: nmODl p in((l. My manosoript of Jehuda Ibn Tibbon*s translation of the Gosari reads : flllDDS p "^HKI, but see for oar reading : nillDDS Steinsohneider, Catalog der Berliner hebrdisohen ffandsohriftenf p. 77. * For this opinion comp. Jehnda Halewi Cusarif iii. 31, and the ex- positions of Bnxtorf (the son) in his Traetatits de punotorwn ortgine^ p. 312 et seq. (Sohnedermann, L c, p. 22 n. 7). ^ Comp. Profiat Bnran Efodi in his grammar *1DK HE^D, and Sohne- dermann, p. 25. ^ For the form miDD see Baoher in the Jewish Qua-BTSblt Review, m. 785, and Edward Konig, Einleiiung in das AUe Testament, (Bonn, 1893) pp. 38, 89. The pronunciation of JTJipipj which we find there in onr text, is also mentioned by Bnxtorf. ^ Onr author seems as if he had not yet any knowledge of the post- talmndical date which Elia Levita assigned to the Hebrew vowels and accents in the first and third introdnotion of his Massoreth Hammassoreth, though this book had already been issaed many years before this memoir has been written, the editio prinoeps dating from 1538. Comp. Isidore Harris in the Jewish Quabterlt Review, I. 228-230. But his silence Digitized by Google 290 The Jewish Quarterly Review, dictionibus qae nunc in uoum, nnac ia aliam modum soribi solent, modo cum una ex dictis matribus modo sine ilia, modo cum uno ex dictis punctis sen .vocalibas modo cum altero, incepit ilia magna aoademia in hia rebus extrema diligentia uti, quequidem academia per multo^ annorum centinarios in his elaborando perduravit, adeo quod haso diligentia eo usque per^enit, quod, ne in numero versuum eorum oaperetur, numerum versuum totius saone scripturas supputaverunt, at ne talis error cadere in dictionibus yaleret, eius dictiones omnes numeraverunt, sed ne in litteris hie error accidere posset, etiam literas, et oharacteres omnes per numeroc coUegerunt, et tanto ulterius progressus est hie labor, quoad invenerunt versiculum ilium ootavi Levitici qui dicit et posuit super eum peotorale, esse totius pentateuci versunm medietatem,' alium vero in decimo einsdem qui dioit, querendo quesivit Moyses, esse eiusdem pentateuci dictio- num medietatem querendo ex uno, quesivit ex altero latere.* In- ▼enerunt etiam litteram Tau illius diotionis )^np^ hoc est omne ambulans super pectus' esse medietatem literaram eiusdem.^ Nee propria illi viri[z] fuit satisfactum, nisi etiam numerassent rersus, dictiones ac literas singulorum capitulorum, ne uni aufferretur et daretur alteri, ponendo pro signo inf allibili unius cuiusque numeri nomea aliouius viri ut gratia exempli primum capitulu tn genesis quod ab hebreis dioitur Berescid invenernnt habere versus 146 et pro signo istius numeri poaueruat n^VOK nomen illius regis, nam calculus literarum illius nominis ad numerum 146 ascendit. Nam sciendum est, omnes hebreorum litteras in tres ordinee divisas esse et unamquamque ipsarum numerum aliquem signifioare. Primus ordo est unitatum ab alef prima litera que unum signifioat usque ad ted nonam literam, que novem resultat. 2^ ordo est denariorum a litera lod que X. refert usque ad zadi que 90, importat. Tertius vero est centinariorum a cof que centum dicit u^ue ad zadi finalem, que noniogentenus numerus est. Alef vero que in cannot be an argfument for the assertion that Lazarus of Yiterbo did not yet know Elias^s book ; he used it in other places, but he ignored his view on these points designedly. * Lev. viii. 7. Comp. Joel Muller, Maseeheth So/erim, c. IX. HaL 3 ; pp. 184, 135. * Lev. X. 16, according to the expression of the Massora KHT fcOO Kn*T ^^21^, MOller, i^., and Isidore Harris in the Jewish Quabtbblt Review, 1. 139, n. 5. » Lev. xi. 42. * Kidduschin f . SO*. Digitized by Google Lazarus De Viterbo's Epistle to Cardinal Sirleto. 291 primo ordine, unitatem referebat, in ultimo iota ditio mille signi- ficai.' Atque ne addituneatuni vel defectus posset (ut dictum est) acotdere in caratharibus rel litteris alterius capituli ad aliud nume* rAniat etiam literas siogulorum capitalorum adeo quod iaveaerunt Uieraa dicti priml capitis esse 1915 et pro sigoo huius numeri pone- bant ID f K que litere ad ilium numerum ascenduut, adeo quod dictum primum caput duo signa retinuit alteram versuum, alterum yero literarum. Secondi capituli dicti Noac, habentis 153, yersus signum fuit /4?V^ nomen illius boui yiri, cuius literas euudem nume* ram refamnt, et sic de singulis factum fuit.' Neo ardenti desiderio illorum satis fait factum, quoniam numera- yerant etiam yersus omnes singulorum librorum ipsius pentateuci, neab uqo libro ad alterum error committeretur, inyeneruatque naawmin yersuum primi libri quern dicunt Geoesis esse 1634 [L 1534] talis numeri sigonm fuit ^1 ^K cuius medietas inyenerunt ease yersum ilium super gladio tuo yives' at quia hie liber habuit 12 magna cipitula, signum fuit 3^nM nomen illius Regis eiusdem capitola minora fuerunt 43. Signum eorum fuit H^^*!^, Domen Regis Salomonis. Liters omnes ipsius Genesis fuerunt 4395, et sic de sin- gulia. Yersum omne^ totius pentatenci fuerunt 5045 [I. 5845] omnes autem eius liters fuerunt 60045. Nee etiam illi boni yiri in hoc acquieyerunt, quoniam numeraye- runt etiam siogulas literas totius sacri voluminis, inyeneruntque alef 42377. Bed 38218. Ghimel 29637 {l. 29537] et sic de singulis Uteris fuit oalculatum, quarum numerum, ne tedio sim legenti, libenter omitto.' * Comp. the third introduction to Eiia Levita's Massoreth Ha-Mas- [=tota dictio] HKi^oa p|.^K }uni3i «n^a kdSkh mnh pn. * From a comparison between this digression and Elia Leyita's words, Z. c, it will be clear, that Lazarus of Viterbo used already his Massoreth Ha-Massoreth, and that he did not share his opinion about the date of accents and yowels when he pronounces a different yiew. * Gen. xxyii. 40. * The poem from which these dates are deriyed, is assigned in some TnanuwcriptB and by Shemtob Ibn Gaon in his pixn HI to Saadja Gaon (jM Dakes, D^Hp ?ru, p. 2), and has seyeral times been edited. Different nambers are communicated by Shapira in the " Athenaeum '* No. 2626 (1878, Febr. 23). R. Jatr Bacharach f . 272* doubts already the correctness of these numbers : B^HDD Bnnni HS^i HD VsK ^^ 13 111 'H nn l^ftO Digitized by Google 292 The Jewkh Qnarlerh/ Rni'cic. Nee hucasque yidentes huius desiderii relazati fuemnt donee altera exquisitissima diligeDtia uterentur, nam cam quamplurime dictiones hebree sint que aliquando scribantnr cam aliqua ex tribua matribus literarum. quam dictionem tunc plenam vocant, aliquando ▼ero eademmet dictio sine ilia litera scribatur, quam dictionem tunc temporis mancam appellant, ut gratia exempli f utura prime ooniuga- tionis modo scribuntur cum van in ultima ut ^IpQtJ, llp??, lipBH, lipB!, modo sine ipsa ut ^PP!, ^P^% ^^^h ®^ ^^^ ^^^ ^® infinitis aliis dictionibus dicendum est. Tsti vero ne error ac^idat in soribendo plenam pro manca, et mancam pro plena, numerayerunt ex ipsis, eas ditiones que in minori sunt numero, sin enim plene sunt in minori numero uumerant plenas, si yero in maiori numero, numerantmaooas, adeo quod que pauciores sunt, temper numerantur, assignando looa eh signa ponendo ut ^li^ idest sanctus scribitur cum Yau in ultima et dictio est plena, sed numerantur in to to sacro canone 13 yicibua inyeniri mancam sine dicta litera Van in ultima ut cn'p 9io etiam )'nx idest area dicuat tribus yicibus inyeniri mancam, et sic de singulis assignando loca et capitula et signa ponendo.* Quod autem dictum est de Vau dicitur etiam de lod ut O^K^B^J, hoc est patriarchs inyeneruot dictionem banc quater in ultima tantum plenam,' et quater pleoissimam puta in ultima et penultima sic etiam numerando dicunt de hac dictione D^X^^^ hoc est profete et sic de singulis. Eamdemmet considerationem habuerunt de alef nam inyeniuntur quamplurime dictiones plene de alef et aliquando inyeniuntur eadem sine dicta alef sic etiam de he que in ultimo dictionis yenire solet dicendum est nam aliquando plene aliquando manche inyeninntur ut n^^, n^K'Xl,* ^V\ n-iy3 et sic de singulis. Nee solum plenitudinem yel defectum dictionum numerantur sed etiam mutationes yooalium, nam cam hebrei habeant pro qnalibet yocali duo pnnota ut loco A. habent banc yirgnlam sob litera yidelicet _qae padac dicitur, et yirgnlam cum punoto yidelioet -- que dicitur oamez quarum una longa altera yero brevis est. Si ergo dictiones ille que regulariter punctari deberent padac punotarentur DnBDOn >ID-|D. Since Josef del Medijjro, HDSn 111^313, ed. Basel, 1629, II. 196, the x)oem is assigned to Saadia b. Josef Bechor Schor, see Zonz, Zur Geichichte, p. 75. * Comp. Elia Leylta I, <?., c. II. ' lb. c. 5 ; cf . The Maxxorah, ed. Ginsburg, II. 290. » Cf. The Mojtsflrah, II. 272. Digitized by Google Lazarus Be Viterboa Epidle to Cardinal Sirkto. 293 camez vel e eontra, oumeraot etiam et assignant illas dictiones que iiregalariter punctantur, at etiam numerant et assignant dictionea qnarncD accentaa regnlariter esse deberet in ultima et irregnlariter erit in pminltima vel contra. Sic etiam assignant et numerant sabtilitates et minuties multo minorea. Preterea usi sunt etiam alia extrema diligentia m nnmerando quas- dam sententias que sepe numero uuo modo, et ^epenumero in alio modo inveniuntnr, ut cau^ exempli hec que dicit ^K1^> [^l^K] 'H hoc est Deus Deus Israel et aliqnando dicit ^Kl&^ M^K niKlV 'H^ hoc est Dens exereitaum Deus Israel sic etiam hec alia sententia que didt 'n ^y}^\ ^<^ Mt benedicat tibi Deus et aliquando dicit ^?"i9t ^^n^ CnP hoc est benedicat tibi Deus Deus tuus quia bse sen- tentis et similes in utroque modo sepe inveninntur ne accidat error de ana ad aliam numerant sententias ne mutarentur et assignant loca et capitals. Komerant etiam omnes dictiones in qaibus loco lod ponitur Yau Tel e contra nt nihil intactam relictum sit. Dantur etiam quedam particule replicate et triplicate et quadrnplicate qaanun alique desoribuntur cum copula et aliqne sine ipsa ut T\^ Jl^ n^ nK3 ethas etiam numerant et assignant ut distinote inotescat que ctim copula et que sine ipsa scribi debent et sic de similibus ab illis observatum f uit. Si huiusmodi labores et obsenrantie in aliis libris quam in sacris foiasent obeervate pnderet me oerte tot minuties ennmerasse, sed in sacris nnnquam fuit (atis superque observatum quam magis non deberet observari. Nee censendnm est casu et fortuna huiuscemodi dictiones aliquando plenas. aliquando mancas aocidisse, ut fortasse multi arbitrari poterant cum propter earn superabundantiam vel defectum literarum sensus sive significatum dictionis nequaquam varietur, sacra enim scrip tnra, cum perfecta sit tanquam divi- naai opas neo superflaa nee diminuta esse poterat sed neoes- eario sic Tel sic desoribi debent, sed in his rebas f undantur pro- fandissima misteria ac sacra archana Tbeologisa cum doctores ipsi anicaique minntie reddant rationem. Unde ex omnibns dictis nuUas unquam loons calumnisa relin- qaitar ac lace clarius poterit nnusquisque cognoscere, an antiqui hehrei habnemnt in animo depraTare scripturas an easdem integer- > Cf. The Massora, II. 567. » Cf . The Masiorah, I. 710. * Oehlah ir\Wi/fl*,ed. S. Frensdorfif, N. 79, 2.S0-1. Digitized by Google 294 The Jewish Qaarterly Review, rimas conservare eui hodierni vel novi licet volaisseiit si I faoere potuisseot. XJode meo qaidem iadicio ille divas Tbotnaa de Aiaino ratii conseataneam dixit, hebreos esse scriptararam saoraram armaria ac His noQ obstantibaa muUi arbitrantar ac etiam diebos paa elapsia caai qaidan bonas vir ooacitatas est pablice dixit hebre ipsos depravaaae versicalam leramie diooatis cap. 23,* et hoc < nomen saam qaod vocabit eaai Daa^ iaatas no^ter dixit eaicn i qaod looo MtfTp^ hoc eat vocabit cum debet 1^ ^^ITl! boc est Tocabi inferendo quod hebrei ut aaf agerent ne messias vocaretur Deos iaal Doeter oormperant textum et looo ^KlpJ^ hoc est vocabnnt adaptan at legator ^^^\ hoc est vocabit eum quasi dicat quod Deus iosi noster vocabit eum measiam etc., sed cum ia utraque lectora id sensus habeatur quod hebreis attrlbuitur mauifestissima est calamn nam legant Ghristiaui voc%buat, legaot hebrei vocabit eum, semp nomen ipsius messie, erit Deus Deus iustus noster. Nam secandi Christianorum lectaram que dicit vocabunt, sensus est qaod Isn sive Jada sive omnes gentes vocabunt messiam Deus iustns nost< secundum vero hebreorum lectaram que dicit vocabit eum, idem e sensus, nam dicit textus in diebus suis salvabitur Juda, et Isra habitabit confidenter, et hoc eat nomen eius quod vocabit eum De iustus noster, quod ad Judam vel ad Israel vel ad t)tum nniversa refertur. Scilicet qaod unusquisque eorum vocabit nomen meat Deus iustus noster, adeo quod ia utraqua lectura semper messi vocabitur iustus noster, aliter hebreorum lectura imperfecta esset, vocabit eum referretur ad Deum iustum nostrum, qui vocaret nomi messie, cum nullum aliud nomen, quo Messias vocaretur referat te tus ille. Nee apud hebreos hoc est inconveuiens, cum< Idem Hieremi cap. 33, dicat in diebus illis salvabitur Juda et Hierusalem habit&b confidenter et hoc est qnoi vocabit eim Dans iustus noster ad quod ex his verbis apparet quod etiam civitas ipsa Hierusalem voc bitur Deus iustus noster et Ezachiel dixit ultimo capitnlo et nom( civitatis ex hodie Deus ibidem.' Et Moyses dixit ad altare ^p3 'n^ hoc est Deus elevatio me idem dixit Jacob ad altare Deus Deus Israel.* Et parafrasis caldea, et illi antiquissimi viri qui librum ilia tradictionis inceperunt, legunt vocabit eum, et non vocabunt, ad< quod nulla relioqaitur ratio nee authoritas hebreos hunc loco depravasse. * Jer. xxiii. 6. ' Ezech. xlviii. 85. ^ Exod. xvii. 15. * Gen. xxxiii. 20. Digitized by Google Lazarus De Viterho's Epistle to Cardinal Sirleto, 295 Dixit etiam ille bonus vir hebreoa etiam cotrapiBse illam ' textom psalmi 22, et looo V\^^ hoc est foderont secandum Ohristiaaoram lectaram legont ipsi hebrei ^^?, boo est sicat leo.' Certain est quod param refert ad bebreos qaalis sit hsec lectnra sed fii ipsi hebrai scripturas corrumpere roluissent, ut aafagerent Chnstiaaoram intentioaes, qail fait ia caasa qaod reliqaerant in- tactum capitalam 52 Isaie ia quo Obristiaai fuadaot omaem inten- tionem f qaare etiam intaotuai raliqueruat textutn ilium ZiccarisB in cap. 12, et aspicieat ad me quem confixerunt ? ' quare etiam in libro illo dicto traditio parva * reliquerunt "^w} nni ^1^3, hoc est sicut leo bis inveniri in sacris in duo sigaificato ? et quare reliqueruat, in libro dicto traditio magna • J^nns ai J^VDp '3 n nK3 boo est sicut leo quater, inveniri bis cum caf punctata padac et bis cum caf punc- tata camez? ne Ghristianis relinqueretur anza fundaadi suas inten- tiones. Sed quod etiam hoc sit calumnia, liquide demon^trat antiquissima parafrasifl Oaldea nam cum vidisset secundum lecturam hebreorum sententiam dimioutamsive imperfectam, adiiiit verbum pn33 hoc est nacti(m)[n] quod mordentes sen farientes sigaificat quasi dicat oongregatio midignantium circumdavit me mordentes sicut leo man us meas et pedes meos adeo quod hoc modo etiam Ghristiani possunt habere suam intentionem, lega iquisque ut placuerit. IJnde ille B. P. D. Augustinus lustinianus Episcopns Nebiensis in •Goliis sui psalterii quinque linguarum^ in hoc passu dixit sicut leo manut mess et pedes mei, sive manus msas et pedes meos oonstructio defectiva subaudiendumque impii tanquam leo foderunt perforayerunt male habuerunt fixerunt aut male tractaverunt etc., nee assensio dicentibus hebreos hunc locum corrupisse quod ex nostris arbitrantur multi qui dicunt legendum esse apud hebreos oaru dedacta voce a yerbo car^ quod fodio siye figo siye yincio sigoi- licat et yerum quod hie yerborum structus defectiyus habeatur, liquide ex caldeo textu qui defectui ocsurrens addidit yerbum Nactin quod mordentes siye yulnerantes seu ferientes significit hec ille. > Gf. Fianciscos Torrensis, De tola lectione legis . . . JudaU . . * permittendOy p. 27. * Of. Graetz, Krithcher Commentar zu den Psalmen, I. p. 228. » Zach. xii. 10. * n^op miDD. * n^HJ miDD. * Augustinus Giustinianus, bishop of Nebbio in Corsica, author of the Psalter ium Nebiense (Genua 1517) ; comp. Perles, die in einer MUnchener Handschrift aufgefondene erste lateinische Uebersetzung des Maimo- nidischen " Fiihrers," p. 3 xq. Digitized by Google 296 The Jewish Quarleiiy Review. Unde apparet homines probos qui veritatem diligunt sine sao preiudicio vel detrimento iusto tantum accommodatos esse. HsBc pauoa, B*"** et 111'"*' D. Dominationi tus volui dixisse ut si vera esse censeas reprimas, rf prebend asque audaoes qui contra etiam sacros canones absque ulla ratione os aperiunt postergata ratione tante sanotitatis atque operis sammi Dei gloriosi, qui charitate sua atque olementia oonservet ezaltetque ad vota Dominationem tuam Xl^mam ^jj Rin»m q^j bumiliter geuuflezus me ipsum et omnia mea commendo. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees, 297 A NEW TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK OF JUBILEES.^ {Concluded,) Part ni. XXXII. — And he abode that night at Bethel, and Levi dreamed that they had ordained and made him the priest of the Most High Gk)d, him and his sons for ever ; and he awoke from his sleep and blessed the Lord. 2. And Jacob rose early in the morning, on the fourteenth of this month, and be gave a tithe of all that came with him, both of men and cattle, both of gold and every vessel and garment, and he gave tithes of all. 3. And in those days Rachel became pregnant with her son Benjamin. And Jacob counted his sons from him upwards and Levi fell to the portion of the Lord, and his father clothed him in the garments of the priest- hood and filled his hands. 4. And on the fifteenth of this month he brought to the altar fourteen oxen from amongst the cattle, and twenty-eight rams, and forty-nine sheep, and seven' lambs, and twenty-one' kids of the goats as a burnt-offering on the altar of sacrifice, well pleasing for a sweet savour before G-od. 5. This was his offering, in consequence of the vow which he had vowed that he would give a tenth, with their fruit-offerings and their drink- offerings. 6. And when the fire had consumed it, he burnt incense on the fire over it, and for a thank-offering two oxen and four rams and four sheep, four he-goats, and two sheep of a year old, and two kids of the goats ; and thus he did daily for seven days. 7. And he and all his sons and his men were eating (this) with joy there during seven days and blessing and thanking the Lord, who bad delivered him out of all his tribulation and had given him his ▼ow. 8. And he took a tenth of all the clean animals, and made a burnt sacrifice, bat the unclean animals he gave (not) ^ to Levi his SOD, and he gave him all the souls of the men. 9. And Levi dis- charged the priestly office at Bethel before Jacob his father in preference to his ten brothers, and he was a priest there, and 1 For an account of the MSS. upon which this translation is founded, see Jewish Quartbbly Review, Vol. V. pp. 703-708. * Emended from B. ^ I have added the negative. Digitized by Google 298 The Jetciah Quarterly Review. Jacob gave his vow : tbns he gave a seoond tenth to the Lord and sanctified him, and he became holy onto him. 10. And for this reason it is ordained in the heavenly tables as a law for the giviog of a second tenth to eat before the Lord in the place where it is chosen that his name should dwell from year to year, and to this law there is no limit of days for ever. 11. This ordinance is written that it may be fulfilled from year to year in eating the second tenth before the Lord in the place where it has been chosen, and nothing shall remain oyer from it from this year to the year following. 12. For in its year shall the seed be eaten until the days of the gathering ^ of the seed of the year, and the wine till the days of the wine, and the oil till the days of its eeason. 13. And all that is left thereof and becomes old, let it be regarded as polluted : bum it with fire, for it is unclean. 14. And thus let them eat it together in the sanctuary, and let them not suffer it to become old. 15. And all the tithes of the oxen and sheep shall be holy unto the Lord, and shall belong to his priests, which they will eat before him from year to year ; for thus is it ordained and eograyen regarding the tithe in the heavenly tables. 16. And on the following night, on the twenty-second day of this month, Jacob resolved to build that place, and to surround the gpround with a wall, and to sanctify it and make it holy for ever, for himself and his children after him. 17. And the Lord appeared to him by night and blessed him and said unto him : ** Thy name shall not be called Jacob, but Israel shall they name thy name." 16. And he said unto him again : ** I am the Lord thy God who created the heaven and the earth, and I will increase thee and multiply thee exceedingly, and kings shall come forth from thee, and they shall rule everywhere wherever the foot of the sons of men have trodden. 19. And I will give to thy seed all the earth which is under heaven, and they shall rule over all the nations according to their desires, and after that they shall get possession of the whole earth and inherit it for ever." 20. And he finished speaking with him, and he went up from him, and Jacob looked till he had ascended into heaven. 21. And he saw in a vision of the night, and behold an angel descended from heaven with seven tablets in his hands, and he gave them to Jacob, and he read them and knew all that was written therein which would befall him and his sons throughout all the years. 22. And he showed him all that was written on the tablets, and said unto him : " Do not build this place, and do not make it an eternal sanctuary, and do not dwell here ; for it is not this place. Go to the house of Abraham thy father and dwell with Isaac thy father until the day of the death of thy father. 23. For in Egypt thou shalt die 1 Emended from B. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubihes. 299 ia peace, and in this land thou shalt be buried with honour in the sepalchre of thy fatbert*, with Abraham and Isaac. 24. Fear not, for as tboa hast seen and read it, thus will it all be ; and do thou write down everything as thou hast seen and read." 25. And Jacob said : '* Lord, how can I remember all that I have read and seen ? ** And he said unto him : ** I will bring everything to thy remembrance." 26. And he went up from him, and he awoke from his sleep, and he remembered everything which he had read and seen, and he wrote down all the words which he had read and seen. 27. And he stayed there yet another day, and he sacrificed thereon according to all that he had sacrificed on the former days, and called its name ** Addition,'* for this day was added, and the former days he called " The Feast" 28. And thus it was manifested that it should be, and it is written on the heavenly tables : where- fore it was revealed to him that he should celebrate it, and add it to the seven days of the feast. 29. And its name was called the dajs of ** Addition," because that it is recorded amongst the days * of the feast, according to the number of the ^Siys of the year. 30. And in the night, on the twenty- third of this month, Deborah Bcbecca's nurse died, and they buried her beneath the city under the oak of the river, and he called the name of this river. The river of Deborah, and the oak. The oak of the mourning of Deborah. 31. And Bebecca went and returned to her house to his father Isaac, and Jacob sent by her hand rams and sheep and he-goats that she should prepare a meal for his father such as he desired. 32. And he went after his mother till l\e came to the land of Kabr^tfin, and he dwelt there. 33. And Rachel bare a son in the night, and called his name " Son of my Sorrow " ; for she suffered in giving him birth : but his father called his name Benjamin, on the eleventh of the eighth month in the first of the sixth week of this jubilee. 34. And Bachel died there and she was buried in the land of Ephratha, the same is Bethlehem, and Jacob built a pillar on the grave of Bachel, on the road above her grave. XXXIII. — And Jacob went and dwelt to the south of Magdal^- dr&6f .' And he went to his &ther Isaac, he and Leah his wife, on the new moon of the tenth month. 2. And Beuben saw Bilhah, Bachel's maid, the concubine of his father, bathing in the water in a secret place, and he loved her. 3. And he hid himself at night, and he entered the house of Bilhah at night, and he found her sleeping alone on a bed in her house. 4. And he lay with her, and she awoke ' Emended with Latin. » A translation of iTjey I'^y-b^JD. Digitized by Google 300 The Jewish Quarterly Review, and saw, and behold Beubea was lying with her in the be3,» and she unoovered the border of her covering and sezei him, and cried out, and discoyered that it was Reuben. 5. And she was ashamed beca,u«>e of him, and released her hand from him, and he fled. 6. And she lamented because of this thing exceedingly, and did not tell it to any one. 7. And when Jacob returned and sought her, she said unto him : ** I am not clean for thee, for I have been defiled (so as to be separate) from thee ; for Reuben has defiled me, and has lain with me in the night, and I was asleep, and did not discover until he uncovered my skirt and slept with me." 8. And Jacob was exceedingly wroth with Reuben because he had lain with Bil- hah, because he had uncovered his father's skirt. 9. And Jacob did not approach (her) again because Reuben^had defiled her; and as for every man who uncovers his father's skirt his deed is wicked exceedingly, for he is abominable before the Lord. 10. For this reason it is written and ordained on the heavenly tables that a man should not lie with his father's wife, and should not uncover his father's skirt, for this is unclean : they shall surely die together, the man who has lain with bis father's wife and the woman, for they have wrought uucleanness on the earth. 11. And there shall be nothing unclean before our God in the nation which he has chosen for himself as a possession. 12. And again, it is written a second time : ** Cursed be he who lieth with the wife of his father, for he hath uncovered his father's shame " ; and all the holy ones of the Lord will say, " So be it ; so be it." 13. And do thou, Moses, command the children of Israel that they observe this word ; for the punishment is death ; and it is unclean, and there is no atonement for ever to atone for the man who has committed this, except by executing and slaying, and stoning him with stones, and rooting him from the midst of the people of our God. 14. For no man who has done so in Israel shall remain alive a single day on the earth, for he is abominable and unclean. 15. And let them not say that to Reuben was granted life and forgiveness after he had lain with hirt father's concubine, and to her also, though she had a husband, her husband Jacob, his father, being still alive. 16. For until that time there had not been revealed the ordinance and judgment and law in its com- pleteness for all, but in thy days (it has been recorded) as a Uw of seasons and of days,* and a law that is everlasting for the everlasting generations. 17. And for this law there is no consummation of days, and no atonement for it, except that they should both be rooted out in the midst of the nation : on the day whereon they committed it 1 I have omitted '* and sleeping " after " bed " with Lat. ' Passage is corrupt ; for " in days " (A.) I have read " and of days." Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees, 301 they shall slay them. 18. And do thou, Moses, write it down for Israel that they may observe it, and do according to these words, and not commit a mortal sin ; for the Lord our God is judge, who. respects not persons and accepts not gifts. 19. And tell them these words of the covenant, that they may hear and observe, and be on their guard with respect to them, and not be destroyed and rooted out of the land ; for an nncleanness, and an abomination, and a con- tamination,^ and a pollution are all they who commit this on the earth before oar God. 20. And there is no greater sin than the fornication which they commit on earth ; for Israel is a holy nation unto the Lord its God, and a nation of inheritance, and a nation of priests, and a nation for a kingdom and a possession ; and there shall no such nncleanness appear in the midst of the holy nation. 21. And in the third year of this sixth week Jacob and all his sons went and dwelt in the house of Abraham, near Isaac his father and Rebecca his mother. 22. And these were the names of the sons of Jacob : the first-born Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulon, the sons of Leah ; and the sons of Rachel, Joseph and Benjamin ; and the sons of Bilhah, Dan and Naphtali ; and the sons of Zilpah, Gad and Asher ; and Dinah, the only daughter of Leah, the daughter of Jacob. 23. And they came and bowed themselves to Isaac and Rebecca, and when they saw them they blessed Jacob and all his sons, and Isaac rejoiced exceedingly, for he saw the sons of Jacob, his younger son, and he blessed them. XXXIV. — And in the sixth year of this week after this, in the forty- fourth jubilee Jacob sent his sons to pastare their sheep, and their ser- vants with them to the pastures of Shechem. 2. And the seven kings of the Amorites assembled themselves together against them, to slay them, hiding themselves under the trees, and to take their cattle as a prey. 3. And Jacob and Levi and Judah and Joseph were in the house with Isaac their father ; for his spirit was sorrowful,^ and they could not leave him : and Benjamin was the youngest, and for this reason remained with his father. 4. And the kings of TSphfl, and the kings of Ar^sa, and the kings of Slr&g&n, and the kings of 8el6, and the kings of G^, and the king of B§th6r6n, and the king of Maantsdktr, and all those who dwell in those mountains (aud) who dwell in the woods in the land of Canaan. 5. And they announced this to Jacob saying : '* Behold, the kings of thu Amorites have sur- rounded tby sons, and plundered their herds." 6. And he arose from his house, he and his three sons and all the servants of his father, and 1 Emended by DiUmann. * Better translated '* timoroaa '* with Lat. VOL vn. X Digitized by Google 1302 The Jewish Quarterly Review. his own servants, and went against them with six thousand > men, who carried swords. 7. And he slew them in the pastures of Shechem, and pursued those who fled, and he slew them with the edge of the sword, and he slew Ar^ and Th&phtl and Sar^4n and SSld and Am&nisaktr and G^ias. 8. And he brought together his herds, and was powerful over them, and he imposed tribute on them that they should pay him tribute, five fruit products of their land, and he built Reuben and Tamn&t&rSs. 9. And he returned in peace, and made peace with them, and they became his servants until the day that he and his sons went down into E^pt. 10. And in the seventh year of this week he sent Joseph to learn about the welfare of his brothers from his house to the land of Shechem, and he found them in the land of Dothan. 11. And they dealt treacherously with him, aud formed a plot against him to slay him, but changing their minds, they sold him to Ishmaelite merchants, and they brought him down into Egypt, and they sold him to Potiphar, the eunuch of Pharaoh, captain of the guard,* priest of the city of El^w. 12. And the sons of Jacob slaughtered a kid, and dipped the coat of Joseph in the blood, and sent (it) to Jacob their father on the tenth of the seventh month. 13. And he mourned all that night, for they had brought it to him in the evening, and he became feverish with mourning for his death, and he said : ** An evil beast hath devoured Joseph " ; and all the members of his house mourned with him that day, and they were grieving and mourning with him all that day. 14. And his sons and his daughter rose up to comfort him, but he refused to be comforted for his son. 15. And on that day Bilhah heard that Joseph had perished, and she died mourning him, and she was living in Qafr&t^I, and Dinah also, his daughter, died after Joseph had perished. Thus three mournings came upon Israel in one month. 16. And they buried Bilhah over against the tomb of Rachel, and Dinah also, his daughter, they buried there. 17. And he mourned for Joseph one year, and did not cease, for he said : " Let me go down to the grave mourning for my son.'' 18. For this reason it is ordained for the children of Israel that they should mourn on the tenth of the seventh month— on the day that the news which made him weep for Joseph came to Jacob his father — that they should make atonement for them- selves thereon with a young goat on the tenth of the seventh month, once a year, for their sins ; for they had grieved the affection of their father regarding Joseph his son. 19. And this day has been ordained that they should grieve thereon for their sins, and for all their trans- » So A,B,D. C gives " eight hundred," * MSS. give *' the chief cook," owing to the Greek translator adopting the meaning of D^nat^H lb^, inappropriate to this context. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees. 303 gressioas and for all their errors, so that they might oleaose them- selyes on that day once a year. 20. And after Joseph was destroyed, the sons of Jacob took nnto themselves wives. The name of Reuben's wife is Add ; and the name of Simeon's wife is Adeb4a, a Canaanite ; and the name of Levi's wife is M61k4, of the daughters of Arftm, of the seed of the sons of T^r^ ; and the name of Jndah's wife, B6ta- stl^l, a Canaanite ; and the name of Issaohar's wife, H6zaq& ; and the name of Zabnlon's wife, Adni^ ; and the name of Dan's wife, £gl& ; and the name of Naphtali's wife, BasM, of Mesopotamia ; and the name of Gad's wife, Mika ; and the name of Asher's wife, tj6nk ; and the name of Joseph's wife, Asnith, the Egyptian ; and the name of Benjamin's wife, Ijasaka. 21. And Simeon repented, and took a second wife from Mesopotamia as his brothers. XXXV. — And in the first year of the first week of the forty-fifth jubilee Bebecca called Jacob, her son, and commanded him regard- ing his father and regarding his brother, that he should honour them all the days of Jacob's life. 2. And Jacob said : *^ I will do all that thou hast commanded me ; for this thing will be honour and great- ness to me, and righteousness before the Lord, that I should honour them. 3. And thou too, my mother, knowest from the time I was bom until this day, all my deeds and all that is in my heart, that I always think good concerning all. 4. And how should I not do this thing which thou hast commanded me, that I should honour my father and my brother I 5. Tell me, mother, what perversity hast thou seen in me and I shall turn away from it, and mercy of the Lord* will be upon me." 6. And she said unto him : " My son, I have not seen in thee all my days any perverse but (only) upright deeds. And yet I will tell thee the truth, my son, I shall die this year, and I shall not survive this year in my life ; for I have seen in a dream the day of my death, that I should not live beyond a hundred and fifty-five years : and behold I have completed all the days of my life which I was to live." 7. And Jacob laughed at the words of his mother, because his mother had said unto him that she should die ; and she was sitting opposite to him in possession of her strength, and she was not infirm in her strength ; for she went in and out and saw, and her teeth were strong, and no ailment had touched her all the days of her life. 8. And Jacob said unto her : "Blessed am I, mother, if my days approach the days of thy life, and my strength remain with me thus as thy strength : and thou wilt not die, for thou hast jested idly to me regarding thy death." 9. And she went in to Isaac and said unto him : ** One petition I make unto thee : make Esau swear * So Syr. Frag. A,B, omit. * Restored from Lat. ; Eth. omits. X 2 Digitized by Google 304 The Jewish Quarterly Review. that he will not injure Jacob, nor pursue him with enmity ; for thou knowest Esau's thoughts that they are perverse from his youth, and there is no goodness in him ; for he dt^sir^s after thy death to kill him. 10. And thou knowest all that he has done since the day Jacob his brother went to Haran until this day ; how he has forsaken us with hii^ whole heart, and has done evil to us ; how he has taken to himself thy flocks, and carried off before thy face all thy possessions. 11. And when we implored and besought him for what was our own, he did as a man who was taking pity on ns. 12. And he is bitter against thee because thou didst bless Jacob thy perfect and upright sou ; for there is no evil but only goodness in him, and since he came from Haran unto this day he has not robbed us of aught, for he brings us everything in its season always, and rejoices with all his heart when we take at his hands, and he blesses us. and has not parted from us since he came from Haran until this day, and he has remained with us continually at home honouring us.'' 13. And Isaac said unto her : ** I, too, know and see the deeds of Jacob who is with us, how that with all his heart he honours us ; but I loved Esau formerly more than Jacob, because he was the firsibom ; but now I love Jacob more than Esau, for he has done manifold evil deeds, and there is no righteousness in him, for all his ways are unrighteousness and violence, and there is no righteousness aronnd him. 14. And now my heart is troubled because of all his deeds, and neither he nor his seed shall prosper, for they are those^ who shall be destroyed from the earth, and who shall be rooted out from under heaven, for he has forsaken the God of Abraham and gone' after his wives and after their uncleanness and after their error, he and his children. 15. And thou dost bid me make him swear that he will not slay Jacob, his brother ; even if he swear he will not abide by his oath, and he will not do good but evil only. 16. But if he desires to clay Jacob, his brother, into Jacob's hands will he be given, and he will not escape from his hands, for he will fall into his hands. 17. And fear thou not on account of Jacob ; for the guardian of Jacob is great and powerful and honoured, and praised more than the guardian of Esau." 18. And Rebecca sent and called Esau, and he came to her, and she said unto him : ** I have a petition, my son, to make unto thee, and do thou promise to do it, my son." 19. And he said : " I will do everything that thou sayest unto me, and I will not refuse thy petition.** 20. And she said unto him : '^ I ask you that the day I die, tbou wilt take me in and bury me near Sarah, thy father s mother, and that tbou and Jacob will love each other, and that neither will desire evil against the other, but love just him, and ye ' Oonstraction doubtf uL * Emended. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees, 305 will prosper, my sons, and be hononred in the midst of the land, and no enemy will rejoice over you, and ye will be a blessing and a meroy in the eyes of all those that love you." 21. And he said : " I will do all that thon hast told me, and I will bury thee on the day thou diest near Sarah, my father's mother, as thou lovest that her bones may be near thy bones. 22. And Jacob, my brother, also, I will love above all flesh ; for I have not a brother in all the earth but him only : and this is no great merit for me if I love him ; for he is my brother, and we were sown together in thy womb, and together came we forth from thy loins, and if I do not love my brother, whom shall I love ? 23. And I, myself, beg thee to exhort Jacob concern- ing me and concerning my children, for I know that he will assuredly be king over me and my children, for on the day my father blessed him he made him the higher and me the lower. 24. And I swear unto thee that I will love him, and not desire evil against him all the days of my life but good only.*' And he swear unto her regarding all this matter. 25. And she called Jacob before the eyes of Esau, and gave him commandment according to the words which she had spoken to. Esau. 26. And he said : " I will do thy pleasure ; believe me that no evil will proceed from me or from my sons against Esau, and I shall be first in naught save in love only.'' 27. And they eat and drank, she and her sons that night, and she died, three jubilees and one week and one year old, on that night, and her two sons, Esau and Jacob, buried her in the double cave near Sarah, their f atber*s mother. XXXYI. — And in the sixth year of this week Isaac called his two sons, Esau and Jacob, and they came to him, and he said unto them : " My sons, I am going the way of my fathers, into the eternal house where my fathers are. 2. Wherefore bury me near Abraham my father, in the double cave in the field of Ephron the Hittite, where Abraham purchased a sepulchre to bury in ; in the sepulchre which I digged for myself, there bury me. 3. And this I command you, my sons, that ye practise righteousness and uprightness on the earth, so that the Lord may bring upon you all that the Lord said that he would do to Abraham and to his seed. 4. And love one another, my sons (even) your brother as a man loves his own soul, and let each seek in what he may benefit his brother, and act together on the earth ; and let them love each other as their own souls. 5. And concern- ing the question of idols, I have commanded and admonished you to reject them and hate them, and love them not ; for they are full of deception for those that worship them and for those that bow down to them. 6. Remember ye, my sons, the Lord God of Abraham yonr father, and afterwards' I too worshipped him and served him * We should perhaps emend and read " how." Digitized by VjOOQIC 306 The Jewish Quarterly Remew. in righteoasness and in joy, that he might multiply yoa and increase your seed as the stars of heaven in multitude, and establish yon on the earth as the plant of righteousness which shall not be rooted out unto all the generations for ever. 7. And now I will make yoa swear a great oath, for there is no oath which is greater than it by the name glorious and honoured and great and splendid and wonderful and mighty, which created the heavens and the earth and all things together, that ye will fear him and worship him. 8. And that each will love his brother with affection and righteousness, and that neither will desire evil against his brother from henceforth for ever all the days of your life, so that ye may prosper in all your deeds and may not be destroyed. 9. And if either of you devises evil against his brother, know that from henceforth everyone that devises evil against his brother will fall into his hand, and will be rooted out of the land of the living, and his seed shall be destroyed from under heaven- 10. But on the day of turbulence and execration and wrath and anger, and as with flaming devouring fire he burnt Sodom, so like- wise will he burn his land and his city and all that is his, and he will be blotted out of the book of the discipline of the children of men, and not be recorded in the book of life, but in that which shall be destroyed, and he will depart into eternal execration ; so that their condemnation may be always renewed in hate and in execration and in wrath and in torment and in indignation and in plagues and in disease for ever. 11. I say and testify to you, my sons, according to the judgment which will come upon the man who wishes to injure his his brother. 12. And he divided all his possessions between the two on that day, and he gave the larger portion to him that was the first- bom, and the tower and all that was about it, and all that Abraham possessed at the well of the oath. 13. And he said, " This larger por- tion I will give* to my firstborn." 14. And Esau said, ** I have sold to Jacob and given my right of primogeniture to Jacob ; to him it has been given, and I have not a single word to say regarding it, for it is his." 15. And Isaac said, ^* May a blessing rest upon you, my sons, and upon your seed this day, for ye have given me rest, and my heart is not pained concerning the primogeniture, lest thou shouldest work wicked- ness on account of it. 16. May the Most High Lord bless the man that worketh righteousness, him and his seed for ever.'* 17. And he ended commanding them and blessing them, and they eat and drank together before him, and he rejoiced because there was a reconciliation between them, and they went forth from him and rested that day and slept. 18. And Isaac slept on his bed that day rejoicing ; and he slept the eternal sleep, and died one hundred and eighty years old. He * Emended. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubikes. 307 completed twenty- five weeks and five years ; and his two sons Esau and Jacob bnried him. 19. And Esau went to the land of Edom, to the mountains of Seir, and he dwelt there. 20. And Jacob dwelt in the mountains of Hebron, in the tower of the Ixnd of the sojoumings of his father Abraham, and he woi shipped the Lord with all his heart and according to the visible command according to the division of the days of his generation. 21. And Leah his wife died in the fourth year of the second week of the forty -fifth jubilee, and he buried her in the double cave near Rebecca his mother, to the left of the grave of Sarah, his father's mother. 22. And all her sons and hb sons came to mourn over Leah his wife with him, and to comfort him regarding her, for he was lamenting her. 23. For he loved her exceedingly after Rachel her sister died ; for she was perfect and upright in all her ways and honoured Jacob, and all the days that she lived with him he did not hear from her mouth a harsh word, for she was gentle and peaceable and upright and honour- able. 24. And he remembered all her deeds which she had done during her life, and he lamented her exceediugly ; for he loved her with all his heart and with all his soul. XXx vil. — And on the day that Isaac the father of Jacob and Esau died, the sons of Esau heard that Isaac had given the portion of the elder to his younger son Jacob they were very angry. 2. And they strove with their father, saying : " Why has thy father given Jacob the portion of the elder and put thee after him, although thou art the elder and Jacob the younger ? " 3. And he said unto them *' Because I sold my birthright to Jacob for a small mess of lentils . and on the day my father sent me to hunt venison ^ and bring him something that he should eat and bless me, he came with guile and brought my father food and drink, and my father blessed him and put me under his hand. 4. And now our father has caused us to swear, me and him, that we shall not mutually devise evil, either against his brother, and that we shall continue in love and in peace each with his brother and not make our ways corrupt.'* 5. And they said unto him, ** We will not hearken unto thee to make peace witii him ; for our strength is greater than his strength, and we are more powerful than he ; we will go against him and slay him, and destroy him and his children.' And if thou wilt not go with us, we will do hurt to thee also. 6. And now hearken unto us : We will send to Aram and Philistia and Moab and Ammon, and let us choose for ourselvee chosen men who are ardent for battle, and let us go against him and do battle with him, and let us exterminate him from the 1 Bmended. ' Emended from A, with Latin. Digitized by Google 308 The Jewish Quarterly Eevieie. earth before he grows strong.*' 7. And their father said unto them, '* Do not go and do not make war with him lest ye fall before him/' 8. And they said nnto him, *' This too, is exactly thy mode of action from thy youth until this day, and thon hast brought thy neck nnder his yoke. We will not hearken to these words.*' 9. And they sent to Aram, and to Ad^fim to the friend of their father, and they hired along with them one thousand fighting men, chosen men of war. 10. And there came to them from Moab and from the children of Ammon, those who were hired, one thousand chosen men, and from PhiHstia, one thousand chosen men of war, and from Edom and from the Horites one thousand fighting men, and from the Hittites one thousand chosen and mighty men, men of war. 11. And they said nnto their father : ** Go forth with them and lead them, else we will slay thee." 12. And he was filled with wrath and indignation on seeing that his sons were forcing him to go be- fore (them) to lead them against Jacob his brother. 13. But afterward he remembered all the evil which lay hidden in his heart against Jacob his brother ; and he remembered not the oath which he swear to his father and to his mother that he would devise no evil all his days against Jacob his brother. 14. And notwithstanding all this, Jacob knew not that they were coming against him to battle, and he was mourning for Leah, his wife, until they approached very near to the tower with four thousand warriors and chosen men of war. 15. And the men of Hebron sent to him saying, '* Behold thy brother has come against thee, to fight thee, with four thousand girt with the sword, and they carry shields and weapons ; '* for they loved Jacob more than Esau. So they told him ; for Jacob was a more liberal and merciful man than Esau. 16. But Jacob would not believe until they came very near to the tower. 17. And he closed the gates of the tower ; and he stood on the battlements and spake to his brother Esau and said, " Noble is the comfort wherewith Ulou has come to comfort me because of my wife who has died. Is this the oath that thon didst swear to thy father and again to thy mother before they died ? Thon hast broken thy oath, and on the moment that thou didst swear to thy father wast thou condemned." 18. And then Esau answered and said nnto him, '* Neither the children of men nor the beasts of the earth have any oath of righteousness which they swear when they would swear (an oath valid) for ever ; but every day they devise evil one against another, so that each may slay bis adversary and foe. 19. And thou too dost hate me and my children for ever. And there is no observing the tie of brotherhood with thee. 20. Hear these words which I declare nnto thee, If the boar can change its skin and make its bristles as soft as wool, or if it can cause horns to sprout forth on its head like the horns of a stag or Digitized by Google The Book of Jubtkea, 309 of a sheep, then I will observe the tie of brotherhood with thee. And yet since the (twin) male offspring were separated from their mother, thou hast not shown thyself a brother to me. 21. And if the wolves make peace with the lambs so as not to devoar and rob them, and if their hearts turn towards them to do good (unto them), then there will be peace in my heart towards thee. 22. And if the lion becomes the friend of the ox and if he is bound under one yoke with him and ploughs with him and makes peace with him, then I will make peace with thee. 23. And when the raven becomes white as the r&z^* then know that I have loved thee and will make peace with thee. Thou shalt be rooted out and thy sons shall be rooted out, and there shall be no peace for thee.'' 24. And when Jacob saw that he was working evil against him from his heart, and that with his whole soul he would slay him, and that he had come springing like the wild boar which comes upon the spear that pierces and kills it, and it recoils not from it ; 25. Then he spake to his own and to his servants that they should attack him and all his companions. XXXYIIL — And after that Judah spake to Jacob, his father, and said unto him : '^Bend thy bow, father, and send forth thy arrows and cast down the adversary and slay the enemy ; and mayst thou have the power, for we will not slay thy brother, for he was with thee, and he is like thee, so that we should give him' (this) honour. 2. Then Jacob bent his bow and sent forth the arrow and struck Esau, his brother, on his right breast,' and slew him. 3. And again he sent forth an arrow and struck Ador^n, the Aramaean, on the left breast, and drove him backward and slew him. 4. And then went forth the sons of Jacob, they and their servants, dividing them- selves into companies on the four sides of the tower. 5. And Judah went forth in front, and Naphtali and Gad with him and fifty servants with him on the south side of the tower, and they slew all they found before them, and not one individual escaped from them. 6. And Levi and Dan and Asher went forth on the east side of the tower, and fifty (men) with them, and they slew the fighting men of Moab and Ammon. 7. And Reuben and Issachar and Zebulon went forth on the north side of the tower, and fifty men with them, and they slew the fighting men of the Philistines. 8. And Simeon and Benjamin and Enoch, Beuben's son, went forth on the west side of the tower, and fifty men with them, and they slew of Edom and of the Horites four hundred stout warriors ; and six hundred escaped, > The R&Z& is a large white bird which eats grasshoppers. > Emended with Lat. * Bestored from Lat. and the Midrash WajjUsan, Digitized by Google 310 The Jewish Quarterly Review. and four of the sons of Esaa fled with them, and left their father lyiDg slain, as he had fallen on the hill which is in AdCtr^m. 9. And the sons of Jaoob pursued after them to the mountains of Seir. And Jacob buried his brother on the hill which is in Adftr^m, and he re- turned to his house. 10. And the sons of Jacob surrounded > the sons of Esau in the mountains of Seir, and (the sons of Esau) humbled themselves so as to become servants of the sons of Jacob. 11. And they sent to their father to inquire whether they should make peace with them or slay them. 12. And Jacob sent word to his sons that they should make peace, and they made peace with them, and placed the yoke of servitude upon them, so that they paid tribute to Jacob and to his sons always. 13. And they continued to pay tribute to Jacob until the day that he went down into Egypt. 14. And the sons of Edom did not get quit of the yoke of servitude which the twelve sons of Joseph had imposed on them until that day. 15. And these are the kings that reigned in Edom before there reigned any king over the children of Israel until this day in the land of Edom. 16. And B&lfiq, the son of BSdr, reigned in Edom, and the name of his city was Dan^b^. 17. And BiUq died, and Jdbdb, the son of Zkvk of Bosir, reigned in his stead. 18. And J6b4b died, and Asto, of the land of T^mAn, reigned in his stead. 19. And As^m died, and Ad&th, the son of Barad, who slew Median in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead, and the name of his city was Awtit. 20. And Ad&th died, and Salman, from AmSsSqS, reigned in his stead. 21. And Salman died, and S^ill, of B^bdth (by the) river, reigned in his stead. 22. And S&td died, and Ba^ltln^, the son of Akbfir, reigned in his stead. 23. And Ba§ltln&D, the son of Akbtlr, died, and Ad&th reigned in his stead, and the name of bis wife was Maitabit, the daughter of M4ta- rat, the daughter of Metab^d Z&ab. 24. These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom. XXXIX. — And Jacob dwelt in the land of his father^s sojournings in the land of Canaan. 2. These are the generations of Jaoob. Joseph was seventeen years old when they took him down into the land of Egypt, and Potiphar, an eunuch of Pharaoh, captain of the guard, ' bought him. 3. And he set Joseph over all his house, and the blessing of the Lord came upon the house of the Egyptian on account of Joseph, and the Lord prospered him in all that he did. 4. And the Egyptian left everything in Joseph's hands ; ' for he saw that the Lord was with him, and that the Lord prospered him in all that he did. 5. And Joseph was comely and very well favoured/ and the wife of his 1 Emended with Lat. ' Emended, as in xxziv. 11. 3 Emended. * Blightly emmided from A, B. Digitized by Google The Book of Juhilees. 31 1 master lifted ap ber eyes and saw Joseph, and she loved him, and besonght him to lie with her. 6. But he did not surrender his soul, and he remembered the Lord and the words which Jacob, his father, hail read (to him) from amongst the words of Abraham, that no man should commit fornication with a woman who has a husband ; that for him the pnnishment of death has been ordained in the heavens before the Most High Lord, and the sin will be recorded against him in the eternal books con tinn ally before the Lord. 7. And Joseph remembered these words and refused to lie with her. 8. And she besonght him for a year, but he refused and would not listen. 9. But she embraced him and held him fast in the house in order to force him to lie with her, and closed the doors of the house and held him fast ; but he left his garment in her hands and broke through the door and fled without from her presence. 10. And the woman saw that he would not lie with her, and f>he calumniated him in the presence of his lord, saying : " Thy Hebrew servant, whom thou lovest, sought to force me to lie with him ; and it came to pass when I lifted up my voice that he fled and left his garment in my hands when I held him, and he brake through the door." 11. And the Egyptian saw the garment of Joseph and the broken door, and heard the words of his wife, and cast Joseph into prison into the place where the prisoners were kept whom the king imprisoned. 12. And he was there in the prison ; and the Lord gave Joseph favour in the sight of the chief of the guards of the prison and compassion before him, for he saw that the Lord was with him, and made all that he did to prosper. 13. And he committed all things into his hands,^ and the chief of the guards looked to nothing that was in his keeping, for Joseph did every thing, and the Lord perfected it.' 14. And he remained there two years. And in those days Pharaoh, king of Egypt, was wroth against his two eunuchs, against the chief of the butlers, and against the chief of the bakers, and he put them in ward in the house of the captain of the guard,* in the prison where Joseph was kept. 15. And the captain of the guard appointed Joseph to serve them ; and he served before them. 16. And they both dreamed a dream, the chief butler and the chief baker, and they told it to Joseph. 17. And as he interpreted to them so it befell them, and Pharaoh restored the chief butler to his office, and the chief baker « he slew, as Joseph had in- > Emended with Lat. and Gen. tttix. 22. * Better emended with Latin and read " made it to prosper.** s Eth. and Lat versions read " chief of the cooks,** which, though a possible rendering of D^n^^n"n^, is manifestly wrong here. 4 Emended with Lat. Digitized by Google 312 The Jewish Quarterly Review, terpreted to them. 18. But the chief butler forgot Joseph in the ptisoD, although he had informed him what should befall him, and did not remember to inform Pharaoh how Joseph had told him, for he forgot. XL. — Aod in those days Pharaoh dreamed two dreams in one night concerning a famine which should be in all the land, and he awoke from his sleep and called all the interpreters of dreams that were in Egypt, and magicia'is, and told them his two dreams, and thr*y were not able to declare (them). 2. And then the chief butler remem- bered Joseph and spake of him to the king, and he brought him forth from the prison, and he told his two dreams before him. 3. And he said before Pharaoh that his two dreams were one, and he said unto him : " Seven years will come (in which there will be) plenty over all the land of Egypt, and after that seven years of famine, such a famine as has not been in all the earth. 4. And now let Pharaoh appoint overseers in all the land of Ea^ypt, and let them store up food in every city throughout the days of the years of plenty, and there will be, food for the seven years of famine, and the land will not perish through the famine, for it will be very severe.'' 5. And the Lord gave Joseph favour and mercy in the eyes of Pharaoh, and Pharaoh said unto his servants : *' We shall not find such a wise and intelligent man as this man, for the spirit of the Lord is with him." 6. And he appointed him the second in all his kingdom and gave him authority over all Egypt, and caused him to ride in the second chariot of Pharaoh. 7. And he clothed him with byssus garments, and he put a gold chain upon his neck, and they proclaimed * before him* * Ei El Wa Abtrer,' and placed a ring on his hand and made him ruler over all his house, and magnified him, and said unto him : " Only on the throne shall I be greater than thou." 8. And Joseph ruled over all the land of Egypt, and all the princes of Pharaoh, and all his servants, and all who did the king's business loved him, for he walked in uprightness, for he was without pride and arrogance, and he had no respect of persons, and did not accept gifts, but he judged in uprightness all the people of the land. 9. And the land of Egypt was at peace before Pharaoh because of Joseph, for the Lord was with him, and gave him favour and mercy for all his generations before all those who knew him and heard concerning him, and Pharaoh's kingiom was well ordered, and there was no adversary and no evil person (therein). 10. And the king called Joseph's name Sepb&ntiph&ns, and gave Joseph to wife 1 Emended with Lat. * Eth. MSS. add "and he said '* against Latin and G^n. xli. 43. » " Ood, Gk)d, the mighty one of God, " bs "^'^SS.l ^\^ b^J. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees. 31S the daughter of Potiphar, the daughter of the priest of Heliopolis, captain of the gaard.i 11. And on the day that Joseph stood before Pharaoh he was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh. 12. And in that year Isaao died. And it came to pass as Joseph had said in the interpretation of his two dreams, according as he had said it, there were seven years of plenty over all the land of Egypt, and in the land of Egypt one measure brought forth abundantly eighteen hundred measures. 13. And Joseph gathered food into every city until they were full of com until they could no longer count and measure it for multitude. XLI. — And in the forty-fifth jubilee, in the second week, (and) in the second year, Judah took for his first-born, Er, a wife from the daughters of Aram, named Tamar. 2. Bat he hated, and did not lie with her, because his mother was of the daughters of Canaan, aud he wished to take him a wife of the kinsfolk of his mother, but Jud^h, his father, would not permit him. 3. And this £r, the first-born of Judah, was wicked, and the Lord slew him. 4. Aud Judah said unto Onan, his brother : *' Go in uoto thy brother's wife and perform the duty of a husbaud's brother unto her,' and raise up seed unto thy brother."' 5. Aud Onan knew that the seed would not be his, (but) his brother's only, and he went into the house of his brother's wife, and spilt the seed on the ground, and he was wicked in the eyes of the Lord, and he slew him. 6. And Judah said unto Tamar, his daughter-in-law : " Remain in thy father's house as a widow till Shelah my son be grown up, and I will give thee to him to wife.'' 7. And he grew up ; but Bddsii^l, the wife of Judah, did not permit her son Shelah to marry. And B^dsddl, the wife of Judah, died in the fifth year of this week. 8. And in the sixth year Judah went up to shear his sheep at Timnah. And they told Tamar : '' Behold thy father-in-law goeth up to Tioinah to shear his sheep.'' 9. And she put off her widow's clothes, and put on a veil, aud adorned herself, and sat in the gate which faces the way to Timnah. 10. And as Judah was going along he found her, and thought her to be an harlot, and he said unto her : ** Let me come in unto thee " ; and she said unto him : *^ Come in," and he went in. 11. And she said unto him: *^Give me my hire"; and he said unto her: **I have uotuing in my hand save my ring that is on my finger, and my neck- lace, and my staff which is in my hand. " 12. And she said unto him : '* Give them to me until thou dost send me my wage"; and he said unto her : "I will send unto thee a kid of the goats " ; and he > MSS. read "cooks." See zzxix. 14 (note). * The phrase is obscure. Digitized by Google 814 The Jeunsh Quarterly Review. ^ave them to her, and he went in unto her/ and she conoeived by him. 13. And Judah went unto his sheep, and she went to her father's house. 14. And Judah sent a kid of the goats by the hand of his f^hepherd, an Adnllamite, and he found her noc ; and he asked the people of the place, saying : " Where is the harlot who was here ? " And they said unto him : ** There is no harlot here with us." 15. And he returned and informed him, and said : '* I have not fonnd her,^ and I asked the people of the place, and they said unto me : ' There is no harlot here.' '* And he said : " Let her take' (them) lest we become a canse of derision.'' 16. And when she had completed three months, it was manifest that she was with child, and they told Judah, saying : *' Behold Tamar, thy daughter-in-law, is with child by whoredom.'* 17. And Judah went to the house of her father, and said unto her father and her brothers : " Bring her forth, and let them burn her, for she hath wrought uncleanness in Israel.'' 18. And it came to pass when they brought her forth to bum her that she sent to her father-in-law the ring and the necklace, and the staff, saying : " Discern whose are these, for by him am I with child." 19. And Judah acknowledged, and said : " Tamar is more righteous than I am.'* And therefore they burnt her not. 20. And for that reason she was not given to Shelah, and he did not again approach her. 21. And after that she bare two sons, Perez and Zerah, in the seventh year of this second week. 22. And thereupon the seven years of fruitfnlness had been accomplished, of which Joseph spake to Pharaoh. 23. And Judah acknowledged that the deed which he had done was evil, for he had lain with his daughter- in-law, and he declared that it was hateful in his eyes, and he ac- knowledged that he had transgressed and gone astray, for he had uncovered the skirt of his son, and he began to lament and to Hupplicate before the Lord because of his transgression. 24. And we told him in a dream that it was forgiven him because he supplicated earnestly, and lamented, and did not again commit it. 25. And he received forgiveness because he turned from his sin and from his ignorance, for he transgressed greatly before our God ; and every one that acts thuf, every one who lies with his mother-in-law. let them burn him with fire that he may bum therein, for there is uncleanness and pollution upon them ; with fire let them burn them. 26. And do thou command the children of Israel that there be no uncleanness amongst them, for every one who lies with his daughter in-law or with his mother-in-law hath wrought uncleanness ; with fire let them * Restored from emended Lat. text. * Emended with Lat. and Gen. xxxviii. 22. ^ Emended with Lat. and Gen. xxxviii. 23. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees. 315 born the man who has Iain with her, and likewise the woman, that he may turn away wrath and punishment from Israel. 27. And unto Judah we said that his two sons had not lain with her, and for this reafton his seed was established for a second generation, and should not be rooted out. 28. For in singleness of eye he had gone and sought for punishment, namely, according to the judgment of Abra- ham, which he had commanded his sons, Judah had sought to bum her with fire. XLII. — And in the first year of the third week of the forty-fifth jubilee the famine began to come into the land, and the rain refused to be given to the earth, for none whatever fell. 2. And the earth grew barren, but in the land of Egypt there was food, for Joseph had gathered the seed of the land in the seven years of plenty and had preserved it. 3. And the Egyptians came to Joseph that lie might give them food, and he opened the storehouses where was the grain of the first year, and he sold it to the people of the land for gold. 4. Now the famine was very sore in the land of Canaan,' and Jacob heard that there was food in Egypt, and he sent his ten boms that they should procure food for him in Egypt ; but Benjamin he did not send, and the ten sons of Jacob* arrived in Egypt among those that went (there). 5. And Joseph recognised them, but they did not recognise him, and he spake roughly' unto them, and he said unto them : " Are ye not spies, and have ye not come to explore the approaches of the land '* ? And he put them in ward. 6. And after that he set them free a^ain, and detained Simeon alone and sent off his nine brothers. 7. And he filled their sacks with corn, and he put their gold in their sacks, and they did not know. 8. And he com- manded them to bring their younger brother, for they had told him their father was living and their younger brother. 9. And they went up from the land of Egypt and they came to the land of Canaan ; they told their father all that had befallen them, and how the lord of the country had spoken roughly to them, and had seized Simeon till they should bring Benjamin. 10. And Jacob said : *^ Me have ye bereaved of my children ! Joseph is not and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin away. Against me is your wickedness." 11. And he said : ** My son will not go down with you lest perchance he fall sick ; for their mother gave birth to two sons, and one has perished, and this one also ye would take from me. If perchance he took a fever on the road, ye would bring down my old age with sorrow unto death.'* 12. For he saw that their money had been ' Fonnd only in Lat. ' Restored from Lat and 6^n. xlii. 5. ' Corrected from Lat. and Gen. xlii. 7. Digitized by Google 316 The Jewish Quarterly Revutw. returned to every man in his sack, and for this reason he feared to send him. 13. And the famine increased and became sore in the land of Canaan, and in all lands save in the land of Egypt, for many of the children of the Egyptians had stored up tht-ir seed for food from the time when they saw Joseph gathering seed together and putting it in storehouses and preserving it for the years of famine. 14. And the people of Egypt fed themselves thereon during the first year of their famine. 15. But when Israel saw that the famine was very sore in the land, and that there was no deliverance, he said unto his sons : ^* Go, return, and procure food for us that we die not." 16. And tbey said : ** We will not go ; unless our youngest brother go with us, we will not go." 17. And Israel saw that if he did not send him with them, they should all perish by reason of the famine. 18. And Reuben said : '*Give him into my hand, and if I do not bring him back to thee, slay my two sons instead of bis soul.*' And he said unto him : *' He shall not go with thee.'' 19. And Judah came near and said : " Send him with us, and if I do not bring him back to thee, let me bear the blame before thee all the days of my life.'* 20. And he sent him with them in the second year of this week on the first day of the month, and they came to the land of Egypt with all those who went, and (tbey had) presents in their hands, stacte and almonds and terebinth nuts and pure honey. 21. And they went and stood before Joseph, and he taw Benjamin his brother, and he knew him, and said unto them : ** Is this your youngest brother ? '' And tbey said unto him : ** It is he.** And he said : ** The Lord be gracious to thee my son ! '' 22. Aod he sent him into his house and he brought forth Simeon unto them and be made a feast for them, and they presented the gift which they had brought in their hand^. 23. And they eat before him and he gave them all a portion, but he made the portion of Benjamin seven times larger than that of any of theirs. 24. And they eat and drank and arose and remained with their asses. 25. And Joseph devised a plan whereby he might learn their thoughts as to whether thoughts of peace prevailed amongst them, and he said to the steward who was over his house : '* Fill all their sacks with food, and return their money unto them into their vessels, and my cup, the silver cup out of which I drink, put it in the sack of the youngest, and send them away." XLIII.— And he did as Joseph bad toll him, and filled all their sacks for them with food and put their money in their sacks, and put the cup in Benjamin*8 sack. 2. And early in the morning they departed, and it came to pass that when they had gone from thence, Joseph said unto the steward of his house : ** Pursue them, run Digitized by Google The Booh of Jubilees. 317 and seize them, saying, * For good ye have requited me with evil ; you have stolen from me the silver cup out of which my lord drinks.* And bring back to me their youngest brother, and fetch him quickly before I go forth to my seat of judgment.'* 3. And he ran after them and said unto them according to these words. 4. And they said unto him : '^ God forbid that thy servants should do this thing, and steal from the house of thy lord any utensil, and the money also which we fonnd in our sacks the first time, we thy servants brought back from the land of Canaan. 5. How then should we steal any utensil ? Behold here are we and our sacks ; search, and wherever thou findest the cup in the sack of anjr man amongst us, let him be slain, and we and our asses will serve thy lord.'* And he said unto them : " Not so, the man with whom I find, him only will I take as a servant, and ye shall return in peace unto your house.** 7. And as he was searching in their vessels, beginning with the eldent and ending with the youngest, it was found in Benjamin's sack. 8. And they rent their garments, and laded their asses, and returned to the city and came to the house of Joseph, and th^y all bowed themselves on their fa^es to the ground before him. 9. And Joseph said unto them : ** Ye have done evil.** And ( Judah) said unto him* : " What shall we say and how shall we dispute the transgiession of thy servants which our lord has discovered ; behold we are the servants of our lord, and our asses also.** 10. And Joseph said unto them : '* I too fear the Lord ; as for you, go ye to your homes and let your brother be my servant, for ye have done evil. Know ye not that a man divines with' his cup as I (do) with this cup? And yet ye have stolen it from me.** 11. And Judah said : *' O my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee,^ speak a word in my lord's ear ; two brothers did thy servants mother bear to our father ; one went away and was lost, and hath not been found, and * he alone is left of his mother, and thy servant our father loves him, and his life also is bound up with the life of this (lad). 12. And it will come to pans, when we go to thy servant our father, and the lad is not with us, that he will die, and we shall bring down our father with sorrow to the grave (lit. '* death "). 13. Now rather let me, thy servant, abide instead of the lad as a bondsman unto my lord, and let the youth go with his brethren, for I became surety for him at the hand of thy servant our father, and if I do not bring him back, thy servant shall bear the blame to our father for ever.** 14. And Joseph saw that they were all accordant in goodness one with another, and he could not refrain himself, and he told them that he was Joseph. 16. And he conversed with them in the Hebrew tongue and fell on ' B " they said ** ; CD ** they said unto him.** ' Emended with Gen. xliv. 5, 15. * Emended with Gen. xliv. IS. VOL. VIL T Digitized by Google 318 TJie Jewish Quarterly Review. their neck and wept. Bat they knew him not and they began to weep. 16. And he said unto them : " Weep not over me, bat hasten and bring my father to me ; and ye see that it is my month that speaketh, and the eyes of my brother Benjamin see. ^ 17. For behold this is the second year of the famine, and there are still five years without harvest or fruit of trees or ploughing. 18. Come down quickly ye and your households, so that ye perish not through the famine, and do not be grieved for your possessions, for the Lord sent me before you to Bet things in order that many people might live. 19. And tell my father that I am still alive, and ye, behold, ye see that the Lord has made me as a father to Pharaoh, and ruler over his house and over the land of Egypt. 20. And tell my father of all my glory, and all the riches and glory that the Lord hath given me.'' 21. And by the command of the mouth of Pharaoh he gave them chariots and provisions for the way, and he gave them all many-coloured raiment and silver. 22. And to their father he sent raiment and silver and ten asses which carried com, and he sent them away. 23. And they went up and told their father that Joseph was alive, and was measuriog out com to all the nations of the earth, and that he was ruler over all the land of Egypt. 24. And their father did not believe it, for he was beside himself in his mind ; but when he saw the wagons which Joseph had sent, the life of his spirit revived, and he said : " It is a great thing for me if Joseph lives ; I will go down and see him before I die.** XLIY. — And Israel took his journey from Haran from his house on the new moon of the third month, and he went on the way of the well of the oath, and he offered a sacrifice to the Gk>d of his father Isaac on the seventh of this month. 2. And Jacob remembered the dream that he had seen at Bethel, and he feared to go down into Egypt. 3. And while he was thinking of sending word to Joseph to come to him, and that he would not go down, he remained there seven days, if perchance he should see a vision as to whether he should remain or go down. 4. And he celebrated the harvest festival of the first-fruits with old grain, for in all the land of Canaan there was not a handful of seed in the land, for the famine was over the beasts and cattle and birds, and also over man. 5. And on the six- teenth the Lord appeared unto him, and said unto him, *' Jacob, Jacob " ; and he said, ^^ Here am I.'' And he said unto him : '* I am the God of thy fathers, the Grod of Abraham and Icaao ; fear not to go down into Egypt, for I will there make of thee a great nation. > Emended with Gen. xlv. 12, by a slight change from an unmeaning text. Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees. 319 6. 1 will go down with thee, and I will bring thee back (again), and in this land shalt tboa be buried, and Joseph will put his hands upon thy eyes. Fear not ; go down into Eigypt.'' 7. And his sons rose up, and his sons^ sons, and they placed their father and their possessions npon wagons. 8. And Israel rose up from the well of the oath on the sixteenth of this third month, and he went to the land of Egypt. 9. And Israel sent Judah before him to his son Joseph to examine the Land of Goshen, for Joseph had told his brothers that they should come to dwell there that they might be near him. 10. And this was the goodliest (land) in the land of Egypt, and near to him, for all of them and for their cattle. 11. And these are the names of the sons of Jacob who went into Egypt with Jacob their father. 12. Reuben, the first-bom of Israel ; and these are the names of his sons : Enoch, and Phllllus, and ESsrdm and Ear&mt, five. 13. Simeon and his sons ; and these are the names of his sons : Ijdmtl§l, and Ijam^n, and Av6t, and Ijakfm, and Saar, and Saul, the son of the Ganaanitish woman,^ seven. 14. Levi and his sons ; and these are the names of his sons : Godson, and Qa^th, and MSr&rt, four. 15. Judah and his sons ; and these are the names of his sons : Shela, and Phares, and Zarah, foar. 16. Is^achar and his pons ; and these are the names of his sons : T6ld, and Phtla, and Ij&stlb, and SAmar6m, five. 17. Zebulon and his sons ; and these are the names of his sons : Saar, and E16n, and IjAl^l, four. 18. These are the sons of Jacob, and their sons whom Leah bore to Jacob in Mesopotamia, six, and their one sister, Dinah, and all the souls which were sons of Leah, and their sons, who went with Jacob their father into Egypt, were twenty-nine, and Jacob their father being with them, they were thirty. 19. And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid, the wife of Jacob who bore nnto Jacob Gad and Asher : 21. And these are the names of their sons who went with them into Egypt : The sons of Gad : S6phj6n, and Ag&ti, and Sflnt, and Astb6n. . . . and Ar6Ii,and Arddi, eight 21. And the sons of Asher : Ij6mn&, and Jestla, . . . and Barta, and S&rd, their one sister, six. 22. And all the souls were fourteen, and all those of Leah were forty-four. 23. And the sons of Rachel, the wife of Jacob : Joseph and Benjamin. 24. And there were born to Joseph in Egypt before his father came into Egypt, those whom Asenath bare unto him daughter of Potiphar priest of Heliopolis, Manasseb, and Ephiaim, three. 25. And the sons of Benjamin : B414, and Bakar, and Asb^l, GMd4, and Nelm^n, and Abdj6, and Rdd, and San&nim, and Aphtm, and Gfiam, eleven. 26. And all the souls of Rachel were fourteen. 27. And the sons of Bilhah, the handmaid of Rachel, the wife of Jacob, whom she bare to Jacob, were Dan "-•-- * Emended. ' ^ Y 2 Digitized by Google 820 The Jewinh Quarterly Review. and NaphtalL 28. And these are the names of their sons who went with them into Egypt. And the sons of Dan were Kttstm, and Sfimdn, and AsCldi, and Ij&ka, and Saldm6n, six. 29. And they died the year in which they entered into Egypt, and there was left to Dan Khstm alone. 30. And these are the names of the sons of Naphtali : Ij^st^l, and G&hAni, and Esaar, and Salltlm, and It. 31. And Iv, who waa born after the years of famine, died in Egjrpt. 32. And all the souls of Rachel were twenty- six. 33. And all the souls of Jacob which went into Egypt were seventy souls. These at e his children and his children's children, in all seventy ; bnt five died in Egypt before Joseph, and had no children. 34. And in the land of Canaan two sons of Judah died, Er and Onan, and they had no children, and the cbildren of Israel buried those who perished, and they were reckoned among the seventy Gtjntile natiocs. XLY. — And Israel went ioto the country of Egypt, into the land of Goshen, on the new moon of the fourth month, in tbe second year of the third week of the forty-fifth jubilee. 2. And Joseph went to meet his father Jacob, to the land of Goshen, and he fell on his father's neck and wept. 3. And Israel said unto Joseph : ** Now let me die since I have seen thee, and now may the Lord God of I^rael be blessed, the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac who hath not withheld his mercy and his grace from his servant Jacob.** 4. It is a great thing for me that I have seen thy face whilst still living ; yea, true is the vision which I saw at Bethel, blessed be the Lord my God for ever and ever, and blessed be his name. 5. And Joseph and his brothers ate bread before their father and draok wine, and Jacob rejoiced with exceeding great joy because he saw Joseph eating with his brothers and drinking before him, and he blessed the Creator of all things who had preserved him, and had preserve i for him his twelve sons. 6. And Joseph had given to his father and to his brothera as a gift the right of dwelling in the land of Goshen and in H4m^sSn& and all the region round about, which he ruled over before Pharaoh. And Israel and his sons dwelt in the land of Goshen, the best part of the land of Egypt ; and Israel was one hundred and thirty years old when he came into Egypt. 7. And Joseph nourished his father aud his brethren and their possessions with bread as much as sufficed them * for the seven years of the famine. 8. And the land of Egypt suffered by reason of the famine, and Joseph acquired all the laud of Egypt for Pharaoh in return for food, and he got I " As much as vufliced them,** seems cormpt for " according to their persons," of. Gen. xlvii (LXX.). Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees. 321 possession of the people and their cattle and every thing for Pharaoh.* 9. And the years of the famine were accomplished, and Joseph gave to the people in the land seed and food that they might sow (the land) ' in the eighth year, for the river had overflowed all the land of Egypt. 10. For in the seven years of the famine it had not over- flowed > and had irrigated only a few places on the hanks of the river, but now it overflowed and the Egyptians sowed the land, and they gathered^ much corn that year. 11. And this was the first year of the fourth week of the forty-fifth jubilee. 12. And Joseph took of all that which was produced ^ the fifth part for the king and left four parts for them for food and for seed, and Joseph made it an ordinance for the land of Egypt until this day. 13. And Israel lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years, and all the days which he lived were three jubilees, one hundred and forty-seven years, and he died in the fourth year of the fifth week of the forty-fifth jubilee. 14. And Israel blessed his sons before he died and told them everything that would befall them in the land of Egypt ; and he made known to them what would come upon them in the last days, and blessed them and gave to Joseph two portions in the land. 16. And he slept with his fathers, and be was buried in the double cave in the land of Canaan, near Abraham his father in the grave which he dug for himself in the double cave in the land of Hebron. 17. And he gave all his books and the books of his fathers to Levi his son that he might preserve them and renew them for his children until this day. XLYL — And it came to pass that after Jacob died the children of Israel multiplied in the land of Egypt, and they became a great nation, and they were of one accord in heart, so that brother loved brother and every man helped his brother, and they increased abundantly and multiplied exceedingly, ten ^ weeks of years, all the (remaining) days of the life of Joseph. 2. And there was no enemy (lit. Satan) nor any evil all the days of the life of Joseph which he lived after his father Jacob, for all the Egyptians honoured the children of Israel all the days of the life of Joseph. 3. And Joseph died being a hundred and ten years old ; seventeen years he lived in the land of Canaan, and ten years he was a servant, and three in prison, and eighty years he was under the king, ruling aU the land of Egypt. 4. So he died and all his brethren and all that generation. 5. And he commanded the children of Israel before he died that they should carry his bones with them when they went forth from the land of Egypt. ' Emended with Lat. from B. ' Added with Lat. and Gen. xlvii. 23. ' Emended with Lat. from D. * Emended with Lat. ^ Emended with Lat. * Slightly emended. Digitized by Google 322 The Jewish Quarterly Review. 6. And he made them swear regarding his booes, for he knew that the Egyptians wonld not again bring forch and bury bim in the land of Canaan, for Mfikam&r6n, king of Canaan, while dwelling in the land of Assyria, fought in the valley with the king of Egypt and slew him there, and pursued after the Egyptians to the gates of Erm6n. 7. But he was not able to enter, for another, a new king, was ruling over Egypt, and he was stronger than he, and he returned to the land of Canaan, and the gates of Egypt were closed, and none went out and none came into Egypt. 8. And Joseph died in this forty-sixth jubilee, in the sixth week, in the second year, and they buried him in the land of Egypt, and all his brethren died after him. 9. And the king of Egypt went forth to war with the king of Canaan in the forty -eeYenth jubilee, in the second week in the second year, and the children of Israel brought forth all the bones of the children of Jacob save the bones of Joseph, and they buried them in the field in the double cave in the mountain. 10. And the most of them returned to Egypt, but a few of them remained in the mountains of H6brdn, and AbrUm thy father remained with them. 11. And the king of Canaan was victorious over the king of Egypt, and he closed the gates of Egypt. 12. And he devised an evil device against the children of Israel of afflicting them, and he said unto the people of Egypt : 13. " Behold the people of the children of Israel have increased and mul- tiplied more than we. Come and let us deal wisely with them before they become too many, and let us afflict them with slavery before war come upon us and before they too fight against us ; and they join themselves unto our * enemies and get them up out of our land, for their hearts and faces are towards the land of Canaan.'* 14. And he set over them taskmasters to afflict them with slavery ; and they built strong cities for Pharaoh, Pithd, and B4ms6,* and they built all the walla and all the fortifications which had fallen in the cities of Egypt 15. And they made them serve with rigour, and the more they dealt evilly with them, the more they increased and multiplied. 16. And the people of Egypt abominated the children of IsraeL XLYIL — And in the seventh week, in the seventh year, in the forty-seventh jubilee, thy father went forth from the land of Canaan, and thon wast bom in the fourth week, in the sixth year thereof, in the forty-eighth jubilee ; this was the time of tribulation on the ehildren of Israel. 2. And Pharaoh, king of Egypt, issued a com- mand regarding them that they should cast all their male children which were bom into the river. 3. And they cast them in for seven months until the day that thon wast born. And thy mother hid thee I Restored from Lat. > Lat. adds "• and On.*' Digitized by Google The Book of Jubike^. 323 for three month>i, and tbey told regarding her. 4. And she made an ark for thee, and covered it with pitch and asphalt, and placed it in the flags on the bank of the river, and she placed thee in it seven days, and thy mother came by nijrht and suckled thee, and by day Miriam, thy sister, gnarded thee from the birds. 5. And in those days Tbarmnth, the daughter of Pharaoh, came to bathe in the river, and she heard thy voice crying, and she told her maidens » to briug thee forth, and they brought thee unto her. 6. And she took thee out of the ark, and she had compassion on thee. 7. And thy sister said unto her : " Shall I go and call unto thee one of the Hebrew women to nurse and suckle this babe for thee ? " And she said unto her < : ** Go." 8. And she went and called thy mother Jockabed, and she gave her wages, and she nursed thee. 9. And afterwards, when thou wast grown up, they brought thee unto the daughter ' of Pharaoh,, and thou didst become her son, and Ebrftn thy father taught thee writing, and after thou hadst completed three weeks they brought thee into the royal court 10. And thou wast three weeks of years in the court until the time when thou didst go forih from the royal court and didst see an Egyptian smiting thy friend who was of the children of Israel, and thou didst slay him and hide him in the sand. 11. And on the second day thou didst find two of the children of Israel striving together, and thou didst say to him who did the wrong : "Why dost thou smite thy brother?" 12. And he was angry and indignant, and said : ** Who made thee a prince and a judge over us ? Thinkest thou to kill me as thou killedst the Egyptian yesterday ?" And thou didst fear and flee on account of these words. XLYin.— And in the sixth year of the third week of the forty- ninth jubilee thou didst depart and dwell in the land of Midian ^ five weeks and one year. And thou didst return into Eg3rpt in the second week in the second year of the fiftieth jubilee. 2. And thou thyself knowest what he spake unto thee on Mount Sinai, and what Prince Mastema desired to do with thee when thou wast returning into Egypt on the way when thou didet meet him at the lodging- place.' 3. Did he not with all his power seek to slay thee and de- liver the Egyptians out of thy hand when he saw that thou wast sent to execute judgment and vengeance on the Egyptians ? '' 4. And I delivered thee out of his hand, and thou didst perform the signs and wonders which thou wast sent to perform in Egypt against Pharaoh, > Emended by Dillmann. * Bestored from Lat. > Emended from Exod. ii. 13. * Restored from Lat. and Exod. ii. 16. * Emended by comparison of Lat. and Exod, iv. 24. Digitized by Google 324 The Jewish Quarterly Review, and against all his house, and against his servants and his people. 5. And the Lord executed a great vengeance on thorn for Israel's pake, and snaote them * through (the plagues of) blood and frogs, lice and dogflies, and malignant boih breaking forth in blains ; and their cattle by death ; and by hail-stone», thereby he destroyed every- thing that grew for them ; and by locusts which devoured everything which had been left by the hail, and by darkness ; and by the death of ' the firAt-born of men and animals, and on all their idols the Lord took vengeance and burned them with fire. 6. And everything was sent through thy hand, that thou shouldest do (these things) before they were done, and thou didst tell ic to the king of Egypt before all his servants and before his people. 7. And everything took place according to thy word:* ; ten great and terrible judgments came on the land of Egypt that thou mightest execute vengeance on it for Israel. 8. And the Lord did everything for Isi^ael's sake, and according to his covenant, which he had ordained with Abraham that he would take vengeance on them as they bad brought them by force into bond- age. 9. And Prince Mbstema set himself against thee, and sought to cast thee into the hands of Pharaoh, and he helped the Egyptian sorcerers, and they set themselves against (thee), and they wronght before thee. 10. The evils in ieei we permitted them to work, but the remedies we did not allow to be wrought by their hands. 1 1. And the Lord smote them with malignant ulcers, and they were not able to stand, for we destroyed them so that they could not perform a single sign. 12. And by all (these) signs and wonders Prince M<istema was put to shame' until he became powerful,^ and cried to the Egyptians to pursue after thee with all the powers of the Egyptians, with their chariots, and with their horses, and with all multitudes of the peoples of Egypt 13. And I stood between the Egyptians and Israel, and we delivered Israel out of his hand, and out of the hand of his people, and the Lord bronght them through the midst of the sea as if it were dry land. 14. And all the peoples whom he brought to pursue after Israel, the Lord our God cast them into the midst of the sea, into the depths of the abyss beneath them, for the sake of the children of Israel ; even as the people of Egypt had oast their chil- dren into the river, he took vengeance on 1,000,000 of them, and one thousand strong and energetic men were destroyed on account of one suckling of the children of thy people which they had cast into the river. 15. And on the fourteenth day and on the fifteenth and on the sixteenth and on the seventeenth and on the eighteenth Prince * MSS. add ''and slew them" against Lat » Text restored. • MSS. insert a negative. * Or " devised a plan," A. Digitized by Google Tfie Book of Jubilees, 325 Mastema was bound and imprisoned behind the children of Israel that he might not accuse them. 16. And on the nineteenth we let them loose that they might help the Egyptians and pursue the chil- dren of Israel. 17. And he hardened their hearts and made them stifihieckedy and the device was devised by the Lord our God that he might smite the Egyptians and cast them into the sea. 18. And on the seventeenth we bound him that he might not accuse the ohil'Jren of Israel on that day when they asked the Egyptians for vessels and garments, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and vessels of bronze, in order to despoil the Egyptians in return for the bondage in which they had forced them to serve. 19. And we did not cause the chil- dren of Israel to go forth from Egypt empty handed* XLIX. — Remember the commandment which the Lord commanded thee concerning the passover, that thou shouldst celebrate it in its season on the fourteenth of the first month, that thou shouldst kill it before evening, and that they should eat it by night on the evening of the fifteenth from the time of the setting of the sun. 2. For on that night it was the beginning of the festival and the beginning of the joy — ye were eating the passover in ^S7P^} when all the powers of Mastema had been let loose to slay all the first-born in the land of Egypt, from the first-born of Pharaoh to the first- bom of the captive maid-servant in the mill, and to the cattle. 3. And this is the sign which the Lord gave them : Into every house on the lintels of which they saw the blood of a lamb of the first year, into that house they should not enter to slay, but should pass (by it), that all those should be saved that were in the house because the sign of the blood was on its lintels. 4. And the powers of the Lord did everything according as the Lord com- manded them, and they passed by all the children of Israel, and no plague came upon them to destroy from amongst them the soul of either cattle, or man, or dog. 5. And the plague was very grievous in Egypt, and there was no house in Egypt where there was not one dead, and weeping and lamentation. 6. And all Israel was eating the flesh of the paschal lamb, and drinking the wine, and they lauded and blessed, and gave thanks to the Lord God of their fathers, and were ready to go forth from under the yoke of Egypt, and from the evil bondage. 7. And remember thou this day all the days of thy life, and observe it from year to year all the days of thy life, once a year, on its day, according to all the law thereof, and do not change the day from (its) day, or from month to month. 8. For it is an eternal ordinance, and engraven on the heavenly tables regarding the children of Israel that they should observe it every year on its day onoe a year, throughout all their generations ; and there is no limit of days, for Digitized by Google 326 The Jewish Quarterly Review, this is ordained for ever. 9. And the man who is free from nnclean- ness, and does not come to observe it on occasion of its day, so as to bring an acceptable offering before the Lord, and to eat and to drink before the Lord on the day of that festival, that man who is clean and close at hand shall be out off, becanse he offered not the oblation of the Lord in its appointed season, he shall bear his own sin. 10. Let the children of Israel come and observe the passover on the day of its fixed time, on the fourteenth day of the first month, be- tween the evenings from the third part of the day to the third part of the night, for two portions of the day are given to the light, and a third part to the evening. 11. This is that which the Lord com- manded thee that thou shonldst observe it between the evenings. 12. And it is not permissible to slay it at any hour of the light, but on the hour bordering on the evening, and let them eat it at the time of the evening until the third part of the night, and whatever is left over of all its flesh on the third part of the night and onwards, let them burn it with fire. 13. And they shall not cook it with water, nor shall they eat it raw, but roast on the fire : They shall eat it ■ with haste,' its head with the inwards thereof and its legs * they shall roast with fire, and not break any bone thereof ; for there will be no tribulation among the children of Israel on that day.* 14. For this reason the Lord commanded the children of Israel to observe the passover on the day of its fixed time, and they shall not break a bone thereof ; for it is a festival day, and a day commanded, and there may be no change from it day to day, and month to month, but on the day of its festival lot it be observed. 15. And do thou command the children of Israel to observe the passover throughout their days, every year, once a year on the day of its fixed time, and it will come for a memorial well pleasing before the Lord, and no plague will come upon them to slay or to smite in that year in which they celebrate the passover in its season in every respect according to his command. 16. And they shall not eat it outside the sanctuary of the Lord, but be- fore the sanctuary of the Lord, and all the people of the congregation of Israel shall celebrate it in its appointed season. 17. Every man who has come upon its day shall eat it in the sanctuary of your Gk)d before the Lord from twenty years old and upward ; for thus is ^ Emended with Lat > Eth. renders '* with care,'* and Lat., " diligenter " ; but as they are both renderings of pt^H^, Exod. xii. II, I have transUted accordingly. * Eth. Lat. LXX., Exod. xii. 9, and Vnlg., render "feet," but I have rendered " legfs," as more truly representing V^?. * Corrected from Lat. Eth. MSS. give, for " no bone of the children of Israel shall be broken." Digitized by Google The Book of Jubilees. 327 it written and ordained that tbey shonld eat it in the Banctnary of the Lord. 18. And when the children of Israel come into the land which they are to possess, into the land of Canaan, and have set up the tabernacle of the Lord in the midst of the land in one of their tribes until the sanctuary of the Lord has been built in the land, let them come and celebrate the passover in the midst of the tabernacle of the Lord, and let them slay it before the Lord from year to year. 19. And in the da3rs when the house has been built in the name of the Lord in the land of their inheritance, they shall go there and slay the passover lamb in the evening, at bunset, at the third part of the day. 20. And they shall offer its blood on the threshold of the altar, and place its fat on the fire which is upon the altar, and they shall eat its flesh roasted with fire in the court of the house which has been sanctified in the name of the Lord. 21. And they will not be able to celebrate the passover in their cities, or in any place save before the tabernacle of the Lord, or before his house where his name dwells ; they will not go astray from the Lord. 22. And do thou, Moses, command the children of Israel to observe the ordi- nances of the passover, as it was commanded unto thee ; declare thou unto them every year, and the day of its da3rs, and the festival of un- leavened bread, that they should eat unleavened bread seven days, (and) that they should observe its festival, and that they bring an oblation every day during those seven days of joy before the Lord on the altar of your G-od. 23. For ye celebrated this festival with haste when ye went forth from Egypt till ye entered into the wilderness of S^; for on the shore of the sea ye completed it. L. — And after this law I made known to thee the days of the Sabbaths in the desert of Sinai, which is between Elam and Sinai. 2. And I told thee of the Sabbaths of the earth on Mount Sinai, and I told thee of the years of Jubilee in the Sabbaths of years : but the year thereof I did not tell thee till ye entered the land which ye were to possess. 3. And the land also shall keep its Sabbaths while they dwell upon it, and these shall know the year of Jubilee. 4. Wherefore I have ordained for thee the year- weeks and the years and the jubilees : there are forty-nine jubilees from the days of Adam until this day, and one week and two years : and there are yet forty years to come (lit. *^ distant ") for learning the commandments of the Lord, until they pass over into the land of Canaan, crossing the Jordan to the west. 5. And the jubilees will pass by, until Israel is cleansed from all guilt of fornication, and uncleanness, and pollution, and sin, and error, and dwells safely in all the land, and there will be no more an adversary (lit. a Satan) or any evil one, and the land will be dean from Digitized by Google 328 The Jewish Quarterly Herietc. that time for evermore. 6. And behold the commandment regarding^ the Sabbaths I have written down for thee, aad all the judgments of its laws. 7. Six dajs shalt thon labour, but on the seventh day is the Sab* bath of the Lord your God. In it ye shall do no manner of work, ye and your sods, and your men-servants and your maid-Bervaots, and all your cattle, and the sojourner also who is with you. 8. And the man that does any work on it shall die : whoever desecrates that day, whoever lies with a wife, or whoever says he will do something on it, so as to set out on s journey thereon * regarding ' any buying or selling: and whoever draws water which he had not prepared on the sixth day, and whoever takes a burden to carry it out of his tent or out of hia house shall die. 9. Ye shall do no work whatever on the Sabbath day save what ye have prepared for yourselves on the sixth day, so as to eat, and drink, and rest, and keep Sabbath from all work on that day, and to bless the Lord your God, who has given you a day of festival, and a holy day, and a day of the holy kingdom for all Israel : such is that day among their days for all days. 10. For great is the honour which the Lord has given to Israel that they should eat and drink and be satisfied on that festival day, and rest thereon from all labour which belongs to the labour of the children of men, save burniog frankincense and bringing oblations and sacrifices before the Lord for' dB,y% and for* Sabbaths. 11. This work alone shall be done on the Sabbath-days in the sanctuary of the Lord your God ; that they may atone for Israel with sacrifice contiaually from day to day for a memorial well-pleasing before the Lord, and that he may receive them always from day to day according as thou hast been com- manded. 12. And every man who does any work thereon or goes a journey or tills (his) land, whether in his house or any other place, and whoever lights a fire, or rides on any beast, or travels by ship on the sea, and whoever strikes or kills anything, or slaughters a beast or a bird, or whoever catches an animal or a bird or a fish, or whoever fasts or makes war on the Sabbaths : 13. The man who does any of these things on the Sabbath shall die, so that the children of Israel shall observe the Sabbaths according to the commandments regarding the Sabbaths of the land, as it is written in the tables, which he gave into my hands that I should write out for thee the laws of the seasons, and the seasons according to the division of their days. Herewith is completed the account of the division of the days. R. H. Charles. ' Or "say thereon regarding to some work that he will do it early thereon." (B.) « MSB. "and regarding." « Or "of." Digitized by Google Cntical Notices. 329 CRITICAL NOTICES. Eduard Konig's '^ Introduction to the Old Testament." {Collection of Theological Manuals, Part II., Ist Section. Bonn, 1893.) The above-named work has been added to the various nianaals containing introductions to the Old Testament. The reasons which induced the author to work up afresh the materials contained in the many excellent treatises which have appeared until now are briefly stated in the Preface. The author's intention is to give the ^* casting vote" to the evidence afforded by the History of Language "in deter- mining the problems connected with the History of Literature in the Old Testament.'' The author says further that " be had to offer the results of recent investigations with regard to many points in con- nection with the History of the Text, the Canon, and the Rules for the Exegesb of the Old Testament." As a matter of fact, the chief stress has been placed upon thene latter points, which have been treated in much more detail than in those works which have hitherto appeared upon the subject. It can only be determined after mature investigation, a task which would require much time, how far our author has succeeded in finding a solution for the problems coiiuected with the History of Biblical Literature by bringing to bear upon these problems new ob>«ervations with regard to the historical development of the Hebrew language within the range of the Old Testament. We shall, therefore, pass over this portion of the book. We shall also omit to notice those parts in which the author does not promise anything new upon the question, and simply confine ourselves to those divisions which treat of the *• Sources and Adventures of the Text," " the History of the Collection and the Canon of the Od Testament, and the History of the rules and methods of Exegesis.'* We are pleased to be able to state that the author has treated the History of the Text as well as that of the Exegesis of the Old Testa- ment upon a much broader basis than has been the case in former Introductions. He has, in a comprehensive and scholarly manner, laid under contribution the literature of the 17th and 18th centuries devoted to the subject, and with exemplary industry made himself. Digitized by Google 330 The Jewish Quarterly Eevieto. acquainted with the later Jewish literature. We can easily conyinoe ourselves of the results of such labours, on comparing the striking^ portions of the Introd action under review with the corresponding portions of preceding works. But, as it generally happens with attempts in a new field, misconceptions and errors are not wanting, even in this instance. A mistake may be easily made when travelling along untrodden paths, and it is no reproach to an author to say that he has not always hit on the right thing. In order, therefore, to antici- pate the danger which might threaten such as are little acquainted with this branch, and likely to be misled by relying on the reputa- tion of the author, I herewith submit the following corrections : — On p. 18 the author quotes from the Mischna Shabbath, IX. 6, yy\i?. This form, which is apparently a noun, does not occur at alL There occurs in the Editio princeps of Surrenhusius' edition of the Misbna and in all the editions of which I have availed myself , \]^}t? V^'^^ rrJVDB'. The Waw is mater leetiofUs for a short kametz. Id the same part we find DSH I^D^n, translated '*a wise Talmndist," instead of ^^ a scholar." On p. 20 there is the question concerning 3nD Dn and SHD K'^yil. The first expression is correctly brought by Havernick in connection with Pion ni^HD {Shabbath^ 103* ; of. Sifre, II. 36). Eonig rejects this explanation and says, " As regards determining the age of scrolls written in Tam-character, the character would simply offer a terminus a quo, if we say that this style of writing received its form from a grandson of Rashi, named Tam, viz., in the 12th century, which would seem more natural in the caj^e of Tam-Tephillin and Rashe-K^af (Tychsen, Tent., 267), than, €.g„ to assume, with Havernick, § 50, that Tam-Ksaf is derived from non nn^na (Shabbath, lOSb) i.«., faultless style of writing." Such a statement dare Lot be repeated. Tam Tephillin (correctly Tephillin of Rabbi Jacob = Tam, according to Gen. xxv. 27) has no reference to the art of writing, but to the conteats of the capsules (phylacteries), in which point R. Jacob differed from his grandfather; but here is not the place to c^iscuns the point. Rashi-kethab is the name, at the present day, of the character in which the commentaries are printed in the Bible editions. I am unable to assert how old this expression may be. On p. 29 we read, in inverted commas, thus: — " A book which is not corrected (nJID), R. Ame adds, withm thirty days, may be pn^^) destroyed *' {Kethuboth, 19&). In the passage referred to we read : — ininK^ iniD dv d^it^ ly ^d« ^an ■^o^i r\y\'o ij^k*^ "jdd itDriK rhw 1^^n«3 pc^n ^K -JDXJB' imne^ IIDK H^^KI JKDD, which means that one may keep a book uncorrected for thirty days (according to Job xi. 14), after which time it has to be corrected. Konig read instead Digitized by Google Critical Notices, 331 of ininKv, ininB9, which conld not have happened had he read the oontinaation of the verse quoted. Ib.^ line 2 : — " The Scroll of the Law ' dare not be placed on its face, i.e., so that the beginning lies underneath, * *' etc. The reference is to Sapherim, HI. 14 (no source is given), and should be translated : "The Scroll of the Law dare not be placed upon the written side'' (cf. Erubin, 98a). Page 30 deals with the various versions of the account concerning the three Scrolls of the Law found in the Temple court. In treating (p. 35, n. 2) of the oldest source, our author should not have omitted Srfre IL 3, 5, 6. Furthermore, we must bear in mind that the account in Sopherim 6, 4, cannot possibly be the most ancient, for the simple reason that it is adduced in the name of Simon ben Lakish, an Amora living in the third century, and is consequently later than the account given in Siifre and the Jerusalem Talmud (Taanithy 68a), in which it is given anonymously as a Baraitha. From internal evidence also the text in Sopherim appears a derivative one, for a copy can surely not be called ^' Book with KM," if the KM does not once appear in the Kethib of the same. This would certainly be, according to Prof. Eonig's conception, a Itums a non lucendo. The miosiog eleventh KM in Aboth de B. Nathan^ c. 34, which is left out by Mi^Uer, Schechter (in his edition, 1887) and Eonig, might be contained in the verse quoted from G-enesis xz. 5, if we presuppose that not alone KM1 but also the expression immediately preceding. Kin ^niriK, has, contrary to the Massora, to be written with Yod. On p. 31 we find ^K|ap instead of ^wa?. The word is derived from the Aramaic, and there is no reason for punctuating it otherwise than as Aramaic, which, by the way, corresponds to the traditional pronun- oiation. On pp. 32, 33, the author tacitly assumes my explanation of the dot over the Yod in yyy) (Gen. xvi. 5) [Masoretische Untersuehun^en, pp. 17, etc.]. I cannot understand why in place of the classical passage in Sifre (on Numbers ix. 10) the derivative later source, Numeri Rdbba (on EEL 39) is quoted. Regarding the controversy (i6. Note), I will only state that I did say in my work, p. 7, that the dots called for a settlement, but not that the reading proposed through them was the ** only correct one.*' It follows beyond doubt from the explanation concerning these dots in Sifre and other passages, that (as I have proved) in place of the elements of the text which were dotted, others had to be put. Why, Eonig himself assumes this. But this does not imply that the text proposed, which perchance rested upon some MS. as a basis, was the better one, or had more evidence in its favour. Were this the case, it would undoubtedly have been admitted into Digitized by Google 332 The Jetcish Quarterly Review, tbe text, and tbe reading which we have now in the text would haye been marked by dots. The objection that no other reading is expresslj proposed has no force, if we consider that the dots point back to tbe time in which no marginal notes were thought of. In support of this assertion, we may instance what has already been said concerning \\yD (Deut. xxxiii. 27), where the better reading was simply admitted into the text without attention being called, by means of a marginal note, to the other reading. Konig might jast as well have offered tbe ob- jection against his own view, inasmuch as he assumes that, by means of the dots, another reading is suggested. Why is the other reading not noted in the margin ? Page 35 (§11) deals with *Hhe old Jewish practical labours with regard to the text of tbe Old Testament which are not mentioned in the Talmad." The author's intention is to bring forward such data bearing upon the history of the text as were not yet known in Talmudic times ; and yet he adduces in the first instance the '^ Emen* dations of the Sopherim," of which eleven already appear in the Mechilta, This is the more surprising as our author himself mentions the Mechilta, One error occasions another, for, from the circumstance that the TiqqUn Sopherim are not mentioned in the Talmud, he draws a chronological deduction. He remarks, namely, on p. 41: — *^It is unsafe to refer the Tiqqitn Sopherim back to Ezra (§ 11, etc.), if only on account of the consideration that this questionable correction was not mentioned in tbe Talmud." Page 36. ]n^3D does not mean *^ to propose a marginal reading/* ai least it is not the sense in which those instances have to be taken which occur in large number in our present Massora. Tbe said expres- sion denotes, **one might think," "one might wrongly opine.'' Origi- nally I^~)^3D migbt perhaps have had something of a polemical character, designed against the current reading (Geiger), but the greater part of tho^e instances occurring in tbe present Massora are simply intended to prevent a possible error. Our author's statement is pecu- liar, when he says : — '^The view of Oapellus (3, 15, 19), that Qarjan and Sebirin simply imply the difference between older and later pro- posals, does not receive strong confirmation, but he might have brought forward in their favour that the name of the first generation of the post-Talmudic doctors was Baboreans, i.e.^ authors of a mere ni3D * opinion.'" What is meant to be proved by this reference? That 13D^to opine? Or is Konig of opinion that the Siboreans were already styled thus by their contemporaries V Or are the Saboreaus the authors of the pT3D ? (Of. also pp. 48 and 131.) Page 40. *' Jerome has, it is true, de>cribed the dotting in Gen. xix. 33 as one clearly shown in the text Q Adpungunt de super, etc.'), while, in reality, he adopts some of the Qeres by preference." Digitized by Google Critical Notice9. 333 The dots are perhaps 500 years earlier than Jerome, as is proved by the sonrces themselves It will, therefore, not do to mislead the reader by means of such qaotations as to the age of these dots. On p. 47, line 16, read (instead of ^DH) ^on = Rome. Of p. 84, n. 1, it should be observed that I have not contested the hanging Nun in n^3D (Judges xviiL 30), since I stated clearly (Masso- retisehe Untersuchungm^ 49), that it probably arose abont 300. I only made the remark, which is of secondary importance, that *' that no mention is made,'' in Baba Bathra, ^Hhat the Nnn is a hanging one." It is to be regretted that oar author, who admits the results of my investigations, in spite of his objections against subordinate points, which, however, need scarcely be taken into account, yet again elects to throw a dangerous obscurity about the proper underMtanding of the Talmndic-Ma«»oretic quotations by means of such expressions as the following (p. 84):—" The declaration of the Talmud on Judges xviii. 30 is a support of the opinion that also other peculiarities in the tralitional Hebrew Old Testament were introduced, in order that meaning!^ might be attached to them, e.ff,,, in the case of the broken Waw in D1?^, which might hint at the idea that the peace of God made with Pbiuean, the son of Eliezer, has suffered a break, etc.'' Ko, this was not the case. The Doctors of the Talmud neither added to nor alttrred the sacred text by one iota for the sake of making it a peg on which to hang some lesion ; they might as well have altered every letter, for some meaning attaches itself to every tittle. All that can be estiiblished is this: that, whenever anything abnormal existed in the text, some meaning was given to it, or that through an explanation based upon a misconception, an alteration of the text crept in ; but never did it occur in the historical period of the his- tory of the Text that an opportunity was taken to alter the text with the object of making it serve mnemonic purposes. It is time that such an antiquated view be dismissed once and for all. According to this explanation we shall also have to reject the statement made on page 87, to the effect that " there is some ba^is for the opinion that the abnormal appearances in the M. T. were, at least partially, brought out for the express purpose of hinting at theories." Not a single passage can be adduced from Jewish Tradi* tional Literature in support of such an opinion. On p. 90 there is an endeavour to prove "that even in the editing of the Talmud there was not the most scrupulous care exer- cised as regards quotations .... For, as* an inntanoe, corresponding to aiBTI vh (Deu . xxiv. 19), we have ilKTI ^3, Misehna Pea^ 6, 4. There can be no doubt that the K/ was changed into the ^1 which in VOL. VII. Z Digitized by Google 384 The Jewish Quarterly Review. the Old Testament has the character rather of the dialectic and later Hebrew." There can be no donbt that the vh and ^3 did not interchange, for both Mishna and Talmnd quote the prohibitions mostly with 7^ and not with vh. For this kind of interchange one conld instance hun- dreds of examples {e,g,, jnin ^3 ^I'Dn ^3, Dent. iy. 2, in Rosh Hashana, 28* ; NVD^ ^D31 HKI* ^D3, Exod. xii. 19 ; xiii. 7 in Mishna Pesachim^ iii. 3, and iz. 3, etc). In snch and similar examples, it is not a passage from the Text that is quoted, but the eommamd itself that is quoted, and this escaped the notice of Edoig. Notice to p. 98, n. 1, that the DB^H of the Samaritans is a peri- phrasis of the Tetragrammaton« On p. 106, n. 4, the foUqwing passage {MegUla, 9a}, ^3 ^VK D»^ iriKl inK=(King Ptolemy) went unto each individual (scholar), is translated thus : " And each one was collected apart/* How can an individual be collected ? The author confounded D333 with D33. On p. 108, iniK ID^^pl (J. Megilla, i. 11 [71c, 1. 12]), which means " they praised him" (the translator, Aquila), is translated, " And they considered him beautiful,*' Really one should not allow himself to be deceived by such questionable etymology (D7p and Kak»s). We shall refrain from further observations touching individual statements contained in this first sub-division, as these will be treated elsewhere ; and we pass over to the third and fourth sub-divisions which are devoted to the History of the Collection and Canon of the Old Testament and History of its Exegesis. Page 446. The Baraitha Baba Bathra, 14 b, concemiog the order and editing of the several books of the Old Testament is put three centuries too late. Some Baraithas only received their final form in the first half of the third -century, i.e., after that time no more of them were composed ; but it cannot on that account be said that every Baraitha originates from the same period. By far the greater portion of these traditions may be traced at least one century further back, and specially the one Baraitha referred to bears the impress of its age on the face of it, because, in the first place, no author is men- tioned therein ; and secondly there is no mention of any controversy, both of which circumstances point infallibly to an earlier period. On the same page we meet with the peculiar statement, that the first mention that is made of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah having belonged to the Great Synagogue is to be found in the passage of the Dikd. Hat., hi, referring to Moses ben Asher (c. 900). Why, the Talmud already presupposes the fact that they did belong to it. Compare the passages of the Talmud which Furst has collected in his Kanon des A,T,, p. 47, n. 8, Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 335 . Pi^e 447, n. 2. This is not clear to me. We need not criticise what our author on pp. 452-3 has to say with reference to the idea contained in TJ2, inasmuch as it would carry ds too far. We would but remark that nt HK HT DnniD mm VHK^ {ShahhatK 30^ ) cannot be rendered, *' because his words obscured one the other." It is correctly given in parenthesis as '* coutradict.*' The litem] meaning of "iriD here is " pulling down," and not '* obscuring." Page 457. *' Or when Solomon is called a prophet in the ^thiopic Church." Why does our author not mention tiie Talmud also, con^ sidering that he cites Sota, 48^, an^l translates this passage (447, n. 2) ? Pages 458 and 144. In the latter passage we read : " Perhaps we should not overlook this point, that Christ many a time omits all mention of the name of Moses in those cases in which he refers to the Laws of the Pentateuch. Cf . the passive ' It is said ' with the active, * But I say unto you' (Matt. v. 21, 27, 31, 33, 38, 43). It can consequently not be insisted upon that the sayings of Christ were bound to be reproductions with literary historical accuracy." How incorrect this whole method of proving things is may be realised when we call to mind that, in Jewish tradition, the passages of the text are usually quoted with the expression IDKJK'— " it is said.'' This minor point proves once again that, in questions of this sort, it is unsafe to take a single step without an exact knowledge of Jewish literature. Page 466. "Zunz, 7, cites Sabbath, 116ft. There it states, "In [Bab.] Nehardea they took aH the Perikope a section of the Kethubim at the meat-offering of the Sabbath." What offerings were brought in Bab. Nehardea in the third century ? The meat-offering has been derived from the stlavish rendering of the two words Kn^K^ KHH^DS =at the Afternoon Service of the Sabbath. Page 477, line 15 from below. It should have been stated that it ought to have read, \T\^^ Tm nOID JTK 1^3^. Page 514. To be brief, HS^n comes from the Aramaic; ODS^D (judgment), being translated by Knp^H {e.g,, Ex. xxi 7 ; xxvi. 3<)). Schurer, 2, 270, hits upon the right rendering when he says * was gang und gabe ist." Etymologically HD^n is identical with anJD. (Cf. J. Shebiith, iv. 1 ; 35 a, line 24), as an^p is also used for T(pnD (cf. Mech. xix. 4=62 ft, line 15, ed. Friedmann). n^in is originally, as Dr. Bacher has shown, nothing else than exegesis. Konig quotes Bacher's article, Jewish Quarterly Re- view, 1892, but, strange to say, does not refer to this conclusion, and keeps to the erroneous translation *^ Yerkundigen." The inexperienced reader might easily contract wrong ideas from the following remarks regarding the inference a majori ad minorem z 2 Digitized by Google 836 The Jemsh Quarterly Review. and a minori ad majorem : '* I myself have found examples in Jems. Sanhedrin, xii. 7, and in Bashi to Exod. xxii. 31 (p. 515)." The ques- tion turns upon an inference which occurs numberless times in the Talmuds and Midrashim ; how then can we refer to Bashi ? By the way, I cannot make out to what passage in Bashi reference is made, since Exod. xxii. has but 30 verses. Page 516. The example for IK ]01 is incorrect. The source is not added ; one is referred to Wahner (380, 402, 483), which, however, is inaccessible to me at present ; but Bechoroth 7a is meant. Upon closer investigation and comparison with Sifra to 11, 2 (ed. Weiss, 48a), we easily find tliat the passage of the Talmud under discussion has been misinterpreted, for ic is not right to say that n^ can only be one of the smaller cattle, the offspring of either two sheep or two goats. " These seven rules which the well-known Hillel the Elder investi- gated {Pirqi Aloth de R. Nathan 35 ajS), formed the foundation of the thirteen rules of Ihhmael. To these were added * the BuIch of the Sages of the Gemara,' and the *■ thirty-two BuKs of B. Jose, the Galilean,' according to which the Haggada is investigtited." What is meant by the " Bules of the S iges of the Gemara,** I really do not understand. We only know of the seven Bules of Hillel, the thirteen of Ishmael, and the thirty- two of Elieser ben Jose, the Galilean ; others are not known. Jb, and p. 102. Concerning the use of letters for numerals (sGematria) in Onkelos, the author cites (IO2) Numbers xii. 1, where n^KOn ncrxn is rendered by NriTDB^ KHnN. Now Prof. Kooig thinks that this rendering is only intelligible by reason of Bashi's remark HK-ID no^ Nnocin n^t^nD. This is undoubtedly incorrect, for the Targum, as far as I know, has not rendered one Hingle passage upou the strength of a Gematria. The rendering in question springs from the explanation given in the Sifre i. 6 (Fiiedmann, 27a) ; HDIK^ ^B'lD ilD D'K'jn ^DD inV nn33 HJIK^ HIIDV p niy3=Just as the Ethiopian differ^^ in (the colour of) bis skin, so was Zipporah different by virtue of her beauty from all other women. Of. also 525, n. 2. We should have liked more preci^eness in settling the time of the composition of the Mishna. Eonig states generally, ^^c, 180 a.d.'' {e.g,^ 614); while on p. 522, Mishna e. 200"; and 516, ^'Doctors of the Mishna^ 30 B.C. — 200 A.D.'' One and the same writer dare not admit now the date given by one scholar, now that given by another. I consider 220 to be the probable date of its redaction, but within the narrow limits of this notice it is impossible to enter into details. It is beyond doubt incorrect to place the date of the redaction of the Tosephta at *' e, 400 " (although this date has found its adherents), as it appears on p. 522 in the following statement which, in other Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 337 reBpects, is also erroDeons: "The Palestinian Gemara (Completion, c. 350), and the Babylonian Gemara (c. 450), as also the additional [additional to what ?] collected Tosephta (Addend am, e, 400)." We should no longer use the term ** Gemara,^* for the ancients knew only of the expression "Talmud"; besides, the translation (* Completion " is incorrect, for '1DJI (from which the word ^K^O^ is formed) also signifies in the Talmud "to learn," specially "to learn by heart," so that Gemara secondarily^Talmud. We have to observe further, that it would be much nearer the mark to giye e, 400 for the Jer. Talmud, and o, 500 — 550 for the Babylonian Talmud. This, too, is the place to remark upon the trantdation " investigations " for "Midrashim," which might lead to misconception, inasmuch as in the said works there are no " investiga- tions." It is best to render the expression by " Commentaries," just as on the same page the author renders Mechilta "Sifre" and "Sifra," or " Agadic Commentaries," if one wishes to be particularly precise. It is also incorrect to define the Pesikta as a Commentary, " giving reflections upon the Sabbath portions." In the first place it does not contain, as one would imagine from Ednig's words, reflections upon all the Sabbath portions ; and, secondly, it contains reflections also upon the Festival portions. (Cf. Zunz, Gottesdien. Vartrdge, p. 190, etc., and Buber's Ed., 1868, in.) The statement regarding the Midrash Babba (ib.) is also very strange : " Somewhat later are the Babboth, i,e,, the large Editions [with explanations] of the said Books, viz., the Pentateuch and the five Megilloth : Bereshith, Shemoth Babba," eta Such a description would be more appropriate for the large Babbinic editing of the Bible ni^n:i niKipD, but not for the Midrash Babba. The Babboth are not large editions, with explanations, of the said Books, but agadic remarks upon them, of various lengths, and dating from different times. The concluding words of the author of this work, which evidences so much scholarship and great industry, are devoted to the task of verifying passages from the Talmud. He says : " Many a time a ^sie' or *!' is added to passages cited from the Talmud, as a sign that the respective quotations have been verified in accord- ance with past and modern information." Prof. K5nig thus attaches, and rightly so, great importance to the correct interpre- tation and precise rendering of the texts quoted ; I, therefore, cherish the pleasant hope that my remarks, aiming as they do for the most part at the same object, will be welcome to the esteemed author. LUDWIG Blaiz« Budapest. Digitized by Google 388 The Jetrish Quarterly Remeto, Introduction to the Talmud^ by Dr. Hermann L. Strack. Second edition ; partly rewritten. Leipzig, 1894. viiL and 136 pp. It is moet gratifying to see a second edition of the Introduction to the Talmud; it shows the interest which the study of the Talmud excites. To maintain and satisfy this interest the present volume has doubtless contributed to no small degree, and the second edition will intensify it. The work contains everything which has reference to the study of the Talmud : — i. Prefatory Remarks (transcriptions, explanations of words, method of quotation) ; ii Introduction to the Mishna (the Talmuds) and its parts ; iii. Contents of the Sixty- three Treatises of the Mishna ; iv. Treatises not belonging to the Canon ; T. History of the Talmud ; vi. Chronological Table of the Doctors of the Law ; vii. Characteristics of the Talmud ; viii. Literature. We only miss an estimate of the Talmud in its relation to the general literature of the human race, specially to that of Judaism, and as to what place it has taken, and does take, among the Jewish people. We think, too, that it might have been advipable to have said something of the elements of the Methodology of the Talmud. As regards matters of detail, we would call the author's attention to the following : — In speaking, on p. 2, of nPHi n VJK'D, which occurs in J. Horajothy 48c., he translates the expression " large collections of Mishna.'* But the passage in question dots not at all refer to the Mishna in our sense of the word, but to Baraitha ; this is evident from a comparison of parallel passages in Cant, Rabba on viii. 2, in which is added :— np-JD n^^C^n DDIBDIS' llO^nn HT, and in Threni Rabba^ Introduction No. 23. It would have been better had the author adduced the more complete passage in Koheleth Rabba on xiii. 3, which is also supplemented by the words: |nn h'hl^ lID^nn PIT, "the Baraithas are scattered throughout the Talmud." On p. 3c. the expression "JDI^ IID^n HDl is wanting, meaning "What \9 the inference ? '' c.^., Aboth V. 1. On p. 4 the author defines Halacha ** A mode of life regulated by the Law.'* This is never the meaning of the word. According to its etymology it would mean "an ordinance universally current." In speaking of ^3^D0 X\wh i\2h%\ reference should have been made to Weiss' rcrni nn in, i. 7i. At thH top of p. 7 a few older names are given of several treatises of the Talmud ; the full names should have been given side by side with the shorter, c.^., p^n nD^HK' next to xh\n. Digitized by Google Critical NoUcet. 339 The aathor devotes, on p. 14, a somewhat lengthy note to the maoh-discussed word ^KDl., My opioion is that it is derived from the Aramaic ^tDl=conjectnre, e.g., the well-known Talmudic expres- sion n313, " to assert something npon the strength of conjecture," hence *KtDn=corn, which, npon the strength of a supposition, has to be tithed. P. 17. Note to Vl^"^ ; reference should be made to the Biblical yoi, Ezod. xxii. 28. P. 22 to 7 add :— In the Tosephta the treatise Beza is always called Jam Tub. The Toeephists do not supplement Bashi (p. 115), but the Talmnd ; vide Gtldemann, Oeschichte des Erziehunf/swesens in der Cultur der Juden w Frankreick und Veutschland (p. 42). The marginal notes occurring in the Talmud under the name of MB^ r^ refer not only to the corrections of the Halacha by Moses ben Maimon, Moses of Ooucy, and Jacob ben Asher (p. 116), but also to the latest Bitual Code, viz., that of Joseph Karo. The chapter on Literature requires a good deal of supplementing, although, considering the dimensions of modern Jewish literature, it would be difficult to attain completeness in this respect, nor would the attempt be of much avail. But under no circumstances should the following works be omitted :— Hirschfeld's Ealachische Exegese, Derenbourg's Histoire de la Palestine, and Butt's Mnemotechnik des Talmvd. We would also call attention to these minor points :— P. 9, note 2, for ^DTy read ^31?J; p. 6, etc., for rt^Hlp read rt"»nc?; the name of inaiC, one of the Amoraim, should be Abahu, not Abuha (p. 6, note) ; p. 18, DOnn nvsr\ and not niBH; p. 52, nb>f p^n and not P^^; p. 102, the Dagesh in t^f^nf is wrong, alter to B^Brj?^, etc.; p. 103, § 3 has no heading, it should be headed " Specimen of Translation." Printer^s errors:- P. 16. 'i^; p. 19, P?^^^?; P- ^5, on?; p. 66, mnp; p. 75, IDh instead of l^to; p. 77, pDTD instead of JIDTID ; p. ioi, ^?X, etc. These errors and differences which have here been pointed out can naturally not detract from the merit of the author's work ; they have only been referred to with one object, and that is, that they may be oorrected, should a third edition of this volume appear. Samuel Ebauss. Digitized by Google 340 Th6 Jetciah Quarterly Review. Oesammelte Abhnndlungen zur Btdlisehen Wissenschqft^ von Dr. Abraham Eubnen ; aus den Holldndischen ubersBtzt von K. BuDDB. Freiburg i, B, nnd Leipzig^ 1894, J. 0. B. Mohr. The treatises collected in this yolome have long since taken their place among standard authorities. Most Old Testament students are familiar with their titles, few probably with their contents. Buried in learned periodicals and written in Dutch, they have hitherto been inaccessible to the average reader. In the Theol. Literaturzeitung^ of July 22nd, 1893, Prof. Budde, after paying an eloquent tribute to the life and labours of Dr. Euenen, drew special atteoiion to his articles in the Theol, TijJschrift as the finest specimens of the critical method, and lamented the fact that no translation of them was to be had. A few days after the appearance of his article Prof. Budde received from the publishers a request to collect and translate this series of studies. The present volume is the result. It exhibits, we need hardly say, all the well-known characteristics of Euenen *s work, lucidity, directness, nncompromining honesty. The critical weapon is passionless cold steel of the finest temper, and it is wielded by the hands of a master. Prof. Budde, in his interesting introduction, written with the enthusiasm of a disciple and the warmth of a personal friend, dwells upon the moral qualities of Kuenen's work. Spiritual interests are kept under studious reserve ; they find expression in the manner, rather than in the matter of his treatment, the moral impression is conveyed in an intellectual form. There is something exhaustively satisfying in the whole process of the induction ; we gird ourselves to new efforts as we follow him ; his mastery takes hold of us ; we are invigorated through and through. Hence this volume will serve the student as a drill-book in critical method. Robertson Smith once said that these studies are, perhaps, the finest things which modem criticism has to show ; and Wellhausen has declared that the article on the Composition of the Sanhedrin would have been epoch-making if any one had read it.> Now, at last, it has been republished in a form which will enable it to produce on the many the effect which has, so far, been limited to the few. The contents of this volume cover a wide range of subjects. An article on *^ Critical Method,** which originally appeared in English in the Modem Review j 1880, comes first. It is important, as introducing > See Prof. Wioksteed^s appreciative article on Knenen in YoL lY., pp. 571-605 of this Ebvikw. Digitized by Google Cntkal Notices. 341 us to the principles and point of view of the author. Next we have studies in post-biblical history, which discuss the composition of the Sanhedrin, the genealogy of the Massoretio text, and the men of the Great Synagogae. Then we are carried down to the Protestant Reformation in a review of Hugo Grotius* position as an inter- preter of the Old Testament; then comes a discussion on the *' Melecheth of heaven " in Jeremiah, and then a long investiga- tion of the chronology of the Persian age. Thus far all these studies were first communicated in the form of academic lectures, and after- wards published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam. The articles which remain are collected, with one excep- tion, from the TheoL Tijdschrift between 1880 and 1890. Most of them deal with the criticism of the Hexateuoh and the history of Israel. They are, primarily, reviews of the works of Diilmann, Bandissin, Renan, Kittel, Biethgen, and others, as they appeared from time to time. New Testament criticism finds a place in a dis- cussion on an extravagant theory of the origin of the Greek text. It mast be confessed that these reviews are not se interesting, and do not possess the same quality of permanence, as the more directly con- structive studies. Incidentally, of coarse, Kaeaen takes occasion to state his own views while criticising those of others ; bat, as his own views are generally accompanied by a reference to the Onderzoek or the Godsdienstf they may be more conveniently consulted there. Bat it is highly instructive to observe the way in which Kaenen treats his authors, he is always so respectful and fair-minded, so ready with a word of approval whenever it can be given. Even the extravagancies of M. Yemes are dissected with the most patient care. There is not wanting, too, a certain amount of judicious banter ; but what strikes us most is the clear thinking and firm statement by which all these reviews are marked. The student will probably gain most from the studies which deal directly with obscure problems of criticism and history. Among these may be mentioned especially the article on Gen. xxxiv. (the avenging of Dinah)* ; and on Ex. xvi. (manna and quails), where it is * In G^n. xxxiv. 13 all the sons of Jacob form the treacherous plan to slay Shechem and his father ; why, then, was it carried out by Simeon and Levi aloT^ ? Kuenen, p. 275, replies that Simeon and Levi, according to the earliest tradition (Qen. xlix. 5-7) must remain the principal actors ; they were first in the field. But is this a sufiicient explanation 7 According to another early tradition they and Dinah alone were the children of the same mother, Leah ((^en. xxix. 83 f . J ; xxx. 21E). The two brothers woald naturally be foremost in avenging the outrage upon their own sister. Digitized by Google 342 The Jewish Quarterly Review, noticeable that Knenen parts company with Wellhansen and others, and refuses to assign any part of the chapter to J. It belongs, as a whole, he maintains, to the Priestly Document, the sections usoally assigned to earlier narratives being due to interpolation or redaction (verses 4, 5, 25-30) influenced by a desire to lay additional emphasis upon the law of the Sabbath. Thus Ex. xri. is to be regarded as the post-exilic counterpart to Num. xi. JE, which presents the andtnt form of the manna and quails tradition. It is beyond the scope of the present notice to give anything like an analysis of the different studies in this volume ; but it may not be out of place to introduce readers to what is, perhaps, the most generally interesting study of them all, and a characteristic specimen of Kuenen*s treatment, the article on the Composition of the 8anhedrin (pp. 49-81). Without going into the details of his thorough-going discussion, we may briefly sum up the main results. After noticing the great diversity of opinion among scholars on the subject of the Sanhedrin, some, as Zunz and Graetz, holding that it was a fundamental and regular part of the Jewish constitution from B.G. 142 to A.D. 70, with the '* deliverers of tradition *' as its presi- dents, others, as Jost, contending that it existed more in theory than in fact, ita powers being usurped by the High-priesthood, Kuenen proceeds to examine the three authorities of highest rank — the Talmud, the New Testament, and Josephns. a. The Sanhedrin of the Talmud is composed of seventy-one members,* under a Nasi, or president. The qualiflcations for member- ship are not clearly stated. " All have a voice in matters of taxation and finance (i.e., can become members of the lesser Sanhedrins), but in matters of life and limb only priests, Levites, and those related to priestly families, can deliver judgment " (i.e., are eligible for the Great Sanhedrin).' On the question of the appointment of members and of qualifications for the presidency no direct information is to be had. We infer that a reputation for wisdom, skill in the law, humility and obedience, would mark out a man as a suitable candidate for ad- mission ; and we are told that a vacancy might be filled from the ranks of the " disciples of the wise " (D^DDH n^D^H), the " disciple " being received into the Sanhedrin with a ''laying-on of hands" (ns^DD). This Supreme Council was the ultimate court of appeal in all legal matters ; to transgress its decision was a graver offence than to transgress the law itself. The relations between the High Priest and the Sanhedrin are not defined ; but it is implied that he is not exempt from its jurisdiction. " The High Priest delivers judgment, but may himself be judged.* There is no trace in the Misbna that he 1 See Num. xi. 4-84. ' Mishna, Sanh, cap. iv. § 3. * Sank, cap. ii § 1. Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 343 was the regular president in virtue of his office. The " saocessors of the men of the Great Synagogue/* Simon the Just, Antigonus of Socho, and the five ** Pairs" (nUIT) who followed, down to Gamaliel and Simon II., that is from about B.a 300 to a.d. 70, were regarded as the chief men in the Sanhedrin. These are described in the well-known passage in Abdth as the organs of tradition. In the case of the *' Pairs,'* tho first was the Nasi, the second the Ab-beth-dtn. There- fore we may conclude that the Sanhedrin, according to the Talmudic conception, was in the main an assembly of Soferim, of those whose chief interest and experience was in the law in all its bearings. And yet it could not have been altogether occupied with the techni- calities which chiefly concerned the Sofertm ; as the constitutional embodiment of the Jewish State it had political and social functions to perform. Hence, it is probable that the strictly " legal'' constituent was supplemented by another which was devoted to affairs. I, From the Talmud we turn to the New Testament. The whole complexion of the case changes. The Sanhedrin is composed of " chief priests, elders, and scribes,'* The ** chief priests" are those who belong to eminent priestly families, related to the High Priest ; the " elders " are probably laymen ; the ** scribes," of course, correspond to the Sofertm. It is further obvious that the High Priest {6 apxtepevy) is Nasi or President ; it does not, however, follow that the Nasi, whether he were High Priest or some one else, would be called 6 dpxi€p€vs, such an every-day word could not have been used in more than one sense. In the New Testament, then, the High Priest is President of the Sanhedrin. It fdlows that the statements of the Mishna with regard to the succession of Nasis are untrustworthy. A further proof of this is the account in Acts y. 34-40 of Gamaliel. He is none other than the grandson of Hillel, and according to the Talmud a Nasi of the Sanhedrin ; but in the narrative of S. Luke he is merely " a Pharisee, a doctor of the law, bad in honour of all the people." He stands up and speaks in the Council, and delivers his opinion ; but it is as an ordinary member, not as president. e. It is clear that the New Testament does not agree with the Talmud on this subject, nor does Josephus. In the account which he giyes^ of the summoning of Herod before the Sanhedrin in the reign of Hyrcanus II. (b.g. 47) we find that the High Priest, who is also the Prince, is the President of the Sanhedrin, and that Sameas,' who » Ant. xiv. 9, §§ 8-5. ' It is uncertain whether Zantac is Ht^^ p pyD(^ or H^yDC^. In either ease the argument above holds good ; for pVDS^ would be Ab-beth-din and n^yDt^ Nasi ; neither of them, therefore, ordinary members. See Strack, JHe Spriloke der Voter, p. 12, note h. Digitized by Google 344 The Jetrish Quarterly Review. according to the Talmud was a Nasi, is only an ordinary member. Again, in two later passages^ Josephas tells us that the High Priest Hanan II. summoned a avvibpiov Kptr&w on his own authority, and that Agrippa was petitioned by Le^ites to call a meeting of the Sanhedrin to obtain a change of law in their favour, and with the consent of the Council their appeal was allowed by the King. Ooce more Josephus, in the account of his dealings with the Sanhedrin, expressly distinguishes Simon, the son of Gamaliel, from Ananas (Hanan IL), the High Priest'; the former is "of the city 6t Jerusalem, and of a very noble family, o£ the sect of the Pharisees,*' certainly not the Nasi as repre^nted in the Talmud. Thus we see that Josephus agrees with the New Testament as against the Talmud, and the evidence of the two former is all the more impressive from the very fact that it is obtained only from incidental references. In fact, the name of the Supreme Council is almost the only point common to the three authorities. Having discussed the constitutional question, the historical naturally comes next. Does the history of the Jews in the centuries immediately before and after the Christian era admit of the existence of such a body as the Talmud describes? Passing over the details which Kuenen gives in support of his answer, we will notice only the lead- ing conclusions. They are these : — a. The form of government under which the Jews lived after the time of Alexander the Great was practically an aristocracy, or, as as Josephus puts it, a iroKirtia dptaroKpaTtKq firr dXtyapxiat. The High Prieot was the heal of the State ; he was associated in authority with the chief priests (oi dpxifpfU), i.e., members of the great priestly families who had a seat and voice in the council, supported the policy of their chief, and set the tone of the government. Class rule was the order of the day, and the class-rulers were the priests — 6 dpxifpfvs koI i ycpovaia. The Sanhedrin represented the aristocratic form of government This exactly tallies with the accounts in the New Testament and Josephus. b. The Sanhedrin must have existed from at least the third century b g. The first mention of it by name occura in Josephus' account of Hyrcanus IL (above), but a royal edict shows that a yepova-ia existed in the time of Antiochus the Great (203 B.C.), while the Books of Maccabees imply that the High Priest was at the head of it. This council was distinct from the d^/ior, and closely con- nected with *' elders ani priests." It is difficult to date the origin of the national senate earlier than the beginning of the Greek age (330 B.C.). It may have been suggested by the national refonns > Ant. XX. 9, § 1 and § 6. ' Life, § 38. Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 845 inaogarated by Ezra and Nehemiah, but as an institution it is unknown at that earlj period. The Talmud refers its foundation to Moses, but this, of course, cannot be supported any more than the view that it existed in the days of Ezra, which can only be true if we suppose, as some have done, that *' the Great Synagogue ^ was the older name of the Sanhedrin. Now in Ahdth^ " the Great Synagogue" precedes the *' Pairs,*' i.e.y the Presidents. But we ha^e seen that the latter are unhistorical, that, in fact, the Sanhedrin was not composed as the Talmud describes it. The entire conception of this piece of ancient history is therefore seriously discounted, in fact, it is impos- sible to accept it. *' The Great Synagogue " may correspond to the Sanhedrin of the Talmud, but it has little or nothing in common with the Sanhedrin of history. 0, We are now in a position to account for the development which the Sanhedrin underwent in the course of its existence. That changes, due partly to political necessity, partly to religious feeling, were gradually introduced into its constitution is only what we should expect. From Josephus, and from the New Testament, it is evident that at least as early as Hyrcanus II., and down to the destruction of Jerusalem, the Soferfm or law-men had a place in the assembly. Was this the case from the first ? If not, when did the change come about ? We have seen that the government of the State was in the hands of the priests and their families. Their first concern was religion, but they were bound also to pay attention to politics. Another party, however, was rising into power and influence, the party of men whose sole interest was the Law and the national traditions. They were "the men of the people," uncompromising champions of the national faith, exclusive in their view of what the relations should be between Israel and other peoples. By degrees they forced their way into promi- nence ; it became impossible to exclude them from the national senate, and in time the democracy of the Law became established in opposition to the aristocracy of the Priesthood. The rebellion against Antiochus Epiphanes was the turning-point in the accession of this democratic party to power ; they claimed to be the guardians of the inheritance of Israel ; they were ready to fight and to die for the faith of their fathers ; in the eye of the nation they were the true Israelites.^ As they gained predominance in the State the old aris- tocracy died out, although ^he traditions of the priestly party survived, and from time to time recovered their supremacy. But henceforth the party of the Law became a determining factor in the government. The Talmud itself preserves the tradition of the accession of this party to a share in the counsels of the nation. It says that John ' Dan. xi. 83, 35 ; xii. 3. Digitized by Google 846 The Jewish Quarterly Review. Hyroanos established the ''Pairs." However anhistorioal this maj be, it probably contains an element of fact, namely, that the Has- monean High Priests sanctioned the entry of the Sofertm into the Sanhedrin. The qaeetion remains, how did the Talmudio conception of the Sanhedrin arise ? It is hardly necessary to say that the Mishna and G^mara were committed to writing long after the aristocracy had lost their power by the break-up of the Jewish State. By that time the party of the Law was supreme ; and the doctors of the Talmud held that the constitution which they were familiar with was the constitu- tion which had existed from the first. At the sime time, their yiew contained some details of foot. It is an interesting point to work out the unmistakable connection between the Talmudio view and Num. xi. Either the Jews conceived their Sanhedrin on the model of Num. xi., or the latter must be a post-exilic interpolation. But this is impossible ; for Num. xi. is an early and independent document. Therefore, we conclude that the Talmadic doctors fashioned a more or less ideal constitution on the basis of the Mosaic ordinance, and at the same time connected it, according to their lights, with what they knew of the history of their national senate. It only remains to be said that the translation which Prof. Budde has given us reads extremely well, and bears clear traces of the scholar-like and vigorous hand from which it comes. It is a matter for congratulation that Prof. Budde has found time in the midst of his own multifarious labours to confer this boon upon all students of the Old Testament, who, as they use it, will realise afresh how much they owe to the master-mind of Kuenen. Magdalen College, G. A. Cooks. Oxford. Maimonidea* Arabic Commentary on the Mishnah. It was the merit of Pocock, the great collector of Hebrew and Arabic M8S. in the East — a collection which is the pride of the Bodleian Library — to have begun to edit parts of Maimonides* Arabic Com- mentary on the Mishnah in his Porta Mosis (Oxford, 1655, and re-edited in London^ 1740). It contains, not as Pocock wrongly says, the introduction to the tractate of Zeraim^ but the general introduction to the Mishnah, folio we i by the commentary on Helek — ^the tenth chapter of the tractate of Sanhedrin (re edited critically Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 347 by Dr. Wolff^ Rabbi at Gothenbarg, Sweden, under the title of ** The Eight Chapters/' Leipzig, 1863). There follows ^n the Porta MosiSy lastly, the introductions to the Sedarim of Qodashim, Tohorot, and, in an appendix, of Menahot. Since Pocock, the Arabic commentaries of Maimonides had been used only fragmentarily, by some scholars who had access to the libraries which contain such MSS., until Professsor Barth, of Berlin, continued Pocock's tradition by publishing the Arabic Commentary^ with an emended Hebrew translation of the tractate of Mdkkoth (Berlin, 1879 and 1880). The veteran Semitic scholar, M. J. Derenbourg, member of the French Institute, undertook a gigantic labour, viz., the Arabic Commentary, with a correct Hebrew translation, which was pub- lished by the society called D^DIIJ ^^^pO, 1886 to 1892. In- deed the Hebrew translation, as printed in some editions of the Mishnah, and in nearly all editions of the Babylonian Talmud, is scarcely intelligible, for the translator was in fact less than a mediocre Arabic scholar, and did not understand Maimonides. These editions are besides full of typographical mistakes. We should have expected that a literary society for the publication of Maimonides' Commentary on the Mishnah would have been formed under the direction of the Paris savant, as is the case for the pub- lication of Saadiah Gaoo's works, in print and in MSS. Alas ! such was not the case, for the rich Jews do not care for the glory of past Judaism, and no means were forthcoming for the honour of Maimonides. Maimonides now has to rely upon candidates for the doctor's degree in German universities, some of whom take up small parts of his Comtnentary as their thesis, and some fragments have been published in volumes of collected essays. We are afraid that their best efforts are not equal to the difficult task. The candidates are, in the first instance, too young for such a critical edition, and, on the other hand, they have no material means for bringing out the Commentary on whole tractates. Thus we get from them only fragments, for which they had no means for consulting the best MSS. Of these fragmentary editions we may mention up to date the following : — The commentaries on Aboth I. and on llosh Hashanah I. 3 and III. 1 (Berlin, 1890, in the Jiibelsschrifty dedicated to Dr. J. Hildesheimer on the occasion of his seventieth year). In dissertations were treated, from 1891 to 1894, the Arabic commenta- ries, with the corrected Hebrew translations, on the tractates Berdkhot^ Kilayim Demai^ and Sanhedrtn (I. to III.). We have now before us the edition of the Arabic Commentary of the tractate Peah, with the corrected Hebrew translation, edited by Dr. David Herzog, which is again the subject of a dissertation, with instructive notes, on the orthography of the MSS. he used, aa Digitized by Google 348 The Jewish Quarterly Review, well as on lexicographical points. We may expect soon the edition of the tractates Betsa and Hulin, as far as we know also in a disserta- tion. It will be seen that these authors do not try to complete one Seder of the Mishoah, neither agree abont the uniformity of the size. Thas we may say that of Maimonides* Arable Commentary on the Mishnah only Seder Tohorot (or Toharot) is published. A. Neubauer. Introduction to the Chronicle called nni uh'W ">"JD (in Hebrew), by Bar Ratner. Part I. Wilna. 1894. The author has undertaken a most difficult task with relation to the composition of the Chronicle, usually attributed to R. Yose ben Halafta. The real title of it, as will be seen from the edition in Mediaval Chronicles II., which will appear soon, is oSy "no, as it is stated in the Egyptian fragments of it ; the epithet, H^l, ** the great,'' sprang up when another Chronicle was composed, most likely in the ninth century a.d., which is called WOIT D?iy "no {The Minor Chronicle of the World). After a short preface about the method of this introduction, M. Ratner gives his minute studies and results in tweaty-two chapters, which we 8hall indicate only, for it is impossible to go into details of the thousand quotations frona Talmulic and oasuistio literature. First-, naturally comes the investigation con- cerning the author of our Chronicle, the result of which is that, according to quotations in ihe Talmudic literature, R. Yose can- not be the author of it. Here comes a chapter about the data of the work, which, according to M. Ratner, was composed before the Mishnah was settled, since quotations in the Mishnah are excerpted anonymously from our Chronicle, and the Babylonian Talmud mentions it. The third chapter states the use of Pales- tinian Midrashim. The Jerusalem Talmud seems not to quote our Chronicle distinctly,, but many quotations are certainly derived from it. Next, it is stated that R. Johanan is the compiler of our Chronicle as it lies before us. The sixth chapter shows that the Seder Olam was not always at the disposal of the Rabbis of the Tal- muds and the Midrashim. Next come proofs that the Geonim, down to the Tosaphists, had not always the Sed&r Olam at their disposal. Our author follows up with an important chapter, where it is stated that the quotations of the Mishnah and the Talmud from our Chronicle are different from the printed text The tenth chapter Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 349 has for its object the yariations of passages of the Bible with those quoted in oar Chronicle, and also in the Babylonian Talmud. The next chapter treats of the sources of which the compiler of the Chronicle made use ; they are the older Midra^him, then the books mentioned in the Bible now lost, Josephua, Sirach, the Book of Jubilees, and non- Jewish historical books. Here our author shows yery little sense of criticism. If the compiler of oar Cbronicle made use of Josephus, he could not haye had at his disposal the lost books mentioned in the Bible. Next follow chapters concerning the history of Edom, Aram, Philistia, Assyria, and Persia. The following chapter refers chiefly to the history of the text of the Seder Olamy where also some MSS. are described, chiefly the one in the Bodleian, and another in the Royal Library of Muoich, and many which the Yalqut Shimooi had at his disposal, and, finally, commentaries on the Seder Olatn now lost, which existed in the eleyeiith century. The twentieth chapter u a criticism upon Zunz concemiug the Seder Olam, Next comes the question of the commentary by the famous E. Elia Wilna. In all these chapters a great knowledge of Talmud, Midrash, and of later literature i^ displayed ; indeed, the yerification of M. Ratner's quotations would take months. We hope that he will publish soon the second part of his work, yif., Tlu Text of the Two Version* of Seder Olam, A. Neubauer. Studien zum Buehe Tobit, Yon Dr. M. Rosenmann, Berlin, 1894. The enigmatic apocr3rphal book of Tobit has been left untoached by critics since 1879, when Professor Noldeke wrote an exhaustive article in Monatsberiehte of the Academy of Berlin, on the occasion of the publication of the Aramaic text of it. It appeared that the last word had been sail concerning this charming apocryphon. But it seems that this is not the case, for a young student points out in his monograph as aboye (apparently a doctor's dts*«ertation) facts in this book not noticed by predecessors. After a short introduction, dealing chiefly with the bibliography concerniug Tobit, our author treats, 1, of the marriage of agnates which occurs in Tobit, known from Num. xxxyi. 6, and one which is also the object of the book of Ruth. Dr. Rosenmann concludes that, since the Pharisees ueyer, eyen in theory, meution this custom in the TaLnud, and, in addition to this, that the MegUlat Taanit mentions the abolition of it, and since the Pharisees VOL. VII. A A Digitized by Google 350 The Jewish Quarterli/ Review. arose in the time of John Hyreanna (136 to 105), the book of Tobit conld not have been written earlier than the first century B.C. 2. Next it is pointed oat that Noah is called a prophet, jnst as in the book of the Jubilees, and that he did not marry a foreign woman ; her name is not given, but is mentioned in the Jubilees as Ensareh. No conclusion as to the date of Tobit's parallel passages (iy. 13-15) is given. 3, treats of the destruction of Nineveh ; 4, deals with Tobit's view of Leviticus xix. 13^, 17, 18. 5. The next part is instructive concerning the formalities of betrothal, from which the conclusion is drawn that Tobit must have been written be- tween the post-biblical epoch and the Talmudio period. What was the approximative time for the former and the latter? The sixth part treats of iv. 17, viz., the patting meals on the tombs, the opinions of most interpreters are discussed. 7. Next comes a chapter on the eschatology in Tobit, from which our author finds that Tobit knows only of one destruction of the Temple, that of Nebuchadnezzar ; he mentions the ten tribes, who will return without a Messiah, and makes no allusion to a resurrection, which excludes the possibility that the book is a product of the schools of the Talmud, more especially since Aqiba says that the ten tribes are lost for ever. The concluding chapter is devoted to the Greek recen- sions A and B, of which A is the older, while B is a paraphrasis composed in the second centary b.c. Our author has forgotten to give the date of the book of the Jubilees, which the author of Tobit seemed to know, and also whether the original of Tobit was Hebrew or Greek, for in the latter case the refutation from Talmudic sources would vanish. A. Nbubauer. ^^ Light of Shade and Lamp of Wisdom,^* being Hebrew- Arabic Homilies, composed by Nathanel ibn Yeshaya (1327). De- scribed, annotated, and abstracted by Bev. Alexander Kohut, Ph.D. New York, 1894, etc The description of this interesting work of a Yemen Rabbi forms the second part of the " Studies in Yemen- Hebrew Literature," published as the Fourth Biennial Report of the Jewish Theological Seminary Association in New York. This institution deserves all praise for having followed the example of the Rabbinical schools of Breslau, Berlin, Budapest, Vienna, and Ramf>gate, in adding to the annual reports an essay on Jewish literature. Paris and London, we hope, Digitized by Google Ctitical Notices. 351 will soon follow in the same way. If we are not mistaken, it was on my lamented friend, Alexander Kohut's, instigation that one Rabbinical seminary in New York gave a sign of literary life, which he himself began when very young ; and we may say he sacrificed his life to Jewish studies, for alas ! he died in the prime of his years. Deep sorrow prevents ns from giving a picture of Dr. Kohut's life and activity ; and his son, George Alexander, has appended to the present report a memoir of his father's literary work. Moreover, my personal acquaintance with A. Kohut began only in December, 1874, when I met him in London, where he came to collect subscribers for the publication of his life-work, t.e., the Artieh Completum; risking his health, for he was brought up in a dry climate, he came to England in the depth of fogs and raios. His success was very small, and he found no Mscenas either in London or in Paris. Indeed, had he not been called to a Rabbinate at New York, where he found the Mscenas in J. H. Schiff, Esq., his life-work wonld have died in its in&ncy. I call it " hb life-work,'' in spite of what critics said of his Aruch ; they have indeed judged the work without considering the difficulties which my lamented friend had to overcome. It is, and will remain, a standard work. If Kohut has explained many foreign words in the Talmudic literature from the old Persian instead of the Greek, the critic ought to have remembered that the editor worked in the mines of Persian literature and lexicography so long — it must not be forgotten that Alexander Kohut was the first to explain Persian influence as to religious and myotic ideas in the Talmud — as to become so fond of this language that he found the foreign words in the Talmud nearer to it than to Greek. Was the severe critic (who is one of my dearest friends) always sure of his explana- nation from the Greek ? Perhaps not ; we are indeed far from the time when we shall stand on firm ground concerning a definite solution of the foreign words in the Talmud. That the editor of the Aruch Com- pletum has intentionally borrowed from Levi's Talmudic Dictionary without acknowledging it we cannot believe ; it must have been by pure chance when he quoted the same passages as Levi did, since both lexicographers were acquainted with the same Talmud. But let us forget all these quibbles, and let us say a few words on the new path of literature on which my lamented friend entered during the last years of his painful life. He took a fancy to the Jewish Yemen literature, which turned up suddenly in America, through the indefatigable Mr. Deinard, of Odessa, who had to leave Russia suddenly. The Libraries of Europe, public as well as private, were already provided with Yemen MSS., brought from Yemen by various travellers, when Mr. Deinard visited the East and brought consequently many duplicates. They had thence to wander to A A 2 Digitized by Google 352 The Jewish Quarterly Review, America, together with many belonging to the late Mr. Shapiri, some to New York, and more to the Sutro Library in San Francisco. A. Kohut got restless, and was eager to contiuue his activity by publish- ing Yemen MSS. la 1892, he broaght out exhaustive notes extracted from Dhamari*s Commentary on the Pentateuch (see Jewish Quar- terly Review, Y., page 338) ; this was followed by the publication of Saadyah Gaon's H'^oyc^'in, of which the last part appeared after his death (in the Monatsschrift ot Breslau, vol. xxxvii.), as well as the poetical pieces which precede each Sidr^ in the Midrash Haggadol (ibid,, vol. xxxviii.), and finally the present essay, which I shall notice only very shortly. Nethanel, son of Isaiah, wrote in 1327 A.D., a homiletical com- mentary on the Pentateuch, MSS. of which are to be found in the British Museum, in the Bodleian Library, in the Berlin Royal Library, and some in private possession. Our lamented friend rightly identifies the Ibn Yeshiyah quoted in an anonymoas Yemen Midrash with our author ; I have overlo«)ked this in my Catalogue, and the dates mentioned by our Nethanel are better given by Alexander Kohut than in other descriptions of this Midrash ; inde'id, the date given in Kohut's minograpb, p. 16. is to be foanl in the Bodleian copy also ; on the otht^r hand, the New York MS. has more introduc- tory passages in V6i>e than that in the Bodleian. The figures and diagramM are the same as in the Bodleian Library, b it they are so faiicif • 1 that it was not worth while mentioning them in my catalogue. These observations concern the first chapter. In the second A. Kohut gives the sources of Ibn Yeshayah, Hebrew as well as Arabic, with the passages where they occur. These authori- ties are nol unknown. The third chapter is headed '* Characteristic Features," where the part on the geographical n>imes is instructive ; so are also the polemical passages pro and contra Islam and Christi- anity, and the philological notes. The monograph concludes with an Appendix containing selections. Considering the state o^ health the deceased was in for some years, it is antouishins; how well the mono- graph was carried through the press ; still there are slips besides those given amongst the errata on the last page. If I mention that my lamented friend intended to continue his Yemen publications by editing the text of the Midrashim, of which two are so fully described in the two reports, scholars will understand what we have lo4 by the premature death of the editor of the Afuch Completutn. fi ^i i h A. Neubauer. Digitized by Google Cntical Notices, 353 Oeschichte der Juden in Rom von der dltesten Zeit bis zur Qegenmart (2,060 Jahre). Von Dr. A. Berliner. Frankfurt am Main, 1893. Two vols. (History of the Jews at RDoie from the earliest time to the present, comprising 2,050 years.) Nobody coald have been better prepared for writing the later history of the Jews at Rome than Dr. Berliner, who has paid so many viHits to Rome, not only to investigate the Hebrew MSS. in the Vatican Library, but also the Municipal documents conoeming the Jews. As forerunners he has already pnblished two important pamphlets, viz., Aus den letzten Tagen des ro^nischen Ohetto (1886), and Censur Uftd Confiscation hebr'discher B'ucher itn Kirchenstaate (1891), as well as articles which appeared in his Magazin fur die Wissenschaft des Judenthums^ and elsewhere. The work is divided into two volumes. Vol. I. has for its object the history of the Jews in heathen Rome, viz , from 160 B.C. to 315 A.D. Here we cannot expect many new facts, after Mommsen's History of RomCy and P. Manf rin's Oli Ebrei sotto la dominazione romana. Still, the complete apergu of this epo^h is useful, and more especially the translation of the inscriptions in the catacombs. The second volume has for its object the history of the Jews in Christian Rome (viz., from 315 a.d. to 1885), which is divided into two parts : (1) From the beginning of the Christian domination (315) to the exile into the Ghetto (1555) ; (2) From 1555 to 1885. The first mention of a Jewish community at Rome is under Pope Gregory the Great ; but it is most likely that the Jewd had remained in Rome through all vicissitude?. Dr. Berliner discusses the synigo^aes which are reportei at Rome, of which he mentions the PorcaleonCf Bozecco, and Gallichi ; others remain doubtful. Here follows a chapter which will be new for thon who read, for instance, M. Rodocanachi's book on the Ghetto ; it treats of ths literary occupation of the Jews at Rome. The fir«t place is given to the famous liturgist, Eleazar Qilir, who, according to an hypo- thesis, lived in the eighth century at Portus, near Rome. It is not the place here to discuss this hypothesis. Dr. Harkivy, who believes, and perhaps rightly, that Qalir lived in Palestine (Tiberias), promises to bring forward his arguments, which we await with curiosity. The first literary Jew who may be said to belong to Rome with certainty was Meehnllam ben Qalonymos, of Lucca. The Talmud scholars at Rome were, according to Haya Gaon (1032), not very important. Dr. Berliner mentions &mily names in Hebrew which were found at Rome, such as D^nKH {de Rossi), D^nisnn (de Pomis), Dny^n {Oiovani), and others. There were many physicians and artisans. The pride of Digitized by Google .*554 Tlie Jewiah Quarterly Review. Jewish learning at Rome was the famons Nathan, son of Jehiel, author of the Aruoh. The father, as well as the two hr.)thers, Abra- ham and Daniel, are also known ; they are quoted as the "\ n^3 ^31^3 ?t<^n\ The words of Benjamin of Tudela concerning his visit to Rome are then giv^n (in German translation). The classical epoch finishes with the poet Immannel ben Solomon, the friend of Dante, and the sons of Abraham, ")^yv, Benjamin, and the more celebrated Zedekia. Next comes a chapter on the last Pope at Rome before the transfer to Avignon. It was Bonifacius YIII., one who could not bear oppo- sition, and naturally the Jews were the first to feel his hand. Still, he favoured the Jewish physician, Angelo Manuel, whom he styled " familiaris.** In a following chapter we find the names of I^Aac Zarphati, Bonet de Lates, Jacob Mantino, Obadja Sforno, Elia Bachur, and others, concluding with the famous David Reubeni and Solomon Molkho. This carries us on to the sixteenth century, when we find at Rome seven synagogues, u<ed by the Jews who immigrated from various countries, such as Italy, Catalonia, Castile, Sicily, besides the German and French Jewish colony, who had no special sjmagogue. Many of these synagogues had to be given up when the Jews were relegated to the Ghett'^. This chapter is full of interest for the interior history of the Jews at Rome, being taken from documents in the Jewish archives. In these portions Dr. Berliner*s book is original, and very instructive. And with this ends Part I. of the second volume, which is followed by learned notes oonceming the literary names mentioned. We come now to the second par^, which begins with Cardinal Car- raffa, later on Pope Paul lY. (1555), who cut all the threads of life of the Jews by forbidding them to exist except in the Ghetto. This part is indeed, on the whole, the most interesting of Dr. Berliner*s book, and here are original documents in abundance. In the fourth chapter is given still more of the interior history of the Jews in Rome. The indexes which follow each volume greatly facilitate the finding of facts and literary matters. The last is completely ignored in M. Rodocanachi*s excellent book on the Ghetto, This second part does not lack notes concerning the documents used by the author. Dr. Berliner has done well to dedicate the first volume to F. D. Mocatta, Esq., an English Msacenas for Jewish literature, and the second to the memory of Samuel Alatri and Isidore Loeb. He also acknowledges his thanks to the keepers of various archives at Rome, and more especially to Signer Tranquillo Ascarelli, and his colleague, Signer Orescenso Alatri, who put their knowledge of the Jewish archives at Dr. Berliner's disposal. A. Necbauer. Digitized by Google Critieal Notices, 355 Bemarks of the Qaraite Abu-Ytutif Yaqub al-Qirqisani by Dr. A. Harkavy. Extract from the Bosaian " ArchsBologlcal Journal/' t. yill.| pages 247 to 321, with the title in Russian : IsvesHa Karaitna Ahu-Jusufa Jakvba al-Kvrkuani ove Yevreiskich Sektaoh. Amongst the Karaitio treasures in the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg is to be found the theological work in Arabic of Jacob of Kirqisi (the old town of Circesium on the Euphrates), written in 937 A.D., with the title, " Book of Lights and Obserrations,*' divided into thirteen parts, of which the first contains an extended introduc- tion, where the author, amongst other subjects, gives an account of the Jewish sects according to his knowledge. Of this interesting part Dr. Harkavy published the text in extenso^ after having furnished some details of our author as well as an enumeration of his extant works and of those only known by quotations. The beginning of the first chapter is unfortunately mlssiag; it seems to have contained the history of the origin of Qaraism, in Persia chiefly, but also elsewhere. We know most of these facts from later Qaraitic writers, who no doubt made use of Qirqisani*s treatise. In the second chapter, ojr author gives the history of the various Jewish sects, with the dates of their appearance. They are the following : {a) the Samaritans ; {h) the Babbanites, during the Second Temple, beginning with Simon the Just ; (e) the Sadducees, beginning with Zadoc and Boetos ; {d) the Maghars, or men of the Cave, one of them having the name AUIskanderani (the man of Alexandria), whose book is the most celebrated amongst this sect. Tbere is also a small book with the title of T^W *1&D, which is also precious for the men of this sect ; Dr. Har- kavy suggests that by *' this sect '' the Essenes are meant, {e) There rose in the time of the Boman emperors Isi (Jesus) son of Miryam, who was crucified at the instigation of Babbanites. {f) The Qariats who were found, as it is said, on the Nile, 20 Pharsangs from Fostat. {jg) Then come the divisions of the Babbanites, viz,^ the schools of Hillel and of Shamai. (Ji) Then follow the various forerunners of Qaraism. (1) Abu Isi of Ispahan, called Obadiah, and his followers, who were called Isuytn, at Damascus ; (2) Yudgan, who it is said was a pupil of the former ; (3) The chief of the captivity, the famous Anan, a contemporary of Khalif Abu Jafar al-Mansur (780), who was very learned in Babbinic matters, and whose work was translated from Aramaic into Hebrew by Haya Gaon and his father. Here the liturgist Tanai is mentioned. (4) Then followed Ishmael of Ocbar, in the days of the Khalif Al-AIustazun billah (942 A.D.). (5) After him comes Benjamin of Nehawend, who was also learned in Babbinic matters. (6) Abi Amran of Tiflia (in Ar- Digitized by Google 8o6 The Jewish Quarterly Review. menia). called also Musa al Sat' rail of Bagdad ; (7) Malk al-Ramleh, Mish'yah of Debar ; (8) Daniel of Qums, also called al Damagani. Qirqisani says : " This is all which reached us of these sects. The Qaraites of this time, who are derived from these yarioos sects, differ so much, that we find scarcely two of them agreeiog." The third part contains the differences amongst the Rabbanites concerning precepts and ceremoaies. The next chapter treats of those who represent God in a human dress, and attribute to him human action, such as we find in the books with the title rxty^p lirK', r\y\>V m nrniK, the book attributed to Tshmael (the high priest), better known with the title of ^XyOK^ "11 nib^H ; some others of these attributes are quoted in the Talmud, in the ethical treatise called KDH HMT (in the MSS. sometimes followed by nUK nSDD). There are also mentioned extracts from the following treatises, viz., DiHO inD, SKHK nSlK^n and 31 03 niD^^a Chapters v. to vii. give an account of the ritual of the H^maritans, of the Sadducees and the dwellers in caves. The eighth chapter has for its object the Christian religion, and is the oldest known document of the kind written by a Jew ; here we learn for the first time that David al-Moqametz, a philosopher quoted by Abraham and Moses ibn Ezra, and also by Jeiaiah of Bi^iiers (see Histoire LiiUraire de la Franoe^ t. XXXL, p. 380, note 6, and addenda) was converted to Christianity, and that he translated from the Christian books, (in Syriac ?) a commentary on Genesis and oa Ecolesiastes. It is said that David was converted at Nisibis by a man called K3ftO, for which Dr. Harkavy proposes D1^3, i.e.^ Nonnus. David's criticism on the Gospel is curious, and worth while translating in extenso. The full name of Alnoqanietz is David ben Merwan ar-Baqi, known as Y^P^^^ ; this last expression Dr. Harkavy proposes to translate " the leaper " (Hebrew f DpD^K), t.«., David leaped from Judaism to Christianity, and probably back to Judaism, otherwise he would scarcely be men- tioned by the Jewish authorities. Perhaps, however, the Arabic word yoptht^ is formed from the word Y^^P " & shirt or cloak,'* and meant *' putting on another dress.' The ninth chapter treats of the habits of the sect n^JDp^X, who agree partly with the Samaritans and partly lean towards the Christians ; for instance, they keep both the Sab- bath and the Sunday. Our author says here that he once believed that the sect of n^yip7K sprang up after Christianity, until he read the book of al-Moqametz with the title of ,^2<i^p^ nXJlS (^^^ meaning of which is uncertain), where it is said that Christianity is a combination of Sadduceeism and the sect called n^yip7K. The tenth ch:ipter treats of the ceremonial differences between the Digitized by Google Critical Notices. 357 Babbis in Syria and Babylonia (Irak). Ohapfcers xi. to xviii. gi^e the ceremonial differences between the Qaraitic sects mentioned aboire. Finally the last chapter treats of ritual differences between the Qaraites of the time of our author and earlier, from the sects mentioned above. It is certain that Jehudah Hadasi, in his book with the title of IBIDn PIDS'i* § 91 (MS. 88), made use of Qirqisani*s present treatise, either ii ttie original Arabic or in a Hebrew translation. Whether Arabic writers, such as Masudi, Sharestani and more especially Maqrizi, who treat more or less of Jewish sects, knew Qirqisani's work is doubtful This will have to be carefully investigated by any one who undertakes to give us the history of the Jewish sects according to Arabic and Hebrew sources. Bat it is difi&cult to take advantage of Dr. Harkavy's learned introduction to his present monograph, because it is writien in Russian, a language nearly unknown to Jewish scholars out of Russia. The same is the case with the Hungarian monthly Szemle^ which has often use- ful pages concerning Jewish literature, that are lost for all except those who are educated in the Hungarian schools. The result is that they are consequently passed over, which will be the case also with articles and essays written in Russian. Patriotism is not hecessarily shown either by language or by religion. We hope that Mr. Thatcher, of Mansfield College, Oxford, who is busy with a monograph on the Jewish sects, will be able to make more ample use of Dr. Harkavy's learned essay, than we could, by the kind assistance of Mr. W. MorfiU, Slavonic Reader in the University of Oxford. He will moreover give Hadassi's information according ' to MSS., and not according to the mutilated edition of Gozlow (Crimea). A. Neubauer. Studien zur Geschichte der Orthograpkte des Althebrdischen von Dr. Leo Bardowicz, Rabbiner der Isfaelit. Gemeinde in Moedling, Francfort-on-the-Main, J. Kauffmann, 1894, viii. and 112 pp. The object of Dr. Bardowicz's treatise is to demonstrate that the vowel letters alefy hij waw^ and yOd were not used so frequently in the Bible MSS. of the Talaiudic epoch as in the masoretic text. He maintains Wellhausen's theory that the employment of the vowel letters was Digitized by Google 358 The Jewish Quarterly Review, left to the choice of the scribes^ bat that the orthography was definitely fixed in the first century, or later on by the Ifaaora. Sapplementing this Dr. Bardowioz tries to show that this deficiency of vowel letters lasted seyeral centuries longer. He supports his theory not only by passages from Talmud and Midrash with varying orthography, but also by the assertion that in those times the matret leetionis were easily dispensed with. On the other hand he endeavours to poiat out that the rabbinical prohibition of writing defectiva plene and plena dtfeetive was not known till the time of MaimCinL Consider- ing the complicated and rather unsettled nature of the subject, a lucid exposition of the way in which the vowel letters gradually pene- trated tiie text of the Bible would be of the highcBt importance. In reading Dr. Bardowicz^s book we cannot help appreciating the clearness of his propositions, the methodical arrangement of the matters under discussion, and particularly his intimacy uot only with the litera- tures from which he draws his arguments, but also with the writings of modem scholars on the subject. It is, however, a different question whether our real knowledge of the subject has been furthered by Dr. Bardowics s learned investiga- tions. Do we now see clearer when and how the vowel letters— and this is ihepunetum saliens — came to be employed in the earliest copies of the Old Testament? This is doubtful. The uncertainty in this respect remains the same as before. It is significant how cautiously Noeldeke expresses himself in his review of Wellhausen's theory on the subject which Dr. Bardowicz otherwise justly considers the most impor- tant progress in the investigation of the question. Now Ghwolson, in his essay on the quiescent letters, starting from the example of the Old Phoenician incriptions, is justified in drawing conclusions for Hebrew, but he decidedly goes too far. The Mesha inscription (ninth cen- tury), the genuineness of which is no more doubted, and of which the language more nearly approaches the Hebrew of the Old Testament than the Phoenician, shows in contradistinction to the latter a rather regular employment of the vowel letters at the end of words, and an occasional one in the middle. In the Siloah stone, which is more than one hundred and fifty years younger, and written in the best biblical style, we find vowel letters at least regularly in the Auslaut. Dr. Bardowicz has omitted to take these facts into account at all, but they certainly give more conclusive evidence than the far younger sources, by means of which he endeavours to prove the contrary. The quotations from Ben Asher are rather colourless, as they admit both full and defective scriptions. The second one is, moreover, incorrectly translated, as DMfi^ D^DSn ^DO simply means, ** From the mouth of doctors instituted,** and probably does not refer to " the sages "in the rabbinical sense at all. Dr. Bardowicz himself cannot help Digitized by Google Critical Notices, 359 admitting that the orthography of Talmud and Midrash as handed down to OR, is itself open to much comment. The pawage from the Midra«h quoted (sub. D) may serve as an example where, as Dr. Bardowicz rather timidly suggests, we should naturally read, K -^n^ K-»pDnK^ KOn b (instead of HDH), signifying that the K— just as in K"t^^, sub. E — is quiescent (in contradistinction to other forms, as Num. xy. 24, etc.). From Benveniste's observation we only gather that the evidences from Talmudical passages are not absolutely to be relied on. Their defective orthography may also have other reasons, such as economy of space, time, writing material, etc. In this confusion, the real solution of the question may be found midway. We have in all probability to distingaish between the official text preserved in the Scrolls, and copies manufactured for public and private studies. As to the former, it will apparently re- main difficult to come to any safe conclusion at all ; but with respect to the latter, greater liberty may have been allowed, and here Dr. Bardowicz's arguments are also much more satis&ctory. In parti- cular those adduced in Chap. IL deserve attention. At all events. Dr. Bardowicz has, with great industry and learning, compiled a large mass of valuable material, for which we are indebted to him. H. HiRSCHFELD. HTV* "IDD Das Buch der Schopfung. Noch den sdmmthchen Recen- sionen moylichst kritisch redigirter Text, nebst Uebersetzung^ Varianten, Anmerkungen, Hrkldrungen und einer atis/uhrlichen EinUitung, von Lazabus Goldsghmidt. Frankfort-on-the-Main : J. Eauffmann (in commission). 1894. Mr. Goldsghmidt does not seem to be satisfied with the lesson given him by Dr. Neubauer in the Guardian (May, 1894), although its explicitness left nothing to be desired. However unpleasant the tank, we must estimate his latest production at its true value, lest those who hope to find a scientific work be disappointed. Mr. G. correctly anticipates that his Schroffheit — or rather impertinence — will meet with disapprobation, but this *^ does not induce him to suppress the truth." There is a great difference between truth, or what he styles truth, and the arrogance with which a tyro criticises Zanz, Graetz, and other scholars, in terms which would even be quite unbecoming between equals in age and importance. His translation of the begin- ning of Saaiyah's Arabic Commentary is wrong. Saadyah does not Digitized by Google 360 The Jewish Quarterly Review. say that Abraham was the author of the S. J., but that it was ascribed to him, which the Hebrew translator expresses p^H 3K DB' bv "^K HlpX The following conolosion is rather amusing : — Because the author of the 8. Y, speaks Hebrew, the book must have been written in a time when Hebrew was spoken. It was therefore composed in the second century B.C. In spite of his assertions on the title-page, Mr. G. has not consulted all the recensions of the text, but he distorted the latter considerably. Let us hope that he will in future be more conscientious and painstaking. H. HiRSGHFELD. Digitized by Google Literary Gleanings. 361 LITERARY GLEANINGS. By Dk. a. Neubauer. XII. Tlie Hebrew Bible in Shorthand Writing. No mediaeval literature contains eo many abbreyiations as the Jewish in the Hebrew commentaries on the Bible, ani the Talmudtc treatises, and more especially in the stupendoas literature of the casuistic Beaponsa. These abbreviations may be counted by the thou- sand, and they are moreover increased even now by writer-t who still use the Rabbinical language. Attempts to solve these abbreviations have been made since Buxtorf in his De Ahbreviaturis HebraiciSy etc., Basel, 1640, up to the present time by the Abb^ Perreau of Parma in his 1,700 Abbreviature e sif/le (P&cms,j 1882), Autografia in 60 copies. These abbreviated forms consist chiefly of words of which the initial letters only are given ; e.ff.j to take the most common instances, the expression gj y x, which represents the words m^ ^j; »(<> "although," and }]2* which means Q^f\ niii* " blessed be God." But the greatest difficulty is felt in the solution of proper names. Let us take for instance a very frequent one, which is j^xi) ^^ which the -^ represents always the word Rabbi, the other three letters, viz., p^ may be Abra- ham ben (son of) Nathan, but also son of Nahman, of Nissim, or any other whose name begins «vith the letter n, not to speak of the fact that the ^ (Abraham) may represent names like Ahron, Elijah, Aryeh, and so on. It was economy of time and of paper which was the cause of the^e numerous abbreviations. In early manuscripts of the Talmud literature, we find fewer abridged forms of names and other expressions, but it is well known that disciples of the Talmud schools in Babylonia marke<i with initial letters the subjects which were taught there ; these marks are usually called }0^D, which represents the Greek word arffieiov. When the Talmud was written down these moemonic letters disappeared, but traces of them have remained in manuscripts of the Talmud, many of which were faithfully reproduced in the editions. The manuscripts, however, vary for these mnemooical letters. With this mode of putting down what the schools had taught, a Babbi could carry in his pocket the whole Talmud teaching, as concerns the Halakha\ without noting down the detailed discussions ; those were loft to memory, with which the Eastern nations, and more Digitized by Google 362 The Jewish Quarterly Review. especially those of the Semitic race, are gifted. Nowadays there are Jewish boys who know by heart the Hebrew Pentatetich, with the Aramaic translation, the Psalms, the Prophetic Lessons, the Fiye Scrolls, and frequently with the commentary of Bashi. There are many youDg and old rabbis who know the Mishnah and the Babylonian Talmud in such a way that they will not only hit upon the tractate and the folio where a passage occurs, but also recite the whole folio with the preceding or foUowiog passage. The same is the case with the Arabs for the Koran and the important commentators, such as Baidhawi,. Zamakshari, as well as for medical and astronomical books. The Big Veda, and perhaps all the Yedas, were kept by memory for a long time. Was the Bible or any part of it written in shorthand writing? This question has never been asked by any of the numerous Bible critics. Indeed, if that were the case, many emendations proposed by them could perhaps be explained by the tachygraphic%l method of writing. Traces of such short writing are mentioned in the Talmudic literature by the word pp^TlDO, pm-apiKSPf notaricurn^ of which the Greek and the Latin forms are not found in lexicons, but the form is certain by the many quotations in the Talmudic literature eioept in the Targum snd the Tosef tha (see Samuel Kraush' able es<*ay, with the title of Zar griechischen und lateinischen Lexicographic aus jadischcn Qucllen^ in the Byzantinische Zeitschrifty II. 3 and 4, p. 515), and it means short- hand writing. There are, however, two kinds of it in classical times : 1. The Boman one, where a letter represents a whole word ; 2, The Greek, where the letters are shortened. Herr Krauss {loe, eit,, p. 513) is of opinion, and we agree with him, that the Bibbis have accepted the Boman method of shorthand writing. His proofs are the following : 1, The passage in the MishnahXJomi, III. 10), where it is said that the pious Helena, Queen of Adiabene, had made for the temple at Jerutialem a golden plate, on which the law for adultery (Numbers vl 1 to 21) Was engraved (3nT hz^ vhl^ nn^ KNT 5|K n'hv nainD nOID nX^lS'^). 2, Simeon ben Laqish, in the name of Jannai (about 230 A. D.) adds (B. T. Gittin, fol. 60*) n*3 t{?H2 , which Bashi rightly explains by nn^nn ^e^"), i.e,, the initial letters of the words. Another trace of short writing in the Talmud is to be found in the saying of B. Simeon, who says that hj writing on th-i Sabbath the two Alephs (KK; of the word TITKK (Isaiah xlv. 5) the Sabbath is profaned (for the word ^T^my which occurs in this passage see S. Kraura, loc. cit, p. 513). The shorthand form seems to be mentioned also in the Pal. Talmud (Megillah, fol. 73% col. 2, 1. 32), where it is said that the scroll of Esther may be written for the Synagogue use Digitized by Google Literary Oleanings, 363 in shorthand writing (ntD1^3^:i y\TO nn^n^; see Kranss, loo. eit.^ p. 514, who solyes the enigmatic word pt^^^^^^ with the Latin eognitum^ %.e,^ \Vy\'^y\y ; not to he foand in that sense. Might not ptd1^3^:i represent a possible popular form yiyvwov from yiy vtaaKtu ? Perhaps after all, the reading of piD73n — biyXorrovy " in two language?,'' is preferable. See Dr. Blau's able monograph, which has just appeared (p. 90) with the title of Zar EinlettUng in die Beilige Schrift. Herr Krauss adduces the passage in the Midrash Tillim (fii. 3 ; B. T. Shabhath, fol. 105»), where it is said concerning the word nvlDJ (1 Kings ii. 8), as follows : Even Biblical words were explained by the ftystem of shorthand writing. This instance shows clearly the application of the Roman method. Perhaps also the Midrashic explanation of the name Dm3K=D*13 pon 3K (Gen.'xViL 5) is found. In short the mention of notaricon is found in the Mishnah, the two Gemaras, the Sifr^, the Mekhilta, and frequently the Midrashim, but not in the Tosefta and in the Targum (Krauss, l. c, p. 515). Bat with all the nunute researches of Dr. Krauss, there is no definite instance in which the Jews accepted the Boman method of shorthand writing. Indeed, two fragments of Bible text found lately in Egypt and acquired by the Bodleian Library, show a different kind of shorthand writing. The one is in MS. Hebrew d. 39, fol. 1 (catalogue No. 2608, 1), containing Genesis xxvi. 11 to xxix. 15, much obliterated, and belonging, perhaps, to the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century ; there are a few Towels-points, and acceni». The second is in MS. Hebrew e. 30, con- taining, a, Isaiah V. 8 to ix. 8, fol. 48 (catalogue, No. 2,604, 11) ; jS, Isaiah xliv. 4 to xlviii. 11,. most likely written in the twelfth century on yellum 4to, 2 columns, a begins as follows : — 3 n & ri yn 3 nn 8 IK 3)5 ^-« ^:tk3 9 rh% m iG>f*\ o-niK^n vi. 1 D i pp K 4 ^ \ h-y^, y i D^vna 24 DP^^'iKK^3y>lS'?3 1 25 We see that each verse begins with the full words of the text, but for the rest I have not succeeded in finding out the method of the Digitized by Google 364 The Jewish Quarterly Review. abbreviations, and the use of them ; certainly it is too complicated for use in primary schools. Perhaps when the photographic facsimiles appear in the catalogue of newly acquired MSS. in the Bodleian Library, one of the savants may find out this mystery. Anyhow, in this shorthand writing Isaiah would fill only twenty-six leaves. Possibly this kind of shorthand writing might explain what Maqrizi means by saying that a sect in Egypt called the Fayyumites (of Fayyum) explain the Law in a sense as if the letters of which it is composed were abbreviations. Sylvestre de Sacy explains this by notaricon. He sa3rs in his Chrestomatkie Arabe^ t. L (2nd eiitiou), p. 353, note 82, ''II paroit que Makrizi veut dire qu* Abau-Sii'd (who cannot be iden- tical with the famous Saadyah Gion) interpr^tait la loi par cette esp^ce de cabale que les juifs nomment Notaricon, Les Arabes d'Afrique appellent les abbreviations 'r\))^7>1^ ^nn» auli©^ que les Orien- taux les nomment ^nn Dill, k Pimitation des juifs, qui les appellent nn^n ^2J'fi<l.** Such mysterious letters are found also at the beginning of some Suras of the Qordo, wh'ch are taken by commentators as abbreviations. Erpenius, iadeed, says of them in his grammar, as quoted by De Sacy, TIbi tamen aliquam eonjectura libertatem sihi permittunt ; statxunUs singulis seorsum Uteris denota* i aliquid peculiare, quare et liter as separatas et singvlares appellant. THE WRITINGS OF PEBLES. In addition to the works enumerated by Professor Bacher in his excellent biography (supra, pp. 1-23), I would mention the fol- lowing : — 1. Analekten in KobaVs Jeshnrun (German section iii., 1859, pp. 38-40. On page 44 of the same part is a review, pro- bably by Dr. Gudemaon, of Perles' *' Meletemata Peschit- thoniana ''). 2. Gottesflienstliche Vortr'dge delivered in Baja (1859), and similar addresses delivered in Posen (1864). I believe, too, that he published a sermon against mixed marriages. S. J. Halberstam. Digitized by Google Mr. DAVID NUTT'S LIST OF LATEST PUBLICATIONS- Now ready at all Bookstalls. In the Series FAIBY TALES of the BRITISH EMPIRE, by JOSEPH JACOBS and J. D. BATTEN. KOBE CELTIC FAIBY TALES. Comprieing 20 Tales, 8 Fall-Page Illustrations, 40 Vignettes, and 20 Initials, 68. *«* Copies have also been stmck off on Japanese Vellum with double state of Plates, at £1. lis. 6d. A few remain. By Same Editor and Ulustrator. ENGLISH PAIRT TALES.— CELTIC FAIBT TALES.— INDIAN FAIRY TALES.— MORE ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. Each 68. In the Series CHILDREN'S SINGING GAMES, by ALICE BERTHA GOMME and WINIFRED SMITH. OEILDBEN'S SINGING GAMES, SECOND SEBISa Comprising Eight Gkkmes, Full-Page Illustrations, and Decorative and Musical Pages. With accompanying Descriptions for Playing the Ghunes, and Notes, Oblong 4to., 3s. 6d. *^* The First Series can be had at the same price. THE STOBY OF ALEXANDEB. Retold for English children by ROBT. STEELE. With Illustrations by Fred. Mason. Comprising Cover and Title-Page Designs, 6 Full-Page Plates, and 22 Vignettes and Tailpieces. Small 4to., 226 pages, 78. 6d. THE AMBEB WITCH. A Romance of the Sixteenth Century. Trans- lated from the German of MEINHOLD by Lady DUFF GORDON, and Edited, with Critical Introduction, by JOSEPH JACOBa With Full- Page Illustrations by Philip Bume-Jones. Crown 8vo., upwards of 300 pages, printed by Constable, 78. 6d. \* Twenty copies have been pulled on Japanese vellum with double state of Plates, at £1. lis. 6d. net. LECTXJBES on DABWINISM. By the late ARTHUR MILNES MARSHALL, Lecturer in Biology at Queen^s College, Manchester. Edited by C. F. MARSHALL, MJ>. Medium 8vo., fully illustrated, cloth, 7s. 6d. [TURN OVEP. Digitized by Google LIST OF LATEST PUBLICATIONS. (Contintied.) THE LEOBND of PEBSEUS. A Stndj of Tradition ia Story, Cnrtom. and Belief. By B. SIDNEY HARTLAND, F.8.A., Aathor of "The Science of Fairy Tale," &c. Vol. I. The SUPBRNATXJBAL BIBTH. Crown 8vo. pp. xxxiv-228, Ts. 6d. *,♦ Vol. II. of the "arimm Library," the First Volume of which, '* Georgian Folk-Talee," Translated by Marjory Wardrop, published in May last, sells at 58. net. THE SECOND V0LX7ME of Mr. HABTLANB'S PE&SEX7S (Th« Life Token), will appear in the Spring. STUDIES in BIBLICAL ABCH20LOGY. By JOSEPH JACOBS. Crown 8to., 172 pages, cloth, Ss. 6d. *«* Reprinted, with additions and revision, from the Arekaoloaical Review and other specialist periodicals. These ^^ Studies/' which haTe ercited considerable interest among soholan, are now made aooeesible to the wider circle of all students of the Old Testament. RECENT PUBLICATIONS. By WILLIAM BRNBST HENLET and ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. THBEE PLATS (Beau Austin, Admiral Ghiinea, Deacon Brodie). *«* Printed by Constable on Hand-made Paper with wide margin (cloth, top gilt), 8s. 6d. net. By G. S. STREET, Author of " Autobiography of a Boy." HIKIATXnElES and HtLOODB. Crown 8to., cloth, Ss. 6d. By GEORGE MOORE, Author of " Esther Waters.** IMPRESSIONS and OPINIONS. Crown Sto., cloth, 6s. net. By Mrs. FRED. PRIDBAUX. BASIL the ICONOCLAST. A Drama of Modem Russia. 6s. net. By CANON H. D. RAWNSLBT. IDYLLS and LTBICS of the NILE. Crown Sto.* cloth, St. 6d. By P. W. JOYCE, Author of " Irish Names of Places.- OLD CELTIC BOMANCES. Cheap Edition. Crown Svo., doth, Sa. 6d. By the Ute A. MILNE3 MARSHALL, Professor of Zoology in Owens College. BIOLOGICAL LECTXJBES and ADDBESSE8. Crown 8? o., eloth, tts. By WILLL/LM ERNEST HENLEY, late Editor of the lioHonal Ohmrmr, A BOOK of VEBSES. Fourth Edition. 16mo., 6a net LONDON V0LT7NTABIES. Second Edition. 16mo., 6s. net VIEWS AND REVIEWS. Second Edition. 16mo., 6a net */ The above three Works beautifully printed by Constable on Hand- made Paper, and bound in ribbed cloth, gilt top. ▼BBTHmuB, LUA AXD 00., oaoini rwjsm^ IiOhdoh wall Digitized by Google EDITED Br I. ABRAHAMS AND C. G. MONTEFIOEE. Vol. VII. APRIL, 1895. No. 27. CONTENTS. LEOPOLD ZUNZ. By Lector L H. Weiss ALFONSO DE ZAMORA. By Dr. A, Neubaubr JEWISH ARABIC LITURGHES. II. By Dr. H. Hibschpbld THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM ENGLAND IN 1290. III. ( CoTwluded) . By B. Lionel Abb ah ams SOME TRANSLATIONS OF HEBREW POEMS. By Nina Davis, Elbie Davis and the Rev. Dr. Edw. G. King GLEANINGS FROM THE BOOK OF ISAIAH. Skipwith FLORILEGIUM PHILONIS. By 0. G. Montbfiorb By G. H. PAGB. 365 398 418 428 469 470 481 CRITICAL NOTICES.— Rev. R. H. Charles's Ethiopio Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees : By Prof. D. S. Marooliouth. Dr. Dmmmond's Via, Veritas, Vita : By Joseph Jacobs. Christianity in its most simple and intelligible form : By F. C. Conybbabb NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS.— A Third System of Symbols for the Hebrew Vowels and Accents. By Dr. M. FriedlAndeb. Studies in the Book of Jeremiah. By G. H. Skipwith .546 D, NUTT, 270—271, STRAND, Price Three Shillings, Annual Subscription, Post Free, C Digitized by Google Z2S"r.A.BX«ZSECXSX> 18 Gl. SOUTHAMPTOH BOILDIHGS, CHAHCERT LAKE, LONDON. TWO AND A.-HALF per CENT. INTEREST allowed on DEPOSITS, repayable on demand* TWO per CENT, on CURRENT ACCOUNTS, on the minimum monthly balances, when 10 drawn below £100. STOCKS, SHARES, and ANNUITIES PurchaBed and Sold. SAYINGS DEPARTMENT. For the encouragement of Thrift the Bank receivea small sums on deposit, and aliows Interest Monthly, on each completed £1 . scK BinuDzva soozninr. HOW TO PURCHASE A HOUSE FOR TWO GUINEAS PER MONTH. BZBKBBOK FBBBBOXA ZJklVB 800ZBTT. HOW TO PURCHASE A PLOT OP LAND FOR FIVE SHILLINGS PER MONTH. THE BIRKBECK ALMANACEL with full particulars, post free. FRANCIS RAVENSCROFT, Manager. DAYID NUTT, 270-71, STRAND. JUST PUBLISHED. THE RUSSIAN JEWS; Emancipation ftp Extermination? By L. EBBEKA, Professor at the University of Brussels. With a Prefatory Note by THEODORE MOMMSEN. Translated by BELLA LOWT, Editor of Graetz's " History of the Jews." Demy 8vo, X.-208 pp., Map, cloth, uncut, 38. 6d. *^* The Original has been unanimously recognised as the ablest statement f/ the Jewish Question in Russia. *• Professor Errera has done good service to the cause of what Professor Mommseii rightiy calls common-sense and humanity by his temperate and authentic btatement of the facts of the case.'" — Tlie Times, " We trust that tliis volume will be widely read, for it is a highly impor- tant contribution to contemporary history." — 7%e Irish Times, "Professor Errera by no means overdraws the grim picture of the most recent expulsions. He says that the simple solution of the Jewish question may be summed up in one word. Emancipation." — The Sunday Times, " An important pro-Jewish work. It will be remembered that the trans- lator performed the saine office in a very admirable manner for Graets's * History of tiie Jews.' " — Rock. ** The book has been well translated, and is an authority on one of the ■addest scenes in this ' Human Comedy.' " — Academy, " A sad and sickening story of oppression, * a Heartrending Picture,' and the * Darkest Blot on our century.' " — Scotsman, " No better popular sketch of the history of the Jewish question in Bussift has been placed within the reach of English readers. ^^-Jewish ChronieU. ** A tremendous indictment on the Jew-baiting policy of M, Pob6donostev, which was sanctioned by ^e late Tzar." — Daily Chronicle^ Digitized by Google ^h J^ttisli ^trartcrlgmm.
APRIL, 189a
LEOPOLD ZX7NZ.1
The first-fruits of genuine criticism of Jewish Literature
produced in the nineteenth century constituted the offer-
ing which Leopold Zunz, while yet young in years, but
already of mature intellect, laid on the altar of Jewish
science. It is certainly true that already, in an earlier
generation, that of Moses Mendelssohn, the buds of know-
ledge had begun to spring up among the Jews in
Qermany; but Mendelssohn and his contemporaries left
sufficient work for posterity. They had but slight occasion
and scanty opportunities for critical researches into Jewish
history and literature. In both these departments Zunz
may be pronounced the pioneer. He not only conferred a
great boon on his people by showing them the path to the
rediscovery of the innumerable gems of thought buried in
their literature; he also rendered them an equally great
service by demonstrating to the Qentile world that the
text, " It is your wisdom and understanding in the sight of
the peoples," was not empty of meaning. He rolled away
the reproach, so frequently uttered by Christian scholars,
> [It will interest oar readers to know that the writer of thig Eesay,
author of the famons work Dor dor Vedoreshov, celebrated his eightieth
birthday in the February of this year. This will be a fitting opportunity ,
to add one more to the numerous oongratulations
ceived.— Bb.] /^^
VOL VII. B B
366 The Jewish Quarterly Eeview,
that the Jews have no critical science. The first essay,
which he composed in his early youth, is entitled. An
Inquiry into Bahbinical Literature} Though the first-fruits
of his study, its style is ripe and perfect as that of a
veteran writer. He endeavours to define the subjects on
which attention should be concentrated in order to bring
to the surface the many priceless pearls to be found in
the sea of Jewish literature. He particularises the pre-
liminary studies requisite for the building up of a sound
and thorough Jewish criticism. If we examine in detail
the undertakings which he urges upon the scholars of
his time, we shall find that they comprehend all those
departments which have successfully engaged the Jewish
intellect ever since Zunz threw light upon the paths and.
methods of inquiry ;- and, therefore, he may well claim to
be styled the original worker in this field, and the guide
to his many successors. He was not, however, merely a
sign-post to others. He himself carried out the advice he
gave, and took a leading part in the Jewish critical
labours of the nineteenth century.
Soon after he had published his first essay, he tried his
strength in biographical composition, and presented the
world with a sketch of the life of one who was a brilliant
light to the Jews in the Middle Ages, Rabbi Solomon
Tizchaki (Rashi). This essay was a lesson to biographers
in their art ; though many before him had endeavoured to
write lives of our great men, yet, lacking the critical
faculty, they omitted, on the one hand, many important
points, while, on the other, they gave currency to state-
ments which were doubtful, and even spurious. But a
biography like Zunz's, written in a spirit of scientific
criticism, had never hitherto appeared. From this point
of view, Zunz may be said to have been the first Jewish
biographer, and his efforts served as patterns and models
■ This esnj was pablished in 1818. I did not know of its existence
till manj jean after, when the late Rabbi J. L. Polaok showed it to me.
It was reprinted in the edition, of his coUected works issued in 1875.
Digitized by
Leopold Zun%. 367
to others. I feel no hesitation in affirming that Zunz's
life of Bashi acted as an incentive to Bappoport to try his
hand at work of a similar character. The latter printed
biographical notices of various scholars in the Bikure
Ha-ittim. Anyone who penetrates into the spirit of these
articles will recognise that Zunz's method served — con-
siderably modified, however — ^as Rappoport's guide. It is
ridiculous to suppose that both savants hit on the same
plans independently of one another ; for when Bappoport
life of Bashi. Indeed, in his biography of B. Nathan,
author of the Aruch (note 47), Bappoport explicitly refers
to Zunz, whose arguments he attempts to refute. Zunz, in
his biography of Bashi, does not confine his research
exclusively to his subject^ Babbi Solomon ben Isaac. He
enlarges the compass of his theme, and occasionally dis-
cusses, e% passant, persons cmd events which, strictly
speaking, fall outside the scope of his inquiry, or which
needed only a cursory mention. For example, in the list
of books and scholars quoted by Bashi in his commenta-
ries, Zunz notes B. Jehudai Qaon, author of the Halaehot
Oedohth. He does not, however, merely give the name,
which for the purpose of his essay would have amply
sufficed, but enters on a long disquisition concerning
this work, examines the authenticity of the tradition
which attributes its authorship to K Jehudai Qaon, and
adduces the opinions of various authorities on this point.
In truth, this inquiry is, after all, only of secondary
importance, irrelevant to his subject, the life of Bashi.
A similar procedure is adopted by him in the case of the
hymnologist, R Elazar Haqalir, mentioned in Bashi's Com.
mentaries. Zunz discusses the poet at some length, and
takes pains to refute the view that Babbi Elazar Haqalir
belonged to the later Tanaites — ^all of which was super-
fluous. A similar excursus is devoted to Babenu Qershon,
the light of the Diaspora. Bappoport, in his biographies,
follows the same plan, but carries it to an inordinate
B B 2
Digitized by
368 Tlie Jewish Quarterly Review.
length, to the exhaustion and perplexity of hii readersL
Zunz, when he wrote his essay on Rashi, had, in my
opinion, no intention of making it a complete summary of
every detail, large and small, which would be indispensable
for a comprehensive and perfect work. He only brought
together material for a glorious palace, drew a beautiful
and correct plan, and gave clear instructions how to build
it in accordance with scientific rules. To others was left
the task of rearing the edifice. Is not this indeed the
architect's business — to make designs which the builders
have to execute ? Certain classes of work the deveresi
designer is incompetent to carry out personally. Zunz
honestly recognised that, for a perfect biography of Rashi,
what was pre-eminently necessary was a full and careful
examination of the wonderful results which that great
teacher achieved for a knowledge of the Talmud in his
Commentaries, Decisions and Besponsa. Tet on all these
subjects, Zunz has very little to say. Why ? Because he
knew full well that he was unequal to the task of the pre-
liminary examination of the material Like a genuine and
conscientious scholar, therefore, he refrained from trespass-
ing beyond the limit of his knowledge. While acknow*
ledging the many excellencies of his work, I have found
that, despite painstaking care and industry, errors crept
into his essay, and many essential points were omitted.^
It also appears that Zunz thought that K Joseph Bonfils*
whom Bashi mentions, is identical with the Rabbi of that
name, who taught R Tarn. But this cannot be the case,
since R. Joseph, mentioned by Rashi, died in Rashi's life-
time, while R Tam was still a young child when his
grandfather, Rashi, died. When he mentioned R Eliezer
Qaon bar Isaac, he thought that the latter was Rabbi
* la speaking of Babbi Genhon, the light of the Diaspora, he gives
many nnneoessary details, and forgets to mention the extremely impor-
tant faot that B. Gtorshon, with his own hand, prepared a correct manu-
script copy of the Gemara, which was in Bashi^s possession (^Sueeahy 40a).
This is stated in Tosaphoth in varioas places. R. Tam qaoted from this
manuscript. (See my Biography of Rashi^ Note 4.)
Digitized by
Leopold ZutUL 369
Eliezer HagadoL But, according to ToaaphotA, R Eliezer
Hagadol was Rashi's teacher. Z\mz, indeed, excludes this
teacher from the list of authorities quoted by the great
Exegete, it having escaped his notice that the latter
mentions R Eliezer Ha-gadol in the Pardes, where he
styles him the teacher of R Jacob the elder, as well as of
his other teachers ; Bashi also quotes his opinion anony-^
mously in Aboda Zara, 74a, with the phrase, «^ \^ith
\nWDO. The reference is clearly to R Eliezer Hagodol (see
Noiee on Bashi, and my Biography). But what matter a
few isolated errors? They do not affect the permanent
ttnd solid value of the essay. The author liimself candidly
iMlmitted their existence, and, in fact, personally called
attention to them. Ten years after the essay was issued,
he printed in the Introduction to the OoUesdienstUche Vor-
trdffe, a list of his mistakes, some of which he corrected.
We ought therefore not to regard the mistakes, but rather
dwell upon the immense importance of this work, which
paved the way to the science of Jewish biography, and
which is so admirably calculated to serve as a model in
this department of literary activity. These two essays
which I have named, were the earliest seeds which he
sowed in the field of Jewish science. The first was puV
lished in 1818, the second, four years later, in 1822, while
the author was still a youth. Both quickly bore fruit in
their influence on scholars and their work. Then many
years passed, during which only fugitive articles came
from his pen at rare intervals. It was, however, univer-
sally known that Zunz was studying, writing, and ex-
ploring, with incomparable zeal, the literary treasures
buried in libraries, poring over neglected and forgotten
manuscripts^ and utilising them to the fullest degree in
the researches in which he was engaged. In every place
where he was known by name, and where his talents
and abilities were fully recognised and appreciated, the
results of his labours were ardently longed for.
Digitized by
370 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
At length, in the year 1832, expectation was more than
satisfied by the publication of his great work, Die gottes-
dienstliche Vortrdge der Juden, Hiaicriech entwiekelt. It
would be wearisome to attempt here a description of this
volume, with its multitude of new ideas in the history of
Midrashic literature, or to pile up eulogies on its manifold
excellencies. For who is not aware of the revolution it
effected among Jewish students ? Who does not know how
it breathed a new spirit into the minds and hearts of un*"
sophisticated readers of the Midrashim, and stimulated
many of the students of the Torah to enter into similar
investigations ? But, strange to relate, notwithstanding the
importance of the work, notwithstanding the extreme value
of the jewels which it revealed in Midrashic literature,
hitherto left unilluminated by the light of mticism ; not*
withstanding the honour paid both to the book and the
author by all honest scholars, it did not at first yield any
material profits. The price of the work, which ran to 500
pages, was moderate, and, as the edition did not go off
easily, it had, after a few years, to be still furUier reduced.
It is fifty-five years since I purchased a copy for a Reichs-
thaler. Zunz, as I have heard, did not derive any profit
from his labours. This is the common fate of all authors
who deal witti Jewish literature. Many there be who
eagerly seek their books like silver, but they bring no
silver wherewith to purchase the books. Zunz accomplished
two objects. First, he laid the foundations for a history
of Midrashic literature, a subject never hitherto touched.
His work also afforded material help towards comprehension
of the evolution of culture eunong the Jews at successive
periods, and may claim to have established the principles
upon which Jewish history should be based. When we
consider the results accruing from his work, we cannot
deny that for all the authors who followed him, who occu-
pied or still occupy themselves with these important
departments, Zanz's researches have proved indispensable
guides. Whether the fact be admitted or denied, whether
Digitized by
Leopold ZunM. 371
ipre acknowledge our indebtedness or not, he waa undoubt-
edly a pioneer for all of us.
The motive that urged hini to write the GoUesdienstliche
Vortrdge may be gathered from remarks in the preface.
'' Many hundred years have passed since Israel's glory de-
parted, since he forfeited his freedom and country. But one
treasure was left him — the Synagogue. This now became
a home for the Jewish nationality. All who were devoted
to their faith, found in it a refuge, where they received
religious instruction and counsel; renewed their strength
to endure terrible vicissitudes; obtained comfort in their
sorrows ; revived the hope they cherished that their freedom
would again dawn. The service of the Synagogue was a
rallying point to the Jewish people, and proved the safe-
guard of Israel's faith." This conception was the motor to
his GMfesdienstliche Vortrdge, Homilies in conjunction with
prayers, were the perennial fountains which helped to pro-
duce a rich harvest of moral blessings. It would be his
work to investigate scientifically the historic development
of Homilies in the Synagogue. Another purpose would be
indirectly served, the foundation stone would be laid for
the history of the Jewish people.
It is natural that those who enjoy the fruits of men's
thoughts should desire to know the benefactors who have
given to them of their best. And by this nearer acquaint-
ance with the teachers, the disciples are helped not a
little to understand the tea<5hing. When, therefore, Zunz
gent readers, he thought it his duty to treat ne:tt of the
authors of our mediaeval literature. With extraordinary
taking, published his Beitrdge zur Oeschtchte und Literatur
in 1845. In these researches, he throws light on the
writers of the Tosaphoth and other mediaeval authors, who
occupied themselves with the science of Judaism. In my
excellent treatment One of our foremost contemporary
Digitized by
373 The Jewish Quarterty Review.
scholars once said to me that Zunz relied greatly, for this
work, on the nrmn ¥n^\)y where the names of the writers
of Tosaphoth are collected and classified. I replied, " No, sir ;
Zunz is not a hasty and superficial investigator, who
insufficiently examines the sources he uses." I have also
read his writings on the Tosaphoth, and fully recognise the
value of his researches on this theme. They afibrd ample
evidence of patient toil and critical insight, and have
nothing in common with the bare outlines of the ^p. In
one place I find he follows that work, and erroneously.^
It must be admitted that, as in his Oottesdienstliche Vor-
trdge, so in his second work, he succeeded in showing that
the Jews were not destitute of culture; that their litera-
ture is indeed a storehouse of knowledge and wisdom , an
object materially served by his other writings. I specially
name : Die Synagogale Poesie, on the Piyutim and Selichot^
issued in 1855, and Die Literaturgeschichte der Synagogakn
Poesie, connected with the former, but which did not see
the light till 1865, after the Hitm, which conmsts of in-
quiries into Synagogal rites, had appeared in 1859, In
my reminiscences (MS.) I have stated that when I descant
upon those contemporaries to whom I owe a debt for en-
lightening me and rousing in me the spirit of literary emu-
lation, my object is not to discuss or criticise the details of
their inquiries, but rather to point out the aims for which
they strove with more or less success. Accordingly, in this
article on Zunz and his writings, I propose to survey the
objects which he hoped to achieve by his literary efforts ;
to show to the world that Jews, even in the Middle Ages,
had a science and literature, certainly not inferior to, and
> In my History of Jetoisk Tradition^ p. 849, note 80, I haye already
shown that Znnz (Z«r lAteratw u. 6hsehiehtef p. 48), foUows the ^f]p,
who mentions M, Ckttyim hen Joseph as a Toeaphist. Znns adds the oon-
jeotnre that U. Ohalm, B. Tarn's pnpil, was the son of Joseph : the -^^jp,
howeyer, is in error ; there is no Toeaphist of that name. The sooroe o^
the mistake is Tosaphoth Henaohot 88a, from which he quotes R, C^aim
hen Joseph; B.Ghia bar Joseph, oar Amora, mentioned ihidem 90a, is how-
eyer meant. In the later editions of the Talmnd this is oorreoted.
Digitized by
Leopold Zun%. 373
^rhaps even surpassing, those of their neighbours ; to de-
monstrate the truth that at no period did the spirit of
Jewish poetry cease to put forth buds and blossoms, and to
produce fruit among the sorrow-laden Hebrew race, and
to prove that Jewish poetry has an enhanced value, because
it immortalises the annals of Jewish history. Many have
wondered why Zunz consecrated a large portion of his life
to inquiries concerning Piyutim, which Ibn Ezra already
stigmatised, remarking, for instance, that Qalir, in his
Piyutim, had abused the Hebrew language, like an enemy
who breaks down the walls of a city. One of our modem
critics, Lagarde, contemns Zunz for his interest in the
Piyutim, and denies him any taste in Hebrew style. The
first ground of objection may be dismissed as of a super-
ficial character. The merit of Qalir's poetry does not con-
sist in its form — the flowers of fancy, which flourish and
wither, according to the variation of tastes; but in the
contents, '' in the wealth of ideals, which arouse and stimu-
late Israel's love to his Qod, and in the occasional beautiful
pictures which dazzle the mind and captivate the heart"
Ibn Ezra, the Spaniard, only found fault with the styla
The same criticism applies to the Poetanim, who followed
in Qalir's footsteps. Discussing them from this point of
view, and in this spirit, Zunz accomplished a useful and
valuable work, for which he had the requisite aptitude.
His keen insight enabled him to perceive the depth of
feeling from which the Piyutim welled forth. How beauti-
fully has this been expressed by one of our most eminent
scholars. Dr. David Kaufman, in his reply to Paul La-
garde (p. 20) : " Leopold Zunz," he says, " the great artist
who took a comprehensive view of every subject which he
investigated, recognised, with the keen, critical sagacity
natural to him, that, in order adequately to discuss the
Piyutim, it is absolutely requisite to conceive and describe
the hell of persecution, out of which the poetical Jewish
literature in the Middle Ages sprang up. It is essential
that we should go the poets' land, and see the places where
Digitized by
374 The Jem%h Quc^terfy Review,
these pearls of thought were formed. Zonz, unsurpassed
by predecessors or contemporaries, apprehended and com-
prehended the storm of sighs and groans in this litera-
ture which smite on the hearts of all who have the capacity
to feeL He, as no one else, sympathised with the torrents
of tears that produced the poetry of the Synagogue. He
was seized by a great longing to open our eyes to the
terrible calamities Israel sustained, so that we, too, might
understand the overwhelming multitude of sighs, see the
spring from which flowed the streams of tears. He wished
to pass in review before us the heartrending events which
occasioned the sighs and the groans. With wonderful art,
without unnecessary ornaments of style, without rhetorical
flourishes, simply by drawing our attention to the results
which his calm, patient, and dispassionate studies produced,
Zunz accomplished his work. And, therefore, he deserves
to be called the historian of his people ; for he narrated,
truthfully and vividly, its annals in the dark and trou-
blous medieval daya He has shown how sorrows are
wedded with supplications, like lightning and thunder, like
anguish and tears." All who complainingly wonder at
Zunz's devotion to the Piyut should ponder these words,
and they will appreciate the magnificent work which he
accomplished by his investigations into that branch of
literature. They will recognise that what they have re-
jected is the comer-stone of Jewish history. Lagarde's
strictures are not worth answering, especially after Kauf-
man, in his brochure (p. 28), has proved '* that this Anti-
Semite critic has less knowledge than the merest school-
boy of the subject he presumes to treat, that he is even
incapable of translating, much less imderstanding, the
Hebrew poetry of the Middle Ages."
II.
Prom the day the Ootteadienatliche Vortrdge came into
my hands, I was drawn towards its author, and felt for
him a disciple's respect for his master. I studied his
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 876
work as assiduously and carefully as I was wont to do
the Talmud and Fosekim. I turned over his ideas in
my mind, examined his arguments, tested his positions
as far as the resources of my library allowed. Although
I occasionally found statements of which I could not
altogether approve, I could not say that he ever con-
sciously misled. His quotations are always given faith-
fully. His criticisms are genuine and just. He is not
guilty of perversions, in order to force the opinions of
scholars into agreement with his views or subordination
to his purpose. His inquiries were always conducted in
the right way. He never seeks to dazzle his readers by
empty rhetorical effects. K he knew that he could convey
his meaning in a sentence of three words, he would not
have added a fourth for the sake of embellishment. He
deemed it despicable to conceal his true opinions in
ambiguous phrases. Throughout the GoUesdiemtliche Vor-
character, or one that would betray chagrin, jealousy, or
contempt for fellow-students. He does not try to force
his opinions upon others by invective or artifice. Zunz's
•wish was to build up the house of Israel and heal its
breaches, not to pull down its walls or lay bare its
foundations. He never girds at any healthy Jewish
customs ; but he was not blind to the fact that some of
them had been covered with an accumulation of dust.
The whole of his life he consecrated to our literature,
which, alas, is contemned by those who are ignorant of it
within and outside the Jewish community. To proclaim its
merits and convince both classes of its excellence was his
heartfelt longing, which, indeed, he lived to see, in a great
measure, realised. Many of those who had formerly
•despised Jewish literature became its firm admirers.
Who can deny that the living interest which our Tal^
mudic and Midrashic literature has aroused among noiv-
Jewish scholars, is due in a considerable degree to the
influence of Zunz's writings — as^ indeed, has been
Digitized by
876 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
abundantly acknowledged. But the fame achieved by
him among his own people reached a height which very
few have attained. When Zunz died, I paid a tribute
to his memory {Beth Talmud^ Pt V., p. 71), from which
the following passage may be quoted: **Zunz was a
wondrous phenomenon in our generation. Everyone
knows that he could not be counted among the orthodox
Jews. Nor, indeed, did he have the least desire to be so
counted. And yet the members of this section of Jewry
speak of him with the utmost respect and reverence.
For this apparently strange anomaly we can only account
by a clear recognition of the fact that the Jews are truly
and sincerely grateful to all their benefactors. And Zunz
who was a sterling benefactor to the whole of his people,
was popular with them all. Jews, both orthodox and
reform, draw the water of knowledge from his well Not
a single genuine investigator, whether belon^ng to one
or the other party, will move a step in the study of our
literary antiquities without Zunz's writings at his side.
How, then, should the debt of obligation to him be denied
or his memory fail to be preserved." I do not think that
any honest critic will fail to agree with these sentiments*
If isolated individuals among us have spoken against
him, we can cmly deplore the fact On more than one
occasion Qriltz criticised him in a manner equally un*
worthy of the critic and the subject. Whenever I noticed
it I always felt grieved at seeing one of those whose utter-
ances were unvaryingly received with respect and carried
weight, publicly disparaging our great men. Do not
ignorant critics pour contumely enough on Israel's scholars ?
Was there any need for one of our own masters needlessly
to bicker with a fellow-scholar ? What eould have
tempted Grtttz to sin so grievously against Zunz? He
surely knew fuU well that the educated and cultured
classes would not honour him any the more on this
account. I am convinced that though he affected to think
lightly of Zunz, he acknowledged, in his mmost hearty ibe
Digitized by
Leopold ZuM. 377
nobility of Zunz's character and the exceeding value of
his labours in helping to create and foster a just apprecia-*
tion of Israel's literature. Who, indeed, so competent as
Gratz to appraise the extreme importance of his great
contemporary's work for the science of history? Who
availed himself to a greater degree of that work than
Gratz, whether he names his authority or passes it over
in silence ? Some of Gratz's defenders affirm that, when he
was about to publish the first part of his history (Vol.
ni.), Zunz exclaimed jokingly: **What, another history
of the Jews !" — ^a sneer which the historian never forgave.
I certainly do not blame him for feeling resentment and
expressing indignation, and can enter into his sentiments.
He had devoted his physical strength, his intellectual
energies, and his time to the preparation of a history of
the Jews which he deemed was of paramount necessity
because Jost's attempt had not, in his view, risen to the
height of the theme. And now who is the one to throw
cold water on his undertaking? Zunz, whose criticisms
in all matters appertaining to history, are by all Jewish
scholars esteemed so valuable! Not only does the great
critic ¥9ithhold approval from his work ; he actually dis-
courages it ! Can we be surprised that Gr&tz was keenly sen*
sitive to this, as it seemed to him, insulting attitude, and
could never forget or forgive it ? But what I fail to under-
stand is, why Gr&tz should have seen fit to disparage and
endeavour to drag into the dust his critic's knowledge
and judgment, because the latter would not take him at
his own valuation. In the pursuit of. knowledge, the personal
factor should be eliminated. The importation of indi-
vidual resentment must inevitably lead to a perversion
of truth and justice. If a nobleman has put a slight upon
me, shall I avenge the affiront on his child? In my
opinion, this was not merely a crime but a blunder. Gratz
was powerless to injure Zunz. He only hurt himself. A
class of scholars of another stamp also proved themselv^
ungratefuL The orthodox rabbis who, at the same time»
Digitized by
878 The Jewish Quarterly Revieic.
were men of culture, assiduously pored over Zunz'rf
Oottendienstliche Vortrdge, wrote and published articles
which were based on it, and in which the best part of
their material were drawn from ii And yet in their
piety (!) they never so much as mentioned Zunz's name.
I marvel how a man who so far approves of another's
work as to appropriate it wholesfide, should not only deny
his obligations to his authority, but should even presume
to set up as his critia But this conduct, though hard to
justify, is easy to understand.
A Babbi of the class to which I have referred, occupies
a most unenviable pesition, if fate hfiis cast his lines among
a community of zealots, where his flock, upon whom he is
dependent, are his masters. Such a Babbi, we can all
understand, would have to be very cautious about mention^
ing Zunz ; the firebrands in his congregation would at once
accuse him of being hand and glove with the reformers.
He is not afraid, to nearly the same extent, of the reproach-
ful interrogatory which the cultured man would put to
him : '' How is it that you conceal the neune of the original
discoverer and owner, from whose well you draw such
copious draughts of wisdom ? " I am acquainted with a
certain student and author who, though he has appropriated
a wealth of material from Zunz's writings, firequently
without dropping a hint of its origin, has, nevertheless,
opportunity. I have heard this scholar urge, in all
need at the present day. The reverence paid to Zunz, he
said, has grown into an idolatry to be stamped out, or at
least, weakened. I could only laugh inwardly and think
to myself, How happy this man must feel in his conceit !
I recollected, at the same time, that in my long life, I have
frequently seen dwarfs boastfully passing judgment on
intellectual giants, whose height they were incapable of
measuring. All his antagonists have not succeeded in
diminishing by one hair's breadth Zunz's well-earned
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 379
fame, nor did their attempts trouble him in the least. He
pursued the even tenour of his way, though they " sought
many crooked devices." He was a man of peace, even
towards those who openly waged war against him. His
path was not in the storm; he hated the strifes of
scholars, never defended himself against attack, neither
treated his antagonists with contempt, nor overwhelmed
them with invective or vituperation. He only had to
exhibit his noble spirit and they were stricken dumb.
The report that, when the first volume of Qratz's history
appeared, Zunz departed from his usual rule and spoke
satirically, may lower him in our eyes. That he should
have gone out of his way to disparage a work on the
history of the Jews — a department, the investigation of
which occupied the whole of his life — may well occasion,
surprise. But we shall not wonder if we consider the
method which Zunz pursued for the attainment of his
objects, and examine in detail his productions in this
branch of science. After such a survey we shall be in a
position to understand why a new historical work, at this
period, was not to his liking. Zunz thought that the time
bad not yet arrived for rearing an historical structure
worthy of Israel. His ideal was a complete and stately
edifice, in which nothing should be lacking. This could
not be raised till all the stones, large and small, had been
brought together, and all the materials requisite for
a perfect building, such apS he designed, were on the site.
Only thus could one hope to found a glorious palace.
Zunz, therefore, concentrated his attention on the details
and materifiJs of history, and aimed at gathering together
one by one, the facts which would form the stones of the
historic structure. But it does not lie within the power
of a single individual, or even a complete generation,
to accomplish the entire task. The sentence of the Mishna
served him, however, as an encouraging motto : *' It is not
thy duty to complete the work ; do not therefore deem
thyself free to neglect it." Let it not be thought that I
Digitized by
380 The Jewish Quarterly Bevieic,
have attributed tiiougfats to Zonz which he never conceived,
and that the above statements are of a purely snpposititions
character, and have emanated from mj imagination. This
is not the case. All the foregoing has been gathered from
Zunz's own pithy remarka In his biography of that most
eminent Jewish critic, Azariah De Bossi,.Zunz explicitly
says {Kerem Chemed, Pt V., p. 130) : *' that an intelligent
man will seek knowledge in details, before he will venture
to discourse on great subjects." Does not this sentence
sum up the arguments of the lest few pages ? I find in
these few words, a dear indication of his views on the
writing of Jewish history. The essay on De Boesi'9
life from which I have quoted a tersely expressed, but
widely comprehensive thought, is one of tiie most brilliant
jewels in Zunz's diadem. The biographical sketch is a
perfect mine of novel information for the history of the
Jews in Italy during an entire generation (see Gratz, Pt. Y.)
detail that has any bearing on De Bossi's life has been
left untouched. How beautiful is the author's descrip^
tion of De Bossi's intrepidity^ which scorned the snares
of the rebels against the light. '^ Justice was his aim, his
soul longed for truth, and in the might of his spirit, he
could not refrain from plunging into the ocean of investi-
gation. The waves of reason rolled about him and he
heeded not the fluttering of the bats.*' Who will deny that
in these vivid metaphors, Zunz gave us an idea» an inkling
of the way in which he sought knowledge, and of the
method which he followed in dealing with the bats. For
neither were his ears sensitive to their fluttering which
was drowned in the roar of the rushing waters of enquiry.
This essay affords clear evidence of his complete mastery
9ver Hebrew style, and of his desire to write the results of
his studies in this tongue. Some German scholars scorn ta
compose essays on Jewish science in the holy language, and
scoff at those who adopt this practice.^ Zunz did not belong
■ [WeisB hiniBelf mvariably writes in Hebrew, a&d the present essay
was written in that langnag'e. — Ed. J
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 381-
to their ranka I am certain thai he desired to have his
OoUesdiemtliche Vortrdge translated into Hebrew, if he could
only have found a competent translator who could be
relied upon to interpret its exact meaning according to
his conception.^
His fame as a master of Hebrew style travelled far
and wide. Hence Erochmal, in his Ifiist testament, charged
his sons to entrust his writings to Zunz for publication,
confident that in the hands of so perfect a Hebrew scholar
the undertaking would be brought to a successful issue.
And indeed, how conscientiously Zunz discharged the task
allotted to him is abimdantly evident from his preface, in
which he discusses, with admirable conciseness and in a
few lines, the successors and heirs to the prophets, i,e, the
chosen scholars of every age up to the time of Krochmal, to
whose profound erudition in the Thora and Jewish history,
he does full justice. He depicts the confusion in which
he found the literary remains, out of which he was asked
to construct a perfect literary work. When we consider
the book in its present shape and form, we are compelled
to admire the marvellous skill with which Zunz created
it out of chaos. With equal brevity and lucidity, be
surveys the contents of the chapters, not like a mere
compiler of excerpts or abstracts, but like the true critical
student he indeed waa As an appendix to the preface,
he wrote a long note on the three grand ethical principles
suggested by the essay nSDT^S naiOS which the author
acknowledge that they constitute the entire basis of ethical
science, as conceived by the students of Judaism, and,
in a generalised form they express all the good qualities
which the seeker after truth may be recommended to
^ G. D. Lippe, of Vienna, thoug^ht, many years ago, of publishing a
translation of this work. Znnz replied to the request for permission, that
he was aware how much correction the book needed, which he could not
X>ersonally execute on account of his advanced age. He would, however,
be pleased, if I and my colleagues were to undertake the responsibility
of superintending the publication of a correct translation.
VOL. VII. C C
Digitized by
382 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
cultivate. A careful study of this section has convinced
me that it was written from the depths of the heart,
for all the qualities indicated were combined in the author
himself.
" Who is wise ? He who learns from all men." This
sentence might have been spoken of Zunz, who did not
disdain instruction — and indeed was grateful for it — ^what-
ever the quarter from which it came. It is indeed refresh-
ing to observe the absolute honesty with which he records
his thanks to S. L. Bappoport, in the preface to his
Oottesdiemtliche Vortrdge, and acknowledges how much
influenced he was by this scholar in his researches into
Jewish homiletics. Bappoport was not the only one thus
favoured He behaved towards every one in the same
way; from the obscurest author of a wise thought he
learnt eagerly, intelligently and appreciatively. The truth
was always welcome to him, whatever was its source or
authority, and whatever was the language or place in
which it was promulgated. Absolutely indifferent was it
to him, whether the author was a Talmudical casuist,
Chasid, Cabbalist, Doctor, or sceptical philosopher ;
whether he wrote or spoke in any modern vernacular, or
conveyed his thoughts in the ancient language of the
Hebrews. The habits and customs of the country in
which a writer was bom and received his early training,
never affected his estimate of his work. How many Ger-
man scholars have I seen whose judgment of a man and
his knowledge varies according to his society manners,
religious beliefs and practice ! Woe to any one who appears
before such critics in a long coat and with curly Peoth
over his temples. Even if the visitor should be a past
master in Pilpul and wise as Daniel, he is forthwith con-
demned as a fooL The long coat, the Peoth and the Pilpul
are irresistible evidence of the justice of the sentence.
But double and treble woe to one who presumes to believe
in the genuineness of the Cabbala, and i fortiori to one
who studies that occult science. All the virtues cannot
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 383
extenuate the heinous offence of faith in the Cabbala ! This
was Gratz's attitude towards all who devoted themselves
to Cabbala, and believed in its sanctity, and endeavoured
to assist materially, or even merely showed a friendly
interest in the students of the mysterious science. He
pronounced ''Anathema Maranatha'" on their merits,
qualities, efforts and achievements. See for instance, his r^
marks on Rabbi Joseph Caro, the Qeonim, the author of the
D'^Qini DmH and Rabbi David Oppenheim. Zunz did not
act after this barbarous fashion. He aspired to imitate the
noble attribute of Qod, who looks to the heart and not to
the outward appearance ; iudges the man and not his clothes.
If among a thousand inanities, Zunz found a single worthy
thought, he detached it from its mean surroundings and
gave it a noble setting in his own writings. It never entered
his mind to holdup its original author to scorn because the
pearl which he had created was encrusted with sand and
earth.
Among his many noble qualities, the following seems
to me the noblest. He never condemned any one for
his religious opinions. I do not find in his works ridicule
of the sayings of our ancient sages. He carefully weighed
all their utterances, though they did not altogether accord
with his own modem ideaa Their value did not, he
thought, depend upon their approximations to our latter-
day conceptions. Those views, even, which may to us
appear erroneous, have a basis in the sentiments of the age
that produced theoL And to this he refers, in his intro*
duction to Krochmal's work, when he says : " Without a
knowledge of general history, we lack the clue to the
history of our race. The customs and institutions of our
ancestors that have any reasonable foundation, as well as
their disputations and exegeses, originate in contemporary
events." This proposition implies the following converse :
Since our fathers' customs, institutions, controversies and
expositions are the creatures of the ages in which they
were bom, the records of these peculiar institutions,
cc2
Digitized by
384 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
exegeses and disputations are reliable evidences of the
sentiments and thoughts in the early periods when they
first saw light Hence, in order to discern the Zeit-geiat of
any period, it does not matter, in the slightest degree,
whether its established customs, argumentations and expo-
sitions approve themselves^ or are repugnant to our taste.
In either case, they reflect the character of their age. This
will help us to understand why Zunz shows no special
preference for the expressions of ideas that would harmonise
with his views over those that are antagonistic to his con-
victions. Both were subjects for calm and dispassionate
inquiry. That which intrinsically is of secondary value,
or even quite worthless, is useful inasmuch as it affords
us knowledge of historical events and allows us an insight
into mental dispositions eind degrees of enlightenment and
culture at different epochs. For the final purpose of his
enquiry — the study of Jewish national history — all these
elements formed valuable material.
Marvellous was the extent of his erudition in earlier and
later Hebrew literature, and in all departments of criticism.
Not unseldom does he quote from writings which seem, at
first sight, hardly worth waisting time over. But, as already
said, Zunz read everything, secondary and inferior, as well
as the best literature. His strength lay in this, that, with
his keen critical insight, he found every book that he read
helpful to his purpose. Among a hundred inanities he
always succeeded in discovering one valuable thought at
least. Zunz practised devoutly the injunctions of the Tal-
mudic sages: "Nothing uttered by a scholar should be
scornfully rejected." And this indeed is the mark of
a real student. Once I had in my hand a booklet
called brtWl nns, consisting of short homilies on the
Fentateuchal sections. I read it through from begin-
ning to end, and could not help laughing at its fantastic
homiletics and silly exegesis. But after I had finished
it I found a few more pages appended. I turned over a
leaf and was astounded to find that this volume which
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 385
had aroused in me nothing but contempt for its, as I
thought, idiotic author, contained some excellent thoughts.
The appendix was a valuable essay on the principles of
Talmudic Methodology. This taught me a needed lesson
-which may be thus expressed : Do not despise a book be-
CAXise of foolish remarks it may contain. Search it for wise
thoughts] and, if you only find one sentence that ap-
proves itself to your judgment, value the book for the
sake of that sentence. Zunz deserves praise, because he
paid heed to our inferior, as well as our worthier, literature.
Not despising small things, he accomplished great ; became
a teacher of many minds and set an example to be ad-
mired and followed by all upright hearts. The reader
must not imagine that I ever believed Zunz's knowledge
of our ancient literature could be put on a level with
the profound and extensive erudition of the great Talmu-
dical scholars, who had at their fingers' ends every topic
referred to in the Talmuds and other legalistic Jewish
literature, were often able to repeat, word for word, the
greater portion of it by heart, and knew in the same
thorough fashion all the decisions of our illustrious jurists
from Alfasi and Maimonides down to their own time,
and were acquainted with every Midrash at its original
source. Certainly Zunz was not an erudite scholar of that
pattern. Heaven forbid that my love and reverence for
the man should tempt me to transgress the line of truth in
his praise. It would have been impossible for one who
passed the greater portion of his childhood in the Gymna-
sium, and of his youth and early manhood in the University,
to attain this degree of proficiency ; the requisite leisure
was, in his case, lacking. But Zunz, I fancy, had a unique
method of gaining his wide scholarship. At the outset of
his career he conceived the mighty project of diligently
collecting the materials and noting all the sources indis-
pensable for a knowledge of the historic evolution of the
science of Judaism, and for a comprehension of the various
periods and their progressive movements, and of the spirit
Digitized by
386 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
that breathes in their literary products. These authorities
that Zunz gathered together would, he thought, ultimately
form the firm bed-rocks on which a history might be
reared. To attain this purpose he laboured unremittingly
and unweariedly, and extracted from buried and long-
forgotten works the material necessary for his plan. Ln
this way he successfully mastered our extensive literature.
With wonderful discrimination he gathered the roses from
among the thorns in the garden of Jewish literature,
separated the kernel from the shell, and acquired an almost
unequalled a.cquaintance with books. We would, however,
blunder egregiously if we hastily jumped to the conclusion
that Zunz condemned the thorns to destruction, or cast
away the shell as absolutely worthless. Much that others
regarded as thorns was not so regarded by him. The
argumentative methods of the Talmud, in some cases ap-
parently perverse or casuistic; the strange Hagadas and
astounding Midrashim ; the Cabbala, which, to the sound
intellect, wears a forbidding aspect ; — all these elements of
Jewish literature, which are foreign to our present concep-
tions and modes of thought, were in his eyes not thorns to
be thrown on the fire, but fair plants, straight and upright
at first, that had, however, in course of time, grown warped
and twisted. They are not, on that account, absolutely
worthlesa By their help we can trace the progress and
development of culture among the Jewa And since
this forms one of the most important departments of
Jewish history, it goes without saying that the prickly
thorns and gnarled stems were necessary as providing a
sure basis for investigation.
I have already stated that all Zunz's writings afford
evidence that one of the chief purposes, which he always
kept in view, was to show to the world that Israel is not
devoid of culture, and that his literature is a store-house of
knowledge. In this he followed the great light of Judaism,
who wrote in his letter to the scholars of Lunel (Maimo-
nides i2e«ponM, Na 49) that his heartfelt desire was : *" To
Digitized by
Leopold Zunt. 387
show the peoples and the princes the beauty of the Thora,
for indeed she is fair to look upon/* In all Zunz's great
works this was his goal He felt urged to proclaim that
Israel had a literature rivalling the ancient and contem-
porary literatures, that this woe-stricken people had a
history, philosophy, and poetry second to none.
To the question. What positive benefit will accrue should
public opinion admit our claims to these excellencies, Zunz
replied, at the beginning of his Zur LUeratur u. Oeachichte :
*' K men recognise that Israel has a history, a science, and
a poetic literature, like other nations, they will honour
Jewish science and literature. They will accord the Jews
the right of mental and spiritual equality. This recogni-
tion of Israel's intellectual and moral elevation will lead to
an outpouring of the spirit of humanity on the peoples.
Mutual understanding will be followed by a bond of
brotherhood ; the admission of the claims of Israel's
science and literature would have as its inevitable co-
rollary a concession of equality of rights to Jews in
practical life." These sentences throw a flood of light on
Zunz's aims and ideals, the goal he set himself, and the
path by which he hoped to reach it. Zunz fought for
equality of intellectual, social, and political rights, not
with violent acts or with words that pierce like swords.
He proceeded gently and steadily. His weapons were
logical and scientific arguments that compel assent. In
the war of words he was careful not to reply to invective
with invective. He sought to justify Israel, to bring to
light his uprightness, to announce among the nations the
purity of his ideas and the sublimity of his sentiments
to be found expressly or implicitly in his unjustly maligned
literature. But he did not propose to enter into contro-
versies with the reviling opponents of Judaism concerning
their beliefs, or to pour ridicule on them and their views.
Experience taught him, as it is daily teaching us, that those
who resort to hard measures miss their aim. Se never
missed it, because he observed the counsel of the text,
Digitized by
388 The Jewisli Quarterly Review.
" Keep uprightness ; look straight : there is a future for
the man of peace." A seeker of justice, he pursued
humility; but he never humbled himself to the proud,
nor used the beggar's cringing tone, for he did not crave a
boon, but asked justice. It ought, therefore, not to be
imagined that Zunz, advocating the claims of his people,
always eulogised its ethics and literature in a spirit of
partiality, while he shut his eyes to its faults and de-
liberately concealed and denied its shortcomings. It was
not so. Zunz was essentially a man of truth, and neither
love nor hatred could tempt him to overstep the bounds of
strictest accuracy.
m.
I deem it unnecessary to apologise for refraining from a
discussion of every minute incident of Zunz's life ; for I
do not intend to speak of his birthplace, early training,
teachers, and sympathetic fellow-students by whom he
was influenced — ^his association with them, his separation
from them, and choice of a unique path — ^the study of
Israel's wisdom and the advancement of his people's wel-
fare — to which noble and worthy objects he consecrated
his life. I will also omit any detailed account of the
vicissitudes which befell him in the various portions of his
life, and the difficulties that he experienced in finding a
position adapted to his abilities; how the fates mocked
him and changed his fortune a dozen times. At one period
he was a teacher of children ; then he adopted the ^ling
of preacher, and afterwards he became the editor of a
newspaper. In none of these callings was he successful.
At certain times he suffered destitution, and seriously
thought of seeking a situation as derk or accountant with
a Berlin firm. His extreme poverty and despair actually
drove him at one time to seek a post as HNrTin rrrio,
and he applied to Choriner, of Brody, for a Rabbinic
diploma, which he obtained from that Rabbi. Surely
Zunz was conscious of his comparative igporance of Jewi3}|
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 389
legal praxis ; and yet, for the sake of a livelihood and
salary, he so far forgot himself as to be willing to accept
an office unsuitable to him and for which he was unsuited.
I will not dwell upon the misfortunes which he suffered
till he received the appointment of preacher to the Old
Synagogue at Prague. It was not very long before he
voluntarily resigned this office and returned to Berlin.
These biographical details need not detain us long. In
Adam's book it W€w evidently written : " Zunz shall win
renown as a scholar, but shall not be styled Babbi.'' My
purpose is not to narrate the incidents of Zunz's domestic,
communal, and social life, and the troubles which fate and
opposition brought upon him. I only desire to place on
record here a necessary and impartial criticism of his
literary attainments and achievements; to offer him a
merited tribute of eulogy for the noble virtues which he
taught by precept and example ; and to acknowledge the
debt I personally owe him for the influence his life exer-
cised upon me and the instruction I derived from his books.^
Yet I cannot help touching here briefly on an incident
that affected his posthumous fame. After Zunz, towards
the close of a long and active life, had become the glory of
Berlin Jews, he was, as is commonly known, honourably
maintained by the heads of that community — ^not by way
of charity, which Zunz would never have accepted, but in
return for some light duties. The income from this source,
added to the profits of his later publications, supplied his
modest wants, and left something over. This residue he
bequeathed to a relative who had faithfully tended his old
age till the Iskst moment On this fs/ci becoming known,
slanderers spread an exaggerated report of the wealth he
had left behind him. "Look," they said, '*Zunz all his
lifetime feigned poverty, and has accumulated a fortune.''
' Becently an essay on ZnnE, bj Dr. Maybanm, of Berlin, has reached
me, containing some interesting details gathered from Zanz*s letters and
from the diary he kept. Credit is dne to Dr. Maybaom for having pnt
together yalnable materials for a complete life of Zunz. I have had bat
Digitized by
390 I7i€ Jewish QMrterly Review.
Who raised the outcry ? Not the scholars who ** eat bread
and salt and drink water by measure, and weary them-
Belves in the study of the Thora*'; but those who live
daintily at the expense of others, and traffic with their
learning. May Heaven forgive them !
As regards his attitude towards Biblical criticism, he
had but little occasion to give full expression to his views.
A complete chapter (Ch. II.) of hb Oottesdieiutliche Vor-
trdge is devoted to a critical discussion of the exact date of
certain of the Scriptures ; and he there demonstrates that,
taking their contents and substance as a iair test, some of
the Biblical writings could not have been composed at the
dates commonly assigned them. I have not met a criticism
of the Pentateuch in any of his formal works. But Zunz
was not a man to hide the convictions at which he had
arrived after ripe study and mature reflection. He, there-
fore, in his old age, arranged his ideas on this important
subject, and published a long essay on Biblical criticism,
which, however, is completely taken up with a disquisition
on the Five Books of Moses. He calls attention to the
objections that have been advanced against the Unity of
the Pentateuch, and offers conjectures as to those portions
of it which should be ascribed to a later period than that
of the Lawgiver. His inquiries, which dissect the Thora
with the critical knife, are obviously antagonistic to the
accepted traditions of Jewa What moved Zunz to pub-
lish his opinions on a matter where they would, as he
could clearly foresee, be regarded as thorns in the eyes of
the bulk of Jewry ? Nothing but the irresistible impulse
that urges the investigator fedthfully to declare his ripe
and carefully-matured thoughts. The true critic cannot
suppress the ideas, which, in his heart, he believes to be
correct. This sufficiently explains why Zunz proclaimed
with tongue and pen, and, in fact, published to the whole
world, the views which he cherished as trutL'
> A large portion of that essay appeared in the periodioal Z.D,M, ^
Pt. ZXYIL, p. 669 i the rest in his ooUeoted writings, Ft. I.
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 391
But we moat remember that his critical studies, which
repudiate Moses' authorship for considerable portions of
the books named after him, and ascribe them to later
periods, were only treated by him as hypotheses with a
purely scientific value, but with no legitimate right to
affect the actual living practice of Judabm. And, accord-
ing to Zunz, the main thing is not study, but practice.
Zunz never, as far as we have heard, looked upon his
books as a guide to conduct ; never presumed to lay down
the law ; never took it upon himself to say : These pre-
cepts are beautiful, observe them; those are ugly and
obsolete, abrogate them.
The principle that governed his thoughts and beliefs
may be thus formulated : The institutions of Judaism, as
developed in the course of ages, adopted and confirmed by
the custom of the Jewish people, consecrated by antiquity,
are sacred and inviolable. To lay hands on them is to
attack the very citadel of Judaism. So he expressly de-
who presumed to teach the Jews the path they should
walk in religion (Zunz, Oeaammette Schrijten, Pi I., Sect. 12.
Berlin: 1875). In that answer to our would-be mentor,
who advises the Jews as to what is good for them, and
enjoins them that if they wish to prosper they ought to
Moses — as the Karaites had done — Zunz explicitly says :
" The history of every nation exhibits either a rise or fall
— ^progress or retrogression. No nation ever reverts to its
ancient position, no people has ever allowed itself to be
fettered by the dead letter. Holy Writ, as well as history,
teaches that the Law of Moses was never fully and com-
pletely carried out in its literal sense. Liberty was given
. to the great leaders of every generation to make modifica-
tions and innovations through the properly constituted and
generally recognised authorities. Priests and prophets^
kings and Synhedria,^ made frequent use of this right.
* Aooording to tradition, the text, "p^H^ Xt( Mlinn ^33 ('* aooording
Digitized by VjOOQIC
•892 The Jewish Quartetiy Retietc.
and, indeed, impossible. As our would-be adviser does not
approve of the whole of the laws of Moses, but picks and
chooses divers parts which strike him as harmonising
.with the general spirit of Scripture, and others which
accord with the sentiment prevalent at the present moment
(and who can tell what the fate of the latter will be),
would not the acceptance of his counsel thicken the con-
fusion, create fresh sects eind schisms, and inflame religious
bigotry ? Seventeen centuries' experience has abundantly
taught the Jews that the strivings for innovations of this
character have always disturbed the communal peace,
jeopardised their social harmony, prosperity, and happi-
ness, and been invariably succeeded by bitter pangs of
conscience." Zunz, therefore, impelled by these views,
sums up his arguments at the end of his reply substan-
tially as follows : — '' We religionists will never accept the
advice tendered us by this critic. Any reform in the
fundamentals of our faith is so much labour lost, and is
indeed positively injurious to our best interests." The just
inference to be drawn from this sentiment is, that, though
Zimz was a severe Biblical critic, yet his scientific criticism
had no connection with the living practice of religion, in
which he did not deviate by so much as a hair's breadth
from the customs of his people. Zunz, far firom desiring
or approving, abhorred every reform of traditional
Judaism. According to the views expressed in this essay,
he certainly believed that nothing was better for Jews than
faithful adherence to the accepted religious customs of the
Jewish people, which have become, by long usage, a part
of Israel's religion.
to the law which they shall teach thee ") points to the laws of the elders.
Of the disoretioxi allowed the prophets, Elijah^s procedure on Mount
Carmel is an apt example. In regard to the priests, it is said, " Thou
' shalt come to the priest who shall be in those days." Of kings, as
legislators, I know of none whom Zunz had in mind, except Heiekiah.
The Synhedrion's main function was legislatorial.
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz. 393.
The essay from which I have just quoted was written in
Zunz's youthful period, when his heart was full of hopes
and plans for the distant future. In those days, there
were not a few holders of, or aspirants to, the Babhinical
office, who gave themselves up, heart and soul, to the Reform
movement. Some of these preachers whom I knew, would'
have overturned the whole edifice of Judaism, had it de*
pended on their will or wisL But Zunz, &s we have seen,
even in his young days, was not of their party. Nor when,
advanced in years, and ripened in knowledge, he stood at
the summit of his fame, did he alter his opinion. His views
on the abrogation of Jewish customs or institutions, are set
forth with sufficient explicitness in his controversy with
Geiger in 1845, between whom and himself a difference had
broken out, which had the effect of considerably cooUng
their friendship. Geiger found it intolerable that a scholar
of Zunz's stamp should bear him ill-will. Not a week had
formerly passed without an interchange of correspondence
and now a long time had elapsed without a line from Zunz.
Geiger wrote again to his friend a long letter, complaining
of the latter s inexplicable silence and estrangement. This
is not the place for large quotations from a correspondence
which has no direct bearing upon our present purpase.
But one point is noteworthy. Geiger blames Zunz severely
and uncompromisingly, for having, in one of his essays,
upheld the custom of wearing phylacteries, eks a noble and
sacred institution {Oesammelte Schnften, Part IL, p.l72, aeqq,),
says, " that every popular custom may possibly have a deep
meaning, what can be said in favour of this particular
usage, which is based on a mistaken interpretation of the
text (referring to t/non's exposition), and approaches
dangerously close to the superstition of wearing amulets
and charms. Does such an institution deserve to be called
holy?" He criticises Zunz for his essay {Ibid. 191) on
the sanctity of the Abrahamic rite, in which the aathoi:
Digitized by
394 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
exclaims, "Qod forbid that we should tamper with this
precept, which was in past times, and is still at the present
day, reverenced as sacred by the whole Jewish people. Who
will dare to abrogate, with impunity, this holy rite ? '* Geiger
dissented, '' Though I agree tiiat it was unwise on the part
of the Be/orm Verein to touch the rite of circumcision*
which the bulk of Jews still hold sacred, yet I cannot com-
prehend the necessity of working up a spirit of enthusiasm
for the institution on the ground that it is generally
esteemed." On a third occasion, he took Zudz to task because
he heard that the latter observed the regulations of Judaism
in his household arrangements more strictly than ever. ^* K
Zunz's scrupulousness and punctiliousness," he says, " were
a consequence of the office he holds [he was, at that time,
principal of the Training College for Jewish Teachers in
Berlin], it would be intelligible." But he heard it reported
that Zunz's strictness was an outcome of his inward con-
victions ; that he thought it every Jew's duty to maintain
in their integrity the traditional customs universally ac-
cepted by the commimity. This, to him, was incomprehen-
sible. To Qeiger's ambiguous words, Zunz replied clearly
and decisively, without qualification or reservation, in terms
that express his fundamental views on Reform in Judaism,
of which the following is the gist: "The norm as well as
the sanction for Judaism is the practice actually in vogue.
Its obligation rests on the consecration of general usage.
The great thinkers, Maimonides, Ibn Ezra, Nachmanides,
have the right and privilege of building on this foundation.
It is our duty to change our own ways ; our religion needs
no change. Foreign excrescences, that have attached them-
selves to the pure creed, need to be removed, but the sacred
inheritance of the congregation of Jacob should not be
touched. The outcry against the Talmud can only come
from one who has renounced Judaism." Thus far Zunz.
This is not the place to speak about Geiger. My object
is to sketch in his own words Zunz's character, methods
and views on practical Judaism, and he traditions in vogue,
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz, 395
which alone, according to him, can form an actual standard
for the religious life. We may wonder at the combination,
^1 an honest man like Zunz, of two diametrically opposed
elements.
How is scepticism as to the unity of the Pentateuch to
be reconciled with a marked reverence for tradition shown
in a stem refusal to budge an inch from what has been
consecrated by the adoption of the people? How is a
zeal for the honour of the Talmud, which he carries to
the extreme length of renouncing all communication with
its detractors, compatible with a doubt, not kept to
himself, but deliberately disseminated, as to the authen-
ticity of the first five books of the Bible ? We shall have
no occasion for surprise if we bear in mind the point
already touched upon, that for Zunz, study and practice
are distinct provinces. The investifrator should be at
liberty to explore ; the soul, God's gift, is not in bonds.
But any professor of a particular religion is bound to rule
his life according to the code that obtains among his
co-religionists; and this code is indeed difierentially re-^
ligion.
Among his many excellent qualities, one stands pre-
eminent — ^the virtue of toleration. He was patient to-
wards the views of others, both in religion and criticism.
Only wickedness exasperated him. Would that all Jewish
fldiolars emulated him in this respect. Frequent ex-
perience should have taught us sufficiently that intolerance
breeds discord, and peace alone promotes well-being.
Alas! to the sore grief of all right-minded people, in-
tolerance is an old evil among the Jews. We find it
manifested first and foremost by those who differ in their
dogmatic belief. " Hard-shell " orthodox Israelites in one
camp, arrayed against free-thinking sceptics. Neither
party can bear the other. The air is filled with their
vehement and constant contentions. And yet both sides
are thoroughly honest The one is honest in its uni-
versal faith, the other in its spirit of universal
Digitized by
396 The Jewish Quarterly Mevietc.
inquiry. What need of quarrelling? Let each^ cling to
his genuine beliefs. A man has no business to set himself
up as a judge of his neighbour's thoughts. This office
belongs to God alone, who searches the heart. Such
contentions have deprived us of many advantages, and
ruined our communal peace. Yet, in spite of these
notorious considerations, partisans persist in disputations.
Why? Because intolerance has filled them with a mad
perverseness. The discussions of Jewish scholars and
critics are warped by intolerance. Scholars obstinately
stand on their individual opinions without a shred of
reason, as if they had sworn fealty to the children of
their brains. Everyone regards his argument, no matter
whether good or bad, strong or weak, as absolutely
irrefragable, and cannot brook opposition. Intolerance
is to blame when scholars belittle and disparage each
others' work, and criticise hastily, adversely, and un-
justly. Of these despicable vices, Zunz showed not a
trace. He had an open mind for all views, even for
those not accordant with the bent of his own idea& He
did not obstinately maintain his own opinion against sound
reason. He welcomed every intellectual production, and
encouraged and stimulated every student. His ear and
from a renowned or obscure source.
One more quality I will finally note: Zunz never
cared to write critical notices of contemporary work. I
do not remember ever to have seen a critique by him
on a new publication. When I brought out my Hebrew
History of Jewish TradUion — I do not, at the present
moment, remember whether it was the first or second part
in connection with which the incident I am about to relate
occurred — ^I sent him a copy, and in the letter which
accompanied the presentation, asked him to favour me with
his opinion of my work. He replied in eulogistic terms,
wish that I should write a critique [evidently misunder-
Digitized by
Leopold Zunz, .397
standing my request] is one to which I cannot accede. To
write critical notices on new books was never my metier**
more ungrateful than that of a critic. I have noticed in
the press the writings of over a hundred authors, and in
every case vexation has been the result of my labours.
Authors' whims are enough to make one weep. One man
writes a book ; another examines it and gives an honest
judgment, praising temperately its merits. But what is
the poor critic to do with the faults and positive inac-
curacies and errors ? Are the blemishes to be glossed over
for the sake of the author ? And yet many knights of the
pen are so hypersensitive that they cannot bear it to be
said that their books contain errors. Others, have I seen,
who knock at the scholar's doors and humbly beg : •* Oh,
dear critic, deign to notice my work, proclaim its praises.*'
The critic, good-naturedly notices the work, but his honesty
will not permit him to hide its faults, and so he earns the
author's undying hatred. Zunz acted wisely in refraining
from all criticisms on contemporary literature.
Summarising the virtues of the hero of this sketch, I
would say that he was of " noble temper," that he loved his
fellow-men and endeavoured to guide their steps to the
Thora, that he was an honest worker, a fruitful explorer.
Not more than bare justice was done him in the eulogy
which I published at his death, in which I said that " his
work still lives and will live for ever. His memory will
never fade." Israel will honour, to the last generation, the
man who devoted all his energies, during the whole of his
life, to the study, elucidation, and exposition of the literature
of Judaism.
I. H. Weiss.
VOL, VIl. D D
Digitized by
398 jThe Jetmsh Quarterly Revmc,
ALFONSO DE ZAMORA.
Very little is to be found in bibliographical works con-
cerning Alfonso, who was one of the chief contributors to
the Polyglott Bible, called Complutensis, in the matter con-
taining the Targum. Roderiguez de Castro* says that Alfonso
was bom in 1480 A.D., and embraced Christianity in 1492.
"We shall see, later on,' that our author was bom in 1474, and
that there is no date mentioned concerning his conversion.
As to his death, Le Long' mentions the yeax 1531, without
indication of the source from which he derived it; we
shall find later on^ that Alfonso wrote as late as 1544,
when he describes himself as old and unhappy. The same
confusion will be found concerning Alfonso's letter,* ad-
dressed to the Jews at Rome, where he called himself the
son of the wise (Rabbi) Juan de Zamora ; from which we
may conclude that Alfonso*s father also embraced Chris-
tifi^ty, perhaps to escape the frequent massacres at
Zamora. There were at Zamora many celebrated families,
such as the ancestors of Isaac Ibn Aramah,* author of
pns^ nipVy and of those of Jacob Ibn Habib, author of the
^V^ YV.'' Zamora had a special rite (riTOD) concerning
Alfonso, to judge from his pure Hebrew style, was edu-
cated in a Jewish school before he went to the University
of Salamanca, as was the case with Paul CoroneP and
^ Biblicteoa EspaHola^ 1. 1., p. 399. * See below, No. xviii.
» BiUiotheca Saera (foL 1723), t II., p. 604J.
• See below, No. xviii * See below, p. 401.
• Kore Ha-dorot (ed. Oassel), fol. 30a. » Ihid., foL 32a.
• MS. BodL Hebrew d, foL 43, H-TIDD n^HDn \r\2, D^:ini^ DOH^D)
• F. Delitesch, Studies on the CompL Polyglott^ 1872, p. 27.
Digitized by
Alfonso de Zamora,
Alfonso de Alcala,* who were his coadjutors for the Com«
platensian Bible, which appeared in 1515. Our Alfonso
seemed to be in great favour with the Cardinal Ximenez
de Cisneros, and later on with his successor as Archbishop
of Toledo, Don Alfonso de Fonseca, to whom he dedicated
his second edition (1526) of the Hebrew grammar in Latin.
The first appeared at the end of the fifth volume of the
Cofnpluten9i».
The following is the dedication which is to be found in
the second edition (foL DD 86), from which we learn that
Alfonso re-edited it in Alcala de Henares, with the help
of Professor Pedro Siruello. It was set in type by Roderigo
de la Torre in the printing office of Michael de Egia, under
the supervision of Professor Don Juan de Pedraso.
: irtob mw's nrw nj»n\ rronpn lanjiDM Vi»n
onDM nH» D37 w^n "(vxhn pyipin nso rxt >rran b'»n'»?
Tmn noTM bDD * ma^^DH?^ yvy^^v^ rmrxo ^m n'^'^w^ p»bn
"^nmv nr» : n'^aittipn D^rrpron noon "^n^^r) nB;«ai ^t
MTi '^D ♦ nbiD^btt b» biTjn )p^n laa^iM nDKDni ryvxn:^
lay bD ^rhvw v^n^ '^aabi ♦ tidd msbo na^nM iia^Mnn
: njT»B^i9 >-r "wt^ta ]n lott^n \r\^^ na^M ♦ Timi rf?D> Tan
niDsnn n>SD o^TW5'»» n >^«?bs Hnnn ]koa rmnm
"^nM irr ri?^D "^3 ♦ nn vn na^M on^am D'^Dsrm rfrnpn^
Vna mm nnian c??^m -invi ♦ nnrf? '»3^:«dmi '^3iptn nm
• rro^bayn vui^m ins bM "^rttv M^n ^s ib'»Bn'»p tnTp
rxt "^ivwv biTj mian ^d ♦ rra^nn D'»rf?M nDsnn na^M
nam mn i^BTbn r^nbi n^ib biTj pa^n orf? rrrra? n^»n
nno I'^nnbn Dpso p^sorf? ♦ in urh -r^Mrf? biTi th'^s w^
triTDa ri?')^ ♦ nnoon dvt»md anwv^ n»nM ♦ onson
* OMtro, ^u?., who quotes from Paolus Colomesius* Italia et Hispania
(HtntalU, p. 218.
DD 2
Digitized by
400 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
♦ •^an^^W'^ ]'»3Db a^a^i nna7^i niwD a^om nbM raa? ♦ i'*W9
]'^ntt') ]Dboi "la?'^ piw "^litD rf?"^! ti'^-nri ppirron t \v
iw!5n3 "ia7M bon "inv ^no^si') nvniwn y^p^^n ni3D')N3
nphnTj? n ]hv yn Tom rmon '»D'»n : "nso niibbn
: '»'^yHi Tban : bh6 nbnn : mn no^nn rY^nn tDSW*) pnn
: nnT novy D^3i« px^ ♦ ro ^^ jni3 inn
: n^p^ nibnnn pn:i • np^ p|Di^i ddh pdb^
s np^ 5jDn pnv^ jnin • niy ddhm ddh^ |n
; n^nn p^D* d^ki • noan kvo mtc n^rtc
5 nn«nn p-viDi • p|Dd thod mno nitD o
: }DKi }DK D^iy^ niiT inn • • ik^u
On the last folio, after the Symbolum, come the follow-
ing lines, from which we can see that Alfonso had many
enemies, and felt himself unhappy, in spite of his successful
career.
: -p^^i^ • D^^^B «iVDb • DVK1 «ni3 • Di^ ^mDt
X imnyn • *3y niion • »3iDnn »3 ♦ ^3^^vn
: i^tDDB^n • iDKun • lonnin * lor^n
: iinDB^ ♦ D^i3 :hy\ • D^nn nnr • d^dd ^d *3
: inK^^ ^^3 • r\'or\ \:hr\ • hd-id nntc ♦ nosn itotr
: imina • ^3;d ^d • ^^riJ'in • ^jk ^bi
: injntrn • ^^« n^cn • ^^byo m • ^byo non
Digitized by
Alfonso de Zamora. 401
Between the Grammar and Dedication we find (on page
BB) the famous Letter addressed to the Jews at Rome and
the surrounding country for controversial purposes, written
in Hebrew with an interlinear Latin translation. The book
seems to be so rare, that the bibliographers have never seen
it, and give therefore a wrong description of it. Many have
said that this Letter is to be found in the Complutensian
Bible after the Grammar, which is not the case. Le Long,
and many after him, confound Alfonso's Letter with St.
Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews, which Alfonso ti'anslated into
Latin. Castro and Maittaire give the right description of it.
As far as our knowledge goes, copies of this Letter are to
be found in the British Museum (two copies), in Paris and
Berlin. Neither the Bodleian library, nor the University
library of Cambridge possesses a copy of it. Being so rare,
we believe we axe justified in giving a description of it.
The title of the Letter is the following : —
and it is divided into seven chaptera The first begins as
follows : MnpH D'^ttTM DD'»bM mmn'^nDi m^n bnp Vn ^^w^h
containing a kind of introduction, and the second chapter
gives proofs from the Old Testeonent for the Trinity. They
are the same which we find in all controversies. The chief
passages are, (a) in Isaiah vi. 3, where we find three times
wy\p " holy " ; (b) in Zechariah xii. 10. Alfonso says : T^^m
^Db w'hwn nro bv ntn npnn i>vm hoa M^nan innst
ntr)p^^ vbw nniriD onDO n'^pi:^:! "^bH rhw ♦ ^bM iiD'^nni natw
-rnw bsn a^npn rmi ]y) dm "^d rm^nb ^ba Li fact, the
Codex Babylonicus has the variation of vbH and ^bs.^ We
shall see, later on,* that Alfonso was well versed in
grammar as well as in Massorah. Finally, Alfonso quotes
the famous passage in the Zohar, W'^lp MTin tt^np Mnw a7^Tp
» See Baer'8 edition, 1878, p. 89, and ed. Ginsburg, 1894, p. 1116.
« See page 402.
Digitized by
402 The Jeunsh Quarterly Review,
Chapter 3 has for subject the Hebrew grammar. The
writer says that he has studied the grammatical works
of Judah Hayyuj, of B. Jonah, of the Ben Elzras, but all
of them are without method, and none of their disciples ean
write Hebrew. The following is the Hebrew text : —
minn a^n'^Di jDipi )nw m'^mosn -iTon T^^rnb '»nw
^amTDwn mb w^w nvw^p^ nipson nsp nb^pi iiDbni
TOWbnn ]WHnTTO VnnK) i ddv ^^rf? ij>bp otw Mt&Yijjn
rm hD "^n^tr^ pMpm no^m >d : ronrfto -qth fmm)
: TOV '»9i'» mim •»?•! nrw u^^noipn rr-onDn •orcm
'»?"] nDipn*) ♦ WTT»D 037 Tni2>pn vrw rwo ^yj^ • bifeDon
Dm3« '^?1 ansa? no '^n'»Mn cai : ntim '»5i nn ^0^32
na?'* inw mo lib'^OM nmnso b» r« ram : rrjT? W
ly "^s • p')ipin rnon D3^B7b nnib vb:; tT»TDbnn i:n3D'»»
DD31tt3b nn-f? 37T^ bDVW TTTM TClbn lb'»0« MSD3 h6 Dl^
rroiTpn ^aro^oM D^3'»»MDn Dvn D'»a7')y» ids p^ipm -jtdi
urh ^3na na^H npiTpi mo by n^'^om p»b o^mw
ni»n UD'hv xs^T^'b am ♦ D^snriMni n^3impn tannron
nwiw nnDon bH I2ibn rf? taw M3^©b nn-ib d>37Tp M3W
'^SMi • D3'»3'*3y "^sb DS'bw "inT na^M pioon n'^Dtnb tynwin
rw l^fflb 3yb3 ♦ n3'»p T^m ^rvvw^ nD« nt b^ '^s lav
^s • M^n m roDi : noa? ^^^y nv idm m DTipi • hd'o
p'np'ib D'^sn^n amon nnb i^t rf? '•mDta? D^^nnn
nn/n^ nnsi nnnn inns') itd h6n Dmnni V?nbni d31»*?
nom ns'^aribi »nrb dim bs nrfj'^a? ly -pif? rfw
piTpm rorf?i3 nn'^n p b:;*) ♦ D'^sns nnrn rrnon
n3')tt7b iiob pbi • «a7Db un'bv '^nn') • hddto )2«d rsvm
I35bi ♦ P'^'ib iy3'»') irf?** tbw Drib nitt tw >3 • banrrn bi?
iM /T^hnob «btt7 "T)nyni ♦ nnvi )norh D^3'»DNDn DTby
nnn ira na^H n'^mpDn bn nib •^ronn rf? ]iarb tmi ns
^bw •)3n3 DMnb nmirib irin d« tm ♦ opiTpin onnren
• ribni b^Bi nw yni by nnnm miM bs oDb nbaw wi
nt TODS') : rD'»n bM rf?i bwaa^n bH dbsa^n ids -tbth
ronsn rv^nn "^d bib riT "^s • Dmpn nioMi id>t nbi to
^Twn rf? D« "^s T)D'^ "^b rw ^^ b')D'» mnnn v^hh tsp bn
: nbstt? ^norib nbsa^n pMpin riDsnn rQiDni marn t"'"
Digitized by
Alfonso de ZamorcL 408
nrnnMn nni bs nSbAi r^rf? Da^rr^an ti'^or* rfpa? )3» bD
wn^Qw 1DD inb nb37inb iw dh^dh t^i bv nn^^ ibtt^di
^D3 niMbsai nibn:i nm:: by rf? bs« ♦ pnru p '»'?? '»?t
•••rronpn lamDw n'»3'»DMDn nniani nroDrrn iBrT^Bi i3^nrr»
In the fourth chapter he says as follows :
npSDD nno Hj'^hn • mwan n'hwrh nnaM (theorici)
nnn psDD r« ""^ ^^^^ • nibDn p\id:i m by lans^a?
nvniN3 ro^^n ubwn nDODi ♦ ^nn^Dn y5S55 noDDb
Hina? '•asn n'^ann '•an own •^nw lana rf? Dvn iy V^TQT
nmnb nibon F|iDn ninins in V^IQT nvrnw bs« pDo
wnn rf?»
The sixth chapter has for subject the Talmud, of which
Alfonso says the following : —
rs^w D'^y-iT nnw 'niD ww3, Tinbnn DS^Dsn yi^n ny
nSbon '•nt&n n'bbsa dbiDa? ♦ rp"*^ nmnta D'^ayip D'^a^ai
DO? w^^ ♦ ta^D pVb vn p "^s ninw ♦ ^tap pt orro ibwn
DUSTS') ri'^-pn T^i by n'^m onm nrrinni n'^Monan '^^ra
• nma layV o'^a^DMDn nrnw iyi^ tawa? D^VyiD oa'^M ^d D'bnni
• HHinan n^^wwr^ inw ot^nniD nowir niDibnn ^yin^ idd
nw^bn wini ♦ inw Dnmsi D'^bbsriDi vby D'»D!ri ^n n>a'»DMDn
riDwir 1DD DD'^DDrm rr^nn nnn a?** )3i • h^wn binbni nion
Tn*^ by «in Dwa; ♦ ^np nya^n m nnns "^aibD n-n mnn'^M
IT iM lymt iH whnn rf?i na'^wa wib'^a^on nzab ba^D
Tbn aiy noMD pi ♦ na^iipn lana'^DM '»a'»Dwab pirnj wya?
npy^Hi Kaw bn'^M '^hdid "^rbn mni bHna?** narro by ^a^nn
nnai '»n')npa') "^bna •^rw') may^^nn n'^bpa; '^n'^'^aas >iw^^ mtiid
s'^ro HI by*) '^nnani n-^a'^wb '^nisn n'»'»DnDb wn ♦ n^onsib
•»na7i3 "^D ♦ ronna? rf?H mna? >npn bs ♦ mna? n-^yan "^aa;
DnDiwa; nnDDon nih6Dan p*) ♦ nbwn nnsm yiDa;bi Mnpb
D>pm» iw^ nbHD n>3'n nnnw nnnii ♦ wo'^a n'»b a^'^mriM
Digitized by
404 The Jeicuih Quarterly Retiew.
Ton DDts^; D'»a7')y vna? •^n'lD-itt?'* tswa? cDb naw '•aMi : ikt*
^iib riDwn i^T rf? Dvn i3?a7 itd it niawDi man nmnon
maw niban • nta-i nva^pm ♦ nn'»r6rf? a7TnT*?i • nn'^MiDD
-a ntt?n "^^l m by ]wiinn sriD p*) • nnwn ^bn nnm
mpDD M^nn bsby nn ^mi • ^rr^T:itT( b^wn bnbn Him • ]Dna
«b nbw bs %nibnni ♦ anno? nrDian M'^n ^n r)« ninn
HD : binbn nso Hirra? '•ob iinbnn p nv^^ nib ^nwnn
Qmrnsi nn'»pnn niDiipn •^a'^naiDH Q'»a>DWDb p vwo;
D>y"m D'^an'^Stt') D'^aiDai nnra nbin "^n cnbtt? nvo-JMi
T« ]3 DH1 ♦ mwipi rv\p^D "by) cmnicDn bn binbn ^bn
D'^'^pm m nnosi • vt nwvt^ bsi nim nb^v^ bH la'^inn
inwn rf? taw nan'* rf?i DD-in'» naitw manb niriDn mn
: rronpn lanaiDW rD«nb
The seventh chapter treats of the Kabbalah, of which we
give the following extract : —
DDnoDn M^n*) iravyn nbnpn riDDh DS'^GDn riDn ii^y
no'hv D'^prwD nn '•n D'^xayn '»a'»5b wb bnn Qona'^si
Dn37T» inn naw ri5| Hina; minnni K^"itD© h'*:ii ^ipn^iann
DD'^orn nnTB? -iinwi • tantDba; by nyl^}^ vni ]iai bo'^a '^n
D^miDn bn ]nb nainni -no** ^bn Dai!n "^sb rwrn rrDnnn
♦ ta^a^a niTm cop nni nn "^n ann Tnn rnnn** nnnm
noTn nbnp nbnpn nodh nnnyi obi • 3nr rf? nn -inwi
bn n3'»n'» rf^iD nn-^n nnio in a?^ -iinyn nnnn wbi '•a^on
riwa^a nninn nbHi • bna nnn n-^n^ rf? nH '•aia'^n niM
nnri'^n nnmn ih ipnniam misn im nvnisn ninon
: nibnn ih nvniwn va3?n im ninnn
We shall now enumerate, chronologically, Alfonso's lite-
rary productions, original (which are few) as well as copies,
with the complete Hebrew postscripts. We do not pretend
to be exhaustive, for it is possible that some works of his
exist in some provincial libraries in Spain. It is even pos-
sible that there are some of his MSS. in one or another of
Digitized by
Alfomo de Zamorcu 405
the Madrid libraries, as well as at the Escorial, which we
have overiooked. We hope that our learned friend, D. Fidel
Fita, will be able to supplement the lacunae. We shall see*
that no work of Alfonso is recorded between 1500 and 1516,
but we can scarcely believe that Alfonso remained inactive
for fifteen years.
I., DATE 1500.
Targura on Prophets, with a Latin translation, to be
found in the University Library of Madrid, without name,
but probably by Alfonso de Zamora. Colophon : —
v»mn w'ln n'^ansn ^hh T^^^^'i iptc^^DawnD '•wis yxi rb^vi
in>Dn urtTi now rr^r\ ninDa? wnpn in n'»'>(Ti wiy ib inM^
D'^n-11 "^nw T*pn nWDni mbtc^n vriDttn ssaa \h ^^v^
n^w vbin wmb dv f on riba73i win ni«n2 ^n tn^d ^d wdd
i±2 "^S p^om n'^iTDn -frn labwia nw'^nb mwa a^Dm n^w
: D'^nbH Tonn ii^bitD n iDa?'^n'>D"iw H^aDo^'^H n
Made by the command of Cardinal Ximenez; finished
the 27th July, 1500 A.D.
II., DATED 1516.
MS. at the University Librstry of Salamanca. This MS.
contains: (I) n'^a^n "nan nvwn, "On Poetry," by Gabirol,
attributed to Moses Qamhi (in the Latin translation written
Camcht) in the edition; the real author is David Ibn
Yahya;^ (2) "the Accents according to the Italian and
Sephardic rites *' ; (3) " R. Meir ben Todros Abulafia's Ma-
soretic treatise (miDtt)," finished the fifth of Elul, 4987 A.M.
= 1227, at Toledo. Colophon: — am mn "iDDH bn nbtt73
^^V''W^^2 ni'bb f "^i p^'m n^w naa^n nmtDiw wirh d'^d'» 'i 'n
i^nbw wnan ]WDn nny miDHa? n wa'ft'w >^^v n^a^D yw»
* See below, Nob. I. and II.
' See Steinschneider, Catal. Libr. Heh, Ox.^ p. 866.
Digitized by
406 The Jettish Quarierlp Review,
bn:i niPntas vmy^H n. Finished at Alcale de Henam,
Monday, the seventh of October, 1516, under great diflBcol-
tie& Alfonso claims to have taken this treatise from a
copy made by Baruch Ibn Sahl (bno), who transcribed it
from the autograph, and there he saw the author's signa-
ture, R Meir hal-Levi ben R. Todros. The date of com*
position, 4987, as well as the words HOW no'^m 1«n '»rn
is also found in the Escorial MS., G. Pluteo L, No. 5,
which contains the commentaries on Psalms by D. Qamhi
and M. Meiri, and those by Bashi and Levi b. Qeishom
on the five Megilloth, Ezra and Nehemiah, followed by
•^DTiDb pn rrr^DD ^r^W and the nnion 'd, but the name
of the copyist, Baruch, does not occur in it, as far as we
have noticed it. (4) "D. Qamhi's Dictionary," dedicated
to Ximenes (y^Ti^W 'iS pi mwn:2), and here Alfonso
says that he is forty-two years old. He gives the title
of these four treatises, which are translated into Latin^
as MHH n>np (Genesis xxii. 2), in allusion to the num-
bers of the books found in ii There are some glosses on
the last two treatises. At the end of the MS., by another
hand, it is stated that the King Don Carlos, son of Dona
Juana (KDH^Ui ^Til). daughter of Don Fernando and Isabella,
went to Spain in the year 1518, when he was seventeen or
eighteen years old, and brought with him a councillor,
called W'^^'^W, who had put enormous taxes upon the people.
This caused a revolution against the king, and he had to
Ill, DATED 1517.
"Targum of Hagiographa," with a Latin translation
(forming the second volume of No. 1). Colophon : — cfcw
Made at the wish of Cardinal Ximenez at AJcala de
Henares, finished Wednesday, the 8th of April, 1517.
Digitized by
Alfomo de Zamara. 407
IV., DATED 1519.
In the Angelica at Rome, No. 21/ "Grammar and Die-
iionary of Joseph Caspi (see HisMre lAttiraire de la France^
t XXXI., p. 499). Colophon :— •»r'^n» DVn ntn nSDH cftjtw
rr&h na737 r\vw^^^ niKD a^om F|bM raw v^bti »-rrf? /d
]kon n» m^DHD '»•? W3if?M T b37 miDttn vwr\^ la^y'^irio
»n«3*'H n rf?kob« «n02. Copied at Alcala de Henares,
fnished on Saturday, the 23rd July, 1519.
v., DATED 1619.
"Escorial Pluteo 2. c 85. Moses Qamhi's ibntt, with
Benjamin's notes and a part of the bbso." Written at
Alcala de Henares, finished in December, 1519.
VI., DATED 1620.
At the end of a Bible with the lesser Massorah, written
Tebeth, 6242=1481, at Tarasona, by Yom Tob, son of
Isaac Amarillo (see Archives des Missions Scientifiques, 2nd
s^rie, vol v., p. 424), followed by the text of the." Megillath
Antiochos'* (in Hebrew), we find the following colophon: —
H*?H roa? rriMD ayinn yamn dv miDMD ^i wat^H "^aM
irm ins >y^v^ ^rm ttj^rei "^ns ^^'sn nb6m didd 5pni
u^rh\b (effaced) ^rmi "ovt^ '^d'^i ^ban ^2ibi '^rmb niao
In this postscript, dated the Ist of March, 1520, Alfonso
complains of his friends who turned from him ; he is un-
happy and ill (see below, p. 414).
VII., DATED 1520.
Escorial Pluteo I., No. 4. " Genesis," with Spanish trans-
lation and marginal notes, has the following colophon : —
nrwi ^D niMTiDiin d37 rY^DMnn \w mn noon oba^a
frr\ Jibw rOiW vati a^irf? u^iy> f d 'a nvn ^or nnviDn
' See the Catalogno, p. 94.
Digitized by
408 Tlie Jeimh Quarterly Review.
rittDnn bnnn nsnnb a^nwH "^i rfrwnbM «n»n minwo
'^>b rQtt; \nwn bDn lytsa? o i^»wTn>D n "^s n'»nbR Finished
Tuesday, the 26th June, 1520, at Alcala de Henares for
Sirillio (see above, p. 399).
VIII., DATED 1526.
National Library, Madrid, C. 33, No. 5. D. Qamhi, Dic-
tionary without vowel points, except the word ^TOfJi P^"
bably by Alfonso, dated Thursday, the 11th August, 1526,
according to the end, where we read, a7irf? D^D^ f^'* 'n D'P
\'n3-r miDDn yw» la^'^a^in riTbb f di ,yn rem itaotw
a7n«D^H n ribHDb« ncan n'^n td:;'* M'^na? -idik At be-
D'^riv Da^Ho? in'^nm t'^aawa? br nwsn'* rf^a; "^s nnpa "^b d?to7
nDrf?D ^DD niTipa ^bn D^tt?TT»D lib an nrc\p^ "bn Knrb
: bD^y ta^^Di nn nna -inr "b rrrri b'^ia piw
Finished Thursday, 16th August, 1526. He mentions the
Professor Antonio de la Foveta as being opposed to the
establishing of an university at Alcala de Henares. He
mentions the priest Corea who reproached Sanjez that he
could not read unpointed Hebrew. We cannot elucidate
the matter in dispute ; nothing of it is mentioned in La
Fuente's Mistoria de las Uhiversitadea en Espafla.
IX., PROBABLY 1526.
The second edition of Alfonso's Hebrew Grammar and
his letter addressed to the Jews at Rome, see above, p. 398.
X., DATED 1527.
Univ. Libr. Madrid. A Latin translation of Genesis, with
the following colophon: — "^T iw^aiiaaw )^1 ?Tn3Dn '^tt'»n
wirh nv Y'^ >^w nvn mn noon dba^a ]pnon iiaawpowp
ianyw» ]'»aDb Ma?*) ^'nwv^ mwa a7»m ^bs naa? rr^a^w
:brf? nbnn nbsibw wnan miowD >i ToaiDbs t by
Digitized by
Alfonso de Zatnora. 409
Finished the 14th of January, 1527, at Alcala de Henares
at the time of the corrector (?) Don Antonio de Cascanto(?).
XL, DATED 1527.
MS. in the National Library of Paris, Hebrew No. 1229.
David Qainhi*s Grammar, text with Latin translation, has the
following colophon :— b'frDDn iDD nriDa ♦ pnpin };bn cbtt^a
iDiinb D'^D'* "^aa? '^y'^na? Dvn Dbtt^a*) nanipn la'^naiDs bnaon
QDnn n::rn lanrw^ ^arf? t5) ^^ r)bM naa^n or'iK3'^«
D'^nbM brT^ nari en ar^w b-^ainip T'»'»a?a ib^Np '•iipo^Mp nboTn
rrf?*) ns n^^'b ima iro y^mh bM iroa? -iidh y-iD noi
: nn"T» nn^n? doiw
: ]nHi ]DM Dbirb mn'* yro.
Written for Eduardo Leo, English Ambassador at the
court of the Emperor Charles V., at the advice of Maestro
Pablo Nunez Coronel, finished Saturday, the 2nd of No-
vember, 1527.
This MS. also has '•rTOfj. No doubt that the Spanish
Jews pronounced this name Camhi; indeed, the nickname
of '»ftnn given to our David by the Proven9al Rabbi can
only be explained by the Arabic word Qamh, "wheat,"
and has no sense if pronounced Qimhi, from iTOp, '* flower."
There are now families in the East called Qamhi and Qimhi,
of which the former is the Hispanico- Arabic pronunciation,
and the latter that of the Franco-Germanic pronunciation,
who only know the word npij and not the Arabic Qamh.
XII., DATED 1530.
National Library, Madrid, No. 12, contains the Latin trans-
lation of Isaiah, Daniel, and Lamentations. Colophon: —
nbibH «nDn in'»ytt7'»i bM^aii nia'^p Dntt7 nbwn DnDon nwbw
rf ^ ^y^na7 nvn laba^a*) miDWD n loaibH "^t by or-ia'^M >i
Digitized by
410 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
These three books were written at Alcala de Henares,
finished on Saturday, the 16th of October, 1530.
XIIL, DATED 1632.
Aramaic introduction to the Targum of Isaiah, begun at
Salonica, Tuesday the 28th of February, 1532, according to
the following words in the Leiden MS., nnn'^n rf 3 '3 D1^
n*? nw rxpsd^w ro^r^ >rhnr\n. The name of Alfonso
does not occur in the MS., but there can be no doubt that
he is the author, for Alfonso alone had charge of the Tar-
gum for the Complutensis.^ Cardinal Ximenez has his full
praise, as well as CoroneL
The following Introduction is to be found in the MS.
Warner, 65 F:—
; npDMDrf?w» ro'^TDb ^ronsn? Dtnnn ra^ri ncrapn
: min bs ns"Q in \r^^\m h:h : rmi naon anis nm
nby^jf^ '»«am KatrrVr Hn')2>ba nv onott k^m^odi «atnn
MnDsnn nwD^ba? MD-^nn nro'^Dbi prv^^i:^ nni Tps win
M3m inn mv «Ti : «n-nao p "^KDip nbitD^btDi wan Kana
n rf?D*?M «nnn ]n mdt» Kanm Mn'»p'»') Man Hnoarm Kma
)nsD inB;yi rrranM ba DDTCib Tpoi nm nroi omMa^H
: bn'»,Ti wa-i Mnai'f? ]nn ]tnna itc^Hi '•aorb ^yarwn wmiKT
raD'^noi ]^r^>wp^ vvc^^o i^nno FfriDbi vi>nh Vxi i^v mti
MnrD^Tp KarroD^rf? Kwob imh^t Kaarbn Ti^nar^ta rn'»r»i
Dnm b^M^na-r trm KDtnrQi : w^n wibw nn mtpidd ^yion
I'^TOTtt ]13KT tawpT r^n'^D inariBTM b«>t37 nn inairr
>baTDb rm MDS'^Da trm KDtnn anaiT^M mi b^^i : pribiann
>an thDro>tb ^larri ^Taorpi b'^-Q : wy^r^ wiani Mnian
: )inn^bn )^nrv ]ntD'»i vviKn ^iron m ba KDtnm K^anns
KD^Dn n'^nbtt nrr^ pnvi^ '•warn KJiD'bT trm mtiis^i
1 See SteiiiBohiieider's CatcUogut Codd, ffebraorum Bibl., AoadL LDgdono
Batayorum, 1858, p. 281.
Digitized by
Alfomo de Zmnora. 411
iwcm n Vanp ibnwD ntaayMD n^DDS npn'^Hi Httr^n yn
wnSD n^nn n^n"* nwwb ansn'^M v"^ mdsdi : ^H3ns ban
H-T')tt'bn npaHDbHo?! Mm^jT «mpn ]i3'>wi • ]'»D'^ba7 ^^''^rn
37TDb p3nnn bs n'^a'^a ^'O'^mt Vin wra-i HrQ'>a?'»i kt^p^
T»Dan5 H^n Hnbw -a hito^d 37ittr b:; '•n3n>bn Vis vidh
: MTTTiM ]nn n'^n wanpi wa'^n^ rinn nnn^Di mdd ^nD
XIV., DATED 1534.
University Library, Madrid. "Commentary of D. Qamhi
on Isaie," written by Hayyim ben Samuel Ibn nwan, com-
pleted by Alfonso, has the following colophon : n waiDbs
^b« rxym'^. nbwTi D^npa um ntn iDon •^amon stid rmoD
tt7'nK3'»H •»! nbkobM «nttn 'lanmrr v^tf? Ibi pm completed
at Alcala de Henares in the year 1534.
XV., DATED 1534.
MS. Madrid BibL Nac. David Qamhi's Dictionary has
the following colophon : wm rrtn bibDDH 'd pnon Dbtt^a
D')fflb tt7'na'»H n ribHDbH mtids miDO '»i waisbw t by T)pan
Tb*) pni ^bw naa^n Dn'^Don Dn^wa t Dnson nno ]'»nnb
"nniDiN a^irib d'^d'* 'n 'n orn w» ibiDb. Completed at
Alcala de Henares, finished on Monday, the 2nd of October,
1534. To be kept in the Libraury at the disposal of students.
XVI, DATED 1534.
"Targum Onqelos" (MS. Escorial), followed by nviSDin
Diannn, which are those found in the so-called "Targum
Yerushalmi," on nH!riD «>n (Gen. xxxviiL 25), rbw wy'^
(Gen. xliv. 18), ^n^W^b (Gen. xlix. 18), and nbtt^n "^n^")
(Exod. xiii. 17), followed by the words : nmSDin -iHlDn')
onpDn nrrr -iDon nisiriD an wi::^r\n "The other
passages will be found in their places." Colophon : wa'isbM
]'»aDb "Tb") ph\ ^ibw naiw rrtn neon '•anon nro nMnino n
1 From KDIV^TDI (1. ) seema to be erased in the MS,
Digitized by
412 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
b^ n:iw ar»n«3>w >i nbM^bM Mnnn 'ian3?w\ Completed
at Alcala de Henares finished in 1534.
XVII., DATED 1536.
MS. Nac. Library, containing the Pentateuch, completed
by Alfonso, has the following colophon: — ^DTiOn 'liHSD
^bM row TQ'iiDiM wirh di> m^> >3?>3-i Dvn v:hw^') ttr^iwD^M
bb6 nyoy ^^nVW^ V^bb Sbl pn^J. Completed at Alcala de
Henares, finished on Wednesday, the 15th October, 1536.
MS. Leiden.
XVIIL, DATED 1544.
Letters addressed by Professor Sornosa, at the University
of Alcala de Henares, to Pope Paul III. and to Cardinal de
Santa Balvina, asking protection in the name of all the
Professors against D. Juan Tavera, who persecutes the Uni-
versity. We have no means of finding out what these
persecutions were; it seems against Hebrew teaching.
These letters were either translated into Hebrew, if not
composed, by Alfonso. He says here that he is about seventy
years old, and has not yet seen happiness. He has pointed
these letters for the use of those who are not advanced
Hebrew scholars. He adds that he alone remains now of
the wise men of Spain who were exiled in the year 5252
(1492 A.D.).
>i rf?Dbw rQ>ttr»3 nw>m iddw npirjte mmn rhww n-DW
^bws wn« wyip 2M ^an ro^TOs nwt^ WMpn ^ or^nD'^w
iM >)Qn rhnp nbb:im nw^ipn p Ma^a^i bn:i ^hd ^^wbwTi
no^n bD3 ndbtt? -iaiK» nn nan ^naDm irw^i-rp nvrr>^
nttM^j "WD yn^n nnDnn n^wn '»d bwn "b )nw rhron
mno7 y)^ >d ♦ m^:2n its'* dtm^i ni^Dn msq dim na^w
mtt7>m n^n^T^t^ -inrn naDnn^i v^i^ nmn^D ba^aa r^'* ^'^
bwn '»tt737a nw iDoiDtt? wMpn niriDn nn )^^w nnit^ M^n
yo^ • rtt^DDm nb'nrin inaDns rb^vn rw Nnn» Y»nirf?D3i
Digitized by
Alfonso de Zamora, 413
nDK» ^t:^':^ bwT nMn> •jDb mm nwrn naDnn y\ncA ro^nm
mm nMrr* v^^ w ♦ nDo^Dnn D^D'iaiDaD'i pp:^:^ nDtt^pnn d«
«tt73m bin noDnn nwr ^^na o ♦ msdh D>nb« ns^T)
a*»tt7D TH niDMn nniw i^h3 own? n^:sn^ rvDr^pu ^aro'ittw
DW07 nawi 'innipnn wripn yty>Trr^y yyy^r^n p o • inim^
IwV? Thja^i NnpDtt? trwv^ n37n-iM D^nDon pso lab mm
tDPDw^ mDV iwV? •fpDtt? 37w» "omiWD nmwnn dwi • n^Tim
■T'M nwrn nn^o^^n D'^na^rn tT»-ii)Qn^ tr^aDnn bs T'f^^y
uh\^^V3^ o^tt^pntt 'lanaM'i ♦ n^V?Dm na^^Tpn '^a'^ro'inH Vianb
ina^npn w^V3 n^rhw^ ranw -i^ms xn'^vrw nn-i irwnpD
K'nDi mr^nwiD ^Mia p"r ^ott;n wnpai rwtn n>37n p-w M'in'i
T^iiSD b3? n»i ♦ n^3n^ n^on nms Tan dv Sm 'la'b:?
^:iro b3? -i» p m^ ^aiys prf? "ob nrott? o'^t&npn ^:l^o^
• D^^*: b6 cn'^nnDi ^^ro^ T^sib vn na^w o'^t&npn rroAn
nww iDDwn D^tt^iTpn t^^^ 'snpw sbw dq*»p sba? n \b^
lott^n Nnpa^i msTan nwrn n^» "^wy^ M'ln^ bna pits 13'by
Hirra? tt;iVn«p pi -iD'^pn wnw m:» b3? -is3? p mi * narr^p
:xw>w 13? 'la'^niprr riott7>tt7'i ^tto^ ^\d ni!n yyhv T^n
hv ii:iinw sbw ^:it\d iniDDW snptt? >-r b^^j t-i5D nxhrh
'^D rasib D'»tt7npn t^^^ Mnp^a? rSw 'lariba^tt? mb»b ^rhn
t6i : ra>3?n nnniD ]M2d lana^nai 103? 'laroM nbna m^sn
TTODnn nM3tt7)D *»« nwapD dw • nri^n rm tvd'W ndb '03?t
hsb; nbito'^bia btt? yn'sn itidt i^DpnS ^iw ^lonn ranw im
iott7n Kipaa? bwr nii» na'iDn ns'^ttr^n rwT lO'^i vaob
Q'»r6w MTT^'i -itt7>'i on tt7'»w mrw v^a'^o^^tt? ptt^^oaMno >'>miD
labao^i ♦ ntt;3;tt7 nini^n vniDt^o b^D n*«-iatt7 'los sno -noi
ina^np mty npro nriDtan msnn nriim bD nn3? ir
D« '»D • tt^np tT»nb« tt^'^M ^{nt^^ n'^rrb«n opon na^v nnwa?
-fboDn mm mm labMa^a? rwrn rib«B?n ina^iip ntt73?n
p laDwi itt7^D n!Ji3-nD miion '^ani iDbo -fba natt^i
nasonn rwrn ma«n -jna^npb \nnnD rwrn nniian n3'*tt;'>n
ina^npb c^mmzTD nm '•awi nn c^^stt^vn r:*»-ii!Dm c^o^nn b^
VOL. VII. E E
Digitized by
414 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
Vira? \\h D^VpDriD "om tdd dv bDni rhrrx nibE5a?n.n3T
: ]D« voms nt&npn W7i»b -jntt^np
u^jxhw >3tt7 DV3 bwn rni»b rwrn miwn nribtrai rmriDa
>-r itt73i5b« '»'7> b3? ttr»-iM3*»M n r6DbM ro'^a^'^s I3n3?w» v^^^
bD nrw'A v^'*o^ '''^^ mniT)p3s m:j«n rwr '^raro'j : orn
D>nKD') D'^Dbw na^iDn rooys n^rro rnVtatt^Mp nisba tt^rr^a p
Dn'in'^n b^ ovn ^js is^TfotD v»b dbi3? riM^-ob o'^D'^itsni wrw^
ci3i3?n nibin db'i3?n ban O'^na^vn
nDy^ rwn m '>n*»tt73? tt7i)D'»tt7n nvnwbDS'i finis laus deo
Para el Cardinal de Santa Balvina.
niusfcrissimo y Revectissimo (so).
: -WD nb3?a'j iih3 ^^j-tn
M^san •)mttn> -iiD'iMtt? ?to nn-i -jnoDni -jrroTM n3?Ti'» nsD
-1D1W mna? bwn "nn-r u^^^i^ rrvo ^^:iV pan rowD rxstro,
h nsbw -IDH^I p3?!J ')sb rQ!r3?'l 0753 nWDn^ • 0')'^ bDS Dnb
isDtWD n^m T»^ -^j^T nan o ddiw ms-w^ o'b'nan bw
naSb n!no7 rrno'iD pro b37 mstt? nir rvin ^m • crpnbw
bD ^prb^ -iar»>b c^n'^'^n va^^raai vtaDtt?*! ynw^ D37n "bna '•d
t6 DMB? Dnb -T^nrm • D3?n pnns wr^tt? y-i^) bp3?o -qi
&>WT(> rroA p rrB73y wba? -iin3?ni * nnM> obD '•d p w^;**
nnnrw ')rPQ-i'» ni3'>p nson D^Mnipi Dvn d^mti •laMtt? iod
-!»«» "^D^ ns Tan a'»tt7i37 vno? ^nn ni^i:? b3? DbtDin^
nbn T3? -iQW p^ ♦ D'>n!na nn37^ nn i'b> pis M^nan nn'^ya?'*
7>in n^^3? b3? p3?!J o'^N^nan nbwn? idd^i : D3\nnn "^D^^n
>-r nbibM 'T»3?n nwrn nn'^o^'^n D^n»rn onian^ o^arrm b^
riT\v I3?tt7 iDDi * nwtn nn'*tt7'»n piNi r^'^ iniaTN o ^na'^H
labfcw p lai^ys pnb "jdid:? D'^niDi c'^m o^ion ^n•JalN uxdv
wnpaa? rfbiD'»ba ]nD '^d lab -iiT3?ni ia'^b37 ]antt7 ^niairf? r}r\v
Digitized by
Alfomo de Zamora, 415
^SD^07 TOD msn^j nia-i rnn^j irbs^ M^nn rrT^aMiD ^wti ^n
rroHm wrrpn :3«n '^nn^'j n*ormi mpnn u^prh nsrt
mso b3? -ay^j * T)'>b3? 7:irf? ^3b )nQw V3Db vno? a'>tt7iTpn
H-ip3i wMpn 2M '^SHD 3np •inMWi r»3DMi Min ^rwMp
-»Dpn i3'»an« ni2D b3? -a3? p m^i twq '^a'nt Mini • rori>p
• irroTM 10D riKtn ns'^ttr^n piwi r^o wirw tt7ib-i«p ^n
y)urw rs bna i« ]itap nm own I3pn> b^a? ni3 Mini
nianm mprm bs riiQt&'^tt? >-rD ito ]n> tm o • noD nisbab
nbitoiViD ]nD Y'y^'o^w iptt7'»D3MnD >'»nn5 tniott? i»d o'^ionni
-pT^y lanaw p byi •bwn min3?b nwtn na^o^'^n td^q?
B7i'7pn nb6 r6«n o^imn bD iDona? -jni3is» D>bMW
7^3 Q^nbMn rhnp:i rhwi ni^nn bs nnM'* tbw ib bMc^ni
mty nipro '•d ♦ t&np D>rf?« tt7>M «ini • ittip»s na^v winttr
niDDm Tan i3pD3?i Hbwn rmim bD nn3? 13? labno -jniaiM
rvDvn DH1 n^Dni ntDiTpn lanaittM Vianb nD D^nbMn
: -fDbo -fbai nat&i -f?DDn n'>n> nin^ w lab^a^a? m -jniaiM
\-nro rwtn nn"*Q7'>n p idowi iid'>q n!Ji3-iD n-)i»n "^awi
tT^nttTon cmam a*»oDnn bs nnDonn nwrn niawn -jniD-TNb
DV bDni ♦ nbiTj nibsDH^s iniaisb D'^innoyo nni >3M1 nn
vrriwb D'bttn nwinn 'T'^n t'^m^k? bb6 c'bbDntt 13M Ton
71WV nnv ivw c'biTjn o^Tonn lanDtt? rf? >d • nt&npn
: 7D« n^na ^niais b'^ir* bwn • im3? iniaTN
7iB7«n Di** «intt7 ^wbto ovs nwrn n-iawn Trobtwi nnn^D
ranb 3?siwi a'»3?3n«i nina tt^nni ^bM naa? • bn^M it^inb
nwrn n-i3Hn r'bai nns n-ii»MD t b^; rrbsbbo ianyitt?'>
: brf? nntt? laus deo
The first letter was finished on Monday, the 1st of March,
1544. Here Alfonso calls himself teacher of Hebrew at the
University of Alcala de Henares. The second letter was
finished on Tuesday, the first of April, 1544.
XIX., DATED 1558.
MS. Bibl. Njmx, No. IS, contains Exodus in Latin, with
the following colophon : —
iTw nrib Dna^M '^i nb^bM «nnn ]MDn mn iSDon nnD3
mrw T^KD -rabb n"»Knn D'»Tdbnn bsb b^vrw cnson n'^nn
£ E 2
Digitized by
416 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
ny\ ipiy\ ^bw mw >-isa'»>ni3 w^rh dv f d 'i ovn chiw
miDH '•)Q>3 chttyD^i nhsD^j nim ptcbn nnn:? picb piipi
HttDnn /T^nn tasw^i pnn b«ptt7ws X'^mi ^w'^ w^^^ Tom
:bt6 rhryn rrtn
Written at Alcala de Henares for the use of such students
as came to Alcala from another coimtry ; finished Friday,
the 27th of November, 1558, by Alfonso, author of a
Hebrew Grammar in Latin, which is printed. This MS. was
written in the time of Professor Musen Pascual, Officer
of the University.
XX., DATED 1532 (doubtful).
Castro^ mentions a MS. in the Escorial Library, written
on paper at Alcala de Henares, finished in the year 1532,
which contains a theologico -controversial treatise with the
title of U>rb^ r\o:iin -iDD " Book of the Wisdom of God."
At the end it is said that it was written by Alfonso de
Zamora. It is probable, says Antonio, that this treatise is
an amplification of the " Letter to the Jews of Rome " (see
above, p. 401), and what makes it probable is, that a note in
the MS. says that it was written at the desire of Don F.
Juan de Toledo, Bishop of Cordova. The MS. is written in
two columns, of which the one contains the Hebrew text
and the other is left blank, probably intended for a Latin
translation similar to the Letter addressed to the Jews of
Rome. We have not seen this MS. in the Escorial Library.
XXL, WITHOUT DATES.
A. MS. No. 18 of the Bibl. Nac, contains D. Qamhi's
bi^3», with the following colophon i—miCbO "^l "Da^obw
ntn bfPDQn iron l^p'^r^ bs nns. All the pointing was by
Alfonso.
B. MS. No. 19, contains the ** Dictionary," of which a part
is on vellum. Colophon injured: — DVb '*' | "Oai 1Dbtt73
DV W^> 'n. Qamhi is here written "^niDR.
* Bihliotera Etpaiinla^ tome I., p. 400.
Digitized by
Alfomo de Zanwra, 417
Don Nicolas Antonio^ mentions the following treatise of
our author: " Compendium Alphonsi ZamorsB Universorum
Legis veteris prseceptorum," in 4to. He says it was men-
tioned in a Catalogue of the Library at Soria (Aragonia).
Whether it was a printed book or a MS., he cannot say.
Library acquired a copy of the Grammar (p. 399), in which
a leaf is missing but supplied by a modem hand.
A. Neubauer.
* Bihlietheca HUjfana Nova, yoL I., fol. 56a.
Digitized by
418 The Jniinh Qnavterlij Revieir.
JEWISH ARABIC LITURGIES.
IL
As a second instalment of my contributions to the above
subject, I intend giving some specimens of Piyyutim in
which Hebrew and Arabic are mixed. They are taken
from two MSS., viz., Cod. Loewe, 14,^ and Cod, Montef., 379.^
The mixture of languages appears much less strange and
out of harmony, if we consider that, apart from their close
relationship — vulgar Arabic in particular has even more
striking resemblance to Hebrew than the classical language
— the same characters are used.
Both Piyyutim are Habddldhs, In L. the first is written
twice : fol. 52, among a group of songs styled D'^lDV^D
D^iap'ibQ, and fol. 67, as a drinking song, and is of a very
convivial character. I reproduce both pieces, chiefly on
account of their linguistic interest, as their poetic value
is very small, and appears still less in the translation.
As to the distribution of the languages, in I. the second
half verses are Hebrew, and so is also the whole of the
lines concluding the strophes, with exception of the first.
There are, however, encroachments on both sides. The
final two words are Aramaia In II. Arabic strophes alter-
nate jv^ith Hebrew ones. The strophes have each a separate
rhyme, but all the last lines rhyme with a refrain.
No. III. consists of a prose piece taken from MS. Loewe
18,* which forms, with slight variations, the Arabic ren-
dering of a narrative of the Talmud Berdchdth, 58.* In the
1 See Monatsschrifty xzxviii., p. 406 ; I oaU it L, the first copy A, the
second B.
» I caU it M. » See Momtsschrift, ib,, p. 412.
* Cp. Yalkvt to Ezek. xxxiii. 29.
Digitized by
Jewish Arabic Liturgies,
419
MS. the piece forms the concluding part of the homilies on
the portion Ahare Moth, and ends like all others in a
rhymed prayei-.^ It is written in vulgar Arabic, which is
occasionally intermixed with Persian and even Turkish
words.
> For a series of homilies on ^^D^, taken from the same MS., see my
Arabic Chre^tomathy ^ etc., pp. 14-19.
L.. fol. 62^*, er-. M., foL 165^«.
ID K^
JD «^
\0 K^
mini -Kry:>x K^pnn
nx Kim Qn« p
mini n:n ^v5
D^isi no K-na
nnvpTijn~3vm
KIV K^l «T JD K^
"h^ih Dnp^ 3KiD« II.
^W^ K^ "h inpinn
*^«n^K Dnp^ D«nio^ iii.
k3kSo d^d^k inKno iv.
Km m Knn
Superscription: L., T1"»0D OVD.
I. A., «ir «in tD«. M., Nopinx.
II. (A., V. III.). » A., 3«iD. » A., ^'?«yV« an k\
III. (A., V. II.). ' A., ^^«3^K Dnp^K 3«1D, error of the copyist.
M., \rh^ «^y TKin^ «i^« onp^ ans'.
» B., nKp!?K. M., i^D^!? -nD^.
» (Missing in A.) M., T^W^^? I^Hl m«3K y^Wh^ W1D
L., r., yor— r. ■Ylbo'^K.
IV. > (Missing in M.)— r. 11X30. A., n^"IK33 — r. DDK.
> A., n:h. ^ A., K3K1D13 K^^^KT n^.
Digitized by
420 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
^S n -»DNn ^STrnw nxoi^ a^vn Kn^K Dnwn vi.
>V^5rnnD^TnTm iKoy^D i^^ Kpn KtD tmi;
p K^ Kiivn snon nnK^n ^«i nan npn ^k ^nintc
fo «* \irw2 KnnD Kin ie« nan npn ^"S"nn^
V. » (M.. V. IV.). • M.. ^^m «n^N.— M. ^rp^^ p D^33 D^^^l
» A., 3«n^K. A. ^3^pK^ p Nnn.
VI. * r. DHK pK, see Marcel, Voc. Fr^-Ar,^ 8. v. homme, 3*Dn.
« r. 1^ Kp3 — r. 10y^« ^D. • r. TDD^K 31B^.
* r. IDV^. M. ->Dn^1 IDD^.
VII. « A., D^D5n^ n^Vii ^n^v » ab. nan^K, r. nip.3^«.
II.
L.. foLSS"*. M., foL164^».
n^ K^33n in^^K D^aiyo piB^ ni>v aan i">nn n^'D^^wTm i.
^^^1K IDiife^p K^y ?■© pnw K^« N^
h'b^ yK^D in^D^ J13> I^DTII
dwoIdW nKino^ii n^y t«id j«Dia^ p^Kn p
loy noao ^xia mno n^ n.
8uper$cHptum : L., TIHOD OVfi. I. » L., Tmn — L., n^ (op. Pb. xiv. 6) — m., D^ono. « M., n^^N — L., ns — M., f?^n jk noiip. » M., ^^y ^no i^jnD ^3B^ < l., ^^«t^k dk^3 id^d\ » M., mjrtD^K «331D^ D^a^. Digitized by Google Jewish Arabic Liturgies. 421 IDvy nK noD^ mna noK^n KOD *B nn«1li)K «^K K3^3 KD D^^Ky III. KDri^ «3^1D 11DD3 ^!?« «3^D-| imK^ «na c^nn -»n«i «ii3 rv. loy pp^ ^ae^n nino r^en l^yoKD «*^«n ^DiD3pn «^ njw'^ n3"p v. poK^yW 31 KibD^ «yND ^a mxp lo«n^K n^3 cnpornvl^ nyno iKnoa, Doiyo piir n«^B^ii nnK3y^K n^3 d^^t 3KTy^ TKH ^D «3D^3^ pW Nr3K Hfe^p VI, 3KDn3 K3^^K 3nDin «^ pxn^v «^ p K^ D^3iyo piB' n^«^i t«Dm« n«^K o^m siin «n3K nby3i D"» ^K nSnvi inoK'i ik^'K' n^nv3 loip vii. TiE^ H Kin iJTK Dyn 0^3^^ 3K'n n^K' K^33n in>i)« DOiyo piB^ IL In M. miBsing. m. > M., r6^K — L., KD«DD. « M., ^13 ^fe< VK^3 KOn 'D. » M., n^8rD^«3 — r. HK*! 1313 (missing in M. as well the following line). V. ' L., «3np — r. nj^, M., N^ lO^pn \!h • M., KHBIV^. » M., ron^K nn iftn V33i. * m., Ni3^y ^k n«^3. VL L., «313 nWID — M., K331D\ • M, pKI K» ^KH^N n^K. L., 3KnKD10^. » M., pKn^K irp^K JD«. Digitized by Google .422 The Jewish Quarterly Revietv. III. fol. 66~. HKi ri^u ^ya ^h mpfe nin^ inKi 31^ ^^b r\"v ntTT ^d rwvo *\xch)oh »n«j m^^ni ^np^ni Tiinon Ta DDnn RrTn iK3 jko^id ^Ki NTKon inDKi n3K hyih n^D k^ ni) ^Kp vnn nanw b^^^ nS ^kp nona oy aaiK^ ^5 n^«pi innac' jnn «^ nona ^53i n^«p fnin mu3 niK'ni VTlrf^^ k) oy^ n^ *?Kp iin8r ^i^ n^ ^Kp nov mo n^ ^«p ^np ^« noT^^ }«o^id ^« id« t«Dt>iD ^k nyxo; jo nnKi tKD^D ^« nyp nyo i^oyx n'nnn ^njK nbxi dd^ Koy^Ki joddih *^1^ ^Kpi noih nnD liKn k^^b^ n ttoi me^ mSi DKDni)«i IKD^iD ^« n^ ^«p jvSD^iD t>N D«iip ib^K^ "lai fnuJnTnSnan n^ 'pxp N3n3D^D ^no DDnao^D pbi ^k n^K nnon r6 ^wp n^ip b^ jniDD N^y n«iy^p« FiDiyo oanay DDnny 'hdk idsi t«o^iD ^k «^y mypi hk^u ^i^d \xcm Ki3«a K'py niypn yK^on iinoi nn^oyx Kn J^T ^« 71 y!?«i3 «ini jkd^id ^ nio i6y ny^p «in nnKn K^ rh ^xp i^DnxD^ DD^Dy^n rhh^ Wi ^ ^«PB wrTn «^y ^anc^ inya n^ ^Kp 0x^3 anon "Kra pb Ton^K i6« i^iion 5^ ^«TfEn ^«p iKO^iD^ «n^pbn n3«y Nin Ton Dnioona D33k p^iD^ Vipn D«pD Kvnpn tn^r\\ Inn!? ddb^h inn^ Kon n^«p"rnTn ^k k^^b' n ^« pnnD^ NO K*?!^) ^Kp t«o^iD ^ yoD n!?npi r|^D^3 naiii «^^ n Pienn n^D tnpa piDD'»^n ^d w K^b ktj k^^ n ^Kp nbnp ko bnp HKny NH^D i^D n^B'Kia ne^yo «in nbn:in ^^ n^ cmi cmobb nwi Sab xih^ nD3n i« pD onSomov"^ ^^ixn ninani ipn j^ ny mbna i5>5 yKMH^ DnDj?! ^i^K nop bw dob^ ^k N^nlTTSDfinrnnbTmpb TWiTrnnDn biDnjr nye^in nobo k\t nx^r.i noy nTni troc^n dti nonbo K^^ fTJoTo^DBa b ^3 n^ 02 by"T~^ f>b pbw~nonbolon » ^B' ^«b. » Often written thns in MS. » For H^K}. * lUiultan (with art.). • NOH^. • Persian dUscussion, ' pM/5<i (Persian). ■ so ! hal. Digitized by Google Jemsh Arabic Liturgies, 423 ^13n pD « non^o N^n SK'jnDi ^^ nior^o iDoa idk^ p ^ pD fSnSc DDp^ n^« 9^cv3M^ ^K Knn "^i^ ^"d^ ^niDi ncro b^i k^k^d 3u i^ii ~1^ «a^py n ddk vhv xn^lfiM ^wpi n^K i3y p ^3iio «o ^k n-iuani n^nan nM n« ^kx^^ «">n p3 ina ^« pKpiB' km rhxiJn ^nnnTD^VBTJ^ km nvani min mo K\n niKenni onvo nniDn km k5k la K^M n ht^p k^hkm ^b rijniDn n^K ^:2^ &ipd ^k n^n Kin dnj) jK^ n^^ jKOT^ K^K nnariK kd K^^n^K ^k y^oj pnv n ^Kp x'K 13)0 m no nMDi in^iToM^K rwyc^p rh py t«^ D^-ipy 'Tk ^^kb' DIK ^3D na: 13 D^Dinyn^D 7KT^"n3DV riKIKD ^K n^^D K^ Dn^'pK nK:in3 ^ki ry^K D^iyK^ riKOKiDi iKpi 1^ ;o K^ nK-nnDo!?K y^oj D^Ky k^ HK^^Eja^K lK3y KD30 D^ JO K* nKOni b»K) p\i?H i^n3 k^ HKOi^KI 31-0 ^K PlB^KD K* nK^^^n ^Ki nK^ ^K yDKi k» nwns^ ^Ki i'?© ^K 1^ 10 K* nK^n3iD ^K 1^ nK^vn lo k» nKmB3 iKn^DO mk nK^nop ^Ki Doe63 loip ^33ki nK0ij3':>K n^^KD3 n^s ii3y3i nK^0K2 nKn^3Dn3 ner niK^D3 ^3 ^^b fvr pb » Turkish, subaslu, Talmud, Kn^ili K^H. " Nunataon, see mj remarks iJ. ^'. /., No. 60, p. 261. TRANSLATION. I. I. O Migbty God! O King girded with strength; Thou who seest all, but art thyself invisible, Grant us knowledge and wealth. Digitized by Google 424 The Jewish Quarterly Review, II. Let ae drink old wine, at the sight of which I rejoice, The clear red wine presided from the grapes of the yine. O Most High, grant me its enjoyment for ever! That juice of pomegranates, the choicest of wine, Will I drink and forget all sorrow. IIL When the old, long-preserred wine stands at the repast, Let us be thankful, and praise God With rejoicing and grateful voice. May He gather his scattered people to Zion, the glorious city. With mercy and grace may the All-perfect redeem the dis- persed. lY. Praised be the name of the Lord, who created the wine ; May Noah, our ancestor, who planted for us That which removeth grief, he the most blessed of men. Good wine soothes all pain And cheers the oppressed spirit. V. I am full of grief, snd the tear runs from my eye» When the cask is low and the wine gone from the cop. Many are the clouds, but they avail naught. There is nothing in them to drink; But wine, red like blood, increases strength. YI. O son of man, when thou findest wine. Drink, and say not : Enough ! Enjoy thy remnant of life, and increase merriment and re- joicing. With fat and roasted viands take wine both red and yellow. Friend, partake not of the flesh of the kid. drink not the wine which is white. YII. Slay deer, lambs and fatted calves, and prepare fine dishes. If thou art cunning and a son of wise men, Bay not old kine, snd spend no money on it. Friend, partake not of the flesh of the kid, Because it is poor and lean. n. Eternal, in thy majesty ride : Thou who dwellest in the heights, send Elijah the Prophet. ^ Perhaps imitation of the refrain in Ibn Gabirors drinking song, D^D O^B ^3^y nin ^r^ ni^3D, see Kaempf, Nichtandalus. Poe^ie, etc., L183; IL 207. Digitized by Google Jewish Arabic Liturgies, 425 I. God of Ahron, redeem thy oppressed people ; In its desolate state it weeps and languishes like one stricken. Send Yinndn to rescue it with a great salvation : Redeem it from the Bomans,' that it may find rest. n. Send soon the good Messenger of thy people, Let us go np to thy exalted Temple With pure lips to sing thy power. III. The sole God in heaven, he knoweth our condition ; Send us the Redeemer that we may all go up to Zion. May he announce unto us : The Messiah has come, Deliver the wandering people that it may find rest. lY. O Awe-inspiring, hasten the arrival of thy Messiah, Awake and lighten the darkness by thy great power. Send speedily the Tishbite to collect thy people; Gather the dispersed into the flowery garden. y. Help is near, despair not, obedient ones I The Almighty in heaven, the Lord of the world, will redeem us. We will hasten to the Temple, the abode of the Merciful, Jerusalem, the place of worship. yi. For thn sake of oar father Isaac, deliver us from this trouble; Look upon our condition, thou who descendedst in a cloud ; Inscrutable, do not reckon with us: Thou art the merciful God. yil. Arise, rejoice aud be mirthful! Most High, bring us all to the mount of Zion in joy. That we may there pitch our tents : Return the exiles, the people oppressed and humble. III. R. Zdra' once sentenced a man to be flogged, as a punishment for his bad conduct. The culprit went to the king in order to complain. '^Enow, O King," said he, "that R. Zdra judges without thy autho- risation, slays and flogs.'' They brought the Rabbi to the king, who said: **Wby didst thou flog this man?** He replied: "Because he violated the law." *'Hast thou witnesses?" asked the king. "Yes, ' For Mohammedans; in this form not to be found in Zunz, Synagogale Poesie, BeiL 16. * In the Talmud it is R. Shilah. Digitized by Google 426 The Jewish Quarterly Review. Elijah came in tbe form of one of the king's attendants," whereupon the king said the man deserved to be killed. B. Zdra said: "O Saltan, from the day of the destrnction of our Temple, judgment has been taken away from us and given to yon; what thou wishest I shall do with him." The ruler and the judges (once) were holding a sit- ting in court. B. Shila, who was present, opened his month to explain the verse : Thine^ Lord, is greatness and power ^ etc. (1 Chr. zxix. 11). When be bad well nigh finished, the ruler came to him and asked him: " What hast thou said? *' " Tbe praise of God," he answered, " who has created your dominion as well as be had ours." Tbe king said : " Since thon art so wise, I will let thee sit on a cushion, and give thee permission to come and sit at my gate.'* He gave him a sword of steel and made him sit at his gate. There he sat when that wicked roan came in order to complain about B. Zdra, and said : ** God will prove you liars." He replied : '* O most wicked of heathens, who are compared to asses, as is written " (Ex. xziii. 20). Tbe man answered : " I shall inform the king that thou hast called him an ass." B. Shila thought, the law says : Should anyone come to slay thee, try to anti- cipate him, and this man has that intention. So he killed him with his sword. When the mler heard it, he said: "Had he not deserved it, he would not have been killed." B. Shila remarked : ** A miracle has been performed for us by means of that verse on which I will give a derasha." He went to the Beih Hammidrash and lectured on the verse (we above) : Thine, O Lord, is greatness, Le., creation ; Strength, exodus from Egypt ; Glory, sun and moon which Joshua stopped ; Victory, speedy subjugation of the dominion of wickedness ; Majesty, war with Amalek ; For all that is in heaven and on earth, war with Sbinear ; On earth, war against the valleys of ArnOn ; Exalted, war with Gog; For every head, even the police officer who distributes the water is appointed by God. The Mishnah explains the verse, on behalf of B. Aqibha, as follows : Greatness, dividing of the sea ; Strength^ death of the first-bom of Egypt ; Glory, granting of the land ; Victory, Jerusalem ; Majesty, the Temple, may it soon be rebuilt in our life. B. Hiyya bar Abba said on behalf of H. YOhanan : Prophets will only appear until the time of the Messiah, for the future world is great No eye has seen a God besides thee, and it is written : How great, etc (Ps. xxxi. 20). O God, Lord of lords ! O thou who art long-suffering and forgiving ; thou who knowest all my8teries ; O thou from whom no secret is bidden ; O thou who art great in granting and pitying; O thon who remotest grief and sorrows; Digitized by Google Jeicish Arabic Liturgies, 427 O fchoQ who takest awaj evil and oalamities ; O thoa who art the Most High; O thoa who art magnificent ; Rebuild thy sanctuary, where we will worship thee. There aiao shalt thou be worshipped By Bun, moon and heavenly hosts With perfect glorification, as it is written: Sing ye (Ps. xcviii. 1). H. HiBSCHFELD. Digitized by Google 428 The Jewkh Quarterly Remetc, THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM ENGLAND IN 1290. (Conciuded from p. 258.^ IX. — The Jews in Relation to the Church of the Thirteenth Century. The Popes of the earlier part of the Middle 'Ages had found enough employment for their energies in the effort to maintain their own position in Christendom ; and they had neither the wish nor the power to seek a conflict with a race that remained wholly outside the Church. In the twelfth century there was no other general Church Law directed against the Jews than that which forbade them to live in the same houses with Christians, and to have Chris- tian servants.^ In England especially, Churchmen of the twelfth century showed towards the Jews a tolerant spirit, and made no effort to augment their unpopularity or to diminish their privilegea The examples of Anselm, and of his contemporary, Gilbert of Westminster, show that in the attempts made at that time by men of high position in the Church to convert the Jews, no method was employed except that of reasonable persuasion.* Churches and monasteries took charge, at times of danger, of the money, and even of the families, of Jews, Such friendly inter- course as existed between Jews and Christians was allowed to go on without any attempt at ecclesiastical interference.' * See the Decrees of the Third Lateran Conncil of 1179, Mansi, Ctnunlia^ XXII., 231. * St. Anselm, EpUtoUc^ III., 117 (Mig^e, Patrologia Curtus Completus, VoL 169, colonms 153-155 ; Gilbert of Westminster, DUpvtatio Judaici cum ChrUtitmo (Ibid. 1005-1036). * Chronicles of Stephen^ Henry II., and Richard L (Rolls Series), I., Digitized by Google Th$ Expuhton of the Jews from England in 1290. 429
The accession of Innocent the Third to the pontificate
brought about a rapid change in the attitude of the
Church towards the Jewa Innocent was the first to ad-
vance, on behalf of the Papacy, the claim that the Lord
gave Peter not only the whole Church, but the whole
world to rule,^ and he endeavoured with a merciless
enthusiasm, from which all unbelievers and heretics in
Christian countries had to suffer, to make good his claim,
and to establish in Europe one united Catholic Church.
He took his stand on the doctrine, which his predecessom
had held * in a modified form, and without ever acting on
it, that the Jews were condemned to perpetual slavery on
account of the wickedness of their ancestors in crucifying
Christ ; and he thought that they ought to be made to feel,
and their neighbours likewise, that it was only out of
Christian pity that their presence was endured in Christian
countries.
The position of the Jews at the time of Innocent's acces-
sion to the pontificate was very far from being such as his
theory required. They had magnificent synagogues, they
employed Christian servants, they married, or were said to
marry, Christian wives ; they refused, in what some Chris-
tians regarded as a spirit of outrageous insolence, to eat
the same meat and to drink the same wine as the Gentiles,
and they made no secret of their disbelief in the sacred
310 (among the yiotims of the massacre at Ljmi in 1190 was quidam
Judautf insignii medums, qui et artit et modesUa tiUB gratia ChrUtianU
quoque famUiarU et honarahUU fuerat) ; Oervase of Canterbury (Bolls
Series), I., 405. (The Jews help the monks of Canterbury in their straggle
with the Archbishop in 1188) ; Ratuli Litterarum Clausarum (Record
Commission), I., 20i. (^Rex^ ^c, domino Li/ncolnienH Epiioopo^ ^c.;
mandamus vohit quod non permittatia i?{jutte catdLle Judaorwni receptari
in eoolenis in diooeH vettra, February 28th, 1205) ; Chronica Jooelini dt
Brakelonde (Camden Society), p. 33. (▲.D. 1190, Abba$jusiit solempniter eweommiumcari Ulot qui de oetero reeeptarent Judeot vol in hotpioio reeiperewt in villa Santi jEdmundt) ; Jacobs, The Jews of Angevin JSngland, 269. Q'EnglUh Jetos dHnh with OeniHesy) ' Moeller, JSistory of the Christian Chureh, Middle Ages (Bng. Tr.), p. 279. « Bfansi, Concilia, XXII. 231. VOL. VII. r r Digitized by Google 430 The Jewish Quarterly Review. history of Christianity. Moreover, they were suspected of exercising a considerable influence on the growth of the heresies which it was the chief work of Innocent's life to combat. The Vaudois, the Cathari, and the Albigenses, all kept up Jewish observances, and were said to have learnt from the Jews their heretical dogmas ; the Albigenses, indeed, were accused of maintaining that the law of the Jews was better than the law of the Christians. And, nevertheless, Christian kings supported the Jews in every way. They countenanced their usury, they refused (so, at least. Innocent said) to allow evidence against them on any charge to be given by Christian witnesses, and they even employed them in high oiBces of State. In view of these facts. Innocent thought that a great effort of repres- sion should be made, and he wrote to the King of France, the Duke of Burgundy, and other monarchs, asking for their assistance in the work of reducing the Jews to that condition of slavery which was their due. He decreed in his general Church Council that Jews should be excluded in future from public offices, and that they should wear a badge to distinguish them from Christians; and he renewed the old regulation of the Church, which required them to dismiss Christian servants from their houses. In order to ensure that the last provision should be observed, he decided that any Christians having any intercourse with Jews that transgressed it should be subject to excom- munication. For the enforcement of his other anti-Jewish measures he relied on the help of the temporal power in all Christian coimtriea^ The declaration of war made by Innocent III. was a terrible calamity for the Jews; but though it affected at * Letters of Innocent (Migne, Patrologia Cursus Completut^ Vols. 214- 217) ; Lib. VU., 186 ; Lib. VIIL, 50, 121 ; Lib. X., 61, 190 ; Corpu$ JnrU
Canonici (Leipzig, 1839), II., 747-8 ; Graetz, Geschichte dtr Juden, VII.,
7, 8 ; Depping, Let Juift dans le May en Age, 183 ; Habn, Oesohichte der
Ketzer^ III., 6, 7 ; Hurter, Ocschwhte Papgt Innocenz der DritUn, II., 234 ;
Gttdemann, Geschichte des Erziehungswesens, u.8.w,^ I., 37 ; Rule, History
ofths Inquisition, I. 10, 17.
Digitized by
The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 431
once the whole of Christian Europe, still its evil results
might have passed away in time. Popes were but men
and politicians ; and just as Innocent had, by the publica-
tion of his wishes and decrees concerning the Jews, set
himself in opposition to his predecessors, so might his
successors, in their turn, moved by different feelings or
taking a different view of the interests and duties of the
Church, set themselves in opposition to him, and go back
to the old lenient opinions and practice. But within a
few years of the death of Innocent, the work of attacking
the Jews ceased to be in the hands of any one man, and
passed over to a body of men habitually influenced not by
personal or political considerations, but only by what they
conceived to be the interest of religion, and filled with a
hatred of the Jews more fierce and fanatical and steadfast
than that of the Popes could ever have been.
The Dominican order was formally constituted in 1223,
and from the earliest years of its existence devoted itself
to the task of rooting out unbelief from the Christian
world. The work that its members at first professed
to regard as peculiarly their own was that of preaching,
but on the Jews their preaching had no efiect. With an
ingenuity and determination worthy of the order that in a
later century was to provide the Inquisition with its chief
ministers, the Dominicans devised and carried out another
plan of action. Assisted by converted Jews who had joined
them, they undertook the study of Hebrew, and their
master, Raymundus de Peiiaforte, induced the King of
Spain to build and endow seminaries for the purpose.^
Armed with this new knowledge, they were able to attack,
first, what they represented as the foolish and pernicious
contents of such Jewish books as the Talmud, and
secondly, the stubbornness of the Jews who refused to
accept the doctrines of Christianity, the truth of which
the Dominicans professed to be able to demonstrate from
the Old Testament. Two incidents which must at the
* Graetz, Qeschtchte der Juden, VII., 27.
F F 2
Digitized by
432 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
time have been famous throughout Europe illustrate their
method of warfare. In 1239 Nicolas Donin, a converted
Jew who had become a Dominican friar, laid before
Gregory IX. a series of statements concerning the Talmud.
Helped, no doubt, by all the influence of his order, he
induced the Pope to issue bulls to the Kings of France,
England, and Spain, and the bishops in those coimtries,
ordering that all copies of the Talmud should be seized,
and that public inquiry should be held concerning the
charges brought against the book. In England and Spain
nothing seems to have been done, but in Paris the Pope's
instructions were carried out, and, at the instigation
of the leading Dominicans, St Louis ordered that all
copies of the Talmud that could be found in France
should be confiscated, and that four Rabbis should, on
behalf of the Jews, hold a public debate with Donin, in
order to meet, if they could, the charges that he waa
prepared to maintain. In the course of the debate, which
was held in the precincts of the Court and in the presence
of members of the Royal family and great dignitaries of
the Church, Donin asserted that the Talmud encouraged
the Jews to despise, deceive, rob, and even murder
Christians, that it contained blasphemous falsehoods con-
cerning Christ, superstitions and puerilities of all kinds,
and passages disrespectful to God and inconsistent with
morality. The Rabbis answered as best they could, but
the court of Inquisitors decided that the charges had been
substantiated, and ordered that all the confiscated copies
of the Talmud should be burnt. After a delay of about
two years the Auto-da-fe took place, and fourteen cartloads
of the Talmud were sacrificed.^ The other famous
incident of the kind took place in Spain. Pablo Christiano,
a converted Jew, who, like Donin, had joined the
Dominicans, challenged the Jews of Aragon to a dis-
cussion on the differences between Judaism and Chris-
> Revue dde Etudee Juivee, I. 247, 293 ; U. 248 ; ni. 59 ; Noel Yaloii,
GuiUaufM iTAuvergne, pp. 118, 137.
Digitized by
ITie Expuhion of the Jews from England in 1290. ^»38
tianity, and induced James I. to compel them to take
up the challenge. The famous Nachmanides came for-
ward as the representative of his co-religionists. Pablo
undertook to show that the Old Testament, and other
books recognised by the Jews, taught that the Messiah
had come, that he was "very God and very man,"
that he suffered and died for the salvation of mankind,
and that with his advent the ceremonial law ceased to
be of any effect. Nachmanides denied that any of these
propositions could be substantiated from the Jewish
sacred books. For four days the disputation was carried
on in the presence of the king and many great personages
of Church and State. Of course the verdict was that the
Christian disputant had beaten the Jew.^
The method of conducting these two controversies showed
that the Dominicans were determined to use every possible
weapon against the Jews. The Talmud, a huge, hetero-
geneous and unedited compilation, contains passages
which are trivial and foolish, and others, written by men
who had memories of persecution fresh in their minds,
which express bitter hatred towards the " Gentiles," that is,
the nationality of the Jewish race. It was easy for an
opponent to pick out such passages, to assert that what
was said against the " Gentiles " expressed, not the feelings
of the victims of persecution against the Romans of the
second century, but the feelings of all Jews towards all
non-Jews, at every time and at every place, and to convince
an uncritical audience that those who held in honour the
book that contained such passages were enemies of religion,
against whose influence it behoved all Christian powers to
guard the faithfuL Similarly, by compelling the Jews to
take part in a discussion concerning the prophecies of the
Old Testament, the Dominicans imposed on them the choice
between the two alternatives of betraying their religion by
* Histoire IMtiravre de la Frtvnce, XXVII., 562-3 ; G-raeti, Oetchickte^
VII., 131, 135.
Digitized by
434 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
acquiescing in what they believed to be a false interpreta-
tion of their scripture, or else of proclaiming publicly their
disbelief in doctrines which were at the very foundation
of Christianity. The effect on the ruling classes in Europe
of the two discussions just mentioned must have been very
great And the Dominicans were continually carrying on
the same work, though, of course, seldom before audiences
so distinguished. Pablo, for example, travelled about Spain
and Provence, compelling the Jews, by virtue of a royal
edict that had been issued in his favour, to hold disputes
with him on matters of religion.^ Many other members of
the order devoted their lives to the same pursuit,' and thus
did their best to fill the rulers of the Church with a dread
of the terrible consequences that the existence of Judaism
threatened to the Christian religion.
And, unfortunately for the Jews, their religion began to
be feared at the same time as cruel and powerful fanatics
like Innocent and the Dominicans were doing their best to
cause it to be hated. There is good reason to believe,
though detailed evidence is not abundant, that towards the
end of the Middle Ages Judaism exercised over the super-
stitions of other faiths the same fascination as in the first
century of the Roman Empire. Thomas Aquinas believed
that unrestricted intercourse between Jews and Christians
was likely to result in the conversion of Christians to
Judaism, and for that reason he thought it right, in spite
of the general liberality of his opinions concerning the
Jews, that intercourse with them should be allowed to such
Christians alone as were strong in the faith, and were more
likely to convert them than to be converted by them.' " It
happens sometimes," wrote a Pope of the thirteenth cen-
tury, " that Christians, when they are visited by the Lord
with sickness and tribulation, go astray, and have recourse
* Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, VII., 135 ; J. Jacobs, Inquiry into the
Sou rem of the History of the Jetoi in Spain, xviii., 18.
* Seriptores Ordinis Pradi/iatorum (Qu^tif and Echard), I., 246, 396,
398, 594.
* Thomas Aquinas, Summa Thtologice, Seounda SecundsB. Qusestio X.
Digitized by
The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 435
to the vain help of the Jewish rite. They hold in the
synagogues of the Jews torches and lighted candles, and
make offerings there. Likewise they keep vigils (especially
on the Sabbath), in the hope that the sick may be restQred
to health, that those at sea may reach harbour, that those
in childbirth may be safely delivered, and that the barren
may become fruitful and rejoice in offspring. For the ac-
complishment of these and other wishes, they implore the
help of the said rite, and in idolatrous fashion show open
signs of (fevotion and reverence to a scroll, not without
much harm to the orthodox faith, contumely to our Creator,
and opprobrium and shame to the Universal ChurcL"^
The anti-Jewish feeling that grew up from the causes
that have just been described called into existence new
institutions and measures designed for the purpose of
humbling the Jews and checking the growth of Judaism.
In compliance with the cruel request of Innocent, most of
the monarchs of Europe compelled their Jewish subjects to
contented themselves with the attempt to enforce the old
prohibition against the employment by Jews of Christian
servants and nurses, now went further, and forbade
Christians to allow the presence of Jews in their houses
and taverns, to feast or dance with them, to be present at
the celebration of their marriages, their new moons, and
their festivals, and to employ their services as doctors.'
The Popes of the latter part of the thirteenth century
appointed Dominicans in various countries of Europe to
perform the duty of preaching to the Jews, and of holding
inquisitions into their heresies, in the hope that with the
help of the secular power they might stamp them out.*
In England the relation of the Jews to the Christians
underwent somewhat the same changes as in Continental
' Baronius, Aniiales Ecclesia^tiei (ed. Theiner), XIII., 87.
« Hevve de» Etudes Jnltes, VI. 81 ; VII. 94.
• Mansi, Ci>nrUia, XXIII., 1174-6 ; Mart^ne, Thesaurus, Vf., 769.
« Deeping, 198 ; Hahn, Geschichte der Ketzer, III., 13 ; Rule, Hutory of
the InqnuitUm, I. 27, 80, 81, 91, 332, 335-6.
Digitized by
436 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
Europe. Before the thirteenth century the Jews in Eng-
land had, as has been said above, been free from molestation
by the Church,^ and their chief danger had been from the
brutality and greed of the disorderly populace, of desperate
outcasts, and of marauding Crusadera^ The first great
attack made on them by any constituted power came
from Stephen Langton, who, not content with passing
at his Provincial Synod a decree which, in accordance
with the regulations of Innocent, enforced the use of
the badge and prohibited the erection of new synagogues,
went so far as to issue orders that no one in his diocese
should presume, under pain of excommunication, to have
any intercourse with Jews, or should sell them any of
the necessaries of life. The Bishops of Lincoln and
Norwich issued the same orders in their diocesea' Many
other bishops in the reign of Henry IIL did their best,
partly by legislation in their diocesan synods and
partly by the use of their personal and spiritual influence,
to check intercourse between Jews and Christiana* Of
course the king's guardians, in the interest of the royal
income, a considerable part of which was derived from
the Jewry, interfered to prevent the measures of Langton
and his colleagues from being carried into effect. And
Henry, when he took into his own hands the work of
government, while, on the one hand, he showed his
sympathy with the fears of the Church by building
a house for the reception of Jewish converts,' and by
lending the sanction of the civil power to the decree that
ordered the use of the badge,* nevertheless followed the
example that his guardians had set, and protected the Jews
against the aggression of the ChurcL
> Supra, p. 428. « Supra, pp. 82, 83, 89.
» WiUdns, Magnm BritannuB Concilia, I., 691 ; Tovey, Anglia Judaiea,
83 ; Rye, History of Norfolk, 87.
* WillrinB, Magna Britannia Concilia, I., 667, 693, 719 ; Letters of
Bishop Cfrosseteste (Rolls Series), 318.
* Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, III., 262.
* Tovey, Anglia Judaica, 148.
Digitized by
The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 437
There were many reasons which might have caused
Edward to sympathise more strongly than his father
had done, with the anti-Jewish feelings of the Church.
He was a pious man and a pious king, filled with a sense
of his kingly duty towards "the living God who takes
to himself the souls of Princes."^ He was a Crusader,
though the great crusading age was over, a founder of
monasteries, a pilgrim to holy places; and through his
confessors he was in close connection with, and under
the influence of, the Dominican order.^ Some of his
bishops were determined enemies of the Jews. John
of Peckham, for example, the Archbishop of Canterbury,
insisted at one time on the demolition of all the small
private synagogues in London, at which the Jews were
in the habit of worshipping after the confiscation of
their great public synagogues at the end of the reign
of Henry III. ; at another time he demanded from the
king the help of the temporal power against Jews who
having once been converted to Christianity, wished to go
back to their old faith ; on another occasion he took the
bold step of writing to the Queen concerning her business
transactions with the Jews, solemnly warning her that
unless she gave them up she could never be absolved from
her sins, "nay, not though an angel should assert the
contrary."' At Hereford, Bishop Swinfield was so
determined to prevent intercourse with Jews that, when
he heard that certain Christians intended to be present
at a marriage feast to be given by some rich Jews of the
city, he issued a proclamation threatening with ex-
communication any who should carry out their intention,
and, when his proclamation was disregarded, he carried out
his threat.*
» Bymer, Foedera^ I., 743.
« Tout, JSduxtrd /., pp. 69, 149.
' John of Peckham, Registrum Epittolarum (BoUs Series), I., 239 ;
II., 407; III., 937; Wilkms, MagntB Britannia ConcUia, II., 88-9;
Prynne, Second Demvrrer^ 121-2.
* Household Boll of Bishop Swinfield (Camden Society), pp. c, ci.
Digitized by
438 The Jewish Quarterly Renew,
Certain events that happened, or were said to have
happened, in England in Edward s lifetime, some, indeed,
under his own observation, may well have seemed to him
to justify the attitude of the Church. In 1275 a Domini-
can friar was converted to Judaism.^ In 1268, while
Edward was in Oxford, the Chancellor, masters and
scholars of the University, and the Parochial Clergy, were
going in procession to visit the shrine of St. Friedswide
when, according to a story that gained general credence,
a Jew of the city snatched from the bearer a cross that
was being carried at their head and trod it under foot.^
At Norwich, early in Edward s reign, a Jew was burnt
for blasphemy.* At Nottingham, in 1278, a Jewess was
charged with abusing in scandalous terms all the Christian
bystanders in the market-place.*
Edward's conduct could not but be influenced by the
general tone of opinion in the Church, by the strong
anti-Jewish feeling of some of his bishops, and by the
follies, real or supposed, of the Jews themselvea In
continuation of his father's policy he made, throughout
his reign, such contributions as, with his scanty means, he
could afford, to the support of the House of Converta^ He
renewed the edict concerning the wearing of the badge,
and extended it to Jewesses, whereas it had formerly
applied only to Jewa^ In order that the Dominicans
might be able to carry on in England the same efforts at
conversion as they were already pursuing in France, Spain
and Germany, he issued to all the sheriffs and bailiffs in
England writs bidding them do their best so induce all
' Graetz, Ocschichte der Juden, VII., note 11. Florence of Win'cegUr
(English Historical Society), II., 214.
* Tovey, Atiglia Judaica, 168.
■ Forty-ninth Report of the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records,
p. 187.
* Forty -seventh Report of the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records,
p. 306.
* Dictionary of Political Economy^ Article, "Jews (House for Con-
verted)."
* Tovey, An/^Iia Judaica, 208.
Digitized by
The Expulman of the Jeicsfrom England in 1290. 43^
the Jews in the counties and towns under their charge
to assemble and hear the word of God preached by the
friars.^ To meet the danger to religion that might arise
from the blasphemous utterances of Jews, he ordered that
proclamation should be made throughout England that
any Jew found guilty (after an enquiry conducted by
Christians) of having spoken disrespectfully of Christ, the
Virgin Mary, or the Catholic faith, should be liable to the
loss of life or limbs.^
Thus far Edward was prepared to go, and no farther.
He believed that the Jews, so long as they remain Jews,
lived in ignorance and sin, and he did what he could to
help the friars in the effort to convert them. He believed
that some among them were likely to make blasphemous
attacks on Christianity, and he did what he could to keep
them in check. But he believed that it was possible for
them to live in peace and quietness, carrying on trades and
handicrafts, among Christian neighbours in Christian
towns. And it was to enable them to do so that he
usury, giving them at the same time permission " to prac-
tise trade, to live by their labour, and, for those purposes,
freely to converse with Christians." But, as we have seen,
there were imposed on the Jews who attempted to avail
themselves of this permission, legal disadvantages which
wholly unfitted them for industrial competition with non-
Jews, and compelled them to continue the practice of
usury. That Edward recognised this fact is shown by
the issue of the revised Statute of Usurers some years
after 1275 ; but that measure was inconclusive and incon-
sistent with the rest of his policy. Sooner or later the
conclusion would have forced itself on him that until the
Jews were, by the acquisition of the right to become
burgesses and gildsmen, enabled to enter into industrial
* Forty-ninth Report of the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records,
p. 95 ; Rymer, Fcedera^ I., 576 ; Madox, Exchequer, I., 259.
* Tovey, Anglia Judaiea, p. 208.
Digitized by
440 The Jetcish Quarterly Review,
competition on equal terms with Christians, all his efforts
He would then have had before him two alternatives. He
might, on the one hand, have declined to sacrifice his
seignorial rights over the Jews, whom he had described
in the Statute of 1275 as " talliable to the king as his own
serfs, and not otherwise," and in that case he would have
had to recognise that his whole Jewish policy was an
impossible one. Or he might, on the other hand, have
revoked the provision in the statute which forbade the
Jews to be in "scots, lots, or talliage with the other
inhabitants of those cities or burgesses where they re-
mained." Such a measure would have been a step in the
only direction which could possibly lead to the success of
his policy. But it would not by itself have been enough
to secure success; for, when the legal difficulties of the
Jews had been removed, there would still have remained
the social difficulties which proceeded from the dislike in
which they were held by the Church and the people ; and,
unless these difficulties also could be removed, so that the
Jews might be in a position of social equality, as well as
legal equality, with Christians, and associate with them
in friendly intercourse, the king's policy would be as far
from success as ever. Which alternative Edward would
have decided to adopt is, of course, a question we have
no means of answering; but the decision was taken out
of his hands by the interference, for the first and last
time in English history, of the head of the Catholic Church
in the relations between the Jews and the king.
At the end of 1286, Honorius IV. addressed to the
Archbishops of Canterbury^ and York* and their suffragans
the following bull : —
"We have heard that in England the accursed and
perfidious Jews have done unspeakable things and horrible
acts, to the shame of our Creator and the detriment of the
* BaroniuB, Annate* EccleHattun (ed. Theiner), XIII., 10, 11.
» lUvue deJt Etudes Juives, I., 298.
Digitized by
The Uxpuleion of the Jews from England tn 1290. 441
Catholic faith. They are said to have a wicked and
deceitful book, which they commonly call Thalmud, con-
taining manifold abominations, falsehoods, heresies, and
abuses. This damnable work they continually study, and
with its nefarious contents their base thoughts are always
engaged. Moreover, they set their children from their
tender years to study its lethal teaching, and they do not
scruple to tell them that they ought to believe in it more
than in the Law of Moses, so that the said children may
flee from the path of God and go astray in the devious
ways of the unbelievera Moreover, they not only attempt
to entice the minds of the faithful to their pestilent sect,
but also, with many gifts, they seduce to apostasy those
who, led by wholesome counsel, have abjured the error of
infidelity and betaken themselves to the Christian faith ;
so that some, being led away by the treachery of the Jews,
live with them according to their rite and law, even in
the parishes in which they received new life from the
sacred font of baptism; and hence arise injury to our
Saviour, scandal to the faithful, and dishonour to the
Christian faith. Some also who have been baptised they
send to other places, in order that there they may live
urgently persuade Christians to attend their synagogues on
the Sabbath and on other of their solemn occasions, to hear
and take part in their services, and to show reverence to
the parchment-scroll or book in which their law is written,
in consequence of which many Christians Judaise with the
Jews.
"Moreover, they have in their households Christians
whom they compel to busy themselves on Simdays and
feast-days with servile tasks from which they should re-
frain. And so they cast opprobrium on the majesty of
God. They have in their houses Christian women to bring
up their children. Christian men and women dwell among
them; and so it often happens, when occasion offers and
the time is favourable to shameful actions, that Christian
Digitized by
442 The Jewkh Quarterly Review.
men have unblessed intercourse with Jewish women and
Christian women with Jewish men.
" Yet Christians and Jews go on meeting in each others'
houses. They spend their leisure in banqueting and feast-
ing together, and hence the opportunity for mischief be-
comes easy. On certain days they publicly abuse Christians,
or rather curse them, and do other wicked acts which offend
God and cause the loss of soula
" And although some of you have been often asked to
devise a fitting remedy for these things, yet you have
failed to comply. Whereat we are forced to wonder the
more, since the duty of your pastoral office binds you to
show yourselves more ready and determined than other
men to avenge the wrongs of our Saviour, and to oppose
the nefarious attempts of the foes of the Christian faith.
" An evil so dangerous must not be made light of, lest,
being neglected, it may grow great. You are boimd to rise
up with ready courage against such audacity in order that it
may be completely suppressed and confounded and that the
dignity and glory of the Catholic Faith may increase. There-
fore by this apostolic writing we give orders that, as the duty
of your office demands, you shall use inhibitions, spiritual
and temporal penalties and other methods, which shaU seem
good to you, and which, in your preaching and at other
fitting times you shall set forth, to the end, that this dis-
ease may be checked by proper remediea So may you
have your reward from the mercy of the Eternal King.
We shall extol in our prayers your wisdom and diligence.
Let us know fully by your letters what you do in this
matter."
X. — The Effects of the Clerical Opposition.
Edward was too religious to disregard the wishes of the
Pope, expressed thus formaUy and solemnly and with the
utmost strength of language. And he had special reasons
for paying heed to the words of Honorius IV., on whose
money-lenders he was dependent for loans, and whose
Digitized by
The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 443
predecessor had, by the exercise of his spiritual powers,
secured for him a tenth part of the goods of the clergy of
England.^ From the moment of the issue of the bull, the
policy inaugurated by the statute of 1275 was doomed.
For of the two alternatives that Edward would have had
before him in any further Jewish legislation that he might
have undertaken — the alternative^ of the abandonment of
the policy of 1275, or the extension of it by further
measures for the assimilation of the status of Jews to that
of Christians — ^the Church now demanded that he should
at once adopt the former. It demanded that the Jews of
England should live isolated from the Christians ; and this
they could do only so long as they kept to pursuits, such as
usury, for the practice of which they required no connec-
tion with the organisation of a gild or a town.
For a time Edward could take no decisive measures, since
when the buU reached England, he had left for Gascony.^
In that province nothing had apparently as yet been done
to satisfy the demand made by the Council of Lyons, in
1274, that alien usurers should no longer be tolerated in
the land of Christiana It was hopeless to try to enforce
in a distant dependency the policy that had been beset in
England with so many difficulties, and had now incurred
the direct opposition of the Church. The only alternative
was expulsion, a measure that on French soil suggested it-
self the more naturally, since two French kings had practi-
issued an order that all Jews should leave Gascony.^
The application of the same measure in England was a
more serious matter, since the English Jews were doubtless
a much larger community than those of Gascony. But,
determined not to tolerate them as usurers, and convinced
> Rymer, I., 560-1.
» Edward left England May, 1286. Florence of Worcester (English
Historical Society), II., 236.
• WiUelmi Rishnnger Chronica et Annales (Rolls Series), 116 ; Floret
Historiarum (Rolls Series), III., 70-71.
Digitized by
444 Tlie Jewish Quarterly Retnew,
of the hopelessness of his efforts to change them into
had treated their coreligionists in Qascony.
No doubt he was influenced in his resolution by the mem-
bers of his family and court His wife and mother and
various of his officers had been in the habit of receiving
liberal grants from the property and forfeitures of the
Jewa^ They must have known that this resource was
decreasing steadily, and was not worth husbanding, and
they must have welcomed a measure which would bring
into the King's hands a fairly large amount of spoil capable
of immediate distribution. And, probably, some of the
ecclesiastical members of the court felt, as his mother
certainly did,^ a religious hatred of the Jews and a religious
joy at the prospect of their disappearance.
XI. — The Expulsion.
Of the course of events for the first few months after
come down to ua His searching inquiry into the conduct
of the judges during his absence* must have taken up
most of his time and energy. As soon as he had meted
out punishment to those whom he had found guilty of
corruption, he turned to the Jewish question. On the
18th of July, 1290, writs were issued to the sheriflfe of
counties, informing them that a decree had been passed
that all Jews should leave England before the feast of
All Saints of that year.* Any who remained in the country
» Forty-second Beport of the Deputy-Keeper of the Public JUeordSy
693; FoHy-fouHh Report, 109, 296; FoHy-fifth Report, 72, 163;
Forty-ninth RepoH, 81 ; Calendar of Patent Rolls from 1281 to 1292,
62, 193 ; Archaologia, VI., 339 ; Madox, History of the Exchequer, I.
226 t<7 ; 230 d ; 231 Z ; John of Peokham, Registrum Bpistolarum, II.
619; III., 937; Rogers, Oscford (My Documents (Oxford Historioal
Society), 208, 219 ; Tovey, Anglia Judaioa, 200.
« Graetz, Oeschiehte der Juden (Second Edition), VIL, note 11.
« Chronicles of Edward I. and Edioard IL (Rolls Series), L, 97 ; The
Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft (Rolls Series), II., 185-6.
* Tovey, Anglia Judaiea, 240.
Digitized by
The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 445
after the prescribed day were declared liable to the penalty
of death.*
Every effort was made by the King to secure the peace
and safety of the Jews during the short period for which
they were allowed to remain, and in the course of their
journey from their homes to the coast, and from the coast
to their ultimate destination. The sheriffs were ordered
to have public proclamation made that "no one within
the appointed period should injure, harm, damage, or
grieve them," and were to ensure, for such as chose to pay
for it, a safe journey to London. The wardens of the
Cinque Ports, within the district of whose jurisdiction
many of the Jews would necessarily embark, received
to the sheriffs of the countiea They were to see that the
exiles were provided, after payment, with a safe and
speedy passage across the sea, and that the poor among
them were enabled to travel at cheap rates and were treated
with consideration.* These general orders were reinforced
by the issue of special writs of safe-conduct for individual
Jews.* The exiles were allowed to carry with them all
of their own property that was in their possession at the
time of the issue of the decree of expulsion, together with
such pledges deposited with them by Christians as were
not redeemed before a fixed date. A few Jews who were
high in the favour of royal personages, such as Aaron, son
of Vives, who was a "chattel" of the King's brother
Edmund,* and Cok, son of Hagin, who belonged to the
Queen,^ were allowed before their departure to sell their
houses and fees to any Christian who would buy them.
On St. Denis 8 Day all the Jews of London started on
their journey to the sea-coast.* The treatment that they
met with was not so merciful as the king had wished.
* Bartholomai de Cotton, HUtoria Ajiglicana (BoUs Series), p. 178.
* Toyey, Anglia Judaioa, 240-2.
* Ih. 241 ; Calendivt of Patent RoOi fr<m 1281 to 1292, 878, 881, 882.
* Ih, 879. » Ih, 384. • Ihid,, 232.
VOL. VII. G G
Digitized by
446 The Jeunsh Quarterly Review,
Many of the richer among them embarked with all their
property at London. At the mouth of the Thames, the
master cast anchor during the ebb-tide, so that his vessel
grounded on the sands, and invited his passengers to walk
on the shore till it was again afloat. He led them to a
great distance, so that they did not get back till the tide
was again fulL Then he ran into the water, climbed into
the ship by means of a rope, and bade them, if they needed
help, call on their Prophet Moses. They followed him into
the water, and most of them were drowned. The sailors
appropriated all that the Jews had left on board. But
subsequently the master and his accomplices were indicted,
convicted of murder, and hanged.^
One body of the exiles set sail for France. During their
voyage fierce storms swept the sea. Many were drowned.
Many were cast destitute on the coast that they were
seeking, and were allowed by the King to live for a time
in Amiens.* This act of mercy, however, called forth the
censure of the Pope, and the Parlement de la Chandeleur,
which met in the same year, decreed that all the Jews
from England and Qascony that had taken refuge in the
French king's dominions should leave the country by the
middle of the next Lent.* Another body, numbering 1,335,
and consisting, to a great extent, of the poor, went to
Flanders.* The only known fact that we have to guide
our conjectures as to the ultimate place of settlement of
any of those who left England is that, in a list of the in-
habitants of the Paris Jewry, made four years after the
Expulsion, there appear certain neunes with the additions
of VEnglische or I'Englais} It may well be that many Jews
* Walter of Hemingburgh, Chronicon (English HiBtorioal Sooiety), I.,
21, 22 ; Bartholomaeas Cotton, Hutoria Anglieana (Rolls Seriee), 178 ;
Amudet Moruutici, III., 362, IV., 327.
' Oput Chronieorum in CkronicU* of S. Albania J. de TrokdotDey ete.^
Annales (Rolls Series), 57.
» Lanridre, Ordonnanees des RoU de la France, I., 317.
* fhrtieth Report of Deputy-Keeper of PMie Reeordt, p. 474.
* Berve des Etudes Juires, Vol. I., pp. 66, 67, 69.
Digitized by
The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290. 447
from England, speaking the French language, were able, in
spite of the Act of the Parlement de la Chandeleur, to become
merged in the general body of the Jews of France, who
were many times as numerous as those of England had
been.^ Many, too, may have thrown in their lot with their
860,000 coreligionists of Spain.*
The property that they left behind them in Elngland
consisted of such dwelling-houses, and other houses, as
remained to them in spite of the strict conditions imposed
by the Statue of 1275, of the synagogues and cemeteries
of their local congregations, and of bonds partly for the
repayment of money, and partly for the delivery of wool
All fell into the hands of the King,^ except, possibly, the
houses in some of those towns, such as Hereford, Win-
chester, and Ipswich, of which the citizens had by the
purchase of manorial rights become entitled to all fines and
forfeitures.* The annual value of the houses, as shown in
The value of the debts, as shown in the register made by
the officers of the Exchequer, was about £9,100, but the
amount for realisation was diminished by the King's re-
solve to take from the debtors, not the full amount for
which they were liable, and which, under the amended
statute of the Jewry,* could include three years' interest,
but only the bare principal that had been originally
advanced. Even this was not fully collected; payment
was, by the King's permission, delayed, and confirmations,
' Graete, VII.. 267. « Ibid., 155.
* Langtoft, II., 189 ; Hemingbnrgh, II., 21 ; Madox, Ewch.y L, 261.
* JohiiBon, CuHam* of Hereford, p. 100 ; Madoz, Firma Bwrgi, 12^
19, 23. I am not at all confident of the accuracy of Mr. Johnson's state-
ment, on which the latter half of this sentence is founded. Certainly some
of the houses of the Jews of Hereford, Winchester, and Ipswich, were
granted away by the king QLansdoume MS8., British Museum, Vol. 826,
part 5, Transcript 4, Rotuli Originalium (Record Commission), I.^ 73(-
76a.
* Paper Jt Anglo^Jetouh Hidorical Exhibition, p. 230.
G Q 2
Digitized by
448 The Jewish Quarterly Review,
made in 1315 and 1327, of the renunciation of interest,
show how long some of the debts remained outstanding.
Edward III. finally gave up the claim to all further
payment^
It was ordered that the houses should be sold and the
proceeds devoted to pious usea' But it appears that
they were nearly all given away to the King's friends.*
XII. — The Necessity of the Expulsion.
The Expulsion was not the act of a cruel king. The
forbearance which marks the orders to the officers who
were charged with the execution of the decree had been
shown by Edward many a time before, when he protected
Jews against claims too rigorously enforced, and ordered
that his own rights should be waived where insistence on
them would have deprived his debtors of their means of
subsistence.*
Nor was it prompted by greed. It is true that im-
mediately after it, and according to the account of many
chroniclers, as an expression of gratitude for it, the
Parliament voted a tenth and a fifteenth.' But this can-
> Rotvli Parliamentorum, I, 346ft ; II., 8a, 402a ; Statutes of Realm, 1
Ed. III., Stat. 2, § 3.
' Tovey, 236 ; Prynne, Second Demurrer, 127 ; Papers, An^lo-Jeiouh
Higtori^al Exhibition, 21.
* A list not quite complete, of the houses belonging to the expeUed
Jews is contained in the Manuscript known as Q. R. Miscellanea : " Jews,**
No. 557, 9 and 11 (Public Record Office). A list of persons who reoeiyed
from the King -grants of Jews* houses, to hold at a nominal rental, Ib
printed in Rotulorum Originalium Ahhreriatio (Record Commission)
pp. 73■-76^ and the deeds of gift are copied in fuU in Lansdowne MSS.
(British Museum) Vol. 826, Part 5, Transcript 4. Nearly all the houses
mentioned in Q. R. Miscellanea are granted away by deeds included in the
RotvZi OrigineUium and the Lansdowne Transcript.
« Madox, Exch. I. 2, 248A, 258i, etc. ; Tovey, 207 ; Prynne, 2nd Ten, 69,
76 ; Rymer, Foedera, 523, 598.
» Chronica Monasterii de Melsa (RoUs Series), II., 261-2. Annates Monas-
ti4!i. III., 362 ; W. de Hemingbnrgh, Chranieon (English Historical
Society) II., 22.
Digitized by
The Eapulston of the Jews from England in 1290. 449
not have been a bribe offered beforehand, for the writs
announcing the decree were issued on the fourth day after
that for which the Parliament was summoned.^ It is
impossible to suppose that in so short an interval the
question was brought up, the policy chosen, the price
fixed, and the decree issued. It is equally impossible
that Edwjad's conduct should have been affected by the
prospect of the confiscation of the small amount of property
that the Jews left behind them.
The Expulsion was a piece of independent royal action,
made necessary by the impossibility of carrying out the
only alternative policy that an honourable Christian king
could adopt. And the impossibility was not of Edward's
making. It was the result of many causes, and the know-
ledge of it had been brought home to him by many proofs.
The guesses of our contemporary, and all but contemporary,
authorities who take on themselves to explain his action,
show how many were the obstacles before which he had to
confess himself vanquished. In one chronicle the Expulsion
is represented as a concession to the prayer of the Pope f in
another, as the result of the efforts of Queen Eleanor ;' in a
third, as a measure of summary punishment against the blas-
phemy of the Jews, taken to give satisfaction to the English
clergy ;* in a fourth as an answer to the complaints made by
the magnates of the continued prevalence of usury ;* in a fifth
as an act of conformity to public opinion f in a sixth, as a
reform suggested by the King's independent general enquiry
into the administration of the kingdom during his absence,
* Parliament was summoned for July 15th ; see Parliamentary Paper 69 ;
of 1878 (H. of C.) " Parliaments of England " ; the write ordering the Expul-
sion were issued on July the 18th ; see Tovey, 240.
* French Chronicler of London, in Riley's Chronicles of Old London^
242.
« Annales Momutici, II., 409.
« Ih., ni., 861.
» W. de Hemingburgh, II., 20.
* Chronicles of Edward L and Edward II. (Rolls Series) Vol. I. 99
(" Omnes JudflBi .... conredente Rege Bdwardo exulantur").
Digitized by
450 The Jeicish Quarterly Review,
and his discovery, through the complaints of the Council,
of the " deceits " of the Jews.*
Each of these statements gives us some information as
to the nature and extent of the failure of Edward's policy.
None gives the true cause, for none sets before us the true
position of the Jews and their relations with their
neighbours. It is true that it was the bull of Honorius
that finally compelled Edward to give up his attempt to
assimilate the position of the Jews to that of Christian
traders. It is true, no doubt, that his mother had from the
first dissuaded him from generous treatment, and, perhaps,
had induced him to lessen the chance of the success of his
policy by asserting his right over them as over his serfa*
But the bull of the Pope and the personal influence of the
Queen-mother were alike unnecessary. If Edward had
waived all his rights, if the Church had in his reign relented
towards the Jews instead of increasing its bitterness towards
them, both acts of generosity would have come too late.
The same | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4315296709537506, "perplexity": 14459.985803406244}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00235-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/protons-along-a-magnetic-field-line.812693/ | Protons along a magnetic field line
1. May 7, 2015
AndrewC1994
1. A Magnetic field line has a length of 70,000 [Km], for this example all particles have an energy of 1.6E-27 [J]. Assuming all motion is parallel to the magnetic field line how long would it take to complete this cycle.
2. M[Proton] = 1.677E-27 [Kg] , M[Electron] = 9.1E-31 [Kg] , E[kinetic] = 1/2mv^2, Distance = d=vt , J = 1 kg*m^2/s^2
3. I'm stuck in the set up. I multiplied the energy given time the mass of the proton, then multiplied it by distance just still ended up with some obscene number with units m/s^2
2. May 7, 2015
BvU
Hello Andy, welcome to PF !
Something pretty wrong here. Is this really the correct problem statement ?
(Because then there is no cycle, so the answer would be: infinitely long...)
And you aren't just stuck in the setup, but also in the dimensions.
Just chucking a lot of stuff in a bucket, heating it and then expecting to get gold is naive.
Draft saved Draft deleted
Similar Discussions: Protons along a magnetic field line | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.86430424451828, "perplexity": 1640.7932671662081}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107487.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821022354-20170821042354-00494.warc.gz"} |
https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/possible-long-term-changes-in-stratospheric-circulation-evidence-from-total-ozone/ | # Possible long-term changes in stratospheric circulation: evidence from total ozone measurements at the edge of the Antarctic vortex in early winter
Measurements of total ozone in Antarctica during early winter show an increase, consistent with the observed descent of stratospheric air and the convergence that accompanies descent. Measurements in the vortex edge region at Faraday (65°S) show that the rate of increase has on average doubled between the 1960s and the 1990s. We speculate that this increase in rate of ozone change is caused by an increase in convergence. If so, it suggests that the strength of the Brewer–Dobson residual stratospheric circulation, which brings tropospheric air into the stratosphere with its accompanying chlorofluorocarbons and greenhouse gases, increased significantly. There is no obvious explanation for an increase in the circulation. Models predict that an ozone hole increases vortex strength, but only later in the spring. Models also predict that increased greenhouse gases increase the circulation, but the convergence did not increase gradually whereas greenhouse gases did. Some of the measurements in the 1990s are able to distinguish the different rates of increase of ozone in individual years, which show considerable variability, as expected following the eruption of Pinatubo.
### Details
Publication status:
Published
Author(s):
Authors: Roscoe, H.K., Fowler, C.L., Shanklin, J.D., Hill, J.G.T.
On this site: Howard Roscoe, Jonathan Shanklin
Date:
1 January, 2004
Journal/Source:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society / 130
Page(s):
1123-1135 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9297885298728943, "perplexity": 3425.1662320831433}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00664.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/50ceda8ae4b0031882dca3c7 | Got Homework?
Connect with other students for help. It's a free community.
• across
Online now
• laura*
Helped 1,000 students
Online now
• Hero
College Math Guru
Online now
Here's the question you clicked on:
55 members online
• 0 viewing
ashleighleary Group Title Two balloons having the same charge of 1.2 × 10-6 coulombs each are kept 5.0 × 10-1 meters apart. What is the magnitude of the repulsive force between them? (k = 9.0 × 109 newton·meter2/coulombs2) one year ago one year ago Edit Question Delete Cancel Submit
• This Question is Open
1. dhrubo Group Title
Best Response
You've already chosen the best response.
0
use coulomb's law
• one year ago
Best Response
You've already chosen the best response.
0
F=k*(q^2)/r^2
• one year ago
3. gurvinder Group Title
Best Response
You've already chosen the best response.
0
we have to use coulomb's law ...|dw:1355752555298:dw|
• one year ago
Best Response
You've already chosen the best response.
0
$F=k \times q ^{2}/r ^{2}$
• one year ago
5. gurvinder Group Title
Best Response
You've already chosen the best response.
0
• one year ago
1 Attachment
• Attachments:
See more questions >>>
spraguer (Moderator) 5→ View Detailed Profile
23
• Teamwork 19 Teammate
• Problem Solving 19 Hero
• You have blocked this person.
• ✔ You're a fan Checking fan status...
Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9983952045440674, "perplexity": 21702.36463419105}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831565.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00188-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.nag.com/numeric/MB/manual64_24_1/html/D01/d01gbf.html | Integer type: int32 int64 nag_int show int32 show int32 show int64 show int64 show nag_int show nag_int
Chapter Contents
Chapter Introduction
NAG Toolbox
## Purpose
nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) returns an approximation to the integral of a function over a hyper-rectangular region, using a Monte–Carlo method. An approximate relative error estimate is also returned. This function is suitable for low accuracy work.
## Syntax
[mincls, acc, wrkstr, finest, ifail] = d01gb(a, b, mincls, maxcls, functn, eps, wrkstr, finest, 'ndim', ndim, 'lenwrk', lenwrk)
[mincls, acc, wrkstr, finest, ifail] = nag_quad_md_mcarlo(a, b, mincls, maxcls, functn, eps, wrkstr, finest, 'ndim', ndim, 'lenwrk', lenwrk)
## Description
nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) uses an adaptive Monte–Carlo method based on the algorithm described in Lautrup (1971). It is implemented for integrals of the form:
b1 b2 bn ∫ ∫ ⋯ ∫ f(x1,x2, … ,xn)dxn ⋯ dx2dx1. a1 a2 an
$∫ a1 b1 ∫ a2 b2 ⋯ ∫ an bn f (x1,x2,…,xn) dxn ⋯ dx2 dx1 .$
Upon entry, unless lenwrk has been set to the minimum value 10 × ndim$10×{\mathbf{ndim}}$, the function subdivides the integration region into a number of equal volume subregions. Inside each subregion the integral and the variance are estimated by means of pseudorandom sampling. All contributions are added together to produce an estimate for the whole integral and total variance. The variance along each coordinate axis is determined and the function uses this information to increase the density and change the widths of the sub-intervals along each axis, so as to reduce the total variance. The total number of subregions is then increased by a factor of two and the program recycles for another iteration. The program stops when a desired accuracy has been reached or too many integral evaluations are needed for the next cycle.
## References
Lautrup B (1971) An adaptive multi-dimensional integration procedure Proc. 2nd Coll. Advanced Methods in Theoretical Physics, Marseille
## Parameters
### Compulsory Input Parameters
1: a(ndim) – double array
ndim, the dimension of the array, must satisfy the constraint ndim1${\mathbf{ndim}}\ge 1$.
The lower limits of integration, ai${a}_{i}$, for i = 1,2,,n$\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
2: b(ndim) – double array
ndim, the dimension of the array, must satisfy the constraint ndim1${\mathbf{ndim}}\ge 1$.
The upper limits of integration, bi${b}_{i}$, for i = 1,2,,n$\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
3: mincls – int64int32nag_int scalar
Must be set
• either to the minimum number of integrand evaluations to be allowed, in which case mincls0${\mathbf{mincls}}\ge 0$;
• or to a negative value. In this case, the function assumes that a previous call had been made with the same parameters ndim, a and b and with either the same integrand (in which case nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) continues calculation) or a similar integrand (in which case nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) begins the calculation with the subdivision used in the last iteration of the previous call). See also wrkstr.
4: maxcls – int64int32nag_int scalar
The maximum number of integrand evaluations to be allowed. In the continuation case this is the number of new integrand evaluations to be allowed. These counts do not include zero integrand values.
Constraints:
• ${\mathbf{maxcls}}>{\mathbf{mincls}}$;
• maxcls4 × (ndim + 1)${\mathbf{maxcls}}\ge 4×\left({\mathbf{ndim}}+1\right)$.
5: functn – function handle or string containing name of m-file
functn must return the value of the integrand f$f$ at a given point.
[result] = functn(ndim, x)
Input Parameters
1: ndim – int64int32nag_int scalar
n$n$, the number of dimensions of the integral.
2: x(ndim) – double array
The coordinates of the point at which the integrand f$f$ must be evaluated.
Output Parameters
1: result – double scalar
The result of the function.
6: eps – double scalar
The relative accuracy required.
Constraint: eps0.0${\mathbf{eps}}\ge 0.0$.
7: wrkstr(lenwrk) – double array
lenwrk, the dimension of the array, must satisfy the constraint lenwrk10 × ndim${\mathbf{lenwrk}}\ge 10×{\mathbf{ndim}}$.
If mincls < 0${\mathbf{mincls}}<0$, wrkstr must be unchanged from the previous call of nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) – except that for a new integrand ${\mathbf{wrkstr}}\left({\mathbf{lenwrk}}\right)$ must be set to 0.0$0.0$. See also mincls.
8: finest – double scalar
Must be unchanged from a previous call to nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb).
### Optional Input Parameters
1: ndim – int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: The dimension of the arrays a, b. (An error is raised if these dimensions are not equal.)
n$n$, the number of dimensions of the integral.
Constraint: ndim1${\mathbf{ndim}}\ge 1$.
2: lenwrk – int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: The dimension of the array wrkstr.
The dimension of the array wrkstr as declared in the (sub)program from which nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) is called.
For maximum efficiency, lenwrk should be about
3 × ndim × (maxcls / 4)1 / ndim + 7 × ndim. $3×ndim×(maxcls/4)1/ndim+7×ndim.$
If lenwrk is given the value 10 × ndim$10×{\mathbf{ndim}}$ then the function uses only one iteration of a crude Monte–Carlo method with maxcls sample points.
Constraint: lenwrk10 × ndim${\mathbf{lenwrk}}\ge 10×{\mathbf{ndim}}$.
None.
### Output Parameters
1: mincls – int64int32nag_int scalar
Contains the number of integrand evaluations actually used by nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb).
2: acc – double scalar
The estimated relative accuracy of finest.
3: wrkstr(lenwrk) – double array
Contains information about the current sub-interval structure which could be used in later calls of nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb). In particular, wrkstr(j)${\mathbf{wrkstr}}\left(j\right)$ gives the number of sub-intervals used along the j$j$th coordinate axis.
4: finest – double scalar
The best estimate obtained for the integral.
5: ifail – int64int32nag_int scalar
${\mathrm{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the function detects an error (see [Error Indicators and Warnings]).
## Error Indicators and Warnings
Errors or warnings detected by the function:
Cases prefixed with W are classified as warnings and do not generate an error of type NAG:error_n. See nag_issue_warnings.
ifail = 1${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
On entry, ndim < 1${\mathbf{ndim}}<1$, or ${\mathbf{mincls}}\ge {\mathbf{maxcls}}$, or lenwrk < 10 × ndim${\mathbf{lenwrk}}<10×{\mathbf{ndim}}$, or maxcls < 4 × (ndim + 1)${\mathbf{maxcls}}<4×\left({\mathbf{ndim}}+1\right)$, or eps < 0.0${\mathbf{eps}}<0.0$.
W ifail = 2${\mathbf{ifail}}=2$
maxcls was too small for nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) to obtain the required relative accuracy eps. In this case nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) returns a value of finest with estimated relative error acc, but acc will be greater than eps. This error exit may be taken before maxcls nonzero integrand evaluations have actually occurred, if the function calculates that the current estimates could not be improved before maxcls was exceeded.
## Accuracy
A relative error estimate is output through the parameter acc. The confidence factor is set so that the actual error should be less than acc 90% of the time. If you want a higher confidence level then a smaller value of eps should be used.
The running time for nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) will usually be dominated by the time used to evaluate functn, so the maximum time that could be used is approximately proportional to maxcls.
For some integrands, particularly those that are poorly behaved in a small part of the integration region, nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) may terminate with a value of acc which is significantly smaller than the actual relative error. This should be suspected if the returned value of mincls is small relative to the expected difficulty of the integral. Where this occurs, nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) should be called again, but with a higher entry value of mincls (e.g., twice the returned value) and the results compared with those from the previous call.
The exact values of finest and acc on return will depend (within statistical limits) on the sequence of random numbers generated within nag_quad_md_mcarlo (d01gb) by calls to nag_rand_dist_uniform01 (g05sa). Separate runs will produce identical answers.
## Example
```function nag_quad_md_mcarlo_example
a = [0;
0;
0;
0];
b = [1;
1;
1;
1];
mincls = int64(1000);
maxcls = int64(20000);
epsilon = 0.01;
wrkstr =zeros(500,1);
finest = 0;
[minclsOut, acc, wrkstrOut, finestOut, ifail] = ...
nag_quad_md_mcarlo(a, b, mincls, maxcls, @functn, epsilon, wrkstr, finest);
minclsOut, acc, finestOut, ifail
function result = functn(ndim,x)
result = 4.0*x(1)*x(3)^2*exp(2.0*x(1)*x(3))/(1.0+x(2)+x(4))^2;
```
```
minclsOut =
1728
acc =
0.0092
finestOut =
0.5757
ifail =
0
```
```function d01gb_example
a = [0;
0;
0;
0];
b = [1;
1;
1;
1];
mincls = int64(1000);
maxcls = int64(20000);
epsilon = 0.01;
wrkstr =zeros(500,1);
finest = 0;
[minclsOut, acc, wrkstrOut, finestOut, ifail] = ...
d01gb(a, b, mincls, maxcls, @functn, epsilon, wrkstr, finest);
minclsOut, acc, finestOut, ifail
function result = functn(ndim,x)
result = 4.0*x(1)*x(3)^2*exp(2.0*x(1)*x(3))/(1.0+x(2)+x(4))^2;
```
```
minclsOut =
1728
acc =
0.0092
finestOut =
0.5757
ifail =
0
``` | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 34, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.967287003993988, "perplexity": 5093.090501709843}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121569156.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174609-00195-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/393879/cramer-rao-lower-bound | # Cramer-Rao Lower Bound
Assume that $X_1,X_2,\ldots,X_N\sim N(\mu,2^2)$ and $Y_1,Y_2,\ldots,Y_M\sim N(0,\sigma^2)$.
a)Find the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for the variance of the unbiased estimators of $\mu$.
b)Find the CRLB for the variances of the unbiased estimators of $\mu^2$.
c)Is the MLE, $\hat{\mu}$, a uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) of $\mu$?
so for part a) I got $\dfrac{4}{n}$ and for part b) I got $\dfrac{\sigma^2}{n}$. Are these answers correct? Just want to know if I'm on the right track.
Lastly for part C, can anyone give me some guidance on where to start? Kind of lost haha
So what have the $Y_i$ variables got to do with it?
Anyway, your answer to part (a) looks fine. Your answer to part (b) does not. You should be able to derive part (b) from part (a). In particular, if the CRLB on $\theta$ is say $CRLB(\theta)$, and if $g(\theta)$ is some differentiable function of $\theta$ that we are interested in estimating, then, subject to some regularity conditions, the CRLB on $g(\theta)$ is:
$$\left(\frac{\partial g(\theta) }{\partial \theta }\right)^2 CRLB(\theta)$$
In this case, $g(\theta)$ = $\mu^2$, and $\theta$ is $\mu$, so the rest is left to u.
And since he has now solved it :) (see comment below), one can also check one's work on such things with a computer algebra system. For this problem, part (b) would simply be:
$$\text{CRLB}=\frac{1}{n *\text{FisherInformation}\left[\mu ^2,f\right]}$$
where FisherInformation is a mathStatica funkeh monkeh, and $f$ is the $N(\mu,\sigma^2)$ pdf, and which returns, as output:
$\frac{4 \mu ^2 \sigma ^2}{n}$
• Hi wolfies thanks for your input. What you're saying makes sense to me. After doing some calculations I get $\frac{16\theta^2}{n}$. Is this correct?
– Tim
May 16, 2013 at 20:37
• Yes - if you replace $\theta$ with $\mu$ :) May 16, 2013 at 20:39
• sweet thanks wolfies :) I feel so accomplished haha but without your help I would not have been able to get part b thanks
– Tim
May 16, 2013 at 20:42
• lol funkeh monkeh haha thanks. I don't have mathstatica but I know what you're doing. Thanks wolfies!
– Tim
May 16, 2013 at 20:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8427244424819946, "perplexity": 329.8007378944084}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00025.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/464654-how-do-i-learn-to-program-php-i-have-a-book-but-i-dont-think-i-using-it-correctly/ | Public Group
# How do I learn to program php? I have a book but I dont think I using it correctly
This topic is 4022 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic.
## Recommended Posts
I am aware that this sounds like on of the noobiest questions ever but how do I learn php using a book. Ok I’ve read through the first part where the author walks you(me) through creating a weblog(blog), and I feel like I’ve learned a little but not much. What do you consider finishing a chapter. Should I be able to reproduce the code without help or reference? Or should I just be able to answer a few specific questions without being able to piece all the facts together. The book comes with the source on the cd and I realize that I will not be able to learn at all if I don’t look at it but what do I do with it? I can look at it and upload it to a test site but then what? I’m still on the first part because I’m afraid to move on. When I was learning C++, I just read through without doing any examples and it took years of learning after those books to be able to make(start) a space shooter.
##### Share on other sites
Do a couple of the exercises; and when I say do, i mean code it from scratch and run it. It's fine to look for syntactic reference, but don't look for code to cut & paste
-me
##### Share on other sites
I have been programming for a long long time and I still look up things all the time. What you need to learn is the control structures (if, loops, ect) how to declare and use variables. In this case you need to learn how to get information from forms. Now to use built in functions (time, ect) feel free to look them up.
theTroll
The book doesn't give exercises, it only gives code and I can't compile the code separately because it all fits together as on application. For example the editentry.php page can't run without the $_Post data from the addentry.php page. So it is ok to look stuff up, just not copying and pasting, ok gotcha. #### Share this post ##### Link to post ##### Share on other sites Quote: Original post by Evil BoogerThe book doesn't give exercises Then make some up, and do them until you feel like you understand. #### Share this post ##### Link to post ##### Share on other sites Take what the book tried to teach you, for example Post variables, and make your own 'demo' which is simpler than the one in the book. Instead of a blog, just make a simple demo which lets you type a name into a textbox on one form, then says "Hello Jim!" on a second form (a "Hello World" program essentially). #### Share this post ##### Link to post ##### Share on other sites The book will explain why you are doing things and what things do, but you shouldnt memorize it all after reading that one chapter, you will still need to look up stuff every once in a while, but the book is more of a guide. You will only memorize things more and more with time and practice. #### Share this post ##### Link to post ##### Share on other sites i think the best way to learn programming in any language is to just program (of course you will need resources to look things up or find new concepts to include). sure you will end up making tons of mistakes at first, but as you work your way through them you will eventually be fluent. #### Share this post ##### Link to post ##### Share on other sites Quote: Original post by Evil BoogerThe book doesn't give exercises, it only gives code and I can't compile the code separately because it all fits together as on application. For example the editentry.php page can't run without the$_Post data from the addentry.php page.So it is ok to look stuff up, just not copying and pasting, ok gotcha.
It's not that difficult. I have only started C++ for like 2 months, so I know how it goes. My book (Accelerated C++) does have exercises, but still I wanted more. I tried out everything I read in the book, because I found it interesting. What I'm trying to say is; it doesn't matter if there are no exercises in your book, because you can exercise yourself. Don't you have the feeling 'I want to try this too, how would it be?' when you read something. I'll try, compile and build it until it works, and that's the way it goes. You should make up your own exercises by practicing everything you read in the book, and don't read through it like it's a strip book.
Hope you can do something with this.
Regards.
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
Rutin
18
4. 4
JoeJ
14
5. 5
• 14
• 10
• 23
• 9
• 33
• ### Forum Statistics
• Total Topics
632633
• Total Posts
3007543
• ### Who's Online (See full list)
There are no registered users currently online
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18376019597053528, "perplexity": 765.6670313737703}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160400.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924110050-20180924130450-00012.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/mass-shot-into-orbit-find-max-distance-from-earth.722796/ | # Homework Help: Mass shot into orbit; find max distance from Earth
1. Nov 14, 2013
### oddjobmj
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
A projectile of mass m is fired from the surface of the earth at an angle α from the vertical, where α = 0.46 radians. The initial speed v0 is equal to √{GM/Rearth}. Calculate the maximum height that the projectile will reach. Neglect air resistance and the earth's rotation. Express the result as the ratio to the radius of the Earth. [Hint: Apply the conservation laws to the orbit of the projectile.]
2. Relevant equations
E=$\frac{1}{2}$m$\dot{r}$2+Ueff(r)
Ueff(r)=$\frac{L^2}{2mr^2}$+U(r)
3. The attempt at a solution
Intuitively speaking the mass will go into orbit and because we're not necessarily near the surface of the earth the potential is not mgh. Also, the orbit must be bound or the answer would be infinity. If the mass is in orbit I could compare the effective potential of two points in the orbit but I don't see how to make a useful comparison with the information I am provided. What would be the variable of comparison?
Should I be comparing the initial kinetic energy to that of a mass in orbit? I can't seem to figure out how to cancel out v02 if that is the case:
$\frac{1}{2}$mv02=$\frac{1}{2}$m$\dot{r}$2+Ueff(r)
Any suggestions? Thank you for your help.
2. Nov 14, 2013
### rcgldr
If the object is fired from the surface at some angle other than zero, then eventually the object will impact back into the earth, unless it reaches or exceeds escape velocity.
Getting back to the problem statement, you're given the initial energy (potential + kinetic) and the angle. You need to determine when the potential energy is at a maximum and kinetic energy is at a minimum, which will correspond to the maximum height. You may need to determine the parameters of the elliptical path.
3. Nov 14, 2013
### oddjobmj
I was given the speed. I don't have the object's mass. I don't know how to represent its energy in terms of v0 besides 1/2mv^2 which won't work here.
The potential is at a maximum at the apogee. How I know where the apogee is I am not sure.
E=$\frac{1}{2}$mv2-$\frac{GMm}{r}$
Last edited: Nov 14, 2013
4. Nov 14, 2013
### haruspex
Try comparing energy (KE+PE) and angular momentum about Earth's centre between launch and apogee. You won't need to know the mass - that will cancel out. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9407699704170227, "perplexity": 386.6735621285211}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867364.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625014226-20180625034226-00492.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/157910-trouble-understanding-subspaces.html | # Math Help - Trouble understanding Subspaces
1. ## Trouble understanding Subspaces
I'm having trouble finding out if a a set a subspace.
I know you have to see if it's closed under multiplication and addition, but I don't know how to do that.
For example I have a problem:
{[x1 | x1+x2=0}
x2]
How do I solve this?
2. (And besides being closed under scaling and addition, the subspace also needs to be non-empty, but you space is non-empty (it contains e.g. (0,0)).
To check that the set is closed under addition, you take two vectors in the set, add them and check if the result is again in the set. So take (x1,x2) and (y1,y2) in your set. Then x1+x2=0 and y1+y2=0. The sum of the two vectors is (x1+y1,x2+y2), and the question now remains if this is an element of the set. In order for this to be the case, it must be true that (x1+y1)+(x2+y2)=0.
This is true! Indeed, (x1+y1) + (x2+y2) = [reordering] (x1+x2) + (y1+y2) = 0 + 0 = 0.
In a similar way, you can show that the set is closed under scaling. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.958432137966156, "perplexity": 301.3115462863938}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453976406.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041936-00006-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.mdda.net/ai/2016/03/19/workshop-at-fossasia-2016 | I recently lead a 2 hour workshop at FOSSASIA 2016 in Singapore.
This workshop was hands-on : After a brief background on deep learning, participants started quickly, interacting with ConvNet.js models. But this on-line portion was partly to allow everyone enough time to get the ~1Gb VirtualBox “appliance” created for the event installed on their laptops. Fortunately, over 90% of the people who came already had VirtualBox installed, which was a huge relief.
Once everyone was up-to-speed tools-wise, the workshop then progressed through a series of Jupyter (fka iPython) notebooks, ranging from Theano basics, through MNIST, to ImageNet networks (pretrained models of both GoogLeNet and Inception-v3 were included in the VM).
Then, for the last half-hour, we went over two interesting applications : One with a ‘commercial’ angle (transfer learning), the other ‘art’ (using style-transfer).
Naturally, this being a FOSS event, all the source is available on GitHub - if you have questions on the software, please leave an ‘issue’ there.
PS: And if you liked the Workshop, please ‘star’ the Deep Learning Workshop repo ::
If there are any questions about the workshop please ask below, or contact me using the details given on the slides themselves. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2682390511035919, "perplexity": 5086.525385981542}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649035.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014025508-20191014052508-00457.warc.gz"} |
http://www.advanceduninstaller.com/PrivaZer-cad22c9751d965de131153896d9594af-application.htm | # PrivaZer
## A guide to uninstall PrivaZer from your system
PrivaZer is a software application. This page is comprised of details on how to uninstall it from your PC. The Windows release was developed by Goversoft LLC. Additional info about Goversoft LLC can be read here. More info about the app PrivaZer can be found at . PrivaZer is usually installed in the C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer directory, subject to the user's decision. The full command line for removing PrivaZer is C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer\privazer_remover.exe. Note that if you will type this command in Start / Run Note you might be prompted for admin rights. PrivaZer.exe is the programs's main file and it takes close to 14.34 MB (15033608 bytes) on disk.
PrivaZer contains of the executables below. They take 16.22 MB (17006632 bytes) on disk.
• patch.exe (420.76 KB)
• PrivaZer.exe (14.34 MB)
• privazer_remover.exe (1.07 MB)
• privazer_start.exe (407.26 KB)
This web page is about PrivaZer version 3.0.18.0 only. You can find below a few links to other PrivaZer versions:
...click to view all...
PrivaZer has the habit of leaving behind some leftovers.
Directories left on disk:
• C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer
Usually, the following files remain on disk:
• C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer\patch.exe
• C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer\PrivaZer.exe
• C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer\privazer_remover.exe
• C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer\privazer_start.exe
Registry keys:
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\PrivaZer
## A way to delete PrivaZer using Advanced Uninstaller PRO
PrivaZer is a program by the software company Goversoft LLC. Some computer users want to uninstall this program. Sometimes this is efortful because doing this manually requires some know-how related to PCs. The best EASY action to uninstall PrivaZer is to use Advanced Uninstaller PRO. Here is how to do this:
1. If you don't have Advanced Uninstaller PRO already installed on your PC, install it. This is good because Advanced Uninstaller PRO is a very potent uninstaller and general utility to clean your PC.
2. Run Advanced Uninstaller PRO. It's recommended to take some time to admire the program's interface and number of features available. Advanced Uninstaller PRO is a very good program.
3. Press the General Tools button
4. Click on the Uninstall Programs feature
5. All the programs existing on your computer will be made available to you
6. Navigate the list of programs until you locate PrivaZer or simply activate the Search field and type in "PrivaZer". The PrivaZer application will be found very quickly. Notice that after you select PrivaZer in the list of programs, some data about the program is made available to you:
• Safety rating (in the lower left corner). The star rating explains the opinion other users have about PrivaZer, from "Highly recommended" to "Very dangerous".
• Opinions by other users - Press the Read reviews button.
• Technical information about the application you want to uninstall, by pressing the Properties button.
For example you can see that for PrivaZer:
• The web site of the program is: http://www.privazer.com
• The uninstall string is: C:\Program Files (x86)\PrivaZer\privazer_remover.exe
7. Press the Uninstall button. A confirmation window will show up. accept the removal by pressing Uninstall. Advanced Uninstaller PRO will uninstall PrivaZer.
8. After removing PrivaZer, Advanced Uninstaller PRO will ask you to run a cleanup. Click Next to go ahead with the cleanup. All the items that belong PrivaZer which have been left behind will be found and you will be able to delete them. By uninstalling PrivaZer with Advanced Uninstaller PRO, you can be sure that no Windows registry entries, files or folders are left behind on your computer.
Your Windows system will remain clean, speedy and able to take on new tasks. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8123374581336975, "perplexity": 8338.055831141399}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160754.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924205029-20180924225429-00526.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-statistics/99814-stats-question-random-variables.html | # Thread: Stats question (random variables)
1. ## Stats question (random variables)
Suppose X and Y are independent random variables with X ~ N(6,2square) and Y ~ N(4,4square) Put D = Y -X
(i) What is the probability distribution of D?
(ii) Using you answer to (i) above or otherwise, evaluate P(Y<X)
My answer for (i) D ~ N(-2,12)
2. I'm not sure what you mean by 2 squared
V(Y-X)=V(Y)+V(X)
Then in part 2 use D=Y-X, so you want P(D>0)
which you compute by standardizing D and using your N(0,1) tables.
3. I am not really sure how to put the little 2 here.
What i meant is two square and four square.
So basically, it is N(6,4) and N(4,16)
4. Most people write N(mean, variance)
some write N(mean, st deviation).
$P(D>0)=P\biggl({D-(-2)\over \sqrt{20}}>{0+2\over \sqrt{20}}\biggr)$
$=P\biggl(Z>{2\over \sqrt{20}}\biggr)$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9159075021743774, "perplexity": 2881.948921572203}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663202.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00263-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/136120/polynomial-divisibility-over-the-integers | # Polynomial divisibility over the integers
A quick check of some particular situations shows that the following makes sense. I'm not sure if it is true though. So, any insight welcomed.
Let $a_1,...,a_m$ and $b_1,...,b_n$ be positive integers such that for any integer $q$ the number of $a_{i}$'s divisible by $q$ is greater than the number of $b_{i}$'s divisible by $q$. Then, $$\left.\prod_i (f(x)^{a_{i}}-x) \mathrel{}\middle|\mathrel{} \prod_j (f(x)^{b_{j}} - x)\right..$$
-
Do you mean "strictly greater" or "greater or equals"? – penartur Apr 24 '12 at 5:22
... because if it's "strictly greater", there would have to be infinitely many $a_i$. – Robert Israel Apr 24 '12 at 5:29
But your conclusion does not seem to make sense, e.g. if $f$ is a polynomial of degree $\ge 2$ and $\sum_i a_i > \sum_i b_j$. – Robert Israel Apr 24 '12 at 5:32
Perhaps you should exhibit some of the particular situations that you quickly checked. That would have been a good idea in any case, but especially so now since there are some questions about what you mean. Under any interpretation of the question that I can make sense of, the statement seems to be false -- except, that is, for the fact that it's trivially true because, as Robert pointed out, no finite sets of positive integers could fulfill the condition as written. – joriki Apr 24 '12 at 7:13
@Anna: Please make whatever clarifications need to be made in the question itself; people shouldn't have to burrow down to the end of the comments to get a correct statement of the question. Also, if you're still interested in an answer, please give some examples as I suggested above. If you're no longer interested in an answer and/or don't believe the claim is true anymore, please indicate that clearly in the question, or consider deleting it. – joriki Apr 25 '12 at 3:39
How about $f(x) = x\,$, $a_1 = 6\;$ and $b_1 = 3\;$?
($x+1$ divides $x^3-x$, but not $x^6-x$, except in characteristic 2) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7786808609962463, "perplexity": 250.37335345212378}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645176794.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031256-00171-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://hertzlinger.blogspot.com.au/2012/07/ | Yet another weird SF fan
I'm a mathematician, a libertarian, and a science-fiction fan. Common sense? What's that?Go to first entry
## Archives
<< current
Yet another weird SF fan
### Model Rocket Fans Rejoice!
At least one judge thinks rockets (albeit small ones) are covered by the Second Amendment.
### Looks Like Wenlock and Mandeville
NASA has unveiled a new spacesuit.
### If Human Stem Cells Can Restore Memory in Rodents
If human stem cells can restore memory in rodents, can rodent stem cells restore memory in humans? On the other hand, maybe you recall being a squirrel…
### The Phrase “Anglo-Saxon Heritage”
… is unfair to Scotsmen. The ghosts of Adam Smith, James Watt, James Clerk Maxwell, and Andrew Carnegie will haunt anybody who uses it.
### Ben Bernanke and P.D.Q. Bach
According to The New York Times:
A growing number of Federal Reserve officials have concluded that the central bank needs to expand its stimulus campaign unless the nation’s economy soon shows signs of improvement, including job growth.
“If it didn't sound right the first time, say it again louder.”—PDQ Bach
### We're Vultures
According to the latest research:
Twice, however, since human beings diverged from chimpanzees a few million years ago, the human gene called apoE has mutated, giving us distinct versions. Overall it is the strongest candidate around for a human "meat-eating gene" (though it isn't the only candidate). The first mutation—well before humans learned to control fire some 500,000 years ago—seemed to have boosted the performance of killer blood cells that attack microbes, like the deadly microbes lingering in mouthfuls of raw flesh. This mutation also protected against chronic inflammation, the collateral tissue damage that occurs when microbial infections never quite clear up.
In other words, we're descended from carrion eaters. On the other hand, fish has to be fresh to be edible. Maybe our remote ancestors lived on fresh fish and carrion. There's a salami in my refrigerator. Maybe I'll eat it next week.
ObSF: The line “human vultures, not human wolves” from one of Cordwainer Smith's stories. “The Gentle Vultures” by Isaac Asimov. Now excuse me, I have to peck out the eyes of some dying creature …
### Sunday, July 22, 2012
John Boehner Praises Colorado First Responders while Cutting Their Budget
Why do people who only affect a small locality need Federal subsidies? Wouldn't it make more sense for them to be paid by people better able to judge their necessity and effectiveness? Local government is for locals.
### Thyroid Nodules: the Rest of the Story
The news that nearly 36% of Fukushima children have thyroid growths has been going around the panicosphere at the speed of tachyons. This has been compared to an earlier study (seen via Michele Kearney's Nuclear Wire) that showed only 0.8% of Japanese children had thyroid growth. So far so bad … except that the 0.8% figure was about growths larger than 5 mm. The figure for large growths (nodules larger than 5 mm or cysts larger than 20 mm) was 0.5%. This figure isn't completely comparable to the 0.8% figure since it does not include medium-size cysts but it is consistent with the earlier figure.
I won't more than mention that it takes years for any actual effect of radiation to show up.
### Register All Neuropsychology Grad Students!
It's the only way to be sure.
Addendum: Maybe I should not have posted this. Next year, Congress will pass a law mandating it. If the law should turn out to be unconstitutional, they can pass a tax on unregistered neuropsychology grad students.
### A Possible Long-Term Effect of Pornography
If porn and “sexbots” replace women for a large part of the male half of the human race (since porn etc. involves women far hotter than most real females) then subsequent generations will be fathered by men who are less likely to pay attention to visual stimuli. In other words … if you don't stop that you'll go blind!
Maybe Victorian prudes had a point.
### He Sounds Like He Knows How
From someone on Fark attempting to be snarky:
"I wish this President would learn how to be an American," says Cuban-born John Sununu, who is of Palestinian and Greek descent, and father grew up in Jerusalem and mother was from El Salvador
### Others != Government
The claim that “others helped you build” and therefore you owe the government something is apparently due to the theory that “others” == the government. I've discussed this before:
Shakespeare's plays are in the public domain but that doesn't mean public funding has anything to do with them. (I've made this point before.)
………
The theory that “the public” is identical with “the government” might be responsible for the copyright extension nonsense. You can think of copyright as a bargain between authors and the public negotiated by the government. That means copyright extension is a matter of the government giving away the public's rights, which should be a no-no. If the public were identical to the government, then the copyright extension is a matter of the government giving away its own property, which might be okay and should not be second-guessed by the courts.
Maybe this can be analyzed using Cantorian set theory. According to Cantor, “a set is a Many that can be thought of as a One.” The claim that “others” are the same as the government can be considered a claim that the government is the set of others. On the other hand, if each human being is a Proper Class, then the class of others is an Improper Class (as John Conway put it).
Applying the above reasoning to corporations will be left as an exercise for the reader.
### Is the Government Responsible for Progress?
I'm sure that nearly all of my fellow wingnuts have heard of Obama's claim that the government is responsible for progress. Isn't it a bit odd that somehow things were invented even before the government got involved? (I won't more than mention that places with more government got less high technology.) In addition, many of the technologies backed by government have been failures. As I said a few years ago:
While I'm at it, I've noticed that science fiction's biggest prediction failures have tended to be in areas backed by central planning. Nuclear power, space travel, artificial intelligence, large-scale urban planning, brainwashing (this applies to dystopian predictions too), …
There's also the little matter that the Internet was an obscure niche technology until the government started getting out of the way. (Nuclear energy and space travel also look like they're starting to benefit from less government support.)
### Why Civil Forfeiture Is So Dangerous
The Praetorian Class has traditionally been controlled in Western Civilization by means of the purse strings. A few centuries ago, the Praetorian Class (also known as the hereditary aristocracy) was in charge and was reined in by the need to appeal to Parliament for funds. The danger of civil forfeiture is that is provides a potential source of funds independent of politics. (If you need an example of the dangers of independent funding sources, please note that the English monarchy was at its most absolute following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, when King Henry VIII hijacked church property.)
In related news, I disagree with the claim that a Praetorian Class is something rare. It is distressingly common.
### Boss Tweed Is Still Alive
That's the only explanation for the fact that the Freedom Tower cost $3.8 billion for 3,501,274 square feet. If we look at another supertall building, the Trump Tower in Chicago cost$847 million for 2,600,000 square feet. In other words, the Freedom Tower cost over three times as much per area.
### A New Statistical Technique
According to Juan Cole (seen via Rhymes with Cars and Girls), the states with the highest teen birth rates tend to be “red” states, apparently meaning teen mothers are Republicans (or vice versa).
We find that giving birth absurdly early is correlated with living in some states and voting Republican is also correlated with living in those states. The technique is a matter of finding that A is correlated with B and B is correlated with C and deducing that there's a connection between A and C.
Let's apply this elsewhere:
• Living in New York City is correlated with working on Wall Street and also voting for far-left loonies. Obviously Wall Street is a hotbed of Marxism.
• Owning your own home is correlated living in Mississippi or West Virginia and also with being relatively wealthy. Obviously Mississippi and West Virginia must be very rich.
• Buying organic food is correlated with having graduated from college which in turn is correlated with supporting nuclear energy. Obviously, organic food stores are an ideal place to collect signatures for a pro-nuclear petition.
• Walking to work is correlated with shorter commute times which in turn are correlated with faster transportation. Cars only slow you down.
• I'm sure there are others.
Addendum: Derek Thompson did the same thing a couple of years ago.
### Starfish Prime: What the H*ll Were We Thinking?
"What the hell were we thinking?"
This was at the end of a post on Starfish Prime, the nuclear test that established the dangers of EMP. If Starfish Prime had not taken place, we might not know how dangerous EMPs are … and the next Carrington event might destroy civilization.
Maybe that’s what they were thinking, not about the specific danger but that we should have our eyes open. What experiments should we be doing today that we aren’t because of the potential opposition of people who keep asking “What were they thinking?”?
### At Long Last
At long last, they have actually found a conservative who was dumb enough to support school vouchers (more accurately described as compensating parents for paying for their children's education twice) only because of a belief that it could be limited to Christians.
I suppose they will next find an actual teenager who, as a result of a lack of sex education, didn't know where babies come from. They might even find the mythical alcoholic who condemned pot while drunk.
### It Could Be Worse
The recent Supreme Court decision on health-car insurance taxation is not the worst possible outcome. The worst possible outcome would be stopping the individual mandate while continuing the regulations prohibiting discrimination against “pre-existing conditions.” That would be a gradual death sentence to independent health insurance. (In the final stage, it will be accompanied by rhetoric condemning crony capitalism.) To make matters worse, it might not be possible to repeal the partial law. As far as I can tell, the average voter is dumb enough to be in favor of banning the discrimination while still be dubious about the individual mandate.
It's also worth recalling that the Left has lost many potential allies by trying trying to insult people back into the fold. Let's not make the same mistake.
### Tolkien and Disney
I wonder how many readers of The Silmarillion, when they read the phrase “Seven Fathers of the Dwarves,” immediately thought of the Seven Dwarfs.
### The Good Side of the Recent Health-Care Decision
Before this decision, if we wanted to pass a Constitutional Amendment against the infinitely-elastic use of the commerce clause, it would have to read:
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
We REALLY REALLY mean it this time! Honest!
Judges are instructed to use common sense while interpreting the commerce clause.
The bad part of that is that it discriminates against those of us without common sense, which might cause science-fiction fans to object. To make matters worse, it will lead to very severe problems with judges who are mistaken in their belief they have common sense.
Now, it just has to say:
The Federal government shall not tax any lack of activity.
That might be a little more reliable … until the next lurch by the Supreme Court.
On the other hand, one possible reaction to the above comes from Satan's World by Poul Anderson:
Next funeral I attend, I want you along for doing a buck and wing while you sing Hey nonny nonny.
### Updating Robert Zubrin
In 1997, Robert Zubrin wrote:
Had we been following the previous 60 years technological trajectory, we today would have videotelephones, solar powered cars, maglev trains, fusion reactors, hypersonic intercontinental travel, regular passenger transportation to orbit, undersea cities, open-sea mariculture and human settlements on the Moon and Mars.
At least we have the videotelephones. Okay, they took a few years longer than predicted.
Maybe we need a few more Red Sox World Series victories.
### Sarcasm Does Not Work
A few years ago, I mentioned the following thought experiment:
In related news, a randomized test found that experimental subjects who had just walked a mile were no thinner than those who hadn't. On the other hand, people who walk regularly are thinner than those who don't.
More recently, some similar experiments are given the headline “Why Exercise Doesn't Actually Help You Lose Weight.”
I won't more than mention that the “four studies” are not given either citations or sample sizes or that the calories burned by the exercise in question are somewhat more than the alleged declines in resting metabolic rates or that they're apparently based on the theory that increasing obesity is due to Alien Space bats aiming Fat Rays at the Earth or ….
Profiles My Blogger Profile X-treme Tracker The Atom Feed | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.26714083552360535, "perplexity": 3357.027439567681}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686043.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919221032-20170920001032-00365.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/wave-pulse.38140/ | # Homework Help: Wave pulse
1. Aug 4, 2004
### daisyi
I can't figure out how to find the mass of the clothesline, even though given the density, because the radius or crossectional area is not given. Any input on this would be appreciated.
A clothesline of length 10m is stretched between a house and a tree. The clothesline is under a tension of 50N and it has a density of 6x10^-3 kg/m. How long does a wave pulse take to travel from the house to the tree and back?
I have a couple of questions that use the density and they all allude me. Thanks!
2. Aug 4, 2004
### arildno
Note that you have been given a LINE DENSITY, not a volume density..
3. Aug 4, 2004
### maverick280857
daisyi:
How much time do you think the wave will take? And why do the questions allude you? Post your solutions...
Cheers
Vivek
4. Aug 7, 2004
### maverick280857
The wave travels at a velocity called the Phase Velocity. This velocity is responsible for covering the length of the string. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8277793526649475, "perplexity": 1038.1224032124694}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589536.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716232549-20180717012549-00192.warc.gz"} |
https://wiki.math.uwaterloo.ca/statwiki/index.php?title=The_Curious_Case_of_Degeneration&oldid=43798 | # The Curious Case of Degeneration
Donya Hamzeian
## Introduction
Text generation is the act of automatically generating natural language texts like summarization, neural machine translation, fake news generation and etc. Degeneration happens when the output text is incoherent or produces repetitive results. For example in the figure below, the GPT2 model tries to generate the continuation text given the context. On the left side, the beam-search was used as the decoding strategy which has obviously stuck in a repetitive loop. On the right side, however, you can see how the pure sampling decoding strategy has generated incoherent results.
As a quick recap, the beam search is a best-first search algorithm. At each step, it selects the K most-probable predictions, where K is the beam width parameter set by humans. If K is 1, the beam search algorithm becomes the greedy search algorithm, where only the best prediction is picked. In beam search, the system only explores K paths, which reduces the memory requirements.
The authors argue that decoding strategies that are based on maximization like beam search lead to degeneration even with powerful models like GPT-2. Even though there are some utility functions that encourage diversity, they are not enough and the text generated by maximization, beam-search, or top-k sampling is too probable which indicates the lack of diversity (variance) compared to human-generated texts
Some may raise this question that the problem with beam-search may be due to search error i.e. they are more probable phrases that beam search is unable to find, but the point is that natural language has lower per-token probability on average and people usually optimize against saying the obvious.
The authors blame the long, unreliable tail in the probability distribution of tokens that the model samples from i.e. vocabularies with low probability frequently appear in the output text. So, top-k sampling with high values of k may produce texts closer to human texts, yet they have high variance in likelihood leading to incoherency issues. Therefore, instead of fixed k, it is good to dynamically increase or decrease the number of candidate tokens. Nucleus Sampling which is the contribution of this paper does this expansion and contraction of the candidate pool.
## Language Model Decoding
There are two types of generation tasks.
1. Directed generation tasks: In these tasks, there are pairs of (input, output), where the model tries to generate the output text which is tightly scoped by the input text. Because of this constraint, these tasks suffer less from the degeneration. Summarization, neural machine translation, and input-to-text generation are some examples of these tasks.
2. Open-ended generation tasks like conditional story generation or like the tasks in the above figure have high degrees of freedom. As a result, degeneration is more frequent in these tasks, and in fact, they are the focus of this paper.
The goal of the open-ended tasks is to generate the next n continuation tokens given a context sequence with m tokens. That is to maximize the following probability.
#### Nucleus Sampling
This decoding strategy is indeed truncating the long tail of the probability distribution. In order to do that, first, we need to find the smallest vocabulary set $V^{(p)}$ which satisfies $\Sigma_{x \in V^{(p)}} P(x|x_{1:i-1}) \ge p$. Then set $p'=\Sigma_{x \in V^{(p)}} P(x|x_{1:i-1}) \ge p$ and rescale the probability distribution with $p'$ and select the tokens from $P'$. $P'(x|x_{1:i-1}) = \begin{cases} \frac{P(x|x_{1:i-1})}{p'}, & \mbox{if } x \in V^{(p)} \\ 0 & \mbox{if } otherwise \end{cases}$
#### Top-k Sampling
Top-k sampling also relies on truncating the distribution. In this decoding strategy, we need to first find a set of tokens with size k $V^{(k)}$ which maximizes $\Sigma_{x \in V^{(k)}} P(x|x_{1:i-1})$ and set $p' = \Sigma_{x \in V^{(k)}} P(x|x_{1:i-1})$. Finally, rescale the probability distribution similar to the Nucleus sampling.
#### Sampling with Temperature
The probability of tokens will be calculated according to the equation below where 0<t<1 and $u_{1:|V|}$ are logits. Recent studies have shown that lowering t improves the quality of the generated texts while it decreases diversity.
$P(x= V_l|x_{1:i-1}) = \frac{\exp(\frac{u_l}{t})}{\Sigma_{l'}\exp(\frac{u'_l}{t})}$
## Likelihood Evaluation
To see the results of the nucleus decoding strategy, they used GPT2-large that was trained on WebText to generate 5000 text documents conditioned on initial paragraphs with 1-40 tokens.
#### Perplexity
This score was used to compare the coherence of different decoding strategies. By looking at the graphs below, it is possible for Sampling, Top-k sampling, and Nucleus strategies to be tuned such that they achieve a perplexity close to the perplexity of human-generated texts; however, with the best parameters according to the perplexity the first two strategies generate low diversity texts.
## Distributional Statistical Evaluation
#### Zipf Distribution Analysis
Zipf's law says that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table, so it suggests that there is an exponential relationship between the rank of each word with its frequency in the text. By looking at the graph below, it seems that the Zipf's distribution of the texts generated with Nucleus sampling is very close to the Zipf's distribution of the human-generated(gold) texts, while beam-search is very different from them.
#### Self BLEU
The Self-BLEU score[1] is used to compare the diversity of each decoding strategy and was computed for each generated text using all other generations in the evaluation set as references. In the figure below, the self-BLEU score of three decoding strategies- Top-K sampling, Sampling with Temperature, and Nucleus sampling- were compared against the Self-BLEU of human-generated texts. By looking at the figure below, we see that high values of parameters that generate the self-BLEU close to that of the human texts result in incoherent, low perplexity, in Top-K sampling and Temperature Sampling, while this is not the case for Nucleus sampling.
## Conclusion
In this paper, different decoding strategies were analyzed on open-ended generation tasks. They showed that likelihood maximization decoding causes degeneration where decoding strategies- which rely on truncating the probability distribution of tokens- especially Nucleus sampling can produce coherent and diverse texts close to human-generated texts.
## References
[1]: Yaoming Zhu, Sidi Lu, Lei Zheng, Jiaxian Guo, Weinan Zhang, Jun Wang, and Yong Yu. Texygen: A benchmarking platform for text generation models. SIGIR, 2018 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8385977745056152, "perplexity": 1332.2741641213606}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058552.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927211955-20210928001955-00335.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.wilmott.com/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=46535&sid=ce3c8ad8f85e00f011a69a6f54b02217&start=60 | Serving the Quantitative Finance Community
tagoma
Posts: 18770
Joined: February 21st, 2010, 12:58 pm
### Re: Oscars
Thus, the question: what is the shape of nothing?
Posts: 23951
Joined: September 20th, 2002, 8:30 pm
### Re: Oscars
Thus, the question: what is the shape of nothing?
Cubical
Cuchulainn
Posts: 64971
Joined: July 16th, 2004, 7:38 am
Location: Drosophila melanogaster
Contact:
### Re: Oscars
class IceCube : public Ice, public Cube
{};
Tip of the iceberg (get it? Titanic)
Last edited by Cuchulainn on March 6th, 2018, 11:42 am, edited 1 time in total.
"Compatibility means deliberately repeating other people's mistakes."
David Wheeler
http://www.datasimfinancial.com
http://www.datasim.nl
Cuchulainn
Posts: 64971
Joined: July 16th, 2004, 7:38 am
Location: Drosophila melanogaster
Contact:
### Re: Oscars
Thus, the question: what is the shape of nothing?
"Compatibility means deliberately repeating other people's mistakes."
David Wheeler
http://www.datasimfinancial.com
http://www.datasim.nl
Posts: 23951
Joined: September 20th, 2002, 8:30 pm
### Re: Oscars
class IceCube : public Ice, public Cube
{};
Tip of the iceberg (get it? Titanic)
A cube is just a type of circle (dimension = 3, exponent = ∞ )
Paul
Posts: 11373
Joined: July 20th, 2001, 3:28 pm
### Re: Oscars
public Ice
Cuchulainn
Posts: 64971
Joined: July 16th, 2004, 7:38 am
Location: Drosophila melanogaster
Contact:
### Re: Oscars
public Ice
Like "Saville"?
"Compatibility means deliberately repeating other people's mistakes."
David Wheeler
http://www.datasimfinancial.com
http://www.datasim.nl
katastrofa
Posts: 10249
Joined: August 16th, 2007, 5:36 am
Location: Alpha Centauri
### Re: Oscars
Thus, the question: what is the shape of nothing?
tagoma
Posts: 18770
Joined: February 21st, 2010, 12:58 pm
### Re: Oscars
T*r*u*m*p on Oscars, anyone?
ppauper
Topic Author
Posts: 70239
Joined: November 15th, 2001, 1:29 pm
### Re: Oscars
"popular film" would be the movies the rest of us watch
rmax
Posts: 6080
Joined: December 8th, 2005, 9:31 am
### Re: Oscars
"popular film" would be the movies the rest of us watch
Art is being dummed down. Sheesh. Soon the Nobel Prize for literature will be given to the person with most book sales, the Turner Prize will be given to Jack Vettriano and Kim K will get a Pulitzer.
ppauper
Topic Author
Posts: 70239
Joined: November 15th, 2001, 1:29 pm
### Re: Oscars
"popular film" would be the movies the rest of us watch
Art is being dummed down. Sheesh. Soon the Nobel Prize for literature will be given to the person with most book sales, the Turner Prize will be given to Jack Vettriano and Kim K will get a Pulitzer.
Academy Postponing New Popular Oscar Category
bearish
Posts: 6626
Joined: February 3rd, 2011, 2:19 pm
### Re: Oscars
Hmm. On the assumption that they would start out with a retrospective, I was awaiting the nomination of Porky's.
katastrofa
Posts: 10249
Joined: August 16th, 2007, 5:36 am
Location: Alpha Centauri
### Re: Oscars
Say what you want, but KK was the first woman who shut down all those male pervs and queers on how women should be and look like, and it's the complete opposite of what they ordained in their demeaning, derogatory and harassing ways. I personally can feel the difference she's made.
Cuchulainn
Posts: 64971
Joined: July 16th, 2004, 7:38 am
Location: Drosophila melanogaster
Contact:
### Re: Oscars
He fooled the jury.
In 1952 he emigrated to the United States, where he (as John Demjanjuk) became an auto mechanic in Cleveland , Ohio . In the mid-1970s, Demjanjuk was accused of being the infamous "executioner of Treblinka " called "Ivan the Terrible".
"Compatibility means deliberately repeating other people's mistakes."
David Wheeler
http://www.datasimfinancial.com
http://www.datasim.nl | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4571768641471863, "perplexity": 25284.931387320168}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150266.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724125655-20210724155655-00644.warc.gz"} |
http://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/physics/physics-principles-with-applications-7th-edition/chapter-11-oscillations-and-waves-problems-page-322/5 | Physics: Principles with Applications (7th Edition)
a. $6.5 \times 10^2 N/m$ b. Amplitude is $2.1cm$, frequency is $2.6Hz$
a. Find the spring constant by dividing the magnitude of applied force by the displacement. $$k=\frac{F}{x}=\frac{mg}{x}=\frac{(2.4kg)(9.80m/s^2)}{0.036 m}=6.5 \times 10^2 N/m$$ b. Find the oscillation frequency from k and the total mass. $$f=\frac{1}{2 \pi}\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}=\frac{1}{2 \pi}\sqrt{\frac{653 N/m }{2.4kg}}\approx 2.6Hz$$ The amplitude is the distance that the fish was pulled away from the new equilibrium, or A=2.1 cm. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9782664775848389, "perplexity": 702.697897315716}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124299.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00424-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/12469-finding-linear-equation-passes-through-points.html | # Math Help - Finding a linear equation which passes through points
1. ## Finding a linear equation which passes through points
Ok, Im not quite sure what to do here, could anyone help please?
i have 4 questions
1) (7,0) (0,2)
2) (2,4) (-3,1)
3) (-3,2) (6,8)
4) (4,3) (8, 12)
help would be much appreciated
thank you all
2. Originally Posted by damonneedshelp
Ok, Im not quite sure what to do here, could anyone help please?
i have 4 questions
1) (7,0) (0,2)
2) (2,4) (-3,1)
3) (-3,2) (6,8)
4) (4,3) (8, 12)
help would be much appreciated
thank you all
I will do 2) for you, the rest are done by an identical method.
The two points are (2, 4) and (-3, 1). The slope of the line between these points is, by definition:
m = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1) where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are your two points.
So
m = (1 - 4)/(-3 - 2) <-- You can put the points into this equation in either order.
m = -3/(-5) = 3/5.
Now the form of the line will be
y = mx + b
y = (3/5)x + b
Now we put one of the two points into this formula to find a value for the y intercept coordinate b. Either point may be used. I'll use (2, 4).
4 = (3/5)*2 + b
4 = 6/5 + b
b = 4 - 6/5 = 20/5 - 6/5 = 14/5
y = (3/5)x + 14/5
Just to check, let's put in the other point, (-3, 1).
y = (3/5)x + 14/5
1 = (3/5)*(-3) + 14/5
1 = -9/5 + 14/5 = 5/5
1 = 1 (Check!)
-Dan | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.938793420791626, "perplexity": 1147.7529461832755}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062327.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00193-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://cms.math.ca/cjm/kw/domain | location: Publications → journals
Search results
Search: All articles in the CJM digital archive with keyword domain
Expand all Collapse all Results 1 - 6 of 6
1. CJM 2013 (vol 66 pp. 429)
Rivera-Noriega, Jorge
Perturbation and Solvability of Initial $L^p$ Dirichlet Problems for Parabolic Equations over Non-cylindrical Domains For parabolic linear operators $L$ of second order in divergence form, we prove that the solvability of initial $L^p$ Dirichlet problems for the whole range $1\lt p\lt \infty$ is preserved under appropriate small perturbations of the coefficients of the operators involved. We also prove that if the coefficients of $L$ satisfy a suitable controlled oscillation in the form of Carleson measure conditions, then for certain values of $p\gt 1$, the initial $L^p$ Dirichlet problem associated to $Lu=0$ over non-cylindrical domains is solvable. The results are adequate adaptations of the corresponding results for elliptic equations. Keywords:initial $L^p$ Dirichlet problem, second order parabolic equations in divergence form, non-cylindrical domains, reverse Hölder inequalitiesCategory:35K20
2. CJM 2012 (vol 65 pp. 702)
Taylor, Michael
Regularity of Standing Waves on Lipschitz Domains We analyze the regularity of standing wave solutions to nonlinear Schrödinger equations of power type on bounded domains, concentrating on Lipschitz domains. We establish optimal regularity results in this setting, in Besov spaces and in Hölder spaces. Keywords:standing waves, elliptic regularity, Lipschitz domainCategories:35J25, 35J65
3. CJM 2006 (vol 58 pp. 492)
Chua, Seng-Kee
Extension Theorems on Weighted Sobolev Spaces and Some Applications We extend the extension theorems to weighted Sobolev spaces $L^p_{w,k}(\mathcal D)$ on $(\varepsilon,\delta)$ domains with doubling weight $w$ that satisfies a Poincar\'e inequality and such that $w^{-1/p}$ is locally $L^{p'}$. We also make use of the main theorem to improve weighted Sobolev interpolation inequalities. Keywords:Poincaré inequalities, $A_p$ weights, doubling weights, $(\ep,\delta)$ domain, $(\ep,\infty)$ domainCategory:46E35
4. CJM 2006 (vol 58 pp. 401)
Kolountzakis, Mihail N.; Révész, Szilárd Gy.
On Pointwise Estimates of Positive Definite Functions With Given Support The following problem has been suggested by Paul Tur\' an. Let $\Omega$ be a symmetric convex body in the Euclidean space $\mathbb R^d$ or in the torus $\TT^d$. Then, what is the largest possible value of the integral of positive definite functions that are supported in $\Omega$ and normalized with the value $1$ at the origin? From this, Arestov, Berdysheva and Berens arrived at the analogous pointwise extremal problem for intervals in $\RR$. That is, under the same conditions and normalizations, the supremum of possible function values at $z$ is to be found for any given point $z\in\Omega$. However, it turns out that the problem for the real line has already been solved by Boas and Kac, who gave several proofs and also mentioned possible extensions to $\RR^d$ and to non-convex domains as well. Here we present another approach to the problem, giving the solution in $\RR^d$ and for several cases in~$\TT^d$. Actually, we elaborate on the fact that the problem is essentially one-dimensional and investigate non-convex open domains as well. We show that the extremal problems are equivalent to some more familiar ones concerning trigonometric polynomials, and thus find the extremal values for a few cases. An analysis of the relationship between the problem for $\RR^d$ and that for $\TT^d$ is given, showing that the former case is just the limiting case of the latter. Thus the hierarchy of difficulty is established, so that extremal problems for trigonometric polynomials gain renewed recognition. Keywords:Fourier transform, positive definite functions and measures, Turán's extremal problem, convex symmetric domains, positive trigonometric polynomials, dual extremal problemsCategories:42B10, 26D15, 42A82, 42A05
5. CJM 2004 (vol 56 pp. 655)
Tao, Xiangxing; Wang, Henggeng
On the Neumann Problem for the Schrödinger Equations with Singular Potentials in Lipschitz Domains We consider the Neumann problem for the Schr\"odinger equations $-\Delta u+Vu=0$, with singular nonnegative potentials $V$ belonging to the reverse H\"older class $\B_n$, in a connected Lipschitz domain $\Omega\subset\mathbf{R}^n$. Given boundary data $g$ in $H^p$ or $L^p$ for $1-\epsilon Keywords:Neumann problem, Schrödinger equation, Lipschitz, domain, reverse Hölder class,$H^p$spaceCategories:42B20, 35J10 6. CJM 2002 (vol 54 pp. 1121) Bao, Jiguang Fully Nonlinear Elliptic Equations on General Domains By means of the Pucci operator, we construct a function$u_0$, which plays an essential role in our considerations, and give the existence and regularity theorems for the bounded viscosity solutions of the generalized Dirichlet problems of second order fully nonlinear elliptic equations on the general bounded domains, which may be irregular. The approximation method, the accretive operator technique and the Caffarelli's perturbation theory are used. Keywords:Pucci operator, viscosity solution, existence,$C^{2,\psi}\$ regularity, Dini condition, fully nonlinear equation, general domain, accretive operator, approximation lemmaCategories:35D05, 35D10, 35J60, 35J67
top of page | contact us | privacy | site map | | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9590580463409424, "perplexity": 743.5231945397805}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446500.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00127-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://web2.0calc.com/questions/functions-help_6 | +0
# Functions help
0
291
1
Let $f(x) = Ax + B$ and $g(x) = Bx + A$, where $A \neq B$. If $f(g(x)) - g(f(x)) = B - A$, what is $A + B$?
May 3, 2018
### 1+0 Answers
#1
+21842
+2
Let $f(x) = Ax + B$ and $g(x) = Bx + A$, where $A \neq B$. If $f(g(x)) - g(f(x)) = B - A$, what is $A + B$?
$$\begin{array}{|lrcll|} \hline f(x) = Ax + B \\ g(x) = Bx + A \\\\ f(g(x)) = f(Bx+A) = A(Bx+A)+B \\ g(f(x)) = g(Ax+B) = B(Ax+B)+A \\\\ f(g(x)) - g(f(x)) = A(Bx+A)+B - [B(Ax+B)+A] &=& B-A \\\\ \begin{array}{rcll} A(Bx+A)+B - [B(Ax+B)+A] &=& B-A \\ A(Bx+A)+B - B(Ax+B)-A &=& B-A \\ A(Bx+A) - B(Ax+B) &=& 0 \\ A(Bx+A) &=& B(Ax+B) \\ ABx+A^2 &=& BAx+B^2 \\ A^2 &=& B^2 \\ A^2-B^2 &=& 0\\ (A-B)(A+B) &=& 0 \\ A+B &=& \dfrac{0}{A-B} \quad | \quad A \neq B \ !\\ \mathbf{ A+B } & \mathbf{=} & \mathbf{0} \\ \end{array} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
May 3, 2018 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.999925971031189, "perplexity": 2124.2881129413486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202635.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322054710-20190322080710-00467.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1218.18011 | ×
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
On the 3-arrow calculus for homotopy categories. (English) Zbl 1218.18011
The author constructs a class of categories, called uni-fractionable categories, which have good localisations in the following sense: every morphism in the lcoalisation is represented by a zig-zag of length $$3$$; two zig-zags represent the same morphism if and only if they can be embedded in a suitable $$3\times 3$$ diagram. The axioms for a uni-fractionable category require the existence of certain factorisations, but they do not require these factorisations to be functorial. The result can be applied to arbitrary Quillen model categories.
##### MSC:
18G55 Nonabelian homotopical algebra (MSC2010) 55U35 Abstract and axiomatic homotopy theory in algebraic topology 18E35 Localization of categories, calculus of fractions
Full Text: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8359344601631165, "perplexity": 1289.2725993596714}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057479.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923225758-20210924015758-00590.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/125780-needs-some-help.html | # Math Help - Needs some help!!
1. ## Needs some help!!
Hi, could someone help me with this question?
A car reduces its velocity to standstill over a displacement of 500m with a retardation of 10 m/s². Calculate it's initial velocity
Im a bit stumped!
2. This should be in the calculus section.
Remember that the position function is defined as $s(t)=D$, where D is distance. The derivative of the position funciton is velocity, $s'(t)=v(t)$. And the second derivative of the position function, and the derivative of velocity is simply acceleration, $a(t)$.
You are told that your vehicle is traveling at a constant deceleration of $-10\frac{m}{s^{2}}$, which is the same as saying $a(t)=-10$. Therefore, $v(t)=-10t+C$, where C is our initial velocity. From the problem, we want to know what our initial velocity was, which means at some time "t", our velocity will be equal to zero (the car is at rest). In mathematical terms that means: $0=-10t+C \Rightarrow 10t=C$.
So, we need to know what "t". From the equation for velocity, we see that $v(t)=-10t+C$, and that the anti-derivative of this is $s(t)=-5t^{2}+Ct+D$. But, we already know that C is 10t, so: $s(t)=-5t^{2}+10t^{2}+D$. From the problem, we know that at some time "t", the exact same "t" that our final velocity is zero, that the car will have traveled 500 meters. Therefore: $500=-5t^{2}+10t^{2}+D$. However, the cars initial position, relative to the problem, is 0, so we can say that D (which is initial position, in the same way that C is initial veloctiy) is equal to zero. Which leaves: $500=-5t^{2}+10t^{2} \Rightarrow 500=5t^{2}$.
Can you take it from here? If you have any questions about the reasoning used feel free to ask. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 12, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9594085812568665, "perplexity": 289.1590006424314}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663551.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00303-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2001-February/011321.html | [R] Stuck in the Rd
Kurt Hornik Kurt.Hornik at ci.tuwien.ac.at
Fri Feb 23 14:38:39 CET 2001
>>>>> Jim Lemon writes:
> Having almost written a Tcl program to convert S help to Rd format, I
> have one problem that I have failed to solve after reading 'R-exts'. Is
> there a tag something like '\item' that works in a similar way but
> doesn't have to be after an '\arguments' or '\value' tag? I'm trying to
> include sections on 'MODEL PARAMETERS' and 'DESIGN PARAMETERS', but
> Rdconv is dropping all the info after the section title when I convert
> the result to HTML. Other than that, the program appears to convert the
> files with only a few whiffy bits where font commands appear, and I can
> probably solve those. Thanks for any suggestions from Rd gurus.
You can have all standard' lists in Rd as well:
\itemize unnumbered lists
\enumerate numbered lists
\describe description lists
The R sources have several examples where these are used.
[The fact that \arguments and \value are specific \itemize lists, in
some sense, is mostly historical.]
-k
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
r-help mailing list -- Read http://www.ci.tuwien.ac.at/~hornik/R/R-FAQ.html
Send "info", "help", or "[un]subscribe"
(in the "body", not the subject !) To: r-help-request at stat.math.ethz.ch
_._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._._
` | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8045846819877625, "perplexity": 14731.950510218265}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999670669/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060750-00044-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://gmatclub.com/forum/m31-200214.html | GMAT Question of the Day - Daily to your Mailbox; hard ones only
It is currently 15 Nov 2018, 04:52
# Join Chat Room for Live Updates
### GMAT Club Daily Prep
#### Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.
Customized
for You
we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
Track
every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance
Practice
Pays
we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
## Events & Promotions
###### Events & Promotions in November
PrevNext
SuMoTuWeThFrSa
28293031123
45678910
11121314151617
18192021222324
2526272829301
Open Detailed Calendar
• ### Free GMAT Strategy Webinar
November 17, 2018
November 17, 2018
07:00 AM PST
09:00 AM PST
Nov. 17, 7 AM PST. Aiming to score 760+? Attend this FREE session to learn how to Define your GMAT Strategy, Create your Study Plan and Master the Core Skills to excel on the GMAT.
• ### GMATbuster's Weekly GMAT Quant Quiz # 9
November 17, 2018
November 17, 2018
09:00 AM PST
11:00 AM PST
Join the Quiz Saturday November 17th, 9 AM PST. The Quiz will last approximately 2 hours. Make sure you are on time or you will be at a disadvantage.
# M31-38
Author Message
TAGS:
### Hide Tags
Math Expert
Joined: 02 Sep 2009
Posts: 50608
### Show Tags
20 Jun 2015, 09:17
00:00
Difficulty:
35% (medium)
Question Stats:
77% (00:36) correct 23% (00:30) wrong based on 47 sessions
### HideShow timer Statistics
On the number line shown above, the tick marks are equally spaced. Which of the following statements about the numbers $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ must be true?
I. $$xyz < 0$$
II. $$x + z = y$$
III. $$z(y - x) > 0$$
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. I, II and III
_________________
Math Expert
Joined: 02 Sep 2009
Posts: 50608
### Show Tags
20 Jun 2015, 09:17
Official Solution:
On the number line shown above, the tick marks are equally spaced. Which of the following statements about the numbers $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ must be true?
I. $$xyz < 0$$
II. $$x + z = y$$
III. $$z(y - x) > 0$$
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. I, II and III
The tick marks are equally spaced, so let's assign such values to the variables that satisfy this requirement. Say $$x = -1$$, $$y = 1$$ and $$z = 2$$. We can see that all three options are true.
_________________
Intern
Joined: 29 Nov 2014
Posts: 22
### Show Tags
27 Oct 2015, 11:12
I think this is a high-quality question and I don't agree with the explanation. -1, 1 and 2 are not equally spaced. -1, 1 and 3 would be equally spaced. So the answer should be I and III only.
Current Student
Joined: 18 Jun 2015
Posts: 41
### Show Tags
10 Sep 2016, 07:36
1
The question clearly says the tick mark are equaly spaced. "0" is one of the tick mark. Hence the origiona explanation is correct. al three options are feasibe and correct.
Intern
Joined: 20 Sep 2016
Posts: 3
Location: Spain
GMAT 1: 740 Q50 V40
GPA: 3
### Show Tags
15 Jan 2017, 04:59
Hi,
Should we assume that the positive numbers go from zero to right and the negatives from zero to left?
In my opinion it is not clear the direction in which numbers increase. For example, 1, 0, -1, -2 could be possible and then statement 1 wouldn't be true.
Thank you!
Math Expert
Joined: 02 Sep 2009
Posts: 50608
### Show Tags
15 Jan 2017, 08:08
nachobs wrote:
Hi,
Should we assume that the positive numbers go from zero to right and the negatives from zero to left?
In my opinion it is not clear the direction in which numbers increase. For example, 1, 0, -1, -2 could be possible and then statement 1 wouldn't be true.
Thank you!
Positive numbers are numbers that are greater than 0 and are to the right of 0 on the number line.
Negative numbers are numbers that are less than 0 and are to the left of 0 on the number line.
0 is neither positive nor negative.
_________________
SVP
Joined: 26 Mar 2013
Posts: 1879
### Show Tags
16 Jan 2017, 02:01
On the number line shown above, the tick marks are equally spaced. Which of the following statements about the numbers $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ must be true?
I. $$xyz < 0$$
II. $$x + z = y$$
III. $$z(y - x) > 0$$
Let x= -2 , y=2 and z=4
I. $$xyz < 0$$
-2 *2 *4 = -16 <0 .........True
II. $$x + z = y$$
-2+ 4=2 =y..........True
III. $$z(y - x) > 0$$
4 [2 - (-2)]= 4 *4 =16>0.............True
Manager
Joined: 23 Sep 2016
Posts: 218
### Show Tags
21 Mar 2018, 23:24
1
Bunuel wrote:
On the number line shown above, the tick marks are equally spaced. Which of the following statements about the numbers $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ must be true?
I. $$xyz < 0$$
II. $$x + z = y$$
III. $$z(y - x) > 0$$
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. I, II and III
sorry, but i think this one also have same problem please edit this one also.
Math Expert
Joined: 02 Sep 2009
Posts: 50608
### Show Tags
22 Mar 2018, 00:38
rishabhmishra wrote:
Bunuel wrote:
On the number line shown above, the tick marks are equally spaced. Which of the following statements about the numbers $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ must be true?
I. $$xyz < 0$$
II. $$x + z = y$$
III. $$z(y - x) > 0$$
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. I, II and III
sorry, but i think this one also have same problem please edit this one also.
_______________
Edited. Thank you.
_________________
Manager
Status: Turning my handicaps into assets
Joined: 09 Apr 2017
Posts: 123
### Show Tags
15 May 2018, 05:43
I think in MUST BE question it’s risky to check with only one set of numbers since we have to be assured that condition works for all the numbers. Below is how I solved this question:
First, looking at the number line we can infer that since it is evenly spaced set absolute value of x is equal to the absolute value of y, or in other words y=-x, where x<0. For example, if x=-3, then y= -(-3)=3.
Now, let’s analyze the options.
I. xyz<0 - Must be true, since x is negative, while others are positive.
II. x+z=y - to be sure for this one, I’ve checked two sets: -1,1,2 and -2,2,4. Both yields true. So, it must be true
III. z(y−x)>0- here both multiples (z and (y-x)) must be positive or negative. Now, since z is positive, (y-x) must be positive. Since y is positive and x is negative, the answer must be positive i.e. 2- (-1)=3>0.
Hence, all of them MUST be true. Answer is E.
_________________
If time was on my side, I'd still have none to waste......
M31-38 &nbs [#permalink] 15 May 2018, 05:43
Display posts from previous: Sort by
# M31-38
Moderators: chetan2u, Bunuel
Powered by phpBB © phpBB Group | Emoji artwork provided by EmojiOne Kindly note that the GMAT® test is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council®, and this site has neither been reviewed nor endorsed by GMAC®. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7530380487442017, "perplexity": 2663.12764349273}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742685.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115120507-20181115142507-00553.warc.gz"} |
http://www.magesblog.com/2014/11/how-cold-is-it-bayesian-attempt-to.html | # How cold is it? A Bayesian attempt to measure temperature
It is getting colder in London, yet it is still quite mild considering that it is late November. Well, indoors it still feels like 20°C (68°F) to me, but I have been told last week that I should switch on the heating.
Luckily I found an old thermometer to check. The thermometer showed 18°C. Is it really below 20°C?
The thermometer is quite old and I'm not sure that is works properly anymore. So, what shall I do now? Perhaps I should consider that both measurements are uncertain and try to combine them.
I believe that I can sense the temperature within ±3°C, while I think that the thermometer still works within ±2°C. Assuming that both measurements follow a Gaussian (Normal) distribution, with the uncertainties given as standard deviations, I can use Bayes' theorem to combine my hypothesis with the data. The posterior distribution will be Gaussian again with conjugated hyper-parameters:
$\mu=\left.\left(\frac{\mu_0}{\sigma_0^2} + \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n x_i}{s^2}\right)\right/\left(\frac{1}{\sigma_0^2} + \frac{n}{s^2}\right) \\ \sigma^2=\left(\frac{1}{\sigma_0^2} + \frac{n}{s^2}\right)^{-1}$With $$K := \frac{n\sigma_0^2}{s^2+n\sigma_0^2}$$ this simplifies to:
$\mu = K\, \bar{x} + (1 - K)\, \mu_0 \mbox{, with } \bar{x}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n x_i\\ \sigma = s \,\sqrt{K/n}$In my case I have: $$n=1,\; x_1=18^{\circ}C,\; s=2^{\circ}C,\; \mu_0=20^{\circ}C,\; \sigma_0=3^{\circ}C$$.
Hence, the posterior distribution has parameters $$\mu=18.6^{\circ}C$$ and $$\sigma=1.7^{\circ}C$$. Thus, my best guess would be that is actually a little colder than I thought. One could argue that the probability that is below 20° is 80%.
Over the last five days my perception of the temperature didn't change, neither did the weather forecast, but the measurements showed: 18°C, 19°C, 17.5°C, 18°C, 18.5°C.
With that information the parameters update to $$\mu=18.3^{\circ}C$$ and $$\sigma=0.9^{\circ}C$$. I can't deny it any longer it has got colder. The probability that is below 20°C is now at 97% and the heating is on.
Without any prior knowledge I may have used a t-test to check the measurements. But here I believe that I have information about the thermometer and my own temperature sensing abilities which I don't want to ignore.
### Session Info
R version 3.1.2 (2014-10-31)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin13.4.0 (64-bit)
locale:
[1] en_GB.UTF-8/en_GB.UTF-8/en_GB.UTF-8/C/en_GB.UTF-8/en_GB.UTF-8
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
[7] base
other attached packages:
[1] BayesianFirstAid_0.1 rjags_3-14 coda_0.16-1
[4] lattice_0.20-29
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] grid_3.1.2 MASS_7.3-35 mnormt_1.5-1 stringr_0.6.2 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7802962064743042, "perplexity": 1361.278590117871}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118519.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00640-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.edcottrell.com/tag/personal-life/page/2/ | ## Last Day of Biglaw
Today was my last day as an associate at BakerHostetler. I have really enjoyed getting to know the wonderful people there over the last year and change.
Tomorrow, I will be starting in my new position as a staff attorney at the Texas First Court of Appeals, here in Houston. I am looking forward to the new and different challenges and opportunities there.
## New Member
I am proud to say that I am the newest member of the National Rifle Association.
## Last Day
As many of you already know, today was my last day as an associate at Baker Botts. I had many great opportunities there over the last three and one-half years and will miss my many wonderful friends, colleagues, and mentors.
On June 18, I will be joining the litigation section of Baker Hostetler, here in Houston. I am looking forward to the new challenges and new opportunities there.
## Note to Self…
Always, always double-check that anyone who has worked on your car gave you back the key for your wheel locks. Apparently, the last folks to work on Sarah’s car did not give us the key for her wheel locks, which we discovered today when I tried to get a screw removed from one tire and get the tire patched. Better now than out on some highway, but still a pain.
The stupid part is that I’ve had this happen to me once before. Fortunately, in this case, I was able just to put some air in it, drive it to the nearest dealership, and buy a replacement key on the spot. The last time that happened was a much bigger pain.
## Six Hundred
I just realized that my most recent post (GTD: Your 6 Most Important Things) was my six hundredth post on here.
This site has come a long way since I started working on it in vi and Netscape on a Unix workstation. It has been edited in — and arguably abused by — vi, Netscape Communicator, multiple versions of FrontPage, multiple versions of Dreamweaver, and countless other tools. I am pretty happy with the way it runs now (almost entirely driven by WordPress, with some portions hand-coded in Notepad++).
Mostly, I’m happy it’s still ticking along, despite a few long slowdowns, and still has some readers. Thank you for reading!
Follow me at @EdInHouston. Not everything on here will necessarily be on there, and vice versa.
## Return of the Blog
After posting to this blog only 5 times in all of 2011, I have decided that it is well past time to revive this blog. I regularly come across material that I would like to share on here, but inertia and the press of other concerns tend to take over. No more.
In 2012, I hope to post every week, at minimum. This should be easier than it has been in the past, thanks to a new phone (Baker Botts is now supporting iPhones) and a wonderful new gadget: the amazing and useful iPad 2 that Sarah and I received for Christmas. This truly is an ingeniously designed device. I am actually typing this post on it, which is not quite as natural as typing on a full-size keyboard, but still remarkably easy.
Anyway, look for a major rebound in this space soon.
And if I haven’t talked to you in the last few days, I hope you had a merry Christmas and have a wonderful 2012!
## You Need a Budget! (Review)
Thanks to a post by Tim Challies, Sarah and I decided to download and try a trial of a software product called You Need a Budget, or YNAB. We are now in love with this product.
The premise of YNAB is simple: (1) everyone needs to budget, and (2) no other software products out there on the market really get it quite right. I still remember clearly a moment when I was a kid, probably around middle school age, when somebody made a statement to the effect of “Oh, well, the [family name]s have to live on a budget,” with the clear implication that this was a lamentable condition. My reaction was that this was an absurd way to think—even the wealthiest individuals would be better off budgeting. So, I was already sold on YNAB’s first premise. As for the second, we have been doing our budgeting using a combination of Quicken 2011 Premier and a complicated Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. (We had also been using Mint, but abandoned it after it proved to be entirely unreliable—it would show that we had spent huge amounts of money in categories without a single transaction, or very little in categories with relatively huge amounts of turnover, like groceries.)
This was a pain to maintain and made it very hard to track how well we were doing on a month-to-month or longer-term basis. Quicken would routinely panic if we paid our car insurance in the last week of July, for example, rather than in the first week of August, and the Excel spreadsheet made month-to-month comparisons nearly meaningless. After all, what did it really mean if we had $X in the bank at the end of June and only$X-100 at the end of July, if we had also made a large, planned-for, one-time purchase in June? Or if we came out with more money than we anticipated, but had also received a gift or some other one-time income? This system worked in the sense that we were able to make sure we didn’t over-spend, but it wasn’t exactly transparent. So, we came to YNAB with open minds.
YNAB is based on four simple rules:
1. Give every dollar a job. Every dollar should have a job, and “not budgeted” doesn’t count. This is where Quicken falls short the most noticeably—the built-in budgeting features in Quicken just tell you what’s left, encouraging you to go spend it somehow. We worked around this by using Quicken with a series of spreadsheets that I cooked up, but this was not a user-friendly way to do things, and it required a lot of maintenance.
2. Save for a rainy day. This concept starts with the emergency fund that everyone should have (a la Dave Ramsey), but goes further: YNAB is intended to help you smooth out the financial ups and downs of your life by helping you budget for lumpy expenses (car insurance, property taxes, or anything else that doesn’t hit every month, or hits in variable amounts).
3. Roll with the punches. This rule is all about accountability. If you overspend a category in your budget in YNAB, it doesn’t let you just shrug it off and try again. It forces you to figure out how to make up the difference, whether by spending less in that category next month or allocating additional money to that category from somewhere else.
4. Stop living paycheck to paycheck. This is the real goal of YNAB: to live off of last month’s income. In YNAB terms, this is a “buffer” (and having acheived it is affectionately called being in “bufferland”). Because there is no “perfect” month when it comes to budgeting, the idea of the buffer is to smooth out the bumps of life, especially for people with irregular income or every-other-week rather than twice-a-month pay schedules.
YNAB is entirely built around these four rules, with the result that you can easily see at a glance (1) how you are doing this month, (2) what effect, if anything, your spending this month will have on next month’s budget, and (3) how you have done over time. To help with this at-a-glance summary of your finances, YNAB also includes some very handy reporting functions that let you get both reports and graphs on the fly. Of course, for any of this to work, you have to get your information into YNAB. While YNAB does not have “direct connect” functionality to download your transactions for you, it does make it very easy to work with standard .QFX files from your bank (or exported from Quicken).
As I said, we love YNAB. I would strongly recommend it to literally anyone.
[Update & Disclaimer: When I originally posted this review in August 2011, I did not receive any compensation for this article or for any traffic to youneedabudget.com from this blog; I just really like this product! As of July 2012, I have added a special link to this post; I will receive a small commission for any sales made through that link.]
## What goes up must come down
I put up a new flag on Monday morning. Today a huge branch fell on it and broke the flagpole. That was short-lived…
## Win Some, Lose Some
Today’s win: successfully replacing the laser in a broken Wii console, without wiping the saved data or shorting anything out. Thank you, Console Zombie!
Today’s loss: finding out that Momentum MINI in Houston put much cheaper tires on my car two weeks ago than the ones that I came in with, even though they didn’t mention that fact either before or after, and it cost me as much as it would have for the good ones. I then found out that they also just happened to leave \$1,700 off of the estimate for the additional work I needed, even though all of the parts and labor involved were listed. Of course, the guy I was dealing with insisted that we had discussed all of these things and that they only reason he didn’t include all of the prices previously was that I told him to hold off on giving me the full quote for some reason. I don’t really enjoy being lied to or paying unreasonable amounts for routine maintenance, so I made him give me back my key so that I could go get a quote that is on this side of the sanity spectrum. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20857524871826172, "perplexity": 1460.4555761278161}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00627-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://conwaylife.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=2036&sid=1b516c9f3cb462b80b229a83d6c25a7e&start=625 | Home • LifeWiki • Forums • Download Golly
Thread for basic questions
For general discussion about Conway's Game of Life.
Re: Thread for basic questions
muzik wrote:One possible notation using this system would be B2a(0246)/S2a(1357), which would only allow for birth on the displayed B2a conditions marked as 0, 2, 4 and 6, and survival on those marked 1, 3, 5 and 7. Like with non-totalistic rules, a - to negate unwanted orientations could also be used.
This notation probably isn't optimal when it comes to the lengths of rulestrings, but at least it could be interpreted a bit easier, and understanding what a rulestring symbolises at a glance is what i'm really after.
Hmm, but how are you going to interpret, say, B3k(12)/S4k(345)? Seems like you'll have to publish a numbered list of orientations for 3k and 4k as you did for 2a.
3k has only four orientations where 4k has eight, and some isotropic bits (e.g., 6n) have only two orientations. Vaguely confusing, but maybe tolerable. Or maybe it would be worth numbering the orientations 0-7 in the same way every time, and then only using the ones that aren't duplicates.
The full list of numbered isotropic bit orientations will have 256 categories in it, instead of the 512 neighborhoods in my suggestion -- the same name can be used for B and S rule bits. Maybe that would be a more sensible arrangement than a simple binary count in MAP-rule order, which is definitely really counterintuitive... mostly due to the center cell being the 2^4 bit, so that B and S rule bits are mixed together annoyingly in the binary MAP string, in length-16 chunks.
It does seem reasonable to name all of the non-totalistic neighborhoods according to their matching isotropic bit. An arbitrary number in parentheses may be a little confusing, but I can't think of any better way to refer to those up-to-eight different orientations.
So maybe the first step is to finish a 256-neighborhood diagram, with labels on every one of the neighborhoods in order -- B0(0), B1a(0), B1a(1), B1a(2), B1a(3), B2a(0), B2a(1)... etc., etc. Maybe just use Alan Hensel's diagram, and always call the displayed neighborhood (0), where (1), (2), and (3) are the same neighborhood rotated 90, 180, and 270 degrees (when that makes sense), then (4) is mirrored across the Y axis and (5), (6), and (7) are rotated copies of (4).
Something like that, anyway? It would then be trivial-but-tedious to write a script that gives you Henselish-muzikal-NT notation for any given MAP rule.
dvgrn
Moderator
Posts: 4415
Joined: May 17th, 2009, 11:00 pm
Re: Thread for basic questions
muzik wrote:One possible notation using this system would be B2a(0246)/S2a(1357), which would only allow for birth on the displayed B2a conditions marked as 0, 2, 4 and 6, and survival on those marked 1, 3, 5 and 7. Like with non-totalistic rules, a - to negate unwanted orientations could also be used.
I have several ideas for this.
1. For the sake of easy understanding I'd avoid numbers -- which would require a publisher master list to interpret, as dvgrn points out --, and perhaps use compass directions instead, to wit:
nw n new - esw s se
"B1(n,w)" is more easily understood than "B1e(1,2)" or so.
In cases like B1, this would also do away with the distinct subconditions that are separately encoded in Alan Hensel's notation, but it would be difficult to ALWAYS do this; you'd generally still want to keep them separate.
Figuring out how to match the possible orientations of a given isotropic subcondition with the compass direction might also be difficult / non-intuitive in general, so when doing this one would probably end up publishing lists again anyway, making this notation semi-mnemonic at best. (Kinda like Alan Hensel's, actually; I can never remember what exactly "4q", "4z" and all those mean without looking them up.)
2. It might actually be better to assign a single letter to each direction, and then directly specify which bits have to be set to satisfy a certain Bx or Sx condition. For example:
l n rw - ev s h
"l(eft)" and "r(ight)" for "nw" and "ne" are probably self-explanatory; I turned to Swedish for "v(änster)" and "h(öger)" for "sw" and "se".
One could try and find other mnemonics in English as well. "c(lockwise)" is tempting; unfortunately "w(iddershins)" clashes with "w(est)"...
In any case, any non-isotropic subcondition could then be expressed by putting together the respective letters. For instance, birth on 3 cells, those being either l, n and r, or alternatively l, e and v, could be expressed as "B3(lnr,lev)". Each non-isotropic subcondition would be represented by one group (which could be in any order, just like with Hensel's isotropic subconditions), and groups would be separated by commas, say.
Negation still works: "B3(-lnr,lev)" is easily understood to mean birth on three live neighbors, UNLESS those neighbors are either l, n and r, or alternatively l, e and v.
It would be possible to do away with the outer-totalistic B/S conditions in this notation and just write e.g. "B(w,e,l,lnr,lev,-nswe)" or so, but I think that's less readable overall. There's a lot of possible configurations that could be present (or negated), and parsing a long rulestring would be easier for humans if it's a organized according to overall neighbor count.
3. One could also stipulate that in this notation, for non-isotropic subconditions for 5 to 8 neighbors, the letters indicate dead cells rather than live ones. "B7(n,w)" is much shorter than "B7(lrwevsh,lnrevsh)", and should be intuitive and easy to understand.
4. Finally, since (as I noted) the labels for the compass directions are essentially arbitrary again, it might actually make sense to use numbers for those after all:
1 2 34 - 56 7 8
...and write "B1(2,4)" instead of "B1(n,w)", and "B3(-123,156)" instead of "B3(-lnr,lev)", and so on. I think this is not quite as intuitive when you're not familiar with the notation at all -- it doesn't really get more intuitive than "B1(n,w)" --, but I think this would be a good alternative if noone can come up with good one-letter mnemonics for the diagonal compass directions. Remembering that the directions are 1 to 8, in order, is pretty easy.
One possible downside is that people might interpret the digit groups as numbers. OTOH that might not actually be downside, since there's probably value in mentally associating e.g. "nw,w,ne" with the number 123, and so on.
All in all I prefer the third option, using "v(änster)" and "h(öger)" from Swedish for the southern diagonal compass directions. Alternatively I could get behind the fourth option, using the digits 1-8 for the compass directions.
Thoughts?
EDIT: referring back to your example:
muzik wrote:
x = 38, y = 11, rule = LifeHistory3D3.D3.3D2.3D2.D.D2.3D2.3D2.3D$D.D3.D5.D4.D2.D.D2.D4.D6.D$D.D3.D3.3D2.3D2.3D2.3D2.3D4.D$D.D3.D3.D6.D4.D4.D2.D.D4.D$3D3.D3.3D2.3D4.D2.3D2.3D4.D4$2EB2.B2E2.2BE2.3B2.3B2.3B2.3B2.E2B$BCB2.BCB2.BCE2.BCE2.BCB2.BCB2.ECB2.ECB$3B2.3B2.3B2.2BE2.B2E2.2EB2.E2B2.3B! using the "Swedish style" notation, these would be, in order: B2(ln), B2(nr), B2(re), B2(eh), B2(hs), B2(sv), B2(vw) and B2(wl), all very intuitive, self-explanatory, and easy to both create and understand once you know about "v(änster)" and "h(öger)". I'd also like to christen this notation "Swedish notation" (in line with e.g. Polish notation). EDIT 2: here's a write-up on the wiki (in my Incubator). Last edited by Apple Bottom on October 14th, 2017, 3:12 pm, edited 1 time in total. If you speak, your speech must be better than your silence would have been. — Arabian proverb Catagolue: Apple Bottom • Life Wiki: Apple Bottom • Twitter: @_AppleBottom_ Proud member of the Pattern Raiders! Apple Bottom Posts: 895 Joined: July 27th, 2015, 2:06 pm Re: Thread for basic questions Hi! I have a basic question. Wrote this basic c++, yet another game of life implementation, and the basic, which is c++, and the basic, which is c++ itself. (tested well with g++ 5.4.0) http://vm01.unsoft.hu/~np/basic/latest/yetalife.bas http://vm01.unsoft.hu/~np/basic/latest/ptsvubas.cc Usage, compiling/"running"/etc.: in the latter file. (ptsvubas.cc has a co-author). The main c++ file is the basic file. Where to announce this kind of developments here? [APPEND] #1 Feel free to convert the next fossie to the basic dialect we implemented above: http://www.atariarchives.org/basicgames ... p?page=102 Naszvadi Posts: 237 Joined: May 7th, 2016, 8:53 am Re: Thread for basic questions If I'm doing a computer search for something in Life (a p19 oscillator or a knightship or whatever) is there some minimum width for the bounding box that I should use in my search? Hmm... that's not very clear. Let me rephrase. Nothing interesting can happen inside a strip of cells of width 1. Every row of live cells either dies or immediately goes outside the strip. Likewise, it takes a little bit of time with a pen and paper but you can prove that nothing interesting can happen in a strip of width 2. Eventually everything either dies, goes outside the strip, or becomes some blocks. Of course in a width 5 strip something interesting can happen: a LWSS can form, running along the strip. So my question is about strips of width 3 and 4: can anything interesting happen here? By interesting I mean things like new ships or oscillator periods, obviously there might be a lot of still lives or perhaps variations on known stators. I wonder if a computer could somehow enumerate all possible behaviours that could occur for widths 3 and 4? Macbi Posts: 351 Joined: March 29th, 2009, 4:58 am Re: Thread for basic questions There has been a bit of research into spaceships that are one cell thick in life, althhough i highly doubt any would be small enough to be conventionally searched for. 2c/n spaceships project Current priorities: see here muzik Posts: 2721 Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm Location: Scotland Re: Thread for basic questions Macbi wrote:I wonder if a computer could somehow enumerate all possible behaviours that could occur for widths 3 and 4? Seems like this question is asking about a minimum width in a sense that's the opposite from the conventional one. Usually when you see "minimum width" associated with spaceships, it's the width of the spaceship's narrowest phase -- like in the hypothetical one-cell-thick spaceship that muzik mentioned. But for this question you wouldn't care about the one-cell-thick spaceship, because it doesn't stay inside a 1xN rectangle in all phases. I think there might be something like a good answer to the question. Most spaceship search programs make you specify a speed and a width. So if you put in parameters of "c/2 orthogonal" and "width-5 asymmetric" into something like WLS/JLS or gfind, you'll get an LWSS out. (The settings look a lot different depending on the program, but you can do it in both.) If you put in width 4 or less, you don't get anything -- at that speed. Basically the search program tries everything until it runs out of workable options for the given width, at the given speed. In gfind sometimes you find a repeating unit that you can make infinitely long spaceships with -- but the search proves that there's no way to end the spaceship at that width. If you get to where you really understand Sokwe's table of spaceship searches, then you'll know a lot more than I do. I believe some of the green boxes are "the narrowest spaceship at such-and-such speed was found at this width", and some of the reddish boxes are "searches have been done for this speed up to this width, with no spaceships found". This doesn't answer the question of whether something like muzik's mythical c/18 ship might not appear, if someone just tried running gfind at width 3 for every possible individual speed up to c/100 or some such... or until the program crashes... then width 4, then width 5, etc., until the searches started taking too long at each width. At width 3 the search probably finishes pretty much instantly with no results. It may be possible to prove that that's always going to happen no matter what speed you're looking for (up to "self-constructing slow" speeds in unsearchable-sized rectangles, where anything is possible even down to width 1). It's quite possible that someone has (or multiple someones have) tried something like this, but I don't know what the limits of such a search might have been. It hadn't been done with any thoroughness as of March of last year, or zdr's c/10 copperhead would have been found sooner. dvgrn Moderator Posts: 4415 Joined: May 17th, 2009, 11:00 pm Location: Madison, WI Re: Thread for basic questions Now that I've thought about it a bit, I think I can see how a proof (that nothing interesting can happen in a narrow strip) would go. Let me give an outline for the case of a strip of height 3. In the following when I say "pattern" I'll mean "pattern of height 3" and when I say "pattern of length n" I mean a pattern of height 3 and width n. The trick will be to prove that every pattern either eventually goes outside the strip, or eventually settles down. The following definitions will be useful: • Say a pattern P is bad if any pattern containing P as a subpattern eventually evolves into one with live cells above or below the strip. For example any pattern with three live cells next to each other at the top of the strip is bad because on the next generation a cell will be born above the strip, and in fact this will happen no matter what we put on either side of this pattern. Likewise this ..o...ooo...o.. pattern is bad because in two generations it will evolve outside the strip, and the cell outside the strip is in the middle, so nothing we put at either side can stop it. • Say a pattern of length 2n+1 is good if it evolves for n generations without a cell ever going above or below the strip in the middle collumn, and if the middle collumn is the same in generation n as it was in generation n-2. The point of these definitions is that we can prove the following: Lemma If for some N we have that every pattern of length 2N+1 is either good or bad, then every pattern (of any length) will after N steps either settle down into a period 2 oscillator or still life, or have left the strip. Proof Take any pattern. For each column in the pattern consider the subpattern of length 2N+1 centred on that column. If this subpattern is bad then it will eventually evolve outside the strip. So assume it is good. Then that column will be the same in generations N-2 and N. Since this is true of every column, we have a period 2 oscillator or still life. QED Okay, so it remains to find such an N. I claim that it can be done by a program with the following psuedocode: Set n = 1loop until we're done{ list every pattern of length 2n+1 not containing any known bad pattern as a subpattern for each such pattern{ evolve it for n steps if it has a cell outside the strip in the middle column{ mark it bad }else if the middle column was the same in generations n-2 and n{ mark it good } } if all patterns are marked good or bad{ done. break out of loop }else{ add one to n }} When I get the chance I'll write the code. I bet it halts with n=6, since this pattern: ......o............oo...........o...... looks like it takes the longest to prove bad. Macbi Posts: 351 Joined: March 29th, 2009, 4:58 am Re: Thread for basic questions Have any notations for non-totalistic triangular rules been invented? 2c/n spaceships project Current priorities: see here muzik Posts: 2721 Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm Location: Scotland Re: Thread for basic questions Macbi wrote:When I get the chance I'll write the code. I bet it halts with n=6, since this pattern: ......o............oo...........o...... looks like it takes the longest to prove bad. Wouldn't there be: ......o............o.o..........o...... instead? This post was brought to you by the letter D, for dishes that Andrew J. Wade won't do. (Also Daniel, which happens to be me.) Current rule interest: B2ce3-ir4a5y/S2-c3-y drc Posts: 1665 Joined: December 3rd, 2015, 4:11 pm Location: creating useless things in OCA Re: Thread for basic questions drc wrote: ......o............o.o..........o...... Oh yeah, well spotted! That means the code will take longer to run. I think it will still be practical though. It wiill take me a while to get around to it thougb. Macbi Posts: 351 Joined: March 29th, 2009, 4:58 am Re: Thread for basic questions Is there a bound for how small a B3/S23 quadratic growth pattern can be? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6EoRBvdVPQ One big dirty Oro. Yeeeeeeeeee... gameoflifemaniac Posts: 565 Joined: January 22nd, 2017, 11:17 am Location: Poland Re: Thread for basic questions gameoflifemaniac wrote:Is there a bound for how small a B3/S23 quadratic growth pattern can be? yes, because it is a f:N \to {false, true} function, which has the "f(n)==true => f(n+1)==true" property; and f(n) means that is there a QGP with population "n". Naszvadi Posts: 237 Joined: May 7th, 2016, 8:53 am Re: Thread for basic questions gameoflifemaniac wrote:Is there a bound for how small a B3/S23 quadratic growth pattern can be? Yes, but we don't exactly know what it is. LifeWiki: Like Wikipedia but with more spaceships. [citation needed] BlinkerSpawn Posts: 1675 Joined: November 8th, 2014, 8:48 pm Location: Getting a snacker from R-Bee's Re: Thread for basic questions Naszvadi wrote: gameoflifemaniac wrote:Is there a bound for how small a B3/S23 quadratic growth pattern can be? yes, because it is a f:N \to {false, true} function, which has the "f(n)==true => f(n+1)==true" property; and f(n) means that is there a QGP with population "n". TC;DU If there's a quadratc pattern w/n cells, there's a quadratic pattern with n+1 cells. So, Yes. I like making rules fluffykitty Posts: 325 Joined: June 14th, 2014, 5:03 pm Re: Thread for basic questions BlinkerSpawn wrote: gameoflifemaniac wrote:Is there a bound for how small a B3/S23 quadratic growth pattern can be? Yes, but we don't exactly know what it is. The current lower bound should probably be something like 5x6 or 6x6, but maybe someone can improve on that. All 6x7 patterns have been exhaustively enumerated. The first such effort was Stephen Silver's in March 2000, to check for oscillators inside small bounding boxes. It's not clear that that survey would have noticed a quadratic-growth pattern, though, since that's not what the program was looking for. More recently, one of A for awesome's hacked apgsearches would actually notice a quadratic-growth pattern if it saw one. At least it would get labeled as PATHOLOGICAL -- right? Has anyone attempted 5x6 or 6x6 with that hacked apgsearch, and were there no quadratic-growth results as expected? The only other hard limit we have that I can think of is an upper limit: there is a quadratic-growth pattern inside a 2596-cell bounding box... specifically, EDIT: a 1-by-2596 box. Or, yes, of course, as Calcyman mentions below, one of the old spacefillers gets us a lot smaller than that (though not thinner!) dvgrn Moderator Posts: 4415 Joined: May 17th, 2009, 11:00 pm Location: Madison, WI Re: Thread for basic questions dvgrn wrote:The only other hard limit we have that I can think of is an upper limit: there is a quadratic-growth pattern inside a 7242-cell bounding box... specifically, a 1-by-7242 box. Max is almost an order of magnitude smaller, with a 729-cell bounding box: http://www.conwaylife.com/wiki/Max What do you do with ill crystallographers? Take them to the mono-clinic! calcyman Posts: 1496 Joined: June 1st, 2009, 4:32 pm Re: Thread for basic questions Is it known what the nonomino predecessor of the switch engine that it was first found by is? Because I seem to have refound it: x = 6, y = 3, rule = B3/S234o$bobo$3b3o! I seem to remember this being a headsccratcher This post was brought to you by the letter D, for dishes that Andrew J. Wade won't do. (Also Daniel, which happens to be me.) Current rule interest: B2ce3-ir4a5y/S2-c3-y drc Posts: 1665 Joined: December 3rd, 2015, 4:11 pm Location: creating useless things in OCA Re: Thread for basic questions drc wrote:Is it known what the nonomino predecessor of the switch engine that it was first found by is? Because I seem to have refound it: x = 6, y = 3, rule = B3/S234o$bobo$3b3o! I seem to remember this being a headsccratcher Yup, that's the one. The rumor was that it was a decomino that Charles Corderman noticed. But that doesn't seem to make as much sense, if he was systematically going through the ominoes -- the one nonomino that makes a switch engine would have been found first. On the other hand, it's vaguely possible that he missed that one, and only noticed the switch-engine behavior when it came around again in the decominoes. I don't think anyone has looked through the 4655 decominoes to find how many of them make clean switch-engine descendants -- maybe there's only one decomino that does that. dvgrn Moderator Posts: 4415 Joined: May 17th, 2009, 11:00 pm Location: Madison, WI Re: Thread for basic questions dvgrn wrote: BlinkerSpawn wrote: gameoflifemaniac wrote:Is there a bound for how small a B3/S23 quadratic growth pattern can be? Yes, but we don't exactly know what it is. The current lower bound should probably be something like 5x6 or 6x6, but maybe someone can improve on that. All 6x7 patterns have been exhaustively enumerated. The first such effort was Stephen Silver's in March 2000, to check for oscillators inside small bounding boxes. It's not clear that that survey would have noticed a quadratic-growth pattern, though, since that's not what the program was looking for. More recently, one of A for awesome's hacked apgsearches would actually notice a quadratic-growth pattern if it saw one. At least it would get labeled as PATHOLOGICAL -- right? Has anyone attempted 5x6 or 6x6 with that hacked apgsearch, and were there no quadratic-growth results as expected? The only other hard limit we have that I can think of is an upper limit: there is a quadratic-growth pattern inside a 2596-cell bounding box... specifically, EDIT: a 1-by-2596 box. Or, yes, of course, as Calcyman mentions below, one of the old spacefillers gets us a lot smaller than that (though not thinner!) I meant the smallest number of cells, not bounding box! But thanks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6EoRBvdVPQ One big dirty Oro. Yeeeeeeeeee... gameoflifemaniac Posts: 565 Joined: January 22nd, 2017, 11:17 am Location: Poland Re: Thread for basic questions gameoflifemaniac wrote:I meant the smallest number of cells, not bounding box! But thanks. From the Infinite growth article: LifeWiki wrote:The first quadratic growth pattern constructed was the original breeder, found in 1971 by Bill Gosper. Since then, many other breeders have been found, and even some spacefillers have been constructed. It is unknown how small quadratic growth patterns can be, and a race has been taking place since the early 1990's to construct the smallest such pattern. The current record holder is switch engine ping-pong that consists of 23 cells. Previous record holders include catacryst, metacatacryst, mosquitoes, 26-, 25- and 24-cell quadratic growth. So 23 cells is the current upper bound for population. But switch engine ping-pong is 210,515×183,739 which doesn't seem exactly "small" --! The lower population bound is 10 or 11 cells, I think. Paul Callahan showed that there are no infinite-growth patterns with 9 cells, and therefore no quadratic-growth patterns. A 10-cell quadratic-growth pattern seems unlikely, based on simsim314's searches, but based on that posting I'm not sure it's absolutely been ruled out. (?) dvgrn Moderator Posts: 4415 Joined: May 17th, 2009, 11:00 pm Location: Madison, WI Re: Thread for basic questions Can a RRO be built in CGOL by crashing LWSSes into some small, cheap slow orthogonal spaceship like the loafer? What I'm thinking is that two copies of a recipe that creates and destroys a loafer gun by hitting the back of a loafer are placed, and some sort of copy machine takes in the second copy and produces two clones of it, in a convenient position as to keep with the parity/position of the loafer? How big would said pattern be? Is it even possible? EDIT: Doesn't have to be a gun, just a perpendicular loafer. probably best if it's LWSSes but it could be anything, I guess. Would this count as 'reflectorless' though? Attachments keep in mind the arrows at the top pointing to 1 & 2 are syntheses. I drew this on a very bad sketch website because school computers are not good. download.png (140.34 KiB) Viewed 1631 times This post was brought to you by the letter D, for dishes that Andrew J. Wade won't do. (Also Daniel, which happens to be me.) Current rule interest: B2ce3-ir4a5y/S2-c3-y drc Posts: 1665 Joined: December 3rd, 2015, 4:11 pm Location: creating useless things in OCA Re: Thread for basic questions drc wrote:[1] Can a RRO be built in CGOL by crashing LWSSes into some small, cheap slow orthogonal spaceship like the loafer?... [2] How big would said pattern be? ... [3] Is it even possible? ... [4] Would this count as 'reflectorless' though? 1. Yes, an RRO could be made this way. 2. It would be big, but Golly could handle it. The recipe would probably be the same order of magnitude as the Orthogonoid recipe -- meaning, not as much as ten times bigger. 3. Yes, it's possible with more-or-less current technology (but see below). 4. Sure -- it's just a bunch of *WSSes aimed at a loafer, there's no reflector in sight (in that phase, anyway). We don't have any research done yet on direct single-channel MWSS construction. MWSS streams are the only *WSS signals we can currently build copy-machine circuitry for, that a single-channel recipe can reasonably be run through. I mean, we could build something for LWSSes or HWSSes, but it would be pointlessly bigger until someone discovers a direct H-to-LWSS or H-to-HWSS along the lines of Kazyan's H-to-MWSS. Variations On the Theme Technically the recipe aimed at the loafer doesn't have to be single-channel MWSS, though. It could be a slow salvo of *WSSes on different lanes. In that case, the copy machine would have to be just slightly more complicated, with a construction arm that shoots those *WSSes. Presumably it would be followed by a single-channel stream of (a lot more) MWSSes, that encode the elbow-move and *WSS recipes. We have recipes for five out of six *WSS types already, and can dig up the sixth (one of the HWSS parities) if we try hard enough. However, we don't have any research for slow-salvo constructions of Spartan-ish circuitry using multi-lane slow *WSSes, either. The only way I would know how to build Snarks and syringes and such, right now, would be to create a second "slow elbow", hit it with those *WSSes, and produce slow^2 gliders that do a standard slow-salvo construction. Horribly inefficient, but it could be done. The alternative would be to run all new searches for direct slow-*WSS constructions. This would be much more interesting... but it would also potentially take years to sort out, similar to the length of time it has taken to develop the tools for slow glider salvos. Why Not Diagonal? In any case, it may turn out to be easier to make an RRO with a stream of gliders aimed at a Cordership. Basically it would end up being just a variant of the hypothetical single-channel quadratic replicator in the link -- with a small amount of extra self-destruct circuitry added, and with the straight-ahead output disabled. You could also think of it as a variant of the self-synthesizing spaceship idea, adjusted very slightly so that the ship moves in a loop instead of a straight line or a zig-zag. Yes, We Have (Pretty Much) All the Pieces Already We already have the recipes we need to build and launch Corderships, and shoot them down again with a single-channel recipe leaving a usable construction-arm elbow. The tricky part is that Corderships are so slow that your "some sort of copy machine" might need to have an extra delay mechanism built into it, or else your RRO will end up being just an x1 or x2. -- Not quite sure how the timing would work out there. We figured out that the delay was definitely needed if a true self-synthesizing spaceship was a requirement -- i.e., if the copy machine has to spit out two full clones of the recipe and then self-destruct, before the front of the first cloned recipe hits the receding Cordership and starts constructing the next copy machine. dvgrn Moderator Posts: 4415 Joined: May 17th, 2009, 11:00 pm Location: Madison, WI Re: Thread for basic questions dvgrn wrote: Apple Bottom wrote: Saka wrote:Do "inner totalistic" rules exist and what are they? No. (Not to my knowledge anyway!) @Saka, they exist now that you've brought them into existence by asking that question. Sorry for a late and short reply, but I made this: User:Saka/Inner-totalistic Rules Proud owner and founder of Sakagolue x = 17, y = 10, rule = B3/S23b2ob2obo5b2o$11b4obo$2bob3o2bo2b3o$bo3b2o4b2o$o2bo2bob2o3b4o$bob2obo5bo2b2o$2b2o4bobo2b3o$bo3b5ob2obobo$2bo5bob2o$4bob2o2bobobo!
(Check gen 2)
Saka
Posts: 2433
Joined: June 19th, 2015, 8:50 pm
Location: In the kingdom of Sultan Hamengkubuwono X
Re: Thread for basic questions
Saka wrote:
dvgrn wrote:@Saka, they exist now that you've brought them into existence by asking that question.
Sorry for a late and short reply, but I made this:
User:Saka/Inner-totalistic Rules
Looks good... but please don't let that definition escape from your user pages out into the rest of the LifeWiki, without changing the name first -- to "inner-only totalistic" or something like that.
A for awesome pointed out that "inner-totalistic" is actually out there in the literature, as a synonym for plain "totalistic". There's some follow-up in this post. It seems like a pointless and confusing synonym, which is probably why the "inner-" prefix has mostly died out -- it would be a shame to accidentally give "inner-" a new lease on Life.
It's bad enough that "non-totalistic" gets used half the time to mean Hensel neighbors2-format rules (isotropic), and the other half of the time it means the much larger space of MAP rules (anisotropic). Probably it's a losing battle to get everyone to say specifically which type they mean when they say "non-totalistic"... but at least it should be possible to keep "inner-" out of the confusion.
dvgrn
Moderator
Posts: 4415
Joined: May 17th, 2009, 11:00 pm
Re: Thread for basic questions
Have any rule integers for outer-totalistic Generations rules been devised?
An obvious option would be to calculate the rule integer of the rule, then add 262144 for each "dying" state in the rule. Brian's Brain would be 262148 by this classification.
2c/n spaceships project
Current priorities: see here
muzik
Posts: 2721
Joined: January 28th, 2016, 2:47 pm
Location: Scotland
PreviousNext | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6386701464653015, "perplexity": 1925.5845357999228}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944848.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420233255-20180421013255-00546.warc.gz"} |
http://scicomp.stackexchange.com/users/529/inquest | Inquest
less info
reputation
526
bio website location age member for 2 years, 2 months seen Feb 20 at 0:42 profile views 62
26 Questions
28 How does the MATLAB backslash operator solve $Ax=b$ for square matrices? 19 Does a tiny determinant imply ill-conditioning of a matrix? 14 How effective is the 'tendrils of knowledge' approach to Comp. Sci? 13 Book reference for Numerical Analysis 12 Functional Programming and Scientific Computing
1,214 Reputation
+5 Guides on Python for shared-memory Parallel Programming +5 Are DAXPY, DCOPY, DSCAL overkills? +5 How useful is PETSc for Dense Matrices? +5 How does the MATLAB backslash operator solve $Ax=b$ for square matrices?
3 Online resources for reviewing graphics cards for GPGPU 2 How can I kill parallel processes running in the background? 2 What core skills should every computational scientist have?
23 Tags
3 hpc 0 iterative-method × 4 2 parallel-computing × 7 0 reference-request × 4 2 education × 3 0 matrices × 3 0 linear-algebra × 11 0 performance × 3 0 blas × 6 0 krylov-method × 2
6 Accounts
Mathematics 3,984 rep 824 Computational Science 1,214 rep 526 Code Review 200 rep 5 Cross Validated 121 rep 3 Stack Overflow 108 rep 4 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5081203579902649, "perplexity": 9879.53500399076}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010883242/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091443-00071-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.ni.com/documentation/en/labview-comms/1.0/mt-node-ref/mt-measure-ask-quadrature-impairments/ | Calculates and reports amplitude-shift keying (ASK) quadrature impairments on a symbol-by-symbol basis at the symbol timing.
Note
Certain measurements like I/Q gain imbalance and quadrature skew are not applicable for the ASK modulation format because of the inherently one-dimensional nature of the ASK constellation.
## recovered complex waveform
The time-aligned and oversampled complex waveform data after matched filtering, frequency offset correction, and phase offset correction. Wire the output complex waveform parameter of MT Demodulate ASK to this parameter.
### t0
Trigger (start) time of the Y array.
Default: 0.0
### dt
Time interval between data points in the Y array.
Default: 1.0
### Y
The complex-valued signal-only baseband modulated waveform. The real and imaginary parts of this complex data array correspond to the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) data, respectively.
## input bit stream
The demodulated bit stream from the output bit stream parameter of MT Demodulate ASK.
## impairment measurement window
The window over which impairments are measured.
### start index
Index of the first sample of the measurement window.
Default: 0
### width
Number of symbols over which to measure impairments. A value of -1 (default) measures impairments over all symbols. Positive values must be two or greater.
Default: -1
## error in
Error conditions that occur before this node runs. The node responds to this input according to standard error behavior.
Default: no error
## reset?
A Boolean that determines how the node handles bits from partial symbols in the input bit stream.
TRUE Discards bits making up incomplete symbols. FALSE Saves the leftover bits and starts with them on the next iteration.
Default: TRUE
Parameter values defining the ASK system. Wire the ASK system parameters cluster of MT Generate ASK System Parameters (M) or MT Generate ASK System Parameters (map) to this cluster. Do not alter the values.
### samples per symbol
An even number of samples dedicated to each symbol. Multiply this value by the symbol rate to determine the sample rate.
Note
The demodulation and detector nodes use timing recovery, which is optimized for four or more samples per symbol.
Default: 16
### symbol map
An ordered array that maps each symbol to its desired level. The number of ASK levels in the array is 2 N , where N is the number of bits per symbol. The vector length for the symbols farthest from the origin is 1.
## magnitude error
The measured magnitude error as a percentage. Magnitude error is the magnitude difference between the ideal and the actual measured symbol locations.
### RMS measurement
The RMS impairment value calculated over the impairment measurement window.
### peak measurement
The peak impairment value measured over the impairment measurement window.
### peak symbol index
Index of the symbol having the peak magnitude of impairment.
### individual symbol measurements
The impairment value for each individual symbol.
## DC offset measurements
The measured DC offset of the I or Q waveforms as a percentage of the largest I and Q value in the symbol map of the recovered complex waveform.
### I
The DC offset of the I waveform, expressed as a percentage of the largest I or Q value in the symbol map.
### Q
The DC offset of the Q waveform, expressed as a percentage of the largest I or Q value in the symbol map.
### origin offset
The offset, in dB, of the constellation origin from its ideal location.
## phase error
The measured phase error in degrees. Notice that the phase offset is removed by the demodulator and is excluded from this measurement.
### RMS measurement
The RMS impairment value calculated over the impairment measurement window.
### peak measurement
The peak impairment value measured over the impairment measurement window.
### peak symbol index
Index of the symbol having the peak magnitude of impairment.
### individual symbol measurements
The impairment value for each individual symbol.
## EVM
The measured error vector magnitude (EVM) expressed as a percentage.
### RMS measurement
The RMS impairment value calculated over the impairment measurement window.
### peak measurement
The peak impairment value measured over the impairment measurement window.
### peak symbol index
Index of the symbol having the peak magnitude of impairment.
### individual symbol measurements
The impairment value for each individual symbol.
## modulation error ratio
The measured modulation error ratio in dB.
## error out
Error information. The node produces this output according to standard error behavior. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9143985509872437, "perplexity": 6170.709369739918}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215858.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820062343-20180820082343-00026.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.05489 | math.AG
(what is this?)
(what is this?)
# Title:Period-index bounds for arithmetic threefolds
Abstract: The standard period-index conjecture for the Brauer group of a field of transcendence degree 2 over a $p$-adic field predicts that the index divides the cube of the period. Using Gabber's theory of prime-to-$\ell$ alterations and the deformation theory of twisted sheaves, we prove that the index divides the fourth power of the period for every Brauer class whose period is prime to $6p$, giving the first uniform period-index bounds over such fields.
Comments: Some reorganization and improvements to the exposition Subjects: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG); Rings and Algebras (math.RA) MSC classes: 14F22, 14J20, 16K50 Cite as: arXiv:1704.05489 [math.AG] (or arXiv:1704.05489v2 [math.AG] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Benjamin Antieau [view email]
[v1] Tue, 18 Apr 2017 18:32:15 UTC (27 KB)
[v2] Mon, 10 Sep 2018 15:07:47 UTC (37 KB) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.49113717675209045, "perplexity": 2840.216286860209}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743105.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116152954-20181116174954-00078.warc.gz"} |
https://typingkeyboards.com/blog/preeti-font-download/ | Today we will be discussing on Preeti Font. Before Preeti Font Download, you must know what is Preeti Font. You will find details about Preeti Font below.
What is Preeti Font?
Preeti Font is Devanagari typeface and non-Unicode font typeface which uses the keyboard layout. In Nepal, many public service commissions conduct their clerk, stenographer, data entry operator’s typing exams using the Preeti typeface. Preeti font is the best Nepali font and it has excellent textual style. It pulls in the visitors to your website, that is the reason you can utilize this typography for Nepali content in Regular or Bold. Preeti Font is Nepal’s first typeface font for the Nepali language which is developed by Bhadrakali Mishra.
If you need New Design Nepali Fonts, then here is a list of 23 Stylish Nepali fonts. Click on their names to download the font or download all of Nepali Fonts in .zip files for free.
Steps to install Preeti Font
2. Open the Preeti Font.ttf file
3. Click on Install Font.
Preeti Font Information
• Font Name: Preeti Normal
• Font Style: Normal
• Font Type: OpenType
• Font Embedding: Installable
• Font Tags: Normal
• Number of Glyphs: None | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.95233154296875, "perplexity": 29362.595266108157}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524743.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121101406-20210121131406-00521.warc.gz"} |
https://marionlouveaux.fr:443/about/ | ## Data and Bioimage analysis
I am bioimage analyst, data scientist and R developer. I analyse biological images taken under the microscope using various image analysis software and I process the data I extract from them using the R software, for academic or private clients. I am instructor for image and data analysis. Finally, I am involved in the open source image analysis and R communities.
I was originally trained as an engineer in agronomy. Understanding complex systems, such as farming systems, requires knowledge from different fields, as well as the ability to discuss with people from various backgrounds in order to gather information, and the ability to train by oneself on new topics. This training gave me the opportunity to develop my ability to adapt to new situations and new issues, and gave me a strong taste for projects at the interface with several disciplines. To satisfy my curiosity toward fundamental biology topics, I then embarked for a PhD. Whereas the PhD is often seen as an overspecialization in a very focus domain, I had the chance to stay at the interface between physics and biology, work in a multi disciplinary team, and collaborate with scientist from other backgrounds. I developed my skills in biophysics, but also in microscopy, bioimage analysis, programming and statistics, applied to developmental biology. Developing organisms are complex systems, that are changing over time and space. They share common features, but each individual is unique. I have a particular interest for the assessment of spatio-temporal variability and robustness of development from image analysis and from multiple observations.
I like to share my research interests with other scientists from various backgrounds, as well as with a broader audience, from pre-school to adults. This blog is also a way of sharing science.
### Experience
2019 - today: Application specialist for the Icy image analysis software. Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, France.
2016 - 2019: Postdoctoral researcher. “Study of the morphogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral root using light sheet microscopy”. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany.
2016: Postdoctoral researcher (EMBO short term fellowship - 3 months). “Characterization of the cortical microtubules in the embryo of Arabidopsis thaliana”. Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands.
2012 - 2015: PhD on “Contribution of mechanical stress to cell division plane orientation at the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana”. ENS Lyon. France.
### Grants
2016: EMBO Short term fellowship - 3 months.
2012: PhD grant from Région Rhônes-Alpes - 3 years.
### Education
2012 - 2015: ENS Lyon, Lyon. PhD thesis in Life sciences.
2011 - 2012: AgroParisTech, Paris. Master 2 degree in Plant sciences.
2009 - 2012: Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes. Engineering degree (= Master 2) in Agronomy.
### Technical skills
• Bioimage analysis ImageJ/Fiji, MorphoGraphX (3D segmentation), Ilastik (pixel classification), 3D meshes manipulation with R, Icy
• Computational skills
R and R Shiny language (3 R packages), ImageJ/Fiji macro language, git, GitHub, GitLab, CI, Linux, Bash, LATEX, Arduino, Matlab and Python notions.
• Data analysis
Generalized Linear Models, analysis of variance, multivariate analysis, geometric morphometrics and machine learning.
• Microscopy
Bright field, confocal (laser scanning and spinning disk) and light sheet microscopy
• Biophysics
IR and UV laser ablation, nano-indentation.
### Interpersonal skills
• Collaborations (with physicists (modelers and experimentalists), statisticians, computer scientists, spatial data analysts, and R developers)
• Agile methodology and DevOps approach
• Professionnal networks
• Bioimage analysis: NEUBIAS
• R programming: R Ladies remote, Grrr
• Scientific communications (cf. publications)
• 2 first authors and 1 review as first author
• 2 co-authors and 1 reviews as co-author
• International conferences (6 talks, 2 as invited speaker)
• 3 R packages on my GitHub account
• Training given
• R programming language for beginners
• Image analysis for beginners
• Statistics for bachelor biology students
• The cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic cells
• French “qualification aux fonctions de maître de conférences”, section 66 and 65 (2018)
• Co-organizer of NEUBIAS Training Schools number 10 and number 15
• Co-organizer, moderator and instructor for the NEUBIAS Academy webinars
• Supervision (6 students)
• Outreach
• Science festivals
• Elementary and pre-school science education
• Art & Science
###### Citation:
. (2020, Oct. 24). "About Marion Louveaux". Retrieved from https://marionlouveaux.fr/about/.
@misc{2020About, | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20667870342731476, "perplexity": 13325.3694507413}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202114856-20211202144856-00443.warc.gz"} |
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/282037/countable-graph-that-is-as-non-traceable-as-it-gets | # Countable graph that is “as non-traceable as it gets”
If $\omega$ denotes the set of the natural numbers (= the first infinite ordinal), and if $E\subseteq\binom{\omega}{2}$ is any subset, we call a map $f\colon\omega\to\omega$ a walk in the graph $(\omega,E)$ if and only if $\{f(k),f(k+1)\}\in E$ for all $k\in\omega$.
We call $f$ a walk a Hamiltonian walk1 if and only if it is surjective.
Question.
Is there $E \subseteq \binom{\omega}{2}$ such that
1. there is at least one Hamiltonian walk in $(\omega,E)$,
2. every Hamiltonian walk in $(\omega,E)$ visits every vertex infinitely-often?
Remarks.
• A walk need not be injective, nor need it be surjective.
• Condition 1. implies that $(\omega,E)$ is a connected graph.
• In graph theory, an injective walk is called a path. (This is accidentally different from the usual convention in topology, where the term 'path' signals that self-intersections are permitted.)
• In graph theory, a graph admitting an injective and surjective walk into it is called traceable. (For finite graphs, the term Hamiltonian most often means that there exists a Hamilton path whose end-vertices are adjacent, i.e., a Hamilton circuit. For infinite graphs, this does not make sense (simply because then a Hamilton path does not have two "end-vertices"), which necessitates either (0) keeping to the study of Hamilton-paths only, or (1) using definitions involving some kind of 'convergence'.) This explains the focus of this question on Hamilton-paths, and the title of the OP.
1This terminology harmonizes rather well with e.g. the book Futaba Fujie, Ping Zhang: Covering Walks in Graphs. SpringerBriefs in Mathematics, 2014.
• Re " the proper term for a not necessarily injective "path" ": the usual convention is that this is just 'path'. For the record: 'path'='continuous map $[0,1]\to$(the space)', while 'arc'='map $[0,1]\to$(the space) which is a homeomorphism onto its image'. The latter condition is equivalent to 'injective' if (the space) is a Hausdorff space.) Note that this convention jarrs with the usual graph-theoretic convention which has 'path'='walk without any repetitions whatsoever'. This is just historical hazard. – Peter Heinig Sep 26 '17 at 12:46
• Wouldn't a two-sided infinite path do? – Wojowu Sep 26 '17 at 12:56
• @Dominic van der Zypen: extensive edits were made to your OP. I think that all these edits are right. In particular, the connectedness-condition was superfluous and misleading, unless I am missing something obvious. The term 'Hamiltonian walk' is an attested technical term. And Wojowu answered your question, and should perhaps make it an official answer. – Peter Heinig Sep 26 '17 at 14:01
• What about an infinite tree with all vertex degrees equal to 3? This works even for a path infinite in both directions. – Ilya Bogdanov Sep 26 '17 at 15:38
• What about $G=K_2$? – Jan Kyncl Sep 27 '17 at 0:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9221471548080444, "perplexity": 943.7395312896111}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532948.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421235818-20190422021818-00558.warc.gz"} |
http://www.zazzle.com.au/grey+6x8+invitations | Showing All Results
329 results
Page 1 of 6
Related Searches: black and white, save the date, silver
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
Got it! We won't show you this product again!
Undo
No matches for
Showing All Results
329 results
Page 1 of 6 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8015037178993225, "perplexity": 4254.181075834012}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223201753.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032001-00049-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02046759 | Article
Communications in Mathematical Physics
, Volume 78, Issue 4, pp 455-478
First online:
# Symmetry and bifurcations of momentum mappings
• Judith M. ArmsAffiliated withDepartment of Mathematics, University of Washington
• , Jerrold E. MarsdenAffiliated withDepartment of Mathematics, University of California
• , Vincent MoncriefAffiliated withDepartment of Physics, Yale University
Rent the article at a discount
Rent now
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
## Abstract
The zero set of a momentum mapping is shown to have a singularity at each point with symmetry. The zero set is diffeomorphic to the product of a manifold and the zero set of a homogeneous quadratic function. The proof uses the Kuranishi theory of deformations. Among the applications, it is shown that the set of all solutions of the Yang-Mills equations on a Lorentz manifold has a singularity at any solution with symmetry, in the sense of a pure gauge symmetry. Similarly, the set of solutions of Einstein's equations has a singularity at any solution that has spacelike Killing fields, provided the spacetime has a compact Cauchy surface. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9353850483894348, "perplexity": 437.4444488162407}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737927030.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221847-00019-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/math-topics/27852-describing-tranformations.html | # Math Help - describing tranformations
1. ## describing tranformations
why does 3x^2+ 2x +14 get smaller when i do 3(-x)^2 + 2(-x) +14?
Thanks
2. Originally Posted by chaneliman
why does 3x^2+ 2x +14 get smaller when i do 3(-x)^2 + 2(-x) +14?
Thanks
It doesn't. $g(x) = f(-x) = 3(-x)^2 + 2(-x) +14$ is the reflection of f(x) in the y-axis. There will be some values of x for which f(x) > f(-x) and some for which f(x) < f(-x), since the line of symmetry of f(x) is NOT the y-axis. But f(-x) will not be smaller than f(x) for all values of x .....
In fact:
f(x) = f(-x) for x = 0
f(x) < f(-x) for x < 0
f(x) > f(-x) for x > 0
Note also that each graph has the same minimum value of y, namely 41/3 ...... It occurs at x = -1/3 for y = f(x) and x = 1/3 for y = f(-x). | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9036372900009155, "perplexity": 1561.922440346086}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530895.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00519-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6531 | math.DS
(what is this?)
# Title: Oscillatory motions for the restricted planar circular three body problem
Abstract: In this paper we consider the circular restricted three body problem which models the motion of a masless body under the influence of the Newtionan gravitational force caused by two other bodies, the primaries, which move along cicular planar Keplerian orbits. In a suitable system of coordinates, this system has two degrees of freedom and the conserved energy is usually called the Jacobi constant. In 1980, J. Llibre and C. Sim\'o proved the existence of oscillatory motions for the restricted planar circular three body problem, that is, of orbits which leave every bounded region but which return infinitely often to some fixed bounded region. To prove their existence they had to assume the ratio between the masses of the two primaries to be exponentially small with respect to the Jacobi constant. In the present work, we generalize their work proving the existence of oscillatory motions for any value of the mass ratio.
To obtain such motions, we show that, for any value of the mass ratio and for big values of the Jacobi constant, there exist transversal intersections between the stable and unstable manifolds of infinity which guarantee the existence of a symbolic dynamics that creates the oscillatory orbits. The main achievement is to rigorously prove the existence of these orbits without assuming the mass ratio small since then this transversality can not be checked by means of classical perturbation theory respect to the mass ratio. Since our method is valid for all values of mass ratio, we are able to detect a curve in the parameter space, formed by the mass ratio and the Jacobi constant, where cubic homoclinic tangencies between the invariant manifolds of infinity appear.
Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS) Cite as: arXiv:1207.6531 [math.DS] (or arXiv:1207.6531v2 [math.DS] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Marcel Guardia [view email]
[v1] Fri, 27 Jul 2012 12:51:28 GMT (157kb)
[v2] Fri, 5 Oct 2012 14:22:49 GMT (159kb) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.967304527759552, "perplexity": 513.381487898767}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647576.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321043531-20180321063531-00401.warc.gz"} |
https://www.statisticsviews.com/details/journalArticle/10768864/A-kernel-smoothing-method-of-adjusting-for-unit-nonresponse-in-sample-surveys.html | ## A kernel smoothing method of adjusting for unit non‐response in sample surveys
### Abstract
Non‐response is a common problem in survey sampling and this phenomenon can only be ignored at the risk of invalidating inferences from a survey. In order to adjust for unit non‐response, the authors propose a weighting method in which kernel regression is used to estimate the response probabilities. They show that the adjusted estimator is consistent and they derive its asymptotic distribution. They also suggest a means of estimating its variance through a replication‐based technique. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo study allows them to illustrate the properties of the non‐response adjustment and its variance estimator.
View all
View all | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8897668719291687, "perplexity": 922.2163782330266}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119144618-20191119172618-00246.warc.gz"} |
http://elib.mi.sanu.ac.rs/pages/browse_issue.php?db=tm&rbr=31 | eLibrary of Mathematical Instituteof the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
> Home / All Journals / Journal /
The Teaching of MathematicsPublisher: Društvo matematičara Srbije, BeogradISSN: 1451-4966 (Print), 2406-1077 (Online)Issue: XVI_2Date: 2013Journal Homepage
Algebra as a tool for structuring number systems 47 - 66 Milosav M. Marjanović and Marijana Zeljić
AbstractKeywords: Invariance of number, additive scheme, addition and subtraction tasks, number system up to 20.MSC: 1MSC97H20 2MathEducH22
A note on infinite descent principle 67 - 78 Miljan Knežević and Đorđe Krtinić
AbstractKeywords: Infinite descent principle, principle of mathematical induction, well ordering property.MSC: 1MSC97E60 97F60 97K20 2MathEducE65 F65 K25
To be integer or not to be rational: that is the questio$\sqrt{N}$ 79 - 81 Samuel G. Moreno and Esther M. García-Caballero
AbstractKeywords: Rational and irrational numbers.MSC: 1MSC97F60 2MathEducF64
New methods for calculation of some limits 82 - 88 D. M. Bǎtineţu-Giurgiu and Neculai Stanciu
AbstractKeywords: Limits of sequences, problem solving.MSC: 1MSC97D50 97I30 2MathEducD55 I35
ISDET 2013 Conference 89 - 98 Redakcija
AbstractMSC: 1MSC9706 2MathEducA99
Remote Address: 18.207.249.15 • Server: elib.mi.sanu.ac.rsHTTP User Agent: CCBot/2.0 (https://commoncrawl.org/faq/) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4258230924606323, "perplexity": 15103.974143077186}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112230002-20191113014002-00231.warc.gz"} |
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/users/5027/max-krohn?tab=activity | Max Krohn
Reputation
Top tag
Next privilege 250 Rep.
Sep 24 awarded Autobiographer May 20 comment How can one encrypt with RSA (or ElGamal) without revealing whom the ciphertext is intended for? This is a great pointer. For RSA: "Our variant simply repeats the ciphertext computation, each time using new coins, until the ciphertext $y$ satisfies $1 \le y \le 2k−2$, where $k$ is the length of $N$." For PGP, we'd need to assume the same proof works for EME-PCKS#1-v1.5 as works for OAEP. Their construction works with preexisting decryptors, which is nice. Their other claim is that ElGamal already has key privacy. May 20 asked How can one encrypt with RSA (or ElGamal) without revealing whom the ciphertext is intended for? Nov 19 comment A key-derivation function that is as strong as the stronger of PBKDF2 and scrypt I prefer the simplicity of your construction, but I wonder why $H(salt)$ as an input to PBKDF2? Is the idea to have independent inputs to the two functions? If so, the first step in both scrypt and PBKDF2 is HMAC-SHA256, so we can get away something like: $k = \mathrm{scrypt}(key||\mathtt{0x1},\,salt||\mathtt{0x1}) \oplus \mathrm{PBKDF2}(key||\mathtt{0x2},\,salt||\mathtt{0x2})$ Nov 19 revised A key-derivation function that is as strong as the stronger of PBKDF2 and scrypt Remove thanks for style reasons. Nov 19 comment A key-derivation function that is as strong as the stronger of PBKDF2 and scrypt Right, there are two uses of PBKDF2 --- the first to stretch the original key into $128rp$ bytes to seed $\mathrm{smix}$, and the second to stretch the output of $\mathrm{smix}$ into $\mathrm{dkLen}$ bytes. In both cases, the iteration count is $c = 1$. If you ask for $\mathrm{dkLen} \le 32$, then the second call to PBKDF2 is simply a call to HMAC-SHA-256. Nov 19 asked A key-derivation function that is as strong as the stronger of PBKDF2 and scrypt Oct 3 awarded Supporter Sep 16 comment Integer factorization based password authentication Check out the Secure Remote Password Protocol (SRP). It's the "right" way to do password authentication with small shared secrets, and has the additional benefit that the user can authenticate the server in the process. Sep 14 comment HMAC construction based on the combination of two hash functions Ricky, any more clues? Sorry to be slow. Thanks. Sep 14 comment HMAC construction based on the combination of two hash functions Right, I was hoping to avoid the output size inflation. Moreover, what about using this HMAC in PBKDF2? If using the HMAC(H_1) || HMAC(H_2) construction, some output bits will be functions only of HMAC(H_1), and others only of HMAC(H_2). Sep 13 awarded Editor Sep 13 revised HMAC construction based on the combination of two hash functions Add "$1$" and "$2$" to the outer hashes to prevent an answer of $0$ when the same hash is used for $H_1$ and $H_2$. Thanks to Paŭlo Ebermann for pointing out that corner case. Sep 13 comment HMAC construction based on the combination of two hash functions That's a great point, thanks. Sep 13 awarded Student Sep 13 asked HMAC construction based on the combination of two hash functions | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24802881479263306, "perplexity": 1606.939853813681}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701167113.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193927-00185-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://community.bt.com/t5/Archive-Staging/Interleaving-Killing-Pings-DLM-Lockout-Request/m-p/1366899 | cancel
Showing results for
Show only | Search instead for
Did you mean:
Aspiring Contributor
1,651 Views
Message 21 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
In April,my engineer said that DLM was aggressively reducing my upload speed which is now only 0.8 ,and he managed to hard cap the speed at about 1.1. This lasted about 4 months but,as I say, is now back at 0.8
I should be getting 1.3 and it's the upload which is far more important to me.
It's pointless,and gut wrenching,to go to Mumbai with this issue.
How can I get it hardset at a higher figure again ?
For info I am 1.9 km from cabinet .
We are paying for option 1.
40 meg down,2 meg upload,which is right option bearing in mind distance from cabinet.
Aspiring Contributor
1,647 Views
Message 22 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
Do BT Customer contact people actually respond on the forum anymore? I've been waiting on this for some time now.
Sage
1,642 Views
Message 23 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
What you are requesting cannot be done by your ISP at present. The fact that Openreach engineers may be able to action the request it is not a service offered to ISP's by Openreach as yet.
Aspiring Contributor
1,636 Views
Message 24 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
OK,so how do I get an OpenReach engineer to fix this again ?
Distinguished Sage
1,628 Views
Message 25 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
@Enverex wrote:
Do BT Customer contact people actually respond on the forum anymore? I've been waiting on this for some time now.
This is a customer to customer self help forum posts made here do not go to BT although the forum is moderated by BT not every post is read
Distinguished Guru
1,624 Views
Message 26 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
@howard2526 wrote:
OK,so how do I get an OpenReach engineer to fix this again ?
I think you'll have to request an engineer's visit and ask him to do whatever the previous engineer did.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
If you found this post helpful, please click on the star on the left
If not, I'll try again 🙂
Aspiring Contributor
1,620 Views
Message 27 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
Thanks.
Is there any way to circumvent the Mumbai experience ?
Distinguished Sage
1,608 Views
Message 28 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
no there is not i am afraid
Aspiring Contributor
1,596 Views
Message 29 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
Well that's just **bleep** isn't it. So the answer is basically they can, but they won't. The engineer basically said that I need to request it through BT, else he would have done it.
Distinguished Guru
1,592 Views
Message 30 of 31
## Re: Interleaving Killing Pings (DLM Lockout Request)
The other posters have said the engineer just did it, no need to ask BT, so I don't know who's right.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
If you found this post helpful, please click on the star on the left
If not, I'll try again 🙂 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8358449339866638, "perplexity": 5293.898880617238}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00211.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/3531-probability-triangle-print.html | # Probability of a triangle
Show 40 post(s) from this thread on one page
Page 1 of 2 12 Last
• Jun 19th 2006, 09:16 PM
malaygoel
Probability of a triangle
Prove that the probability that two positive numbers, x and y both less than 1, written down at random with unity, yield a triplet(x,y,1) whish are the sides of an obtuse angled triangle is $\frac{\pi - 2}{4}$
Keep Smiling
Malay
• Jun 20th 2006, 08:32 AM
ThePerfectHacker
I do not understand what you mean by a triplet?
• Jun 20th 2006, 09:41 AM
CaptainBlack
Quote:
Originally Posted by ThePerfectHacker
I do not understand what you mean by a triplet?
A set of three numbers that are the lengths of the sides of some triangle,
(or one of my chidren :confused: :eek: )
RonL
• Jun 20th 2006, 09:43 AM
CaptainBlack
Quote:
Originally Posted by ThePerfectHacker
I do not understand what you mean by a triplet?
Have you considered revising you signature to :
1) do not make posts of cardinality greater than 1
2) do not discuss illegal operations on the forum
3) do not use improper integrals
4) do not abuse notation
5) Axiom of Choice is allowed.
:p
RonL
• Jun 20th 2006, 11:49 AM
JakeD
Quote:
Originally Posted by malaygoel
Prove that the probability that two positive numbers, x and y both less than 1, written down at random with unity, yield a triplet(x,y,1) whish are the sides of an obtuse angled triangle is $\frac{\pi - 2}{4}$
Keep Smiling
Malay
Here's the picture. The probability is the area between the thicker lines.
$\setlength{\unitlength}{2.5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\qbezier(0,0)(0,0)(1,0)
\qbezier(0,0)(0,0)(0,1)
\qbezier(1,0)(1,0)(1,1)
\qbezier(0,1)(0,1)(1,1)
\linethickness{1.3pt}
\qbezier(1,0)(1,0)(0,1)
\qbezier(1.0, 0.0)(1.0, 0.41)(0.71, 0.71)
\qbezier(0.71, 0.71)(0.41, 1.0)(0.0, 1.0)
\end{picture}
$
• Jun 20th 2006, 12:04 PM
MathGuru
wow! +rep
Quote:
Originally Posted by JakeD
Here's the picture. The probability is the area between the thicker lines.
$\setlength{\unitlength}{2.5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\qbezier(0,0)(0,0)(1,0)
\qbezier(0,0)(0,0)(0,1)
\qbezier(1,0)(1,0)(1,1)
\qbezier(0,1)(0,1)(1,1)
\linethickness{1.3pt}
\qbezier(1,0)(1,0)(0,1)
\qbezier(1.0, 0.0)(1.0, 0.41)(0.71, 0.71)
\qbezier(0.71, 0.71)(0.41, 1.0)(0.0, 1.0)
\end{picture}
$
wow! +rep
• Jun 20th 2006, 06:42 PM
malaygoel
Quote:
Originally Posted by JakeD
Here's the picture. The probability is the area between the thicker lines.
$\setlength{\unitlength}{2.5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\qbezier(0,0)(0,0)(1,0)
\qbezier(0,0)(0,0)(0,1)
\qbezier(1,0)(1,0)(1,1)
\qbezier(0,1)(0,1)(1,1)
\linethickness{1.3pt}
\qbezier(1,0)(1,0)(0,1)
\qbezier(1.0, 0.0)(1.0, 0.41)(0.71, 0.71)
\qbezier(0.71, 0.71)(0.41, 1.0)(0.0, 1.0)
\end{picture}
$
Will you please explain how did you get that picture(how it is linked to the question)?
• Jun 20th 2006, 06:53 PM
malaygoel
Quote:
Originally Posted by malaygoel
Will you please explain how did you get that picture(how it is linked to the question)?
Ok, I understand it.
I drew the graphs of
$x + y = 1$
$x^2 + y^2 = 1$
and got the same picture as yours.
I got the answer also from the picture.
Did you also arrive at the picture using Analytic Geometry?If no, what method you adopted.
KeepSmiling
Malay
• Jun 20th 2006, 08:09 PM
JakeD
Quote:
Originally Posted by malaygoel
Ok, I understand it.
I drew the graphs of
$x + y = 1$
$x^2 + y^2 = 1$
and got the same picture as yours.
I got the answer also from the picture.
Did you also arrive at the picture using Analytic Geometry?If no, what method you adopted.
KeepSmiling
Malay
I used the same thinking. Glad to help. --JakeD
• Jun 21st 2006, 02:32 AM
malaygoel
Quote:
Originally Posted by JakeD
I used the same thinking. Glad to help. --JakeD
But the problem is that we are discouraged to use Analytic Geometry.
Could the answer be obtained without using Analytic Geometry?
Keep Smiling
Malay
• Jun 21st 2006, 05:46 AM
ThePerfectHacker
Quote:
Originally Posted by CaptainBlack
Have you considered revising you signature to :
1) do not make posts of cardinality greater than 1
2) do not discuss illegal operations on the forum
3) do not use improper integrals
4) do not abuse notation
5) Axiom of Choice is allowed.
:p
RonL
I like that :D
Maybe once we have rules on the forum link, then I will take it off.
• Jun 21st 2006, 07:05 AM
JakeD
Quote:
Originally Posted by malaygoel
But the problem is that we are discouraged to use Analytic Geometry.
Could the answer be obtained without using Analytic Geometry?
Keep Smiling
Malay
Yes. Use integral calculus to find the area of the region
\begin{aligned}
x + y &\ge 1 \\
x^2 + y^2 &\le 1 \\
0 \le x &\le 1 \\
0 \le y &\le 1. \\
\end{aligned}
• Jun 21st 2006, 08:42 AM
malaygoel
Quote:
Originally Posted by JakeD
Yes. Use integral calculus to find the area of the region
\begin{aligned}
x + y &\ge 1 \\
x^2 + y^2 &\le 1 \\
0 \le x &\le 1 \\
0 \le y &\le 1. \\
\end{aligned}
Thanks, but what I wanted to say that can the answer be obtained without using analytic geometry at any stage?
We have used analytic geometry to obtain the picture!
Keep Smiling
Malay
• Jun 21st 2006, 09:13 AM
JakeD
Quote:
Originally Posted by malaygoel
Thanks, but what I wanted to say that can the answer be obtained without using analytic geometry at any stage?
We have used analytic geometry to obtain the picture!
Keep Smiling
Malay
The inequalities involving $x$ and $y$ come from considering what it means to be an obtuse triangle. That comes from geometry. But the picture comes from graphing those inequalities. Then the leap to the probability comes from seeing that the picture is of a unit circle and a triangle. That analytical geometry and trigonometry is not necessary. As I said you can use calculus there. But then the trig comes back in solving the integral for the circle. The answer contains $\pi$ remember.
• Jun 21st 2006, 06:03 PM
malaygoel
Quote:
Originally Posted by JakeD
The inequalities involving $x$ and $y$ come from considering what it means to be an obtuse triangle. That comes from geometry. But the picture comes from graphing those inequalities.
We have to draw arough sketch, we can't use graphs.
Quote:
Then the leap to the probability comes from seeing that the picture is of a unit circle and a triangle. That analytical geometry and trigonometry is not necessary. As I said you can use calculus there. But then the trig comes back in solving the integral for the circle. The answer contains $\pi$ remember.
Trigonometry can be used as extensively as you want. $\pi$ can arise from trigonometry.
Keep Smiling
Malay
Show 40 post(s) from this thread on one page
Page 1 of 2 12 Last | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 18, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9494085311889648, "perplexity": 1376.9723094634112}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720973.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00498-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mersenneforum.org/showpost.php?s=c6b713565ca688765067bca00e8d6a84&p=69845&postcount=5 | View Single Post
2006-01-04, 06:58 #5
"Richard B. Woods"
Aug 2002
Wisconsin USA
22×3×641 Posts
Quote:
Originally Posted by devarajkandadai 5 is the minimum universal exponent (w.r.t base 2) i.e. (2^5) - 1 =31 and 5 is the minimum exp such that 2^n - 1 is congruent to zero (mod 31).
But why is 5 the minimum universal exponent with respect to base 2, and not 3 or 2 or even 1, for example? After all, 3 or 2 (or 1) satisfies the same statement you give for 5:
(2^3) - 1 =7 and 3 is the minimum (positive) exponent such that 2^n - 1 is congruent to zero (mod 7).
(2^2) - 1 =3 and 2 is the minimum (positive) exponent such that 2^n - 1 is congruent to zero (mod 3). | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8076237440109253, "perplexity": 1182.7996033691084}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362741.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301151825-20210301181825-00143.warc.gz"} |
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/a/additional+electron+donor.html | #### Sample records for additional electron donor
1. Chemostat Studies of TCE-Dehalogenating Anaerobic Consortia under Excess and Limited Electron Donor Addition
Semprini, L.; Azizian, M.; Green, J.; Mayer-Blackwell, K.; Spormann, A. M.
2015-12-01
Two cultures - the Victoria Strain (VS) and the Evanite Strain (EV), enriched with the organohalide respiring bacteria Dehalococcoides mccartyi - were grown in chemostats for more than 4 years at a mean cell residence time of 50 days. The slow doubling rate represents growth likely experienced in the subsurface. The chemostats were fed formate as an electron donor and trichloroethene (TCE) as the terminal electron acceptor. Under excess formate conditions, stable operation was observed with respect to TCE transformation, steady-state hydrogen (H2) concentrations (40 nM), and the structure of the dehalogenating community. Both cultures completely transformed TCE to ethene, with minor amounts of vinyl chloride (VC) observed, along with acetate formation. When formate was limited, TCE was transformed incompletely to ethene (40-60%) and VC (60- 40%), and H2 concentrations ranged from 1 to 3 nM. The acetate concentration dropped below detection. Batch kinetic studies of TCE transformation with chemostat harvested cells found transformation rates of c-DCE and VC were greatly reduced when the cells were grown with limited formate. Upon increasing formate addition to the chemostats, from limited to excess, essentially complete transformation of TCE to ethene was achieved. The increase in formate was associated with an increase in H2 concentration and the production of acetate. Results of batch kinetic tests showed increases in transformation rates for TCE and c-DCE by factors of 3.5 and 2.5, respectively, while VC rates increased by factors of 33 to 500, over a six month period. Molecular analysis of chemostat samples is being performed to quantify the changes in copy numbers of reductase genes and to determine whether shifts in the strains of Dehalococcoides mccartyi where responsible for the observed rate increases. The results demonstrate the importance of electron donor supply for successful in-situ remediation.
2. Field Evidence for Co-Metabolism of Trichloroethene Stimulated by Addition of Electron Donor to Groundwater
SciTech Connect
Conrad, Mark E.; Brodie, Eoin L.; Radtke, Corey W.; Bill, Markus; Delwiche, Mark E.; Lee, M. Hope; Swift, Dana L.; Colwell, Frederick S.
2010-05-17
For more than 10 years, electron donor has been injected into the Snake River aquifer beneath the Test Area North site of the Idaho National Laboratory for the purpose of stimulating microbial reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) in groundwater. This has resulted in significant TCE removal from the source area of the contaminant plume and elevated dissolved CH4 in the groundwater extending 250 m from the injection well. The delta13C of the CH4 increases from 56o/oo in the source area to -13 o/oo with distance from the injection well, whereas the delta13C of dissolved inorganic carbon decreases from 8 o/oo to -13 o/oo, indicating a shift from methanogenesis to methane oxidation. This change in microbial activity along the plume axis is confirmed by PhyloChip microarray analyses of 16S rRNA genes obtained from groundwater microbial communities, which indicate decreasing abundances of reductive dechlorinating microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides ethenogenes) and increasing CH4-oxidizing microorganisms capable of aerobic co-metabolism of TCE (e.g., Methylosinus trichosporium). Incubation experiments with 13C-labeled TCE introduced into microcosms containing basalt and groundwater from the aquifer confirm that TCE co-metabolism is possible. The results of these studies indicate that electron donor amendment designed to stimulate reductive dechlorination of TCE may also stimulate co-metabolism of TCE.
3. Field evidence for co-metabolism of trichloroethene stimulated by addition of electron donor to groundwater.
PubMed
Conrad, Mark E; Brodie, Eoin L; Radtke, Corey W; Bill, Markus; Delwiche, Mark E; Lee, M Hope; Swift, Dana L; Colwell, Frederick S
2010-06-15
For more than 10 years, electron donor has been injected into the Snake River aquifer beneath the Test Area North site of the Idaho National Laboratory for the purpose of stimulating microbial reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) in groundwater. This has resulted in significant TCE removal from the source area of the contaminant plume and elevated dissolved CH(4) in the groundwater extending 250 m from the injection well. The delta(13)C of the CH(4) increases from -56 per thousand in the source area to -13 per thousand with distance from the injection well, whereas the delta(13)C of dissolved inorganic carbon decreases from 8 per thousand to -13 per thousand, indicating a shift from methanogenesis to methane oxidation. This change in microbial activity along the plume axis is confirmed by PhyloChip microarray analyses of 16S rRNA genes obtained from groundwater microbial communities, which indicate decreasing abundances of reductive dechlorinating microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides ethenogenes) and increasing CH(4)-oxidizing microorganisms capable of aerobic co-metabolism of TCE (e.g., Methylosinus trichosporium). Incubation experiments with (13)C-labeled TCE introduced into microcosms containing basalt and groundwater from the aquifer confirm that TCE co-metabolism is possible. The results of these studies indicate that electron donor amendment designed to stimulate reductive dechlorination of TCE may also stimulate co-metabolism of TCE. PMID:20476753
4. 15N electron nuclear double resonance of the primary donor cation radical P+.865 in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: additional evidence for the dimer model.
PubMed Central
Lubitz, W; Isaacson, R A; Abresch, E C; Feher, G
1984-01-01
Four 15N hyperfine coupling constants, including signs, have been measured by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and electron nuclear nuclear triple resonance (TRIPLE) for the bacteriochlorophyll a radical cation, BChla+., in vitro and for the light-induced primary donor radical cation, P+.865, in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26. A comparison of the data shows that the hyperfine coupling constants have the same sign in both radicals and are, on the average, smaller by a factor of 2 in P+.865. These results provide additional evidence that P+.865 is a bacteriochlorophyll dimer and are in contradiction with the monomer structure of P+.865 recently proposed by O'Malley and Babcock. The reduction factors of the individual 15N couplings, together with the evidence from proton ENDOR data and molecular orbital calculations, indicate a dimer structure in which only two rings (either I and I or III and III) of the bacteriochlorophyll macrocycles overlap. PMID:6096857
5. Quantum Computing in Silicon with Donor Electron Spins
Simmons, Michelle
2014-03-01
Extremely long electron and nuclear spin coherence times have recently been demonstrated in isotopically pure Si-28 making silicon one of the most promising semiconductor materials for spin based quantum information. The two level spin state of single electrons bound to shallow phosphorus donors in silicon in particular provide well defined, reproducible qubits and represent a promising system for a scalable quantum computer in silicon. An important challenge in these systems is the realisation of an architecture, where we can position donors within a crystalline environment with approx. 20-50nm separation, individually address each donor, manipulate the electron spins using ESR techniques and read-out their spin states. We have developed a unique fabrication strategy for a scalable quantum computer in silicon using scanning tunneling microscope hydrogen lithography to precisely position individual P donors in a Si crystal aligned with nanoscale precision to local control gates necessary to initialize, manipulate, and read-out the spin states. During this talk I will focus on demonstrating electronic transport characteristics and single-shot spin read-out of precisely-positioned P donors in Si. Additionally I will report on our recent progress in performing single spin rotations by locally applying oscillating magnetic fields and initial characterization of transport devices with two and three single donors. The challenges of scaling up to practical 2D architectures will also be discussed.
6. Electron Donor Acceptor Interactions. Final Progress Report
SciTech Connect
2002-08-16
The Gordon Research Conference (GRC) on Electron Donor Acceptor Interactions was held at Salve Regina University, Newport, Rhode Island, 8/11-16/02. Emphasis was placed on current unpublished research and discussion of the future target areas in this field.
7. Electron paramagnetic resonance of a donor in aluminum nitride crystals
Evans, S. M.; Giles, N. C.; Halliburton, L. E.; Slack, G. A.; Schujman, S. B.; Schowalter, L. J.
2006-02-01
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectra are obtained from a donor in aluminum nitride (AlN) crystals. Although observed in as-grown crystals, exposure to x rays significantly increases the concentration of this center. ENDOR identifies a strong hyperfine interaction with one aluminum neighbor along the c axis and weaker equivalent hyperfine interactions with three additional aluminum neighbors in the basal plane. These aluminum interactions indicate that the responsible center is a deep donor at a nitrogen site. The observed paramagnetic defect is either a neutral oxygen substituting for nitrogen (ON0) or a neutral nitrogen vacancy (VN0).
8. Few electron quantum dot coupling to donor implanted electron spins
Rudolph, Martin; Harvey-Collard, Patrick; Neilson, Erik; Gamble, John; Muller, Richard; Jacobson, Toby; Ten-Eyck, Greg; Wendt, Joel; Pluym, Tammy; Lilly, Michael; Carroll, Malcolm
2015-03-01
Donor-based Si qubits are receiving increased interest because of recent demonstrations of high fidelity electron or nuclear spin qubits and their coupling. Quantum dot (QD) mediated interactions between donors are of interest for future coupling of two donors. We present experiment and modeling of a polysilicon/Si MOS QD, charge-sensed by a neighboring many electron QD, capable of coupling to one or two donor implanted electron spins (D) while tuned to the few electron regime. The unique design employs two neighboring gated wire FETs and self-aligned implants, which supports many configurations of implanted donors. We can access the (0,1) ⇔(1,0) transition between the D and QD, as well as the resonance condition between the few electron QD and two donors ((0,N,1) ⇔(0,N +1,0) ⇔(1,N,0)). We characterize capacitances and tunnel rate behavior combined with semi-classical and full configuration interaction simulations to study the energy landscape and kinetics of D-QD transitions. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a U.S. DOE, Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility. The work was supported by the Sandia National Laboratories Directed Research and Development Program. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000.
9. Electron shuttling in phosphorus donor qubit systems
Jacobson, N. Tobias; Gamble, John King; Nielsen, Erik; Muller, Richard P.; Witzel, Wayne M.; Montano, Ines; Carroll, Malcolm S.
2014-03-01
Phosphorus donors in silicon are a promising qubit architecture, due in large part to their long nuclear coherence times and the recent development of atomically precise fabrication methods. Here, we investigate issues related to implementing qubits with phosphorus donors in silicon, employing an effective mass theory that non-phenomenologically takes into account inter-valley coupling. We estimate the significant sources of decoherence and control errors in this system to compute the fidelity of primitive gates and gate timescales. We include the effects of valley repopulation during the process of shuttling an electron between a donor and nearby interface or between neighboring donors, evaluating the control requirements for ensuring adiabaticity with respect to the valley sector. This work was supported in part by the LDRD program at Sandia National Labs, a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corp, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corp, for the U.S. DOE NNSA under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
10. Polymerization Initiated by Organic Electron Donors.
PubMed
Broggi, Julie; Rollet, Marion; Clément, Jean-Louis; Canard, Gabriel; Terme, Thierry; Gigmes, Didier; Vanelle, Patrice
2016-05-10
Polymerization reactions with organic electron donors (OED) as initiators are presented herein. The metal-free polymerization of various activated alkene and cyclic ester monomers was performed in short reaction times, under mild conditions, with small amounts of organic reducing agents, and without the need for co-initiators or activation by photochemical, electrochemical, or other methods. Hence, OED initiators enabled the development of an efficient, rapid, room-temperature process that meets the technical standards expected for industrial processes, such as energy savings, cost-effectiveness and safety. Mechanistic investigations support an electron-transfer initiation pathway that leads to the reduction of the monomer. PMID:27061743
11. Discovery and Development of Organic Super-Electron-Donors
PubMed Central
2014-01-01
Based on simple ideas of electron-rich alkenes, exemplified by tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethene, TDAE, and on additional driving force associated with aromatization, families of very powerful neutral organic super-electron-donors (SEDs) have been developed. In the ground state, they carry out metal-free reductions of a range of functional groups. Iodoarenes are reduced either to aryl radicals or, with stronger donors, to aryl anions. Reduction to aryl radicals allows the initiation of very efficient transition-metal-free coupling of haloarenes to arenes. The donors also reduce alkyl halides, arenesulfonamides, triflates, and triflamdes, Weinreb amides, and acyloin derivatives. Under photoactivation at 365 nm, they are even more powerful and reductively cleave aryl chlorides. They reduce unactivated benzenes to the corresponding radical anions and display original selectivities in preferentially reducing benzenes over malonates or cyanoacetates. Additionally, they reductively cleave ArC–X, ArX–C (X = N or O) and ArC–C bonds, provided that the two resulting fragments are somewhat stabilized. PMID:24605904
12. Donor-acceptor electron transport mediated by solitons.
PubMed
Brizhik, L S; Piette, B M A G; Zakrzewski, W J
2014-11-01
We study the long-range electron and energy transfer mediated by solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional molecular chain (conjugated polymer, alpha-helical macromolecule, etc.) weakly bound to a donor and an acceptor. We show that for certain sets of parameter values in such systems an electron, initially located at the donor molecule, can tunnel to the molecular chain, where it becomes self-trapped in a soliton state, and propagates to the opposite end of the chain practically without energy dissipation. Upon reaching the end, the electron can either bounce back and move in the opposite direction or, for suitable parameter values of the system, tunnel to the acceptor. We estimate the energy efficiency of the donor-acceptor electron transport depending on the parameter values. Our calculations show that the soliton mechanism works for the parameter values of polypeptide macromolecules and conjugated polymers. We also investigate the donor-acceptor electron transport in thermalized molecular chains. PMID:25493866
13. Donor-acceptor electron transport mediated by solitons
Brizhik, L. S.; Piette, B. M. A. G.; Zakrzewski, W. J.
2014-11-01
We study the long-range electron and energy transfer mediated by solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional molecular chain (conjugated polymer, alpha-helical macromolecule, etc.) weakly bound to a donor and an acceptor. We show that for certain sets of parameter values in such systems an electron, initially located at the donor molecule, can tunnel to the molecular chain, where it becomes self-trapped in a soliton state, and propagates to the opposite end of the chain practically without energy dissipation. Upon reaching the end, the electron can either bounce back and move in the opposite direction or, for suitable parameter values of the system, tunnel to the acceptor. We estimate the energy efficiency of the donor-acceptor electron transport depending on the parameter values. Our calculations show that the soliton mechanism works for the parameter values of polypeptide macromolecules and conjugated polymers. We also investigate the donor-acceptor electron transport in thermalized molecular chains.
14. Remote Electronic Effects by Ether Protecting Groups Fine-Tune Glycosyl Donor Reactivity.
PubMed
Heuckendorff, Mads; Poulsen, Lulu Teressa; Jensen, Henrik H
2016-06-17
It was established that para-substituted benzyl ether protecting groups affect the reactivity of glycosyl donors of the thioglycoside type with the N-iodosuccinimide/triflic acid promoter system. Having electron donating p-methoxybenzyl ether (PMB) groups increased the reactivity of the donor in comparison to having electron withdrawing p-chloro (PClB) or p-cyanobenzyl ether (PCNB) protecting groups, which decreased the reactivity of the glycosyl donor relative to the parent benzyl ether (Bn) protected glycosyl donor. These findings were used to perform the first armed-disarmed coupling between two benzylated glucosyl donors by tuning their reactivity. In addition, the present work describes a highly efficient palladium catalyzed multiple cyanation and methoxylation of p-chlorobenzyl protected thioglycosides. The results of this paper regarding both the different electron withdrawing properties of various benzyl ethers and the efficient and multiple protecting group transformations are applicable in general organic chemistry and not restricted to carbohydrate chemistry. PMID:27224456
15. Electron paramagnetic resonance of a donor in aluminum nitride crystals.
Evans, Sean; Giles, Nancy; Halliburton, Larry; Slack, Glen; Schujman, Sandra; Schowalter, Leo
2006-03-01
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) have been used to characterize a dominant donor in single crystals of aluminum nitride (AlN). A broad EPR signal, with g (parallel) = 2.002 and g (perpendicular) = 2.006, is observed in the as-grown crystals. Exposure to x-rays (i.e., ionizing radiation) increases the concentration of this center by a factor of five to ten (depending on sample), thus indicating that most of these centers are initially present in the crystals in a nonparamagnetic charge state. ENDOR identifies a strong hyperfine interaction with one aluminum neighbor along the c axis (described by A (parallel) = 111.30 MHz, A (perpendicular) = 54.19 MHz, and P = 0.289 MHz) and weaker equivalent hyperfine interactions with three additional aluminum neighbors in the basal plane. These aluminum interactions indicate that the responsible center is a deep donor at a nitrogen site. The observed paramagnetic defect is either a neutral oxygen substituting for nitrogen or a neutral nitrogen vacancy. This work was supported at West Virginia University by the National Science Foundation (Grant DMR-0508140). One of the authors (SME) received support from the WV EPSCoR STEM fellowship program.
16. The role of electron donors generated from UV photolysis for accelerating pyridine biodegradation.
PubMed
Tang, Yingxia; Zhang, Yongming; Yan, Ning; Liu, Rui; Rittmann, Bruce E
2015-09-01
Employing an internal circulation baffled biofilm reactor (ICBBR), we evaluated the mechanisms by which photolysis accelerated the biodegradation and mineralization of pyridine (C5 H5 N), a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound. We tested the hypothesis that pyridine oxidation is accelerated because a key photolysis intermediate, succinate, is as electron donor that promotes the initial mono-oxygenation of pyridine. Experimentally, longer photolysis time generated more electron-donor products (succinate), which stimulated faster pyridine biodegradation. This pattern was confirmed by directly adding succinate, and the stimulation effect occurred similarly with addition of the same equivalents of acetate and formate. Succinate, whether generated by UV photolysis or added directly, also accelerated mono-oxygenation of the first biodegradation intermediate, 2-hydroxyl pyridine (2HP). 2HP and pyridine were mutually inhibitory in that their mono-oxygenations competed for internal electron donor; thus, the addition of any readily biodegradable donor accelerated both mono-oxygenation steps, as well as mineralization. PMID:25854706
17. Stark Tuning of Donor Electron Spins of Silicon
SciTech Connect
Bradbury, Forrest R.; Tyryshkin, Alexei M.; Sabouret, Guillaume; Bokor, Jeff; Schenkel, Thomas; Lyon, Stephen A.
2006-03-23
We report Stark shift measurements for {sup 121}Sb donor electron spins in silicon using pulsed electron spin resonance. Interdigitated metal gates on top of a Sb-implanted {sup 28}Si epi-layer are used to apply electric fields. Two Stark effects are resolved: a decrease of the hyperfine coupling between electron and nuclear spins of the donor and a decrease in electron Zeeman g-factor. The hyperfine term prevails at X-band magnetic fields of 0.35T, while the g-factor term is expected to dominate at higher magnetic fields. A significant linear Stark effect is also resolved presumably arising from strain.
18. Stark tuning of donor electron spins in silicon
SciTech Connect
Bradbury, F.R.; Tyryshkin, A.M.; Sabouret, G.; Bokor, J.; Schenkel, T.; Lyon, S.A.
2006-03-12
We report Stark shift measurements for 121Sb donor electronspins in silicon using pulsed electron spin resonance. Interdigitatedmetal gates on top of a Sb-implanted 28Si epi-layer are used to applyelectric fields. Two Stark effects are resolved: a decrease of thehyperfine coupling between electron and nuclear spins of the donor and adecrease in electron Zeeman g-factor. The hyperfine term prevails atX-band magnetic fields of 0.35T, while the g-factor term is expected todominate at higher magnetic fields. A significant linear Stark effect isalso resolved presumably arising from strain.
19. Low aqueous solubility electron donors for the reduction of nitroaromatics in anaerobic sediments
Gerlach, Robin; Steiof, Martin; Zhang, Chunlong; Hughes, Joseph B.
1999-02-01
Studies are presented investigating the ability to enhance aryl nitro-reduction processes in sediments through electron donor addition. In particular, high molecular weight (starch and guar gum) and/or low aqueous solubility electron donors (oleic acid) were studied, since they should be less prone to diffusive loss to the water column after addition to contaminated areas. For comparison, complimentary studies were conducted with water-soluble electron donors (acetate and dextrose). The ability to enhance activity was measured by methane production and reduction of either nitrobenzene or 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene to aniline or dinitroaniline. The results demonstrate that all electron donors resulted in increased methane production after a lag phase. The highest level of methane production and the shortest lag phase in uncontaminated sediment microcosms was observed in acetate-fed systems. Sorption studies of all electron donors showed that starch was partitioning the least into the water phase. In microcosms containing nitrobenzene, trinitrobenzene and acetate, methane production did not occur and nitro-reduction was not observed. Conversely, the addition of dextrose or starch yielded methane production and aryl nitro-reduction with each contaminant tested. Neither nitrobenzene nor trinitrobenzene was significantly reduced in HgCl 2-killed controls. From these studies, it appears that starch may be well suited for applications of in-place, anaerobic sediment bioremediation.
20. Ultrafast electron transfer via a bridge-extended donor orbital
Ernstorfer, R.; Gundlach, L.; Felber, S.; Storck, W.; Eichberger, R.; Zimmermann, C.; Willig, F.
Electron transfer from the excited aromatic donor perylene to TiO2 occurred with 10 fs time constant via the conjugated -CH=CH- bridge unit compared to 57 fs in the presence of the saturated -CH2-CH2- bridge unit.
1. Electron donor preference of a reductive dechlorinating consortium
USGS Publications Warehouse
Lorah, M.M.; Majcher, E.; Jones, E.; Driedger, G.; Dworatzek, S.; Graves, D.
2005-01-01
A wetland sediment-derived microbial consortium was developed by the USGS and propagated in vitro to large quantities by SiREM Laboratory for use in bioaugmentation applications. The consortium had the capacity to completely dechlorinate 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, cis- and trans-1,2-dichoroethylene, 1.1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. A suite of electron donors with characteristics useful for bioaugmentation applications was tested. The electron donors included lactate (the donor used during WBC-2 development), ethanol, chitin (Chitorem???), hydrogen releasing compound (HRC???), emulsified vegetable oil (Newman Zone???), and hydrogen gas. Ethanol, lactate, and chitin were particularly effective with respect to stimulating, supporting, and sustaining reductive dechlorination of the broad suite of chemicals that WBC-2 biodegraded. Chitorem??? was the most effective "slow release" electron donor tested. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium (Baltimore, MD 6/6-9/2005).
2. Spin relaxation via exchange with donor impurity-bound electrons
Qing, Lan; Li, Jing; Appelbaum, Ian; Dery, Hanan
2015-06-01
At low temperatures, electrons in semiconductors are bound to shallow donor impurity ions, neutralizing their charge in equilibrium. Inelastic scattering of other externally injected conduction electrons accelerated by electric fields can excite transitions within the manifold of these localized states. Promotion of the bound electron into highly spin-orbit-mixed excited states drives a strong spin relaxation of the conduction electrons via exchange interactions, reminiscent of the Bir-Aronov-Pikus process where exchange occurs with valence band hole states. Through low-temperature experiments with silicon spin transport devices and complementary theory, we reveal the consequences of this spin depolarization mechanism both below and above the impact ionization threshold.
3. Fullerene derivatives as electron donor for organic photovoltaic cells
SciTech Connect
Zhuang, Taojun; Wang, Xiao-Feng E-mail: ziruo@yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp; Sano, Takeshi; Kido, Junji; Hong, Ziruo E-mail: ziruo@yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp; Yang, Yang
2013-11-11
We demonstrated the performance of unconventional, all-fullerene-based, planar heterojunction (PHJ) organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells using fullerene derivatives indene-C{sub 60} bisadduct (ICBA) and phenyl C{sub 61}-butyric acid methyl ester as the electron donors with fullerene C{sub 70} as the electron acceptor. Two different charge generation processes, including charge generation in the fullerene bulk and exciton dissociation at the donor-acceptor interface, have been found to exist in such all-fullerene-based PHJ cells and the contribution to the total photocurrent from each process is strongly dependent on the thickness of fullerene donor. The optimized 5 nm ICBA/40 nm C{sub 70} PHJ cell gives clear external quantum efficiency responses for the long-wavelength photons corresponding to the dissociation of strongly bound Frenkel excitons, which is hardly observed in fullerene-based single layer reference devices. This approach using fullerene as a donor material provides further possibilities for developing high performance OPV cells.
4. Tuning the Electron Acceptor in Phthalocyanine-Based Electron Donor-Acceptor Conjugates.
PubMed
Sekita, Michael; Jiménez, Ángel J; Marcos, M Luisa; Caballero, Esmeralda; Rodríguez-Morgade, M Salomé; Guldi, Dirk M; Torres, Tomás
2015-12-21
Zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) have been attached to the peri-position of a perylenemonoimide (PMI) and a perylenemonoanhydride (PMA), affording electron donor-acceptor conjugates 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, a perylene-monoimide-monoanhydride (PMIMA) has been connected to a ZnPc through its imido position to yield the ZnPc-PMIMA conjugate 10. The three conjugates have been studied for photoinduced electron transfer. For ZnPc-PMIMA 10, electron transfer occurs upon both ZnPc and PMIMA excitation, giving rise to a long-lived (340 ps) charge-separated state. For ZnPc-PMI 1 and ZnPc-PMA 2, stabilization of the radical ion pair states by using polar media is necessary. In THF, photoexcitation of either ZnPc or PMI/PMA produces charge-separated states with lifetimes of 375 and 163 ps, respectively. PMID:26593778
5. Electronic structure of the primary electron donor of Blastochloris viridis heterodimer mutants : high field EPR study.
SciTech Connect
Ponomarenko, N. S.; Poluektov, O. G.; Bylina, E. J.; Norris, J. R.; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division; Univ. of Chicago
2010-09-01
High-field electron paramagnetic resonance (HF EPR) has been employed to investigate the primary electron donor electronic structure of Blastochloris viridis heterodimer mutant reaction centers (RCs). In these mutants the amino acid substitution His(M200)Leu or His(L173)Leu eliminates a ligand to the primary electron donor, resulting in the loss of a magnesium in one of the constituent bacteriochlorophylls (BChl). Thus, the native BChl/BChl homodimer primary donor is converted into a BChl/bacteriopheophytin (BPhe) heterodimer. The heterodimer primary donor radical in chemically oxidized RCs exhibits a broadened EPR line indicating a highly asymmetric distribution of the unpaired electron over both dimer constituents. Observed triplet state EPR signals confirm localization of the excitation on the BChl half of the heterodimer primary donor. Theoretical simulation of the triplet EPR lineshapes clearly shows that, in the case of mutants, triplet states are formed by an intersystem crossing mechanism in contrast to the radical pair mechanism in wild type RCs. Photooxidation of the mutant RCs results in formation of a BPhe anion radical within the heterodimer pair. The accumulation of an intradimer BPhe anion is caused by the substantial loss of interaction between constituents of the heterodimer primary donor along with an increase in the reduction potential of the heterodimer primary donor D/D{sup +} couple. This allows oxidation of the cytochrome even at cryogenic temperatures and reduction of each constituent of the heterodimer primary donor individually. Despite a low yield of primary donor radicals, the enhancement of the semiquinone-iron pair EPR signals in these mutants indicates the presence of kinetically viable electron donors.
6. Monitoring electron donor metabolism under variable electron acceptor conditions using 13C-labeled lactate
Bill, M.; Conrad, M. E.; Yang, L.; Beller, H. R.; Brodie, E. L.
2010-12-01
Three sets of flow-through columns constructed with aquifer sediment from Hanford (WA) were used to study reduction of Cr(VI) to poorly soluble Cr(III) under denitrifying, sulfate-reducing/fermentative, and iron-reducing conditions with lactate as the electron donor. In order to understand the relationship between electron donors and biomarkers, and to determine the differences in carbon isotope fractionation resulting from different microbial metabolic processes, we monitored the variation in carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), in total organic carbon (TOC), and in lactate, acetate and propionate. The greatest enrichment in 13C in columns was observed under denitrifying conditions. The δ13C of DIC increased by ~1750 to ~2000‰ fifteen days after supplementation of natural abundance lactate with a 13C-labeled lactate tracer (for an influent δ13C of ~2250‰ for the lactate) indicating almost complete oxidation of the electron donor. The denitrifying columns were among the most active columns and had the highest cell counts and the denitrification rate was highly correlated with Cr(VI) reduction rate. δ13C values of DIC ranged from ~540 to ~1170‰ for iron-reducing conditions. The lower enrichment in iron columns was related to the lower biological activity observed with lower yields of RNA and cell numbers in the column effluents. The carbon isotope shift in the sulfate-reducing ~198 to ~1960‰ for sulfate-reducing conditions reflecting the lower levels of the lactate in these columns. Additionally, in two of the sulfate columns, almost complete fermentation of the lactate occurred, producing acetate and propionate with the labeled carbon signature, but relatively smaller amounts of inorganic carbon. For all electron-accepting conditions, TOC yielded similar δ13C values as lactate stock solutions. Differences in C use efficiency, metabolic rate or metabolic pathway contributed to the differing TOC δ13C to DIC δ13C ratios between treatments
7. 2012 ELECTRON DONOR-ACCEPTOR INTERACTIONS GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCE, AUGUST 5-10, 2012
SciTech Connect
McCusker, James
2012-08-10
The upcoming incarnation of the Gordon Research Conference on Electron Donor Acceptor Interactions will feature sessions on classic topics including proton-coupled electron transfer, dye-sensitized solar cells, and biological electron transfer, as well as emerging areas such as quantum coherence effects in donor-acceptor interactions, spintronics, and the application of donor-acceptor interactions in chemical synthesis.
8. The electron transfer complex between nitrous oxide reductase and its electron donors.
PubMed
Dell'acqua, Simone; Moura, Isabel; Moura, José J G; Pauleta, Sofia R
2011-12-01
Identifying redox partners and the interaction surfaces is crucial for fully understanding electron flow in a respiratory chain. In this study, we focused on the interaction of nitrous oxide reductase (N(2)OR), which catalyzes the final step in bacterial denitrification, with its physiological electron donor, either a c-type cytochrome or a type 1 copper protein. The comparison between the interaction of N(2)OR from three different microorganisms, Pseudomonas nautica, Paracoccus denitrificans, and Achromobacter cycloclastes, with their physiological electron donors was performed through the analysis of the primary sequence alignment, electrostatic surface, and molecular docking simulations, using the bimolecular complex generation with global evaluation and ranking algorithm. The docking results were analyzed taking into account the experimental data, since the interaction is suggested to have either a hydrophobic nature, in the case of P. nautica N(2)OR, or an electrostatic nature, in the case of P. denitrificans N(2)OR and A. cycloclastes N(2)OR. A set of well-conserved residues on the N(2)OR surface were identified as being part of the electron transfer pathway from the redox partner to N(2)OR (Ala495, Asp519, Val524, His566 and Leu568 numbered according to the P. nautica N(2)OR sequence). Moreover, we built a model for Wolinella succinogenes N(2)OR, an enzyme that has an additional c-type-heme-containing domain. The structures of the N(2)OR domain and the c-type-heme-containing domain were modeled and the full-length structure was obtained by molecular docking simulation of these two domains. The orientation of the c-type-heme-containing domain relative to the N(2)OR domain is similar to that found in the other electron transfer complexes. PMID:21739254
9. Evaluation of sustainable electron donors for nitrate removal in different water media.
PubMed
Fowdar, Harsha S; Hatt, Belinda E; Breen, Peter; Cook, Perran L M; Deletic, Ana
2015-11-15
An external electron donor is usually included in wastewater and groundwater treatment systems to enhance nitrate removal through denitrification. The choice of electron donor is critical for both satisfactory denitrification rates and sustainable long-term performance. Electron donors that are waste products are preferred to pure organic chemicals. Different electron donors have been used to treat different water types and little is known as to whether there are any electron donors that are suitable for multiple applications. Seven different carbon rich waste products, including liquid and solid electron donors, were studied in comparison to pure acetate. Batch-scale tests were used to measure their ability to reduce nitrate concentrations in a pure nutrient solution, light greywater, secondary-treated wastewater and tertiary-treated wastewater. The tested electron donors removed oxidised nitrogen (NOx) at varying rates, ranging from 48 mg N/L/d (acetate) to 0.3 mg N/L/d (hardwood). The concentrations of transient nitrite accumulation also varied across the electron donors. The different water types had an influence on NOx removal rates, the extent of which was dependent on the type of electron donor. Overall, the highest rates were recorded in light greywater, followed by the pure nutrient solution and the two partially treated wastewaters. Cotton wool and rice hulls were found to be promising electron donors with good NOx removal rates, lower leachable nutrients and had the least variation in performance across water types. PMID:26379204
10. Nuclear-driven electron spin rotations in a coupled silicon quantum dot and single donor system
Harvey-Collard, Patrick; Jacobson, Noah Tobias; Rudolph, Martin; Ten Eyck, Gregory A.; Wendt, Joel R.; Pluym, Tammy; Lilly, Michael P.; Pioro-Ladrière, Michel; Carroll, Malcolm S.
Single donors in silicon are very good qubits. However, a central challenge is to couple them to one another. To achieve this, many proposals rely on using a nearby quantum dot (QD) to mediate an interaction. In this work, we demonstrate the coherent coupling of electron spins between a single 31P donor and an enriched 28Si metal-oxide-semiconductor few-electron QD. We show that the electron-nuclear spin interaction can drive coherent rotations between singlet and triplet electron spin states. Moreover, we are able to tune electrically the exchange interaction between the QD and donor electrons. The combination of single-nucleus-driven rotations and voltage-tunable exchange provides all elements for future all-electrical control of a spin qubit, and requires only a single dot and no additional magnetic field gradients. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. DOE's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
11. Rationally designed donor-acceptor scheme based molecules for applications in opto-electronic devices.
PubMed
Subash Sundar, T; Sen, R; Johari, P
2016-04-01
Several donor (D)-acceptor (A) based molecules are rationally designed by adopting three different schemes in which the conjugation length, strength of the donor and acceptor moieties, and planarity of the molecules are varied. These variations are made by introducing a π-conjugated linkage unit, terminating the ends of the moieties by different electron donating and accepting functional groups, and fusing the donor and acceptor moieties, respectively. Our DFT and TDDFT based calculations reveal that using the above-mentioned design schemes, the electronic and optical properties of the D-A based molecules can be largely tuned. While introduction of a linkage and fusing of moieties enhance the π-π interaction, addition of electron donating groups (-CH3, -OH, and -NH2) and electron accepting groups (-CF3, -CN, -NO2, and -NH3(+)) varies the strength of the donor and acceptor moieties. These factors lead to modulation of the HOMO and LUMO energy levels and facilitate the engineering of the HOMO-LUMO gap and the optical gap over a wide range of ∼0.7-3.7 eV. Moreover, on the basis of calculated ionization potential and reorganization energy, most of the investigated molecules are predicted to be air stable and to exhibit high electron mobility, with the possibility of the presence of ambipolar characteristics in a few of them. The results of our calculations not only demonstrate the examined molecules to be the potential materials for organic opto-electronic devices, but also establish an understanding of the composition-structure-property correlation, which will provide guidelines for designing and synthesizing new materials of choice. PMID:26972386
12. Hydrogen as an electron donor for dechlorination of tetrachloroethene by an anaerobic mixed culture.
PubMed Central
DiStefano, T D; Gossett, J M; Zinder, S H
1992-01-01
Hydrogen served as an electron donor in the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to vinyl chloride and ethene over periods of 14 to 40 days in anaerobic enrichment cultures; however, sustained dechlorination for more extended periods required the addition of filtered supernatant from a methanol-fed culture. This result suggests a nutritional dependency of hydrogen-utilizing dechlorinators on the metabolic products of other organisms in the more diverse, methanol-fed system. Vancomycin, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis in eubacteria, was found to inhibit acetogenesis when added at 100 mg/liter to both methanol-fed and hydrogen-fed cultures. The effect of vancomycin on dechlorination was more complex. Methanol could not sustain dechlorination when vancomycin inhibited acetogenesis, while hydrogen could. These results are consistent with a model in which hydrogen is the electron donor directly used for dechlorination by organisms resistant to vancomycin and with the hypothesis that the role of acetogens in methanol-fed cultures is to metabolize a portion of the methanol to hydrogen. Methanol and other substrates shown to support dechlorination in pure and mixed cultures may merely serve as precursors for the formation of an intermediate hydrogen pool. This hypothesis suggests that, for bioremediation of high levels of tetrachloroethene, electron donors that cause the production of a large hydrogen pool should be selected or methods that directly use H2 should be devised. PMID:1482184
13. Autotrophic denitrification of nitrate and nitrite using thiosulfate as an electron donor.
PubMed
Chung, Jinwook; Amin, Khurram; Kim, Seungjin; Yoon, Seungjoon; Kwon, Kiwook; Bae, Wookeun
2014-07-01
This study was carried out to determine the possibility of autotrophic denitritation using thiosulfate as an electron donor, compare the kinetics of autotrophic denitrification and denitritation, and to study the effects of pH and sulfur/nitrogen (S/N) ratio on the denitrification rate of nitrite. Both nitrate and nitrite were removed by autotrophic denitrification using thiosulfate as an electron donor at concentrations up to 800 mg-N/L. Denitrification required a S/N ratio of 5.1 for complete denitrification, but denitritation was complete at a S/N ratio of 2.5, which indicated an electron donor cost savings of 50%. Also, pH during denitrification decreased but increased with nitrite, implying additional alkalinity savings. Finally, the highest specific substrate utilization rate of nitrite was slightly higher than that of nitrate reduction, and biomass yield for denitrification was relatively higher than that of denitritation, showing less sludge production and resulting in lower sludge handling costs. PMID:24755301
14. Hybrid optical-electrical detection of donor electron spins with bound excitons in silicon.
PubMed
Lo, C C; Urdampilleta, M; Ross, P; Gonzalez-Zalba, M F; Mansir, J; Lyon, S A; Thewalt, M L W; Morton, J J L
2015-05-01
Electrical detection of spins is an essential tool for understanding the dynamics of spins, with applications ranging from optoelectronics and spintronics, to quantum information processing. For electron spins bound to donors in silicon, bulk electrically detected magnetic resonance has relied on coupling to spin readout partners such as paramagnetic defects or conduction electrons, which fundamentally limits spin coherence times. Here we demonstrate electrical detection of donor electron spin resonance in an ensemble by transport through a silicon device, using optically driven donor-bound exciton transitions. We measure electron spin Rabi oscillations, and obtain long electron spin coherence times, limited only by the donor concentration. We also experimentally address critical issues such as non-resonant excitation, strain, and electric fields, laying the foundations for realizing a single-spin readout method with relaxed magnetic field and temperature requirements compared with spin-dependent tunnelling, enabling donor-based technologies such as quantum sensing. PMID:25799326
15. Hybrid optical-electrical detection of donor electron spins with bound excitons in silicon
Lo, C. C.; Urdampilleta, M.; Ross, P.; Gonzalez-Zalba, M. F.; Mansir, J.; Lyon, S. A.; Thewalt, M. L. W.; Morton, J. J. L.
2015-05-01
Electrical detection of spins is an essential tool for understanding the dynamics of spins, with applications ranging from optoelectronics and spintronics, to quantum information processing. For electron spins bound to donors in silicon, bulk electrically detected magnetic resonance has relied on coupling to spin readout partners such as paramagnetic defects or conduction electrons, which fundamentally limits spin coherence times. Here we demonstrate electrical detection of donor electron spin resonance in an ensemble by transport through a silicon device, using optically driven donor-bound exciton transitions. We measure electron spin Rabi oscillations, and obtain long electron spin coherence times, limited only by the donor concentration. We also experimentally address critical issues such as non-resonant excitation, strain, and electric fields, laying the foundations for realizing a single-spin readout method with relaxed magnetic field and temperature requirements compared with spin-dependent tunnelling, enabling donor-based technologies such as quantum sensing.
16. Solid phase electron donors control denitrification in groundwater at agricultural sites
Green, C. T.; Liao, L.; Bekins, B. A.; Bohlke, J. K.
2011-12-01
Increased concentrations of nitrate in groundwater caused by agricultural use of chemical and organic fertilizers are a concern because of possible risks to environmental and human health. At many sites, these problems are mitigated by natural attenuation of nitrate as a result of microbially mediated denitrification of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Recent studies have clarified the factors affecting the rates and extents of denitrification in groundwater in agricultural areas. Intensive studies were conducted by the US Geological Survey to study agricultural chemicals in California, Nebraska, Washington, and Maryland using laboratory analyses, field measurements, and flow and transport modeling for monitoring well transects (0.5 to 2.5 km in length) and vertical profiles (0 to 50 m in depth). Groundwater analyses included major ion chemistry, dissolved gases, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes, and atmospheric age-tracers. Sediments were analyzed for concentrations of potential electron donors for denitrification, including reduced iron and sulfur, and organic carbon. Geochemical data and mass balance calculations indicated that solid-phase electron donors were an important factor controlling denitrification at these sites. To examine the generality of this result, a mathematical model of vertical flux of water, oxygen, and nitrate was developed and applied at these study sites along with 2 new study sites in Iowa and Mississippi and 8 additional sites from previous studies in Nebraska, Texas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Maryland (2 sites), and New York. Model results confirmed the importance of solid phase electron donors. The normalized reaction rates on an electron flux basis tended to increase with depth from the shallow oxygen reduction zone to the underlying nitrate reduction zone. The pattern of higher rates at depth is consistent with a reaction rate controlled by solid phase donors that are depleted under oxidizing conditions near the surface and in
17. Photoinduced electron tunneling between randomly dispersed donors and acceptors in frozen glasses and other rigid matrices.
PubMed
Wenger, Oliver S
2013-07-14
In fluid solution un-tethered donors and acceptors can diffuse freely, and consequently the donor-acceptor distance is usually not fixed on the timescale of an electron transfer event. When attempting to investigate the influence of driving-force changes or donor-acceptor distance variations on electron transfer rates this can be a problem. In rigid matrices diffusion is suppressed, and it becomes possible to investigate fixed-distance electron transfer. This method represents an attractive alternative to investigate rigid rod-like donor-bridge-acceptor molecules which have to be made in elaborate syntheses. This perspective focuses specifically on the distance dependence of photoinduced electron transfer which occurs via tunneling of charge carriers through rigid matrices over distances between 1 and 33 Å. Some key aspects of the theoretical models commonly used for analyzing kinetic data of electron tunneling through rigid matrices are recapitulated. New findings from this rather mature field of research are emphasized. PMID:23722299
18. Ubisemiquinone is the electron donor for superoxide formation by complex III of heart mitochondria.
PubMed
Turrens, J F; Alexandre, A; Lehninger, A L
1985-03-01
Much evidence indicates that superoxide is generated from O2 in a cyanide-sensitive reaction involving a reduced component of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, particularly when antimycin A is present. Although it is generally believed that ubisemiquinone is the electron donor to O2, little experimental evidence supporting this view has been reported. Experiments with succinate as electron donor in the presence of antimycin A in intact rat heart mitochondria, which contain much superoxide dismutase but little catalase, showed that myxothiazol, which inhibits reduction of the Rieske iron-sulfur center, prevented formation of hydrogen peroxide, determined spectrophotometrically as the H2O2-peroxidase complex. Similarly, depletion of the mitochondria of their cytochrome c also inhibited formation of H2O2, which was restored by addition of cytochrome c. These observations indicate that factors preventing the formation of ubisemiquinone also prevent H2O2 formation. They also exclude ubiquinol, which remains reduced under these conditions, as the reductant of O2. Since cytochrome b also remains fully reduced when myxothiazol is added to succinate- and antimycin A-supplemented mitochondria, reduced cytochrome b may also be excluded as the reductant of O2. These observations, which are consistent with the Q-cycle reactions, by exclusion of other possibilities leave ubisemiquinone as the only reduced electron carrier in complex III capable of reducing O2 to O2-. PMID:2983613
19. Enhanced photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide by humic substances in the presence of phenol electron donors.
PubMed
Zhang, Yi; Simon, Kelli A; Andrew, Andrea A; Del Vecchio, Rossana; Blough, Neil V
2014-11-01
Addition of a series of phenol electron donors to solutions of humic substances (HS) enhanced substantially the initial rates of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photoproduction (RH2O2), with enhancement factors (EF) ranging from a low of ∼3 for 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) to a high of ∼15 for 3,4-dimethoxyphenol (DMOP). The substantial inhibition of the enhanced RH2O2 following borohydride reduction of the HS, as well as the dependence of RH2O2 on phenol and dioxygen concentrations are consistent with a mechanism in which the phenols react with the triplet excited states of (aromatic) ketones within the HS to form initially a phenoxy and ketyl radical. The ketyl radical then reacts rapidly with dioxygen to regenerate the ketone and form superoxide (O2-), which subsequently dismutates to H2O2. However, as was previously noted for the photosensitized loss of TMP, the incomplete inhibition of the enhanced RH2O2 following borohydride reduction suggests that there may remain another pool of oxidizing triplets. The results demonstrate that H2O2 can be generated through an additional pathway in the presence of sufficiently high concentrations of appropriate electron donors through reaction with the excited triplet states of aromatic ketones and possibly of other species such as quinones. However, in some cases, the much lower ratio of H2O2 produced to phenol consumed suggests that secondary reactions could alter this ratio significantly. PMID:25288017
20. Electron donors and co-contaminants affect microbial community composition and activity in perchlorate degradation.
PubMed
Guan, Xiangyu; Xie, Yuxuan; Wang, Jinfeng; Wang, Jing; Liu, Fei
2015-04-01
Although microbial reduction of perchlorate (ClO4(-)) is a promising and effective method, our knowledge on the changes in microbial communities during ClO4(-) degradation is limited, especially when different electron donors are supplied and/or other contaminants are present. Here, we examined the effects of acetate and hydrogen as electron donors and nitrate and ammonium as co-contaminants on ClO4(-) degradation by anaerobic microcosms using six treatments. The process of degradation was divided into the lag stage (SI) and the accelerated stage (SII). Quantitative PCR was used to quantify four genes: pcrA (encoding perchlorate reductase), cld (encoding chlorite dismutase), nirS (encoding copper and cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase), and 16S rRNA. While the degradation of ClO4(-) with acetate, nitrate, and ammonia system (PNA) was the fastest with the highest abundance of the four genes, it was the slowest in the autotrophic system (HYP). The pcrA gene accumulated in SI and played a key role in initiating the accelerated degradation of ClO4(-) when its abundance reached a peak. Degradation in SII was primarily maintained by the cld gene. Acetate inhibited the growth of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), but its effect was weakened by nitrate (NO3(-)), which promoted the growth of PRB in SI, and therefore, accelerated the ClO4(-) degradation rate. In addition, ammonia (NH4(+)), as nitrogen sources, accelerated the growth of PRB. The bacterial communities' structure and diversity were significantly affected by electron donors and co-contaminants. Under heterotrophic conditions, both ammonia and nitrate promoted Azospira as the most dominant genera, a fact that might significantly influence the rate of ClO4(-) natural attenuation by degradation. PMID:25382499
1. Coherent spin dynamics of donor bound electrons in GaAs
Phelps, Carey; O'Leary, Shannon; Prineas, John; Wang, Hailin
2011-08-01
We report experimental studies of coherent spin dynamics of donor-bound electrons in high-purity GaAs by using transient differential transmission. The donor-bound exciton transitions, which are not visible in the linear absorption spectrum, are spectrally resolved in the nonlinear differential transmission spectra. The spin beats in the transient differential transmission response, arising from electron spin precession in an external magnetic field, are investigated with the pump and probe coupling to various donor-bound exciton transitions. The spectral dependence of the spin beats provides important information on the polarization selection rule for the underlying donor-bound exciton transitions. The polarization selection rules deduced from these experiments indicate that contributions from higher-energy donor-bound exciton transitions can severely limit the effectiveness of optical spin control using mechanisms such as polarization-dependent optical Stark shifts.
2. Carotenoid Excited State Kinetics in Bacterial RCs with the Primary Electron Donor Oxidized
Lin, Su; Katilius, Evaldas; Woodbury, Neal W.
Carotenoid singlet excited state kinetics in wild type reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was investigated using ultrafast laser spectroscopy under conditions where the primary electron donor is either neutral or oxidized.
3. Electronic structure of oxygen thermal donors in silicon
Robertson, J.; Ourmazd, A.
1985-03-01
The electrical activity of oxygen-related thermal donors in the model of Ourmazd, Bourret, and Schröter is shown to derive from the shallow, doubly occupied pπ state of a divalent silicon at the center of a cluster of five or more oxygens.
4. Temperature and donor concentration dependence of the conduction electron Lande g-factor in silicon
Konakov, Anton A.; Ezhevskii, Alexander A.; Soukhorukov, Andrey V.; Guseinov, Davud V.; Popkov, Sergey A.; Burdov, Vladimir A.
2013-12-01
Temperature and donor concentration dependence of the conduction electron g-factor in silicon has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. We performed electron spin resonance experiments on Si samples doped with different densities of phosphorus and lithium. Theoretical consideration is based on the renormalization of the electron energy in a weak magnetic field by the interaction with possible perturbing agents, such as phonons and impurity centers. In the second-order perturbation theory interaction of the electron subsystem with the lattice vibrations as well as ionized donors results in decreasing the conduction electron g-factor, which becomes almost linear function both of temperature and impurity concentration.
5. Microbial perchlorate reduction with elemental sulfur and other inorganic electron donors.
PubMed
Ju, Xiumin; Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes; Field, Jim A; Byrnes, David J; Bentley, Harold; Bentley, Richard
2008-03-01
ClO(4)(-) has recently been recognized as a widespread contaminant of surface and ground water. This research investigated chemolithotrophic perchlorate reduction by bacteria in soils and sludges utilizing inorganic electron-donating substrates such as hydrogen, elemental iron, and elemental sulfur. The bioassays were performed in anaerobic serum bottles with various inocula from anaerobic or aerobic environments. All the tested sludge inocula were capable of reducing perchlorate with H2 as electron donor. Aerobic activated sludge was evaluated further and it supported perchlorate reduction with Fe(0) and S(0) additions under anaerobic conditions. Heat-killed sludge did not convert ClO(4)(-), confirming the reactions were biologically catalyzed. ClO(4)(-) (3mM) was almost completely removed by the first sampling time on d 8 with H2 (> or = 0.37mMd(-1)), after 22d with S(0) (0.18mM d(-1)) and 84% removed after 37d with Fe(0) additions (0.085mMd(-1)). Perchlorate-reduction occurred at a much faster rate (1.12mMd(-1)), when using an enrichment culture developed from the activated sludge with S(0) as an electron donor. The enrichment culture also utilized S(2-) and S(2)O(3)(2-) as electron-donating substrates to support ClO(4)(-) reduction. The mixed cultures also catalyzed the disproportionation of S(0) to S(2-) and SO(4)(2-). Evidence is presented demonstrating that S(0) was directly utilized by microorganisms to support perchlorate-reduction. In all the experiments, ClO(4)(-) was stoichiometrically converted to chloride. The study demonstrates that microorganisms present in wastewater sludges can readily use a variety of inorganic compounds to support perchlorate reduction. PMID:17988714
6. Evaluation of sustained release polylactate electron donors for removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated groundwater
SciTech Connect
Brodie, E.L.; Joyner, D. C.; Faybishenko, B.; Conrad, M. E.; Rios-Velazquez, C.; Mork, B.; Willet, A.; Koenigsberg, S.; Herman, D.; Firestone, M. K.; Hazen, T. C.; Malave, Josue; Martinez, Ramon
2011-02-15
To evaluate the efficacy of bioimmobilization of Cr(VI) in groundwater at the Department of Energy Hanford site, we conducted a series of microcosm experiments using a range of commercial electron donors with varying degrees of lactate polymerization (polylactate). These experiments were conducted using Hanford Formation sediments (coarse sand and gravel) immersed in Hanford groundwater, which were amended with Cr(VI) and several types of lactate-based electron donors (Hydrogen Release Compound, HRC; primer-HRC, pHRC; extended release HRC) and the polylactate-cysteine form (Metal Remediation Compound, MRC). The results showed that polylactate compounds stimulated an increase in bacterial biomass and activity to a greater extent than sodium lactate when applied at equivalent carbon concentrations. At the same time, concentrations of headspace hydrogen and methane increased and correlated with changes in the microbial community structure. Enrichment of Pseudomonas spp. occurred with all lactate additions, and enrichment of sulfate-reducing Desulfosporosinus spp. occurred with almost complete sulfate reduction. The results of these experiments demonstrate that amendment with the pHRC and MRC forms result in effective removal of Cr(VI) from solution most likely by both direct (enzymatic) and indirect (microbially generated reductant) mechanisms.
7. Tuning Optical and Electron Donor Properties by Peripheral Thio-Aryl Substitution of Subphthalocyanine: A New Series of Donor-Acceptor Hybrids for Photoinduced Charge Separation.
PubMed
Kc, Chandra B; Lim, Gary N; D'Souza, Francis
2016-09-01
Subphthalocyanine (SubPc), a unique ring-reduced member of the common phthalocyanines family, although known for its higher absorptivity, reveals narrow absorption with peak maxima around 570 nm thus limiting its utility in light-energy-harvesting applications. In the present study, by peripheral thio-aryl substitution of SubPc macrocycle, the spectral properties have been modulated to extend the absorption and emission well into the visible/near-IR region. Additionally, for α-ring-substituted derivatives, facile oxidation of SubPc was witnessed, thus making these derivatives better electron donors. Next, the preparation of donor-acceptor dyads containing the well-known electron acceptor C60 connected to the central boron atom of SubPc was accomplished by making use of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Control experiments and free-energy calculations using the redox and spectral data suggested that the observed fluorescence quenching of SubPc in these dyads is due to electron transfer. Accordingly, transient spectral studies performed both in polar and nonpolar solvents conclusively proved electron transfer to be the quenching mechanism in these dyads. The measured rate constants by fitting kinetic data revealed efficient charge separation and charge recombination processes, suggesting that these dyads could be useful materials for the construction of light-to-electricity or light-to-fuel production devices. PMID:27515576
8. Application of acetate, lactate, and fumarate as electron donors in microbial fuel cell
Vasyliv, Oresta M.; Bilyy, Oleksandr I.; Ferensovych, Yaroslav P.; Hnatush, Svitlana O.
2013-09-01
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that use bacteria as the catalysts to oxidize organic and inorganic matter and generate current. Up to now, several classes of extracellular electron transfer mechanisms have been elucidated for various microorganisms. Shewanellaceae and Geobacteraceae families include the most of model exoelectrogenic microorganisms. Desulfuromonas acetoxidans bacterium inhabits aquatic sedimental sulfur-containing environments and is philogenetically close to representatives of Geobacteraceae family. Two chamber microbial fuel cell (0.3 l volume) was constructed with application of D. acetoxidans IMV B-7384 as anode biocatalyst. Acetic, lactic and fumaric acids were separately applied as organic electron donors for bacterial growth in constructed MFC. Bacterial cultivation in MFC was held during twenty days. Lactate oxidation caused electric power production with the highest value up to 0.071 mW on 64 hour of D. acetoxidans IMV B-7384 growth. Addition of acetic and fumaric acids into bacterial growth medium caused maximal power production up to 0.075 and 0.074 mW respectively on the 40 hour of their growth. Increasing of incubation time up to twentieth day caused decrease of generated electric power till 0.018 mW, 0.042 mW and 0.047 mW under usage of lactic, acetic and fumaric acids respectively by investigated bacteria. Power generation by D. acetoxidans IMV B-7384 was more stabile and durable under application of acetic and fumaric acids as electron donors in constructed MFC, than under addition of lactic acid in the same concentration into the growth medium.
9. The roles of methanogens and acetogens in dechlorination of trichloroethene using different electron donors.
PubMed
Wen, Li-Lian; Zhang, Yin; Pan, Ya-Wei; Wu, Wen-Qi; Meng, Shao-Hua; Zhou, Chen; Tang, Youneng; Zheng, Ping; Zhao, He-Ping
2015-12-01
We evaluated the effects of methanogens and acetogens on the function and structure of microbial communities doing reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) by adding four distinct electron donors: lactate, a fermentable organic; acetate, a non-fermentable organic; methanol, a fermentable 1-C (carbon) organic; and hydrogen gas (H2), the direct electron donor for reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides. The fermentable electron donors had faster dechlorination rates, more complete dechlorination, and higher bacterial abundances than the non-fermentable electron donors during short-term tests. Phylotypes of Dehalococcoides were relatively abundant (≥9%) for the cultures fed with fermentable electron donors but accounted for only ~1-2% of the reads for the cultures fed by the non-fermentable electron donors. Routing electrons to methanogenesis and a low ratio of Dehalococcoides/methanogenesis (Dhc/mcrA) were associated with slow and incomplete reductive dechlorination with methanol and H2. When fermentable substrates were applied as electron donors, a Dhc/mcrA ratio ≥6.4 was essential to achieve fast and complete dechlorination of TCE to ethene. When methanogenesis was suppressed using 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES), achieving complete dechlorination of TCE to ethane required a minimum abundance of the mcrA gene. Methanobacterium appeared to be important for maintaining a high dechlorination rate, probably by providing Dehalococcoides with cofactors other than vitamin B12. Furthermore, the presence of homoacetogens also was important to maintain a high dechlorination rate, because they provided acetate as Dehalococcoides's obligatory carbon source and possibly cofactors. PMID:26233753
10. Isolation of Acetogenic Bacteria That Induce Biocorrosion by Utilizing Metallic Iron as the Sole Electron Donor
PubMed Central
Yumoto, Isao; Kamagata, Yoichi
2014-01-01
Corrosion of iron occurring under anoxic conditions, which is termed microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) or biocorrosion, is mostly caused by microbial activities. Microbial activity that enhances corrosion via uptake of electrons from metallic iron [Fe(0)] has been regarded as one of the major causative factors. In addition to sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea in marine environments, acetogenic bacteria in freshwater environments have recently been suggested to cause MIC under anoxic conditions. However, no microorganisms that perform acetogenesis-dependent MIC have been isolated or had their MIC-inducing mechanisms characterized. Here, we enriched and isolated acetogenic bacteria that induce iron corrosion by utilizing Fe(0) as the sole electron donor under freshwater, sulfate-free, and anoxic conditions. The enriched communities produced significantly larger amounts of Fe(II) than the abiotic controls and produced acetate coupled with Fe(0) oxidation prior to CH4 production. Microbial community analysis revealed that Sporomusa sp. and Desulfovibrio sp. dominated in the enrichments. Strain GT1, which is closely related to the acetogen Sporomusa sphaeroides, was eventually isolated from the enrichment. Strain GT1 grew acetogenetically with Fe(0) as the sole electron donor and enhanced iron corrosion, which is the first demonstration of MIC mediated by a pure culture of an acetogen. Other well-known acetogenic bacteria, including Sporomusa ovata and Acetobacterium spp., did not grow well on Fe(0). These results indicate that very few species of acetogens have specific mechanisms to efficiently utilize cathodic electrons derived from Fe(0) oxidation and induce iron corrosion. PMID:25304512
11. The impacts of electronic state hybridization on the binding energy of single phosphorus donor electrons in extremely downscaled silicon nanostructures
SciTech Connect
The Anh, Le Manoharan, Muruganathan; Moraru, Daniel; Tabe, Michiharu; Mizuta, Hiroshi
2014-08-14
We present the density functional theory calculations of the binding energy of the Phosphorus (P) donor electrons in extremely downscaled single P-doped Silicon (Si) nanorods. In past studies, the binding energy of donor electrons was evaluated for the Si nanostructures as the difference between the ionization energy for the single P-doped Si nanostructures and the electron affinity for the un-doped Si nanostructures. This definition does not take into account the strong interaction of donor electron states and Si electron states explicitly at the conductive states and results in a monotonous increase in the binding energy by reducing the nanostructure's dimensions. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to evaluate the binding energy of donor electrons by combining the projected density of states (PDOS) analysis and three-dimensional analysis of associated electron wavefunctions. This enables us to clarify a gradual change of the spatial distribution of the 3D electron wavefunctions (3DWFs) from the donor electron ground state, which is fully localized around the P donor site to the first conductive state, which spreads over the outer Si nanorods contributing to current conduction. We found that the energy of the first conductive state is capped near the top of the atomistic effective potential at the donor site with respect to the surrounding Si atoms in nanorods smaller than about 27 a{sub 0}. This results in the binding energy of approximately 1.5 eV, which is virtually independent on the nanorod's dimensions. This fact signifies a good tolerance of the binding energy, which governs the operating temperature of the single dopant-based transistors in practice. We also conducted the computationally heavy transmission calculations of the single P-doped Si nanorods connected to the source and drain electrodes. The calculated transmission spectra are discussed in comparison with the atomistic effective potential distributions and the PDOS-3DWFs method.
12. The impacts of electronic state hybridization on the binding energy of single phosphorus donor electrons in extremely downscaled silicon nanostructures
The Anh, Le; Moraru, Daniel; Manoharan, Muruganathan; Tabe, Michiharu; Mizuta, Hiroshi
2014-08-01
We present the density functional theory calculations of the binding energy of the Phosphorus (P) donor electrons in extremely downscaled single P-doped Silicon (Si) nanorods. In past studies, the binding energy of donor electrons was evaluated for the Si nanostructures as the difference between the ionization energy for the single P-doped Si nanostructures and the electron affinity for the un-doped Si nanostructures. This definition does not take into account the strong interaction of donor electron states and Si electron states explicitly at the conductive states and results in a monotonous increase in the binding energy by reducing the nanostructure's dimensions. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to evaluate the binding energy of donor electrons by combining the projected density of states (PDOS) analysis and three-dimensional analysis of associated electron wavefunctions. This enables us to clarify a gradual change of the spatial distribution of the 3D electron wavefunctions (3DWFs) from the donor electron ground state, which is fully localized around the P donor site to the first conductive state, which spreads over the outer Si nanorods contributing to current conduction. We found that the energy of the first conductive state is capped near the top of the atomistic effective potential at the donor site with respect to the surrounding Si atoms in nanorods smaller than about 27 a0. This results in the binding energy of approximately 1.5 eV, which is virtually independent on the nanorod's dimensions. This fact signifies a good tolerance of the binding energy, which governs the operating temperature of the single dopant-based transistors in practice. We also conducted the computationally heavy transmission calculations of the single P-doped Si nanorods connected to the source and drain electrodes. The calculated transmission spectra are discussed in comparison with the atomistic effective potential distributions and the PDOS-3DWFs method.
13. A hybrid electron donor comprising cyclopentadithiophene and dithiafulvenyl for dye-sensitized solar cells
PubMed Central
Sorohhov, Gleb; Yi, Chenyi; Grätzel, Michael; Decurtins, Silvio
2015-01-01
Summary Two new photosensitizers featured with a cyanoacrylic acid electron acceptor (A) and a hybrid electron donor (D) of cyclopentadithiophene and dithiafulvenyl, either directly linked or separated by a phenyl ring, were synthesized and characterized. Both of them undergo two reversible oxidations and strongly absorb in the visible spectral region due to a photo-induced intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) transition. To a great extent, the electronic interaction between the D and A units is affected by the presence of a phenyl spacer. Without a phenyl ring, the D unit appears more difficult to oxidize due to a strong electron-withdrawing effect of the A moiety. In sharp contrast, the insertion of the phenyl ring between the D and A units leads to a broken π-conjugation and therefore, the oxidation potentials remain almost unchanged compared to those of an analogue without the A group, suggesting that the electronic coupling between D and A units is relatively weak. As a consequence, the lowest-energy absorption band shows a slight hypsochromic shift upon the addition of the phenyl spacer, indicative of an increased HOMO–LUMO gap. In turn, the direct linkage of D and A units leads to an effective π-conjugation, thus substantially lowering the HOMO–LUMO gap. Moreover, the application in dye-sensitized solar cells was investigated, showing that the power conversion efficiency increases by the insertion of the phenyl unit. PMID:26199660
14. Femtosecond electron injection from optically populated donor states into the conduction band of semiconductors
Ernstorfer, Ralph; Toeben, Lars; Gundlach, Lars; Felber, Silke; Galoppini, Elena; Wei, Qian; Eichberger, Rainer; Storck, Winfried; Zimmermann, Carsten; Willig, Frank
2003-12-01
Unoccupied donor states can be populated via light absorption at the surface of semiconductor in the range of the conduction band levels. Hot electrons are injected from such donor states into the conduction band of a semiconductor on a femtosecond time scale. Such donor states can have rather different physical properties, e.g. unoccupied surface bands formed via reconstruction of the clean surface of a semiconductor in contact with ultra high vacuum or chromophores in molecules that are anchored at the surface of the semiconductor. The energy levels of the donor states with respect to the bands in the semiconductor can be determined with UPS and fs-2PPE. Experimental data on the energetics and dynamics of electron injection are presented for the two different cases of donor states mentioned above. The influence of vibrational wavepackets on electron injection is discussed for the case of a molecular donor state. Energy loss of the hot electrons injected into the semiconductor is measured with energy and time resolution employing femtosecond two-photon-photoemission.
15. The role of exogenous electron donors for accelerating 2,4,6-trichlorophenol biotransformation and mineralization.
PubMed
Yan, Ning; Li, Rongjie; Xu, Hua; Li, Ling; Yang, Lihui; Zhang, Yongming; Liu, Rui; Rittmann, Bruce E
2016-06-01
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP) is a biologically recalcitrant compound, but its biodegradation via reductive dechlorination can be accelerated by adding an exogenous electron donor. In this work, acetate and formate were evaluated for their ability to accelerate TCP reductive dechlorination, as well to accelerate mono-oxygenation of TCP's reduction product, phenol. Acetate and formate accelerated TCP reductive dechlorination, and the impact was proportional to the number of electron equivalents released by oxidation of the donor: 8 e(-) equivalents per mol for acetate, compared to 2 e(-) eq per mol for formate. The acceleration phenomenon was similar for phenol mono-oxygenation, and this increased the rate of TCP mineralization. Compared to endogenous electron equivalents generated by phenol mineralization, the impact of exogenous electron donor was stronger on a per-equivalent basis. PMID:27084768
16. Phonon induced two-electron relaxation in two donor qubits in silicon
Hsueh, Yuling; Tankasala, Archana; Wang, Yu; Klimeck, Gerhard; Simmons, Michelle; Rahman, Rajib
An atomistic method of calculating two-electron spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) is presented for two donor qubits in silicon. The singlet-triplet two-electron states are calculated from full-configuration interaction (FCI) method with one-electron basis states obtained from the tight-binding Hamiltonian including spin-orbit interaction. The FCI solution enables the investigation of various regimes of donor separations, including very closely separated donor pairs in which rearrangement of excited bonding and anti-bonding states change the wavefunction symmetries. Hyperfine mixing from the nuclear spins is included perturbatively into the two-electron states. To calculate the T1 times, the electron-phonon Hamiltonian is evaluated from the strain-dependent tight-binding Hamiltonian. The results show how the T1 times in donor qubits vary with magnetic field and donor separation for each of the three triplets. Moreover, the variation of T1 with the electric field controlled exchange coupling is also investigated.
17. ESR Experiments on a Single Donor Electron in Isotopically Enriched Silicon
Tracy, Lisa; Luhman, Dwight; Carr, Stephen; Borchardt, John; Bishop, Nathaniel; Ten Eyck, Gregory; Pluym, Tammy; Wendt, Joel; Witzel, Wayne; Blume-Kohout, Robin; Nielsen, Erik; Lilly, Michael; Carroll, Malcolm
In this talk we will discuss electron spin resonance experiments in single donor silicon qubit devices fabricated at Sandia National Labs. A self-aligned device structure consisting of a polysilicon gate SET located adjacent to the donor is used for donor electron spin readout. Using a cryogenic HEMT amplifier next to the silicon device, we demonstrate spin readout at 100 kHz bandwidth and Rabi oscillations with 0.96 visibility. Electron spin resonance measurements on these devices show a linewidth of 30 kHz and coherence times T2* = 10 us and T2 = 0.3 ms. We also discuss estimates of the fidelity of our donor electron spin qubit measurements using gate set tomography. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a U.S. DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000. ESR Experiments on a Single Donor Electron in Isotopically Enriched Silicon.
18. On the cascade capture of electrons at donors in GaAs quantum wells
SciTech Connect
Aleshkin, V. Ya.
2015-09-15
The impact parameter for the cascade capture of electrons at a charged donor in a GaAs quantum well is calculated. A simple approximate analytical expression for the impact parameter is suggested. The temperature dependence of the impact parameter for the case of electron scattering by the piezoelectric potential of acoustic phonons is determined.
19. 2010 Electron Donor-Acceptor Interactions Gordon Research Conference, August 8 - 13, 2010.
SciTech Connect
Gerald Meyer
2010-08-18
The Gordon Research Conference on Electron Donor Acceptor Interactions (GRC EDAI) presents and advances the current frontiers in experimental and theoretical studies of Electron Transfer Processes and Energy Conversion. The fundamental concepts underpinning the field of electron transfer and charge transport phenomena are understood, but fascinating experimental discoveries and novel applications based on charge transfer processes are expanding the discipline. Simultaneously, global challenges for development of viable and economical alternative energy resources, on which many researchers in the field focus their efforts, are now the subject of daily news headlines. Enduring themes of this conference relate to photosynthesis, both natural and artificial, and solar energy conversion. More recent developments include molecular electronics, optical switches, and nanoscale charge transport structures of both natural (biological) and man-made origin. The GRC EDAI is one of the major international meetings advancing this field, and is one of the few scientific meetings where fundamental research in solar energy conversion has a leading voice. The program includes sessions on coupled electron transfers, molecular solar energy conversion, biological and biomimetic systems, spin effects, ultrafast reactions and technical frontiers as well as electron transport in single molecules and devices. In addition to disseminating the latest advances in the field of electron transfer processes, the conference is an excellent forum for scientists from different disciplines to meet and initiate new directions; for scientists from different countries to make contacts; for young scientists to network and establish personal contacts with other young scientists and with established scientists who, otherwise, might not have the time to meet young people. The EDAI GRC also features an interactive atmosphere with lively poster sessions, a few of which are selected for oral presentations.
20. Carbon Monoxide as an Electron Donor for the Biological Reduction of Sulphate
PubMed Central
Parshina, Sofiya N.; Sipma, Jan; Henstra, Anne Meint; Stams, Alfons J. M.
2010-01-01
Several strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are able to use carbon monoxide (CO) as a carbon source and electron donor for biological sulphate reduction. These strains exhibit variable resistance to CO toxicity. The most resistant SRB can grow and use CO as an electron donor at concentrations up to 100%, whereas others are already severely inhibited at CO concentrations as low as 1-2%. Here, the utilization, inhibition characteristics, and enzymology of CO metabolism as well as the current state of genomics of CO-oxidizing SRB are reviewed. Carboxydotrophic sulphate-reducing bacteria can be applied for biological sulphate reduction with synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) as an electron donor. PMID:20628586
1. Acceptor-donor-acceptor-based small molecules with varied crystallinity: processing additive-induced nanofibril in blend film for photovoltaic applications
Li, Chao; Chen, Yujin; Zhao, Yue; Wang, Huifang; Zhang, Wei; Li, Yaowen; Yang, Xiaoming; Ma, Changqi; Chen, Liwei; Zhu, Xiulin; Tu, Yingfeng
2013-09-01
A series of acceptor-donor-acceptor-based small molecules (SMs) with varied crystallinity were successfully synthesized. The processing additive can induce the SMs to self-organize as nanofibrils with higher crystallinity and controlled scales of nanofibrils, which have significant influence on the photovoltaic performance.A series of acceptor-donor-acceptor-based small molecules (SMs) with varied crystallinity were successfully synthesized. The processing additive can induce the SMs to self-organize as nanofibrils with higher crystallinity and controlled scales of nanofibrils, which have significant influence on the photovoltaic performance. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Synthetic process and characterizations of SMs; TGA, electrochemical properties, molecular orbital surfaces of SMs; AFM images of SM:PC71BM blend films; EQE curves; optical, electrochemical properties and photovoltaic parameters. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03048b
2. Modulation of electronic and self-assembly properties of a donor-acceptor-donor-based molecular materials via atomistic approach.
PubMed
Dhar, Joydeep; Swathi, K; Karothu, Durga Prasad; Narayan, K S; Patil, Satish
2015-01-14
The performance of molecular materials in optoelectronic devices critically depends upon their electronic properties and solid-state structure. In this report, we have synthesized sulfur and selenium based (T4BT and T4BSe) donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) organic derivatives in order to understand the structure-property correlation in organic semiconductors by selectively tuning the chalcogen atom. The photophysical properties exhibit a significant alteration upon varying a single atom in the molecular structure. A joint theoretical and experimental investigation suggests that replacing sulfur with selenium significantly reduces the band gap and molar absorption coefficient because of lower electronegativity and ionization potential of selenium. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed differences in their solid-state packing and intermolecular interactions. Subsequently, difference in the solid-state packing results variation in self-assembly. Micorstructural changes within these materials are correlated to their electrical resistance variation, investigated by conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) measurements. These results provide useful guidelines to understand the fundamental properties of D-A-D materials prepared by atomistic modulation. PMID:25532139
3. Pushing the Limits of Neutral Organic Electron Donors: A Tetra(iminophosphorano)-Substituted Bispyridinylidene
PubMed Central
Hanson, Samuel S; Doni, Eswararao; Traboulsee, Kyle T; Coulthard, Graeme; Murphy, John A; Dyker, C Adam
2015-01-01
A new ground-state organic electron donor has been prepared that features four strongly π-donating iminophosphorano substituents on a bispyridinylidene skeleton. Cyclic voltammetry reveals a record redox potential of −1.70 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for the couple involving the neutral organic donor and its dication. This highly reducing organic compound can be isolated (44 %) or more conveniently generated in situ by a deprotonation reaction involving its readily prepared pyridinium ion precursor. This donor is able to reduce a variety of aryl halides, and, owing to its redox potential, was found to be the first organic donor to be effective in the thermally induced reductive S–N bond cleavage of N,N-dialkylsulfonamides, and reductive hydrodecyanation of malonitriles. PMID:26213345
4. Cage electron-hydroxyl complex state as electron donor in mayenite
Hiraishi, M.; Kojima, K. M.; Miyazaki, M.; Yamauchi, I.; Okabe, H.; Koda, A.; Kadono, R.; Matsuishi, S.; Hosono, H.
2016-03-01
It is inferred from the chemical shift of muon spin rotation (μ SR ) spectra that muons implanted in pristine (fully oxidized) mayenite, [Ca12Al14O32] 2 +[□5O2 -] (C12A7, with □ referring to the vacant cage), are bound to O2 - at the cage center to form OMu- (where Mu represents muonium, a muonic analog of the H atom). However, an isolated negatively charged state (Mu-, an analog of H-) becomes dominant when the compound approaches the state of electride [Ca12Al14O32] 2 +[□42 e-] as a result of the reduction process. Moreover, the OMu- state in the pristine specimen exhibits depolarization of paramagnetic origin at low temperatures (below ˜30 K), indicating that OMu- accompanies a loosely bound electron in the cage that can be thermally activated. This suggests that interstitial muons (and hence H) forming a "cage electron-hydroxyl" complex can serve as electron donors in C12A7.
5. Single donor electronics and quantum functionalities with advanced CMOS technology.
PubMed
Jehl, Xavier; Niquet, Yann-Michel; Sanquer, Marc
2016-03-16
Recent progresses in quantum dots technology allow fundamental studies of single donors in various semiconductor nanostructures. For the prospect of applications figures of merits such as scalability, tunability, and operation at relatively large temperature are of prime importance. Beyond the case of actual dopant atoms in a host crystal, similar arguments hold for small enough quantum dots which behave as artificial atoms, for instance for single spin control and manipulation. In this context, this experimental review focuses on the silicon-on-insulator devices produced within microelectronics facilities with only very minor modifications to the current industrial CMOS process and tools. This is required for scalability and enabled by shallow trench or mesa isolation. It also paves the way for real integration with conventional circuits, as illustrated by a nanoscale device coupled to a CMOS circuit producing a radio-frequency drive on-chip. At the device level we emphasize the central role of electrostatics in etched silicon nanowire transistors, which allows to understand the characteristics in the full range from zero to room temperature. PMID:26871255
6. Single donor electronics and quantum functionalities with advanced CMOS technology
Jehl, Xavier; Niquet, Yann-Michel; Sanquer, Marc
2016-03-01
Recent progresses in quantum dots technology allow fundamental studies of single donors in various semiconductor nanostructures. For the prospect of applications figures of merits such as scalability, tunability, and operation at relatively large temperature are of prime importance. Beyond the case of actual dopant atoms in a host crystal, similar arguments hold for small enough quantum dots which behave as artificial atoms, for instance for single spin control and manipulation. In this context, this experimental review focuses on the silicon-on-insulator devices produced within microelectronics facilities with only very minor modifications to the current industrial CMOS process and tools. This is required for scalability and enabled by shallow trench or mesa isolation. It also paves the way for real integration with conventional circuits, as illustrated by a nanoscale device coupled to a CMOS circuit producing a radio-frequency drive on-chip. At the device level we emphasize the central role of electrostatics in etched silicon nanowire transistors, which allows to understand the characteristics in the full range from zero to room temperature.
7. Treatability study for Hill AFBs Operable Unit-1: Enhanced microaerobic dechlorination using various electron donors. MasMajor report
SciTech Connect
Breed, P.G.
1999-05-13
A treatability study of the microaerobic biodegradation of cis-dichloroethene (c-DCE) was completed using a series of eight continuously operated columns filled with contaminated soils from Hill Air Force Bases Operable Unit 1. Columns were supplied groundwater from the site, vitamins and yeast, and an electron donor solution containing one of the following donors: n-butyric acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, n-propanol, or toluene. Concentrations of c-DCE varied over six months and ranged from 2736 micrograms/L to 30 micrograms/L. Though attempted as an anaerobic study, the ability to continuously eliminate oxygen from an active system proved difficult and columns operated as microaerobic systems. In all columns the degradation of c-DCE was observed, however, the removal efficiencies determined by comparing the influent and effluent concentrations were highly inconsistent throughout the experiment. By comparing the background columns to the columns supplied electron donors, it does not appear the addition of vitamins or electron donors enhance the indigenous microorganisms ability to remove c-DCE. While c-DCE removal within the background column averaged 17%, the vitamin amended control column averaged only 7% c-DCE removal within the column and the electron donor supplied columns averaged between 7% removal and 5% apparent production. Of the electron donors supporting c-DCE removal, benzoic acid demonstrated 7% removal followed closely by propionic acid and n-propanol, both showing 5% c-DCE removal.
8. Photocurrent generation through electron-exciton interaction at the organic semiconductor donor/acceptor interface.
PubMed
Chen, Lijia; Zhang, Qiaoming; Lei, Yanlian; Zhu, Furong; Wu, Bo; Zhang, Ting; Niu, Guoxi; Xiong, Zuhong; Song, Qunliang
2013-10-21
In this work, we report our effort to understand the photocurrent generation that is contributed via electron-exciton interaction at the donor/acceptor interface in organic solar cells (OSCs). Donor/acceptor bi-layer heterojunction OSCs, of the indium tin oxide/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/fullerene (C60)/molybdenum oxide/Al type, were employed to study the mechanism of photocurrent generation due to the electron-exciton interaction, where CuPc and C60 are the donor and the acceptor, respectively. It is shown that the electron-exciton interaction and the exciton dissociation processes co-exist at the CuPc/C60 interface in OSCs. Compared to conventional donor/acceptor bi-layer OSCs, the cells with the above configuration enable holes to be extracted at the C60 side while electrons can be collected at the CuPc side, resulting in a photocurrent in the reverse direction. The photocurrent thus observed is contributed to primarily by the charge carriers that are generated by the electron-exciton interaction at the CuPc/C60 interface, while charges derived from the exciton dissociation process also exist at the same interface. The mechanism of photocurrent generation due to electron-exciton interaction in the OSCs is further investigated, and it is manifested by the transient photovoltage characteristics and the external quantum efficiency measurements. PMID:24002235
9. Enhanced microscopic nonlinear optical properties of novel Y-type chromophores with dual electron donor groups
Tang, Xiang; Pan, Lin; Jia, Kun; Tang, Xianzhong
2016-03-01
In this Letter, novel Y-type chromophores with dual electron donor groups, containing either styryl or azobenzene based π-conjugated bridge structures, were synthesized and their chemical structures, molecular configuration, microscopic optical properties as well as thermal properties were systematically characterized. The experimental results indicated that eight times increasing of second-order molecular hyperpolarizability as well as 50-100 nm blue shift of maximum absorption band for azobenzene based chromophore were observed by introducing Y-type dual electron donor groups, which was derived from the highly efficient 'total charge transfer' in this kind of chromophore as confirmed by the density functional theory calculation.
10. Electron spin coherence of phosphorus donors in silicon: Effect of environmental nuclei
SciTech Connect
Abe, Eisuke; Tyryshkin, Alexei M.; Lyon, Stephen A.; Tojo, Shinichi; Fujimoto, Akira; Itoh, Kohei M.; Morton, John J. L.; Witzel, Wayne M.; Ager, Joel W.; Haller, Eugene E.; Isoya, Junichi; Thewalt, Mike L. W.
2010-09-15
We report electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments of phosphorus donors in isotopically controlled silicon single crystals. By varying the concentration of the {sup 29}Si isotope, f, from 0.075% to 99.2%, we systematically study the effect of the environmental nuclear spins on the donor-electron spin. We find excellent agreement between experiment and theory for decoherence times due to nuclear-induced spectral diffusion, clarifying that the nuclear-induced decoherence is dominant in the range of f studied. We also observe that the EPR linewidth shows a transition from the square-root dependence to the linear dependence on f, in agreement with theoretical predictions.
11. Spin relaxation via exchange with donor impurity-bound electrons
Appelbaum, Ian
In the Bir-Aronov-Pikus depolarization process affecting conduction electrons in p-type cubic semiconductors, spin relaxation is driven by exchange with short-lived valence band hole states. We have identified an analogous spin relaxation mechanism in nominally undoped silicon at low temperatures, when many electrons are bound to dilute dopant ion potentials. Inelastic scattering with externally injected conduction electrons accelerated by electric fields can excite transitions into highly spin-orbit-mixed bound excited states, driving strong spin relaxation of the conduction electrons via exchange interaction. We reveal the consequences of this spin depolarization mechanism both below and above the impact ionization threshold, where conventional charge and spin transport are restored. Based upon: Lan Qing, Jing Li, Ian Appelbaum, and Hanan Dery, Phys Rev. B 91, 241405(R) (2015). We acknowledge support from NSF, DTRA, and ONR.
12. Autotrophic antimonate bio-reduction using hydrogen as the electron donor.
PubMed
Lai, Chun-Yu; Wen, Li-Lian; Zhang, Yin; Luo, Shan-Shan; Wang, Qing-Ying; Luo, Yi-Hao; Chen, Ran; Yang, Xiaoe; Rittmann, Bruce E; Zhao, He-Ping
2016-01-01
Antimony (Sb), a toxic metalloid, is soluble as antimonate (Sb(V)). While bio-reduction of Sb(V) is an effective Sb-removal approach, its bio-reduction has been coupled to oxidation of only organic electron donors. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of autotrophic microbial Sb(V) reduction using hydrogen gas (H2) as the electron donor without extra organic carbon source. SEM and EDS analysis confirmed the production of the mineral precipitate Sb2O3. When H2 was utilized as the electron donor, the consortium was able to fully reduce 650 μM of Sb(V) to Sb(III) in 10 days, a rate comparable to the culture using lactate as the electron donor. The H2-fed culture directed a much larger fraction of it donor electrons to Sb(V) reduction than did the lactate-fed culture. While 98% of the electrons from H2 were used to reduce Sb(V) by the H2-fed culture, only 12% of the electrons from lactate was used to reduce Sb(V) by the lactate-fed culture. The rest of the electrons from lactate went to acetate and propionate through fermentation, to methane through methanogenesis, and to biomass synthesis. High-throughput sequencing confirmed that the microbial community for the lactate-fed culture was much more diverse than that for the H2-fed culture, which was dominated by a short rod-shaped phylotype of Rhizobium (α-Protobacteria) that may have been active in Sb(V) reduction. PMID:26519630
13. Electronic and Chemical Properties of Donor, Acceptor Centers in Graphene.
PubMed
Telychko, Mykola; Mutombo, Pingo; Merino, Pablo; Hapala, Prokop; Ondráček, Martin; Bocquet, François C; Sforzini, Jessica; Stetsovych, Oleksandr; Vondráček, Martin; Jelínek, Pavel; Švec, Martin
2015-09-22
Chemical doping is one of the most suitable ways of tuning the electronic properties of graphene and a promising candidate for a band gap opening. In this work we report a reliable and tunable method for preparation of high-quality boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene on silicon carbide substrate. We combine experimental (dAFM, STM, XPS, NEXAFS) and theoretical (total energy DFT and simulated STM) studies to analyze the structural, chemical, and electronic properties of the single-atom substitutional dopants in graphene. We show that chemical identification of boron and nitrogen substitutional defects can be achieved in the STM channel due to the quantum interference effect, arising due to the specific electronic structure of nitrogen dopant sites. Chemical reactivity of single boron and nitrogen dopants is analyzed using force-distance spectroscopy by means of dAFM. PMID:26256407
14. Diversity and ubiquity of bacteria capable of utilizing humic substances as electron donors for anaerobic respiration.
PubMed
Coates, John D; Cole, Kimberly A; Chakraborty, Romy; O'Connor, Susan M; Achenbach, Laurie A
2002-05-01
Previous studies have demonstrated that reduced humic substances (HS) can be reoxidized by anaerobic bacteria such as Geobacter, Geothrix, and Wolinella species with a suitable electron acceptor; however, little is known of the importance of this metabolism in the environment. Recently we investigated this metabolism in a diversity of environments including marine and aquatic sediments, forest soils, and drainage ditch soils. Most-probable-number enumeration studies were performed using 2,6-anthrahydroquinone disulfonate (AHDS), an analog for reduced HS, as the electron donor with nitrate as the electron acceptor. Anaerobic organisms capable of utilizing reduced HS as an electron donor were found in all environments tested and ranged from a low of 2.31 x 10(1) in aquifer sediments to a high of 9.33 x 10(6) in lake sediments. As part of this study we isolated six novel organisms capable of anaerobic AHDS oxidation. All of the isolates coupled the oxidation of AHDS to the reduction of nitrate with acetate (0.1 mM) as the carbon source. In the absence of cells, no AHDS oxidation was apparent, and in the absence of AHDS, no cell density increase was observed. Generally, nitrate was reduced to N(2). Analysis of the AHDS and its oxidized form, 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS), in the medium during growth revealed that the anthraquinone was not being biodegraded as a carbon source and was simply being oxidized as an energy source. Determination of the AHDS oxidized and nitrate reduced accounted for 109% of the theoretical electron transfer. In addition to AHDS, all of these isolates could also couple the oxidation of reduced humic substances to the reduction of nitrate. No HS oxidation occurred in the absence of cells and in the absence of a suitable electron acceptor, demonstrating that these organisms were capable of utilizing natural HS as an energy source and that AHDS serves as a suitable analog for studying this metabolism. Alternative electron donors included
15. Computational design of co-polymer electron donors for bulk heterojunction photovoltaic solar cells
Shin, Yongwoo; Liu, Jiakai; Lin, Xi
2014-03-01
In this work, our recently developed adapted Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian is used to systematically explore the optoelectronic properties of thousands of pi-conjugated structures. New physical insights on the structure-property relationship are extracted and transformed into practical guiding rules in the donor materials design. For the power-efficient copolymer structures, we find that the energy variation of frontier orbitals can be controlled either independently or collectively, depending on their specific donor or acceptor structures. In particular, we find that having five-membered conjugated carbon rings in the acceptor units is essential to break the electron-hole charge conjugation symmetry, so that the LUMO levels of the copolymer can be reduced dramatically while holding the HOMO energy levels in the donor units constant. On the other hand, by incorporating heteroatoms into the donors units, we can vary the HOMO levels of the copolymers independently. Effects of introducing various side groups (-R, -O, -CO, -COO, and thiophene) on the primitive donor and acceptor structures are investigated and their results are discussed in details. Finally, unexpected localized states are found, for the first time, in our calculations for a few special co-polymer structures. These localized states, with electrons localized on one end of the copolymer chain and holes on the other end, contain large dipole moments and therefore may be treated as a new design dimension when these copolymers are placed in polar and non-polar solvent environments.
16. Theoretical study of the interaction of electron donor and acceptor molecules with monolayer WS2
Zhou, C. J.; Yang, W. H.; Wu, Y. P.; Lin, W.; Zhu, H. L.
2015-07-01
With the aim of understanding recent experimental data concerning molecular doping in WS2-based FET gas sensors, we have investigated the interaction of NH3 and H2O molecules with monolayer WS2, by means of first-principles calculations. The structural relaxations and total energy calculations are performed to determine the preferential binding configurations and it is found that both NH3 and H2O molecules are physisorbed on monolayer WS2. The Bader analysis combined with the plane-averaged differential charge density results indicate that NH3 acts as the electron donor, while H2O acts as the electron acceptor, leading to n- and p-type doping of WS2, respectively. The charge transfer mechanism is discussed in light of the mixing of the molecular highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital with the underlying WS2 orbitals. In addition, the modification of the work function is found to be almost linearly dependent on the total charge transfer. The modification of the work function and the carrier concentration can be obtained by tuning the molecule coverages, without destroying the band structure of monolayer WS2. The electrical sensitivities to the gas adsorption make WS2 a gas sensor that promises wide-ranging applications.
17. Reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene DNAPL source zones: source zone architecture versus electron donor availability
Krol, M.; Kokkinaki, A.; Sleep, B.
2014-12-01
The persistence of dense-non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) in the subsurface has led practitioners and regulatory agencies to turn towards low-maintenance, low-cost remediation methods. Biological degradation has been suggested as a possible solution, based on the well-proven ability of certain microbial species to break down dissolved chlorinated ethenes under favorable conditions. However, the biodegradation of pure phase chlorinated ethenes is subject to additional constraints: the continuous release of electron acceptor at a rate governed by mass transfer kinetics, and the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of DNAPL source zones which leads to spatially and temporally variable availability of the reactants for reductive dechlorination. In this work, we investigate the relationship between various DNAPL source zone characteristics and reaction kinetics using COMPSIM, a multiphase groundwater model that considers non-equilibrium mass transfer and Monod-type kinetics for reductive dechlorination. Numerical simulations are performed for simple, homogeneous trichloroethene DNAPL source zones to demonstrate the effect of single source zone characteristics, as well as for larger, more realistic heterogeneous source zones. It is shown that source zone size, and mass transfer kinetics may have a decisive effect on the predicted bio-enhancement. Finally, we evaluate the performance of DNAPL bioremediation for realistic, thermodynamically constrained, concentrations of electron donor. Our results indicate that the latter may be the most important limitation for the success of DNAPL bioremediation, leading to reduced bio-enhancement and, in many cases, comparable performance with water flooding.
18. Influence of electron donor on the minimum sulfate concentration required for sulfate reduction in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer
USGS Publications Warehouse
Vroblesky, D.A.; Bradley, P.M.; Chapelle, F.H.
1996-01-01
Fluctuations in the availability of electron donor (petroleum hydrocarbons) affected the competition between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic bacteria (MB) for control of electron flow in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer. The data suggest that abundant electron donor availability allowed MB to sequester a portion of the electron flow even when sulfate was present in sufficient concentrations to support sulfate reduction. For example, in an area of abundant electron-donor availability, SRB appeared to be unable to sequester the electron flow from MB in the presence of 1.4 mg/L sulfate. The data also suggest that when electron-donor availability was limited, SRB outcompeted MB for available substrate at a lower concentration of sulfate than when electron donor was plentiful. For example, in an area of limited electron-donor availability, SRB appeared to maintain dominance of electron flow at sulfate concentrations less than 1 mg/L. The presence of abundant electron donor and a limited amount of sulfate reduced competition for available substrate, allowing both SRB and MB to metabolize available substrates concurrently.
19. Expanding the Diet for DIET: Electron Donors Supporting Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (DIET) in Defined Co-Cultures
PubMed Central
Wang, Li-Ying; Nevin, Kelly P.; Woodard, Trevor L.; Mu, Bo-Zhong; Lovley, Derek R.
2016-01-01
Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has been recognized as an alternative to interspecies H2 transfer as a mechanism for syntrophic growth, but previous studies on DIET with defined co-cultures have only documented DIET with ethanol as the electron donor in the absence of conductive materials. Co-cultures of Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens metabolized propanol, butanol, propionate, and butyrate with the reduction of fumarate to succinate. G. metallireducens utilized each of these substrates whereas only electrons available from DIET supported G. sulfurreducens respiration. A co-culture of G. metallireducens and a strain of G. sulfurreducens that could not metabolize acetate oxidized acetate with fumarate as the electron acceptor, demonstrating that acetate can also be syntrophically metabolized via DIET. A co-culture of G. metallireducens and Methanosaeta harundinacea previously shown to syntrophically convert ethanol to methane via DIET metabolized propanol or butanol as the sole electron donor, but not propionate or butyrate. The stoichiometric accumulation of propionate or butyrate in the propanol- or butanol-fed cultures demonstrated that M. harundinaceae could conserve energy to support growth solely from electrons derived from DIET. Co-cultures of G. metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri could also incompletely metabolize propanol and butanol and did not metabolize propionate or butyrate as sole electron donors. These results expand the range of substrates that are known to be syntrophically metabolized through DIET, but suggest that claims of propionate and butyrate metabolism via DIET in mixed microbial communities warrant further validation. PMID:26973614
20. Photoinduced electron transfer across fixed distances in chlorophyll donor-acceptor molecules
SciTech Connect
Wasielewski, M.R.; Johnson, D.G.; Svec, W.A.
1987-06-01
The primary events of photosynthesis are a series of rapid, unidirectional electron transfer events between donors and acceptors that are positioned in the reaction center protein at precise spatial orientations and distances relative to one another. Recent work suggests that electron transfer rates depend on distance and free energy of reaction in porphyrin-quinone models in which the distance and orientation of the donor relative to the acceptor is highly restricted. Spacer molecules were developed which were used to link chlorophyll donors with either chlorophyll or quinone acceptors to produce models in which the donor-acceptor distance is well-defined. Recent theoretical studies and photochemical hole-burning experiments have suggested that the actual primary event of photosynthesis is the production of an intramolecular charge transfer state involving the two bacteriochlorophyll molecules of the special pair dimer. This possibility was explored with symmetric, fixed distance chlorophyll dimer. The chlorophyll macrocycles share a common vinyl group at the 2-position. This linkage serves to increase the degree of electronic coupling between the macrocycles. This dimer exhibits a remarkable decrease in fluorescence quantum yield as the dielectric constant of the medium in which it is dissolved increases. This decrease is accompanied by a proportional decrease in the lowest excited singlet state lifetime as measured by picosecond fluorescence and absorption. 11 refs., 2 figs.
1. Biocatalytic photosynthesis with water as an electron donor.
PubMed
Ryu, Jungki; Nam, Dong Heon; Lee, Sahng Ha; Park, Chan Beum
2014-09-15
Efficient harvesting of unlimited solar energy and its conversion into valuable chemicals is one of the ultimate goals of scientists. With the ever-increasing concerns about sustainable growth and environmental issues, numerous efforts have been made to develop artificial photosynthetic process for the production of fuels and fine chemicals, thus mimicking natural photosynthesis. Despite the research progress made over the decades, the technology is still in its infancy because of the difficulties in kinetic coupling of whole photocatalytic cycles. Herein, we report a new type of artificial photosynthesis system that can avoid such problems by integrally coupling biocatalytic redox reactions with photocatalytic water splitting. We found that photocatalytic water splitting can be efficiently coupled with biocatalytic redox reactions by using tetracobalt polyoxometalate and Rh-based organometallic compound as hole and electron scavengers, respectively, for photoexcited [Ru(bpy)3](2+). Based on these results, we could successfully photosynthesize a model chiral compound (L-glutamate) using a model redox enzyme (glutamate dehydrogenase) upon in situ photoregeneration of cofactors. PMID:25088448
2. Additional evidence implicating Triticum searsii as the B-genome donor to wheat.
PubMed
Nath, J; Hanzel, J J; Thompson, J P; McNay, J W
1984-02-01
In vitro DNA:DNA hybridizations and hydroxyapatite thermal-elution chromatography were employed to identify the diploid wheat species ancestral to the B genome of Triticum turgidum. 3H-T. turgidum DNA was hybridized to the unlabeled DNAs of T. urartu, T. speltoides, T. sharonensis, T. bicorne, T. longissimum, and T. searsii. 3H-Labeled DNAs of T. monococcum and a synthetic tetraploid AADD were hybridized with unlabeled DNAs of T. urartu and T. searsii to determine the relationship of the A genome of polyploid wheat and T. urartu. The heteroduplex thermal stabilities indicated that T. searsii was most closely related to the B genome of T. turgidum (AB) and that the genome of T. urartu and the A genome have a great deal of base-sequence homology. Thus, it appears that T. searsii is the B-genome donor to polyploid wheat or a major chromosome donor if the B genome is polyphyletic in origin. PMID:6712588
3. Synthesis and photophysical properties of new catenated electron donor-acceptor materials with magnesium and free base porphyrins as donors and C60 as the acceptor
Kirner, Sabrina V.; Guldi, Dirk M.; Megiatto, Jackson D., Jr.; Schuster, David I.
2014-12-01
A new series of nanoscale electron donor-acceptor systems with [2]catenane architectures has been synthesized, incorporating magnesium porphyrin (MgP) or free base porphyrin (H2P) as electron donor and C60 as electron acceptor, surrounding a central tetrahedral Cu(i)-1,10-phenanthroline (phen) complex. Model catenated compounds incorporating only one or none of these photoactive moieties were also prepared. The synthesis involved the use of Sauvage's metal template protocol in combination with the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes (click chemistry''), as in other recent reports from our laboratories. Ground state electron interactions between the individual constituents was probed using electrochemistry and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, while events occurring following photoexcitation in tetrahydrofuran (under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions) at various wavelengths were followed by means of time-resolved transient absorption and emission spectroscopies on the femtosecond and nanosecond time scales, respectively, complemented by measurements of quantum yields for generation of singlet oxygen. From similar studies with model catenates containing one or neither of the chromophores, the events following photoexcitation could be elucidated. The results were compared with those previously reported for analogous catenates based on zinc porphyrin (ZnP). It was determined that a series of energy transfer (EnT) and electron transfer (ET) processes take place in the present catenates, ultimately generating long-distance charge separated (CS) states involving oxidized porphyrin and reduced C60 moieties, with lifetimes ranging from 400 to 1060 nanoseconds. Shorter lived short-distance CS states possessing oxidized copper complexes and reduced C60, with lifetimes ranging from 15 to 60 ns, were formed en route to the long-distance CS states. The dynamics of the ET processes were analyzed in terms of their thermodynamic driving forces. It was clear that
4. Electron-Donor-Acceptor (EDA) Complexes Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons With Organic Acceptors In Solution And In The Solid State. A Quantitative FT-IR Investigation.
Bruni, Paolo; Giorgini, Elisabetta; Tosi, Giorgio; Zampini, Angela
1989-12-01
Liquid phase FT-IR investigation on π-π Electron-Donor-Acceptor (EDA) complexes between arenes and organic acceptors leads to values of formation constants that are in good agreement with the ones from other techniques (UV-Vis and NMR). In addition solid state FT-IR and UV-Vis determinations on the complexes are also reported and discussed.
5. Color- and morphology-controlled self-assembly of new electron-donor-substituted aggregation-induced emission compounds.
PubMed
Niu, Caixia; Zhao, Liu; Fang, Tao; Deng, Xuebin; Ma, Hui; Zhang, Jiaxin; Na, Na; Han, Jingsa; Ouyang, Jin
2014-03-11
Four electron-donor-substituted aggregation-induced emission (AIE) compounds, N,N'-bis(4-methoxylsalicylidene)-p-phenylenediamine (BSPD-OMe), N,N'-bis(4-methylsalicylidene)-p-phenylenediamine (BSPD-Me), N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-p-phenylenediamine (BSPD), and N,N'-bis(4-hydroxylsalicylidene)-p-phenylenediamine (BSPD-OH), are designed and synthesized. They are all found to exhibit controlled self-assembly behaviors and good thermal properties. By changing the terminal electron-donor groups, they are controlled to self-assemble into three emission colors (green, yellow, and orange) and four morphologies (microblocks, microparticles, microrods, and nanowires) in THF/water mixtures. Their self-assembled structures were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescent microscopy images, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) techniques. In addition, the emission colors of BSPD-OH can be successfully controlled to three colors (green → yellow → orange) through simply changing the water fraction (fw). Their thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicate that their thermal decomposition temperatures (Td, corresponding to 5% weight loss) range from 282 to 319 °C. Their differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data show that BSPD-OH bears a glass-transition temperature (Tg) of 118 °C. The good Td and Tg values will ensure them to be luminogens for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The theoretical calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of BSPD-OMe and BSPD suggest that the stronger electron donor substituent can twist the molecular conformation, decrease the degree of π conjugation, increase the energy gap, and then induce the emission colors' blue shift and morphology variation. The results are meaningful in controlling the emission colors and self-assembly shapes of these derivatives, and they also provide a novel but facile way to get color-tunable AIE luminogens for OLEDs. PMID
6. New artificial electron donors for in vitro assay of nitrate reductase isolated from cultured tobacco cells and other organisms.
PubMed
Hoarau, J; Hirel, B; Nato, A
1986-04-01
The capacity of bromphenol blue and its analogs to act as electron donors for measurement of in vitro nitrate reductase activity from tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum var Techné SP 25 strain) was determined. Competitive inhibition was demonstrated to occur between NADH, the natural electron donor, and bromphenol blue, the artificial electron donor, suggesting that both donors bind to a similar active site on the enzyme. NADH-dependent or bromphenol blue-dependent nitrate reductase activity was carried out by a similar molecular weight protein exhibiting similar antigenic sites. Following ammonium sulfate precipitation, sucrose density gradient and two chromatographic steps, nitrate reductase activity from tobacco cells was purified near homogeneity using bromphenol blue as an electron donor in the absence of measurable NADH-dependent activity. The enzyme is composed of two identical subunits of 83 kilodaltons < Momega < 94 kilodaltons. PMID:16664746
7. Effects of different electron donor feeding patterns on TCE reductive dechlorination performance.
PubMed
Panagiotakis, I; Antoniou, K; Mamais, D; Pantazidou, M
2015-03-01
This study investigates how the feeding pattern of e(-) donors might affect the efficiency of enhanced in situ bioremediation in TCE-contaminated aquifers. A series of lab-scale batch experiments were conducted using butyrate or hydrogen gas (H2) as e(-) donor and a TCE-dechlorinating microbial consortium dominated by Dehalococcoides spp. The results of these experiments demonstrate that butyrate is similarly efficient for TCE dechlorination whether it is injected once or in doses. Moreover, the present work indicates that the addition of butyrate in great excess cannot be avoided, since it most likely provide, even indirectly, significant part of the H2 required. Furthermore, methanogenesis appears to be the major ultimate e(-) accepting process in all experiments, regardless the e(-) donor used and the feeding pattern. Finally, the timing of injection of H2 seems to significantly affect dechlorination performance, since the injection during the early stages improves VC-to-ETH dechlorination and reduce methanogenic activity. PMID:25613854
8. Electron transport in DNA initiated by diaminonaphthalene donors alternatively bound by non-covalent and covalent association.
PubMed
Campbell, Neil P; Rokita, Steven E
2014-02-21
Covalent conjugation is typically used to fix a potential charge donor to a chosen site for studying either hole or excess electron transport in duplex DNA. A model system based on oligonucleotides containing an abasic site and (Br)dU was previously developed to provide a rapid method of screening new donors without the need of synthetic chemistry. While this strategy is effective for discovering important lead compounds, it is not appropriate for establishing extensive correlations between molecular structure and donor efficiency as demonstrated with a series of closely related electron donors based on diaminonaphthalene. The non-covalent system accurately identified the ability of the donors to reduce a distal (Br)dU in DNA, but their varying efficiencies were not recapitulated when attached covalently to an equivalent sequence of DNA. Reduction within the covalent system was not sensitive to the strong donor potentials as consistent with charge recombination dominating the net migration of charge. PMID:24398596
9. Stereochemical Properties of Multidentate Nitrogen Donor Ligands and Their Copper Complexes by Electronic CD and DFT.
PubMed
Poopari, Mohammad Reza; Dezhahang, Zahra; Xu, Yunjie
2016-07-01
UV-Vis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy, complemented with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, were used to elucidate the structural diversities of three multidentate nitrogen donor ligands and two associated copper complexes in solution directly. The three chiral salen ligands all consist of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine as a chiral scaffold and also of pyridine rings as chromophores, differing only in the linking groups between the two functional groups mentioned above. Very different ECD intensities and somewhat different ECD patterns were observed for these ligands and satisfactorily interpreted theoretically. For the geometry optimization and spectral simulation of the open-shell metal complexes, the LANL2DZ basis set with effective core potential for the Cu and Cl atoms and pure cc-pVTZ for the rest of the atoms was utilized. The performance of the same calculations with the polarization functions (f,g) from the cc-pVTZ basis added to the LANL2DZ basis was compared. While the three ligands exhibit different conformational flexibility, the associated copper complexes show great rigidity imposed by the metal-ligand coordination, taking on a single structure in each case. In addition, dispersion interactions were shown to change the conformational stability ordering of the ligands noticeably and to exert considerable influence on the simulated UV-Vis and ECD spectra. Chirality 28:545-555, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PMID:27349956
10. Gradient ascent pulse engineering approach to CNOT gates in donor electron spin quantum computing
SciTech Connect
Tsai, D.-B.; Goan, H.-S.
2008-11-07
In this paper, we demonstrate how gradient ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) optimal control methods can be implemented on donor electron spin qubits in semiconductors with an architecture complementary to the original Kane's proposal. We focus on the high fidelity controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate and we explicitly find the digitized control sequences for a controlled-NOT gate by optimizing its fidelity using the effective, reduced donor electron spin Hamiltonian with external controls over the hyperfine A and exchange J interactions. We then simulate the CNOT-gate sequence with the full spin Hamiltonian and find that it has an error of 10{sup -6} that is below the error threshold of 10{sup -4} required for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Also the CNOT gate operation time of 100 ns is 3 times faster than 297 ns of the proposed global control scheme.
11. Implanted bismuth donors in 28-Si: Process development and electron spin resonance measurements
Weis, C. D.; Lo, C. C.; Lang, V.; George, R. E.; Tyryshkin, A. M.; Bokor, J.; Lyon, S. A.; Morton, J. J. L.; Schenkel, T.
2012-02-01
Spins of donor atoms in silicon are excellent qubit candidates. Isotope engineered substrates provide a nuclear spin free host environment, resulting in long spin coherence times [1,2]. The capability of swapping quantum information between electron and nuclear spins can enable quantum communication and gate operation via the electron spin and quantum memory via the nuclear spin [2]. Spin properties of donor qubit candidates in silicon have been studied mostly for phosphorous and antimony [1-3]. Bismuth donors in silicon exhibit a zero field splitting of 7.4 GHz and have attracted attention as potential nuclear spin memory and spin qubit candidates [4,5] that could be coupled to superconducting resonators [4,6]. We report on progress in the formation of bismuth doped 28-Si epi layers by ion implantation, electrical dopant activation and their study via pulsed electron spin resonance measurements showing narrow linewidths and good coherence times. [4pt] [1] A. M. Tyryshkin, et al. arXiv: 1105.3772 [2] J. J. L. Morton, et al. Nature (2008) [3] T. Schenkel, et al APL 2006; F. R. Bradbury, et al. PRL (2006) [4] R. E. George, et al. PRL (2010) [5] G. W. Morley, et al. Nat Mat (2010) [6] M. Hatridge, et al. PRB (2011), R. Vijay, et al. APL (2010) This work was supported by NSA (100000080295) and DOE (DE-AC02-05CH11231).
12. Algae as an electron donor promoting sulfate reduction for the bioremediation of acid rock drainage.
PubMed
Ayala-Parra, Pedro; Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes; Field, Jim A
2016-11-01
This study assessed bioremediation of acid rock drainage in simulated permeable reactive barriers (PRB) using algae, Chlorella sorokiniana, as the sole electron donor for sulfate-reducing bacteria. Lipid extracted algae (LEA), the residues of biodiesel production, were compared with whole cell algae (WCA) as an electron donor to promote sulfate-reducing activity. Inoculated columns containing anaerobic granular sludge were fed a synthetic medium containing H2SO4 and Cu(2+). Sulfate, sulfide, Cu(2+) and pH were monitored throughout the experiment of 123d. Cu recovered in the column packing at the end of the experiment was evaluated using sequential extraction. Both WCA and LEA promoted 80% of sulfate removal (12.7mg SO4(2-) d(-1)) enabling near complete Cu removal (>99.5%) and alkalinity generation raising the effluent pH to 6.5. No noteworthy sulfate reduction, alkalinity formation and Cu(2+) removal were observed in the endogenous control. In algae amended-columns, Cu(2+) was precipitated with biogenic H2S produced by sulfate reduction. Formation of CuS was evidenced by sequential extraction and X-ray diffraction. LEA and WCA provided similar levels of electron donor based on the COD balance. The results demonstrate an innovative passive remediation system using residual algae biomass from the biodiesel industry. PMID:27318730
13. Impact of Electron Donor selection on In-situ Biosequestration of Uranium
Tabatabaei, S.; Zhong, H.; Abel, E. J.; Field, J.; Brusseau, M. L. L.
2015-12-01
In-situ biosequestration, wherein electron-donating substrates are injected to promote microbial-associated sequestration of contaminants, is one promising enhanced-attenuation technique for remediation of groundwater containing arsenic, uranium, selenium, and similar constituents. A pilot-scale test of in-situ biosequestration for uranium in groundwater is in process at a former uranium mining site in Monument Valley, Arizona. Complementary bench experiments were conducted to examine the impact of different electron donors on the effectiveness of biosequestration. Aqueous and sediment samples were collected before and after the injection for monitoring changes in sediment properties, mineral geochemical composition, microbial community composition, and microbial activity.
14. New extended {pi}-electron donors. Tetrathiafulvalene systems with heterocyclic spacer groups
SciTech Connect
Hansen, T.K.; Jensen, F.; Becher, J.
1992-06-17
Nine new heterocyclic {pi}-electron donors 10a-c, 11a-c, and 12a-c based upon the well-known TTF (tetrathiafulvalene) system, but incorporating a pyrrole, thiophene, or furan ring between the 1,3-thiole rings, have been synthesized. The compounds show two single-electron reversible oxidation waves in cyclic voltammetry. Some TCNQ complexes and conductivity measurements are reported, indicating the new compounds to be good candidates for {open_quotes}organic metals{close_quotes}. The influence of the central conjugated system on redox properties is discussed using MNDO-PM3 calculations. 17 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
15. Ab initio calculations of the electronic structure of silicon nanocrystals doped with shallow donors (Li, P)
SciTech Connect
Kurova, N. V. Burdov, V. A.
2013-12-15
The results of ab initio calculations of the electronic structure of Si nanocrystals doped with shallow donors (Li, P) are reported. It is shown that phosphorus introduces much more significant distortions into the electronic structure of the nanocrystal than lithium, which is due to the stronger central cell potential of the phosphorus ion. It is found that the Li-induced splitting of the ground state in the conduction band of the nanocrystal into the singlet, doublet, and triplet retains its inverse structure typical for bulk silicon.
16. Effect of donor orientation on ultrafast intermolecular electron transfer in coumarin-amine systems.
PubMed
Singh, P K; Nath, S; Bhasikuttan, A C; Kumbhakar, M; Mohanty, J; Sarkar, S K; Mukherjee, T; Pal, H
2008-09-21
Effect of donor amine orientation on nondiffusive ultrafast intermolecular electron transfer (ET) reactions in coumarin-amine systems has been investigated using femtosecond fluorescence upconversion measurements. Intermolecular ET from different aromatic and aliphatic amines used as donor solvents to the excited coumarin-151 (C151) acceptor occurs with ultrafast rates such that the shortest fluorescence lifetime component (tau(1)) is the measure of the fastest ET rate (tau(1)=tau(ET) (fast)=(k(ET) (fast))(-1)), assigned to the C151-amine contact pairs in which amine donors are properly oriented with respect to C151 to maximize the acceptor-donor electronic coupling (V(el)). It is interestingly observed that as the amine solvents are diluted by suitable diluents (either keeping solvent dielectric constant similar or with increasing dielectric constant), the tau(1) remains almost in the similar range as long as the amine dilution does not cross a certain critical limit, which in terms of the amine mole fraction (x(A)) is found to be approximately 0.4 for aromatic amines and approximately 0.8 for aliphatic amines. Beyond these dilutions in the two respective cases of the amine systems, the tau(1) values are seen to increase very sharply. The large difference in the critical x(A) values involving aromatic and aliphatic amine donors has been rationalized in terms of the largely different orientational restrictions for the ET reactions as imposed by the aliphatic (n-type) and aromatic (pi-type) nature of the amine donors [A. K. Satpati et al., J. Mol. Struct. 878, 84 (2008)]. Since the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the n-type aliphatic amines is mostly centralized at the amino nitrogen, only some specific orientations of these amines with respect to the close-contact acceptor dye [also of pi-character; A. K. Satpati et al., J. Mol. Struct. 878, 84 (2008) and E. W. Castner et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 2869 (2000)] can give suitable V(el) and thus
17. Electron-donor dopant, method of improving conductivity of polymers by doping therewith, and a polymer so treated
DOEpatents
Liepins, Raimond; Aldissi, Mahmoud
1988-01-01
Polymers with conjugated backbones, both polyacetylene and polyaromatic heterocyclic types, are doped with electron-donor agents to increase their electrical conductivity. The electron-donor agents are either electride dopants made in the presence of lithium or dopants derived from alkalides made in the presence of lithium. The dopants also contain a metal such as cesium and a trapping agent such as a crown ether.
18. Electron-donor dopant, method of improving conductivity of polymers by doping therewith, and a polymer so treated
DOEpatents
Liepins, R.; Aldissi, M.
1984-07-27
Polymers with conjugated backbones, both polyacetylene and polyaromatic heterocyclic types, are doped with electron-donor agents to increase their electrical conductivity. The electron-donor agents are either electride dopants made in the presence of lithium or dopants derived from alkalides made in the presence of lithium. The dopants also contain a metal such as cesium and a trapping agent such as a crown ether.
19. The Tetrathiafulvalene-based Donor-acceptor Diads for Molecular Electronics
Perepichka, Dmitrii F.; Bryce, Martin R.; Ho, Gregory; Heath, James R.; Pearson, Christopher; Petty, Michael C.
2004-03-01
The challenge of covalent linking a strong electron donor (as tetrathiafulvalene, TTF) to a strong acceptor (as tetracyanoquinodimethane, TCNQ) was laid down by Aviram and Ratner, who proposed that a single donor-sigma-acceptor molecule could rectify an electric current. Although numerous organic compounds have been tested in metal-molecule-metal junctions, they had substantially higher HOMO-LUMO gap (Eg >0.5 eV) and, in most cases, high dipole moment due to conjugated character of the linker. Those molecules re-orient in the electric field limiting the device stability. Recently, we have pioneered the synthesis of DsigmaA molecules with the HOMO-LUMO gap 0.17-0.3 eV, including the original TTF-TCNQ.* We will present the intriguing electronic properties of these compounds, including the conformational control of the Eg and the thermoexcited electron transfer. The compounds form high-quality LB films, suitable for molecular electronics applications. In Si-molecule-Ti junctions, the rectification ratio increases as molecules align perpendicularly to the surface, and the device stability override significantly the related system based on D-pi-A molecules. * Perepichka, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4635.
20. Collapse of electrons to a donor cluster in SrTiO3
Fu, Han; Reich, Konstantin; Shklovskii, Boris
It is known that when a nucleus has charge Ze where Z > 137 , electrons collapse onto the nucleus resulting in a net charge Zn < Z . This effect is due to the relativistic dispersion law. Here a similar effect is found for a donor cluster in SrTiO3 (STO), but with a different origin (see Phys. Rev. B 92, 035204 (2015)). At low temperatures, STO has an enormously large dielectric constant and the nonlinear dielectric response becomes dominant when the electric field is still small. This leads to the collapse of electrons into a charged spherical donor cluster with radius R when its total charge number Z exceeds a critical value Zc ~= R / a where a is the lattice constant. The net charge Zn e grows with Z until Z exceeds Z* ~=(R / a) 9 / 7 . After this point, the charge of the compact core Zn remains ~=Z* , while the rest Z* electrons form a sparse Thomas-Fermi electron atmosphere around it. We show that the thermal ionization of such two-scale atoms easily strips the outer atmosphere while the inner core remains preserved. We extend our results to the case of long cylindrical clusters. We discuss how our predictions can be tested by measuring conductivity of chain of discs of charge on the STO surface.
1. Easy Access to NO2 -Containing Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor Electron Donors for High Efficiency Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells.
PubMed
Ting, Hao-Chun; Yang, Ya-Ting; Chen, Chia-Hsun; Lee, Jiun-Haw; Chang, Jung-Hung; Wu, Chih-I; Chiu, Tien-Lung; Lin, Chi-Feng; Chung, Chin-Lung; Wong, Ken-Tsung
2016-06-22
Two donor-acceptor-acceptor (D-A-A)-type molecules incorporating nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBO) as the A-A block and ditolylamine as the D block bridged through a phenylene (PNBO) and a thiophene (TNBO) spacer were synthesized in a one-step coupling reaction. Their electronic, photophysical, and thermal properties; crystallographic analysis; and theoretical calculations were studied to establish a clear structure-property relationship. The results indicate that the quinoidal character of the thiophene bridge strongly governs the structural features and crystal packings (herringbone vs. brickwork) and thus the physical properties of the compounds. PNBO and TNBO were utilized as electron donors combined with C70 as the electron acceptor in the active layer of vacuum-processed bulk heterojunction small-molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs). The power conversion efficiency of both PNBO- and TNBO-based OSCs exceeded 5 %. The ease of accessibility of PNBO and TNBO demonstrates the potential for simple and economical synthesis of electron donors in vacuum-processed SMOSCs. PMID:27213296
2. The coordination chemistry of organo-hydride donors: new prospects for efficient multi-electron reduction.
PubMed
McSkimming, Alex; Colbran, Stephen B
2013-06-21
In biological reduction processes the dihydronicotinamides NAD(P)H often transfer hydride to an unsaturated substrate bound within an enzyme active site. In many cases, metal ions in the active site bind, polarize and thereby activate the substrate to direct attack by hydride from NAD(P)H cofactor. This review looks more widely at the metal coordination chemistry of organic donors of hydride ion--organo-hydrides--such as dihydronicotinamides, other dihydropyridines including Hantzsch's ester and dihydroacridine derivatives, those derived from five-membered heterocycles including the benzimidazolines and benzoxazolines, and all-aliphatic hydride donors such as hexadiene and hexadienyl anion derivatives. The hydride donor properties--hydricities--of organo-hydrides and how these are affected by metal ions are discussed. The coordination chemistry of organo-hydrides is critically surveyed and the use of metal-organo-hydride systems in electrochemically-, photochemically- and chemically-driven reductions of unsaturated organic and inorganic (e.g. carbon dioxide) substrates is highlighted. The sustainable electrocatalytic, photochemical or chemical regeneration of organo-hydrides such as NAD(P)H, including for driving enzyme-catalysed reactions, is summarised and opportunities for development are indicated. Finally, new prospects are identified for metal-organo-hydride systems as catalysts for organic transformations involving 'hydride-borrowing' and for sustainable multi-electron reductions of unsaturated organic and inorganic substrates directly driven by electricity or light or by renewable reductants such as formate/formic acid. PMID:23507957
3. Engineering the donor selectivity of D-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase for biocatalytic asymmetric cross-aldol additions of glycolaldehyde.
PubMed
Szekrenyi, Anna; Soler, Anna; Garrabou, Xavier; Guérard-Hélaine, Christine; Parella, Teodor; Joglar, Jesús; Lemaire, Marielle; Bujons, Jordi; Clapés, Pere
2014-09-22
D-Fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) is a unique catalyst for asymmetric cross-aldol additions of glycolaldehyde. A combination of a structure-guided approach of saturation mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, and computational modeling was applied to construct a set of FSA variants that improved the catalytic efficiency towards glycolaldehyde dimerization up to 1800-fold. A combination of mutations in positions L107, A129, and A165 provided a toolbox of FSA variants that expand the synthetic possibilities towards the preparation of aldose-like carbohydrate compounds. The new FSA variants were applied as highly efficient catalysts for cross-aldol additions of glycolaldehyde to N-carbobenzyloxyaminoaldehydes to furnish between 80-98 % aldol adduct under optimized reaction conditions. Donor competition experiments showed high selectivity for glycolaldehyde relative to dihydroxyacetone or hydroxyacetone. These results demonstrate the exceptional malleability of the active site in FSA, which can be remodeled to accept a wide spectrum of donor and acceptor substrates with high efficiency and selectivity. PMID:25146467
4. Triazole bridges as versatile linkers in electron donor-acceptor conjugates
PubMed Central
de Miguel, Gustavo; Wielopolski, Mateusz; Schuster, David I.; Fazio, Michael A; Lee, Olivia P.; Haley, Christopher K.; Ortiz, Angy L.; Echegoyen, Luis; Clark, Timothy; Guldi, Dirk M.
2011-01-01
Aromatic triazoles have been frequently used as π-conjugated linkers in intramolecular electron transfer processes. To gain a deeper understanding of the electron mediating function of triazoles, we have synthesized a family of new triazole-based electron donor-acceptor conjugates. We have connected porphyrins and fullerenes through a central triazole moiety – (ZnP-Tri-C60) – each with a single change in their connection through the linker. An extensive photophysical and computational investigation reveals that the electron transfer dynamics – charge separation and charge recombination – in the different ZnP-Tri-C60 conjugates reflect a significant influence of the connectivity at the triazole linker. Except for m4m-ZnP-Tri-C60 17, the conjugates exhibit through-bond electron transfer with varying rate constants. Since the through-bond distance is nearly equal in the ZnP-Tri-C60 conjugates, the variation in charge separation and charge recombination dynamics is mainly associated with the electronic properties of the conjugates, including orbital energies, electron affinity, and the energies of the excited states. The changes of the electronic couplings are, in turn, a consequence of the different connectivity patterns at the triazole moieties. PMID:21702513
5. Spin relaxation of conduction electrons by inelastic scattering with neutral donors
Qing, Lan; Dery, Hanan; Li, Jing; Appelbaum, Ian
2015-03-01
At low temperatures in n-doped semiconductors, a significant fraction of shallow donor sites are occupied by electrons, neutralizing the impurity core charge in equilibrium. Inelastic scattering by externally-injected conduction electrons accelerated by electric fields can excite transitions within the manifold of these localized states. Promotion into highly spin-mixed excited states results in spin relaxation that couples strongly to the conduction electrons by exchange interaction. Through experiments with silicon spin transport devices and complementary theory, we reveal the consequences of this previously unknown depolarization mechanism both below and above the impact ionization threshold and into the deep inelastic'' regime. This work is supported by NSF under Contracts ECCS-1231570 and ECCS-1231855, by DTRA under Contract HDTRA1-13-1-0013, and by ONR under Contract N000141410317.
6. Donor-acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions.
PubMed
Stergiou, Anastasios; Pagona, Georgia; Tagmatarchis, Nikos
2014-01-01
Graphene research and in particular the topic of chemical functionalization of graphene has exploded in the last decade. The main aim is to increase the solubility and thereby enhance the processability of the material, which is otherwise insoluble and inapplicable for technological applications when stacked in the form of graphite. To this end, initially, graphite was oxidized under harsh conditions to yield exfoliated graphene oxide sheets that are soluble in aqueous media and amenable to chemical modifications due to the presence of carboxylic acid groups at the edges of the lattice. However, it was obvious that the high-defect framework of graphene oxide cannot be readily utilized in applications that are governed by charge-transfer processes, for example, in solar cells. Alternatively, exfoliated graphene has been applied toward the realization of some donor-acceptor hybrid materials with photo- and/or electro-active components. The main body of research regarding obtaining donor-acceptor hybrid materials based on graphene to facilitate charge-transfer phenomena, which is reviewed here, concerns the incorporation of porphyrins and phthalocyanines onto graphene sheets. Through illustrative schemes, the preparation and most importantly the photophysical properties of such graphene-based ensembles will be described. Important parameters, such as the generation of the charge-separated state upon photoexcitation of the organic electron donor, the lifetimes of the charge-separation and charge-recombination as well as the incident-photon-to-current efficiency value for some donor-acceptor graphene-based hybrids, will be discussed. PMID:25247140
7. Influence of different electron donors and acceptors on dehalorespiration of tetrachloroethene by Desulfitobacterium frappieri TCE1
SciTech Connect
Gerritse, J.; Drzyzga, O.; Kloetstra, G.; Keijmel, M.; Wiersum, L.P.; Hutson, R.; Collins, M.D.; Gottschal, J.C.
1999-12-01
Strain TCE1, a strictly anaerobic bacterium that can grow by reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethane (TCE), was isolated by selective enrichment from a PCE-dechlorinating chemostat mixed culture. Strain TCE1 is a gram-positive, motile, curved rod-shaped organism that is 2 to 4 by 0.6 to 0.8 {micro}m and has approximately six lateral flagella. The pH and temperature optima for growth are 7.2 and 35 C, respectively. On the basis of a comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, this bacterium was identified as a new strain of Desulfitobacterium frappieri, because it exhibited 99.7% relatedness to the D. frappieri type strain, strain PCP-1. Growth with H{sub 2}, format, L-lactate, butyrate, crotonate, or ethanol as the electron donor depends on the availability of an external electron acceptor. Pyruvate and serine can also be used fermentatively. Electron donors (except format and H{sub 2}) are oxidized to acetate and CO{sub 2}. when L-lactate is the growth substrate, strain TCE1 can use the following electron acceptors: PCE and TCE (to produce cis-1,2-dichloroethene), sulfite and thiosulfate (to produce sulfide), nitrate (to produce nitrite), and fumarate (to produce succinate). Strain TCE1 is not able to reductively dechlorinate 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetate. The growth yields of the newly isolated bacterium when PCE is the electron acceptor are similar to those obtained for other dehalorespiring anaerobes (e.g., Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE1 and Desulfitobacterium hafniense) and the maximum specific reductive dechlorination rates are 4 to 16 times higher. Dechlorination of PCE and TCE is an inducible process. In PCE-limited chemostat cultures of strain TCE1, dechlorination is strongly inhibited by sulfite but not by other alternative electron acceptors, such as fumate or nitrate.
8. Aquifer denitrification and in situ mesocosms: Modeling electron donor contributions and measuring rates
Korom, Scott F.; Schuh, William M.; Tesfay, Tedros; Spencer, Eben J.
2012-04-01
SummaryIn situ denitrification rates were measured in a shallow unconfined glaciofluvial aquifer that had undergone large-scale nitrate contamination. Denitrification rates and isotopic enrichment factors, ɛ, were measured using three tracer tests in two aquifer in situ mesocosms (ISMs). Denitrification rates were also measured using a mass balance method using water samples from multiport samplers. First-order kinetic rates (k) best described the denitrification rates measured. ISM kinetic rates ranged from 0.00049/d to 0.0031/d and ɛ values ranged from -4.86‰ to -9.34‰; a linear relationship between k and ɛ values showed greater fractionation (more negative ɛ values) associated with higher rates. For the mass balance method, k values ranged from 0.0028/d to 0.0041/d. Combined mineralogical analysis, water quality data from the ISMs, and geochemical models using PHREEQC indicated that contributions of major electron donors to denitrification were 43-92% by organic carbon, 4-18% by pyrite, and 2-43% by non-pyritic ferrous iron, depending on the sample date and the type of amphibole used as the electron donor for ferrous iron. ISMs show promise as a tool for hydrogeochemical investigations. They are large enough to allow long-term sampling of aquifer denitrification tracer tests (>2 years), they may be used, with the modeling methodology shown herein, to estimate relative e- donor contributions, and they limit the influence of advection and mechanical dispersion on the amended water within the chamber.
9. Efficient photoinduced orthogonal energy and electron transfer reactions via phospholipid membrane-bound donors and acceptors
SciTech Connect
Clapp, P.J.; Armitage, B.; Roosa, P.; O'Brien, D.F. )
1994-10-05
A three component, liposome-bound photochemical molecular device (PMD) consisting of energy and electron transfer reactions is described. Bilayer membrane surface-associated dyes, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(trimethylammonio)-phenyl]-21H,2 3H-porphine tetra-p-tosylate salt and N,N[prime]-bis[(3-trimethylammonio)propyl]thiadicarbocya nine tribromide, are the energy donor and acceptor, respectively, in a blue light stimulated energy transfer reaction along the vesicle surface. The electronically excited cyanine is quenched by electron transfer from the phospholipid membrane bound triphenylbenzyl borate anion, which is located in the lipid bilayer interior. The PMD exhibits sequential reactions following electronic excitation with the novel feature that the steps proceed with orthogonal orientation: energy transfer occurs parallel to the membrane surface, and electron transfer occurs perpendicular to the surface. Photobleaching and fluorescence quenching experiments verify the transfer reactions, and Stern-Volmer analysis was used to estimate the reaction rate constants. At the highest concentrations examined of energy and electron acceptor ca. 60% of the photoexcited porphyrins were quenched by energy transfer to the cyanine. 56 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.
10. Characterization of U(VI) reduction in contaminated sediments with slow-degrading electron donor source
Wu, W.; Watson, D. B.; Zhang, G.; Mehlhorn, T.; Lowe, K.; Earles, J.; Phillips, J.; Kelly, S. D.; Boyanov, M.; Kemner, K. M.; Schadt, C.; Criddle, C. S.; Jardine, P. M.; Brooks, S. C.
2011-12-01
In order to select sustainable, high efficiency and cost effective electron donor source, oleate and emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) were tested uranium (VI) reduction in comparison with ethanol in microcosms using uranium contaminated sediments and groundwater from the US DOE Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge (ORIFRC) site. The effect of initial sulfate concentration on U(VI) reduction was also tested. Both oleate and EVO were effective electron donor sources for U(VI) reduction. Accumulation of acetate as a major product and the removal of aqueous U(VI) were observed and were associated with sulfate reduction. Both oleate and EVO supported U(VI) reduction but at slower rates with a comparable but slightly lower extent of reduction than ethanol. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) analysis confirmed reduction of U(VI) to U(IV). The extent of U(VI) reduction in solid phase was negatively influenced by aqueous calcium concentration. The majority of electrons of the three substrates were consumed by sulfate reduction, Fe(III) reduction, and methanogenesis. Initial U(VI) concentration in the aqueous phase increased with increased sulfate concentration (1 versus 5 mM), likely due to U(VI) desorption from the solid phase. At the higher initial sulfate concentration more U(VI) was reduced and fewer electrons were used in methanogenesis. Analysis of bacterial and archeal populations using 16S rRNA gene libraries showed a significant increase in Deltaproteobacteria after biostimulation. The microbial community structures developed with oleate and EVO were significantly distinct from those developed with ethanol. Bacteria similar to Desulforegula spp. was predominant for oleate and EVO degradation but were not observed in ethanol-amended microcosms. Known U(VI)-reducing bacteria in the microcosms amended with the three electron donor sources included iron(III) reducing Geobacter spp. but in lower abundances than sulfate-reducing Desulfovibrio spp. The
11. Spectral Fine Tuning of Cyanine Dyes: Electron Donor-Acceptor Substituted Analogues of Thiazole Orange†
PubMed Central
Rastede, Elizabeth E.; Tanha, Matteus; Yaron, David; Watkins, Simon C.; Waggoner, Alan S.; Armitage, Bruce A.
2015-01-01
The introduction of electron donor and acceptor groups at strategic locations on a fluorogenic cyanine dye allows fine-tuning of the absorption and emission spectra while preserving the ability of the dye to bind to biomolecular hosts such as double-stranded DNA and a single-chain antibody fragment originally selected for binding to the parent unsubstituted dye, thiazole orange (TO). The observed spectral shifts are consistent with calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and reflect electron density localization on the quinoline half of TO in the LUMO. A dye bearing donating methoxy and withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups on the benzothiazole and quinoline rings, respectively, shifts the absorption spectrum to sufficiently longer wavelengths to allow excitation at green wavelengths as opposed to the parent dye, which is optimally excited in the blue. PMID:26171668
12. Spectral fine tuning of cyanine dyes: electron donor-acceptor substituted analogues of thiazole orange.
PubMed
Rastede, Elizabeth E; Tanha, Matteus; Yaron, David; Watkins, Simon C; Waggoner, Alan S; Armitage, Bruce A
2015-09-26
The introduction of electron donor and acceptor groups at strategic locations on a fluorogenic cyanine dye allows fine-tuning of the absorption and emission spectra while preserving the ability of the dye to bind to biomolecular hosts such as double-stranded DNA and a single-chain antibody fragment originally selected for binding to the parent unsubstituted dye, thiazole orange (TO). The observed spectral shifts are consistent with calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and reflect electron density localization on the quinoline half of TO in the LUMO. A dye bearing donating methoxy and withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups on the benzothiazole and quinoline rings, respectively, shifts the absorption spectrum to sufficiently longer wavelengths to allow excitation at green wavelengths as opposed to the parent dye, which is optimally excited in the blue. PMID:26171668
13. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence evidence in non-bonding transition electron donor-acceptor molecules
Marghad, Ikbal; Clochard, M. C.; Ollier, N.; Wade, Travis L.; Aymes-Chodur, C.; Renaud, C.; Zissis, G.
2015-09-01
The exhibition of thermally activated delayed fluorescence on triazine derivative by the introduction of a nonbonding part is demonstrated. Two molecules containing triazine core as acceptor and carbazole part as donor has been synthesized and characterized. One of these molecules bears an additional nonbonding part by the means of a phenoxy group. The results indicated that the molecule bearing the nonbonding molecular part (phenoxy) exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence while not on molecule free of non-bonding group. The results are supported by, photoluminescence, spectral analysis time-resolved fluorescence and time-dependent density functional estimation
14. Density functional study of the electronic structure of dye-functionalized fullerenes and their model donor-acceptor complexes containing P3HT.
PubMed
Baruah, Tunna; Garnica, Amanda; Paggen, Marina; Basurto, Luis; Zope, Rajendra R
2016-04-14
We study the electronic structure of C60 fullerenes functionalized with a thiophene-diketo-pyrrolopyrrole-thiophene based chromophore using density functional theory combined with large polarized basis sets. As the attached chromophore has electron donor character, the functionalization of the fullerene leads to a donor-acceptor (DA) system. We examine in detail the effect of the linker and the addition site on the electronic structure of the functionalized fullerenes. We further study the electronic structure of these DA complexes with a focus on the charge transfer excitations. Finally, we examine the interface of the functionalized fullerenes with the widely used poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) donor. Our results show that all functionalized fullerenes with an exception of the C60-pyrrolidine [6,6], where the pyrrolidine is attached at a [6,6] site, have larger electron affinities relative to the pristine C60 fullerene. We also estimate the quasi-particle gap, lowest charge transfer excitation energy, and the exciton binding energies of the functionalized fullerene-P3MT model systems. Results show that the exciton binding energies in these model complexes are slightly smaller compared to a similarly prepared phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)-P3MT complex. PMID:27083718
15. Density functional study of the electronic structure of dye-functionalized fullerenes and their model donor-acceptor complexes containing P3HT
Baruah, Tunna; Garnica, Amanda; Paggen, Marina; Basurto, Luis; Zope, Rajendra R.
2016-04-01
We study the electronic structure of C60 fullerenes functionalized with a thiophene-diketo-pyrrolopyrrole-thiophene based chromophore using density functional theory combined with large polarized basis sets. As the attached chromophore has electron donor character, the functionalization of the fullerene leads to a donor-acceptor (DA) system. We examine in detail the effect of the linker and the addition site on the electronic structure of the functionalized fullerenes. We further study the electronic structure of these DA complexes with a focus on the charge transfer excitations. Finally, we examine the interface of the functionalized fullerenes with the widely used poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) donor. Our results show that all functionalized fullerenes with an exception of the C60-pyrrolidine [6,6], where the pyrrolidine is attached at a [6,6] site, have larger electron affinities relative to the pristine C60 fullerene. We also estimate the quasi-particle gap, lowest charge transfer excitation energy, and the exciton binding energies of the functionalized fullerene-P3MT model systems. Results show that the exciton binding energies in these model complexes are slightly smaller compared to a similarly prepared phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)-P3MT complex.
16. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivities of Iminosulfane- and Phosphane-Stabilized Carbones Exhibiting Four-Electron Donor Ability.
PubMed
Morosaki, Tomohito; Wang, Wei-Wei; Nagase, Shigeru; Fujii, Takayoshi
2015-10-19
Iminosulfane(phosphane)carbon(0) derivatives (iSPCs; Ar3 P→C←SPh2 (NMe); Ar=Ph (1), 4-MeOC6 H4 (2), 4-(Me2 N)C6 H4 (3)) have been successfully synthesized and the molecular structure of 3 characterized. Carbone 3 is the first thermally and hydrolytically stable carbone stabilized by phosphorus and sulfur ligands. DFT calculations reveal the electronic structures of 1-3, which have two lone pairs of electrons at the carbon center. First and second proton affinity values are theoretically calculated to be in the range of 286.8-301.1 and 189.6-208.3 kcal mol(-1) , respectively. Cyclic voltammetry measurements reveal that the HOMO energy levels follow the order of 3>2>1 and the HOMO of 3 is at a higher energy than those of bis(chalcogenane)carbon(0) (BChCs). The reactivities of these lone pairs of electrons are demonstrated by the C-diaurated and C-proton-aurated complexes. These results are the first experimental evidence of phosphorus- and sulfur-stabilized carbones behaving as four-electron donors. In addition, the reaction of hydrochloric salts of the carbones with Ag2 O gives the corresponding Ag(I) complexes. The resulting silver(I) carbone complexes can be used as carbone transfer agents. This synthetic protocol can also be used for moisture-sensitive carbone species. PMID:26471447
17. Understanding the charge-transfer phenomena between prototypical electron-donors and acceptors: TTF-TCNQ as an example
Park, Changwon; Atalla, Viktor; Smith, Sean; Yoon, Mina
2014-03-01
It is widely accepted that the charge transfer between the conventional electron donor and acceptor molecules is independent of their relative configurations and electrons are always transferred from the molecule with the lower ionization potential, the electron-donor, to the high electron affinity molecule, the electron-acceptor. Conventional first-principles density functional theory (DFT) supports this conclusion. However, the computational results are dominated by a term in the DFT exchange-correlation functional, which often results in qualitatively and quantitatively wrong conclusion due to an artifact. In our study of prototypical electron donor-acceptor molecules, TTF-TCNQ, we show that the conventional electronic picture is not valid and the relative orientation between TTF and TCNQ is equally important as the electronic structure of the individual molecules. Our results show that the current understanding of the donor-acceptor interaction and charge transfer mechanism has to be modified. This research was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy.
18. Efficient end-capping synthesis of neutral donor-acceptor [2]rotaxanes under additive-free and mild conditions.
PubMed
Domoto, Yuya; Sase, Shohei; Goto, Kei
2014-11-24
Efficient end-capping synthesis of neutral donor-acceptor (D-A) [2]rotaxanes without loading any catalysts or activating agents was achieved by utilizing high reactivity of a pentacoordinated hydrosilane toward salicylic acid derivatives. As components of [2]rotaxanes, an electron-deficient naphthalenediimide-containing axle with a salicylic acid terminus and several electron-rich bis(naphthocrown) ether macrocycles were employed. End-capping reactions with the pentacoordinated hydrosilane underwent smoothly even at low temperature to afford the corresponding [2]rotaxanes in good yields. A [2]rotaxane containing bis-1,5-(dinaphtho)-38-crown-10 ether as a wheel molecule was synthesized and isolated in 84% yield by the end-capping at -10 °C, presenting the highest yield ever reported for the end-capping synthesis of a neutral D-A [2]rotaxane. It was found that the yields of the [2]rotaxanes in the end-capping reactions were almost parallel to the formation ratios of the corresponding pseudo[2]rotaxanes estimated by utilizing model systems. These results indicate that the end-capping reaction using the pentacoordinated hydrosilane proceeded without perturbing the threading process, and most of the pseudo[2]rotaxanes underwent efficient end-capping reaction even at low temperature. PMID:25284148
19. Sub-additivity in Electron Emission from GaAs
Brunkow, Evan; Clayburn, Nathan; Becker, Maria; Jones, Eric; Batelaan, Herman; Gay, Timothy
2016-05-01
When two spatially-overlapped laser pulses (775 nm center wavelength, 75 fs duration) are incident on an untreated <100> GaAs crystal surface, the electron emission rate depends on the temporal separation between the two pulses. We have shown that for delays between 0.2 and 1000ps, the emission rate is sub-additive'', i.e., is lower than when the beams have separation >> 1 ns. We believe the cause of this sub-additivity is an increase in reflectance and transmittance due to electrons occupying the excited state of the GaAs. We are now able to manipulate the magnitude of the sub-additivity by changing the number of electrons that are in the excited state. Sub-additivity is not observed with tungsten tip surfaces which have no excited state. Funded by NSF PHY-1505794, EPSCoR IIIA-1430519, and NSF 1306565 (HB).
20. Influence of Electron Donor Type and Concentration on Microbial Population Structure During Uranium Reduction and Remobilization
Daly, R. A.; Brodie, E. L.; Kim, Y.; Wan, J.; Tokunaga, T.; Desantis, T. Z.; Andersen, G. L.; Hazen, T. C.; Firestone, M. K.
2007-12-01
Enhanced reductive precipitation of U(VI) through stimulation of indigenous microorganisms is an attractive, low- cost strategy for in-situ remediation of contaminated groundwaters and sediments. The rate of organic carbon (OC) supply determines not only the amount of electron donor available for bioreduction of U(VI), but also affects the resulting concentration of aqueous (bi)carbonate generated by microbial respiration. Increased (bi)carbonate concentrations drive aqueous U(VI) concentrations to higher levels and make U(IV) oxidation under reducing conditions favorable. We designed a long-term column study to investigate the effects of different OC forms and supply rates on the stability of bioreduced U and on the structure and dynamics of the microbial communities. OC was supplied as acetate or lactate at four different concentrations and columns were sampled at three time points. In the columns receiving high OC supply the time points correspond to a phases of net U-reduction, U(IV) reoxidation and U(VI) remobilization, and stable levels of U mobilization. DNA was extracted from column sediments, 16S rRNA genes were amplified and the communities analyzed using a high-density phylogenetic microarray (PhyloChip). Lactate and acetate supplied at equivalent rates had a similar impact on uranium mobility with higher OC resulting in re-oxidation of U(IV) after an initial period of U(VI) reduction. Similarly, organic carbon (OC) supply rate, not OC form, had the largest impact on microbial community structure. The diversity (richness) of bacterial and archaeal communities increased over time with those receiving lactate having higher initial richness. Known U-reducing bacteria were present in all columns and time points, however the dynamics of these organisms varied with both organic carbon supply rate and form. This data demonstrates that the initial rate of electron donor supply during heavy metal remediation strongly impacts microbial community development
1. Tuning the Electronic Coupling and Electron Transfer in Mo2 Donor-Acceptor Systems by Variation of the Bridge Conformation.
PubMed
Kang, Mei Ting; Meng, Miao; Tan, Ying Ning; Cheng, Tao; Liu, Chun Y
2016-02-24
Assembling two quadruply bonded dimolybdenum units [Mo2 (DAniF)3 ](+) (DAniF=N,N'-di(p-anisyl)formamidinate) with 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate and its thiolated derivatives produced three complexes [{Mo2 (DAniF)3 }2 (μ-1,4-O2 CC10 H6 CO2 )], [{Mo2 (DAniF)3 }2 (μ-1,4-OSCC10 H6 COS)], and [{Mo2 (DAniF)3 }2 (μ-1,4-S2 CC10 H6 CS2 )]. In the X-ray structures, the naphthalene bridge deviates from the plane defined by the two Mo-Mo bond vectors with the torsion angle increasing as the chelating atoms of the bridging ligand vary from O to S. The mixed-valent species exhibit intervalence transition absorption bands with high energy and very low intensity. In comparison with the data for the phenylene analogues, the optically determined electronic coupling matrix elements (Hab =258-345 cm(-1) ) are lowered by a factor of two or more, and the electron-transfer rate constants (ket ≈10(11) s(-1) ) are reduced by about one order of magnitude. These results show that, when the electron-transporting ability of the bridge and electron-donating (electron-accepting) ability of the donor (acceptor) are both variable, the former plays a dominant role in controlling the intramolecular electron transfer. DFT calculations revealed that increasing the torsion angle enlarges the HOMO-LUMO energy gap by elevating the (bridging) ligand-based LUMO energy. Therefore, our experimental results and theoretical analyses verify the superexchange mechanism for electronic coupling and electron transfer. PMID:26807909
2. Dissimilatory arsenate reduction with sulfide as electron donor: Experiments with Mono Lake water and isolation of strain MLMS-1, a chemoautotrophic arsenate respirer
USGS Publications Warehouse
Hoeft, S.E.; Kulp, T.R.; Stolz, J.F.; Hollibaugh, J.T.; Oremland, R.S.
2004-01-01
Anoxic bottom water from Mono Lake, California, can biologically reduce added arsenate without any addition of electron donors. Of the possible in situ inorganic electron donors present, only sulfide was sufficiently abundant to drive this reaction. We tested the ability of sulfide to serve as an electron donor for arsenate reduction in experiments with lake water. Reduction of arsenate to arsenite occurred simultaneously with the removal of sulfide. No loss of sulfide occurred in controls without arsenate or in sterilized samples containing both arsenate and sulfide. The rate of arsenate reduction in lake water was dependent on the amount of available arsenate. We enriched for a bacterium that could achieve growth with sulfide and arsenate in a defined, mineral medium and purified it by serial dilution. The isolate, strain MLMS-1, is a gram-negative, motile curved rod that grows by oxidizing sulfide to sulfate while reducing arsenate to arsenite. Chemoautotrophy was confirmed by the incorporation of H14CO3- into dark-incubated cells, but preliminary gene probing tests with primers for ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase did not yield PCR-amplified products. Alignment of 16S rRNA sequences indicated that strain MLMS-1 was in the ??-Proteobacteria, located near sulfate reducers like Desulfobulbus sp. (88 to 90% similarity) but more closely related (97%) to unidentified sequences amplified previously from Mono Lake. However, strain MLMS-1 does not grow with sulfate as its electron acceptor.
3. Stibinidene and Bismuthinidene as Two-Electron Donors for Transition Metals (Co and Mn).
PubMed
Vránová, Iva; Alonso, Mercedes; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Erben, Milan; Dostál, Libor
2016-05-23
The reaction of stibinidene and bismuthinidene ArM [where Ar=C6 H3 -2,6-(CH=NtBu)2 ; M=Sb (1), Bi (2)] with transition metal (TM) carbonyls Co2 (CO)8 and Mn2 (CO)10 produced unprecedented ionic complexes [(ArM)2 Co(CO)3 ](+) [Co(CO)4 ](-) and [(ArM)2 Mn(CO)4 ](+) [Mn(CO)5 ](-) [where M=Sb (3, 5), Bi (4, 6)]. The pnictinidenes 1 and 2 behaved as two-electron donors in this set of compounds. Besides the M→TM bonds, the topological analysis also revealed a number of secondary interactions contributing to the stabilization of cationic parts of titled complexes. PMID:26994732
4. An unconventional halogen bond with carbene as an electron donor: An ab initio study
Li, Qingzhong; Wang, Yilei; Liu, Zhenbo; Li, Wenzuo; Cheng, Jianbo; Gong, Baoan; Sun, Jiazhong
2009-02-01
An unconventional halogen bond has been proved to exist in H2C-BrH complex. The halogen bond energy of H2C-BrH complex is calculated at four levels of theory [MP2, MP4, CCSD, and CCSD(T)]. The result shows that the carbene is a better electron donor. The substitution effect is prominent in this interaction. For example, the interaction energy in H2C-BrCN complex is increased by more than 300% relative to H2C-BrH complex. The analyses of NBO, AIM, and energy components were used to unveil the nature of the interaction. The results show that this novel halogen bond has similar characteristics to hydrogen bonds.
5. Effect of electron donors on the fractionation of sulfur isotopes by a marine Desulfovibrio sp.
Sim, Min Sub; Ono, Shuhei; Donovan, Katie; Templer, Stefanie P.; Bosak, Tanja
2011-08-01
Sulfur isotope effects produced by microbial dissimilatory sulfate reduction are used to reconstruct the coupled cycling of carbon and sulfur through geologic time, to constrain the evolution of sulfur-based metabolisms, and to track the oxygenation of Earth's surface. In this study, we investigate how the coupling of carbon and sulfur metabolisms in batch and continuous cultures of a recently isolated marine sulfate reducing bacterium DMSS-1, a Desulfovibrio sp ., influences the fractionation of sulfur isotopes. DMSS-1 grown in batch culture on seven different electron donors (ethanol, glycerol, fructose, glucose, lactate, malate and pyruvate) fractionates 34S/ 32S ratio from 6‰ to 44‰, demonstrating that the fractionations by an actively growing culture of a single incomplete oxidizing sulfate reducing microbe can span almost the entire range of previously reported values in defined cultures. The magnitude of isotope effect correlates well with cell specific sulfate reduction rates (from 0.7 to 26.1 fmol/cell/day). DMSS-1 grown on lactate in continuous culture produces a larger isotope effect (21-37‰) than the lactate-grown batch culture (6‰), indicating that the isotope effect also depends on the supply rate of the electron donor and microbial growth rate. The largest isotope effect in continuous culture is accompanied by measurable changes in cell length and cellular yield that suggest starvation. The use of multiple sulfur isotopes in the model of metabolic fluxes of sulfur shows that the loss of sulfate from the cell and the intracellular reoxidation of reduced sulfur species contribute to the increase in isotope effects in a correlated manner. Isotope fractionations produced during sulfate reduction in the pure culture of DMSS-1 expand the previously reported range of triple sulfur isotope effects ( 32S, 33S, and 34S) by marine sulfate reducing bacteria, implying that microbial sulfur disproportionation may have a smaller 33S isotopic fingerprint
6. Complete perchlorate reduction using methane as the sole electron donor and carbon source.
PubMed
Luo, Yi-Hao; Chen, Ran; Wen, Li-Lian; Meng, Fan; Zhang, Yin; Lai, Chun-Yu; Rittmann, Bruce E; Zhao, He-Ping; Zheng, Ping
2015-02-17
Using a CH4-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), we studied perchlorate (ClO4(-)) reduction by a biofilm performing anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (ANMO-D). We focused on the effects of nitrate (NO3(-)) and nitrite (NO2(-)) surface loadings on ClO4(-) reduction and on the biofilm community's mechanism for ClO4(-) reduction. The ANMO-D biofilm reduced up to 5 mg/L of ClO4(-) to a nondetectable level using CH4 as the only electron donor and carbon source when CH4 delivery was not limiting; NO3(-) was completely reduced as well when its surface loading was ≤ 0.32 g N/m(2)-d. When CH4 delivery was limiting, NO3(-) inhibited ClO4(-) reduction by competing for the scarce electron donor. NO2(-) inhibited ClO4(-) reduction when its surface loading was ≥ 0.10 g N/m(2)-d, probably because of cellular toxicity. Although Archaea were present through all stages, Bacteria dominated the ClO4(-)-reducing ANMO-D biofilm, and gene copies of the particulate methane mono-oxygenase (pMMO) correlated to the increase of respiratory gene copies. These pieces of evidence support that ClO4(-) reduction by the MBfR biofilm involved chlorite (ClO2(-)) dismutation to generate the O2 needed as a cosubstrate for the mono-oxygenation of CH4. PMID:25594559
7. Donor ionization in size controlled silicon nanocrystals: The transition from defect passivation to free electron generation
Crowe, I. F.; Papachristodoulou, N.; Halsall, M. P.; Hylton, N. P.; Hulko, O.; Knights, A. P.; Yang, P.; Gwilliam, R. M.; Shah, M.; Kenyon, A. J.
2013-01-01
We studied the photoluminescence spectra of silicon and phosphorus co-implanted silica thin films on (100) silicon substrates as a function of isothermal annealing time. The rapid phase segregation, formation, and growth dynamics of intrinsic silicon nanocrystals are observed, in the first 600 s of rapid thermal processing, using dark field mode X-TEM. For short annealing times, when the nanocrystal size distribution exhibits a relatively small mean diameter, formation in the presence of phosphorus yields an increase in the luminescence intensity and a blue shift in the emission peak compared with intrinsic nanocrystals. As the mean size increases with annealing time, this enhancement rapidly diminishes and the peak energy shifts further to the red than the intrinsic nanocrystals. These results indicate the existence of competing pathways for the donor electron, which depends strongly on the nanocrystal size. In samples containing a large density of relatively small nanocrystals, the tendency of phosphorus to accumulate at the nanocrystal-oxide interface means that ionization results in a passivation of dangling bond (Pb-centre) type defects, through a charge compensation mechanism. As the size distribution evolves with isothermal annealing, the density of large nanocrystals increases at the expense of smaller nanocrystals, through an Ostwald ripening mechanism, and the majority of phosphorus atoms occupy substitutional lattice sites within the nanocrystals. As a consequence of the smaller band-gap, ionization of phosphorus donors at these sites increases the free carrier concentration and opens up an efficient, non-radiative de-excitation route for photo-generated electrons via Auger recombination. This effect is exacerbated by an enhanced diffusion in phosphorus doped glasses, which accelerates silicon nanocrystal growth.
8. Dependence on membrane components of methanogenesis from methyl-CoM with formaldehyde or molecular hydrogen as electron donors.
PubMed
Deppenmeier, U; Blaut, M; Gottschalk, G
1989-12-01
Methane formation from 2-(methylthio)-ethanesulfonate (methyl-CoM) and H2 by the soluble fraction from the methanogenic bacterium strain Gö1 was stimulated up to tenfold by the addition of the membrane fraction. This stimulation was observed with membranes from various methanogenic species belonging to different phylogenetic families, but not with membranes from Escherichia coli or Acetobacterium woodii. Treatment of the membranes with strong oxidants, i.e. O2 and K3[Fe(CN)6], or with SH reagents, i.e. Ag+, p-chloromercuribenzoate or iodoacetamide, caused an irreversible decrease or loss in stimulatory activity, as did heat treatment at temperatures above 78 degrees C. Methanogenesis from methyl-CoM with formaldehyde instead of H2 as electron donor depended similarly on the membrane fraction. With membranes, 1 mol HCHO was oxidized to 1 mol CO2 and allowed the formation of 2 mol CH4 from 2 mol CH3-CoM. Without membranes, per mol of HCHO oxidized 1 mol H2 was formed and 1 mol CH4 was produced from CH3-CoM; the rate was 10-20% of that in the presence of membranes. When methyl-CoM was replaced by an artificial electron acceptor system consisting of methylviologen and metronidazole, the formaldehyde-oxidizing activity was no longer stimulated by the membrane fraction. These results demonstrate for the first time an essential function of membrane components in methanogenic electron transfer. PMID:2513188
9. The Nature of the Donor Motif in Acceptor-Bridge-Donor Dyes as an Influence in the Electron Photo-Injection Mechanism in DSSCs.
PubMed
Zarate, Ximena; Schott-Verdugo, Stephan; Rodriguez-Serrano, Angela; Schott, Eduardo
2016-03-10
The combination and balance of acceptor(A)-bridge-donor(D) architecture of molecules confer suitable attributes and/or properties to act as efficient light-harvesting and sensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). An important process in a DSSC performance is the electron photoinjection (PI) mechanism which can take place either via type I (indirect), that consists in injecting from the excited state of the dye to the semiconductor, or type II (direct), where the PI is from the ground state of the dye to the semiconductor upon photoexcitation. Here, we present a computational study about the role of the donor motif in the PI mechanisms displayed from a family of 11 A-bridge-D structured dyes to a (TiO2)15 anatase cluster. To this end, different donor motifs (D1-D11) were evaluated while the A and bridge motifs remained the same. All the computations were carried out within the DFT framework, using the B3LYP, PW91, PBE, M06L and CAM-B3LYP functionals. The 6-31G(d) basis set was employed for nonmetallic atoms and the LANL2DZ pseudopotential for Ti atoms. The solvation effects were incorporated using the polarized continuum model (PCM) for acetonitrile. As benchmark systems, alizarin and naphthalenediol dyes were analyzed, as they are known to undergo Type I and Type II PI pathways in DSSCs, respectively. Donors in the studied family of dyes could influence to drive Type I or II PI since it was found that D2 could show some Type II PI route, showing a new absorption band, although with CAM-B3LYP this shows a very low oscillator strength, while the remaining dyes behave according to Type I photoinjectors. Finally, the photovoltaic parameters that govern the light absorption process were evaluated, as the use of these criteria could be applied to predict the efficiency of the studied dyes in DSSCs devices. PMID:26900717
10. Theory and computational modeling: Medium reorganization and donor/acceptor coupling in electron transfer processes
SciTech Connect
Newton, M.D.; Feldberg, S.W.; Smalley, J.F.
1998-03-01
The continuing goal is to convert the rapidly accumulating mechanistic information about electron transfer (et) kinetics (often representable in terms of simple rate constants) into precise tools for fine-tuned control of the kinetics and for design of molecular-based systems which meet specified et characteristics. The present treatment will be limited to the kinetic framework defined by the assumption of transition state theory (TST). The primary objective of this paper is to report recent advances in the theoretical formulation, calculation, and analysis of energetics and electronic coupling pertinent to et in complex molecular aggregates. The control of et kinetics (i.e., enhancing desired processes, while inhibiting others) involves, of course, both system energetics (especially reorganization energies (E{sub r}) and free energy changes ({Delta}G{sup 0})) and electronic coupling of local D and A sites, which for thermal processes is most directly relevant only after the system has reached the appropriate point (or region) along the reaction coordinate (i.e., the transition state). The authors first discuss TST rate constant models, emphasizing genetic features, but also noting some special features arising when metal electrodes are involved. They then turn to a consideration of detailed aspects of medium reorganization and donor/acceptor coupling. With these theoretical tools in hand, they examine the results of recent applications to complex molecular systems using the techniques of computational quantum chemistry and electrostatics, together with detailed analysis of the numerical results and comparison with recent electrochemical kinetic data.
11. An artificial electron donor supported catalytic cycle of Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P450{sub cam}
SciTech Connect
Prasad, Swati . E-mail: swati@scripps.edu; Murugan, Rajamanickam; Mitra, Samaresh
2005-09-23
Putidaredoxin (PdX), the physiological effector of cytochrome P450{sub cam} (P450{sub cam}), serves to gate electron transfer into oxy-P450{sub cam} during the catalytic cycle of the enzyme. Redox-linked structural changes in PdX are necessary for the effective P450{sub cam} turnover reaction. PdX is believed to be difficult to be replaced by an artificial electron donor in the reaction pathway of P450{sub cam}. We demonstrate that the catalytic cycle of wild-type P450{sub cam} can be supported in the presence of an artificial reductant, potassium ferrocyanide. Upon rapid mixing of ferrocyanide ion with P450{sub cam}, we observed an intermediate with spectral features characteristic of compound I. The rate constant for the formation of compound I in the presence of ferrocyanide supported reaction cycle was found to be comparable to the ones observed for H{sub 2}O{sub 2} supported compound I formation in wild-type P450{sub cam}, but was much lower than those observed for classical peroxidases. The results presented in this paper form the first kinetic analysis of this intermediate for an artificial electron-driven P450{sub cam} catalytic pathway in solution.
12. Self-assembly properties of semiconducting donor-acceptor-donor bithienyl derivatives of tetrazine and thiadiazole-effect of the electron accepting central ring.
PubMed
Zapala, Joanna; Knor, Marek; Jaroch, Tomasz; Maranda-Niedbala, Agnieszka; Kurach, Ewa; Kotwica, Kamil; Nowakowski, Robert; Djurado, David; Pecaut, Jacques; Zagorska, Malgorzata; Pron, Adam
2013-11-26
Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to study the effect of the electron-accepting unit and the alkyl substituent's position on the type and extent of 2D supramolecular organization of penta-ring donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) semiconductors, consisting of either tetrazine or thiadiazole central acceptor ring symmetrically attached to two bithienyl groups. Microscopic observations of monomolecular layers on HOPG of four alkyl derivatives of the studied adsorbates indicate significant differences in their 2D organizations. Ordered monolayers of thiadiazole derivatives are relatively loose and, independent of the position of alkyl substituents, characterized by large intermolecular separation of acceptor units in the adjacent molecules located in the face-to-face configuration. The 2D supramolecular architecture in both derivatives of thiadiazole is very sensitive to the alkyl substituent's position. Significantly different behavior is observed for derivatives of tetrazine (which is a stronger electron acceptor). Stronger intermolecular DA interactions in these adsorbates generate an intermolecular shift in the monolayer, which is a dominant factor determining the 2D structural organization. As a consequence of this molecular arrangement, tetrazine groups (A segments) face thiophene rings (D segments) of the neighboring molecules. Monolayers of tetrazine derivatives are therefore much more densely packed and characterized by similar π-stacking of molecules independently of the position of alkyl substituents. Moreover, a comparative study of 3D supramolecular organization, deduced from the X-ray diffraction patterns, is also presented clearly confirming the polymorphism of the studied adsorbates. PMID:24228736
13. Analysis of electron donors in photosystems in oxygenic photosynthesis by photo-CIDNP MAS NMR.
PubMed
Najdanova, M; Janssen, G J; de Groot, H J M; Matysik, J; Alia, A
2015-11-01
Both photosystem I and photosystem II are considerably similar in molecular architecture but they operate at very different electrochemical potentials. The origin of the different redox properties of these RCs is not yet clear. In recent years, insight was gained into the electronic structure of photosynthetic cofactors through the application of photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) with magic-angle spinning NMR (MAS NMR). Non-Boltzmann populated nuclear spin states of the radical pair lead to strongly enhanced signal intensities that allow one to observe the solid-state photo-CIDNP effect from both photosystem I and II from isolated reaction center of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and duckweed (Spirodela oligorrhiza) and from the intact cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis by (13)C and (15)N MAS NMR. This review provides an overview on the photo-CIDNP MAS NMR studies performed on PSI and PSII that provide important ingredients toward reconstruction of the electronic structures of the donors in PSI and PSII. PMID:26282679
14. Electronic Structure of Hydrogen Donors in Semiconductors and Insulators Probed by Muon Spin Rotation
Shimomura, Koichiro; Ito, Takashi U.
2016-09-01
Hydrogen in semiconductors and insulators plays a crucial role in their electric conductivity. Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to establish this hypothesis in the last decade, and the muon spin rotation technique has played a pioneering role. Positive muons implanted into such low-carrier systems often form a muonium (an analogue of hydrogen, the bound state of a positive muon and an electron). Although its dynamical aspect may be different from the heavier hydrogen, the electronic structure of the muonium is expected to be identical to that of hydrogen after a small correction of the reduced mass (˜0.4%). Since the discovery of a shallow muonium in CdS, its properties have been intensively studied in many semiconductors and insulators, and then it was interpreted as a possible origin of n-type conductivity under the context of a classical shallow donor model. In this article, we will describe the principle of muonium experiments and survey recent achievements in this field.
15. Single-molecule interfacial electron transfer in donor-bridge-nanoparticle acceptor complexes.
PubMed
Jin, Shengye; Snoeberger, Robert C; Issac, Abey; Stockwell, David; Batista, Victor S; Lian, Tianquan
2010-11-18
Photoinduced interfacial electron transfer (IET) in sulforhodamine B (SRhB)-aminosilane-Tin oxide (SnO(2)) nanoparticle donor-bridge-acceptor complexes has been studied on a single molecule and ensemble average level. On both SnO(2) and ZrO(2), the sum of single molecule fluorescence decays agree with the ensemble average results, suggesting complete sampling of molecules under single molecule conditions. Shorter fluorescence lifetime on SnO(2) than on ZrO(2) is observed and attributed to IET from SRhB to SnO(2). Single molecule lifetimes fluctuate with time and vary among different molecules, suggesting both static and dynamic IET heterogeneity in this system. Computational modeling of the complexes shows a distribution of molecular conformation, leading to a distribution of electronic coupling strengths and ET rates. It is likely that the conversion between these conformations led to the fluctuation of ET rate and fluorescence lifetime on the single molecule level. PMID:20225886
16. FdhTU-modulated formate dehydrogenase expression and electron donor availability enhance recovery of Campylobacter jejuni following host cell infection
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni fdhTU reveals a role in formate dehydrogenase activity and implications for electron donor requirements during the pathogen-host cell interaction. Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne bacterial pathogen which colonizes the intestinal tract and causes severe gastroent...
17. Tuning the electronic coupling in a low-bandgap donor-acceptor copolymer via the placement of side-chains
SciTech Connect
Oberhumer, Philipp M.; Huang, Ya-Shih; Massip, Sylvain; Albert-Seifried, Sebastian; Greenham, Neil C.; Hodgkiss, Justin M.; Friend, Richard H.; James, David T.; Kim, Ji-Seon; Tu Guoli; Huck, Wilhelm T. S.; Beljonne, David; Cornil, Jerome
2011-03-21
We present a spectroscopic and theoretical investigation of the effect of the presence and position of hexyl side-chains in the novel low-bandgap alternating donor-acceptor copolymer poly[bis-N,N-(4-octylphenyl)-bis-N,N-phenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine-alt-5,5'-4',7',-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole] (T8TBT). We use electronic absorption and Raman spectroscopic measurements supported by calculations of chain conformation, electronic transitions, and Raman modes. Using these tools, we find that sterically demanding side-chain configurations induce twisting in the electronic acceptor unit and reduce the electronic interaction with the donor. This leads to a blue-shifted and weakened (partial) charge-transfer absorption band together with a higher photoluminescence efficiency. On the other hand, sterically relaxed side-chain configurations promote coupling between donor and acceptor units and exhibit enhanced absorption at the expense of luminescence efficiency. The possibility of tuning the donor-acceptor character of conjugated polymers by varying the placement of side-chains has very important ramifications for light emitting diode, Laser, display, and photovoltaic device optimization.
18. Listeria monocytogenes Scott A: Cell Surface Charge, Hydrophobicity, and Electron Donor and Acceptor Characteristics under Different Environmental Growth Conditions
PubMed Central
Briandet, Romain; Meylheuc, Thierry; Maher, Catherine; Bellon-Fontaine, Marie Noëlle
1999-01-01
We determined the variations in the surface physicochemical properties of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A cells that occurred under various environmental conditions. The surface charges, the hydrophobicities, and the electron donor and acceptor characteristics of L. monocytogenes Scott A cells were compared after the organism was grown in different growth media and at different temperatures; to do this, we used microelectrophoresis and the microbial adhesion to solvents method. Supplementing the growth media with glucose or lactic acid affected the electrical, hydrophobic, and electron donor and acceptor properties of the cells, whereas the growth temperature (37, 20, 15, or 8°C) primarily affected the electrical and electron donor and acceptor properties. The nonlinear effects of the growth temperature on the physicochemical properties of the cells were similar for cells cultivated in two different growth media, but bacteria cultivated in Trypticase soy broth supplemented with 6 g of yeast extract per liter (TSYE) were slightly more hydrophobic than cells cultivated in brain heart infusion medium (P < 0.05). Adhesion experiments conducted with L. monocytogenes Scott A cells cultivated in TSYE at 37, 20, 15, and 8°C and then suspended in a sodium chloride solution (1.5 × 10−1 or 1.5 × 10−3 M NaCl) confirmed that the cell surface charge and the electron donor and acceptor properties of the cells had an influence on their attachment to stainless steel. PMID:10583984
19. Magnetic field enhanced electroluminescence in organic light emitting diodes based on electron donor-acceptor exciplex blends
Baniya, Sangita; Basel, Tek; Sun, Dali; McLaughlin, Ryan; Vardeny, Zeev Valy
2016-03-01
A useful process for light harvesting from injected electron-hole pairs in organic light emitting diodes (OLED) is the transfer from triplet excitons (T) to singlet excitons (S) via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). This process adds a delayed electro-luminescence (EL) emission component that is known as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). We have studied electron donor (D)/acceptor(A) blends that form an exciplex manifold in which the energy difference, ΔEST between the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) levels is relatively small (<100 meV), and thus allows RISC at ambient temperature. We found that the EL emission in OLED based on the exciplex blend is enhanced up to 40% by applying a relatively weak magnetic field of 50 mT at ambient. Moreover the MEL response is activated with activation energy similar that of the EL emission. This suggests that the large magneto-EL originates from an additional spin-mixing channel between singlet and triplet states of the generated exciplexes, which is due to TADF. We will report on the MEL dependencies on the temperature, bias voltage, and D-A materials for optimum OLED performance. Supported by SAMSUNG Global Research Outreach (GRO) program, and also by the NSF-Material Science & Engineering Center (MRSEC) program at the University of Utah (DMR-1121252).
20. The spin relaxation of nitrogen donors in 6H SiC crystals as studied by the electron spin echo method
Savchenko, D.; Shanina, B.; Kalabukhova, E.; Pöppl, A.; Lančok, J.; Mokhov, E.
2016-04-01
We present the detailed study of the spin kinetics of the nitrogen (N) donor electrons in 6H SiC wafers grown by the Lely method and by the sublimation "sandwich method" (SSM) with a donor concentration of about 1017 cm-3 at T = 10-40 K. The donor electrons of the N donors substituting quasi-cubic "k1" and "k2" sites (Nk1,k2) in both types of the samples revealed the similar temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate (T1-1), which was described by the direct one-phonon and two-phonon processes induced by the acoustic phonons proportional to T and to T9, respectively. The character of the temperature dependence of the T1-1 for the donor electrons of N substituting hexagonal ("h") site (Nh) in both types of 6H SiC samples indicates that the donor electrons relax through the fast-relaxing centers by means of the cross-relaxation process. The observed enhancement of the phase memory relaxation rate (Tm-1) with the temperature increase for the Nh donors in both types of the samples, as well as for the Nk1,k2 donors in Lely grown 6H SiC, was explained by the growth of the free electron concentration with the temperature increase and their exchange scattering at the N donor centers. The observed significant shortening of the phase memory relaxation time Tm for the Nk1,k2 donors in the SSM grown sample with the temperature lowering is caused by hopping motion of the electrons between the occupied and unoccupied states of the N donors at Nh and Nk1,k2 sites. The impact of the N donor pairs, triads, distant donor pairs formed in n-type 6H SiC wafers on the spin relaxation times was discussed.
1. High-Fidelity Rapid Initialization and Read-Out of an Electron Spin via the Single Donor D- Charge State
Watson, T. F.; Weber, B.; House, M. G.; Büch, H.; Simmons, M. Y.
2015-10-01
We demonstrate high-fidelity electron spin read-out of a precision placed single donor in silicon via spin selective tunneling to either the D+ or D- charge state of the donor. By performing read-out at the stable two electron D0↔D- charge transition we can increase the tunnel rates to a nearby single electron transistor charge sensor by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, allowing faster qubit read-out (1 ms) with minimum loss in read-out fidelity (98.4%) compared to read-out at the D+↔D0 transition (99.6%). Furthermore, we show that read-out via the D- charge state can be used to rapidly initialize the electron spin qubit in its ground state with a fidelity of FI=99.8 %.
2. 5' modification of duplex DNA with a ruthenium electron donor-acceptor pair using solid-phase DNA synthesis
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Frank, Natia L.; Meade, Thomas J.
2003-01-01
Incorporation of metalated nucleosides into DNA through covalent modification is crucial to measurement of thermal electron-transfer rates and the dependence of these rates with structure, distance, and position. Here, we report the first synthesis of an electron donor-acceptor pair of 5' metallonucleosides and their subsequent incorporation into oligonucleotides using solid-phase DNA synthesis techniques. Large-scale syntheses of metal-containing oligonucleotides are achieved using 5' modified phosporamidites containing [Ru(acac)(2)(IMPy)](2+) (acac is acetylacetonato; IMPy is 2'-iminomethylpyridyl-2'-deoxyuridine) (3) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(IMPy)](2+) (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine; IMPy is 2'-iminomethylpyridyl-2'-deoxyuridine) (4). Duplexes formed with the metal-containing oligonucleotides exhibit thermal stability comparable to the corresponding unmetalated duplexes (T(m) of modified duplex = 49 degrees C vs T(m) of unmodified duplex = 47 degrees C). Electrochemical (3, E(1/2) = -0.04 V vs NHE; 4, E(1/2) = 1.12 V vs NHE), absorption (3, lambda(max) = 568, 369 nm; 4, lambda(max) = 480 nm), and emission (4, lambda(max) = 720 nm, tau = 55 ns, Phi = 1.2 x 10(-)(4)) data for the ruthenium-modified nucleosides and oligonucleotides indicate that incorporation into an oligonucleotide does not perturb the electronic properties of the ruthenium complex or the DNA significantly. In addition, the absence of any change in the emission properties upon metalated duplex formation suggests that the [Ru(bpy)(2)(IMPy)](2+)[Ru(acac)(2)(IMPy)](2+) pair will provide a valuable probe for DNA-mediated electron-transfer studies.
3. Remarkable Dependence of the Final Charge Separation Efficiency on the Donor-Acceptor Interaction in Photoinduced Electron Transfer.
PubMed
Higashino, Tomohiro; Yamada, Tomoki; Yamamoto, Masanori; Furube, Akihiro; Tkachenko, Nikolai V; Miura, Taku; Kobori, Yasuhiro; Jono, Ryota; Yamashita, Koichi; Imahori, Hiroshi
2016-01-11
The unprecedented dependence of final charge separation efficiency as a function of donor-acceptor interaction in covalently-linked molecules with a rectilinear rigid oligo-p-xylene bridge has been observed. Optimization of the donor-acceptor electronic coupling remarkably inhibits the undesirable rapid decay of the singlet charge-separated state to the ground state, yielding the final long-lived, triplet charge-separated state with circa 100% efficiency. This finding is extremely useful for the rational design of artificial photosynthesis and organic photovoltaic cells toward efficient solar energy conversion. PMID:26610285
4. Tailorable acceptor C(60-n)B(n) and donor C(60-m)N(m) pairs for molecular electronics.
PubMed
Xie, Rui-Hua; Bryant, Garnett W; Zhao, Jijun; Smith, Vedene H; Di Carlo, Aldo; Pecchia, Alessandro
2003-05-23
Our first-principles calculations demonstrate that C(60-n)B(n) and C(60-m)N(m) can be engineered as the acceptors and donors, respectively, needed for molecular electronics by properly controlling the dopant number n and m in C60. We show that acceptor C48B12 and donor C48N12 are promising components for molecular rectifiers, carbon nanotube-based n-p-n (p-n-p) transistors, and p-n junctions. PMID:12785911
5. Probing the donor side of photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts and algae using electron paramagnetic resonance
SciTech Connect
Boska, M.D.
1985-11-01
this work concerns electron transfer reactions in photosystem II (PS II). Investigations carried out in this work examine the redox reaction rates in PS II using EPR. In Tris-washed PS II preparations from spinach, it is observed that the oxidation kinetics of S II/sub f/, the EPR signal formed by Z/sup +/ after deactivation of oxygen evolution, mirror the reduction kinetics of P680/sup +/ seen by EPR in samples poised at a variety of pH's. These data agree with previous data on the optically measured reduction kinetics of P680/sup +/. The oxidation kinetics of S II/sub vf/, the EPR transient seen from Z/sup +/ in samples active in O/sub 2/ evolving samples, were instrument limited (t/sub 1/2/ less than 4 ..mu..s) and thus could not be directly measured. These results taken together support a model where Z donates electrons directly to P680/sup +/. The examination of the oxidation and reduction kinetics of S II in monovalent and divalent salt-washed PS II preparations from spinach correlated most of the change of Z oxidation and re-reduction kinetics seen upon Tris-treatment with the loss of a 33 kDa polypeptide associated with the donor side of PS II. These data coupled with observations of stead-state light-induced amplitude changes in S II give evidence for the existance of an electron carrier between the water-splitting enzyme and Z. Observation of S II amplitude and kinetics in highly resolved PS II protein complexes from Synechoccus sp., consisting of either a 5 polypeptide PS II core complex (E-1) or a 4 polypeptide PS II core complex (CP2b), localize Z and P680 within the 4 polypeptide complex. 187 refs., 17 figs., 7 tabs.
6. Fresh look at electron-transfer mechanisms via the donor/acceptor bindings in the critical encounter complex.
PubMed
Rosokha, Sergiy V; Kochi, Jay K
2008-05-01
Seminal insights provided by the iconic R. S. Mulliken and his "charge-transfer" theory, H. Taube and his "outer/inner-sphere" mechanisms, R. A. Marcus and his "two-state non-adiabatic" theory, and N. S. Hush and his "intervalence" theory are each separately woven into the rich panoramic tapestry constituting chemical research into electron-transfer dynamics, and its mechanistic dominance for the past half century and more. In this Account, we illustrate how the simultaneous melding of all four key concepts allows sharp focus on the charge-transfer character of the critical encounter complex to evoke the latent facet of traditional electron-transfer mechanisms. To this end, we exploit the intervalence (electronic) transition that invariably accompanies the diffusive encounter of electron-rich organic donors (D) with electron-poor acceptors (A) as the experimental harbinger of the collision complex, which is then actually isolated and X-ray crystallographically established as loosely bound pi-stacked pairs of various aromatic and olefinic donor/acceptor dyads with uniform interplanar separations of r(DA) = 3.1 +/- 0.2 A. These X-ray structures, together with the spectral measurements of their intervalence transitions, lead to the pair of important electron-transfer parameters, H(DA) (electronic coupling element) versus lambdaT (reorganization energy), the ratio of which generally defines the odd-electron mobility within such an encounter complex in terms of the resonance stabilization of the donor/acceptor assembly [D, A] as opposed to the reorganization-energy penalty required for its interconversion to the electron-transfer state [D(+*), A(-*)]. We recognize the resonance-stabilization energy relative to the intrinsic activation barrier as the mechanistic binding factor, Q = 2H(DA)/lambdaT, to represent the quantitative measure of the highly variable continuum of inner-sphere/outer-sphere interactions that are possible within various types of precursor complexes
7. Denitrification potential in stream sediments impacted by acid mine drainage: effects of pH, various electron donors, and iron.
PubMed
Baeseman, J L; Smith, R L; Silverstein, J
2006-02-01
8. Denitrification potential in stream sediments impacted by acid mine drainage: Effects of pH, various electron donors, and iron
USGS Publications Warehouse
Baeseman, J.L.; Smith, R.L.; Silverstein, J.
2006-01-01
9. Mathematical modeling of autotrophic denitrification (AD) process with sulphide as electron donor.
PubMed
Xu, Guihua; Yin, Fengjun; Chen, Shaohua; Xu, Yuanjian; Yu, Han-Qing
2016-03-15
Autotrophic denitrification (AD) plays a critical role in nitrate removal from organic carbon-deficient wastewaters with a high level of nitrogen oxides. However, the AD process is not included in the current denitrification models, which limits the application of AD technology for wastewater treatment. In this work, a kinetic model for AD process involved 4 processes and 5 components with 9 parameters is established to describe the sulphide biooxidation and nitrite removal process. In this model, 4 oxidation-reduction reactions using sulphide as electronic donor in the AD process are taken into account. The model parameters are optimized by fitting data from the experiments with different combinations of sulphide, sulphur, sulphate, nitrate and nitrite at various concentrations. Model calibration and validation results demonstrate that the developed model is able to reasonably describe the removal rates of nitrate, nitrite, sulphide and sulphur in the AD process. The model simulation results also show that the sulphur term (η(S)) in the kinetic equations of nitrate, nitrite, sulphur and sulphate remains constant, rather than being controlled by its own concentration. Furthermore, with this model the products of sulphide biooxidation in the AD process, sulphur and sulphate, and their concentrations can be accurately predicted. Therefore, this model provides a strategy to control the sulphate concentration below the discharge limits or recover sulphur as the main end product from sulphide biooxidation. PMID:26799712
10. Optical modeling of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells based on squarine dye as electron donor
Kitova, S.; Stoyanova, D.; Dikova, J.; Kandinska, M.; Vasilev, A.; Angelova, S.
2014-12-01
The potentiality of a squarine dye (Sq1) for using as electron donor component in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ) has been studied from the optical point of view. The soluble n-type fullerene, (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61MB) was chosen as acceptor. Optical modelling based on transfer matrix method was carried out to predict and improve photovoltaic performance of a BHJ device with blended Sq1/PC61MB active layer. The dependence of the absorption and the calculated maximum short circuit photocurrent (Jscmax) on the thickness of the active layer (dact), was investigated for two weight ratios of Sq1 and PC61MB. Thus, the optimal dact was calculated to be about 100 nm, which provides an efficient overlapping of the total absorption with solar spectrum in the range between 580 and 900 nm. Besides, it is found that the insertion of ZnO or C60 spacer layer shifts Jscmax peak to lower dact and significantly enhances Jscmax for active layers with dact < 50 nm, which is mainly due to improved light absorption by a factor of 5 to 10. Simultaneously, for dact <100 nm the optical effect of inserted PEDOT:PSS hole transporting layer is negligible.
11. Microbial selenite reduction with organic carbon and electrode as sole electron donor by a bacterium isolated from domestic wastewater.
PubMed
Nguyen, Van Khanh; Park, Younghyun; Yu, Jaecheul; Lee, Taeho
2016-07-01
Selenium is said to be multifaceted element because it is essential at a low concentration but very toxic at an elevated level. For the purpose of screening a potential microorganism for selenite bioremediation, we isolated a bacterium, named strain THL1, which could perform both heterotrophic selenite reduction, using organic carbons such as acetate, lactate, propionate, and butyrate as electron donors under microaerobic condition, and electrotrophic selenite reduction, using an electrode polarized at -0.3V (vs. standard hydrogen electrode) as the sole electron donor under anaerobic condition. This bacterium determined to be a new strain of the genus Cronobacter, could remove selenite with an efficiency of up to 100%. This study is the first demonstration on a pure culture could take up electrons from an electrode to perform selenite reduction. The selenium nanoparticles produced by microbial selenite reduction might be considered for recovery and use in the nanotechnology industry. PMID:27099943
12. Addition of alcohols and hydrocarbons to fullerenes by photosensitized electron transfer
SciTech Connect
Lem, G.; Schuster, D.I.; Courtney, S.H.; Lu, Q.; Wilson, S.R. )
1995-01-11
We report the formation of C[sub 60] radical cations by photosensitized electron transfer and the capture of the cation by nucleophiles such as alcohols to yield alkoxy-substituted fullerenes. In addition, we report selective trapping of the radical cation by reactive hydrogen donors to produce alkyl-substituted fullerenes. The finding that fullerene radical cations in the vapor phase are unreactive toward alcohols was rationalized in terms of resistance to formation of product in which the previously highly delocalized positive charge becomes strongly localized upon the oxygen atom of the nucleophile. This inhibition is not the case in solution, probably because of solvation effects. We expect to utilize these novel reactions of fullerenes to add other types of nucleophiles (such as cyanide) and hydrogen donors (such as thiols) to C[sub 60], thus opening a wider window for functionalization of fullerenes for synthetic purposes. These studies once again demonstrate the value of using the crown ether-methanofullerene (1) to conveniently follow the progress of new chemical reactions of C[sub 60] in solution by ESI-MS. 17 refs., 2 figs.
13. Effect of electron-donor ancillary ligands on the heteroleptic ruthenium complexes: synthesis, characterization, and application in high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells.
PubMed
Chen, Wang-Chao; Kong, Fan-Tai; Liu, Xue-Peng; Guo, Fu-Ling; Zhou, Li; Ding, Yong; Li, Zhao-Qian; Dai, Song-Yuan
2016-04-20
Three heteroleptic ruthenium complexes, , and , with sulfur- or oxygen-containing electron-donor, phenylpyridine-based ancillary ligands, are synthesized. The influence of the different electron donors-the acyclic electron donors methylthio and methoxyl, and the cyclic electron donor methylenedioxy-on the photophysical and electrochemical behavior in dye sensitizers and photovoltaic performance in DSSCs are investigated. Compared to the conventional dye , all the dyes demonstrate superior performance in the form of molar absorptivity, photocurrent density (JSC) and conversion efficiency (η). The DSSCs based on and , with only a two-atom change in the acyclic electron donor, exhibit analogous photovoltaic performance (9.28% for and 9.32% for ). The highest photocurrent density (19.06 mA cm(-2)) and conversion efficiency (9.74%) are recorded for , which contains the cyclic electron donor. Transient absorption (TAS) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements are carried out to investigate the sensitizers' regeneration and the behavior of excited electron decay kinetics. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is operated to explain the charge recombination and the electron lifetime. These consequences reveal substantial dependences on the different configurations of the electron-donor ancillary ligands. PMID:27053153
14. Estimation of electronic coupling in π-stacked donor-bridge-acceptor systems: Correction of the two-state model
Voityuk, Alexander A.
2006-02-01
Comparison of donor-acceptor electronic couplings calculated within two-state and three-state models suggests that the two-state treatment can provide unreliable estimates of Vda because of neglecting the multistate effects. We show that in most cases accurate values of the electronic coupling in a π stack, where donor and acceptor are separated by a bridging unit, can be obtained as Ṽda=(E2-E1)μ12/Rda+(2E3-E1-E2)2μ13μ23/Rda2, where E1, E2, and E3 are adiabatic energies of the ground, charge-transfer, and bridge states, respectively, μij is the transition dipole moments between the states i and j, and Rda is the distance between the planes of donor and acceptor. In this expression based on the generalized Mulliken-Hush approach, the first term corresponds to the coupling derived within a two-state model, whereas the second term is the superexchange correction accounting for the bridge effect. The formula is extended to bridges consisting of several subunits. The influence of the donor-acceptor energy mismatch on the excess charge distribution, adiabatic dipole and transition moments, and electronic couplings is examined. A diagnostic is developed to determine whether the two-state approach can be applied. Based on numerical results, we showed that the superexchange correction considerably improves estimates of the donor-acceptor coupling derived within a two-state approach. In most cases when the two-state scheme fails, the formula gives reliable results which are in good agreement (within 5%) with the data of the three-state generalized Mulliken-Hush model.
15. Microscopic simulations of electronic excitations in donor-acceptor heterojunctions of small-molecule based solar cells
Baumeier, Bjoern
2015-03-01
Fundamental processes involving electronic excitations govern the functionality of molecular materials in which the dynamics of excitons and charges is determined by an interplay of molecular electronic structure and morphological order. To understand, e.g., charge separation and recombination at donor-acceptor heterojunctions in organic solar cells, knowledge about the microscopic details influencing these dynamics in the bulk and across the interface is required. For a set of prototypical heterojunctions of small-molecule donor materials with C60, we employ a hybrid QM/MM approach linking density-functional and many-body Green's functions theory and analyze the charged and neutral electronic excitations therein. We pay special attention the spatially-resolved electron/hole transport levels, as well as the relative energies of Frenkel and charge-transfer excitations at the interface. Finally, we link the molecular architecture of the donor material, its orientation on the fullerene substrate as well as mesoscale order to the solar cell performance.
16. Denitrification in Streams Impacted by Acid Mine Drainage: Effects of Iron, pH, and Potential Electron Donors
Baeseman, J. L.; Smith, R. L.; Silverstein, J.
2003-12-01
Acid mine drainage (AMD) contaminates between 8,000 and 16,000 km of streams on U.S. Forest Service land in the Western United States and more than 7,000 km of stream in the Eastern U.S. Relatively little is known about nitrogen cycling in these acidic, heavy metal laden streams, however, denitrification can be inhibited under low pH conditions. The objective of this research was to examine AMD sediments for bacteria capable of denitrification. The process of denitrification is known to increase pH, which may be particularly important in acidic environments. Denitrification potential was assessed in AMD sediments from several Colorado AMD impacted streams ranging from pH 2.6 to 4.91, using microcosm incubations with fresh sediments. Added nitrate was immediately reduced to nitrogen gas without any lag period, indicating that denitrification was actively occurring in these environments. Rates varied from 0.33 to 2.52 umoles NO3-N/ g-sediment/ day depending on the site. The pH of the microcosms increased between 0.23 to 1.49 pH units in 5 days, depending on the site. Additional microcosm studies were conducted to examine the effects of iron concentrations (Fe2+ and Fe3+), initial pH conditions, and several potential electron donors. Addition of iron above ambient concentrations seemed to have little effect on denitrification rates, whereas rates increased with increasing initial pH. The addition of carbon and hydrogen stimulated denitrification rates, which in turn increased the rise in pH. These results suggest that not only is denitrification possible in AMD streams, it may also be a useful remediation option, if suitable methods can be found to stimulate activity.
17. Prospects for three-electron donor boronyl (BO) ligands and dioxodiborene (B2O2) ligands as bridging groups in binuclear iron carbonyl derivatives.
PubMed
Chang, Yu; Li, Qian-Shu; Xie, Yaoming; King, R Bruce
2012-08-20
Recent experimental work (2010) on (Cy(3)P)(2)Pt(BO)Br indicates that the oxygen atom of the boronyl (BO) ligand is more basic than that in the ubiquitous CO ligand. This suggests that bridging BO ligands in unsaturated binuclear metal carbonyl derivatives should readily function as three-electron donor bridging ligands involving both the oxygen and the boron atoms. In this connection, density functional theory shows that three of the four lowest energy singlet Fe(2)(BO)(2)(CO)(7) structures have such a bridging η(2)-μ-BO group as well as a formal Fe-Fe single bond. In addition, all four of the lowest energy singlet Fe(2)(BO)(2)(CO)(6) structures have two bridging η(2)-μ-BO groups and formal Fe-Fe single bonds. Other Fe(2)(BO)(2)(CO)(n) (n = 7, 6) structures are found in which the two BO groups have coupled to form a bridging dioxodiborene (B(2)O(2)) ligand with B-B bonding distances of ~1.84 Å. All of these Fe(2)(μ-B(2)O(2))(CO)(n) structures have long Fe···Fe distances indicating a lack of direct iron-iron bonding. One of the singlet Fe(2)(BO)(2)(CO)(7) structures has such a bridging dioxodiborene ligand with cis stereochemistry functioning as a six-electron donor to the pair of iron atoms. In addition, the lowest energy triplet structures for both Fe(2)(BO)(2)(CO)(7) and Fe(2)(BO)(2)(CO)(6) have bridging dioxodiborene ligands with trans stereochemistry functioning as a four-electron donor to the pair of iron atoms. PMID:22862812
18. High-Affinity Proton Donors Promote Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer by Samarium Diiodide.
PubMed
Chciuk, Tesia V; Anderson, William R; Flowers, Robert A
2016-05-10
The relationship between proton-donor affinity for Sm(II) ions and the reduction of two substrates (anthracene and benzyl chloride) was examined. A combination of spectroscopic, thermochemical, and kinetic studies show that only those proton donors that coordinate or chelate strongly to Sm(II) promote anthracene reduction through a PCET process. These studies demonstrate that the combination of Sm(II) ions and water does not provide a unique reagent system for formal hydrogen atom transfer to substrates. PMID:27061351
19. Enhanced reduction of an azo dye using henna plant biomass as a solid-phase electron donor, carbon source, and redox mediator.
PubMed
Huang, Jingang; Chu, Shushan; Chen, Jianjun; Chen, Yi; Xie, Zhengmiao
2014-06-01
The multiple effects of henna plant biomass as a source of carbon, electron donor, and redox mediator (RM) on the enhanced bio-reduction of Orange II (AO7) were investigated. The results indicated that the maximum AO7 reduction rate in the culture with henna powder was ∼6-fold that in the sludge control culture lacking henna. On the one hand, AO7 reduction can be advantageously enhanced by the release of available electron donors; on the other hand, the associated lawsone can act as a fixed RM and play a potential role in shuttling electrons from the released electron donors to the final electron acceptor, AO7. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) during each experiment and the FTIR spectra suggested that the weakened AO7 reduction along with the retention of henna powder might not be attributed to the lack of fixed lawsone but rather to the insufficiency of electron donors. PMID:24759768
20. Electron transport behaviors through donor-induced quantum dot array in heavily n-doped junctionless nanowire transistors
SciTech Connect
Ma, Liuhong; Han, Weihua Wang, Hao; Hong, Wenting; Lyu, Qifeng; Yang, Xiang; Yang, Fuhua
2015-01-21
We investigated single electron tunneling through a phosphorus donor-induced quantum dot array in heavily n-doped junctionless nanowire transistor. Seven subpeaks splitting in current oscillations are clearly observed due to the coupling of quantum dot array under the bias voltage below 1.0 mV at the temperature of 6 K. The conduction system can be well described by a two-band Hubbard model. The activation energy of phosphorus donors is tuned by the gate voltage to be 7.0 meV for the lower Hubbard band and 4.4 meV for the upper Hubbard band due to the localization effects below threshold voltage. The evolution of electron behaviors in the quantum dots is identified by adjusting the gate voltage from quantum-dot regime to one-dimensional regime.
1. Electron transport behaviors through donor-induced quantum dot array in heavily n-doped junctionless nanowire transistors
Ma, Liuhong; Han, Weihua; Wang, Hao; Hong, Wenting; Lyu, Qifeng; Yang, Xiang; Yang, Fuhua
2015-01-01
We investigated single electron tunneling through a phosphorus donor-induced quantum dot array in heavily n-doped junctionless nanowire transistor. Seven subpeaks splitting in current oscillations are clearly observed due to the coupling of quantum dot array under the bias voltage below 1.0 mV at the temperature of 6 K. The conduction system can be well described by a two-band Hubbard model. The activation energy of phosphorus donors is tuned by the gate voltage to be 7.0 meV for the lower Hubbard band and 4.4 meV for the upper Hubbard band due to the localization effects below threshold voltage. The evolution of electron behaviors in the quantum dots is identified by adjusting the gate voltage from quantum-dot regime to one-dimensional regime.
2. Organic substrates as electron donors in permeable reactive barriers for removal of heavy metals from acid mine drainage.
PubMed
Kijjanapanich, P; Pakdeerattanamint, K; Lens, P N L; Annachhatre, A P
2012-12-01
This research was conducted to select suitable natural organic substrates as potential carbon sources for use as electron donors for biological sulphate reduction in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). A number of organic substrates were assessed through batch and continuous column experiments under anaerobic conditions with acid mine drainage (AMD) obtained from an abandoned lignite coal mine. To keep the heavy metal concentration at a constant level, the AMD was supplemented with heavy metals whenever necessary. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) converted sulphate into sulphide using the organic substrates as electron donors. The sulphide that was generated precipitated heavy metals as metal sulphides. Organic substrates, which yielded the highest sulphate reduction in batch tests, were selected for continuous column experiments which lasted over 200 days. A mixture of pig-farm wastewater treatment sludge, rice husk and coconut husk chips yielded the best heavy metal (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) removal efficiencies of over 90%. PMID:23437664
3. Enhanced Alcaligenes faecalis Denitrification Rate with Electrodes as the Electron Donor
PubMed Central
Wang, Xin; Yu, Ping; Zeng, Cuiping; Ding, Hongrui; Wang, Changqiu
2015-01-01
The utilization by Alcaligenes faecalis of electrodes as the electron donor for denitrification was investigated in this study. The denitrification rate of A. faecalis with a poised potential was greatly enhanced compared with that of the controls without poised potentials. For nitrate reduction, although A. faecalis could not reduce nitrate, at three poised potentials of +0.06, −0.06, and −0.15 V (versus normal hydrogen electrode [NHE]), the nitrate was partially reduced with −0.15- and −0.06-V potentials at rates of 17.3 and 28.5 mg/liter/day, respectively. The percentages of reduction for −0.15 and −0.06 V were 52.4 and 30.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, for nitrite reduction, the poised potentials greatly enhanced the nitrite reduction. The nitrite reduction rates for three poised potentials (−0.06, −0.15, and −0.30 V) were 1.98, 4.37, and 3.91 mg/liter/h, respectively. When the potentials were cut off, the nitrite reduction rate was maintained for 1.5 h (from 2.3 to 2.25 mg/liter/h) and then greatly decreased, and the reduction rate (0.38 mg/liter/h) was about 1/6 compared with the rate (2.3 mg/liter/h) when potential was on. Then the potentials resumed, but the reduction rate did not resume and was only 2 times higher than the rate when the potential was off. PMID:26048940
4. Enhanced Alcaligenes faecalis Denitrification Rate with Electrodes as the Electron Donor.
PubMed
Wang, Xin; Yu, Ping; Zeng, Cuiping; Ding, Hongrui; Li, Yan; Wang, Changqiu; Lu, Anhuai
2015-08-15
The utilization by Alcaligenes faecalis of electrodes as the electron donor for denitrification was investigated in this study. The denitrification rate of A. faecalis with a poised potential was greatly enhanced compared with that of the controls without poised potentials. For nitrate reduction, although A. faecalis could not reduce nitrate, at three poised potentials of +0.06, -0.06, and -0.15 V (versus normal hydrogen electrode [NHE]), the nitrate was partially reduced with -0.15- and -0.06-V potentials at rates of 17.3 and 28.5 mg/liter/day, respectively. The percentages of reduction for -0.15 and -0.06 V were 52.4 and 30.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, for nitrite reduction, the poised potentials greatly enhanced the nitrite reduction. The nitrite reduction rates for three poised potentials (-0.06, -0.15, and -0.30 V) were 1.98, 4.37, and 3.91 mg/liter/h, respectively. When the potentials were cut off, the nitrite reduction rate was maintained for 1.5 h (from 2.3 to 2.25 mg/liter/h) and then greatly decreased, and the reduction rate (0.38 mg/liter/h) was about 1/6 compared with the rate (2.3 mg/liter/h) when potential was on. Then the potentials resumed, but the reduction rate did not resume and was only 2 times higher than the rate when the potential was off. PMID:26048940
5. 9-fluorenemethanol: an internal electron donor to fine tune olefin polymerization activity.
PubMed
Gnanakumar, Edwin S; Rao Chokkapu, Eswara; Kunjir, Shrikant; Ajithkumar, T G; Rajamohanan, P R; Chakraborty, Debashis; Gopinath, Chinnakonda S
2014-06-28
A new MgCl2 based molecular adduct has been synthesized with 9-fluorenemethanol (9FM) as a novel internal electron donor (IED), along with ethanol (EtOH) (MgCl2·n9FM·xEtOH). The above molecular adduct has been subjected to a variety of structural, spectroscopic and morphological characterization techniques. The results of the solid state (13)C CPMAS NMR technique suggests the coordination of 9FM to MgCl2. Observation of a low angle diffraction peak at 2θ = 5.7° (d = 15.5 Å) underscores the coordination of 9FM along the z-axis, and ethanol in the molecular adduct. Active Ziegler-Natta catalysts were prepared by two different synthesis methods; the conventional method to obtain a high surface area active catalyst, and other one with 9FM as an integral part of the active catalyst in order to study the influence of 9FM as an IED over the active sites. The active catalysts were also characterized thoroughly with different analytical tools. The XRD results show (003) facets of δ-MgCl2 (α-MgCl2) for the conventional (non-conventional) titanated catalyst. Results of the ethylene polymerization activity study reveals that the conventionally prepared highly porous active catalyst shows 1.7-2.5 times higher activity than the non-conventional prepared catalyst; however, the latter shows a low molecular weight distribution and confirms the role of the Lewis base as an IED. PMID:24810354
6. Comparative study of donor-induced quantum dots in Si nano-channels by single-electron transport characterization and Kelvin probe force microscopy
SciTech Connect
Tyszka, K.; Moraru, D.; Samanta, A.; Mizuno, T.; Tabe, M.; Jabłoński, R.
2015-06-28
We comparatively study donor-induced quantum dots in Si nanoscale-channel transistors for a wide range of doping concentration by analysis of single-electron tunneling transport and surface potential measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). By correlating KPFM observations of donor-induced potential landscapes with simulations based on Thomas-Fermi approximation, it is demonstrated that single-electron tunneling transport at lowest gate voltages (for smallest coverage of screening electrons) is governed most frequently by only one dominant quantum dot, regardless of doping concentration. Doping concentration, however, primarily affects the internal structure of the quantum dot. At low concentrations, individual donors form most of the quantum dots, i.e., “donor-atom” quantum dots. In contrast, at high concentrations above metal-insulator transition, closely placed donors instead of individual donors form more complex quantum dots, i.e., “donor-cluster” quantum dots. The potential depth of these “donor-cluster” quantum dots is significantly reduced by increasing gate voltage (increasing coverage of screening electrons), leading to the occurrence of multiple competing quantum dots.
7. A combined FTIR and infrared emission spectroscopy investigation of layered double hydroxide as an effective electron donor.
PubMed
Zhang, Jia; Wei, Feng; Liang, Ying; Zhou, Jizhi; Xi, Yunfei; Qian, Guangren; Frost, Ray
2016-02-01
A novel method has been presented to characterize electron transfer in layered double hydroxides (LDHs) utilizing an investigation combing FTIR and infrared emission spectroscopy. At room temperature, electron could transfer to interlayer Fe(3+) through monodentate ligand cyanide, and resulted in a reduction of 40% Fe(3+) to Fe(2+). When the environmental temperature increased from 25 to 300°C, reduction of Fe(3+) and Ni(2+) increased to 94% and 42%. Furthermore, electron also transferred to interlayer cation through multidentate ligand EDTA. As a result, LDHs has been proven to be an effective electron donor, and FTIR was a feasible tool in characterizing this property by monitoring the valence state of cations. It was also concluded that octahedral units with OH(-) groups in LDH layer functioned as electron donor centers. Driving force for electron transfer is attributed to the charge density difference between cation layer and probe anion. These results could help to explain the mechanism of various applications of LDHs in catalysis and photocatalysis. PMID:26490800
8. A combined FTIR and infrared emission spectroscopy investigation of layered double hydroxide as an effective electron donor
Zhang, Jia; Wei, Feng; Liang, Ying; Zhou, Jizhi; Xi, Yunfei; Qian, Guangren; Frost, Ray
2016-02-01
A novel method has been presented to characterize electron transfer in layered double hydroxides (LDHs) utilizing an investigation combing FTIR and infrared emission spectroscopy. At room temperature, electron could transfer to interlayer Fe3 + through monodentate ligand cyanide, and resulted in a reduction of 40% Fe3 + to Fe2 +. When the environmental temperature increased from 25 to 300 °C, reduction of Fe3 + and Ni2 + increased to 94% and 42%. Furthermore, electron also transferred to interlayer cation through multidentate ligand EDTA. As a result, LDHs has been proven to be an effective electron donor, and FTIR was a feasible tool in characterizing this property by monitoring the valence state of cations. It was also concluded that octahedral units with OH- groups in LDH layer functioned as electron donor centers. Driving force for electron transfer is attributed to the charge density difference between cation layer and probe anion. These results could help to explain the mechanism of various applications of LDHs in catalysis and photocatalysis.
9. Assembly of an Axially Chiral Dynamic Redox System with a Perfluorobiphenyl Skeleton into Dumbbell- or Tripod-type Electron Donors.
PubMed
Tamaoki, Hitomi; Katoono, Ryo; Fujiwara, Kenshu; Suzuki, Takanori
2016-02-12
The incorporation of F atoms endows a diethenylbiphenyl-based electron donor with configurational stability and SN Ar reactivity. The former enables the dynamic redox pair of (Rax)-1/(Rax ,R,R)-1(2+) to exhibit drastic UV/Vis and CD spectral changes upon electrolysis, whereas the latter makes it possible for (Rax)-1 to serve as a useful chiral synthon for the production of larger assemblies [(Rax ,Rax)-2 d,p,m and (Rax ,Rax ,Rax)-3] containing two or three dyrex units. These dyads and triad also exhibit a clean electrochiroptical response with isosbestic points owing to one-wave multi-electron transfer. PMID:26748461
10. Donor-Acceptor-Type Semiconducting Polymers Consisting of Benzothiadiazole Derivatives as Electron-Acceptor Units for Organic Photovoltaic Cells.
PubMed
Kim, Hee Su; Park, Jong Baek; Kim, Ji-Hoon; Hwang, Do-Hoon
2015-11-01
We synthesized two fused pentacyclic donor-acceptor structures, where the two different outer electron rich thiophene (DTPBT) and electron poor benzene (ICTh) moieties are covalently bonded to the central electron-deficient benzothiadiazole core by two nitrogen bridges. These new electron-acceptor DTPBT and ICTh building blocks were copolymerized with fluorene, as the electron donor group, via Suzuki coupling polymerization, to produce two new alternating copolymers, PFDTPBT and PFICTh, respectively. The average molecular weights of the synthesized polymers were determined by GPC. The number-average molecular weights of PFDTPBT and PFICTh were 19,000 (PDI = 2.5) and 20,000 (PDI = 4.0), respectively. The optical bandgap energies of the polymers were measured from their absorption onsets to be 2.15 and 2.55 eV, depending on the polymer structure. The HOMO energy levels of the polymers were determined, by measuring the oxidation onsets of the polymer films by cyclic voltammetry. The measured HOMO energy levels of PFDTPBT and PFICTh were -5.10 and -5.57 eV, respectively. When the polymers were blended with PC71BM, as the active layer for bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices, power conversion efficiencies were 2.08% and 0.34%, respectively, under AM 1.5 G (100 mW cm(-2)) conditions. PMID:26726610
11. Metal-enhanced luminescence of silicon quantum dots: effects of nanoparticles and molecular electron donors and acceptors on the photofading kinetics
Abualnaja, Khamael M.; Šiller, Lidija; Horrocks, Benjamin R.
2015-04-01
Alkyl-capped silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) show enhanced luminescence when drop cast as films on glass slides in mixtures with Ag or Au nanoparticles or the electron donor ferrocene (Fc). Metal enhancement of quantum dot photoluminescence (PL) is known to arise from a combination of the intense near-field associated with the surface plasmon of the metal on the rate of absorption and the decrease in the lifetime of the excited state. Here we present evidence that an additional factor is also involved: electron transfer from the metal to the quantum dot. Under CW irradiation with an argon ion laser at 488 nm, SiQDs undergo a reversible photofading of the PL as the particles photoionize. A steady-state condition is established by the competition between photoionization and electron-hole recombination. The fading of the initial PL I0 to the steady-state value {{I}∞ } can be modelled by a simple first order decay with a lognormal distribution of rates, which reflects the heterogeneity of the sample. In the presence of Ag and Au nanoparticles, the modal rate constants of photofading increase by factors of up to 4-fold and the ratio {{I}0}/{{I}∞ } decreases by factors up to 5-fold; this is consistent with an increase in the rate of electron-hole recombination facilitated by the metal nanoparticles acting as sources of electrons. Further support for this interpretation comes from the enhancement in PL observed in photofading experiments with films of SiQDs mixed with Fc; this compound is a well-known one-electron donor, but shows no plasmon band which complicates the estimation of PL enhancement with Ag NPs.
12. 2004 Electron Donor Acceptor Interactions Gordon Conference - August 8-13, 2004
SciTech Connect
GUILFORD JONES BOSTON UNIVERSITY PHOTONICS CENTER 8 ST. MARY'S ST BOSTON, MA 02215
2005-09-14
The 2004 Gordon Conference on Donor/Acceptor Interactions will take place at Salve Regina University in Newport, Rhode Island on August 8-13, 2004. The conference will be devoted to the consequences of charge interaction and charge motion in molecular and materials systems.
13. Photo-induced alternating copolymerization of N-substituted maleimides and electron donor olefins
Jönsson, S.; Sundell, P. E.; Shimose, M.; Clark, S.; Miller, C.; Morel, F.; Decker, C.; Hoyle, C. E.
1997-08-01
Photo-initiated free radical polymerization of donor/acceptor type monomers have gained considerable interest due to the possibility of formulating UV curable non-acrylate systems. Recently, we described a photoinitiator free system based on donor/acceptor combinations [1-7]. Photoinitiator free nonacrylate based compositions will of course attain an enhanced interest and importance because of a broader selection of raw materials and combinations thereof, potential outdoor use, lower costs of formulations, improved odour, no formation of benzaldehyde, less extractables and so on. Recent developments of the direct photolysis of these acceptors and complexes, and their potential use in practical "UV curing" will be outlined. By a selective combination of A and D type monomers, a direct photolysis of the ground state complex (CTC) or the excitation of the acceptor, followed by the formation of an exciplex, will initiate a free radical copolymerization. A second route of direct initiation is based on inter- or intra-molecular H-abstraction from an excited state acceptor or exciplex. This paper will focus on the photochemistry as it relates to initiation of polymerization depending on acceptor and donor strength of the monomer system. Inherently different reactivities in air and nitrogen of donors and acceptors are compared to photoinitiator containing acrylates. Furthermore, the ratio of homo and alternating copolymerization as well as the 2 + 2 cycloaddition will be discussed.
14. Additive cardioprotection by pharmacological postconditioning with hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide donors in mouse heart: S-sulfhydration vs. S-nitrosylation.
PubMed
Sun, Junhui; Aponte, Angel M; Menazza, Sara; Gucek, Marjan; Steenbergen, Charles; Murphy, Elizabeth
2016-05-01
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a gaseous signalling molecule, has been found to play important roles in postconditioning (PostC)-induced cardioprotection. Similar to nitric oxide (NO)-mediated protein S-nitrosylation (SNO), recent studies suggest that H2S could regulate protein function through another redox-based post-translational modification on protein cysteine residue(s), i.e. S-sulfhydration (SSH). In this study, we examined whether there are changes in protein SSH associated with cardioprotection induced by treatment with H2S on reperfusion. In addition, we also examined whether there is cross talk between H2S and NO. Compared with control, treatment on reperfusion with NaHS (H2S donor, 100 µmol/L) significantly reduced post-ischaemic contractile dysfunction and infarct size. A comparable cardioprotective effect could be also achieved by reperfusion treatment with SNAP (NO donor, 10 µmol/L). Interestingly, simultaneous reperfusion with both donors had an additive protective effect. In addition, C-PTIO (NO scavenger, 20 µmol/L) eliminated the protection induced by NaHS and also the additive protection by SNAP + NaHS together. Using a modified biotin switch method, we observed a small increase in SSH following NaHS treatment on reperfusion. We also found that NaHS treatment on reperfusion increases SNO to a level comparable to that with SNAP treatment. In addition, there was an additive increase in SNO but not SSH when SNAP and NaHS were added together at reperfusion. Thus, part of the benefit of NaHS is an increase in SNO, and the magnitude of the protective effect is related to the magnitude of the increase in SNO. PMID:26907390
15. Field-scale application of spent sulfidic caustic as a source of alternative electron donor for autotrophic denitrification.
PubMed
Lee, Jae-Ho; Park, Jeung-Jin; Choi, Gi-Choong; Byun, Im-Gyu; Park, Tae-Joo; Lee, Tae-Ho
2013-01-01
Biological reuse of spent sulfidic caustic (SSC) originating from oil refineries is a promising method for the petrochemical industry because of low handling cost. SSC typically contains high concentrations of sulfur, with the most dominant sulfur compounds being sulfide (S(2-)). SSC is also characterized by a high pH and elevated alkalinity up to 5-15% by weight. Because of these characteristics, SSC can be used for denitrification of NO3(-)-N in the biological nitrogen removal process as both the electron donor and buffering agent in sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification. In this study, two kinds of SSC (SSC I, SSC II) produced from two petrochemical companies were used for autotrophic denitrification in a field-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration in this process was about 10.5 mg/L without any external carbon sources and the nitrification efficiency was low, about 93.0%, because of alkalinity deficiency in the influent. The injection of SSC I, but not SSC II, promoted nitrification efficiency, which was attributed to the difference in the NaOH/S ratio between SSC I and II. SSC was injected based on sulfide concentration of SSC required to denitrify NO3(-)-N in the WWTP. SSC I had higher NaOH/S than SSC II and thus could supply more alkalinity for nitrification than SSC II. On the other hand, additional TN removal of about 9.0% was achieved with the injection of both SSCs. However, denitrification efficiency was not proportionally increased with increasing SSC injection because of NO3(-)-N deficiency in the anoxic tank due to the limited capacity of the recycling pump. For the same reason, sulfate concentration, which is the end product of sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrificaiton in the effluent, was also not increased with increasing SSC injection. PMID:23863444
16. Effect of Electron Donor and Solution Chemistry on Products of Dissimilatory Reduction of Technetium by Shewanella putrefaciens
PubMed Central
Wildung, R. E.; Gorby, Y. A.; Krupka, K. M.; Hess, N. J.; Li, S. W.; Plymale, A. E.; McKinley, J. P.; Fredrickson, J. K.
2000-01-01
To help provide a fundamental basis for use of microbial dissimilatory reduction processes in separating or immobilizing 99Tc in waste or groundwaters, the effects of electron donor and the presence of the bicarbonate ion on the rate and extent of pertechnetate ion [Tc(VII)O4−] enzymatic reduction by the subsurface metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 were determined, and the forms of aqueous and solid-phase reduction products were evaluated through a combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and thermodynamic calculations. When H2 served as the electron donor, dissolved Tc(VII) was rapidly reduced to amorphous Tc(IV) hydrous oxide, which was largely associated with the cell in unbuffered 0.85% NaCl and with extracellular particulates (0.2 to 0.001 μm) in bicarbonate buffer. Cell-associated Tc was present principally in the periplasm and outside the outer membrane. The reduction rate was much lower when lactate was the electron donor, with extracellular Tc(IV) hydrous oxide the dominant solid-phase reduction product, but in bicarbonate systems much less Tc(IV) was associated directly with the cell and solid-phase Tc(IV) carbonate may have been present. In the presence of carbonate, soluble (<0.001 μm) electronegative, Tc(IV) carbonate complexes were also formed that exceeded Tc(VII)O4− in electrophoretic mobility. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the dominant reduced Tc species identified in the experiments would be stable over a range of Eh and pH conditions typical of natural waters. Thus, carbonate complexes may represent an important pathway for Tc transport in anaerobic subsurface environments, where it has generally been assumed that Tc mobility is controlled by low-solubility Tc(IV) hydrous oxide and adsorptive, aqueous Tc(IV) hydrolysis products. PMID:10831424
17. Syntheses of D-A-A Type Small Molecular Donor Materials Having Various Electron Accepting Moiety for Organic Photovoltaic Application.
PubMed
Kim, Nahyeon; Park, Sangman; Lee, Myong-Hoon; Lee, Jaemin; Lee, Changjin; Yoon, Sung Cheol
2016-03-01
Small molecular donor, DTDCTB achieved a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 6.6 ± 0.2% in vacuum-deposited planar mixed heterojunction (PMHJ) structure. However, the same material just recorded PCE of 0.34% in solution processed small molecule based bulk heterjunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic cells. For the improvement of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), In this study, we designed and synthesized several D-A-A (donor-acceptor-acceptor) type molecular electron donating materials. Ditolylaminothienyl moiety as an electron donating group connected to 1,2,5-benzothiadiazole as a conjugated electron accepting unit, simultaneously with an electron accepting terminal group such as cyano alkyl acetate and N-alkyl rhodanine. The thermal, photophysical, and electrochemical properties of prepared small molecules were investigated by DSC, UV/Vis spectroscopy and Cyclic Voltametry, respectively. As a result, 0.89% of PCE can be obtained from OPV using a mixture of DTATBTER and PCBM as an active layer with a Voc of 0.87 V, a Jsc of 3.20 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 31.9%. PMID:27455734
18. Boron Doped diamond films as electron donors in photovoltaics: An X-ray absorption and hard X-ray photoemission study
SciTech Connect
Kapilashrami, M.; Zegkinoglou, I.; Conti, G.; Nemšák, S.; Conlon, C. S.; Fadley, C. S.; Törndahl, T.; Fjällström, V.; Lischner, J.; Louie, Steven G.; Hamers, R. J.; Zhang, L.; Guo, J.-H.; Himpsel, F. J.
2014-10-14
Highly boron-doped diamond films are investigated for their potential as transparent electron donors in solar cells. Specifically, the valence band offset between a diamond film (as electron donor) and Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) as light absorber is determined by a combination of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is more depth-penetrating than standard soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, a theoretical analysis of the valence band is performed, based on GW quasiparticle band calculations. The valence band offset is found to be small: VBO=VBM{sub CIGS} – VBM{sub diamond}=0.3 eV±0.1 eV at the CIGS/Diamond interface and 0.0 eV±0.1 eV from CIGS to bulk diamond. These results provide a promising starting point for optimizing the band offset by choosing absorber materials with a slightly lower valence band maximum.
19. Boron Doped diamond films as electron donors in photovoltaics: An X-ray absorption and hard X-ray photoemission study
Kapilashrami, M.; Conti, G.; Zegkinoglou, I.; Nemšák, S.; Conlon, C. S.; Törndahl, T.; Fjällström, V.; Lischner, J.; Louie, Steven G.; Hamers, R. J.; Zhang, L.; Guo, J.-H.; Fadley, C. S.; Himpsel, F. J.
2014-10-01
Highly boron-doped diamond films are investigated for their potential as transparent electron donors in solar cells. Specifically, the valence band offset between a diamond film (as electron donor) and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as light absorber is determined by a combination of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is more depth-penetrating than standard soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, a theoretical analysis of the valence band is performed, based on GW quasiparticle band calculations. The valence band offset is found to be small: VBO = VBMCIGS - VBMdiamond = 0.3 eV ± 0.1 eV at the CIGS/Diamond interface and 0.0 eV ± 0.1 eV from CIGS to bulk diamond. These results provide a promising starting point for optimizing the band offset by choosing absorber materials with a slightly lower valence band maximum.
20. Electronic Structure, Donor and Acceptor Transitions, and Magnetism of 3d Impurities in In2O3 and ZnO
SciTech Connect
Raebiger, H.; Lany, S,; Zunger, A.
2009-01-01
3d transition impurities in wide-gap oxides may function as donor/acceptor defects to modify carrier concentrations, and as magnetic elements to induce collective magnetism. Previous first-principles calculations have been crippled by the LDA error, where the occupation of the 3d-induced levels is incorrect due to spurious charge spilling into the misrepresented host conduction band, and have only considered magnetism and carrier doping separately. We employ a band-structure-corrected theory, and present simultaneously the chemical trends for electronic properties, carrier doping, and magnetism along the series of 3d{sup 1}-3d{sup 8} transition-metal impurities in the representative wide-gap oxide hosts In{sub 2}O{sub 3} and ZnO. We find that most 3d impurities in In{sub 2}O{sub 3} are amphoteric, whereas in ZnO, the early 3d's (Sc, Ti, and V) are shallow donors, and only the late 3d's (Co and Ni) have acceptor transitions. Long-range ferromagnetic interactions emerge due to partial filling of 3d resonances inside the conduction band and, in general, require electron doping from additional sources.
1. Bimolecular electron transfer reactions in coumarin amine systems: Donor acceptor orientational effect on diffusion-controlled reaction rates
Satpati, A. K.; Nath, S.; Kumbhakar, M.; Maity, D. K.; Senthilkumar, S.; Pal, H.
2008-04-01
Electron transfer (ET) reactions between excited coumarin dyes and different aliphatic amine (AlA) and aromatic amine (ArA) donors have been investigated in acetonitrile solution using steady-state (SS) and time-resolved (TR) fluorescence quenching measurements. No ground state complex or emissive exciplex formation has been indicated in these systems. SS and TR measurements give similar quenching constants ( kq) for each of the coumarin-amine pairs, suggesting dynamic nature of interaction in these systems. On correlating kq values with the free energy changes (Δ G0) of the ET reactions show the typical Rehm-Weller type of behavior as expected for bimolecular ET reactions under diffusive condition, where kq increases with -Δ G0 at the lower exergonicity (-Δ G0) region but ultimately saturate to a diffusion-limited value (kqDC) at the higher exergonicity region. It is, however, interestingly observed that the kqDC values vary largely depending on the type of the amines used. Thus, kqDC is much higher with ArAs than AlAs. Similarly, the kqDC for cyclic monoamine 1-azabicyclo-[2,2,2]-octane (ABCO) is distinctly lower and that for cyclic diamine 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2,2,2]-octane (DABCO) is distinctly higher than the kqDC value obtained for other noncyclic AlAs. These differences in the kqDC values have been rationalized on the basis of the differences in the orientational restrictions involved in the ET reactions with different types of amines. As understood, n-type donors (AlAs) introduce large orientational restriction and thus significantly reduces the ET efficiency in comparison to the π-type donors (ArAs). Structural constrains are inferred to be the reason for the differences in the kqDC values involving ABCO, DABCO donors in comparison to other noncyclic AlAs. Supportive evidence for the orientational restrictions involving different types of amines donors has also been obtained from DFT based quantum chemical calculations on the molecular orbitals of
2. Ultrafast electron transfer in all-carbon-based SWCNT-C60 donor-acceptor nanoensembles connected by poly(phenylene-ethynylene) spacers.
PubMed
Barrejón, Myriam; Gobeze, Habtom B; Gómez-Escalonilla, María J; Fierro, José Luis G; Zhang, Minfang; Yudasaka, Masako; Iijima, Sumio; D'Souza, Francis; Langa, Fernando
2016-08-21
Building all-carbon based functional materials for light energy harvesting applications could be a solution to tackle and reduce environmental carbon output. However, development of such all-carbon based donor-acceptor hybrids and demonstration of photoinduced charge separation in such nanohybrids is a challenge since in these hybrids part of the carbon material should act as an electron donating or accepting photosensitizer while the second part should fulfil the role of an electron acceptor or donor. In the present work, we have successfully addressed this issue by synthesizing covalently linked all-carbon-based donor-acceptor nanoensembles using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as the donor and C60 as the acceptor. The donor-acceptor entities in the nanoensembles were connected by phenylene-ethynylene spacer units to achieve better electronic communication and to vary the distance between the components. These novel SWCNT-C60 nanoensembles have been characterized by a number of techniques, including TGA, FT-IR, Raman, AFM, absorbance and electrochemical methods. The moderate number of fullerene addends present on the side-walls of the nanotubes largely preserved the electronic structure of the nanotubes. The thermodynamic feasibility of charge separation in these nanoensembles was established using spectral and electrochemical data. Finally, occurrence of ultrafast electron transfer from the excited nanotubes in these donor-acceptor nanohybrids has been established by femtosecond transient absorption studies, signifying their utility in building light energy harvesting devices. PMID:27305145
3. Three Redox States of a Diradical Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Triad: Gating the Magnetic Coupling and the Electron Delocalization.
PubMed
Souto, Manuel; Lloveras, Vega; Vela, Sergi; Fumanal, Maria; Ratera, Imma; Veciana, Jaume
2016-06-16
The diradical acceptor-donor-acceptor triad 1(••), based on two polychlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radicals connected through a tetrathiafulvalene(TTF)-vinylene bridge, has been synthesized. The generation of the mixed-valence radical anion, 1(•-), and triradical cation species, 1(•••+), obtained upon electrochemical reduction and oxidation, respectively, was monitored by optical and ESR spectroscopy. Interestingly, the modification of electron delocalization and magnetic coupling was observed when the charged species were generated and the changes have been rationalized by theoretical calculations. PMID:27231856
4. Electrically detected double electron-electron resonance: exchange interaction of ?P donors and P? defects at the Si/SiO? interface
Suckert, Max; Hoehne, Felix; Dreher, Lukas; Kuenzl, Markus; Huebl, Hans; Stutzmann, Martin; Brandt, Martin S.
2013-10-01
We study the coupling of P? dangling bond defects at the Si/SiO2 interface and 31P donors in an epitaxial layer directly underneath using electrically detected double electron-electron resonance (EDDEER). An exponential decay of the EDDEER signal is observed, which is attributed to a broad distribution of exchange coupling strengths J/2π from 25 kHz to 3 MHz. Comparison of the experimental data with a numerical simulation of the exchange coupling shows that this range of coupling strengths corresponds to 31P-P? distances ranging from 14 nm to 20 nm.
5. Investigation of the low-affinity oxidation site for exogenous electron donors in the Mn-depleted photosystem II complexes.
PubMed
Kurashov, V N; Lovyagina, E R; Shkolnikov, D Yu; Solntsev, M K; Mamedov, M D; Semin, B K
2009-12-01
In the manganese-depleted photosystem II (PSII[-Mn]) preparations, oxidation of exogenous electron donors is carried out through the high-affinity (HA) and the low-affinity (LA) sites. This paper investigates the LA oxidation site in the PSII(-Mn) preparations where the HA, Mn-binding site was blocked with ferric cations [[11] B.K. Semin, M.L. Ghirardi, M. Seibert, Blocking of electron donation by Mn(II) to Y(Z)(*) following incubation of Mn-depleted photosystem II membranes with Fe(II) in the light, Biochemistry 41 (2002) 5854-5864.]. In blocked (PSII[-Mn,+Fe]) preparations electron donation by Mn(II) cations to Y(Z)(*) was not detected at Mn(II) concentration 10 microM (corresponds to K(m) for Mn(II) oxidation at the HA site), but detected at Mn concentration 100 microM (corresponds to K(m) for the LA site) by fluorescence measurements. Comparison of pH-dependencies of electron donation by Mn(II) through the HA and the LA sites revealed the similar pK(a) equal to 6.8. Comparison of K(m) for diphenylcarbazide (DPC) oxidation at the LA site and K(d) for A(T) thermoluminescence band suppression by DPC in PSII(-Mn,+Fe) samples suggests that there is relationship between the LA site and A(T) band formation. The role of D1-His190 as an oxidant of exogenous electron donors at the LA site is discussed. In contrast to electrogenic electron transfer from Mn(II) at the HA site to Y(Z)(*), photovoltage due to Mn(II) oxidation in iron-blocked PSII(-Mn) core particles was not detected. PMID:19616503
6. Noninnocence of Indigo: Dehydroindigo Anions as Bridging Electron-Donor Ligands in Diruthenium Complexes.
PubMed
Mondal, Prasenjit; Chatterjee, Madhumita; Paretzki, Alexa; Beyer, Katharina; Kaim, Wolfgang; Lahiri, Goutam Kumar
2016-03-21
Complexes of singly or doubly deprotonated indigo (H2Ind) with one or two [Ru(pap)2](2+) fragments (pap = 2-phenylazopyridine) have been characterized experimentally [molecular structure, voltammetry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and UV-vis-near-IR spectroelectrochemistry] and by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. The compound [Ru(pap)2(HInd(-))]ClO4 ([1]ClO4) was found to contain an intramolecular NH---O hydrogen bond, whereas [{Ru(pap)2}2(μ-Ind(2-))](ClO4)2 ([2](ClO4)2), isolated as the meso diastereoisomer with near-IR absorptions at 1162 and 991 nm, contains two metals bridged at 6.354 Å distance by the bischelating indigo dianion. The spectroelectrochemical study of multiple reversible reduction and oxidation processes of 2(n) (n = 4+, 3+, 2+, 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-) reveals the stepwise addition of electrons to the terminal π-accepting pap ligands, whereas the oxidations occur predominantly at the anionic indigo ligand, producing an EPR-identified indigo radical intermediate and revealing the suitability of deprotonated indigo as a σ- and π-donating bischelating bridge. PMID:26931407
7. Transition Metal Donor-Peptide-Acceptor Complexes: From Intramolecular Electron Transfer Reactions to the Study of Reactive Intermediates
SciTech Connect
Isied, Stephan S.
2003-03-11
The trans-polyproline (PII) oligomers (Figure 1) are unusually rigid peptide structures which have been extensively studied by our group for peptide mediated intramolecular electron transfer (ET) at long distances. We have previously studied ET across a series of metal ion donor (D) acceptor (A) oligoproline peptides with different distances, driving forces and reorganizational energies. The majority of these experiments involve generating the ET intermediate using pulse radiolysis methods, although more recently photochemical methods are also used. Results of these studies showed that ET across peptides can vary by more than twelve orders of magnitude. Using ruthenium bipyridine donors, ET reaction rate constants across several proline residues (n = 4 - 9) occurred in the millisecond (ms) to {micro}s timescale, thus limiting the proline peptide conformational motions to only minor changes (far smaller than the large changes that occur on the ms to sec timescale, such as trans to cis proline isomerization). The present report describes our large data base of experimental results for D-peptide-A complexes in terms of a model where the involvement of both superexchange and hopping (hole and electron) mechanisms account for the long range ET rate constants observed. Our data shows that the change from superexchange to hopping mechanisms occurs at different distances depending on the type of D and A and their interactions with the peptides. Our model is also consistent with generalized models for superexchange and hopping which have been put forward by a number of theoretical groups to account for long range ET phenomena.
8. Donor-linked di(perylene bisimide)s: arrays exhibiting fast electron transfer for photosynthesis mimics.
PubMed
Wu, Yishi; Zhen, Yonggang; Wang, Zhaohui; Fu, Hongbing
2013-02-28
The first example of donor-linked di(perylene bisimide)s is reported. UV-vis absorption spectra of these newly synthesized dyads showed intense absorption across the entire visible region, demonstrating their excellent light-harvesting activities. The severe fluorescence quenching event probed by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and the free-energy calculations suggested the possibility of electron transfer (ET) in these arrays upon photoexcitation. Further femtosecond transient absorption spectra clarified that the fluorescence quenching was due to fast intramolecular ET. The rate of the charge separation (CS) was found to be as high as 10(12) s(-1) in CH(2)Cl(2). It was suggested that the large ET driving forces, strong donor-acceptor electronic coupling, and relatively small reorganization energy of diPBI accounted for the rapid ET process in a synergic manner. The fate of the generated radical ion pair depended on the solvent used. Rapid charge recombination to ground state occurred for the dyads in polar CH(2)Cl(2) and for diPBI-TPA in nonpolar toluene. However, sufficient (3)diPBI* population was attained via efficient spin-orbit coupled intersystem crossing from the charge-separated state for diPBI-PdTPP in toluene. These photophysical properties are interpreted as the cooperation between thermodynamic feasibility and kinetic manipulation. PMID:23391220
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bouquet, Frank L.
1988-01-01
Bibliography abstracts summarizing literature on effects of radiation on new electronic devices. This and second volume cover years 1984 and 1985. Third volume, covers 1982 and 1983 (previously published).
10. Effect of Spacer Connecting the Secondary Electron Donor Phenothiazine in Subphthalocyanine-Fullerene Conjugates in Promoting Electron Transfer Followed by Hole Shift Process.
PubMed
Kc, Chandra B; Lim, Gary N; D'Souza, Francis
2016-04-20
Sequential electron/hole transfer between energetically well-positioned entities of photosynthetic reaction center models is one of the commonly employed mechanisms to generate long-lived charge-separated states. A wealth of information, applicable towards light energy harvesting and building optoelectronic devices, has been acquired from such studies. In the present study, we report on the effect of spacer (direct or via phenoxy linkage) connecting the hole shifting agent, phenothiazine (PTZ), on photoinduced charge stabilization in subphthalocyanine-fullerene donor-acceptor conjugates. In these conjugates, the subphthalocyanine (SubPc) and fullerene (C60 ) served as primary electron donor and acceptor, respectively, while the phenothiazine entities act as hole shifting agents. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by optical absorption and emission, computational, and electrochemical methods. The redox potentials measured using differential pulse voltammetry were used to estimate free-energy changes for charge separation, hole migration, and charge recombination processes. Using femto- and nanosecond transient absorption techniques, evidence for charge separation, and kinetics of charge separation and recombination were obtained in polar benzonitrile and nonpolar toluene solvents. In the conjugate where the phenothiazine entities are directly linked to SubPc, evidence for sequential electron transfer followed by hole shift leading to long-lived charge separated state was weak, primarily due to the delocalization of HOMO on both SubPc and PTZ entities. However, in case of the conjugate where the PTZ and SubPc are linked via phenoxy spacers, sequential electron transfer/hole shift was observed leading to the formation of long-lived charge-separated states. The present study brings out the importance of the spacer group connecting the hole shifting agent in model donor-acceptor conjugates to generate long-lived charge-separated states. PMID:27037628
11. Intramolecular electron transfer in fullerene/ferrocene based donor-bridge-acceptor dyads
SciTech Connect
Guldi, D.M.; Maggini, M.; Scorrano, G.; Prato, M.
1997-02-05
A systematic steady-state fluorescence and time-resolved flash photolytic investigation of a series of covalently linked fullerene/ferrocene based donor-bridge-acceptor dyads is reported as a function of the nature of the spacer between the donor site (ferrocene) and acceptor site (fullerene) and the dielectric constant of the medium. The fluorescence of the investigated dyads 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in methylcyclohexane at 77 K were substantially quenched, relative to N-methylfulleropyrrolidine 1, indicating intramolecular quenching of the fullerene excited singlet state. Excitation of N-methylfulleropyrrolidine revealed the immediate formation of the excited singlet state, with {lambda}{sub max} around 886 nm. A rapid intersystem crossing ({tau}{sub 1/2} = 1.2 ps ) to the excited triplet state was observed with characteristic absorption around 705 nm. Picosecond resolved photolysis of dyads 2-6 in toluene showed light-induced formation of the excited singlet state which undergoes rapid intramolecular quenching. Nanosecond-resolved photolysis of dyads 3 and 4 in degassed benzonitrile revealed long-lived charge separated states with characteristic fullerene radical-anion bands at {lambda}{sub max} = 1055 nm. 30 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
12. Mechanistic basis of electron transfer to cytochromes p450 by natural redox partners and artificial donor constructs.
PubMed
Hlavica, Peter
2015-01-01
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are hemoproteins catalyzing oxidative biotransformation of a vast array of natural and xenobiotic compounds. Reducing equivalents required for dioxygen cleavage and substrate hydroxylation originate from different redox partners including diflavin reductases, flavodoxins, ferredoxins and phthalate dioxygenase reductase (PDR)-type proteins. Accordingly, circumstantial analysis of structural and physicochemical features governing donor-acceptor recognition and electron transfer poses an intriguing challenge. Thus, conformational flexibility reflected by togging between closed and open states of solvent exposed patches on the redox components was shown to be instrumental to steered electron transmission. Here, the membrane-interactive tails of the P450 enzymes and donor proteins were recognized to be crucial to proper orientation toward each other of surface sites on the redox modules steering functional coupling. Also, mobile electron shuttling may come into play. While charge-pairing mechanisms are of primary importance in attraction and complexation of the redox partners, hydrophobic and van der Waals cohesion forces play a minor role in docking events. Due to catalytic plasticity of P450 enzymes, there is considerable promise in biotechnological applications. Here, deeper insight into the mechanistic basis of the redox machinery will permit optimization of redox processes via directed evolution and DNA shuffling. Thus, creation of hybrid systems by fusion of the modified heme domain of P450s with proteinaceous electron carriers helps obviate the tedious reconstitution procedure and induces novel activities. Also, P450-based amperometric biosensors may open new vistas in pharmaceutical and clinical implementation and environmental monitoring. PMID:26002739
13. Electronic and optical properties of novel carbazole-based donor-acceptor compounds for applications in blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes
Legaspi, Christian M.; Stubbs, Regan E.; Yaron, David J.; Peteanu, Linda A.; Sfeir, Matthew Y.; Kemboi, Abraham; Picker, Jesse; Fossum, Eric
2015-08-01
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have received a significant attention over the past decade due to their energy-saving potential. We have recently synthesized two novel carbazole-based donor-acceptor compounds and analyzed their optical properties to determine their suitability for use as blue emitters in OLEDs. These compounds show remarkable photo-stability and high quantum yields in the blue region of the spectrum. In addition, they have highly solvatochromic emission. In non-polar solvents, bright, blue-shifted (λmax ≈ 398 nm), and highly structured emission is seen. With increasing solvent dielectric constant, the emission becomes weaker, red-shifted (λmax ≈ 507 nm), and broad. We aim to determine the underlying cause of these changes. Electronic structure calculations indicate the presence of multiple excited states with comparable oscillator strength. These states are of interest because there are several with charge-transfer (CT) character, and others centered on the donor moiety. We theorize that CT states play a role in the observed changes in emission lineshape and may promote charge mobility for electrofluorescence in OLEDs. In the future, we plan to use Stark spectroscopy to analyze the polarity of excited states and transient absorption spectroscopy to observe the dynamics in the excited state.
14. 2008 Electron Donor Acceptor Interactions Gordon Research Conference-August 3-8, 2009
SciTech Connect
Malcolm Forbes and Nancy Ryan Gray
2009-09-19
The conference presents and advances the current frontiers in experimental and theoretical studies of Electron Transfer and Transport in Molecular and Nano-scale Systems. The program includes sessions on coupled electron transfers, molecular solar energy conversion, biological and biomimetic systems, spin effects, ultrafast reactions and technical frontiers as well as electron transport in single molecules and devices.
15. Quantum dynamics of charge carriers in donor-bridge-acceptor molecular segments with applications to molecular electronics
Gayen, Taposh Kumar
1998-11-01
The theory of electron transfer (ET) is important toward understanding the physics and process technology of electronic devices at the atomic and molecular scale. Computer simulation of ID model Hamiltonians has proven to be an effective method to study the ET processes in molecular electronic devices. In this thesis, we present our findings on electron transfer rate (ETR) in model molecular quantum wire (MQW) and donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) molecular chain systems as our ID electron systems. In this thesis, we show that our trigonometric imaging method (TIM) is an excellent approach to calculating ETR both in MQW and DBA chain systems. First, we report the results on ETR using exact formulas for MQW and DBA chain systems without any nonlinear interactions and find that these results are the same as those obtained by TIM. We introduce a graphical approach to get time derivatives as necessary data for TIM to study the nonlinear effects, electron-phonon (e-p) and electron-electron (e-e) interactions, on ETR in a MQW. We show that time derivatives obtained by the graphical approach are the same as those obtained exactly in the case of e-p interactions. We conclusively report using both the exact and TIM results that e-p interactions enhance ETR in a MQW. Our research on nonlinear interactions also shows that temperature enhances ETR in a model MQW. Using TIM, we report that e-e interactions have virtually no effect on ETR in a MQW, where the data for TIM are obtained by the graphical approach.
16. Impact of Organic Carbon Electron Donors on Microbial Community Development under Iron- and Sulfate-Reducing Conditions.
PubMed
Kwon, Man Jae; O'Loughlin, Edward J; Boyanov, Maxim I; Brulc, Jennifer M; Johnston, Eric R; Kemner, Kenneth M; Antonopoulos, Dionysios A
2016-01-01
Although iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria in subsurface environments have crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling of C, Fe, and S, how specific electron donors impact the compositional structure and activity of native iron- and/or sulfate-reducing communities is largely unknown. To understand this better, we created bicarbonate-buffered batch systems in duplicate with three different electron donors (acetate, lactate, or glucose) paired with ferrihydrite and sulfate as the electron acceptors and inoculated them with subsurface sediment as the microbial inoculum. Sulfate and ferrihydrite reduction occurred simultaneously and were faster with lactate than with acetate. 16S rRNA-based sequence analysis of the communities over time revealed that Desulfotomaculum was the major driver for sulfate reduction coupled with propionate oxidation in lactate-amended incubations. The reduction of sulfate resulted in sulfide production and subsequent abiotic reduction of ferrihydrite. In contrast, glucose promoted faster reduction of ferrihydrite, but without reduction of sulfate. Interestingly, the glucose-amended incubations led to two different biogeochemical trajectories among replicate bottles that resulted in distinct coloration (white and brown). The two outcomes in geochemical evolution might be due to the stochastic evolution of the microbial communities or subtle differences in the initial composition of the fermenting microbial community and its development via the use of different glucose fermentation pathways available within the community. Synchrotron-based x-ray analysis indicated that siderite and amorphous Fe(II) were formed in the replicate bottles with glucose, while ferrous sulfide and vivianite were formed with lactate or acetate. These data sets reveal that use of different C utilization pathways projects significant changes in microbial community composition over time that uniquely impact both the geochemistry and mineralogy of subsurface environments
17. Electron Donor Substances and Iron Oxides Stimulate Anaerobic Dechlorination of DDT in a Slurry System with Hydragric Acrisols.
PubMed
2016-01-01
The interactive effects between electron donor substances and iron (Fe) oxides have significant influence on electron transfer and the growth of Fe-reducing bacteria, which may affect the reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichoro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) in soils. To evaluate the roles of volatile fatty acids and Fe(III) oxide in accelerating the reductive dechlorination of DDT in Hydragric Acrisols, a batch anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted in a slurry system with the following seven treatments: sterile soil, control (DDT-contaminated soil), lactic acid, propionic acid, goethite, lactic acid + goethite, and propionic acid + goethite. Results showed that after 20 d of incubation, DDT residues for these treatments decreased by 34, 65, 77, 81, 77, 90, and 92% of the initial quantities, respectively, with 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane as the dominant metabolite. The application of lactic acid had no significant effect on DDT dechlorination in the first 8 d while the methanogenesis rate increased quickly but accelerated DDT dechlorination after Day 8 while the methanogenesis rate decreased and Fe(II) contents increased. The application of propionic acid enhanced DDT dechlorination rates throughout the incubation. The amendment by goethite stimulated microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxides to generate Fe(II), which was an efficient electron donor, thus accelerating DDT dechlorination significantly in the early incubation period. A synergetic interaction that accelerated DDT dechlorination, either between lactic acid and goethite or between propionic acid and goethite, was obtained. The results will be of great significance to develop efficient in situ remediation technology of DDT-contaminated soil. PMID:26828189
18. Impact of Organic Carbon Electron Donors on Microbial Community Development under Iron- and Sulfate-Reducing Conditions
PubMed Central
Kwon, Man Jae; O’Loughlin, Edward J.; Boyanov, Maxim I.; Brulc, Jennifer M.; Johnston, Eric R.; Kemner, Kenneth M.; Antonopoulos, Dionysios A.
2016-01-01
Although iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria in subsurface environments have crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling of C, Fe, and S, how specific electron donors impact the compositional structure and activity of native iron- and/or sulfate-reducing communities is largely unknown. To understand this better, we created bicarbonate-buffered batch systems in duplicate with three different electron donors (acetate, lactate, or glucose) paired with ferrihydrite and sulfate as the electron acceptors and inoculated them with subsurface sediment as the microbial inoculum. Sulfate and ferrihydrite reduction occurred simultaneously and were faster with lactate than with acetate. 16S rRNA-based sequence analysis of the communities over time revealed that Desulfotomaculum was the major driver for sulfate reduction coupled with propionate oxidation in lactate-amended incubations. The reduction of sulfate resulted in sulfide production and subsequent abiotic reduction of ferrihydrite. In contrast, glucose promoted faster reduction of ferrihydrite, but without reduction of sulfate. Interestingly, the glucose-amended incubations led to two different biogeochemical trajectories among replicate bottles that resulted in distinct coloration (white and brown). The two outcomes in geochemical evolution might be due to the stochastic evolution of the microbial communities or subtle differences in the initial composition of the fermenting microbial community and its development via the use of different glucose fermentation pathways available within the community. Synchrotron-based x-ray analysis indicated that siderite and amorphous Fe(II) were formed in the replicate bottles with glucose, while ferrous sulfide and vivianite were formed with lactate or acetate. These data sets reveal that use of different C utilization pathways projects significant changes in microbial community composition over time that uniquely impact both the geochemistry and mineralogy of subsurface environments
19. Complete bromate and nitrate reduction using hydrogen as the sole electron donor in a rotating biofilm-electrode reactor.
PubMed
Zhong, Yu; Li, Xin; Yang, Qi; Wang, Dongbo; Yao, Fubing; Li, Xiaoming; Zhao, Jianwei; Xu, Qiuxiang; Zhang, Chang; Zeng, Guangming
2016-04-15
Simultaneous reduction of bromate and nitrate was investigated using a rotating biofilm-electrode reactor (RBER) with graphite carbon (GC) rods as anode and activated carbon fiber (ACF) bonded with steel ring as cathode. In RBER, the community of denitrifying bacteria immobilized on the cathode surface could completely utilize hydrogen (H2) as the electron donor, which was internally produced by the electrolysis of water. The short-term test confirmed that the RBER system could reduce 150-800μg/L bromate to below 10μg/L under autotrophic conditions. The reduced bromate was considered to be roughly equivalent to the amount of bromide in effluent, indicating that bromate was completely reduced to bromide without accumulation of by-products. The long-term test (over 120 days) showed that the removal fluxes of bromate and nitrate could be improved by increasing the electric current and decreasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT). But nitrite in effluent was significantly accumulated when the electric current was beyond 10mA and the HRT was less than 6h. The maximum bromate reduction rate estimated by the Monod equation was 109.12μg/Lh when the electric current was 10mA and HRT was 12h. It was proposed that the electron transfer process in RBER produced H2 on the surface of the ACF cathode, and the microbial cultures attached closely on the cathode which could completely utilize H2 as electron donors for reduction of bromate and nitrate. PMID:26775102
20. In situ Bioreduction of Uranium (VI) in Groundwater and Sediments with Edible Oil as the Electron Donor
Wu, W.; Watson, D. B.; Mehlhorn, T.; Zhang, G.; Earles, J.; Lowe, K.; Phillips, J.; Boyanov, M.; Kemner, K. M.; Schadt, C. W.; Brooks, S. C.; Criddle, C.; Jardine, P.
2009-12-01
In situ bioremediation of a uranium-contaminated aquifer was conducted at the US DOE Environmental Remediation Sciences Program (ERSP) Integrated Field Research Challenge (IFRC) site, in Oak Ridge, TN. Edible oil was tested as a slow-release electron donor for microbially mediated U (VI) reduction. Uranium contaminated sediments from the site were used in laboratory microcosm tests to study the feasibility of using this electron donor under anaerobic, ambient temperature conditions. Parallel microcosms were established using ethanol as electron donor for comparison. The tests also examined the impact of sulfate concentrations on U (VI) reduction. The oil was degraded by indigenous microorganisms with acetate as a major product but at a much slower rate than ethanol. The rapid removal of U (VI) from the aqueous phase occurred concurrently with acetate production and sulfate reduction. Initial U(VI) concentration in the aqueous phase increased with increased sulfate concentration (1 vs. 5 mM), likely due to U(VI) desorption from the solid phase, but more U(VI) was reduced with higher initial sulfate level. Finally, the bioreaction in microcosms progressed to methanogenesis. Subsequently, a field test with the edible oil was conducted in a highly permeable gravelly layer (hydraulic conductivity 0.076 cm/sec). Groundwater at the site contained 5-6 μM U; 1.0-1.2 mM sulfate; 3-4 mM Ca; pH 6.8. Diluted emulsified oil (20% solution) was injected into three injection wells within 2 hrs. Geochemical analysis of site groundwater demonstrated the sequential reduction of nitrate, Mn, Fe(III) and sulfate. Transient accumulation of acetate was observed as an intermediate in the oil degradation. Reduction and removal of uranium from groundwater was observed in all wells connected to the injection wells after 2-4 weeks. Uranium concentrations in groundwater were reduced to below 0.126 μM (EPA drinking water standard), at some well locations. Rebound of U in groundwater was
1. The impact of active layer nanomorphology on the efficiency of organic solar cells based on a squaraine dye electron donor
Stoyanova, D.; Kitova, S.; Dikova, J.; Kandinska, M.; Vasilev, A.; Zhivkov, I.; Kovalenko, A.
2016-03-01
The possibilities were studied of improving the photovoltaic performance of solution processed BHJ solar cells by solvent vapor annealing (SVA) of the active layers, based on a squaraine dye Sq1 as a donor and the fullerene derivative PCBM as an acceptor. For this purpose, the optical properties were determined of as-deposited and of annealed with tetrahydrofuran (THF) vapors for different duration Sq1/PCMB layers, as well as the efficiency of cells built on their basis. A considerable change was established in the absorption spectra of treated for only a few seconds films and a twofold increase of the power conversion efficiency after 6 sec SVA. The results obtained are explained in terms of solvent vapor induced phase separation and formation of squaraine dye small aggregates in the blend nanostructure. The assumption made was confirmed by morphological investigation of as-deposited and of annealed Sq1/PCBM blended layers. On this basis, the impact of the active layer nanomorphology on the efficiency of solar cells based on squariane dye as electron donor is discussed.
2. Electron and hole polaron accumulation in low-bandgap ambipolar donor-acceptor polymer transistors imaged by infrared microscopy
Khatib, O.; Mueller, A. S.; Stinson, H. T.; Yuen, J. D.; Heeger, A. J.; Basov, D. N.
2014-12-01
A resurgence in the use of the donor-acceptor approach in synthesizing conjugated polymers has resulted in a family of high-mobility ambipolar systems with exceptionally narrow energy bandgaps below 1 eV. The ability to transport both electrons and holes is critical for device applications such as organic light-emitting diodes and transistors. Infrared spectroscopy offers direct access to the low-energy excitations associated with injected charge carriers. Here we use a diffraction-limited IR microscope to probe the spectroscopic signatures of electron and hole injection in the conduction channel of an organic field-effect transistor based on an ambipolar DA polymer polydiketopyrrolopyrrole-benzobisthiadiazole. We observe distinct polaronic absorptions for both electrons and holes and spatially map the carrier distribution from the source to drain electrodes for both unipolar and ambipolar biasing regimes. For ambipolar device configurations, we observe the spatial evolution of hole-induced to electron-induced polaron absorptions throughout the transport path. Our work provides a platform for combined transport and infrared studies of organic semiconductors on micron length scales relevant to functional devices.
3. U(VI) bioreduction with emulsified vegetable oil as the electron donor-Model application to a field test
SciTech Connect
Tang, Guoping; Watson, David B; Wu, Wei-min; Schadt, Christopher Warren; Parker, Jack C; Brooks, Scott C
2013-01-01
A one-time 2-hour emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) injection in a fast flowing aquifer decreased U discharge to a stream for over a year. Using a comprehensive biogeochemical model developed in the companion article based on microcosm tests, we approximately matched the observed acetate, nitrate, Fe, U, and sulfate concentrations, and described the major evolution trends of multiple microbial functional groups in the field test. While the lab-determined parameters were generally applicable in the field-scale simulation, the EVO hydrolysis rate constant was estimated to be an order of magnitude greater in the field than in the microcosms. The model predicted substantial biomass (sulfate reducers) and U(IV) accumulation near the injection wells and along the side boundaries of the treatment zone where electron donors (long-chain fatty acids) from the injection wells met electron acceptors (sulfate) from the surrounding environment. While EVO retention and hydrolysis characteristics were expected to control treatment longevity, modeling results indicated that electron acceptors such as sulfate may not only compete for electrons but also play a conducive role in degrading complex substrates and enhancing U(VI) reduction and immobilization. As a result, the spacing of the injection wells could be optimized for effective sustainable bioremediation.
4. Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Charge Stabilization in Donor-Acceptor Dyads Capable of Harvesting Near-Infrared Light.
PubMed
Bandi, Venugopal; Gobeze, Habtom B; D'Souza, Francis
2015-08-01
5. Ultrafast electron transfer in all-carbon-based SWCNT-C60 donor-acceptor nanoensembles connected by poly(phenylene-ethynylene) spacers
Barrejón, Myriam; Gobeze, Habtom B.; Gómez-Escalonilla, María J.; Fierro, José Luis G.; Zhang, Minfang; Yudasaka, Masako; Iijima, Sumio; D'Souza, Francis; Langa, Fernando
2016-08-01
Building all-carbon based functional materials for light energy harvesting applications could be a solution to tackle and reduce environmental carbon output. However, development of such all-carbon based donor-acceptor hybrids and demonstration of photoinduced charge separation in such nanohybrids is a challenge since in these hybrids part of the carbon material should act as an electron donating or accepting photosensitizer while the second part should fulfil the role of an electron acceptor or donor. In the present work, we have successfully addressed this issue by synthesizing covalently linked all-carbon-based donor-acceptor nanoensembles using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as the donor and C60 as the acceptor. The donor-acceptor entities in the nanoensembles were connected by phenylene-ethynylene spacer units to achieve better electronic communication and to vary the distance between the components. These novel SWCNT-C60 nanoensembles have been characterized by a number of techniques, including TGA, FT-IR, Raman, AFM, absorbance and electrochemical methods. The moderate number of fullerene addends present on the side-walls of the nanotubes largely preserved the electronic structure of the nanotubes. The thermodynamic feasibility of charge separation in these nanoensembles was established using spectral and electrochemical data. Finally, occurrence of ultrafast electron transfer from the excited nanotubes in these donor-acceptor nanohybrids has been established by femtosecond transient absorption studies, signifying their utility in building light energy harvesting devices.Building all-carbon based functional materials for light energy harvesting applications could be a solution to tackle and reduce environmental carbon output. However, development of such all-carbon based donor-acceptor hybrids and demonstration of photoinduced charge separation in such nanohybrids is a challenge since in these hybrids part of the carbon material should act as an
6. Temperature dependent electron spin echo studies of polarons in donor- and acceptor-doped poly(p-phenylene): Structural studies
SciTech Connect
Kispert, L.D.; Joseph, J.; Tang, J.; Bowman, M.K.; Van Brakel, G.H.; Norris, J.R.
1986-06-06
Electron spin echo (ESE) measurements of donor-doped (Li, Na, K and Cs) and acceptor-doped (AsF/sub 5/) poly(p-phenylene), PPP, and fully deuterated PPP samples predict a temperature independent EPR linewidth equal to less than 0.65 gauss that decreases with increasing conductivity. In contrast, EPR linewidths either decrease or increase with decreasing temperature, are dependent on dopant and always exhibit a linewidth either equal to or larger than that predicted from ESE measurements. Deuteration studies indicate that rapid spin exchange is present. Analysis of these results suggest that an exchange exists between isolated radicals in equilibrium with polarons and bipolarons with the equilibrium in favor of bipolarons at 4 K.
7. An ultrafast spectroscopic and quantum mechanical investigation of multiple emissions in push-pull pyridinium derivatives bearing different electron donors.
PubMed
Carlotti, B; Benassi, E; Cesaretti, A; Fortuna, C G; Spalletti, A; Barone, V; Elisei, F
2015-08-28
A joint experimental and theoretical approach, involving state-of-the-art femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion measurements and quantum mechanical computations including vibronic effects, was employed to get a deep insight into the excited state dynamics of two cationic dipolar chromophores (Donor-π-Acceptor(+)) where the electron deficient portion is a N-methyl pyridinium and the electron donor a trimethoxyphenyl or a pyrene, respectively. The ultrafast spectroscopic investigation, and the time resolved area normalised emission spectra in particular, revealed a peculiar multiple emissive behaviour and allowed the distinct emitting states to be remarkably distinguished from solvation dynamics, occurring in water in a similar timescale. The two and three emissions experimentally detected for the trimethoxyphenyl and pyrene derivatives, respectively, were associated with specific local emissive minima in the potential energy surface of S1 on the ground of quantum-mechanical calculations. A low polar and planar Locally Excited (LE) state together with a highly polar and Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT) state is identified to be responsible for the dual emission of the trimethoxyphenyl compound. Interestingly, the more complex photobehaviour of the pyrenyl derivative was explained considering the contribution to the fluorescence coming not only from the LE and TICT states but also from a nearly Planar Intramolecular Charge Transfer (PICT) state, with both the TICT and the PICT generated from LE by progressive torsion around the quasi-single bond between the methylpyridinium and the ethene bridge. These findings point to an interconversion between rotamers for the pyrene compound taking place in its excited state against the Non-equilibrated Excited Rotamers (NEER) principle. PMID:26213993
8. Tuning the Electronic Structure of Fe(II) Polypyridines via Donor Atom and Ligand Scaffold Modifications: A Computational Study.
PubMed
Bowman, David N; Bondarev, Alexey; Mukherjee, Sriparna; Jakubikova, Elena
2015-09-01
Fe(II) polypyridines are an important class of pseudo-octahedral metal complexes known for their potential applications in molecular electronic switches, data storage and display devices, sensors, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Fe(II) polypyridines have a d(6) electronic configuration and pseudo-octahedral geometry and can therefore possess either a high-spin (quintet) or a low-spin (singlet) ground state. In this study, we investigate a series of complexes based on [Fe(tpy)2](2+) (tpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine) and [Fe(dcpp)2](2+) (dcpp = 2,6-bis(2-carboxypyridyl)pyridine). The ligand field strength in these complexes is systematically tuned by replacing the central pyridine with five-membered (N-heterocyclic carbene, pyrrole, furan) or six-membered (aryl, thiazine-1,1-dioxide, 4-pyrone) moieties. To determine the impact of ligand substitutions on the relative energies of metal-centered states, the singlet, triplet, and quintet states of the Fe(II) complexes were optimized in water (PCM) using density functional theory at the B3LYP+D2 level with 6-311G* (nonmetals) and SDD (Fe) basis sets. It was found that the dcpp ligand scaffold allows for a more ideal octahedral coordination environment in comparison to the tpy ligand scaffold. The presence of six-membered central rings also allows for a more ideally octahedral coordination environment relative to five-membered central rings, regardless of the ligand scaffold. We find that the ligand field strength in the Fe(II) polypyridines can be tuned by altering the donor atom identity, with C donor atoms providing the strongest ligand field. PMID:26295275
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Smalheer, C. V.
1973-01-01
The chemistry of lubricant additives is discussed to show what the additives are chemically and what functions they perform in the lubrication of various kinds of equipment. Current theories regarding the mode of action of lubricant additives are presented. The additive groups discussed include the following: (1) detergents and dispersants, (2) corrosion inhibitors, (3) antioxidants, (4) viscosity index improvers, (5) pour point depressants, and (6) antifouling agents.
10. Synthesis, electronic structure and catalytic activity of ruthenium-iodo-carbonyl complexes with thioether containing NNS donor ligand
Jana, Subrata; Jana, Mahendra Sekhar; Biswas, Sujan; Sinha, Chittaranjan; Mondal, Tapan Kumar
2014-05-01
The ruthenium carbonyl complexes 1 and 2 with redox noninnocent NNS donor ligand, 1-methyl-2-{(o-thiomethyl)phenylazo}imidazole (L) have been synthesized and characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic (IR, UV-Vis and 1H NMR) techniques. The complexes exhibit a quasi-reversible one electron Ru(II)/Ru(III) oxidation couple at 1.11 V for 1 and 0.76 V for 2 along with two successive one electron ligand reductions. Catalytic activity of the compounds has been investigated to the oxidation of PhCH2OH to PhCHO, 2-butanol (C4H9OH) to 2-butanone, 1-phenylethanol (PhC2H4OH) to acetophenone, cyclopentanol (C5H9OH) to cyclopentanone, cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, cycloheptanol to cycloheptanone and cycloctanol to cycloctanone using N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) as oxidant. The catalytic efficiency of 2 is greater than complex 1 and well correlate with the metal oxidation potential. DFT, NBO and TDDFT calculations in DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d)/lanL2TZ(f) method are employed to interpret the structural and electronic features of the complexes.
11. Laser-driven electron acceleration in a plasma channel with an additional electric field
Cheng, Li-Hong; Xue, Ju-Kui; Liu, Jie
2016-05-01
We examine the electron acceleration in a two-dimensional plasma channel under the action of a laser field and an additional static electric field. We propose to design an appropriate additional electric field (its direction and location), in order to launch the electron onto an energetic trajectory. We find that the electron acceleration strongly depends on the coupled effects of the laser polarization, the direction, and location of the additional electric field. The additional electric field affects the electron dynamics by changing the dephasing rate. Particularly, a suitably designed additional electric field leads to a considerable energy gain from the laser pulse after the interaction with the additional electric field. The electron energy gain from the laser with the additional electric field can be much higher than that without the additional electric field. This engineering provides a possible means for producing high energetic electrons.
12. Revealing the Effect of Additives with Different Solubility on the Morphology and the Donor Crystalline Structures of Organic Solar Cells.
PubMed
Zhao, Jiao; Zhao, Suling; Xu, Zheng; Qiao, Bo; Huang, Di; Zhao, Ling; Li, Yang; Zhu, Youqin; Wang, Peng
2016-07-20
The impact of two kinds of additives, such as 1,8-octanedithiol (ODT), 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO), diphenylether (DPE), and 1-chloronaphthalene (CN), on the performance of poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3‴-di(2-octyldodecyl)2,2';5',2″;5″,2‴-quaterthiophen-5,5‴-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) based polymer solar cell are investigated. The polymer solar cells (PSCs) of PffBT4T-2OD:PC71BM by using CN show a more improved PCE of 10.23%. The solubility difference of PffBT4T-2OD in DIO and CN creates the fine transformation in phase separation and favorable nanoscale morphology. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) data clearly shows molecular stacking and orientation of the active layer. Interestingly, DIO and CN have different functions on the effect of the molecular orientation. These interesting studies provide important guidance to optimize and control complicated molecular orientations and nanoscale morphology of PffBT4T-2OD based thick films for the application in PSCs. PMID:27328855
13. Werner Complexes with ω-Dimethylaminoalkyl Substituted Ethylenediamine Ligands: Bifunctional Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Catalysts for Highly Enantioselective Michael Additions.
PubMed
Ghosh, Subrata K; Ganzmann, Carola; Bhuvanesh, Nattamai; Gladysz, John A
2016-03-18
The racemic carbonate complex [Co(en)2 O2 CO](+) Cl(-) (en=1,2-ethylenediamine) and (S)-[H3 NCH((CH2 )n NHMe2 )CH2 NH3 ](3+) 3 Cl(-) (n=1-4) react (water, charcoal, 100 °C) to give [Co(en)2 ((S)-H2 NCH((CH2 )n NHMe2 )CH2 NH2 )](4+) 4 Cl(-) (3 a-d H(4+) 4 Cl(-) ) as a mixture of Λ/Δ diastereomers that separate on chiral-phase Sephadex columns. These are treated with NaOH/Na(+) BArf (-) (BArf =B(3,5-C6 H3 (CF3 )2 )4 ) to give lipophilic Λ- and Δ-3 a-d(3+) 3 BArf (-) , which are screened as catalysts (10 mol %) for additions of dialkyl malonates to nitroalkenes. Optimal results are obtained with Λ-3 c(3+) 3 BArf (-) (CH2 Cl2 , -35 °C; 98-82 % yields and 99-93 % ee for six β-arylnitroethenes). The monofunctional catalysts Λ- and Δ-[Co(en)3 ](3+) 3 BArf (-) give enantioselectivities of <10 % ee with equal loadings of Et3 N. The crystal structure of Δ-3 a H(4+) 4 Cl(-) provides a starting point for speculation regarding transition-state assemblies. PMID:26918320
14. Charge separation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides mutant reaction centers with increased midpoint potential of the primary electron donor.
PubMed
Khmelnitskiy, A Yu; Khatypov, R A; Khristin, A M; Leonova, M M; Vasilieva, L G; Shuvalov, V A
2013-01-01
Primary charge separation dynamics in four mutant reaction centers (RCs) of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides with increased midpoint potential of the primary electron donor P (M160LH, L131LH, M197FH, and M160LH + L131LH + M197FH) have been studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy at room temperature. The decay of the excited singlet state in the wild-type and mutant RCs is complex and has two main exponential components, which indicates heterogeneity of electron transfer rates or the presence of reverse electron transfer reactions. The radical anion band of monomeric bacteriochlorophyll B(A) at 1020 nm was first observed in transient absorbance difference spectra of single mutants. This band remains visible, although with somewhat reduced amplitude, even at delays up to tens of picoseconds when stimulated emission is absent and the reaction centers are in the P(+)H(A)(-) state. The presence of this band in this time period indicates the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium between the P(+)B(A)(-)H(A) and P(+)B(A)H(A)(-) states. The data give grounds for assuming that the value of the energy difference between the states P*, P(+)B(A)(-)H(A), and P(+)B(A)H(A)(-) at early times is of the same order of magnitude as the energy kT at room temperature. Besides, monomeric bacteriochlorophyll B(A) is found to be an immediate electron acceptor in the single mutant RCs, where electron transfer is hampered due to increased energy of the P(+)B(A)(-) state with respect to P*. PMID:23379560
15. Photo-initiated multi-step electron transfer in donor-acceptor systems using a novel bi-functionalized perylene chromophore
Dyar, Scott M.; Smeigh, Amanda L.; Karlen, Steven D.; Young, Ryan M.; Wasielewski, Michael R.
2015-06-01
The excited state and redox properties of a new bi-functional perylene redox chromophore, 2,3-dihydro-1-azabenzo[cd]perylene (DABP), are described. Perylene has been widely used in electron donor-acceptor molecules in fields ranging from artificial photosynthesis to molecular spintronics. However, attaching multiple redox components to perylene to carry out multi-step electron transfer reactions often produces hard to separate regioisomers, which complicate data analysis. The use of DABP provides a strategy to retain the electronic properties of perylene, yet eliminate regioisomers. Ultrafast photo-initiated single- and two-step electron transfer reactions in three linear electron donor-acceptor systems incorporating DABP are described to illustrate its utility.
16. Halogen bonding. The role of the polarizability of the electron-pair donor.
PubMed
Duarte, Darío J R; Sosa, Gladis L; Peruchena, Nélida M; Alkorta, Ibon
2016-03-14
The nature of F-BrX-R interactions (with X = F, Cl, Br, I and R = -H, -F) has been investigated through theoretical calculation of molecular potential electrostatic (MEP), molecular polarizability, atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis and energetic decomposition analysis (EDA). A detailed analysis of the MEPs reveals that considering only the static electrostatic interactions is not sufficient to explain the nature of these interactions. The molecular polarizabilities of X-R molecules suggest that the deformation capacity of the electronic cloud of the lone pairs of the X atom plays an important role in the stability of these complexes. The topological analysis of the L(r) = -¼∇(2)ρ(r) function and the detailed analysis of the atomic quadrupole moments reveal that the BrX interactions are electrostatic in nature. The electron acceptor Br atom causes a polarization of the electronic cloud (electronic induction) on the valence shell of the X atom. Finally, the electrostatic forces and charge transfer play an important role not only in the stabilization of the complex, but also in the determination of the molecular geometry of equilibrium. The dispersive and polarization forces do not influence the equilibrium molecular geometry. PMID:26900007
SciTech Connect
R.J. Gehrke; J.R. Davidson; P.J. Taylor; R.G. Helmer; J.W. Mandler
2001-05-01
With the completion of a CD ROM version of the original R. L. HEATH''s Gamma-ray Spectrum Catalogue, it became obvious that a number of radionuclides are missing which are important to various fields of nuclear science and technology. With a large amount of transuranic waste awaiting permanent disposal across the Department of Energy (DOE) complex and the need for its assay in order to dispose of it, it was decided that the addition of the radioactinides encountered in transuranic waste should be the first priority. In response to this need, the spectra of 233U, 235U, 238U, 237Np, 238Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu, 242Pu, 241Am and 243Am have been acquired with modern Ge detectors, and prepared for graphics presentation along with the parent and progeny decay chains and decay schemes. The associated tables of -ray energies and emission probabilities have been downloaded from the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data file (ENSDF) database. This information is being incorporated into the Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Center Web Site at http://id.inel.gov/gamma
18. An economic analysis of microbial reduction of sulfur dioxide with anaerobically digested sewage biosolids as electron donor
SciTech Connect
Selvaraj, P.T.; Sublette, K.L.
1996-12-31
A concentrated stream of sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) is produced by regeneration of the sorbent in certain new regenerable processes for the desulfurization of flue gas. It has been previously proposed that this SO{sub 2} can be converted to elemental sulfur for disposal or byproduct recovery using a microbial/Claus process. In this process, two-thirds of the SO{sub 2}-containing gas stream would be contacted with a mixed culture containing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) where SO{sub 2} would act as an electron acceptor with reduction to hydrogen sulfide (H{sub 2}S). This H{sub 2}S could then be recombined with the remaining SO{sub 2} and sent to a Claus unit to produce elemental sulfur. The Claus process is well known in the natural gas industry. Glucose and heat/alkali pretreated municipal sewage sludge have been shown to act as ultimate electron donors and carbon sources for SO{sub 2}-reducing cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Sublette and Gwozdz performed an economic analysis of this microbial SO{sub 2} reduction process comparing the microbial process with conventional catalytic SO{sub 2} hydrogenation with H{sub 2} generation from methane. The design basis was a regenerator off-gas from a copper oxide, flue gas desulfurization process applied to a 1000 MW{sub e} coal-fired power plant burning 3.5 wt% sulfur coal. All economics were based on an ultimate product gas of H{sub 2}S and SO{sub 2} in a 2:1 ratio appropriate for feed to a Claus reactor. The fixed capital investments for the two processes were essentially equivalent. However, the annual operating costs for the microbial process were much higher than the conventional process primarily because of the high cost of raw materials, namely DE95 corn hydrolysate, which served as the electron donor and carbon source for the SO{sub 2}-reducing culture. 7 refs., 3 figs., 8 tabs.
19. 36 CFR 1236.24 - What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records? 1236.24 Section 1236.24 Parks, Forests, and Public... Additional Requirements for Electronic Records § 1236.24 What are the additional requirements for...
20. 36 CFR 1236.24 - What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records? 1236.24 Section 1236.24 Parks, Forests, and Public... Additional Requirements for Electronic Records § 1236.24 What are the additional requirements for...
1. 36 CFR 1236.24 - What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records? 1236.24 Section 1236.24 Parks, Forests, and Public... Additional Requirements for Electronic Records § 1236.24 What are the additional requirements for...
2. 36 CFR 1236.24 - What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records? 1236.24 Section 1236.24 Parks, Forests, and Public... Additional Requirements for Electronic Records § 1236.24 What are the additional requirements for...
3. 36 CFR 1236.24 - What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records?
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What are the additional requirements for managing unstructured electronic records? 1236.24 Section 1236.24 Parks, Forests, and Public... Additional Requirements for Electronic Records § 1236.24 What are the additional requirements for...
4. Photon-gated persistent spectral hole burning by electron transfer from a doped donor to an acceptor branched to a host polymer matrix
Suzuki, H.; Nishi, T.; Shimada, T.; Hiratsuka, H.
1993-01-01
Two-color photon-gated persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) via donor-acceptor electron transfer is reported in systems where the acceptor, 10-chloroanthracene, was intentionally branched to a side chain of the poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) host polymer while the donor, metal-free tetraphenylporphine, was dispersed in the polymer. The systems, which had an acceptor concentration of up to 10-1 M, were prepared without aggregation of the acceptor. Spectral holes were burnt in the Qx(0,0) absorption band of the donor when the systems were simultaneously irradiated with a frequency-selective excitation (duration: 500 ps; energy: 200 nJ/cm2) and a gating excitation (wavelength: 514.5 nm; duration: 33 ms; energy: 14 μJ/cm2). The difference absorption spectrum between the unburned absorption spectrum and one recorded after photon-gated PSHB has confirmed that the hole formation mechanism is donor-acceptor electron transfer from a photoexcited donor to a ground-state branched acceptor. The thermal stability of burnt holes measured with a temperature cycling experiment increased when the acceptor was branched into PMMA. The effect of acceptor branching on the PSHB characteristics is discussed with reference to those for an acceptor-doped system.
5. Excitation and electron transfer from selectively excited primary donor chlorophyll (P700) in a photosystem I reaction center
SciTech Connect
Kumazaki, Shigeichi; Yoshihara, Keitaro; Ikegami, Isamu
1997-01-23
The primary processes in a photosystem I reaction center were studied by fluorescence up-conversion with a subpicosecond time resolution at room temperature. The samples were P700(primary donor chlorophyll)-enriched particles which retained {approx}14 chlorophylls per P700. Upon selective excitation of P700 at 701 nm at {approx}5{degree}C, anisotropy of the fluorescence at 749 nm decayed from {approx}0.3 to {approx}0.15 with a time constant of 1 ps. The dynamic depolarization is attributed to electronic excitation equilibration between P700 and the surrounding chlorophylls. In the isotropic fluorescence kinetics, at least two decaying components of 2.2 ps ({approx}35%) and 15 ps ({approx}55%) were found. The fast and slow components indicate the charge separation before and after full equilibration of excitation energy, respectively. A kinetic model calculation based on the above results suggests that the intrinsic rate constant of the primary electron transfer from P700{sup *} is > 0.25 ps{sup -1}. 51 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
6. Sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrification corresponding to different electron donors and microbial profiling in anoxic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactors.
PubMed
Zhang, Lili; Zhang, Chao; Hu, Chengzhi; Liu, Huijuan; Bai, Yaohui; Qu, Jiuhui
2015-11-15
Sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrifying anoxic fluidized bed membrane bioreactors (AnFB-MBR) were developed for the treatment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater with minimized sulfate production. The nitrate removal rates obtained in the methanol- and ethanol-fed mixotrophic denitrifying AnFB-MBRs reached 1.44-3.84 g NO3 -N/L reactor d at a hydraulic retention time of 0.5 h, which were significantly superior to those reported in packed bed reactors. Compared to methanol, ethanol was found to be a more effective external carbon source for sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrification due to lower sulfate and total organic carbon concentrations in the effluent. Using pyrosequencing, the phylotypes of primary microbial groups in the reactor, including sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrifiers, methanol- or ethanol-supported heterotrophic denitrifiers, were investigated in response to changes in electron donors. Principal component and heatmap analyses indicated that selection of electron donating substrates largely determined the microbial community structure. The abundance of Thiobacillus decreased from 45.1% in the sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrifying reactor to 12.0% and 14.2% in sulfur-based methanol- and ethanol-fed mixotrophic denitrifying bioreactors, respectively. Heterotrophic Methyloversatilis and Thauera bacteria became more dominant in the mixotrophic denitrifying bioreactors, which were possibly responsible for the observed methanol- and ethanol-associated denitrification. PMID:26364226
7. Monomeric chlorophyll a enol: evidence for its possible role as the primary electron donor in photosystem I of plant photosynthesis
SciTech Connect
Wasielewski, M.R.; Norris, J.R.; Shipman, L.L.; Lin, C.P.; Svec, W.A.
1981-05-01
The chlorophyll a (Chl a) special-pair model of the primary donor of photosystem I (P700) does not account in a completely adequate fashion for the magnetic resonance properties observed for P700/sup +/. Enolization of the Chl a ring V ..beta..-keto ester results in a very different ..pi.. electronic structure. The ESR spectrum of the cation radical consists of a single 6.1-G gaussian line that is line narrowed relative to that of Chl a/sup +/ in a manner similar to P700/sup +/. Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy resolves only a 3.5-MHz hyperfine splitting for the 3-methyl group. The remaining splittings are all less than 3.5 MHz. Application of the special-pair model to the (/sup 13/C)P700/sup +/ second-moment data yields a 100% error. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations on ethyl chlorophyllide a enol cation bear out the ESR and ENDOR data. We conclude that a monomeric Chl a enol model provides a better description of the magnetic resonance parameters and oxidation potential of P700 than a Chl-a special-pair model.
8. Charge transfer in the electron donor-acceptor complexes of a meso-phenol BODIPY dye with chloranils and fullerenes
2015-02-01
UV-Vis spectral investigations of electron donor-acceptor complexes of laser dye 2,6-Diethyl-4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(4‧-hydroxyphenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indecene (1c) with chloranils and fullerenes are reported in toluene medium. Well defined charge transfer (CT) absorption bands have been located in the visible region. Oscillator strengths, transition dipole and resonance energies of the CT complexes have been estimated. Vertical ionization potential of 1c has been determined utilizing Mulliken's equation. A possible mechanism for the interaction between electronic subsystems of chloranils, [60]- and [70]fullerenes with three different BODIPY dyes (1a, 1b and 1c shown in Fig. 1) have been discussed in comparing the parameters like degree of charge transfer and binding constant in nonpolar toluene. Comparison of 1c complexes is done with DFT/B3LYP/6-31G optimized gas phase geometries.
9. Electron donor concentrations in sediments and sediment properties at the agricultural chemicals team research site near New Providence, Iowa, 2006-07
USGS Publications Warehouse
Maharjan, Bijesh; Korom, Scott F.; Smith, Erik A.
2013-01-01
The concentrations of electron donors in aquifer sediments are important to the understanding of the fate and transport of redox-sensitive constituents in groundwater, such as nitrate. For a study by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 50 sediment samples were collected from below the water table from 11 boreholes at the U.S. Geological Survey Agricultural Chemicals Team research site near New Providence, Iowa, during 2006-07. All samples were analyzed for gravel, sand (coarse, medium, and fine), silt, clay, Munsell soil color, inorganic carbon content, and for the following electron donors: organic carbon, ferrous iron, and inorganic sulfide. A subset of 14 sediment samples also was analyzed for organic sulfur, but all of these samples had concentrations less than the method detection limit; therefore, the presence of this potential electron donor was not considered further. X-ray diffraction analyses provided important semi-quantitative information of well-crystallized dominant minerals within the sediments that might be contributing electron donors.
10. Development of imide- and imidazole-containing electron acceptors for use in donor-acceptor conjugated compounds and polymers
Li, Duo
Conjugated organic compounds and polymers have attracted significant attention due to their potential application in electronic devices as semiconducting materials, such as organic solar cells (OSCs). In order to tune band gaps, donor-acceptor (D-A) structure is widely used, which has been proved to be one of the most effective strategies. This thesis consists of three parts: 1) design, syntheses and characterization of new weak acceptors based on imides and the systematic study of the structure-property relationship; (2) introduction of weak and strong acceptors in one polymer to achieve a broad coverage of light absorption and improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE); (3) modification of benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptor in order to increase the electron withdrawing ability. Imide-based electron acceptors, 4-(5-bromothiophen-2-y1)-2-(2-ethylhexyl)-9- phenyl- 1H-benzo[f]isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (BIDO-1) and 4,9-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2-(2-ethylhexyl)-benzo[f]isoindole-1,3-dione (BIDO-2), were designed and synthesized. In this design, naphthalene is selected as its main core to maintain a planar structure, and thienyl groups are able to facilitate the bromination reaction and lower the band gap. BIDO-1 and BIDO-2 were successfully coupled with different donors by both Suzuki cross-coupling and Stille cross-coupling reactions. Based on the energy levels and band gaps of the BIDO-containing compounds and polymers, BIDO-1 and BIDO-2 are proved to be weak electron acceptors. Pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) was also studied and found to be a stronger electron acceptor than BIDO . In order to obtain broad absorption coverage, both weak acceptor ( BIDO-2) and strong acceptor diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) were introduced in the same polymer. The resulting polymers show two absorption bands at 400 and 600 nm and two emission peaks at 500 and 680 nm. The band gaps of the polymers are around 1.6 eV, which is ideal for OSC application. The PCE of 1.17% was achieved. Finally
11. Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.
PubMed
Hasan, Waleed A; Al-Akraa, Mahmoud M
2005-07-01
With the number of patients presently awaiting renal transplantation exceeding the number of cadaveric organs available, there is an increasing reliance on live renal donation. Of the 11,869 renal transplants performed in 2002 in the US, 52.6% were living donors from the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry. Renal allografts from living donors provide: superior immediate long-term function; require less waiting time and are more cost-effective than those from cadaveric donors. However, anticipation of postoperative pain and temporary occupational disability may dissuade many potential donors. Additionally, some recipients hesitate to accept a living donor kidney due to suffering that would be endured by the donor. It is a unique medical situation when a young, completely healthy donor undergoes a major surgical procedure to provide an organ for transplantation. It is mandatory to offer a surgical technique, which is safe and with minimal complications. It is also obvious for any organ transplantation, that the integrity of the organ remain intact, thus, enabling its successful transplantation into the recipient. An acceptably short ischemia time and adequate lengths of ureter and renal vasculature are favored. Many centers are performing laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy in an effort to ease convalescence of renal donors. This may encourage the consideration of live donation by recipients and potential donors. PMID:16047050
12. Ammonia synthesis using a stable electride as an electron donor and reversible hydrogen store
Kitano, Masaaki; Inoue, Yasunori; Yamazaki, Youhei; Hayashi, Fumitaka; Kanbara, Shinji; Matsuishi, Satoru; Yokoyama, Toshiharu; Kim, Sung-Wng; Hara, Michikazu; Hosono, Hideo
2012-11-01
Industrially, the artificial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is carried out using the Haber-Bosch process, but this process requires high temperatures and pressures, and consumes more than 1% of the world's power production. Therefore the search is on for a more environmentally benign process that occurs under milder conditions. Here, we report that a Ru-loaded electride [Ca24Al28O64]4+(e-)4 (Ru/C12A7:e-), which has high electron-donating power and chemical stability, works as an efficient catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Highly efficient ammonia synthesis is achieved with a catalytic activity that is an order of magnitude greater than those of other previously reported Ru-loaded catalysts and with almost half the reaction activation energy. Kinetic analysis with infrared spectroscopy reveals that C12A7:e- markedly enhances N2 dissociation on Ru by the back donation of electrons and that the poisoning of ruthenium surfaces by hydrogen adatoms can be suppressed effectively because of the ability of C12A7:e- to store hydrogen reversibly.
13. An Effort to Increase Organ Donor Registration Through Intergroup Competition and Electronic Word of Mouth.
PubMed
Smith, Sandi W; Hitt, Rose; Park, Hee Sun; Walther, Joseph; Liang, Yuhua Jake; Hsieh, Gary
2016-01-01
The effort to increase Web organ donation registrations in Michigan by enhancing 2 types of university campaigns with social media strategies informed by social identity theory is the focus of this research. The two campaigns focused on either ingroup or rivalry outgroup social identification, and each was enhanced with individually focused social media in the first year of the campaign and with electronic word of mouth in Year 2 of the campaign. Results indicated that individually focused social media such as Facebook ads worked well in rivalry campaigns (in which registrations increased two times over baseline) but not in ingroup identification campaigns (in which registrations decreased significantly over baseline when ads were introduced in the first year of each type of campaign). Electronic word-of-mouth strategies worked well in both ingroup identification campaigns (in which registrations increased two times over baseline) and rivalry campaigns (in which registrations rose almost eight times over baseline, when strategies were introduced in the second year of each type of campaign). PMID:26735448
14. Ammonia synthesis using a stable electride as an electron donor and reversible hydrogen store.
PubMed
Kitano, Masaaki; Inoue, Yasunori; Yamazaki, Youhei; Hayashi, Fumitaka; Kanbara, Shinji; Matsuishi, Satoru; Yokoyama, Toshiharu; Kim, Sung-Wng; Hara, Michikazu; Hosono, Hideo
2012-11-01
Industrially, the artificial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is carried out using the Haber-Bosch process, but this process requires high temperatures and pressures, and consumes more than 1% of the world's power production. Therefore the search is on for a more environmentally benign process that occurs under milder conditions. Here, we report that a Ru-loaded electride [Ca(24)Al(28)O(64)](4+)(e(-))(4) (Ru/C12A7:e(-)), which has high electron-donating power and chemical stability, works as an efficient catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Highly efficient ammonia synthesis is achieved with a catalytic activity that is an order of magnitude greater than those of other previously reported Ru-loaded catalysts and with almost half the reaction activation energy. Kinetic analysis with infrared spectroscopy reveals that C12A7:e(-) markedly enhances N(2) dissociation on Ru by the back donation of electrons and that the poisoning of ruthenium surfaces by hydrogen adatoms can be suppressed effectively because of the ability of C12A7:e(-) to store hydrogen reversibly. PMID:23089869
15. Photoreduction of indigo dyes by electron donors. One- and two-electron-transfer reactions as a consequence of excited-state quenching
SciTech Connect
Schanze, K.S.; Lee, L.Y.C.; Giannotti, C.; Whitten, D.G.
1986-05-14
The indigoid dyes, thioindigo (TI), N,N'-diacetylindigo, (NDI) and oxalylindigo (OI), all undergo reduction upon irradiation of the dyes in the presence of electron donors such as triethylamine (TEA) or N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH). Product analysis by NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry has shown that the products for TI and NDI are the formal H/sub 2/ adducts TIH/sub 2/ and NDIH/sub 2/; the product for OI has been shown to be the semireduced radical OIH which is readily detected by its characteristic ESR spectrum. Mechanistic studies have been carried out for the visible-light-induced reduction of the three dyes.
16. Correlation of Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction Reaction Efficiencies for Aryl Radicals with their Vertical Electron Affinities and the Vertical Ionization Energies of the Hydrogen Atom Donors
PubMed Central
Jing, Linhong; Nash, John J.
2009-01-01
The factors that control the reactivities of aryl radicals toward hydrogen-atom donors were studied by using a dual-cell Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT – ICR). Hydrogen-atom abstraction reaction efficiencies for two substrates, cyclohexane and isopropanol, were measured for twenty-three structurally different, positively-charged aryl radicals, which included dehydrobenzenes, dehydronaphthalenes, dehydropyridines, and dehydro(iso)quinolines. A logarithmic correlation was found between the hydrogen-atom abstraction reaction efficiencies and the (calculated) vertical electron affinities (EA) of the aryl radicals. Transition state energies calculated for three of the aryl radicals with isopropanol were found to correlate linearly with their (calculated) EAs. No correlation was found between the hydrogen-atom abstraction reaction efficiencies and the (calculated) enthalpy changes for the reactions. Measurement of the reaction efficiencies for the reactions of several different hydrogen-atom donors with a few selected aryl radicals revealed a logarithmic correlation between the hydrogen-atom abstraction reaction efficiencies and the vertical ionization energies (IE) of the hydrogen-atom donors, but not the lowest homolytic X – H (X = heavy atom) bond dissociation energies of the hydrogen-atom donors. Examination of the hydrogen-atom abstraction reactions of twenty-nine different aryl radicals and eighteen different hydrogen-atom donors showed that the reaction efficiency increases (logarithmically) as the difference between the IE of the hydrogen-atom donor and the EA of the aryl radical decreases. This dependence is likely to result from the increasing polarization, and concomitant stabilization, of the transition state as the energy difference between the neutral and ionic reactants decreases. Thus, the hydrogen-atom abstraction reaction efficiency for an aryl radical can be “tuned” by structural changes that influence either
17. The electronic structure and second-order nonlinear optical properties of donor-acceptor acetylenes - A detailed investigation of structure-property relationships
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stiegman, A. E.; Graham, Eva; Khundkar, Lutfur R.; Perry, Joseph W.; Cheng, L.-T.; Perry, Kelly J.
1991-01-01
A series of donor-acceptor acetylene compounds was synthesized in which systematic changes in both the conjugation length and the donor-acceptor strength were made. The effect of these structural changes on the spectroscopic and electronic properties of the molecules and, ultimately, on the measured second-order molecular hyperpolarizabilities (beta) was investigated. It was found that increases in the donor-acceptor strength resulted in increases in the magnitude of beta. For this class of molecules, the increase is dominated by the energy of the intramolecular charge-transfer transition, while factors such as the ground to excited-state dipole moment change and the transition-moment integral are much less important. Increasing the conjugation length from one to two acetylene linkers did not result in an increase in the value of beta; however, beta increased sharply in going from two acetylenes to three. This increase is attributed to the superposition of several nearly isoenergetic excited states.
18. Anaerobic in situ biodegradation of TNT using whey as an electron donor: a case study.
PubMed
Innemanová, Petra; Velebová, Radka; Filipová, Alena; Čvančarová, Monika; Pokorný, Petr; Němeček, Jan; Cajthaml, Tomáš
2015-12-25
Contamination by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), an explosive extensively used by the military, represents a serious environmental problem. In this study, whey has been selected as the most technologically and economically suitable primary substrate for anaerobic in situ biodegradation of TNT. Under laboratory conditions, various additions of whey, molasses, acetate and activated sludge as an inoculant were tested and the process was monitored using numerous chemical analyses including phospholipid fatty acid analysis. The addition of whey resulted in the removal of more than 90% of the TNT in real contaminated soil (7 mg kg(-1) and 12 mg kg(-1) of TNT). The final bioremediation strategy was suggested on the basis of the laboratory results and tested under real conditions at a TNT contaminated site in the Czech Republic. During the pilot test, three repeated injections of whey suspension into the sandy aquifer were performed over a 10-month period. In total, approximately 5m(3) of whey were used. A substantial decrease in the TNT groundwater concentration from the original levels (equalling 1.49 mg l(-1) to 8.58 mg l(-1)) was observed in most of the injection wells, while the concentrations of the TNT biotransformation products were found to be elevated. Pilot-scale application results showed that the anoxic and/or anaerobic conditions in the aquifer were sufficient for TNT bio-reduction by autochthonous microorganisms. Whey application was not accompanied by undesirable effects such as a substantial decrease in the pH or clogging of the wells. The results of the study document the suitability of application of whey to bioremediate TNT contaminated sites in situ. PMID:25882606
19. Independent donor ethical assessment: aiming to standardize donor advocacy.
PubMed
Choudhury, Devasmita; Jotterand, Fabrice; Casenave, Gerald; Smith-Morris, Carolyn
2014-06-01
20. Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Pannonibacter phragmitetus LSSE-09 stimulated with external electron donors under alkaline conditions.
PubMed
Xu, Lin; Luo, Mingfang; Li, Wangliang; Wei, Xuetuan; Xie, Keng; Liu, Lijun; Jiang, Chengying; Liu, Huizhou
2011-01-30
A novel Cr (VI) resistant bacterial strain LSSE-09, identified as Pannonibacter phragmitetus, was isolated from industrial sludge. It has strong aerobic and anaerobic Cr (VI)-reduction potential under alkaline conditions. At 37 °C and pH 9.0, growing cells of strain LSSE-09 could completely reduce 100 and 1000 mg L(-1) Cr (VI)-Cr (III) within 9 and 24h, respectively under aerobic condition. Resting cells showed higher anaerobic reduction potential with the rate of 1.46 mg g(-1)((dry weight))min(-1), comparing with their aerobic reduction rate, 0.21 mg g(-1)min(-1). External electron donors, such as lactate, acetate, formate, pyruvate, citrate and glucose could highly increase the reduction rate, especially for aerobic reduction. The presence of 3000 mg L(-1) acetate enhanced anaerobic and aerobic Cr (VI)-reduction rates up to 9.47 mg g(-1)min(-1) and 4.42 mg g(-1)min(-1), respectively, which were 5 and 20 times faster than those without it. Strain LSSE-09 retained high activities over six batch cycles and NO(3)(-) and SO(4)(2-) had slightly negative effects on Cr (VI)-reduction rates. The results suggest that strain LSSE-09 has potential application for Cr (VI) detoxification in alkaline wastewater. PMID:21041020
1. U(VI) bioreduction with emulsified vegetable oil as the electron donor-- Microcosm tests and model development
SciTech Connect
Tang, Guoping; Wu, Wei-min; Watson, David B; Parker, Jack C.; Schadt, Christopher Warren; Brooks, Scott C; Shi, Xiaoqing
2013-01-01
Microcosm tests were conducted to study U(VI) bioreduction in contaminated sediments with emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) as the electron donor. In the microcosms, EVO was degraded by indigenous microorganisms and stimulated Fe, U, and sulfate bioreduction, and methanogenesis. Removal of aqueous U occurred concurrently with sulfate reduction, with more reduction of total U in the case of higher initial sulfate concentrations. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) analysis confirmed U(VI) reduction to U(IV). As the acetate concentration peaked in 10~20 days in oleate microcosms, the maximum was reached in 100~120 days in the EVO microcosms, indicating that EVO hydrolysis was rate-limiting. The acetate accumulation was sustained over 50 days longer in the oleate and EVO than in the ethanol microcosms, suggesting that acetate-utilizing methanogenesis was slower in the cases of oleate and EVO. Both slow hydrolysis and methanogenesis could contribute to potential sustained bioreduction in field application. Biogeochemical models were developed to couple degradation of EVO, production and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, glycerol, acetate, and hydrogen, reduction of Fe(III), U(VI) and sulfate, and methanogenesis with growth and decay of microbial functional groups. The models were used to simulate the coupled processes in a field test in a companion article.
2. An ESEEM study of the oxidized electron donor of plant photosystem II: Evidence that D ? is a neutral tyrosine radical
Evelo, R. G.; Hoff, A. J.; Dikanov, S. A.; Tyryshkin, A. M.
1989-09-01
Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) has been performed on the tyrosyl radical D ? in photosystem II of plants and algae. This radical was investigated in PS II-enriched subchloroplast particles, and in perdeuterated and 15N-substituted Chlorella vulgaris algae. From the ESEEM analysis in the time and frequency domain, two proton hyperfine interactions were determined. One of these protons has hyperfine parameters aiso=27.2 MHz, T11=-3.1 MHz and T22/ T11=0.5. The second proton, which is easily exchangeable by deuterium, has parameters aiso=±1.6 MHz, T11=∓8.4 MHz and T22/ T11=1. The hyperfine parameters of the first proton are characteristic of a β-methylene proton, whereas those of the second indicate that it is a proton hydrogen bonded to the tyrosyl oxygen. We conclude that the oxidized tyrosyl donor is a neutral hydrogen-bonded radical.
3. Electron and donor-impurity-related Raman scattering and Raman gain in triangular quantum dots under an applied electric field
Tiutiunnyk, Anton; Akimov, Volodymyr; Tulupenko, Viktor; Mora-Ramos, Miguel E.; Kasapoglu, Esin; Morales, Alvaro L.; Duque, Carlos Alberto
2016-04-01
The differential cross-section of electron Raman scattering and the Raman gain are calculated and analysed in the case of prismatic quantum dots with equilateral triangle base shape. The study takes into account their dependencies on the size of the triangle, the influence of externally applied electric field as well as the presence of an ionized donor center located at the triangle's orthocenter. The calculations are made within the effective mass and parabolic band approximations, with a diagonalization scheme being applied to obtain the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the x- y Hamiltonian. The incident and secondary (scattered) radiation have been considered linearly-polarized along the y-direction, coinciding with the direction of the applied electric field. For the case with an impurity center, Raman scattering with the intermediate state energy below the initial state one has been found to show maximum differential cross-section more than by an order of magnitude bigger than that resulting from the scheme with lower intermediate state energy. The Raman gain has maximum magnitude around 35 nm dot size and electric field of 40 kV/cm for the case without impurity and at maximum considered values of the input parameters for the case with impurity. Values of Raman gain of the order of up to 104cm-1 are predicted in both cases.
4. An Inexpensive Co-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide Composite with Electron Donor-Acceptor Character for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Zheng, Shufang; Lu, Jun; Yan, Dongpeng; Qin, Yumei; Li, Hailong; Evans, David G.; Duan, Xue
2015-07-01
In this paper, the inexpensive 4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2-disulfonate (DAS) and 4,4-dinitro-stilbene-2,2- disulfonate (DNS) anions with arbitrary molar ratios were successfully co-intercalated into Zn2Al-layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The DAS(50%)-DNS/LDHs composite exhibited the broad UV-visible light absorption and fluorescence quenching, which was a direct indication of photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process between the intercalated DAS (donor) and DNS (acceptor) anions. This was confirmed by the matched HOMO/LUMO energy levels alignment of the intercalated DAS and DNS anions, which was also compatible for water splitting. The DAS(50%)-DNS/LDHs composite was fabricated as the photoanode and Pt as the cathode. Under the UV-visible light illumination, the enhanced photo-generated current (4.67 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V vs. SCE) was generated in the external circuit, and the photoelectrochemical water split was realized. Furthermore, this photoelectrochemical water splitting performance had excellent crystalline, electrochemical and optical stability. Therefore, this novel inorganic/organic hybrid photoanode exhibited potential application prospect in photoelectrochemical water splitting.
5. An Inexpensive Co-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide Composite with Electron Donor-Acceptor Character for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
PubMed Central
Zheng, Shufang; Lu, Jun; Yan, Dongpeng; Qin, Yumei; Li, Hailong; Evans, David G.; Duan, Xue
2015-01-01
In this paper, the inexpensive 4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2-disulfonate (DAS) and 4,4-dinitro-stilbene-2,2- disulfonate (DNS) anions with arbitrary molar ratios were successfully co-intercalated into Zn2Al-layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The DAS(50%)-DNS/LDHs composite exhibited the broad UV-visible light absorption and fluorescence quenching, which was a direct indication of photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process between the intercalated DAS (donor) and DNS (acceptor) anions. This was confirmed by the matched HOMO/LUMO energy levels alignment of the intercalated DAS and DNS anions, which was also compatible for water splitting. The DAS(50%)-DNS/LDHs composite was fabricated as the photoanode and Pt as the cathode. Under the UV-visible light illumination, the enhanced photo-generated current (4.67 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V vs. SCE) was generated in the external circuit, and the photoelectrochemical water split was realized. Furthermore, this photoelectrochemical water splitting performance had excellent crystalline, electrochemical and optical stability. Therefore, this novel inorganic/organic hybrid photoanode exhibited potential application prospect in photoelectrochemical water splitting. PMID:26174201
6. Electron donor-acceptor interaction of 3,4-dimethylaniline with 2,3-dicyano-1,4-naphthoquinone
Neelgund, Gururaj M.; Magadum, Subash R.; Budni, M. L.
2011-01-01
The electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interaction between 2,3-dicyano-1,4-naphthoquinone (DCNQ) and 3,4-dimethylaniline (3,4-DMA) is studied in chloroform, dichloromethane and 1:1 (v/v) mixture of chloroform and dichloromethane. The rate of formation of the product was measured as a function of time using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The formation constant ( K) and molar extinction coefficient ( ɛ) values for the formation of EDA complex were evaluated in the temperature range of 20-35 °C. The pseudo-first-order rate constant ( k1) and the second-order rate constant ( k2) for the disappearance of EDA complex and for the formation of product were evaluated. The activation parameters (Δ H#, Δ S# and Δ G#) of the reaction were determined by temperature dependence of rate constants using the Arrhenius plots. The effect of relative permittivity of the medium on the reaction is discussed. The observed results indicate that formation of final product proceeds through initial formation of EDA complex as an intermediate. The product of the reaction was purified by column chromatography method and identified as 3-( N-3,4-dimethyl-phenylamino)-2-cyano-1,4-naphthoquinone by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy. On the basis of kinetic, analytical and spectroscopic results, a plausible mechanism for the formation of EDA complex and its transformation into product is proposed.
7. Heme-copper terminal oxidase using both cytochrome c and ubiquinol as electron donors.
PubMed
Gao, Ye; Meyer, Björn; Sokolova, Lucie; Zwicker, Klaus; Karas, Michael; Brutschy, Bernd; Peng, Guohong; Michel, Hartmut
2012-02-28
The cytochrome c oxidase Cox2 has been purified from native membranes of the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Aquifex aeolicus. It is a cytochrome ba(3) oxidase belonging to the family B of the heme-copper containing terminal oxidases. It consists of three subunits, subunit I (CoxA2, 63.9 kDa), subunit II (CoxB2, 16.8 kDa), and an additional subunit IIa of 5.2 kDa. Surprisingly it is able to oxidize both reduced cytochrome c and ubiquinol in a cyanide sensitive manner. Cox2 is part of a respiratory chain supercomplex. This supercomplex contains the fully assembled cytochrome bc(1) complex and Cox2. Although direct ubiquinol oxidation by Cox2 conserves less energy than ubiquinol oxidation by the cytochrome bc(1) complex followed by cytochrome c oxidation by a cytochrome c oxidase, ubiquinol oxidation by Cox2 is of advantage when all ubiquinone would be completely reduced to ubiquinol, e.g., by the sulfidequinone oxidoreductase, because the cytochrome bc(1) complex requires the presence of ubiquinone to function according to the Q-cycle mechanism. In the case that all ubiquinone has been reduced to ubiquinol its reoxidation by Cox2 will enable the cytochrome bc(1) complex to resume working. PMID:22334648
8. Electron Transfer within Self-Assembling Cyclic Tetramers Using Chlorophyll-Based Donor-Acceptor Building Blocks
SciTech Connect
Gunderson, Victoria L; Smeigh, Amanda L; Kim, Chul Hoon; Co, Dick T; Wasielewski, Michael R
2012-05-09
The synthesis and photoinduced charge transfer properties of a series of Chl-based donor-acceptor triad building blocks that self-assemble into cyclic tetramers are reported. Chlorophyll a was converted into zinc methyl 3-ethylpyrochlorophyllide a (Chl) and then further modified at its 20-position to covalently attach a pyromellitimide (PI) acceptor bearing a pyridine ligand and one or two naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) secondary electron acceptors to give Chl-PI-NDI and Chl-PI-NDI2. The pyridine ligand within each ambident triad enables intermolecular Chl metal-ligand coordination in dry toluene, which results in the formation of cyclic tetramers in solution, as determined using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering at a synchrotron source. Femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of the monomers in toluene-1% pyridine and the cyclic tetramers in toluene shows that the selective photoexcitation of Chl results in intramolecular electron transfer from 1*Chl to PI to form Chl+.-PI-.-NDI and Chl+.-PI-.-NDI2. This initial charge separation is followed by a rapid charge shift from PI-. to NDI and subsequent charge recombination of Chl+.-PI-NDI-. and Chl+.-PI-(NDI)NDI-. on a 5-30 ns time scale. Charge recombination in the Chl-PI-NDI2 cyclic tetramer (τCR = 30 ± 1 ns in toluene) is slower by a factor of 3 relative to the monomeric building blocks (τCR = 10 ± 1 ns in toluene-1% pyridine). This indicates that the self-assembly of these building blocks into the cyclic tetramers alters their structures in a way that lengthens their charge separation lifetimes, which is an advantageous strategy for artificial photosynthetic systems.
9. Potential benefits of triethylamine as n-electron donor in the estimation of forskolin by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy
Raju, Gajula; Ram Reddy, A.
2016-02-01
Diterpenoid forskolin was isolated from Coleus forskolii. The electronic absorption and emission studies of forskolin were investigated in various solvents with an aim to improve its detection limits. The two chromophores present in the diterpenoid are not conjugated leading to the poor absorption and emission of UV light. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were solvent specific. In the presence of a monodentate ligand, triethylamine the detection of forskolin is improved by 3.63 times in ethanol with the fluorescence method and 3.36 times in DMSO by the absorption spectral method. The longer wavelength absorption maximum is blue shifted while the lower energy fluorescence maximum is red shifted in the presence of triethylamine. From the wavelength of fluorescence maxima of the exciplex formed between excited forskolin and triethylamine it is concluded that the order of reactivity of hydroxyl groups in the excited state forskolin is in the reverse order to that of the order of the reactivity of hydroxyl groups in its ground state.
10. Syntheses of new imidazole ligand series and evaluation of 1-, 2- and 4,5-imidazole substituent electronic and steric effects on N-donor strengths
Eseola, Abiodun O.; Sun, Wen-Hua; Li, Wen; Woods, Joseph A. O.
2010-12-01
A series of new imidazole based heterocycles (5-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl acetate ( Him-dp), (5-(1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl acetate ( HIm-pt), (5-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl acetate ( HIm-phen), 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole ( HIm-n), 1-methyl-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole ( MeIm-n), N-(2-(1-ethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)benzamide ( EtIm-ba) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(8-(1-ethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl)phenol ( EtIm-q) were synthesized and studied for the dependence of their azole donor characteristics on substituent factors by means of experimentally determined ionization constant data (derived as p Kas), spectroscopic analyses and calculated properties of their DFT optimized molecular geometries performed at the B3LYP/6-311 + G * level. Results showed that the lowest donor strength recorded for HIm-pt (p Ka = 2.67 ± 0.07) could be traced to the extensive electronic conjugation of the azole π-electrons with 4,5- and 2-substituents. On the other hand, the strongest imidazole donor strength in the series was obtained from EtIm-q (p Ka = 4.61 ± 0.04) for which the substituents possessed negligible π-overlap with the azole ring. The experimental results and theoretical calculations lead to conclusions that effective conjugation between the imidazole ring and substituent aromatic groups is accountable for significant withdrawal of charge densities on the imidazole N-donor atom and vice versa. Furthermore, observed donor strengths in the series suggest that electronic inductive effects of the substituents provided lesser impact on donor strength modification of imidazole base and that alkylation of 1-imidazole position did not yield the anticipated push of electron density in favour of the N-donor atom. It is anticipated that the results should promote the understanding of azole-containing bio-macromolecular species
11. Motivations for Giving of Alumni Donors, Lapsed Donors and Non-Donors: Implications for Christian Higher Education
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Rugano, Emilio Kariuki
2011-01-01
This descriptive and causal comparative study sought to identify motivations for alumni donor acquisition and retention in Christian institutions of higher learning. To meet this objective, motivations for alumni donors, lapsed donors, and non-donors were analyzed and compared. Data was collected through an electronic survey of a stratified sample…
12. Synthesis, spectrophotometric, structural and thermal studies of the charge transfer complex of p-phenylenediamine, as an electron donor with π acceptor 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
2010-08-01
The interaction between p-phenylenediamine (PPD) as a donor with the π acceptor 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNB) has been investigated spectrophotometrically in methanol at room temperature. CT complex formed as a result of transfer of lone pair of electrons and exhibits well resolved charge transfer bands in the regions where neither donor nor acceptor have any absorption. The stoichiometry of the charge transfer complex (CTC) was found to be 1:1. The solid state CTC has also been synthesized, and has been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectra, 1H NMR spectroscopy and electronic absorption. The thermal stability of CT complex was studies using TGA and DTA analyses techniques. On the basis of the studies, the structure of CT complex is [(PPD)(DNB)], and a general mechanism for its formation is proposed. The formation constant and other physical parameters of the CT complex were determined by the Benesi-Hildebrand equation.
13. High performance weak donor-acceptor polymers in thin film transistors: effect of the acceptor on electronic properties, ambipolar conductivity, mobility, and thermal stability.
PubMed
Yuen, Jonathan D; Fan, Jian; Seifter, Jason; Lim, Bogyu; Hufschmid, Ryan; Heeger, Alan J; Wudl, Fred
2011-12-28
We have studied the electronic, physical, and transistor properties of a family of donor-acceptor polymers consisting of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) coupled with different accepting companion units in order to determine the effects of donor-acceptor interaction. Using the electronically neutral benzene (B), the weakly accepting benzothiadiazole (BT), and the strongly accepting benzobisthiadiazole (BBT), the accepting strength of the companion unit was systematically modulated. All polymers exhibited excellent transistor performance, with mobilities above 0.1 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1), even exceeding 1 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) for one of the BBT-containing polymers. We find that the BBT is the strongest acceptor, enabling the BBT-containing polymers to be strongly ambipolar. The BBT moiety also strengthens interchain interactions, which provides higher thermal stability and performance for transistors with BBT-containing polymers as the active layer. PMID:22043809
14. Influence of electron donors and copper concentration on geochemical and mineralogical processes under conditions of biological sulphate reduction
Wolicka, Dorota; Borkowski, Andrzej
2014-03-01
Sulphidogenous microorganism communities were isolated from soil polluted by crude oil. The study was focused on determining the influence of 1) copper (II) concentration on the activity of selected microorganism communities and 2) the applied electron donor on the course and evolution of mineral-forming processes under conditions favouring growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The influence of copper concentration on the activity of selected microorganism communities and the type of mineral phases formed was determined during experiments in which copper (II) chloride at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7 g/L was added to SRB cultures. The experiments were performed in two variants: with ethanol (4 g/L) or lactate (4 g/L) as the sole carbon source. In order to determine the taxonomic composition of the selected microorganism communities, the 16S rRNA method was used. Results of this analysis confirmed the presence of Desulfovibrio, Desulfohalobium, Desulfotalea, Thermotoga, Solibacter, Gramella, Anaeromyxobacter and Myxococcus sp. in the stationary cultures. The post-culture sediments contained covelline (CuS) and digenite (Cu9S5 ). Based on the results, it can be stated that the type of carbon source applied during incubation plays a crucial role in determining the mineral composition of the post-culture sediments. Thus, regardless of the amount of copper ion introduced to a culture with lactate as the sole carbon source, no copper sulphide was observed in the post-culture sediments. Cultures with ethanol as the sole carbon source, on the other hand, yielded covelline or digenite in all post-culture sediments.
15. Metal-Free Reductive Cleavage of C–N and S–N Bonds by Photoactivated Electron Transfer from a Neutral Organic Donor**
PubMed Central
O'Sullivan, Steven; Doni, Eswararao; Tuttle, Tell; Murphy, John A
2014-01-01
A photoactivated neutral organic super electron donor cleaves challenging arenesulfonamides derived from dialkylamines at room temperature. It also cleaves a) ArC–NR and b) ArN–C bonds. This study also highlights the assistance given to these cleavage reactions by the groups attached to N in (a) and to C in (b), by lowering LUMO energies and by stabilizing the products of fragmentation. PMID:24311295
16. Factoring the contribution of through-space and through-bond interactions to rates of photoinduced electron transfer in donor- spacer-acceptor molecules using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Gosztola, D.; Wang, Bing; Wasielewski, M.R. |
1996-06-01
Contributions from through-space and through-bond interactions to the electronic coupling matrix elements for photoinduced charge separation and recombination in linked donor-spacer-acceptor molecules were studied. The molecules consisted of a 4-piperidinyl-naphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide electron donor and a N-(n-octyl)pyromellitimide electron acceptor attached to the 1,5- and 1,8-positions of either anthracene or dibenzobicyclo(2.2.2)octatriene spacers.
17. Formation and nonlinear dynamics of the squeezed state of a helical electron beam with additional deceleration
Egorov, E. N.; Koronovskii, A. A.; Kurkin, S. A.; Hramov, A. E.
2013-11-01
Results of numerical simulations and analysis of the formation and nonlinear dynamics of the squeezed state of a helical electron beam in a vircator with a magnetron injection gun as an electron source and with additional electron deceleration are presented. The ranges of control parameters where the squeezed state can form in such a system are revealed, and specific features of the system dynamics are analyzed. It is shown that the formation of a squeezed state of a nonrelativistic helical electron beam in a system with electron deceleration is accompanied by low-frequency longitudinal dynamics of the space charge.
18. Formation and nonlinear dynamics of the squeezed state of a helical electron beam with additional deceleration
SciTech Connect
Egorov, E. N. Koronovskii, A. A.; Kurkin, S. A.; Hramov, A. E.
2013-11-15
Results of numerical simulations and analysis of the formation and nonlinear dynamics of the squeezed state of a helical electron beam in a vircator with a magnetron injection gun as an electron source and with additional electron deceleration are presented. The ranges of control parameters where the squeezed state can form in such a system are revealed, and specific features of the system dynamics are analyzed. It is shown that the formation of a squeezed state of a nonrelativistic helical electron beam in a system with electron deceleration is accompanied by low-frequency longitudinal dynamics of the space charge.
19. Additive effects of electronic and nuclear energy losses in irradiation-induced amorphization of zircon
SciTech Connect
Zarkadoula, Eva; Toulemonde, Marcel; Weber, William J.
2015-12-28
We used a combination of ion cascades and the unified thermal spike model to study the electronic effects from 800 keV Kr and Xe ion irradiation in zircon. We compared the damage production for four cases: (a) due to ion cascades alone, (b) due to ion cascades with the electronic energy loss activated as a friction term, (c) due to the thermal spike from the combined electronic and nuclear energy losses, and (d) due to ion cascades with electronic stopping and the electron-phonon interactions superimposed. We found that taking the electronic energy loss out as a friction term results in reduced damage, while the electronic electron-phonon interactions have additive impact on the final damage created per ion.
20. Additive effects of electronic and nuclear energy loss in irradiation-induced amorphization of zircon
SciTech Connect
Zarkadoula, Eva; Toulemonde, Marcel; Weber, William J.
2015-12-29
We used a combination of ion cascades and the unified thermal spike model to study the electronic effects from 800 keV Kr and Xe ion irradiation in zircon. We compared the damage production for four cases: (a) due to ion cascades alone, (b) due to ion cascades with the electronic energy loss activated as a friction term, (c) due to the thermal spike from the combined electronic and nuclear energy losses, and (d) due to ion cascades with electronic stopping and the electron-phonon interactions superimposed. As a result, we found that taking the electronic energy loss out as a friction term results in reduced damage, while the electronic electron-phonon interactions have additive impact on the final damage created per ion.
1. Additive effects of electronic and nuclear energy loss in irradiation-induced amorphization of zircon
DOE PAGESBeta
Zarkadoula, Eva; Toulemonde, Marcel; Weber, William J.
2015-12-29
We used a combination of ion cascades and the unified thermal spike model to study the electronic effects from 800 keV Kr and Xe ion irradiation in zircon. We compared the damage production for four cases: (a) due to ion cascades alone, (b) due to ion cascades with the electronic energy loss activated as a friction term, (c) due to the thermal spike from the combined electronic and nuclear energy losses, and (d) due to ion cascades with electronic stopping and the electron-phonon interactions superimposed. As a result, we found that taking the electronic energy loss out as a frictionmore » term results in reduced damage, while the electronic electron-phonon interactions have additive impact on the final damage created per ion.« less
2. Effects of the acceptor unit in dyes with acceptor-bridge-donor architecture on the electron photo-injection mechanism and aggregation in DSSCs.
PubMed
Zarate, Ximena; Claveria-Cadiz, Francisca; Arias-Olivares, David; Rodriguez-Serrano, Angela; Inostroza, Natalia; Schott, Eduardo
2016-09-21
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are devices that convert light to electrical energy. Nowadays, researchers have focused on the understanding of the performance of dyes in solar cells. In this way, new efficient dyes have been obtained which can act as efficient light-harvesting compounds where the combination and the balance of acceptor(A)-bridge-donor(D) architectures confer suitable attributes and properties to the dye. Herein, we have carried out a DFT study on the optical and electronic properties of eight different A motifs and their influence on the electron photo-injection (PI) mechanisms through type I (indirect) or type II (direct) pathways in A-bridge-D dyes in DSSCs. The models consisted of thiophene as a bridge and triphenylamine as a D anchored to a TiO2 anatase cluster. All geometry optimizations were calculated using the B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP and BHandHLYP functionals combined with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set for C, H, N, O and S and the LANL2DZ pseudopotential for Ti atoms. Most of the A dyes display optoelectronic properties consistent with a type-I (indirect) mechanism except for the A5 dye where the results suggest a type-II (direct) PI pathway. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out in order to describe the formation of dye dimers and analyze the stability of the aggregates due to intermolecular interactions. The observed trends indicate that dyes with A2 and A5 anchoring groups have less tendency to dimerize due to weaker intermolecular interactions resulting in less stable dimer complexes. Specifically, we found that the A motif influences the PI by a dye and the dimerization profiles. PMID:27530076
3. Ion acceleration enhanced by additional neutralizing electrons in a magnetically expanding double layer plasma
SciTech Connect
Takahashi, Kazunori; Fujiwara, Tamiya
2010-10-15
Electrons neutralizing an ion beam are additionally supplied to a magnetically expanding double layer (DL) plasma from the downstream side of the DL. The rf power and the argon gas pressure are maintained at 200 W and 55 mPa, respectively, and the source magnetic field is varied in the range of about 70-550 G. It is observed that the ion beam energy corresponding to the DL potential drop increases up to 30 eV with an increase in the magnetic field when supplying the additional electrons, while it saturates at 20 eV for the case of the absence of the additional electrons. The supplied electrons are believed to be an energy source for the DL such that increasing the magnetic field is able to increase the potential drop beyond the limit found in the absence of the supplied electrons.
4. Atomic electron affinities and the role of symmetry between electron addition and subtraction in a corrected Koopmans approach.
PubMed
Teale, A M; De Proft, F; Geerlings, P; Tozer, D J
2014-07-28
The essential aspects of zero-temperature grand-canonical ensemble density-functional theory are reviewed in the context of spin-density-functional theory and are used to highlight the assumption of symmetry between electron addition and subtraction that underlies the corrected Koopmans approach of Tozer and De Proft (TDP) for computing electron affinities. The issue of symmetry is then investigated in a systematic study of atomic electron affinities, comparing TDP affinities with those from a conventional Koopmans evaluation and electronic energy differences. Although it cannot compete with affinities determined from energy differences, the TDP expression yields results that are a significant improvement over those from the conventional Koopmans expression. Key insight into the results from both expressions is provided by an analysis of plots of the electronic energy as a function of the number of electrons, which highlight the extent of symmetry between addition and subtraction. The accuracy of the TDP affinities is closely related to the nature of the orbitals involved in the electron addition and subtraction, being particularly poor in cases where there is a change in principal quantum number, but relatively accurate within a single manifold of orbitals. The analysis is then extended to a consideration of the ground state Mulliken electronegativity and chemical hardness. The findings further emphasize the key role of symmetry in determining the quality of the results. PMID:24406854
5. Pressure dependence of donor excitation spectra in AlSb
SciTech Connect
Hsu, L.; McCluskey, M.D.; Haller, E.E.
2002-01-16
We have investigated the behavior of ground to bound excited-state electronic transitions of Se and Te donors in AlSb as a function of hydrostatic pressure. Using broadband far-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, we observe qualitatively different behaviors of the electronic transition energies of the two donors. While the pressure derivative of the Te transition energy is small and constant, as might be expected for a shallow donor, the pressure derivatives of the Se transition energies are quadratic and large at low pressures, indicating that Se is actually a deep donor. In addition, at pressures between 30 and 50 kbar, we observe evidence of an anti-crossing between one of the selenium electronic transitions and a two-phonon mode.
6. Effective treatment of alkaline Cr(VI) contaminated leachate using a novel Pd-bionanocatalyst: Impact of electron donor and aqueous geochemistry
PubMed Central
Watts, Mathew P.; Coker, Victoria S.; Parry, Stephen A.; Thomas, Russell A.P.; Kalin, Robert; Lloyd, Jonathan R.
2015-01-01
Palladium catalysts offer the potential for the effective treatment of a variety of priority reducible pollutants in natural waters. In this study, microbially synthesized magnetite nanoparticles were functionalized with Pd(0), creating a highly reactive, magnetically recoverable, nano-scale catalyst (Pd-BnM). This was then investigated for the treatment of model Cr(VI) contaminated solutions at a range of pH values, and also alkaline Cr(VI) contaminated leachates from chromite ore processing residue (COPR); a contaminant issue of global concern. The sample of COPR used in this study was obtained from a site in Glasgow, UK, where extensive Cr(VI) contamination has been reported. In initial experiments Pd-BnM was supplied with H2 gas or formate as electron donors, and Cr(VI) removal from model synthetic solutions was quantified at various pH values (2–12). Effective removal was noted at neutral to environmentally relevant alkaline (pH 12) pH values, while the use of formate as an electron donor resulted in loss of performance under acidic conditions (pH 2). Reaction kinetics were then assessed with increasing Pd-BnM loading in both model pH 12 Cr(VI) solutions and the COPR leachate. When formate was used as the electron donor for Pd-BnM, to treat COPR leachate, there was significant inhibition of Cr(VI) removal. In contrast, a promotion of reaction rate, was observed when H2 was employed. Upon sustained reaction with model Cr(VI) solutions, in the presence of excess electron donor (formate or H2), appreciable quantities of Cr(VI) were removed before eventual inactivation of the catalyst. Faster onset of inactivation was reported in the COPR leachates, removing 4% and 64% of Cr(VI) observed from model Cr(VI) solutions, when formate and H2 were used as electron donors, respectively. XAS, TEM-EDX and XPS analysis of the catalysts that had been inactivated in the model solution, showed that the surface had an extensive covering of reduced Cr(III), most likely as a Cr
7. Quadrupolar effects on nuclear spins of neutral arsenic donors in silicon
Franke, David P.; Pflüger, Moritz P. D.; Mortemousque, Pierre-André; Itoh, Kohei M.; Brandt, Martin S.
2016-04-01
We present electrically detected electron nuclear double resonance measurements of the nuclear spins of ionized and neutral arsenic donors in strained silicon. In addition to a reduction of the hyperfine coupling, we find significant quadrupole interactions of the nuclear spin of the neutral donors of the order of 10 kHz. By comparing these to the quadrupole shifts due to crystal fields measured for the ionized donors, we identify the effect of the additional electron on the electric field gradient at the nucleus. This extra component is expected to be caused by the coupling to electric field gradients created due to changes in the electron wave function under strain.
8. An alternate photosynthetic electron donor system for PSI supports light dependent nitrogen fixation in a non-heterocystous cyanobacterium, Plectonema boryanum.
PubMed
Misra, Hari S; Khairnar, Nivedita P; Mahajan, Suresh K
2003-01-01
Plectonema boryanum exhibits temporal separation of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation under diazotrophic conditions. During nitrogen fixation, the photosynthetic electron transport chain becomes impaired, which leads to the uncoupling of the PSII and PSI activities. A 30-40% increase in PSI activity and continuous generation of ATP through light-dependent processes seem to support the nitrogen fixation. The use of an artificial electron carrier that shuttles electrons between the plastoquinone pool and plastocyanin, bypassing cytochrome b/f complex, enhanced the photosynthetic electron transport activity five to six fold during nitrogen fixation. Measuring of full photosynthetic electron transport activity using methyl voilogen as a terminal acceptor revealed that the photosynthetic electron transport components beyond plastocyanin might be functional. Further, glycolate can act as a source of electrons for PSI for the nitrogen fixing cells, which have residual PSII activity. Under conditions when PSI becomes largely independent of PSII and glycolate provides electrons for PSI activity, the light-dependent nitrogen fixation also was stimulated by glycolate. These results suggest that during nitrogen fixation, when the photosynthetic electron transport from PSII is inhibited at the level of cytochrome b/f complex, an alternate electron donor system for PSI may be required for the cells to carry out light dependent nitrogen fixation. PMID:12685043
9. Vinylogous tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) {pi}-electron donors and derived radical cations: ESR spectroscopic, magnetic, and X-ray structural studies
SciTech Connect
Bryce, M.R.; Moore, A.J.; Tanner, B.K.
1996-06-01
The properties of new 2,2-ethanediylidene(1,3-diethile) derivatives 5, 6 and 8-11 are reported. Cyclic voltammetric studies establish that they are efficient donor molecules, with the extended conjugation resulting in stabilization of dications, relative to tetrathiafulvalene TTF (1). Radical cations are generated by oxidation of the neutral compounds with trifluoroacetic acid or anhydrous silver perchlorate in dichloromethane, and their ESR and proton ENDOR spectra are reported. The bulk of the spin population resides in the central S{sub 2} {double_bond}C-C{double_bond}CS{sub 2} part of the {pi}-system. The X-ray crystal structure of donor 6 reveals that the 2,2-ethanediylidene(1,3-dithiole) framework is planar. Donor 6 forms a crystalline 1:1 charge-transfer complex with TCNQ, the X-ray crystal structure of which shows a mixed stack structure. A solution of this complex in acetonitrile exhibits ESR spectra of both radical ions, 6{sup {lg_bullet}}{sup +} and TCNQ{sup {lg_bullet}}{sup +}. Static susceptibility data are reported for TCNQ complexes of some of these donors. 20 refs., 9 figs., 7 tabs.
10. Spectroscopic properties and electronic structure of five- and six-coordinate iron(II) porphyrin NO complexes: Effect of the axial N-donor ligand.
PubMed
Praneeth, V K K; Näther, Christian; Peters, Gerhard; Lehnert, Nicolai
2006-04-01
In this paper, the differences in the spectroscopic properties and electronic structures of five- and six-coordinate iron(II) porphyrin NO complexes are explored using [Fe(TPP)(NO)] (1; TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) and [Fe(TPP)(MI)(NO)] (2; MI = 1-methylimidazole) type systems. Binding of N-donor ligands in axial position trans to NO to five-coordinate complexes of type 1 is investigated using UV-vis absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopies. This way, the corresponding binding constants Keq are determined and the 1H NMR spectra of 1 and 2 are assigned for the first time. In addition, 1H NMR allows for the determination of the degree of denitrosylation in solutions of 1 with excess base. The influence of the axial ligand on the properties of the coordinated NO is then investigated. Vibrational spectra (IR and Raman) of 1 and 2 are presented and assigned using isotope substitution and normal-coordinate analysis. Obtained force constants are 12.53 (N-O) and 2.98 mdyn/A (Fe-NO) for 1 compared to 11.55 (N-O) and 2.55 mdyn/A (Fe-NO) for 2. Together with the NMR results, this provides experimental evidence that binding of the trans ligand weakens the Fe-NO bond. The principal bonding schemes of 1 and 2 are very similar. In both cases, the Fe-N-O subunit is strongly bent. Donation from the singly occupied pi* orbital of NO into d(z2) of iron(II) leads to the formation of an Fe-NO sigma bond. In addition, a medium-strong pi back-bond is present in these complexes. The most important difference in the electronic structures of 1 and 2 occurs for the Fe-NO sigma bond, which is distinctively stronger for 1 in agreement with the experimental force constants. The increased sigma donation from NO in 1 also leads to a significant transfer of spin density from NO to iron, as has been shown by magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy in a preceding Communication (Praneeth, V. K. K.; Neese, F.; Lehnert, N. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 2570-2572). This is confirmed by the 1H NMR results
11. In Situ Generation of Electron Donor to Assist Signal Amplification on Porphyrin-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures for Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay.
PubMed
Shu, Jian; Qiu, Zhenli; Zhuang, Junyang; Xu, Mingdi; Tang, Dianping
2015-10-28
An ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassay protocol for quantitative detection of low-abundant proteins at a low potential was designed by utilizing porphyrin-sensitized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures. Experimental results demonstrated that the water-soluble 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfophenyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (TSPP) could be bound onto titanium dioxide via the sulfonic group. TSPP-sensitized TiO2 nanostructures exhibited better photoelectrochemical responses and stability in comparison with TiO2 nanoparticles alone under continuous illumination. Using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a model analyte, a typical PEC immunosensor by using TSPP-TiO2 as the affinity support of anti-CEA capture antibody (Ab1) to facilitate the improvement of photocurrent response was developed. Bioconjugates of secondary antibody and glucose oxidase with gold nanoparticles (Ab2/GOx-AuNPs) was introduced by an antigen-antibody immunoreaction. AuNP acted as a powerful scaffold to bind with bioactive molecules, while GOx catalyzed glucose to in situ generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The generated H2O2 as a sacrificial electron donor could be oxidized by the photogenerated holes to assist the signal amplification at a low potential under light excitation, thus eliminating interference from other species coexisting in the samples. Under optimal conditions, the PEC immunosensor showed a good linear relationship ranging from 0.02 to 40 ng mL(-1) with a low detection limit of 6 pg mL(-1) CEA. The precision, reproducibility, and specificity were acceptable. In addition, the method accuracy was also evaluated for quantitatively monitoring human serum samples, giving results matching with the referenced CEA ELISA kit. PMID:26451956
12. Ligand structure, conformational dynamics, and excited-state electron delocalization for control of photoinduced electron transfer rates in synthetic donor-bridge-acceptor systems.
PubMed
Meylemans, Heather A; Lei, Chi-Fong; Damrauer, Niels H
2008-05-19
Synthesis, ground-, and excited-state properties are reported for two new electron donor-bridge-acceptor (D-B-A) molecules and two new photophysical model complexes. The D-B-A molecules are [Ru(bpy)2(bpy-phi-MV)](PF6)4 (3) and [Ru(tmb)2(bpy-phi-MV)](PF6)4 (4), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, tmb is 4,4',5,5'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, MV is methyl viologen, and phi is a phenylene spacer. Their model complexes are [Ru(bpy)2(p-tol-bpy)](PF6)2 (1) and [Ru(tmb)2(p-tol-bpy)](PF6)2 (2), where p-tolyl-bpy is 4-(p-tolyl)-2,2'-bipyridine. Photophysical characterization of 1 and 2 indicates that 2.17 eV and 2.12 eV are stored in their respective (3)MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excited state. These values along with electrochemical measurements show that photoinduced electron transfer (D*-B-A-->D (+)-B-A(-)) is favorable in 3 and 4 with DeltaG degrees(ET)=-0.52 eV and -0.62 eV, respectively. The driving force for the reverse process (D(+)-B-A(-) --> D-B-A) is also reported: DeltaG degrees(BET)=-1.7 eV for 3 and -1.5 eV for 4. Transient absorption (TA) spectra for 3 and 4 in 298 K acetonitrile provide evidence that reduced methyl viologen is observable at 50 ps following excitation. Detailed TA kinetics confirm this, and the data are fit to a model to determine both forward (k(ET)) and back (k(BET)) electron transfer rate constants: k(ET)=2.6 x 10(10) s(-1) for 3 and 2.8 x 10(10) s(-1) for 4; k(BET)=0.62 x 10(10) s(-1) for 3 and 1.37 x 10(10) s(-1) for 4. The similar rate constants k ET for 3 and 4 despite a 100 meV driving force (DeltaG degrees(ET)) increase suggests that forward electron transfer in these molecules in room temperature acetonitrile is nearly barrierless as predicted by the Marcus theory. The reduction in electron transfer reorganization energy necessary for this barrierless reactivity is attributed to excited-state electron delocalization in the (3)MLCT excited states of 3 and 4, an effect that is made possible by excited-state conformational
13. cis-Acting sequences in addition to donor and acceptor sites are required for template switching during synthesis of plus-strand DNA for duck hepatitis B virus.
PubMed Central
Havert, M B; Loeb, D D
1997-01-01
A characteristic of all hepadnaviruses is the relaxed-circular conformation of the DNA genome within an infectious virion. Synthesis of the relaxed-circular genome by reverse transcription requires three template switches. These template switches, as for the template switches or strand transfers of other reverse-transcribing genetic elements, require repeated sequences (the donor and acceptor sites) between which a complementary strand of nucleic acid is transferred. The mechanism for each of the template switches in hepadnaviruses is poorly understood. To determine whether sequences other than the donor and acceptor sites are involved in the template switches of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), a series of molecular clones which express viral genomes bearing deletion mutations were analyzed. We found that three regions of the DHBV genome, which are distinct from the donor and acceptor sites, are required for the synthesis of relaxed-circular DNA. One region, located near the 3' end of the minus-strand template, is required for the template switch that circularizes the genome. The other two regions, located in the middle of the genome and near DR2, appear to be required for plus-strand primer translocation. We speculate that these cis-acting sequences may play a role in the organization of the minus-strand DNA template within the capsid particle so that it supports efficient template switching during plus-strand DNA synthesis. PMID:9188603
14. Photocurrent enhancement in nonpolar liquids by the addition of electron scavengers
SciTech Connect
Howell, G.A.; Lee, K.; Tweeten, D.W.; Lipsky, S.
1988-07-14
The photocurrent from anthracene, triphenylamine, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine excited above their ionization thresholds in liquid n-pentane or n-hexane is found to be enhanced by the addition of low concentrations (/approx lt/0.02 M) of the electron scavengers perfluoromethylcyclohexane or perfluorodecalin. The enhancement is not observed in solvents of higher electron mobility (e.g.,. cyclohexane, isooctane, etc.) or for scavengers of lower electron affinity (e.g., n-perfluorohexane). For the solute naphthalene, no enhancement is observed under any conditions. The effects of excitation energy and applied electric field strength are reported.
15. Mixed-Color Multiphoton Transitions as Additional Quantum Channels for Electron Photoemission
Huang, Wayne; Becker, Maria; Beck, Joshua; Batelaan, Herman
2016-05-01
We demonstrate mixed-color electron photoemission from tungsten nanotips. In the experiment, second-harmonic photons were introduced to modify the multiphoton emission process. A twofold increase in quantum efficiency results from the opening up of an additional three-photon quantum channel. The super-additive photoelectron signal can be controlled by input power, field polarization, and pulse overlap. The results of our study provide new prospects for quantum photonics, multiphoton microscopy, and spin-polarized electron sources. We acknowledge supports from NSF, Grant Number 1306565, 1430519. NSF Grant Number 1306565, 1430519.
16. Spectral investigations of multiple charge transfer complex of p-nitrophenol as an electron acceptor with donor p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Naeem, A.; Khan, I. M.; Ahmad, A.
2011-10-01
The convincing evidence have been given that both the interactions π-π and π-π* (between p-nitrophenol ( p-NTP) and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( p-DAB)) are simultaneously involved. This has been established by using IR spectrometry. Association constant K evaluated by the method of Foster under the condition [A]0 = [D]0 with apply in this equation, [A]0/ A = 1/ Kɛλ[D]0 + 2/ɛλ, where [A]0 is the initial concentration of acceptor equal to [D]0, A is the absorbance of the complex at λ, K is the association constant, and ɛλ is the molar absorptivity of the complex at λ. In the IR spectral studies of several related organic compounds, one comes to the conclusion that p-NTP shows a broad band centred at 1600 cm-1 and to nitro asymmetric stretching vibrations. In the complex while the 1500 cm-1 band remains without shift, the broad band localized at 1600 cm-1 shift to 1610 cm-1. A shift of 10 cm-1 shows weak interactions. Studies on molecular complexes of organ metallic donors and acceptors are of very recent origin. Though alkyl donors have been extensively studied, very few studies have appeared on aryl donors.
17. Reduction of electron accumulation at InN(0001) surfaces via saturation of surface states by potassium and oxygen as donor- or acceptor-type adsorbates
SciTech Connect
Eisenhardt, A.; Reiß, S.; Krischok, S. Himmerlich, M.
2014-01-28
The influence of selected donor- and acceptor-type adsorbates on the electronic properties of InN(0001) surfaces is investigated implementing in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy. The changes in work function, surface band alignment, and chemical bond configurations are characterized during deposition of potassium and exposure to oxygen. Although an expected opponent charge transfer characteristic is observed with potassium donating its free electron to InN, while dissociated oxygen species extract partial charge from the substrate, a reduction of the surface electron accumulation occurs in both cases. This observation can be explained by adsorbate-induced saturation of free dangling bonds at the InN resulting in the disappearance of surface states, which initially pin the Fermi level and induce downward band bending.
18. Catchment topography and distribution of electron donors for denitrification control stream NO3- concentration in the Lake Hachiro watershed, Akita, Japan
Hayakawa, A.; Funaki, Y.; Sudo, T.; Watanabe, S.; Ishikawa, Y.; Hidaka, S.
2012-12-01
Topography and distribution of electron donors for denitrification in a catchment can control stream NO3- concentration. We examined the linkages between topography, distribution of electron donors and the importance of denitrification as a nitrate removal mechanism in headwater streams in the Lake Hachiro watershed (LHW) at Akita prefecture, Japan. Study sites are 35 headwater streams (0.07-16.9 km2) in the LHW. Streamwater in each catchment was sampled nine times for two years. Stream sediments which can represent a surface soil and geology in a catchment were collected from a top 5 cm of a streambed for a measurement of denitrification potential (DP) and electron donors (water soluble organic carbon, WESOC; easily oxidizable sulfide, EOS). Dissolved nitrous oxide (dN2O) concentration in streamwater was also measured. Topographic index (TI) in each catchment was calculated using 10 m-grid digital elevation model using GIS. Stream NO3- concentrations among catchments had a large spatial variability ranging from 0.06 to 0.52 mg N L-1 and were negatively correlated with TI significantly (r = 0.56, p < 0.01, n = 35), indicated NO3- was removed in a gentle-slope catchment. Sediment DP and dN2O concentration were positively correlated with TI, supporting that denitrification was a dominant mechanism of NO3- removal in such catchments. The WSOC content in the sediment, the primary predictor of denitrification rates, increased with TI and affected sediment DP, significantly. Stream NO3- concentrations tended to decrease with increasing of stream SO42- concentrations and log(EOS) contents in the sediments, indicating sulfur denitrification could occur in the catchments, although the distribution of log(EOS) was independent of TI. Multiple regression analysis showed TI, sediment DP, and log(EOS) content in the sediment affected concentration of stream NO3- significantly. This study demonstrated that catchment's topography and distribution of electron donors evaluated from
19. A Continuous Flow Column Study of the Anaerobic Transformation of a CAH Mixture of Tetrachloroethene and Carbon Tetrachloride Using Formate as an Electron Donor
Semprini, L.; Azizian, M. F.; Kim, Y.
2011-12-01
Many groundwater sites are contaminated with mixtures of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) that represent a challenge when biological remediation processes are being considered. This is especially challenging when high concentrations of CAHs are present.Trichloromethane (CF), for example, has been observed to inhibit and potentially exert toxicity on reductive dehalogenation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE). Results will be presented from a continuous flow column study where the simultaneous transformation of PCE and carbon tetrachloride (CT) was achieved. The column was packed with a quartz sand and bioaugmented with the Evanite Culture (EV) that is capable of transforming PCE to ethene. The column was fed a synthetic groundwater that was amended with PCE to achieve an influent concentration near its solubility limit (0.10 mM) and formate (1.5 mM) that reacts to produce hydrogen as the ultimate electron donor. The column was operated for over 1600 days prior to the addition of CT. During this period PCE was transformed mainly to vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene (ETH) and minor amounts of cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and TCE. The transformation extent achieved based on the column effluent concentrations ranged from about 50% ETH, 30% VC, and 20 cis-DCE up to 80% ETH and 20% VC. When the column was fed sulfate, it was completely transformed via sulfate reduction. Ferrous iron production from ferric iron reduction was observed early in the study. Acetate was also formed as a result of homoacetogenesis from hydrogen utilization. CT addition (0.015 mM) was started at 1600 days while PCE addition was continued. During the first 25 days of CT addition, CT concentrations gradually increased to 50% of the injection concentration and chloromethane (CM) and CF were observed as transformation products. CT concentrations then decreased with over 98% transformation achieved.CM was removed to below the detection limit and CF concentration decreases to
20. Different Effect of the Additional Electron-Withdrawing Cyano Group in Different Conjugation Bridge: The Adjusted Molecular Energy Levels and Largely Improved Photovoltaic Performance.
PubMed
Li, Huiyang; Fang, Manman; Hou, Yingqin; Tang, Runli; Yang, Yizhou; Zhong, Cheng; Li, Qianqian; Li, Zhen
2016-05-18
Four organic sensitizers (LI-68-LI-71) bearing various conjugated bridges were designed and synthesized, in which the only difference between LI-68 and LI-69 (or LI-70 and LI-71) was the absence/presence of the CN group as the auxiliary electron acceptor. Interestingly, compared to the reference dye of LI-68, LI-69 bearing the additional CN group exhibited the bad performance with the decreased Jsc and Voc values. However, once one thiophene moiety near the anchor group was replaced by pyrrole with the electron-rich property, the resultant LI-71 exhibited a photoelectric conversion efficiency increase by about 3 folds from 2.75% (LI-69) to 7.95% (LI-71), displaying the synergistic effect of the two moieties (CN and pyrrole). Computational analysis disclosed that pyrrole as the auxiliary electron donor (D') in the conjugated bridge can compensate for the lower negative charge in the electron acceptor, which was caused by the CN group as the electron trap, leading to the more efficient electron injection and better photovoltaic performance. PMID:27101840
1. The effect of additives on charge decay in electron-beam charged polypropylene films
Hillenbrand, J; Motz, T; Sessler, G M; Zhang, X; Behrendt, N; von Salis-Soglio, C; Erhard, D P; Altstädt, V; Schmidt, H-W
2009-03-01
The charge decay in isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) films of 50 µm thickness, containing three kinds of additives, namely a trisamide, a bisamide and a fluorinated compound, with concentrations in the range 0.004-1 wt% was studied. Compression molding was used to produce the films. The samples were either surface-charged by a corona method or volume-charged by mono-energetic electron beams of different energies, having penetration depths up to 6 µm. In all cases, surface potentials of about 200 V were chosen. After charging the films, the decay of the surface potential was studied either by an isothermal discharge method at 90 °C or by thermally stimulated discharge measurements. The results show a dependence of the decay rate on the kind of additive used, on additive concentration and on the energy of the injected charges. In particular, for samples with fluorinated additives, the stability of the surface potential decreases markedly with increasing electron energy, while such a dependence is very weak for samples containing the bisamide additive and does not exist at all for samples with the trisamide additive. These observations are tentatively explained by the radiation-induced generation of relatively mobile negative ions originating from the bisamide and fluorinated additives.
2. Electronic energy and electron transfer processes in photoexcited donor-acceptor dyad and triad molecular systems based on triphenylene and perylene diimide units.
PubMed
Lee, K J; Woo, J H; Kim, E; Xiao, Y; Su, X; Mazur, L M; Attias, A-J; Fages, F; Cregut, O; Barsella, A; Mathevet, F; Mager, L; Wu, J W; D'Aléo, A; Ribierre, J-C
2016-03-01
We investigate the photophysical properties of organic donor-acceptor dyad and triad molecular systems based on triphenylene and perylene diimide units linked by a non-conjugated flexible bridge in solution using complementary optical spectroscopy techniques. When these molecules are diluted in dichloromethane solution, energy transfer from the triphenylene to the perylene diimide excited moieties is evidenced by time-resolved fluorescence measurements resulting in a quenching of the emission from the triphenylene moieties. Simultaneously, another quenching process that affects the emission from both donor and acceptor units is observed. Solution ultrafast transient absorption measurements provide evidence of photo-induced charge transfer from either the donor or the acceptor depending upon the excitation. Overall, the analysis of the detailed time-resolved spectroscopic measurements carried out in the dyad and triad systems as well as in the triphenylene and perylene diimide units alone provides useful information both to better understand the relations between energy and charge transfer processes with molecular structures, and for the design of future functional dyad and triad architectures based on donor and acceptor moieties for organic optoelectronic applications. PMID:26911420
3. Self-Assembly of Electron Donor-Acceptor-Based Carbazole Derivatives: Novel Fluorescent Organic Nanoprobes for Both One- and Two-Photon Cellular Imaging.
PubMed
Zhang, Jinfeng; Chen, Wencheng; Kalytchuk, Sergii; Li, King Fai; Chen, Rui; Adachi, Chihaya; Chen, Zhan; Rogach, Andrey L; Zhu, Guangyu; Yu, Peter K N; Zhang, Wenjun; Cheah, Kok Wai; Zhang, Xiaohong; Lee, Chun-Sing
2016-05-11
In this study, we report fluorescent organic nanoprobes with intense blue, green, and orange-red emissions prepared by self-assembling three carbazole derivatives into nanorods/nanoparticles. The three compounds consist of two or four electron-donating carbazole groups linked to a central dicyanobenzene electron acceptor. Steric hindrance from the carbazole groups leads to noncoplanar 3D molecular structures favorable to fluorescence in the solid state, while the donor-acceptor structures endow the molecules with good two-photon excited emission properties. The fluorescent organic nanoprobes exhibit good water dispersibility, low cytotoxicity, superior resistance against photodegradation and photobleaching. Both one- and two-photon fluorescent imaging were shown in the A549 cell line. Two-photon fluorescence imaging with the fluorescent probes was demonstrated to be more effective in visualizing and distinguishing cellular details compared to conventional one-photon fluorescence imaging. PMID:27097920
4. Rational design of aggregation-induced emission luminogen with weak electron donor-acceptor interaction to achieve highly efficient undoped bilayer OLEDs.
PubMed
Chen, Long; Jiang, Yibin; Nie, Han; Hu, Rongrong; Kwok, Hoi Sing; Huang, Fei; Qin, Anjun; Zhao, Zujin; Tang, Ben Zhong
2014-10-01
In this work, two tailored luminogens (TPE-NB and TPE-PNPB) consisting of tetraphenylethene (TPE), diphenylamino, and dimesitylboryl as a π-conjugated linkage, electron donor, and electron acceptor, respectively, are synthesized and characterized. Their thermal stabilities, photophysical properties, solvachromism, fluorescence decays, electronic structures, electrochemical behaviors, and electroluminescence (EL) properties are investigated systematically, and the impacts of electron donor-acceptor (D-A) interaction on optoelectronic properties are discussed. Due to the presence of a TPE unit, both luminogens show aggregation-induced emission, but strong D-A interaction causes a decrease in emission efficiency and red-shifts in photoluminescence and EL emissions. The luminogen, TPE-PNPB, with a weak D-A interaction fluoresces strongly in solid film with a high fluorescence quantum yield of 94%. The trilayer OLED [ITO/NPB (60 nm)/TPE-PNPB (20 nm)/TPBi (40 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm)] utilizing TPE-PNPB as a light emitter shows a peak luminance of 49 993 cd m(-2) and high EL efficiencies up to 15.7 cd A(-1), 12.9 lm W(-1), and 5.12%. The bilayer OLED [ITO/TPE-PNPB (80 nm)/TPBi (40 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm)] adopting TPE-PNPB as a light emitter and hole transporter simultaneously affords even better EL efficiencies of 16.2 cd A(-1), 14.4 lm W(-1), and 5.35% in ambient air, revealing that TPE-PNPB is an eximious p-type light emitter. PMID:25254940
5. Properties of Inconel 625 Mesh Structures Grown by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing
SciTech Connect
List III, Frederick Alyious; Dehoff, Ryan R; Lowe, Larry E; Sames, William J
2014-01-01
Relationships between electron beam parameters (beam current, beam speed, and beam focus) and physical properties (mass, diameter, elastic modulus, and yield strength) have been investigated for Inconel 625 mesh cubes fabricated using an additive manufacturing technology based on electron beam melting. The elastic modulus and yield strength of the mesh cubes have been systematically varied by approximately a factor of ten by changing the electron beam parameters. Simple models have been used to understand better these relationships. Structural anisotropies of the mesh associated with the layered build architecture have been observed and may contribute, along with microstructural anisotropies, to the anisotropic mechanical properties of the mesh. Knowledge of this kind is likely applicable to other metal and alloy systems and is essential to rapidly realize the full potential of this burgeoning technology.
6. Influence of modifying additives on the electronic state of supported palladium
Pestryakov, A. N.; Lunin, V. V.; Fuentes, S.; Bogdanchikova, N.; Barrera, A.
2003-01-01
The influence of modifying additives of Ce, Zr, La and Cs oxides on the electronic state of palladium supported on γ-Al 2O 3 has been studied by IR-spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and H 2 chemisorption. The modified supports have been prepared using impregnation, coprecipitation and sol-gel methods. It is established that Ce and Zr oxide additives increase the effective charge of palladium ions whereas La and Cs oxides lower it. The effect of metal-support interaction is stronger in samples prepared by sol-gel than by coprecipitation
7. Documented deaths of hepatic lobe donors for living donor liver transplantation.
PubMed
Trotter, James F; Adam, Rene; Lo, Chung Mau; Kenison, Jeremy
2006-10-01
The actual risk of death in hepatic lobe donors for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is unknown because of the lack of a comprehensive database. In the absence of a definitive estimate of the risk of donor death, the medical literature has become replete with anecdotal reports of donor deaths, many of which cannot be substantiated. Because donor death is one of the most important outcomes of LDLT, we performed a comprehensive survey of the medical and lay literature to provide a referenced source of worldwide donor deaths. We reviewed all published articles from the medical literature on LDLT and searched the lay literature for donor deaths from 1989 to February 2006. We classified each death as "definitely," "possibly," or "unlikely" related to donor surgery. We identified 19 donor deaths (and one additional donor in a chronic vegetative state). Thirteen deaths and the vegetative donor were "definitely," 2 were "possibly," and 4 were "unlikely" related to donor surgery. The estimated rate of donor death "definitely" related to donor surgery is 0.15%. The rate of donor death which is "definitely" or "possibly" related to the donor surgery is 0.20%. This analysis provides a source document of all identifiable living liver donor deaths, provides a better estimate of donor death rate, and may provide an impetus for centers with unreported deaths to submit these outcomes to the liver transplantation community. PMID:16952175
8. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and protons using water as an electron donor over potassium tantalate nanoflakes
Li, Kimfung; Handoko, Albertus D.; Khraisheh, Majeda; Tang, Junwang
2014-07-01
amounts of CH4 is produced from CO2 photoreduction. Upon addition of a silver cocatalyst on KTO, the reduction selectivity has been controlled to favour CO2 photoreduction, and the CO2 to CO yield has been doubled compared to bare KTaO3. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Borosilicate glass transmittance spectrum and whole XRD pattern fitting (LeBail) results. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01490a
9. Mechanism of inner-sphere electron transfer via charge-transfer (precursor) complexes. Redox energetics of aromatic donors with the nitrosonium acceptor.
PubMed
Rosokha, S V; Kochi, J K
2001-09-19
Spontaneous formation of colored (1:1) complexes of various aromatic donors (ArH) with the nitrosonium acceptor (NO+) is accompanied by the appearance of two new (charge-transfer) absorption bands in the UV-vis spectrum. IR spectral and X-ray crystallographic analyses of the [ArH,NO+] complexes reveal their inner-sphere character by the ArH/NO+ separation that is substantially less than the van der Waals contact and by the significant enlargement of the aromatic chromophore. The reversible interchange between such an inner-sphere complex [ArH,NO+] and the redox product (ArH+.+ NO.) is quantitatively assessed for the first time to establish it as the critical intermediate in the overall electron-transfer process. Theoretical formulation of the NO+ binding to ArH is examined by LCAO-MO methodology sufficient to allow the unambiguous assignment of the pair of diagnostic (UV-vis) spectral bands. The MO treatment also provides quantitative insight into the high degree of charge-transfer extant in these inner-sphere complexes as a function of the HOMO-LUMO gap for the donor/acceptor pair. The relative stabilization of [ArH,NO+] is traced directly to the variation in the electronic coupling element H(AB), which is found to be substantially larger than the reorganization energy (lambda/2). In Sutin's development of Marcus-Hush theory, this inequality characterizes a completely delocalized Class III complex (which occupies a single potential well) according to the Robin-Day classification. The mechanistic relevance of such an unusual (precursor) complex to the inner-sphere mechanism for organic electron transfer is discussed. PMID:11552806
10. Electronic and Spatial Structures of Water-Soluble Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes with Thiol-Containing Ligands Underlying Their Ability to Act as Nitric Oxide and Nitrosonium Ion Donors
PubMed Central
Vanin, Anatoly F.; Burbaev, Dosymzhan Sh.
2011-01-01
The ability of mononuclear dinitrosyl iron commplexes (M-DNICs) with thiolate ligands to act as NO donors and to trigger S-nitrosation of thiols can be explain only in the paradigm of the model of the [Fe+(NO+)2] core ({Fe(NO)2}7 according to the Enemark-Feltham classification). Similarly, the {(RS−)2Fe+(NO+)2}+ structure describing the distribution of unpaired electron density in M-DNIC corresponds to the low-spin (S = 1/2) state with a d7 electron configuration of the iron atom and predominant localization of the unpaired electron on MO(dz2) and the square planar structure of M-DNIC. On the other side, the formation of molecular orbitals of M-DNIC including orbitals of the iron atom, thiolate and nitrosyl ligands results in a transfer of electron density from sulfur atoms to the iron atom and nitrosyl ligands. Under these conditions, the positive charge on the nitrosyl ligands diminishes appreciably, the interaction of the ligands with hydroxyl ions or with thiols slows down and the hydrolysis of nitrosyl ligands and the S-nitrosating effect of the latter are not manifested. Most probably, the S-nitrosating effect of nitrosyl ligands is a result of weak binding of thiolate ligands to the iron atom under conditions favoring destabilization of M-DNIC. PMID:22505886
11. Charge transport and exciton dissociation in organic solar cells consisting of dipolar donors mixed with C70
Griffith, Olga L.; Liu, Xiao; Amonoo, Jojo A.; Djurovich, Peter I.; Thompson, Mark E.; Green, Peter F.; Forrest, Stephen R.
2015-08-01
We investigate dipolar donor materials mixed with a C70 acceptor in an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell. Dipolar donors that have donor-acceptor-acceptor (d-a-a') structure result in high conductivity pathways due to close coupling between neighboring molecules in the mixed films. We analyze the charge transfer properties of the dipolar donor:C70 mixtures and corresponding neat donors using a combination of time-resolved electroluminescence from intermolecular polaron pair states and conductive tip atomic force microscopy, from which we infer that dimers of the d-a-a' donors tend to form a continuous network of nanocrystalline clusters within the blends. Additional insights are provided by quantum-mechanical calculations of hole transfer coupling and hopping rates between donor molecules using nearest-neighbor donor packing motifs taken from crystal structural data. The approximation using only nearest-neighbor interactions leads to good agreement between donor hole hopping rates and the conductive properties of the donor:C70 blends. This represents a significant simplification from requiring details of the nano- and mesoscale morphologies of thin films to estimate their electronic characteristics. Using these dipolar donors, we obtain a maximum power conversion efficiency of 9.6 ±0.5 % under 1 sun, AM1.5G simulated illumination for an OPV comprised of an active layer containing a dipolar donor mixed with C70.
12. Syntheses and spectroscopic and quadratic nonlinear optical properties of extended dipolar complexes with ruthenium(II) ammine electron donor and N-methylpyridinium acceptor groups.
PubMed
Coe, Benjamin J; Jones, Lathe A; Harris, James A; Brunschwig, Bruce S; Asselberghs, Inge; Clays, Koen; Persoons, André; Garín, Javier; Orduna, Jesús
2004-03-31
In this paper, we describe the extremely unusual optical properties of Ru(II)-based electron donor-acceptor (D-A) polyene and some closely related chromophores. For three different polyene series, the intense, visible d-->pi* metal-to-ligand charge-transfer bands unexpectedly blue-shift as the number of E-ethylene units (n) increases from 1 to 3, and the static first hyperpolarizabilities beta(0) determined via hyper-Rayleigh scattering and Stark spectroscopy maximize at n = 2, in marked contrast to other known D-A polyenes in which beta(0) increases steadily with n. Time-dependent density-functional theory and finite field calculations verify these empirical trends, which arise from the orbital structures of the complexes. This study illustrates that transition metal-based nonlinear optical chromophores can show very different behavior when compared with their more thoroughly studied purely organic counterparts. PMID:15038742
13. Infrared and Raman analyses of the halogen-bonded non-covalent adducts formed by α,ω-diiodoperfluoroalkanes with DABCO and other electron donors
Messina, M. T.; Metrangolo, P.; Navarrini, W.; Radice, S.; Resnati, G.; Zerbi, G.
2000-06-01
An attractive intermolecular interaction which has been called "halogen bonding" exists between the nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms present in HC motifs and the iodine atom of PFC residues. The "halogen bonding" is strong enough to overcome the low affinity existing between PFC and HC compounds, driving their self-assembly into supramolecular architectures. The non-covalent co-polymer formed by 1,2-diiodotetrafluoroethane with diazabicyclooctane has been prepared and characterised by FT-IR and -Raman spectroscopies. We propose the changes shown by the vibrational spectra of single PFC and HC components when involved in halogen bonded co-polymers as diagnostic probes of the interaction and as tools to rank the electron-donor ability of differently heteroatom substituted hydrocarbons.
14. Ab initio MO based lattice energy for molecular crystals: packing structure of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex H 3N-BF 3
Ikeda, Tohru; Nagayoshi, Kanade; Kitaura, Kazuo
2003-03-01
A computational procedure is proposed for calculating the lattice energy of molecular crystals using the ab initio MO method. Our method does not require any adjustable parameters and provides a general description for various molecular crystals including electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Using the method, the packing structure of H 3N-BF 3 crystal was optimized at the HF/3-21 + G level and the lattice energy was calculated at the MP2/6-311 + G * level. The calculation reproduced the experimental lattice constants with reasonable accuracy. Moreover, the structural feature of the H 3N-BF 3 crystal was discussed based on the molecular interactions in the crystal.
15. Effects of acceptor-donor complexes on electronic structure properties in co-doped TiO2: A first-principles study
Zhang, L.; Cai, L. L.; Yuan, X. B.; Hu, G. C.; Ren, J. F.
2016-07-01
We theoretically investigate the doping effects induced by impurity complexes on the electronic structures of anatase TiO2 based on the density functional theory. Mono-doping and co-doping effects are discussed separately. The results show that the impurity doping can make the band-edges shift. The induced defect levels in the band gaps by impurity doping reduce the band gap predominantly. The compensated acceptor-donor pairs in the co-doped TiO2 will improve the photoelectrochemical activity. From the calculations, it is also found that (S+Zr)-co-doped TiO2 has the ideal band gap and band edge, at the same time, the binding energy is higher than other systems, so (S+Zr)-co-doping in TiO2 is more promise in photoelectrochemical experiments.
16. Use of poly-beta-hydroxy-butyrate as a slow-release electron donor for the microbial reductive dechlorination of TCE.
PubMed
Aulenta, F; Fuoco, M; Canosa, A; Petrangeli Papini, M; Majone, M
2008-01-01
In situ anaerobic reductive dechlorination, using slow-release electron donors, is emerging as an effective and sustainable (low-cost and low-maintenance) technology to remediate aquifers contaminated by chloroethenes. In the present study, we investigated the use of poly-beta-hydroxy-butyrate (PHB), a fully biodegradable polymer, as a slow-release source of hydrogen and acetate for the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE). Results of this study indicated that TCE dechlorination in PHB-amended microcosms was 2.3-times higher than in non-amended controls. This higher activity was explained by a higher H(2) level in PHB-amended microcosms. As usual, acetate was the major sink (approximately 90%) of reducing equivalents available from PHB degradation, whereas no acetotrophic dechlorination was observed. PMID:18413954
17. Enantioselective Intramolecular C-H Insertion of Donor and Donor/Donor Carbenes by a Nondiazo Approach.
PubMed
Zhu, Dong; Ma, Jun; Luo, Kui; Fu, Hongguang; Zhang, Li; Zhu, Shifa
2016-07-11
The first enantioselective intramolecular C-H insertion and cyclopropanation reactions of donor- and donor/donor-carbenes by a nondiazo approach are reported. The reactions were conducted in a one-pot manner without slow addition and provided the desired dihydroindole, dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydropyrrole derivatives with up to 99 % ee and 100 % atom efficiency. PMID:27265896
18. Biogeochemical Modeling of In Situ U(VI) Reduction and Immobilization with Emulsified Vegetable Oil as the Electron Donor at a Field Site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Tang, G.; Parker, J.; Wu, W.; Schadt, C. W.; Watson, D. B.; Brooks, S. C.; Orifrc Team
2011-12-01
A comprehensive biogeochemical model was developed to quantitatively describe the coupled hydrologic, geochemical and microbiological processes that occurred following injection of emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) as the electron donor to immobilize U(VI) at the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site (ORIFRC) in Tennessee. The model couples the degradation of EVO, production and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), glycerol, hydrogen and acetate, reduction of nitrate, manganese, ferrous iron, sulfate and uranium, and methanoganesis with growth of multiple microbial groups. The model describes the evolution of geochemistry and microbial populations not only in the aqueous phase as typically observed, but also in the mineral phase and therefore enables us to evaluate the applicability of rates from the literature for field scale assessment, estimate the retention and degradation rates of EVO and LCFA, and assess the influence of the coupled processes on fate and transport of U(VI). Our results suggested that syntrophic bacteria or metal reducers might catalyze LCFA oxidation in the downstream locations when sulfate was consumed, and competition between methanogens and others for electron donors and slow growth of methanogen might contribute to the sustained reducing condition. Among the large amount of hydrologic, geochemical and microbiological parameter values, the initial biomass, and the interactions (e.g., inhibition) of the microbial functional groups, and the rate and extent of Mn and Fe oxide reduction appear as the major sources of uncertainty. Our model provides a platform to conduct numerical experiments to study these interactions, and could be useful for further iterative experimental and modeling investigations into the bioreductive immobiliztion of radionuclide and metal contaminants in the subsurface.
19. Long-range coupling of electron-hole pairs in spatially separated organic donor-acceptor layers
PubMed Central
Nakanotani, Hajime; Furukawa, Taro; Morimoto, Kei; Adachi, Chihaya
2016-01-01
Understanding exciton behavior in organic semiconductor molecules is crucial for the development of organic semiconductor-based excitonic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells, and the tightly bound electron-hole pair forming an exciton is normally assumed to be localized on an organic semiconducting molecule. We report the observation of long-range coupling of electron-hole pairs in spatially separated electron-donating and electron-accepting molecules across a 10-nanometers-thick spacer layer. We found that the exciton energy can be tuned over 100 megaelectron volts and the fraction of delayed fluorescence can be increased by adjusting the spacer-layer thickness. Furthermore, increasing the spacer-layer thickness produced an organic light-emitting diode with an electroluminescence efficiency nearly eight times higher than that of a device without a spacer layer. Our results demonstrate the first example of a long-range coupled charge-transfer state between electron-donating and electron-accepting molecules in a working device. PMID:26933691
20. Electron Transfer Pathways in Cholesterol Synthesis.
PubMed
Porter, Todd D
2015-10-01
Cholesterol synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum requires electron input at multiple steps and utilizes both NADH and NADPH as the electron source. Four enzymes catalyzing five steps in the pathway require electron input: squalene monooxygenase, lanosterol demethylase, sterol 4α-methyl oxidase, and sterol C5-desaturase. The electron-donor proteins for these enzymes include cytochrome P450 reductase and the cytochrome b5 pathway. Here I review the evidence for electron donor protein requirements with these enzymes, the evidence for additional electron donor pathways, and the effect of deletion of these redox enzymes on cholesterol and lipid metabolism. PMID:26344922
1. Being a Living Donor: Risks
MedlinePlus
... for blood transfusions side effects associated with allergic reactions to the anesthesia death The best source of information about risks and expected donor outcomes is your transplant team. In addition, it’s important to take an active role in ...
2. Proton and Electron Additions to Iron (II) Dinitrogen Complexes Containing Pendant Amines
SciTech Connect
Heiden, Zachariah M.; Chen, Shentan; Labios, Liezel AN; Bullock, R. Morris; Walter, Eric D.; Tyson, Elizabeth L.; Mock, Michael T.
2014-03-10
We describe a single site cis-(H)FeII-N2 complex, generated by the protonation of an iron-carbon bond of a "reduced" iron complex, that models key aspects of proposed protonated intermediates of the E4 state of nitrogenase. The influence on N2 binding from the addition of protons to the pendant amine sites in the second coordination sphere is described. Furthermore, the addition of electrons to the protonated complexes results in H2 loss. The mechanism of H2 loss is explored to draw a parallel to the origin of H2 loss (homolytic or heterolytic) and the nature of N2 coordination in intermediates of the E4 state of nitrogenase.
3. Next Generation Orthopaedic Implants by Additive Manufacturing Using Electron Beam Melting
PubMed Central
Murr, Lawrence E.; Gaytan, Sara M.; Martinez, Edwin; Medina, Frank; Wicker, Ryan B.
2012-01-01
This paper presents some examples of knee and hip implant components containing porous structures and fabricated in monolithic forms utilizing electron beam melting (EBM). In addition, utilizing stiffness or relative stiffness versus relative density design plots for open-cellular structures (mesh and foam components) of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy fabricated by EBM, it is demonstrated that stiffness-compatible implants can be fabricated for optimal stress shielding for bone regimes as well as bone cell ingrowth. Implications for the fabrication of patient-specific, monolithic, multifunctional orthopaedic implants using EBM are described along with microstructures and mechanical properties characteristic of both Ti-6Al-4V and Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy prototypes, including both solid and open-cellular prototypes manufactured by additive manufacturing (AM) using EBM. PMID:22956957
4. N Photo-CIDNP MAS NMR To Reveal Functional Heterogeneity in Electron Donor of Different Plant Organisms.
PubMed
Janssen, Geertje J; Roy, Esha; Matysik, Jörg; Alia, A
2012-02-01
In plants and cyanobacteria, two light-driven electron pumps, photosystems I and II (PSI, PSII), facilitate electron transfer from water to carbon dioxide with quantum efficiency close to unity. While similar in structure and function, the reaction centers of PSI and PSII operate at widely different potentials with PSI being the strongest reducing agent known in living nature. Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) in magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements provides direct excess to the heart of large photosynthetic complexes (A. Diller, Alia, E. Roy, P. Gast, H.J. van Gorkom, J. Zaanen, H.J.M. de Groot, C. Glaubitz, J. Matysik, Photosynth. Res. 84, 303-308, 2005; Alia, E. Roy, P. Gast, H.J. van Gorkom, H.J.M. de Groot, G. Jeschke, J. Matysik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 12819-12826, 2004). By combining the dramatic signal increase obtained from the solid-state photo-CIDNP effect with (15)N isotope labeling of PSI, we were able to map the electron spin density in the active cofactors of PSI and study primary charge separation at atomic level. We compare data obtained from two different PSI proteins, one from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and other from the aquatic plant duckweed (Spirodella oligorrhiza). Results demonstrate a large flexibility of the PSI in terms of its electronic architecture while their electronic ground states are strictly conserved. PMID:22303078
5. Copolymer semiconductors comprising thiazolothiazole or benzobisthiazole, or benzobisoxazole electron acceptor subunits, and electron donor subunits, and their uses in transistors and solar cells
DOEpatents
Jenekhe, Samson A; Subramaniyan, Selvam; Ahmed, Eilaf; Xin, Hao; Kim, Felix Sunjoo
2014-10-28
The inventions disclosed, described, and/or claimed herein relate to copolymers comprising copolymers comprising electron accepting A subunits that comprise thiazolothiazole, benzobisthiazole, or benzobisoxazoles rings, and electron donating subunits that comprise certain heterocyclic groups. The copolymers are useful for manufacturing organic electronic devices, including transistors and solar cells. The invention also relates to certain synthetic precursors of the copolymers. Methods for making the copolymers and the derivative electronic devices are also described.
6. Donor states in inverse opals
Mahan, G. D.
2014-09-01
We calculate the binding energy of an electron bound to a donor in a semiconductor inverse opal. Inverse opals have two kinds of cavities, which we call octahedral and tetrahedral, according to their group symmetry. We put the donor in the center of each of these two cavities and obtain the binding energy. The binding energies become very large when the inverse opal is made from templates with small spheres. For spheres less than 50 nm in diameter, the donor binding can increase to several times its unconfined value. Then electrons become tightly bound to the donor and are unlikely to be thermally activated to the semiconductor conduction band. This conclusion suggests that inverse opals will be poor conductors.
7. Donor states in inverse opals
SciTech Connect
Mahan, G. D.
2014-09-21
We calculate the binding energy of an electron bound to a donor in a semiconductor inverse opal. Inverse opals have two kinds of cavities, which we call octahedral and tetrahedral, according to their group symmetry. We put the donor in the center of each of these two cavities and obtain the binding energy. The binding energies become very large when the inverse opal is made from templates with small spheres. For spheres less than 50 nm in diameter, the donor binding can increase to several times its unconfined value. Then electrons become tightly bound to the donor and are unlikely to be thermally activated to the semiconductor conduction band. This conclusion suggests that inverse opals will be poor conductors.
8. Theoretical studies on two-dimensional nonlinear optical chromophores with pyrazinyl cores and organic or ruthenium(II) ammine electron donors.
PubMed
Coe, Benjamin J; Pilkington, Rachel A
2014-03-27
Density functional theory calculations have been carried out on twelve cationic, 2D nonlinear optical chromophores with pyrazinylbis(pyridinium) electron acceptors. These species contain either 4-(methoxy/dimethylamino)phenyl or pyridyl-coordinated {Ru(II)(NH3)5}(2+)/trans-{Ru(II)(NH3)4(py)}(2+) (py = pyridine) electron donor groups. The results are compared with data obtained by using experimental techniques including hyper-Rayleigh scattering and Stark (electroabsorption) spectroscopy previously (Coe, B. J.; et al. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 10718; J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 8550). The B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of theory models the visible absorption spectra in MeCN for the -NMe2 derivatives relatively well, whereas CAM-B3LYP/6-311G(d) gives better results for the -OMe-substituted species. These spectra are dominated by intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) bands. Static first hyperpolarizabilities β0 are computed also at the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level. The overall extent of prediction of trends in the ICT bands and β0 responses is partial, with the main discrepancies relating to the progression from one to two electron donor groups. The experimental data show that this structural change red-shifts the ICT bands and increases β0 significantly, but only the second trend is reproduced to some extent by the calculations. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the Ru complexes in MeCN are modeled relatively well with B3LYP and the LANL2DZ/6-311G(d) mixed basis set, including 100 excited states. However, again, some degree of disagreement between theory and experiment is evident, even when a larger basis set like def2-TZVP is used for Ru. In particular, substantial red shifts are predicted on adding a third metal center, whereas the measured spectra show corresponding small blue shifts. The experimental trend of the total β0 value increasing on moving from one to two Ru centers is predicted in the gas phase, but not in MeCN. For both classes of chromophore, the β(xxx) tensor component
9. Synthesis, and spectroscopic studies of charge transfer complex of 1,2-dimethylimidazole as an electron donor with π-acceptor 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol in different polar solvents
Miyan, Lal; Khan, Ishaat M.; Ahmad, Afaq
2015-07-01
The charge transfer (CT) complex of 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an electron donor with π acceptor 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol (DNN) has been studied spectrophotometrically in different solvents like chloroform, acetonitrile, methanol, methylene chloride, etc. at room temperature. The CT complex which is formed through the transfer of lone pair electrons from DMI to DNN exhibits well resolved CT bands and the regions of these bands were remarkably different from those of the donor and acceptor. The stoichiometry of the CT complex was found to be 1:1 by a straight-line method between donor and acceptor with maximum absorption bands. The novel CT complex has been characterized by FTIR, TGA-DTA, powder XRD, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The Benesi-Hildebrand equation has been used to determine the formation constant (KCT), molar extinction coefficient (εCT), standard gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and other physical parameters of the CT complex. The formation constant recorded higher values and molar extinction coefficient recorded lower values in chloroform compared with methylene chloride, methanol and acetonitrile, confirming the strong interaction between the molecular orbital's of donor and acceptor in the ground state in less polar solvent. This CT complex has been studied by absorption spectra of donor 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) and acceptor 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol (DNN) by using the spectrophotometric technique in various solvents at room temperature.
10. Spectrophotometric and thermal studies on the charge - Transfer complexes of 4-(aminomethyl) piperidine as donor with σ- and π-electron acceptors
2014-01-01
The spectroscopic characteristics of the solid charge-transfer molecular complexes (CT) formed in the reaction of the electron donor 4-(aminomethyl) piperidine (4AMP) with the σ-acceptor iodine and the π-acceptors 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), 2,4,4,6-tetrabromo-2,5-cyclohexadienone (TBCHD) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) have been studied in chloroform at 25 °C. These were investigated through electronic, infrared spectra and thermal analysis as well as elemental analysis. The results show that the formed solid CT-complexes have the formulas [I3-, [(4AMP)(DDQ)2] and [(4AMP)(TBCHD)] while in the case of 4AMP-TCNQ reaction, a short-lived CT complex is formed followed by rapid N-substitution by TCNQ forming the final reaction product 7,7,8-tricyano-8-aminomethylpiperidinylquinodimethane [TCAMPQDM] in full agreement with the known reaction stoichiometries in solution as well as the elemental measurements and the thermal analysis confirmed the structure of the obtained compounds. The formation constant kCT, molar extinction coefficient εCT, free energy change ΔG0 and CT energy ECT have been calculated for the CT-complexes [I3-, [(4AMP)(DDQ)2] and [(4AMP)(TBCHD)].
11. Electron donor properties of claus catalysts--1. Influence of NaOH on the catalytic activity of silica gel
SciTech Connect
Dudzik, Z.; George, Z.M.
1980-05-01
ESR spectroscopy showed that SO/sub 2/ adsorbed on silica gel impregnated with NaOH formed the SO/sub 2//sup -/ anion radical. With increasing NaOH concentration, the SO/sub 2/ adsorption and the activity for the reaction of H/sub 2/S with SO/sub 2/ (Claus reaction) went through a maximum at 1.0-1.4% NaOH. The SO/sub 2/ anion radical apparently formed by electron transfer from the catalyst surface and was a reaction intermediate which reacted rapidly with H/sub 2/S. The NaOH catalyst had similar stability and activity as commercial alumina catalyst in five-day tests under Claus conditions.
12. Deep proton tunneling in the electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic limits: Comparison of the quantum and classical treatment of donor-acceptor motion in a protein environment
SciTech Connect
Benabbas, Abdelkrim; Salna, Bridget; Sage, J. Timothy; Champion, Paul M.
2015-03-21
Analytical models describing the temperature dependence of the deep tunneling rate, useful for proton, hydrogen, or hydride transfer in proteins, are developed and compared. Electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic expressions are presented where the donor-acceptor (D-A) motion is treated either as a quantized vibration or as a classical “gating” distribution. We stress the importance of fitting experimental data on an absolute scale in the electronically adiabatic limit, which normally applies to these reactions, and find that vibrationally enhanced deep tunneling takes place on sub-ns timescales at room temperature for typical H-bonding distances. As noted previously, a small room temperature kinetic isotope effect (KIE) does not eliminate deep tunneling as a major transport channel. The quantum approach focuses on the vibrational sub-space composed of the D-A and hydrogen atom motions, where hydrogen bonding and protein restoring forces quantize the D-A vibration. A Duschinsky rotation is mandated between the normal modes of the reactant and product states and the rotation angle depends on the tunneling particle mass. This tunnel-mass dependent rotation contributes substantially to the KIE and its temperature dependence. The effect of the Duschinsky rotation is solved exactly to find the rate in the electronically non-adiabatic limit and compared to the Born-Oppenheimer (B-O) approximation approach. The B-O approximation is employed to find the rate in the electronically adiabatic limit, where we explore both harmonic and quartic double-well potentials for the hydrogen atom bound states. Both the electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic rates are found to diverge at high temperature unless the proton coupling includes the often neglected quadratic term in the D-A displacement from equilibrium. A new expression is presented for the electronically adiabatic tunnel rate in the classical limit for D-A motion that should be useful to experimentalists working
13. Deep proton tunneling in the electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic limits: comparison of the quantum and classical treatment of donor-acceptor motion in a protein environment.
PubMed
Benabbas, Abdelkrim; Salna, Bridget; Sage, J Timothy; Champion, Paul M
2015-03-21
Analytical models describing the temperature dependence of the deep tunneling rate, useful for proton, hydrogen, or hydride transfer in proteins, are developed and compared. Electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic expressions are presented where the donor-acceptor (D-A) motion is treated either as a quantized vibration or as a classical "gating" distribution. We stress the importance of fitting experimental data on an absolute scale in the electronically adiabatic limit, which normally applies to these reactions, and find that vibrationally enhanced deep tunneling takes place on sub-ns timescales at room temperature for typical H-bonding distances. As noted previously, a small room temperature kinetic isotope effect (KIE) does not eliminate deep tunneling as a major transport channel. The quantum approach focuses on the vibrational sub-space composed of the D-A and hydrogen atom motions, where hydrogen bonding and protein restoring forces quantize the D-A vibration. A Duschinsky rotation is mandated between the normal modes of the reactant and product states and the rotation angle depends on the tunneling particle mass. This tunnel-mass dependent rotation contributes substantially to the KIE and its temperature dependence. The effect of the Duschinsky rotation is solved exactly to find the rate in the electronically non-adiabatic limit and compared to the Born-Oppenheimer (B-O) approximation approach. The B-O approximation is employed to find the rate in the electronically adiabatic limit, where we explore both harmonic and quartic double-well potentials for the hydrogen atom bound states. Both the electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic rates are found to diverge at high temperature unless the proton coupling includes the often neglected quadratic term in the D-A displacement from equilibrium. A new expression is presented for the electronically adiabatic tunnel rate in the classical limit for D-A motion that should be useful to experimentalists working near
14. Deep proton tunneling in the electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic limits: Comparison of the quantum and classical treatment of donor-acceptor motion in a protein environment
Benabbas, Abdelkrim; Salna, Bridget; Sage, J. Timothy; Champion, Paul M.
2015-03-01
Analytical models describing the temperature dependence of the deep tunneling rate, useful for proton, hydrogen, or hydride transfer in proteins, are developed and compared. Electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic expressions are presented where the donor-acceptor (D-A) motion is treated either as a quantized vibration or as a classical "gating" distribution. We stress the importance of fitting experimental data on an absolute scale in the electronically adiabatic limit, which normally applies to these reactions, and find that vibrationally enhanced deep tunneling takes place on sub-ns timescales at room temperature for typical H-bonding distances. As noted previously, a small room temperature kinetic isotope effect (KIE) does not eliminate deep tunneling as a major transport channel. The quantum approach focuses on the vibrational sub-space composed of the D-A and hydrogen atom motions, where hydrogen bonding and protein restoring forces quantize the D-A vibration. A Duschinsky rotation is mandated between the normal modes of the reactant and product states and the rotation angle depends on the tunneling particle mass. This tunnel-mass dependent rotation contributes substantially to the KIE and its temperature dependence. The effect of the Duschinsky rotation is solved exactly to find the rate in the electronically non-adiabatic limit and compared to the Born-Oppenheimer (B-O) approximation approach. The B-O approximation is employed to find the rate in the electronically adiabatic limit, where we explore both harmonic and quartic double-well potentials for the hydrogen atom bound states. Both the electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic rates are found to diverge at high temperature unless the proton coupling includes the often neglected quadratic term in the D-A displacement from equilibrium. A new expression is presented for the electronically adiabatic tunnel rate in the classical limit for D-A motion that should be useful to experimentalists working near
15. Electronic structure, molecular orientation, charge transfer dynamics and solar cells performance in donor/acceptor copolymers and fullerene: Experimental and theoretical approaches
SciTech Connect
Garcia-Basabe, Y.; Borges, B. G. A. L.; Rocco, M. L. M. E-mail: luiza@iq.ufrj.br; Marchiori, C. F. N.; Yamamoto, N. A. D.; Koehler, M.; Roman, L. S. E-mail: luiza@iq.ufrj.br; Macedo, A. G.
2014-04-07
By combining experimental and theoretical approaches, the electronic structure, molecular orientation, charge transfer dynamics and solar cell performance in donor/acceptor copolymer poly[2,7-(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-dibenzosilole)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl) benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole] (PSiF-DBT) films and blended with 6,6.-phenyl-C 61-butyric acid methyl ester (PSiF-DBT:PCBM) were investigated. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical PSiF-DBT UV-Vis absorption spectrum is observed and the main molecular orbitals contributing to the spectrum were determined using DFT single point calculations. Non-coplanar configuration was determined by geometric optimization calculation in isolated PSiF-DBT pentamer and corroborated by angular variation of the sulphur 1s near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra. Edge-on and plane-on molecular orientations were obtained for thiophene and benzothiadiazole units, respectively. A power conversion efficiency up to 1.58%, open circuit voltage of 0.51 V, short circuit current of 8.71 mA/cm{sup 2} and a fill factor of 35% was obtained using blended PSiF-DBT:PCBM as active layer in a bulk heterojunction solar cell. Ultrafast electron dynamics in the low-femtosecond regime was evaluated by resonant Auger spectroscopy using the core-hole clock methodology around sulphur 1s absorption edge. Electron delocalization times for PSiF-DBT and PSiF-DBT:PCBM polymeric films were derived for selected excitation energies corresponding to the main transitions in the sulphur 1s NEXAFS spectra. The mixture of PSiF-DBT with PCBM improves the charge transfer process involving the π* molecular orbital of the thiophene units.
16. Ab initio and density functional theoretical design and screening of model crown ether based ligand (host) for extraction of lithium metal ion (guest): effect of donor and electronic induction.
PubMed
Boda, Anil; Ali, Sk Musharaf; Rao, Hanmanth; Ghosh, Sandip K
2012-08-01
The structures, energetic and thermodynamic parameters of model crown ethers with different donor, cavity and electron donating/ withdrawing functional group have been determined with ab initio MP2 and density functional theory in gas and solvent phase. The calculated values of binding energy/ enthalpy for lithium ion complexation are marginally higher for hard donor based aza and oxa crown compared to soft donor based thia and phospha crown. The calculated values of binding enthalpy for lithium metal ion with 12C4 at MP2 level of theory is in good agreement with the available experimental result. The binding energy is altered due to the inductive effect imparted by the electron donating/ withdrawing group in crown ether, which is well correlated with the values of electron transfer. The role of entropy for extraction of hydrated lithium metal ion by different donor and functional group based ligand has been demonstrated. The HOMO-LUMO gap is decreased and dipole moment of the ligand is increased from gas phase to organic phase because of the dielectric constant of the solvent. The gas phase binding energy is reduced in solvent phase as the solvent molecules weaken the metal-ligand binding. The theoretical values of extraction energy for LiCl salt from aqueous solution in different organic solvent is validated by the experimental trend. The study presented here should contribute to the design of model host ligand and screening of solvent for metal ion recognition and thus can contribute in planning the experiments. PMID:22318713
17. Photodynamic therapy with decacationic [60]fullerene monoadducts: effect of a light absorbing electron-donor antenna and micellar formulation
PubMed Central
Yin, Rui; Wang, Min; Huang, Ying-Ying; Huang, Huang-Chiao; Avci, Pinar; Chiang, Long Y; Hamblin, Michael R
2014-01-01
We report the synthesis and anticancer photodynamic properties of two new decacationic fullerene (LC14) and red light-harvesting antenna-fullerene conjugated monoadduct (LC15) derivatives. The antenna of LC15 was attached covalently to C60> with distance of only <3.0 Ǻ to facilitate ultrafast intramolecular photoinduced-electron-transfer (for type-I photochemistry) and photon absorption at longer wavelengths. Because LC15 was hydrophobic we compared formulation in CremophorEL micelles with direct dilution from dimethylacetamide. LC14 produced more 1O2 than LC15, while LC15 produced much more HO· than LC14 as measured by specific fluorescent probes. When delivered by DMA, LC14 killed more HeLa cells than LC15 when excited by UVA light, while LC15 killed more cells when excited by white light consistent with the antenna effect. However LC15 was more effective than LC14 when delivered by micelles regardless of the excitation light. Micellar delivery produced earlier apoptosis and damage to the endoplasmic reticulum as well as to lysosomes and mitochondria. PMID:24333585
18. Enhancement of p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Performance by Supramolecular Assembly of Electron Donor and Acceptor
PubMed Central
Tian, Haining; Oscarsson, Johan; Gabrielsson, Erik; Eriksson, Susanna K.; Lindblad, Rebecka; Xu, Bo; Hao, Yan; Boschloo, Gerrit; Johansson, Erik M. J.; Gardner, James M.; Hagfeldt, Anders; Rensmo, Håkan; Sun, Licheng
2014-01-01
Supramolecular interactions based on porphyrin and fullerene derivatives were successfully adopted to improve the photovoltaic performance of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) measurements suggest a change in binding configuration of ZnTCPP after co-sensitization with C60PPy, which could be ascribed to supramolecular interaction between ZnTCPP and C60PPy. The performance of the ZnTCPP/C60PPy-based p-type DSC has been increased by a factor of 4 in comparison with the DSC with the ZnTCPP alone. At 560 nm, the IPCE value of DSCs based on ZnTCPP/C60PPy was a factor of 10 greater than that generated by ZnTCPP-based DSCs. The influence of different electrolytes on charge extraction and electron lifetime was investigated and showed that the enhanced Voc from the Co2+/3+(dtbp)3-based device is due to the positive EF shift of NiO. PMID:24603319
19. Photobehavior of the geometrical isomers of two 1,4-distyrylbenzene analogues with side groups of different electron donor/acceptor character.
PubMed
Ciorba, S; Galiazzo, G; Mazzucato, U; Spalletti, A
2010-10-14
The photobehavior of two 1,4-distyrylbenzene analogues where the central benzene ring is asymmetrically substituted with a pyrid-4-ylethenyl group at one side and thien-2-ylethenyl or a p-nitrostyryl group at the other side, has been studied in two solvents at room temperature. The four geometrical isomers (EE, ZE, EZ, and ZZ) of each compound were separated by the combined use of HPLC and spectrophotometric techniques. The radiative/reactive competition in their excited state relaxation was particularly examined: the diabatic/adiabatic contributions were estimated and a reasonable interpretation of the photoisomerization mechanism was proposed. The role of the conformational isomers was also investigated by measured and computed spectral data. Since the different electron donor/acceptor character of the side groups of these molecules can induce charge transfer phenomena that can affect the relaxation pathways of their excited states, the photobehavior was compared in inert and polar solvents to clarify the role of the intramolecular charge transfer. The latter was found to affect markedly the relaxation properties and to induce interesting fluorosolvatochromic effects, particularly in the p-nitro derivative. The participation of the triplet state in the reaction mechanism of the latter was also investigated by flash photolysis and sensitized experiments. PMID:20857985
20. Photoelectrochemical biosensing platform for microRNA detection based on in situ producing electron donor from apoferritin-encapsulated ascorbic acid.
PubMed
Yin, Huanshun; Wang, Mo; Zhou, Yunlei; Zhang, Xiaoyan; Sun, Bing; Wang, Guihua; Ai, Shiyun
2014-03-15
A novel signal "on" type of photoelectrochemical biosensor for microRNA-21 hybridization detection was fabricated, where Bi2S3 nanorods were used as photoactive material with a maximum adsorption at 450 nm visible light, hairpin-structure DNA as detecting probe, streptavidin as signal capturing unit and biotin functionalized ascorbic acid loaded apoferritin as signal amplification unit. Hybridization between the probe and the target microRNA-21 was confirmed by the increased photocurrent of the biosensor after electron donor of ascorbic acid was introduced into the detection buffer by digesting the apoferritin by trypsase, indicating that this method could be used fProd. Type: FTPor quantitative measurements, and the discrimination of the complementary from mismatched microRNA-21. Under the optimal detection conditions, the photoelectrochemical biosensor displayed a linear range of 1-5000 fM and a low detection limit of 0.35 fM for microRNA-21 determination. Moreover, the down-regulated expression of microRNA-21 in poultry cells and tissues infecting with avian leukosis viruses was confirmed by directly detecting microRNA-21 in extracted total RNA. This proposed strategy may open a new avenue for the applications of photoelectrochemical biosensor for oligonucleotides detection using visible light irradiation, which could largely reduce the destructive effect of UV light on biomolecules. PMID:24140833
1. Denitrification by Pseudomonas stutzeri coupled with CO2 reduction by Sporomusa ovata with hydrogen as an electron donor assisted by solid-phase humin.
PubMed
Xiao, Zhixing; Awata, Takanori; Zhang, Dongdong; Katayama, Arata
2016-09-01
A co-culture system comprising an acetogenic bacterium, Sporomusa ovata DSMZ2662, and a denitrifying bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri JCM20778, enabled denitrification using H2 as the sole external electron donor and CO2 as the sole external carbon source. Acetate produced by S. ovata supported the heterotrophic denitrification of P. stutzeri. A nitrogen balance study showed the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas without the accumulation of nitrite and nitrous oxide in the co-culture system. S. ovata did not show nitrate reduction to ammonium in the co-culture system. Significant proportions of the consumed H2 were utilized for denitrification: 79.9 ± 4.6% in the co-culture system containing solid-phase humin and 62.9±11.1% in the humin-free co-culture system. The higher utilization efficiency of hydrogen in the humin-containing system was attributed to the higher denitrification activity of P. stutzeri under the acetate deficient conditions. The nitrogen removal rate of the humin-containing co-culture system reached 0.19 kg NO3(-)-N·m(-3)·d(-1). Stable denitrification activity for 61 days of successive sub-culturing suggested the robustness of this co-culture system. This study provides a novel strategy for the in situ enhancement of microbial denitrification. PMID:26975755
2. The solution structure of the soluble form of the lipid-modified azurin from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the electron donor of cytochrome c peroxidase.
PubMed
Nóbrega, Cláudia S; Saraiva, Ivo H; Carreira, Cíntia; Devreese, Bart; Matzapetakis, Manolis; Pauleta, Sofia R
2016-02-01
Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonizes the genitourinary track, and in these environments, especially in the female host, the bacteria are subjected to low levels of oxygen, and reactive oxygen and nitrosyl species. Here, the biochemical characterization of N. gonorrhoeae Laz is presented, as well as, the solution structure of its soluble domain determined by NMR. N. gonorrhoeae Laz is a type 1 copper protein of the azurin-family based on its spectroscopic properties and structure, with a redox potential of 277±5 mV, at pH7.0, that behaves as a monomer in solution. The globular Laz soluble domain adopts the Greek-key motif, with the copper center located at one end of the β-barrel coordinated by Gly48, His49, Cys113, His118 and Met122, in a distorted trigonal geometry. The edge of the His118 imidazole ring is water exposed, in a surface that is proposed to be involved in the interaction with its redox partners. The heterologously expressed Laz was shown to be a competent electron donor to N. gonorrhoeae cytochrome c peroxidase. This is an evidence for its involvement in the mechanism of protection against hydrogen peroxide generated by neighboring lactobacilli in the host environment. PMID:26589091
3. (Dibenzoylmethanato)boron difluoride derivatives containing triphenylamine moieties: a new type of electron-donor/π-acceptor system for dye-sensitized solar cells.
PubMed
Mizuno, Yosuke; Yisilamu, Yilihamu; Yamaguchi, Tomoya; Tomura, Masaaki; Funaki, Takashi; Sugihara, Hideki; Ono, Katsuhiko
2014-10-01
(Dibenzoylmethanato)boron difluoride derivatives containing triphenylamine moieties were synthesized as a new type of electron-donor/π-acceptor system. These new compounds exhibited long-wavelength absorptions in the UV/Vis spectra, and reversible oxidation and reduction waves in cyclic voltammetry experiments. Their amphoteric redox properties are based on their resonance hybrid forms, in which a positive charge is delocalized on the triphenylamine moieties and a negative charge is localized on the boron atoms. Molecular orbital (MO) calculations indicate that their HOMO and LUMO energies vary with the number of phenylene rings connected to the difluoroboron-chelating ring. This is useful for optimizing the HOMO and LUMO levels to an iodine redox (I(-)/I3(-)) potential and a titanium dioxide conduction band, respectively. Dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated by using these compounds as dye sensitizers exhibited solar-to-electric power conversion efficiencies of 2.7-4.4 % under AM 1.5 solar light. PMID:25170797
4. The role of amino acid electron-donor/acceptor atoms in host-cell binding peptides is associated with their 3D structure and HLA-binding capacity in sterile malarial immunity induction
SciTech Connect
Patarroyo, Manuel E.; Almonacid, Hannia; Moreno-Vranich, Armando
2012-01-20
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Fundamental residues located in some HABPs are associated with their 3D structure. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Electron-donor atoms present in {beta}-turn, random, distorted {alpha}-helix structures. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Electron-donor atoms bound to HLA-DR53. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Electron-acceptor atoms present in regular {alpha}-helix structure bound to HLA-DR52. -- Abstract: Plasmodium falciparum malaria continues being one of the parasitic diseases causing the highest worldwide mortality due to the parasite's multiple evasion mechanisms, such as immunological silence. Membrane and organelle proteins are used during invasion for interactions mediated by high binding ability peptides (HABPs); these have amino acids which establish hydrogen bonds between them in some of their critical binding residues. Immunisation assays in the Aotus model using HABPs whose critical residues had been modified have revealed a conformational change thereby enabling a protection-inducing response. This has improved fitting within HLA-DR{beta}1{sup Asterisk-Operator} molecules where amino acid electron-donor atoms present in {beta}-turn, random or distorted {alpha}-helix structures preferentially bound to HLA-DR53 molecules, whilst HABPs having amino acid electron-acceptor atoms present in regular {alpha}-helix structure bound to HLA-DR52. This data has great implications for vaccine development.
5. Thermographic In-Situ Process Monitoring of the Electron Beam Melting Technology used in Additive Manufacturing
SciTech Connect
Dinwiddie, Ralph Barton; Dehoff, Ryan R; Lloyd, Peter D; Lowe, Larry E; Ulrich, Joseph B
2013-01-01
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been utilizing the ARCAM electron beam melting technology to additively manufacture complex geometric structures directly from powder. Although the technology has demonstrated the ability to decrease costs, decrease manufacturing lead-time and fabricate complex structures that are impossible to fabricate through conventional processing techniques, certification of the component quality can be challenging. Because the process involves the continuous deposition of successive layers of material, each layer can be examined without destructively testing the component. However, in-situ process monitoring is difficult due to metallization on inside surfaces caused by evaporation and condensation of metal from the melt pool. This work describes a solution to one of the challenges to continuously imaging inside of the chamber during the EBM process. Here, the utilization of a continuously moving Mylar film canister is described. Results will be presented related to in-situ process monitoring and how this technique results in improved mechanical properties and reliability of the process.
6. Loophole-free Bell test using electron spins in diamond: second experiment and additional analysis.
PubMed
Hensen, B; Kalb, N; Blok, M S; Dréau, A E; Reiserer, A; Vermeulen, R F L; Schouten, R N; Markham, M; Twitchen, D J; Goodenough, K; Elkouss, D; Wehner, S; Taminiau, T H; Hanson, R
2016-01-01
The recently reported violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electronic spins in diamonds (Hensen et al., Nature 526, 682-686) provided the first loophole-free evidence against local-realist theories of nature. Here we report on data from a second Bell experiment using the same experimental setup with minor modifications. We find a violation of the CHSH-Bell inequality of 2.35 ± 0.18, in agreement with the first run, yielding an overall value of S = 2.38 ± 0.14. We calculate the resulting P-values of the second experiment and of the combined Bell tests. We provide an additional analysis of the distribution of settings choices recorded during the two tests, finding that the observed distributions are consistent with uniform settings for both tests. Finally, we analytically study the effect of particular models of random number generator (RNG) imperfection on our hypothesis test. We find that the winning probability per trial in the CHSH game can be bounded knowing only the mean of the RNG bias. This implies that our experimental result is robust for any model underlying the estimated average RNG bias, for random bits produced up to 690 ns too early by the random number generator. PMID:27509823
7. Loophole-free Bell test using electron spins in diamond: second experiment and additional analysis
PubMed Central
Hensen, B.; Kalb, N.; Blok, M. S.; Dréau, A. E.; Reiserer, A.; Vermeulen, R. F. L.; Schouten, R. N.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Goodenough, K.; Elkouss, D.; Wehner, S.; Taminiau, T. H.; Hanson, R.
2016-01-01
The recently reported violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electronic spins in diamonds (Hensen et al., Nature 526, 682–686) provided the first loophole-free evidence against local-realist theories of nature. Here we report on data from a second Bell experiment using the same experimental setup with minor modifications. We find a violation of the CHSH-Bell inequality of 2.35 ± 0.18, in agreement with the first run, yielding an overall value of S = 2.38 ± 0.14. We calculate the resulting P-values of the second experiment and of the combined Bell tests. We provide an additional analysis of the distribution of settings choices recorded during the two tests, finding that the observed distributions are consistent with uniform settings for both tests. Finally, we analytically study the effect of particular models of random number generator (RNG) imperfection on our hypothesis test. We find that the winning probability per trial in the CHSH game can be bounded knowing only the mean of the RNG bias. This implies that our experimental result is robust for any model underlying the estimated average RNG bias, for random bits produced up to 690 ns too early by the random number generator. PMID:27509823
8. 36 CFR 1236.28 - What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage media for permanent records? 1236.28 Section 1236.28 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION RECORDS MANAGEMENT ELECTRONIC...
9. A Second [2Fe-2S] Ferredoxin from Sphingomonas sp. Strain RW1 Can Function as an Electron Donor for the Dioxin Dioxygenase
PubMed Central
Armengaud, Jean; Gaillard, Jacques; Timmis, Kenneth N.
2000-01-01
The first step in the degradation of dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin by Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1 is carried out by dioxin dioxygenase (DxnA1A2), a ring-dihydroxylating enzyme. An open reading frame (fdx3) that could potentially specify a new ferredoxin has been identified downstream of dxnA1A2, a two-cistron gene (J. Armengaud, B. Happe, and K. N. Timmis, J. Bacteriol. 180:3954–3966, 1998). In the present study, we report a biochemical analysis of Fdx3 produced in Escherichia coli. This third ferredoxin thus far identified in Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1 contained a putidaredoxin-type [2Fe-2S] cluster which was characterized by UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The midpoint redox potential of this ferredoxin (E′0 = −247 ± 10 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode at pH 8.0) is similar to that exhibited by Fdx1 (−245 mV), a homologous ferredoxin previously characterized in Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1. In in vitro assays, Fdx3 can be reduced by RedA2 (a reductase similar to class I cytochrome P-450 reductases), previously isolated from Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1. RedA2 exhibits a Km value of 3.2 ± 0.3 μM for Fdx3. In vivo coexpression of fdx3 and redA2 with dxnA1A2 confirmed that Fdx3 can serve as an electron donor for the dioxin dioxygenase. PMID:10735867
10. Additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 using electron beam melting: Processing, post-processing, & mechanical properties
Sames, William James, V.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) process parameters were studied for production of the high temperature alloy Inconel 718 using Electron Beam Melting (EBM) to better understand the relationship between processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Processing parameters were analyzed for impact on process time, process temperature, and the amount of applied energy. The applied electron beam energy was shown to be integral to the formation of swelling defects. Standard features in the microstructure were identified, including previously unidentified solidification features such as shrinkage porosity and non-equilibrium phases. The as-solidified structure does not persist in the bulk of EBM parts due to a high process hold temperature (˜1000°C), which causes in situ homogenization. The most significant variability in as-fabricated microstructure is the formation of intragranular delta-phase needles, which can form in samples produced with lower process temperatures (< 960°C). A novel approach was developed and demonstrated for controlling the temperature of cool down, thus providing a technique for in situ heat treatment of material. This technique was used to produce material with hardness of 478+/-7 HV with no post-processing, which exceeds the hardness of peak-aged Inconel 718. Traditional post-processing methods of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and solution treatment and aging (STA) were found to result in variability in grain growth and phase solution. Recrystallization and grain structure are identified as possible mechanisms to promote grain growth. These results led to the conclusion that the first step in thermal post-processing of EBM Inconel 718 should be an optimized solution treatment to reset phase variation in the as-fabricated microstructure without incurring significant grain growth. Such an optimized solution treatment was developed (1120°C, 2hr) for application prior to aging or HIP. The majority of as-fabricated tensile properties met ASTM
11. [Influence of the interaction between iron oxide and electron donor substances on 1,1,1-trichloro- 2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane ( DDT) reductive dechlorination in hydragric acrisols].
PubMed
Liu, Cui-Ying; Xu, Xiang-Hua; Wang, Zhuang; Yao, Tong-Yan
2014-11-01
The interaction between iron oxide and electron donor substance have significant influences on electron transfer and the growth of iron-reducing bacteria, which may affect the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated organic compounds in soil. Anaerobic soil incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect and its mechanism of iron oxide (goethite), electron donor substances (butyrate and ethanol), and their interaction on DDT reductive dechlorination in Hydragric Acrisols. Results showed that after 6 weeks of anaerobic incubation, the extractable residues of DDT were between 1.29% and 2.01% of initial DDT amounts in soils, which was attributed to the dechlorinated degradation of DDT and formation of bound residues of DDT and its dechlorinated products. The main product of DDT anaerobic dechlorination was 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chloro-phenyl) ethane (DDD). During the prophase of incubation, the application of butyrate or ethanol led to the decreased pH and increased Eh for reaction system, thus inhibited DDT dechlorination. The applications of only goethite or goethite and electron donor substances resulted in the increased soil pH, decreased soil Eh and increased Fe( II ) contents, thus accelerated DDT dechlorination. There was no significant interaction between butyrate and iron oxide on DDT dechlorination, whereas there was antagonistic action between ethanol and iron oxide on DDT dechlorination. The results will be of great significance for developing efficient and in-situ remediation technology of DDT contaminated soil. PMID:25639109
12. Phosphite radicals and their reactions. Examples of redox, substitution, and addition reactions. [Gamma rays and electrons
SciTech Connect
Schaefer, K.; Asmus, K.D.
1980-08-21
13. The effect of permodified cyclodextrins encapsulation on the photophysical properties of a polyfluorene with randomly distributed electron-donor and rotaxane electron-acceptor units
PubMed Central
Resmerita, Ana-Maria; Aubert, Pierre-Henri; Farcas, Flavian; Stoica, Iuliana; Airinei, Anton
2014-01-01
Summary We report on the synthesis as well as the optical, electrochemical and morphological properties of two polyrotaxanes (4a and 4b), which consist of electron-accepting 9,9-dicyanomethylenefluorene 1 as an inclusion complex in persilylated β- or γ-cyclodextrin (TMS-β-CD, TMS-γ-CD) (1a, 1b) and methyltriphenylamine as an electron-donating molecule. They are statistically distributed into the conjugated chains of 9,9-dioctylfluorene 3 and compared with those of the corresponding non-rotaxane 4 counterpart. Rotaxane formation results in improvements of the solubility, the thermal stability, and the photophysical properties. Polyrotaxanes 4a and 4b exhibited slightly red-shifted absorption bands with respect to the non-rotaxane 4 counterpart. The fluorescence lifetimes of polyrotaxanes follow a mono-exponential decay with a value of τ = 1.14 ns compared with the non-rotaxane, where a bi-exponential decay composed of a main component with a relative short time of τ1 = 0.88 (57.08%) and a minor component with a longer lifetime of τ2 = 1.56 ns (42.92%) were determined. The optical and electrochemical band gaps (ΔE g) as well as the ionization potential and electronic affinity characterized by smaller values compared to the values of any of the constituents. AFM reveals that the film surface of 4a and 4b displays a granular morphology with a lower dispersity supported by a smaller roughness exponent compared with the non-rotaxane counterpart. PMID:25246973
14. B4H4 and B4(CH3)4 as Unique Electron Donors in Hydrogen-Bonded and Halogen-Bonded Complexes.
PubMed
Del Bene, Janet E; Alkorta, Ibon; Elguero, José
2016-07-21
Ab initio MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations have been carried out on B4H4 and B4(CH3)4 to investigate the base properties of these molecules with Td symmetry. Each face of the tetrahedral structure of B4H4 and B4(CH3)4 is stabilized by a two-electron, three-center B-B-B bond. The face uses these two electrons to act uniquely as an electron-pair donor for the formation of stable hydrogen-bonded and halogen-bonded complexes with C3v symmetry. The hydrogen-bonded complexes are B4H4:HY and B4(CH3)4:HY, with HY = HNC, HF, HCl, HCN, and HCCH; the halogen-bonded complexes are B4H4:ClY and B4(CH3)4:ClY, with ClY = ClF, ClCl, ClNC, ClCN, ClCCH, and ClH. The absolute values of the binding energies of the hydrogen-bonded complexes B4(CH3)4:HY and of the halogen-bonded complexes B4(CH3)4:ClY are significantly greater than the binding energies of the corresponding complexes with B4H4. The binding energies of each series correlate with the distance from the hydrogen-bonded H atom or halogen-bonded Cl atom to the centroid of the interacting face. Charge transfer stabilizes all complexes and occurs from the B2-B3-B4 orbital of the face to the antibonding H-X orbital of HY in hydrogen-bonded complexes and to the antibonding Cl-X orbital of ClY in halogen-bonded complexes, with X being the atom of Y that is directly bonded to either H or Cl. For fixed HY, EOM-CCSD spin-spin coupling constants J(X-B1) are greater than J(X-Bn) for complexes B4H4:HY, even though the X-B1 distances are longer. B1 and Bn are the atoms at the apex and in the interacting face, respectively. Similarly, for complexes B4H4:ClY, J(Cl-B1) is greater than J(Cl-Bn). In the halogen-bonded complexes, both coupling constants correlate with the corresponding distances. PMID:27399838
15. Donor deactivation in silicon nanostructures
Björk, Mikael T.; Schmid, Heinz; Knoch, Joachim; Riel, Heike; Riess, Walter
2009-02-01
The operation of electronic devices relies on the density of free charge carriers available in the semiconductor; in most semiconductor devices this density is controlled by the addition of doping atoms. As dimensions are scaled down to achieve economic and performance benefits, the presence of interfaces and materials adjacent to the semiconductor will become more important and will eventually completely determine the electronic properties of the device. To sustain further improvements in performance, novel field-effect transistor architectures, such as FinFETs and nanowire field-effect transistors, have been proposed as replacements for the planar devices used today, and also for applications in biosensing and power generation. The successful operation of such devices will depend on our ability to precisely control the location and number of active impurity atoms in the host semiconductor during the fabrication process. Here, we demonstrate that the free carrier density in semiconductor nanowires is dependent on the size of the nanowires. By measuring the electrical conduction of doped silicon nanowires as a function of nanowire radius, temperature and dielectric surrounding, we show that the donor ionization energy increases with decreasing nanowire radius, and that it profoundly modifies the attainable free carrier density at values of the radius much larger than those at which quantum and dopant surface segregation effects set in. At a nanowire radius of 15 nm the carrier density is already 50% lower than in bulk silicon due to the dielectric mismatch between the conducting channel and its surroundings.
16. Near-interfacial thermal donor generation during processing of (100)Si/low-κ Si-oxycarbide insulator structures revealed by electron spin resonance
Stesmans, A.; Iacovo, S.; Nguyen, S.; Afanas'ev, V. V.; Baklanov, M. R.; Urbanowicz, A. M.
2014-09-01
A low-temperature multifrequency electron spin resonance (ESR) study has been carried out on Cz-(110)Si/insulator structures with organosilicate films of low dielectric constant κ grown at 300 °C using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method (PECVD). After subjection to a short-term UV-irradiation-assisted thermal curing treatment at 430 °C to remove the organic component from the low-κ film and obtain optimal porosity, the NL8 ESR spectrum of C2v symmetry is observed, characterized by g1 (//[100] = 1.999 83(8), g2(//[011] = 1.992 74(8), g3 = (//[1\\bar{1}0]) = 2.001 15(8). Based on previous insight, this reveals the generation in the c-Si substrate of singly ionized thermal double donor (TDD) defects with a core containing oxygen atoms. Remarkably, the generation is found to be highly nonuniform, and the defect density depth profile shows an exponential-like decay (decay length ˜3.8 μm) from the oxide/Si interface inward the Si substrate, thus exposing the defect formation as an interface-administered effect. Upon analysis, the strain induced by interfacial stress in the c-Si beneath the interface is suggested as the major driving component in the enhancement of TDD formation during thermal treatment, suggesting that substantial stress is involved with PECVD organosilicate low-κ glasses. The result represents a different and affirmative illustration of the influence of strain on TDD formation. Based on the principal g values, the observed TDD is closest to the NL81 type, the one formed first in bulk c-Si through oxygen agglomeration during short-term thermal treatment.
17. Quantifying the Electron Donor and Acceptor Abilities of the Ketimide Ligands in M(N═C(t)Bu2)4 (M = V, Nb, Ta).
PubMed
Damon, Peter L; Liss, Cameron J; Lewis, Richard A; Morochnik, Simona; Szpunar, David E; Telser, Joshua; Hayton, Trevor W
2015-10-19
Addition of 4 equiv of Li(N═C(t)Bu2) to VCl3 in THF, followed by addition of 0.5 equiv of I2, generates the homoleptic V(IV) ketimide complex, V(N═C(t)Bu2)4 (1), in 42% yield. Similarly, reaction of 4 equiv of Li(N═C(t)Bu2) with NbCl4(THF)2 in THF affords the homoleptic Nb(IV) ketimide complex, Nb(N═C(t)Bu2)4 (2), in 55% yield. Seeking to extend the series to the tantalum congener, a new Ta(IV) starting material, TaCl4(TMEDA) (3), was prepared via reduction of TaCl5 with Et3SiH, followed by addition of TMEDA. Reaction of 3 with 4 equiv of Li(N═C(t)Bu2) in THF results in the isolation of a Ta(V) ketimide complex, Ta(Cl)(N═C(t)Bu2)4 (5), which can be isolated in 32% yield. Reaction of 5 with Tl(OTf) yields Ta(OTf)(N═C(t)Bu2)4 (6) in 44% yield. Subsequent reduction of 6 with Cp*2Co in toluene generates the homoleptic Ta(IV) congener Ta(N═C(t)Bu2)4 (7), although the yields are poor. All three homoleptic group 5 ketimide complexes exhibit squashed tetrahedral geometries in the solid state, as determined by X-ray crystallography. This geometry leads to a d(x(2)-y(2))(1) ((2)B1 in D(2d)) ground state, as supported by DFT calculations. EPR spectroscopic analysis of 1 and 2, performed at X- and Q-band frequencies (∼9 and 35 GHz, respectively), further supports the (2)B1 ground-state assignment, whereas comparison of 1, 2, and 7 with related group 5 tetra(aryl), tetra(amido), and tetra(alkoxo) complexes shows a higher M-L covalency in the ketimide-metal interaction. In addition, a ligand field analysis of 1 and 2 demonstrates that the ketimide ligand is both a strong π-donor and strong π-acceptor, an unusual combination found in very few organometallic ligands. PMID:26419513
18. Quantifying the electron donor and acceptor ability of the ketimide ligands in M(N=CtBu2)4 (M = V, Nb, Ta)
PubMed Central
Damon, Peter L.; Liss, Cameron J.; Lewis, Richard A.; Morochnik, Simona; Szpunar, David E.; Telser, Joshua; Hayton, Trevor W.
2015-01-01
Addition of 4 equiv of Li(N=CtBu2) to VCl3 in THF, followed by addition of 0.5 equiv I2, generates the homoleptic V(IV) ketimide complex, V(N=CtBu2)4 (1), in 42% yield. Similarly, reaction of 4 equiv of Li(N=CtBu2) with NbCl4(THF)2 in THF affords the homoleptic Nb(IV) ketimide complex, Nb(N=CtBu2)4 (2), in 55% yield. Seeking to extend the series to the tantalum congener, a new Ta(IV) starting material, TaCl4(TMEDA) (3), was prepared via reduction of TaCl5 with Et3SiH, followed by addition of TMEDA. Reaction of 3 with 4 equiv of Li(N=CtBu2) in THF results in a isolation of a Ta(V) ketimide complex, Ta(Cl)(N=CtBu2)4 (5), which can be isolated in 32% yield. Reaction of 5 with Tl(OTf) yields Ta(OTf)(N=CtBu2)4 (6) in 44% yield. Subsequent reduction of 6 with Cp*2Co in toluene generates the homoleptic Ta(IV) congener Ta(N=CtBu2)4 (7), although the yields are poor. All three homoleptic Group 5 ketimide complexes exhibit squashed tetrahedral geometries in the solid state, as determined by X-ray crystallography. This geometry leads to a dx2−y21 (2B1 in D2d) ground state, as supported by DFT calculations. EPR spectroscopic analysis of 1 and 2, performed at X- and Q-band frequencies (~9 and 35 GHz, respectively), further supports the 2B1 ground state assignment, while comparison of 1, 2, and 7 with related Group 5 tetra(aryl), tetra(amido) and tetra(alkoxo) complexes shows a higher M-L covalency in the ketimide-metal interaction. In addition, a ligand field analysis of 1 and 2 demonstrates that the ketimide ligand is both a strong π-donor and strong π-acceptor, an unusual combination found in very few organometallic ligands. PMID:26419513
19. Triplet energy transfer between the primary donor and carotenoids in Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26.1 reaction centers incorporated with spheroidene analogs having different extents of pi-electron conjugation.
PubMed
Farhoosh, R; Chynwat, V; Gebhard, R; Lugtenburg, J; Frank, H A
1997-07-01
Three carotenoids, spheroidene, 3,4-dihydrospheroidene and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrospheroidene, having 8, 9 and 10 conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds, respectively, were incorporated into Rhodobacter (Rb.) sphaeroides R-26.1 reaction centers. The extents of binding were found to be 95 +/- 5% for spheroidene, 65 +/- 5% for 3,4-dihydrospheroidene and 60 +/- 10% for 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrospheroidene. The dynamics of the triplet states of the primary donor and carotenoid were measured at room temperature by flash absorption spectroscopy. The carotenoid, spheroidene, was observed to quench the primary donor triplet state. The triplet state of spheroidene that was formed subsequently decayed to the ground state with a lifetime of 7.0 +/- 0.5 microseconds. The primary donor triplet lifetime in the Rb. sphaeroides R-26.1 reaction centers lacking carotenoids was 60 +/- 5 microseconds. Quenching of the primary donor triplet state by the carotenoid was not observed in the Rb. sphaeroides R-26.1 reaction centers containing 3,4-dihydrospheroidene nor in the R-26.1 reaction centers containing 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrospheroidene. Triplet-state electron paramagnetic resonance was also carried out on the samples. The experiments revealed carotenoid triple-state signals in the Rb. sphaeroides R-26.1 reaction centers incorporated with spheroidene, indicating that the primary donor triplet is quenched by the carotenoid. No carotenoid signals were observed from Rb. sphaeroides R-26.1 reaction centers incorporating 3,4-dihydrospheroidene nor in reaction centers incorporating 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrospheroidene. Circular dichroism, steady-state absorbance band shifts accompanying the primary photochemistry in the reaction center and singlet energy transfer from the carotenoid to the primary donor confirm that the carotenoids are bound in the reaction centers and interacting with the primary donor. These studies provide a systematic approach to exploring the effects of carotenoid structure and excited
PubMed
Panthi, Krishna; Adhikari, Ravi M; Kinstle, Thomas H
2010-04-01
A new class of aromatic fumaronitrile core-based compounds with different donors and linkers has been synthesized and well characterized. Compounds 1 and 2 have indole and 2-phenylindole groups as electron donors, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 have a diphenylamino group as the electron donor, and compound 5 has a 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole group as an electron donor. These compounds absorb in the blue-to-green region and emit in the blue-to-red region depending on the electron donor, linker, and solvents. The quantum yields of fluorescence of these compounds in solution are measured and found to be moderate, but in solid states, they are high. These compounds display strong emission solvatochromism that is reflected by a large shift in their fluorescence emission maxima on changing the solvents. This change is accompanied by a successive decrease in fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence lifetimes of these compounds are measured in different solvent and found to vary from <1 to 7 ns. Optical switching of these compounds with solvents, concentration, and excitation energy have been studied. The correlation between the functional group and optical properties has been established to some extent. The ability of these compounds to function as colorimetric and luminescence pH sensors is demonstrated with color changes and luminescence switching upon the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. The potentiality of these compounds for application in optoelectronics has been optically assessed. PMID:20235549
1. Donor Tag Game
MedlinePlus
... Cross chapter closest to you. Can't Donate Blood? A financial donation can also help save lives. Donate Now Find ... Donation Student Donors Donation Process Eligibility Blood FAQs Blood Donor Community Learn About Blood Blood Facts and Statistics ...
2. Additive Manufacturing Modeling and Simulation A Literature Review for Electron Beam Free Form Fabrication
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Seufzer, William J.
2014-01-01
Additive manufacturing is coming into industrial use and has several desirable attributes. Control of the deposition remains a complex challenge, and so this literature review was initiated to capture current modeling efforts in the field of additive manufacturing. This paper summarizes about 10 years of modeling and simulation related to both welding and additive manufacturing. The goals were to learn who is doing what in modeling and simulation, to summarize various approaches taken to create models, and to identify research gaps. Later sections in the report summarize implications for closed-loop-control of the process, implications for local research efforts, and implications for local modeling efforts.
3. 21 CFR 660.31 - Suitability of the donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.31 Suitability of the donor. Donors of peripheral blood for Reagent Red Blood Cells shall meet...
4. 21 CFR 660.31 - Suitability of the donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.31 Suitability of the donor. Donors of peripheral blood for Reagent Red Blood Cells shall meet...
5. 21 CFR 640.12 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.12 Suitability of donor. The source blood for Red Blood Cells shall be obtained from a donor who meets the criteria for...
6. 21 CFR 640.12 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.12 Suitability of donor. The source blood for Red Blood Cells shall be obtained from a donor who meets the criteria for...
7. 21 CFR 640.12 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.12 Suitability of donor. The source blood for Red Blood Cells shall be obtained from a donor who meets the criteria for...
8. 21 CFR 640.12 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.12 Suitability of donor. The source blood for Red Blood Cells shall be obtained from a donor who meets the criteria for...
9. 21 CFR 660.31 - Suitability of the donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.31 Suitability of the donor. Donors of peripheral blood for Reagent Red Blood Cells shall meet...
10. 21 CFR 660.31 - Suitability of the donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.31 Suitability of the donor. Donors of peripheral blood for Reagent Red Blood Cells shall meet...
11. Significant Influences of Elaborately Modulating Electron Donors on Light Absorption and Multichannel Charge-Transfer Dynamics for 4-(Benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-ylethynyl)benzoic Acid Dyes.
PubMed
Wang, Erfeng; Yao, Zhaoyang; Zhang, Yiqiang; Shao, Guosheng; Zhang, Min; Wang, Peng
2016-07-20
4-(Benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-ylethynyl)benzoic acid (BTEBA) as a promising electron acceptor has been used in the highly efficient organic dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) recently. Because of its strong electron-deficient character, BTEBA could bring forth a remarkable decline in the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and further reduce the energy gap of dye molecules significantly. In this contribution, two metal-free organic dyes WEF1 and WEF2 were synthesized by simply combining BTEBA with two slightly tailored electron-releasing moieties: 4-hexylphenyl substituted indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IDT) and cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']dithiophene[2',1':4,5]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene (CPDTDT), which were screened rationally from an electron-donor pool via computational simulation. With respect to those of WEF1, WEF2-sensitized solar cells demonstrate a far better short-circuit photocurrent density (JSC) and open-circuit photovoltage (VOC), resulting in a ∼50% improved power conversion efficiency of 10.0% under irradiance of 100 mW cm(-2) AM1.5G sunlight. We resorted to theoretical calculations, electrical measurements, steady-state, and time-resolved spectroscopic methods to shed light on the fatal influences of elaborately modulating electron donors on light absorption, interfacial energetics, and multichannel charge-transfer dynamics. PMID:27331621
12. UV-B-induced inhibition of photosystem II electron transport studied by EPR and chlorophyll fluorescence. Impairment of donor and acceptor side components.
PubMed
Vass, I; Sass, L; Spetea, C; Bakou, A; Ghanotakis, D F; Petrouleas, V
1996-07-01
Inhibition of photosystem II electron transport by UV-B radiation has been studied in isolated spinach photosystem II membrane particles using low-temperature EPR spectroscopy and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. UV-B irradiation results in the rapid inhibition of oxygen evolution and the decline of variable chlorophyll fluorescence. These effects are accompanied by the loss of the multiline EPR signal arising from the S2 state of the water-oxidizing complex and the induction of Signal IIfast originating from stabilized Try-Z+. The EPR signals from the QA-Fe2+ acceptor complex, Tyr-D+, and the oxidized non-heme iron (Fe3+) are also decreased during the course of UV-B irradiation, but at a significantly slower rate than oxygen evolution and the multiline signal. The decrease of the Fe3+ signal at high g values (g = 8.06, g = 5.6) is accompanied by the induction of another EPR signal at g = 4.26 that arises most likely from the same Fe3+ ion in a modified ligand environment. UV-B irradiation also affects cytochrome b-559. The g = 2.94 EPR signal that arises from the dark- oxidized form is enhanced, whereas the light inducible g = 3.04 signal that arises from the photo-oxidizable population of cytochrome b-559 is diminished. UV-B irradiation also induces the degradation of the D1 reaction center protein. The rate of the D1 protein loss is slower than the inhibition of oxygen evolution and of the multiline signal but follows closely the loss of Signal IIslow, the QA-Fe2+ and the Fe3+ EPR signals, as well as the release of protein-bound manganese. It is concluded from the results that UV-B radiation affects photosystem II redox components at both the donor and acceptor side. The primary damage occurs at the water-oxidizing complex. Modification and/or inactivation of tyrosine-D, cytochrome b-559, and the QAFe2+ acceptor complex are subsequent events that coincide more closely with the UV-B-induced damage to the protein structure of the photosystem II reaction
13. Modeling Groundwater-Quality Data from In-Situ Mesocosms Using PHREEQC to Provide Insights into the Electron Donors Involved in Denitrification in the Karlsruhe Aquifer, ND
Korom, S. F.; Tesfay, T.
2009-12-01
Groundwater nitrate concentrations in the Karlsruhe aquifer in north-central North Dakota increased in the mid-1990s. In response, state regulators developed a remediation plan that included research into the natural denitrifying capabilities of the aquifer, including the analysis of aquifer sediment samples and the installation of a pair of in-situ mesocosms (ISMs) below the water table to study denitrification reactions. Sediment analysis showed concentrations of the potential electron donors ferrous iron, inorganic sulfide, and organic carbon (OC). X-ray diffraction showed the dominant minerals are quartz, plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, calcite, and dolomite, with lesser amounts of ferrous-iron silicates (chlorite, hornblende, biotite) and pyrite. In the ISMs tracer tests were initiated by pumping groundwater from them, amending it with sodium nitrate and sodium bromide (Br was used as a tracer for nitrate), and pumping the amended water back into the ISMs. The large size of the ISMs (> 180 L of aquifer sediments) allowed large samples (> 1 L) to be taken from the ISMs about every two months for over two years. Samples were analyzed for major ions and saturation indices [SI = log (ion activity product/equilibrium constant)] computed. Any loss of nitrate beyond that attributable to dilution, based on the Br tracer, was considered denitrified. Major sulfate minerals were undersaturated in the ISMs; therefore, any increase in sulfate was attributed to the oxidation of pyrite. PHREEQC was used to determine if the remaining nitate lost to denitrification could be explained best by a reaction with ferrous-iron silicate (as grunerite), organic carbon (as CH2O), or a 50/50 stoichiometric mix of both. After each simulation, the modeled groundwater was “equilibrated” with quartz, albite, anorthite, calcite, dolomite, chlorite, and magnesite, such that the modeled groundwater and the actual groundwater had the same SI values for these minerals. Simulated
14. Thermal Imaging for Assessment of Electron-Beam Free Form Fabrication (EBF(sup 3)) Additive Manufacturing Welds
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zalameda, Joseph N.; Burke, Eric R.; Hafley, Robert A.; Taminger, Karen M.; Domack, Christopher S.; Brewer, Amy R.; Martin, Richard E.
2013-01-01
Additive manufacturing is a rapidly growing field where 3-dimensional parts can be produced layer by layer. NASA s electron beam free-form fabrication (EBF(sup 3)) technology is being evaluated to manufacture metallic parts in a space environment. The benefits of EBF(sup 3) technology are weight savings to support space missions, rapid prototyping in a zero gravity environment, and improved vehicle readiness. The EBF(sup 3) system is composed of 3 main components: electron beam gun, multi-axis position system, and metallic wire feeder. The electron beam is used to melt the wire and the multi-axis positioning system is used to build the part layer by layer. To insure a quality weld, a near infrared (NIR) camera is used to image the melt pool and solidification areas. This paper describes the calibration and application of a NIR camera for temperature measurement. In addition, image processing techniques are presented for weld assessment metrics.
15. Becoming a Donor
MedlinePlus
... by Organ and Gender. > U.S. Waiting List Candidate Data HOW TO BECOME A DONOR The most important thing to do is to sign up as an organ and tissue donor in your state's donor registry. To cover all bases, it's also helpful to: Designate your decision on ...
16. Transportation of high-current ion and electron beams in the accelerator drift gap in the presence of an additional electron background
Karas', V. I.; Kornilov, E. A.; Manuilenko, O. V.; Tarakanov, V. P.; Fedorovskaya, O. V.
2015-12-01
The dynamics of a high-current ion beam propagating in the drift gap of a linear induction accelerator with collective focusing is studied using 3D numerical simulations in the framework of the full system of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations (code KARAT). The ion beam is neutralized by a comoving electron beam in the current density and, partially, in space charge, since the velocities of electrons and ions differ substantially. The dynamics of the high-current ion beam is investigated for different versions of additional neutralization of its space charge. It is established that, for a given configuration of the magnetic field and in the presence of a specially programmed injection of additional electrons from the boundary opposite to the ion injection boundary, the angular divergence of the ion beam almost vanishes, whereas the current of the ion beam at the exit from the accelerator drift gap changes insignificantly and the beam remains almost monoenergetic.
17. Transportation of high-current ion and electron beams in the accelerator drift gap in the presence of an additional electron background
SciTech Connect
Karas’, V. I. Kornilov, E. A.; Manuilenko, O. V.; Tarakanov, V. P.; Fedorovskaya, O. V.
2015-12-15
The dynamics of a high-current ion beam propagating in the drift gap of a linear induction accelerator with collective focusing is studied using 3D numerical simulations in the framework of the full system of the Vlasov–Maxwell equations (code KARAT). The ion beam is neutralized by a comoving electron beam in the current density and, partially, in space charge, since the velocities of electrons and ions differ substantially. The dynamics of the high-current ion beam is investigated for different versions of additional neutralization of its space charge. It is established that, for a given configuration of the magnetic field and in the presence of a specially programmed injection of additional electrons from the boundary opposite to the ion injection boundary, the angular divergence of the ion beam almost vanishes, whereas the current of the ion beam at the exit from the accelerator drift gap changes insignificantly and the beam remains almost monoenergetic.
18. One-step versus stepwise mechanism in protonated amino acid-promoted electron-transfer reduction of a quinone by electron donors and two-electron reduction by a dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analogue. Interplay between electron transfer and hydrogen bonding.
PubMed
Yuasa, Junpei; Yamada, Shunsuke; Fukuzumi, Shunichi
2008-04-30
Semiquinone radical anion of 1-(p-tolylsulfinyl)-2,5-benzoquinone (TolSQ(*-)) forms a strong hydrogen bond with protonated histidine (TolSQ(*-)/His x 2 H(+)), which was successfully detected by electron spin resonance. Strong hydrogen bonding between TolSQ(*-) and His x 2 H(+) results in acceleration of electron transfer (ET) from ferrocenes [R2Fc, R = C5H5, C5H4(n-Bu), C5H4Me] to TolSQ, when the one-electron reduction potential of TolSQ is largely shifted to the positive direction in the presence of His x 2 H(+). The rates of His x 2 H(+)-promoted ET from R2Fc to TolSQ exhibit deuterium kinetic isotope effects due to partial dissociation of the N-H bond in His x 2 H(+) at the transition state, when His x 2 H(+) is replaced by the deuterated compound (His x 2 D(+)-d6). The observed deuterium kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) decreases continuously with increasing the driving force of ET to approach kH/kD = 1.0. On the other hand, His x 2 H(+) also promotes a hydride reduction of TolSQ by an NADH analogue, 9,10-dihydro-10-methylacridine (AcrH2). The hydride reduction proceeds via the one-step hydride-transfer pathway. In such a case, a large deuterium kinetic isotope effect is observed in the rate of the hydride transfer, when AcrH2 is replaced by the dideuterated compound (AcrD2). In sharp contrast to this, no deuterium kinetic isotope effect is observed, when His x 2 H(+) is replaced by His x 2 D(+)-d6. On the other hand, direct protonation of TolSQ and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) also results in efficient reductions of TolSQH(+) and PQH(+) by AcrH2, respectively. In this case, however, the hydride-transfer reactions occur via the ET pathway, that is, ET from AcrH2 to TolSQH(+) and PQH(+) occurs in preference to direct hydride transfer from AcrH2 to TolSQH(+) and PQH(+), respectively. The AcrH2(*+) produced by the ET oxidation of AcrH2 by TolSQH(+) and PQH(+) was directly detected by using a stopped-flow technique. PMID:18386924
19. Donor corneal tissue evaluation.
PubMed
Saini, J S; Reddy, M K; Sharma, S; Wagh, S
1996-03-01
Proper evaluation of donor cornea is critical to the success of corneal transplantation. Attention must be paid to the cause of death and ocular condition as several general and ocular diseases constitute contraindications for donor corneal usage. Death to enucleation time should be noted. Gross examination and slit lamp biomicroscopy are mandatory for the evaluation of the donor eye while specular microscopy adds another useful dimension to information regarding donor cornea. This article provides a comprehensive review of all the aspects of donor corneal evaluation as practised today worldwide. PMID:8828299
20. Donor-Appended N,C-Chelate Organoboron Compounds: Influence of Donor Strength on Photochromic Behaviour.
PubMed
Mellerup, Soren K; Yuan, Kang; Nguyen, Carmen; Lu, Zheng-Hong; Wang, Suning
2016-08-22
Recently, four-coordinated N,C-chelate organoboron compounds have been found to show many interesting photochemical transformations depending on the nature of their chelating framework. As such, the effect of substitution on the chelate ligand has been well-established and understood, but the impact of the aryl groups attached to the boron atom remains less clear. To investigate the effect of enhanced charge-transfer character, a series of new N,C-chelate organoboron compounds with donor-functionalized aryl groups have been synthesized and characterized using NMR, UV/Vis, and electrochemical methods. These compounds were found to possess bright and tunable charge-transfer luminescence which is dependent on the donor strength of the amino substituent. In addition, some of these compounds undergo photochromic switching, producing dark isomers of various colors. This work establishes that donor-functionalization of the aryl groups in N,C-chelate boron compounds is an effective strategy for tuning both the photophysical and photochemical properties of such systems. The new findings also help elucidate the influence of electronic structure on the photoreactivity of N,C-chelate organoboron compounds which appears to be as important as steric crowding around the boron atom. PMID:27460971
1. The impact of the donors' and recipients' medical complications on living kidney donors' mental health.
PubMed
Timmerman, Lotte; Laging, Mirjam; Timman, Reinier; Zuidema, Willij C; Beck, Denise K; IJzermans, Jan N M; Betjes, Michiel G H; Busschbach, Jan J V; Weimar, Willem; Massey, Emma K
2016-05-01
A minority of living kidney donors (between 5-25%) have poor psychological outcomes after donation. There is mixed evidence on the influence of medical complications on these outcomes. We examined whether medical complications among donors and recipients predicted changes in donors' mental health (psychological symptoms and well-being) between predonation and 1 year postdonation. One-hundred and forty-five donors completed questionnaires on mental health predonation and 3 and 12 months postdonation. Number of recipient rehospitalizations and donor complications (none; minor; or severe) were obtained from medical records at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine the association between medical complications and changes in donors' mental health over time after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. We found that donor complications (P = 0.003) and recipient rehospitalizations (P = 0.001) predicted an increase in donors' psychological symptoms over time. Recipient rehospitalizations also predicted a decrease in well-being (P = 0.005) over time; however, this relationship became weaker over time. We conclude that medical complications experienced by either the donor or recipient is a risk factor for deterioration in donors' mental health after living kidney donation. Professionals should monitor donors who experience medical complications and offer additional psychological support when needed. PMID:26895841
2. Effects of different additives with assistance of microwave heating for heavy metal stabilization in electronic industry sludge.
PubMed
Jothiramalingam, R; Lo, Shang-Lien; Chen, Ching-lung
2010-01-01
Electronic industrial wastewater sludge in Taiwan is normally passed through an acid-extraction process to reclaim most of the copper ions, the remaining residue may still need to be treated by various stabilization technologies using suitable additives. Cement solidification is used as the common method to stabilize the industrial wastewater sludge in Taiwan. However, this method has the disadvantage of an increase in waste volume. In the present study selective additives such as sodium sulfide, barium manganate and different phase of alumina were tested as a possible alternate additive to stabilize the heavy metal ion in the treated solid waste sludge via microwave heating treatment. The effects of additive amount, power of microwave irradiation and reaction time have been studied. Heavy metal leaching capacity is determined by using standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test and elemental content in the leachate is analyzed by inductively coupled plasma analysis. Sodium sulfide is effectively stabilizing the leaching copper ion with high selectivity in the presence of microwave irradiation and finally stabilized in the form of copper sulfide, which is a significant reaction to stabilize the copper ion leaching in the waste sludge. Complete stabilization of heavy metal ion and copper ion content (<5mgL(-1)) in industrial sludge is achieved by heating the microwave treated barium manganate and alumina additives by adopting suitable reaction conditions. Hybrid microwave and conventional heating process with minor amount of additive providing the efficient heavy metal stabilization for treated electronic industry waste sludge. PMID:19945139
3. Ultrafast transient absorption studies on photosystem I reaction centers from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 2: mutations near the P700 reaction center chlorophylls provide new insight into the nature of the primary electron donor.
PubMed
Holzwarth, Alfred R; Müller, Marc G; Niklas, Jens; Lubitz, Wolfgang
2006-01-15
donor P700", are not oxidized in the first electron transfer process, but rather only in the secondary electron transfer step. We thus propose a new electron transfer mechanism for Photosystem I where the accessory Chl(s) function as the primary electron donor(s) and the A0 Chl(s) are the primary electron acceptor(s). This new mechanism also resolves in a straightforward manner the difficulty with the previous mechanism, where an electron would have to overcome a distance of approximately 14 A in <1 ps in a single step. If interpreted within a scheme of single-sided electron transfer, our data suggest that the B-branch is the active branch, although parallel A-branch activity cannot be excluded. All the mutations do affect to a varying extent the energy difference between the reaction center excited state RC* and the first radical pair and thus affect the rate constant of charge recombination. It is interesting to note that the new mechanism proposed is in fact analogous to the electron transfer mechanism in Photosystem II, where the accessory Chl also plays the role of the primary electron donor, rather than the special Chl pair P680 (Prokhorenko, V. and A. R. Holzwarth. 2000. J. Phys. Chem. B. 104:11563-11578). PMID:16258055
4. The Effect of Donor Group Rigidification on the Electronic and Optical Properties of Arylamine-Based Metal-Free Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Computational Study.
PubMed
Estrella, Liezel L; Balanay, Mannix P; Kim, Dong Hee
2016-07-28
One of the most significant aspects in the development of dye-sensitized solar cells is the exploration and design of high-efficiency and low-cost dyes. This paper reports the theoretical design of various triphenylamine analogues, wherein the central nitrogen moiety establishes an sp(2)-hybridization, which endows a significant participation in the charge-transfer properties. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT methodologies were utilized to investigate the geometry, electronic structure, photochemical properties, and electrochemical properties of these dyes. Different exchange-correlation functionals were initially evaluated to establish a proper methodology for calculating the excited-state energy of the reference dye, known as DIA3. Consequently, TD-LC-ωPBE with a damping parameter of 0.175 Bohr(-1) best correlates with the experimental value. Four new dyes, namely, Dhk1, Dhk2, Dhk3, and Dhk4, were designed by modifying the rigidity of the donor moiety. According to the results, altering the type and position of binding in the donor group leads to distinct planarity of the dyes, which significantly affects their properties. The designed Dhk4 dye showed more red-shifted and broadened absorption spectra owing to the enhanced coplanarity between its donor and π-bridge moiety, which brings an advantage for its potential use as sensitizer for photovoltaic applications. PMID:27388927
5. Lung donor selection criteria
PubMed Central
Chaney, John; Suzuki, Yoshikazu; Cantu, Edward
2014-01-01
The criteria that define acceptable physiologic and social parameters for lung donation have remained constant since their empiric determination in the 1980s. These criteria include a donor age between 25-40, a arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/FiO2 ratio greater than 350, no smoking history, a clear chest X-ray, clean bronchoscopy, and a minimal ischemic time. Due to the paucity of organ donors, and the increasing number of patients requiring lung transplant, finding a donor that meets all of these criteria is quite rare. As such, many transplants have been performed where the donor does not meet these stringent criteria. Over the last decade, numerous reports have been published examining the effects of individual acceptance criteria on lung transplant survival and graft function. These studies suggest that there is little impact of the historical criteria on either short or long term outcomes. For age, donors should be within 18 to 64 years old. Gender may relay benefit to all female recipients especially in male to female transplants, although results are mixed in these studies. Race matched donor/recipients have improved outcomes and African American donors convey worse prognosis. Smoking donors may decrease recipient survival post transplant, but provide a life saving opportunity for recipients that may otherwise remain on the transplant waiting list. No specific gram stain or bronchoscopic findings are reflected in recipient outcomes. Chest radiographs are a poor indicator of lung donor function and should not adversely affect organ usage aside for concerns over malignancy. Ischemic time greater than six hours has no documented adverse effects on recipient mortality and should not limit donor retrieval distances. Brain dead donors and deceased donors have equivalent prognosis. Initial PaO2/FiO2 ratios less than 300 should not dissuade donor organ usage, although recruitment techniques should be implemented with intent to transplant. PMID:25132970
6. Lung donor selection criteria.
PubMed
Chaney, John; Suzuki, Yoshikazu; Cantu, Edward; van Berkel, Victor
2014-08-01
The criteria that define acceptable physiologic and social parameters for lung donation have remained constant since their empiric determination in the 1980s. These criteria include a donor age between 25-40, a arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/FiO2 ratio greater than 350, no smoking history, a clear chest X-ray, clean bronchoscopy, and a minimal ischemic time. Due to the paucity of organ donors, and the increasing number of patients requiring lung transplant, finding a donor that meets all of these criteria is quite rare. As such, many transplants have been performed where the donor does not meet these stringent criteria. Over the last decade, numerous reports have been published examining the effects of individual acceptance criteria on lung transplant survival and graft function. These studies suggest that there is little impact of the historical criteria on either short or long term outcomes. For age, donors should be within 18 to 64 years old. Gender may relay benefit to all female recipients especially in male to female transplants, although results are mixed in these studies. Race matched donor/recipients have improved outcomes and African American donors convey worse prognosis. Smoking donors may decrease recipient survival post transplant, but provide a life saving opportunity for recipients that may otherwise remain on the transplant waiting list. No specific gram stain or bronchoscopic findings are reflected in recipient outcomes. Chest radiographs are a poor indicator of lung donor function and should not adversely affect organ usage aside for concerns over malignancy. Ischemic time greater than six hours has no documented adverse effects on recipient mortality and should not limit donor retrieval distances. Brain dead donors and deceased donors have equivalent prognosis. Initial PaO2/FiO2 ratios less than 300 should not dissuade donor organ usage, although recruitment techniques should be implemented with intent to transplant. PMID:25132970
7. Determination of the Path Loss from Passenger Electronic Devices to Radio Altimeter with Additional EMI Test
Schüür, J.; Nunes, R. R.
2012-05-01
Emitters of current and future wireless ultra wideband technology (UWB) inside the cabin should not interfere with any aircraft system. Especially the radio altimeter (RA) system using antennas mounted outside the fuselage is potentially sensitive to UWB devices in the frequency range between 4.1 and 4.8 GHz. The measurement of the interference path loss (IPL) to the RA is therefore of interest and is presented for different aircraft. The need of a high dynamic setup with low parasitic coupling in the IPL measurement is stressed. In addition, electromagnetic interference (EMI) tests with different transmitted signals are made, showing that the susceptibility of the RA system actually increases with UWB modulation.
8. Design directed self-assembly of donor-acceptor polymers.
PubMed
Marszalek, Tomasz; Li, Mengmeng; Pisula, Wojciech
2016-09-21
Donor-acceptor polymers with an alternating array of donor and acceptor moieties have gained particular attention during recent years as active components of organic electronics. By implementation of suitable subunits within the conjugated backbone, these polymers can be made either electron-deficient or -rich. Additionally, their band gap and light absorption can be precisely tuned for improved light-harvesting in solar cells. On the other hand, the polymer design can also be modified to encode the desired supramolecular self-assembly in the solid-state that is essential for an unhindered transport of charge carriers. This review focuses on three major factors playing a role in the assembly of donor-acceptor polymers on surfaces which are (1) nature, geometry and substitution position of solubilizing alkyl side chains, (2) shape of the conjugated polymer defined by the backbone curvature, and (3) molecular weight which determines the conjugation length of the polymer. These factors adjust the fine balance between attractive and repulsive forces and ensure a close polymer packing important for an efficient charge hopping between neighboring chains. On the microscopic scale, an appropriate domain formation with a low density of structural defects in the solution deposited thin film is crucial for the charge transport. The charge carrier transport through such thin films is characterized by field-effect transistors as basic electronic elements. PMID:27440174
9. 21 CFR 640.63 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.63 Suitability of donor. (a) Method of determining. The suitability of a donor for Source Plasma shall be determined by a qualified... year. (2)(i) A donor who is to be immunized for the production of high-titer plasma shall be...
10. 21 CFR 640.63 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.63 Suitability of donor. (a) Method of determining. The suitability of a donor for Source Plasma shall be determined by a qualified... year. (2)(i) A donor who is to be immunized for the production of high-titer plasma shall be...
11. 21 CFR 640.63 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.63 Suitability of donor. (a) Method of determining. The suitability of a donor for Source Plasma shall be determined by a qualified... year. (2)(i) A donor who is to be immunized for the production of high-titer plasma shall be...
12. 21 CFR 640.63 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.63 Suitability of donor. (a) Method of determining. The suitability of a donor for Source Plasma shall be determined by a qualified... year. (2)(i) A donor who is to be immunized for the production of high-titer plasma shall be...
13. 21 CFR 640.63 - Suitability of donor.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.63 Suitability of donor. (a) Method of determining. The suitability of a donor for Source Plasma shall be determined by a qualified... year. (2)(i) A donor who is to be immunized for the production of high-titer plasma shall be...
14. Utilization of Deceased Donor Kidneys to Initiate Living Donor Chains.
PubMed
Melcher, M L; Roberts, J P; Leichtman, A B; Roth, A E; Rees, M A
2016-05-01
We propose that some deceased donor (DD) kidneys be allocated to initiate nonsimultaneous extended altruistic donor chains of living donor (LD) kidney transplants to address, in part, the huge disparity between patients on the DD kidney waitlist and available donors. The use of DD kidneys for this purpose would benefit waitlisted candidates in that most patients enrolled in kidney paired donation (KPD) systems are also waitlisted for a DD kidney transplant, and receiving a kidney through the mechanism of KPD will decrease pressure on the DD pool. In addition, a LD kidney usually provides survival potential equal or superior to that of DD kidneys. If KPD chains that are initiated by a DD can end in a donation of an LD kidney to a candidate on the DD waitlist, the quality of the kidney allocated to a waitlisted patient is likely to be improved. We hypothesize that a pilot program would show a positive impact on patients of all ethnicities and blood types. PMID:26833680
15. Novel microstructural growth in the surface of Inconel 625 by the addition of SiC under electron beam melting
Ahmad, M.; Ali, G.; Ahmed, Ejaz; Haq, M. A.; Akhter, J. I.
2011-06-01
Electron beam melting is being used to modify the microstructure of the surfaces of materials due to its ability to cause localized melting and supercooling of the melt. This article presents an experimental study on the surface modification of Ni-based superalloy (Inconel 625) reinforced with SiC ceramic particles under electron beam melting. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques have been applied to characterize the resulted microstructure. The results revealed growth of novel structures like wire, rod, tubular, pyramid, bamboo and tweezers type morphologies in the modified surface. In addition to that fibrous like structure was also observed. Formation of thin carbon sheet has been found at the regions of decomposed SiC. Electron beam modified surface of Inconel 625 alloy has been hardened twice as compared to the as-received samples. Surface hardening effect may be attributed to both the formation of the novel structures as well as the introduction of Si and C atom in the lattice of Inconel 625 alloy.
16. Electronic structure of p-type perylene monoimide-based donor-acceptor dyes on the nickel oxide (100) surface: a DFT approach.
PubMed
Kontkanen, O V; Niskanen, M; Hukka, T I; Rantala, T T
2016-05-25
A p-type dye-sensitized solar cell, where the dye injects a hole into the semiconductor, could be combined with a typical Grätzel cell to create an efficient tandem device. However, the current p-type devices suffer from low efficiency. Here, geometries and electronic structures of four perylenemonoimide-based dyes () both as free and adsorbed on the NiO(100) semiconductor surface have been investigated to gain a better understanding of the p-type devices. In particular, the electronic transitions relevant to charge transfer between the dye and the surface have been identified. Excitations have been evaluated using the time-dependent DFT calculations, and the roles of frontier orbitals and band edges in transitions have been assessed. The adsorbed dyes can adopt either upright or slightly tilted geometries depending on the structure of the anchoring group and the binding mode of the dye. The adsorption slightly lowers the NiO band gap, from 4.06 eV to 3.90-3.96 eV, depending on the surface-adsorbate system and the band gaps of the dye molecules by 0.1-0.2 eV. Additionally, the adsorption mode of dye moves the LUMO+1 level down by 0.5 eV. The effective mass of charge carrier holes is significantly smaller at the NiO surface than in the bulk indicating the importance of surface conductivity. We also found that the potential drop, i.e. the driving force for charge transfer from NiO to the dye molecule, depends on the adsorption mode of . PMID:27224900
17. NO x and PAHs removal from industrial flue gas by using electron beam technology with alcohol addition
Chmielewski, A. G.; Sun, Yong-Xia; Licki, J.; Bułka, S.; Kubica, K.; Zimek, Z.
2003-06-01
The removal of NO x and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from flue gas was investigated, as a preliminary test, with alcohol addition by using electron beam irradiation in EPS Kawęczyn. The experimental conditions were the followings: flue gas flow rate 5000 nm 3/h; humidity 4-5%; inlet concentrations of SO 2 and NO x, which were emitted from power station, were 192 and 106 ppm, respectively; ammonia addition was 2.75 m 3/h; alcohol addition was 600 l/h. It was found that below 6 kGy applied doses the NO x removal efficiency increased by 10% in the presence of alcohol as compared to the absence of alcohol; on the other hand, the NO x removal efficiency decreased at doses higher than 10 kGy. In order to understand the behavior of these aromatic hydrocarbons under electron irradiation, unirradiated samples (i.e. as emitted from the coal combustion process, called inlet) and irradiated samples (called outlet) were collected by using a condense bottle connected with an XAD-2 adsorbent and an active carbon adsorbent and were then analyzed by a GC-MS. It was found that using 8 kGy absorbed dose the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons of small aromatic rings (<3, except acenaphthylene) were reduced, but the concentration of these hydrocarbons of large aromatic rings (⩾4) were increased. A possible mechanism is proposed.
18. Rich Donors, Poor Countries
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Thomas, M. A.
2012-01-01
The shifting ideological winds of foreign aid donors have driven their policy towards governments in poor countries. Donors supported state-led development policies in poor countries from the 1940s to the 1970s; market and private-sector driven reforms during the 1980s and 1990s; and returned their attention to the state with an emphasis on…
19. Donor Telomere Length SAA
Cancer.gov
A new NCI study has found that, among patients with severe aplastic anemia who received a hematopoietic cell transplant from an unrelated donor, those whose donor white blood cells had longer telomeres had higher survival rates five-years after transplant
20. Donor selection and management.
PubMed
Snell, Gregory I; Paraskeva, Miranda; Westall, Glen P
2013-06-01
This article reviews recent developments in the selection, assessment, and management of the potential lung donor, which aim to increase donor organ use. The scarcity of suitable donor organs continues to limit lung transplantation, but the situation is changing. An expanded donor pool, including the now widespread use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) lungs; the use of extended donor lungs; and the ability of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) to evaluate and improve donor lungs are key initiatives. These strategies have substantially lifted donor lung utilization rates from historically low levels of less than 15% to rates greater than 50%. Indeed, since 2004 there has been an accelerated year-on-year increase in the number of lungs transplanted globally. Intermediate-term studies are now confirming that long-term outcomes are not being significantly compromised and that more individuals with terminal, symptomatic lung disease are being transplanted. It is now quite clear that many of the historical factors used to define a lung as "extended" do not actually produce significantly inferior outcomes. There has been a dramatic increase in research and clinical interest in donor lung assessment, management, and novel therapeutic strategies. The lessons learned are now being applied widely beyond the lung as researchers aim to increase availability and optimize other solid organs for transplantation. PMID:23821510
1. Laser and electron-beam powder-bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs.
PubMed
Sing, Swee Leong; An, Jia; Yeong, Wai Yee; Wiria, Florencia Edith
2016-03-01
Additive manufacturing (AM), also commonly known as 3D printing, allows the direct fabrication of functional parts with complex shapes from digital models. In this review, the current progress of two AM processes suitable for metallic orthopaedic implant applications, namely selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) are presented. Several critical design factors such as the need for data acquisition for patient-specific design, design dependent porosity for osteo-inductive implants, surface topology of the implants and design for reduction of stress-shielding in implants are discussed. Additive manufactured biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel, titanium-6aluminium-4vanadium (Ti6Al4V) and cobalt-chromium (CoCr) are highlighted. Limitations and future potential of such technologies are also explored. PMID:26488900
2. Carbon related donor bound exciton transitions in ZnO nanowires
SciTech Connect
Mohammadbeigi, F.; Kumar, E. Senthil; Alagha, S.; Anderson, I.; Watkins, S. P.
2014-08-07
Several shallow donor bound exciton photoluminescence (PL) transitions are reported in ZnO nanowires doped with carbon. The emission energies are in the range of 3360.8–3361.9 meV, close to previously reported emission lines due to excitons bound to donor point defects, such as Ga, Al, In, and H. The addition of small amounts of hydrogen during growth results in a strong enhancement of the PL of these carbon related emission lines, yet PL and annealing measurements indicate no appreciable bulk hydrogen. The observation of two electron satellites for these emission lines enables the determination of the donor binding energies. The dependence of exciton localization energy on donor binding energy departs somewhat from the usual linear relationship observed for group III donors, indicating a qualitatively different central cell potential, as one would expect for a complex. Emission lines due to excitons bound to ionized donors associated with these defects are also observed. The dependence of the PL emission intensities on temperature and growth conditions demonstrates that the lines are due to distinct complexes and not merely excited states of each other.
3. Modeling the Effect of External Carbon Source Addition under Different Electron Acceptor Conditions in Biological Nutrient Removal Activated Sludge Systems.
PubMed
Hu, Xiang; Wisniewski, Kamil; Czerwionka, Krzysztof; Zhou, Qi; Xie, Li; Makinia, Jacek
2016-02-16
The aim of this study was to expand the International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 2d (ASM2d) to predict the aerobic/anoxic behavior of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and "ordinary" heterotrophs in the presence of different external carbon sources and electron acceptors. The following new aspects were considered: (1) a new type of the readily biodegradable substrate, not available for the anaerobic activity of PAOs, (2) nitrite as an electron acceptor, and (3) acclimation of "ordinary" heterotrophs to the new external substrate via enzyme synthesis. The expanded model incorporated 30 new or modified process rate equations. The model was evaluated against data from several, especially designed laboratory experiments which focused on the combined effects of different types of external carbon sources (acetate, ethanol and fusel oil) and electron acceptors (dissolved oxygen, nitrate and nitrite) on the behavior of PAOs and "ordinary" heterotrophs. With the proposed expansions, it was possible to improve some deficiencies of the ASM2d in predicting the behavior of biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems with the addition of external carbon sources, including the effect of acclimation to the new carbon source. PMID:26783836
4. Expanding the live kidney donor pool: ethical considerations regarding altruistic donors, paired and pooled programs.
PubMed
Patel, Shaneel Rajendra; Chadha, Priyanka; Papalois, Vassilios
2011-06-01
In renal transplant, there is a well-known deficiency in organ supply relative to demand. Live donation provides superior results when compared with deceased donation including a better rate of graft success and fewer immunologic complications. This deficiency in organs leads to significant morbidity and mortality rates. Alternative avenues have been extensively explored that may expand the live donor pool. They include altruistic donation as well as paired and pooled exchange programs. Altruistic donation is a truly selfless act from a donor unknown to the recipient. Kidney paired donation involves 2 incompatible donor-recipient pairs swapping donors to produce compatibility. Pooled donation involves at least 2 pairs, and can take the form of domino chains in which altruistic input sets up a chain of transplants, in which each recipient's incompatible donor makes a donation for the next recipient. Despite application of these various methods, there lie extensive ethical issues surrounding them. Misconceptions frequently occur; for instance, the perceived benefit that donating an organ to a loved one is greater for a related donor than for an altruistic one. Additionally, it is frequently believed that immunologic incompatibility offers coerced donors liberation from surgery, and that overcoming these barriers by introducing exchange programs provides vulnerable donors less protection. This article explores these and other complex ethical issues surrounding the various methods of expanding the donor pool. The authors offer opinions that challenge the ethical issues and attempt to overcome those views that hinder progress in the field. PMID:21649566
5. Efficient Organic Light-Emitting Diode through Triplet Exciton Reharvesting by Employing Blended Electron Donor and Acceptor as the Emissive Layer.
PubMed
Zhang, Lu; Cai, Chao; Li, King Fai; Tam, Hoi Lam; Chan, Kin Long; Cheah, Kok Wai
2015-11-18
A blended bimolecular exciplex formation was demonstrated between two individual donor and acceptor molecules, which are tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA) and 2,4,6-tris(3'-(pyridin-3-yl)biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (Tm3PyBPZ). The photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex in the solid state showed an emission with a peak around 514 nm (∼2.49 eV). By applying this exciplex as an emitting layer, a highly efficient all-fluorescent organic lighting emitting diode with maximum efficiencies of 13.1% and 53.4 lm/W can be realized under an extremely low turn-on voltage of only 2.4 V. The thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) process is believed to be responsible for the excellent device performance. PMID:26529382
6. The willed body donor interview project: medical student and donor expectations.
PubMed
Bohl, Michael; Holman, Alexis; Mueller, Dean A; Gruppen, Larry D; Hildebrandt, Sabine
2013-01-01
The Anatomical Donations Program at the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) has begun a multiphase project wherein interviews of donors will be recorded and later shown to medical students who participate in the anatomical dissection course. The first phase of this project included surveys of both current UMMS medical students and donors concerning their perceptions of such a program. A five-question survey administered via Qualtrics software was electronically mailed to all current medical students at UMMS, and a survey was mailed to registered and potential donors requesting information from the UMMS on anatomical donations. A total of 224 medical student responses (response rate 33%) and 54 donor responses (response rate 27%) were received. Seventy-four percent of students and 81% of donors reported they would participate in this program if it existed. Students and donors supported the implementation of this program for varying reasons, though many felt strongly they would not want to participate in a donor interview program. These qualitative results support those of previous studies that show a majority of students desire a closer personal relationship with the donor, and these are the first results to be reported on donor perceptions of a donor interview program. Although many students and donors are in favor of instituting this program, others feel strongly that such an experience could be traumatic. The causes of these differing reactions need to be further explored, and the opinions of those who object to this study will be respected by maintaining voluntary participation in future phases of this study. PMID:23109299
7. Effect of Powder Reuse Times on Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V by Selective Electron Beam Melting
Tang, H. P.; Qian, M.; Liu, N.; Zhang, X. Z.; Yang, G. Y.; Wang, J.
2015-03-01
An advantage of the powder-bed-based metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes is that the powder can be reused. The powder reuse or recycling times directly affect the affordability of the additively manufactured parts, especially for the AM of titanium parts. This study examines the influence of powder reuse times on the characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V powder, including powder composition, particle size distribution (PSD), apparent density, tap density, flowability, and particle morphology. In addition, tensile samples were manufactured and evaluated with respect to powder reuse times and sample locations in the powder bed. The following findings were made from reusing the same batch of powder 21 times for AM by selective electron beam melting: (i) the oxygen (O) content increased progressively with increasing reuse times but both the Al content and the V content remained generally stable (a small decrease only); (ii) the powder became less spherical with increasing reuse times and some particles showed noticeable distortion and rough surfaces after being reused 16 times; (iii) the PSD became narrower and few satellite particles were observed after 11 times of reuse; (iv) reused powder showed improved flowability; and (v) reused powder showed no measurable undesired influence on the AM process and the samples exhibited highly consistent tensile properties, irrespective of their locations in the powder bed. The implications of these findings were discussed.
8. Insights into the Electronic Structure of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide from Generalized Valence Bond Theory: Addition of Hydrogen Atoms.
PubMed
Lindquist, Beth A; Takeshita, Tyler Y; Dunning, Thom H
2016-05-01
Ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are valence isoelectronic species, yet their properties and reactivities differ dramatically. In particular, O3 is highly reactive, whereas SO2 is chemically relatively stable. In this paper, we investigate serial addition of hydrogen atoms to both the terminal atoms of O3 and SO2 and to the central atom of these species. It is well-known that the terminal atoms of O3 are much more amenable to bond formation than those of SO2. We show that the differences in the electronic structure of the π systems in the parent triatomic species account for the differences in the addition of hydrogen atoms to the terminal atoms of O3 and SO2. Further, we find that the π system in SO2, which is a recoupled pair bond dyad, facilitates the addition of hydrogen atoms to the sulfur atom, resulting in stable HSO2 and H2SO2 species. PMID:27070292
9. Oocyte cryopreservation for donor egg banking.
PubMed
Cobo, Ana; Remohí, José; Chang, Ching-Chien; Nagy, Zsolt Peter
2011-09-01
. In the present manuscript, the current experience with oocyte donation using cryopreservation technology is reviewed. The outcomes of two recently established donor egg cryobanks at Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad in Spain and Reproductive Biology Associates in the USA (involving a large number of cases) demonstrate that egg cryo-survival is high and that fertilization, embryo development, implantation and pregnancy rates are similar to those reported after fresh egg donation. It also provides additional advantages of being more efficient, more economical, easier for both donors and recipients and potentially also safer, because eggs can now be quarantined for 6 months (or longer) to retest for infectious diseases in the donors. It is the opinion of the authors, based on several advantages associated with the use of donor egg cryobanking, that in the future there will be fewer traditional egg donations and increasingly more cryo-egg donations. PMID:21767989
10. Living Donor Liver Transplantation
MedlinePlus
... around the scar. The bulges can usually be fixed with surgery. During your medical exam, ask the ... to find out if the donor's blood type matches the recipient’s blood type. Next, the transplant team ...
11. D-A-D-π-D-A-D type diketopyrrolopyrrole based small molecule electron donors for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells.
PubMed
Patil, Yuvraj; Misra, Rajneesh; Sharma, Abhishek; Sharma, Ganesh D
2016-06-22
Two organic small molecules based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) units having a D-A-D-π-D-A-D structure denoted as and were synthesized. Their optical and electrochemical properties relevant to organic solar cells were investigated. The wider optical absorption coverage from 450-800 nm, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (-5.23 eV and -5.34 eV for and , respectively) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (-3.47 and -3.45 eV for and , respectively) make these small molecules suitable as donors for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells based on an active layer consists of a blend of these small molecules as donors and PC71BM as an acceptor with an optimized weight ratio of 1 : 2 cast from chloroform (CF) showed overall power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 1.98% (with Jsc = 5.38 mA cm(-2), Voc = 0.84 V and FF = 0.42) and 1.85% (with Jsc = 4.56 mA cm(-2), Voc = 0.96 V and FF = 0.42) for and respectively. The relatively high Voc value based on the based device has been attributed to the deeper HOMO of compared to . The optimized : PC71BM (1 : 2) and : PC71BM (1 : 2) active layers were subjected to two step annealing (TSA), i.e. thermal annealing and subsequent solvent vapor annealing and the corresponding BHJ organic solar cells showed a PCE of 5.28% (Jsc = 11.53 mA cm(-2), Voc = 0.79 V and FF = 0.58) and 5.52% (Jsc = 10.84 mA cm(-2), Voc = 0.91 V and FF = 0.56), respectively. The enhancement in PCE is mainly due to the improvement in Jsc and FF, related to light absorption in an active layer, a better nanoscale morphology, and an increase in the crystalline nature of the active layer and balanced charge transport, induced by the TSA treatment. PMID:27292157
12. Benzofurocarbazole and benzothienocarbazole as donors for improved quantum efficiency in blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent devices.
PubMed
Lee, Dong Ryun; Hwang, Seok-Ho; Jeon, Sang Kyu; Lee, Chil Won; Lee, Jun Yeob
2015-05-11
Benzofurocarbazole and benzothienocarbazole were used as electron donors of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters and the performances of the TADF devices were examined. The benzofurocarbazole and benzothienocarbazole donor moieties were better than carbazole as the electron donors of the TADF emitters. PMID:25869643
13. Photochemically induced intramolecular six-electron reductive elimination and oxidative addition of nitric oxide by the nitridoosmate(VIII) anion.
PubMed
Thornley, Wyatt A; Bitterwolf, Thomas E
2015-02-01
UV photolysis of the nitridoosmate(VIII) anion, OsO3 N(-) , in low-temperature frozen matrices results in nitrogen-oxygen bond formation to give the Os(II) nitrosyl complex OsO2 (NO)(-) . Photolysis of the Os(II) nitrosyl product with visible wavelengths results in reversion to the parent Os(VIII) complex. Formally a six-electron reductive elimination and oxidative addition, respectively, this represents the first reported example of such an intramolecular transformation. DFT modelling of this reaction proceeds through a step-wise mechanism taking place through a side-on nitroxyl Os(VI) intermediate, OsO2 (η(2) -NO)(-) . PMID:25537499
14. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.
PubMed
Deger, S; Giessing, M; Roigas, J; Wille, A H; Lein, M; Schönberger, B; Loening, S A
2005-01-01
Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LDN) has removed disincentives of potential donors and may bear the potential to increase kidney donation. Multiple modifications have been made to abbreviate the learning curve while at the same time guarantee the highest possible level of medical quality for donor and recipient. We reviewed the literature for the evolution of the different LDN techniques and their impact on donor, graft and operating surgeon, including the subtleties of different surgical accesses, vessel handling and organ extraction. We performed a literature search (PubMed, DIMDI, medline) to evaluate the development of the LDN techniques from 1995 to 2003. Today more than 200 centres worldwide perform LDN. Hand-assistance has led to a spread of LDN. Studies comparing open and hand-assisted LDN show a reduction of operating and warm ischaemia times for the hand-assisted LDN. Different surgical access sites (trans- or retroperitoneal), different vessel dissection approaches, donor organ delivery techniques, delivery sites and variations of hand-assistance techniques reflect the evolution of LDN. Proper techniques and their combination for the consecutive surgical steps minimize both warm ischaemia time and operating time while offering the donor a safe minimally invasive laparoscopic procedure. LDN has breathed new life into the moribund field of living kidney donation. Within a few years LDN could become the standard approach in living kidney donation. Surgeons working in this field must be trained thoroughly and well acquainted with the subtleties of the different LDN techniques and their respective advantages and disadvantages. PMID:16754618
15. Live-donor nephrectomy.
PubMed
Rocca, Juan P; Davis, Eric; Edye, Michael
2012-01-01
Six decades after its first implementation, kidney transplantation remains the optimal therapy for end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. Despite the incontrovertible mortality reduction and cost-effectiveness of kidney transplantation, the greatest remaining barrier to treatment of end-stage renal disease is organ availability. Although the waiting list of patients who stand to benefit from kidney transplantation grows at a rate proportional to the overall population and proliferation of diabetes and hypertension, the pool of deceased-donor organs available for transplantation experiences minimal to no growth. Because the kidney is uniquely suited as a paired organ, the transplant community's answer to this shortage is living donation of a healthy volunteer's kidney to a recipient with end-stage renal disease. This review details the history and evolution of living-donor kidney transplantation in the United States as well as advances the next decade promises. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has overcome many of the obstacles to living donation in terms of donor morbidity and volunteerism. Known donor risks in terms of surgical and medical morbidity are reviewed, as well as the ongoing efforts to delineate and mitigate donor risk in the context of accumulating recipient morbidity while on the waiting list. PMID:22678857
16. Ab initio molecular orbital study of substituent effects in vaska type complexes (trans-IrL{sub 2}(CO)X): Electron affinities, ionization potentials, carbonyl stretch frequencies, and the thermodynamics of H{sub 2} dissociative addition
SciTech Connect
Abu-Hasanayn, F.; Goldman, A.S.; Krogh-Jespersen, K.
1994-10-26
Ab initio electronic structure calculations are used to study substituent effects in Vaska-type complexes, trans-IrL{sub 2}(CO)X (1-X) (X = F, Cl, Br, I, CN, H, CH{sub 3}, SiH{sub 3}, OH, and SH; L = PH{sub 3}). Both the electron affinity and the ionization potential of 1-X are computed to increase upon descending the halogen series of complexes, which indicates, surprisingly, that the complexes with more electronegative halogens are more difficult to reduce and easier to oxidize. The computed electron affinity trend is consistent with the half-wave reduction potential trend known for 1-X (L = PPh{sub 3}; X = F, Cl, Br, and I). Computed carbonyl stretch frequencies for 1-X are greater than experimental values (L = PPh{sub 3}), but observed trends are well reproduced. The redox and spectroscopic trends are discussed in terms of the substituent effects on the electronic structure of 1-X, particularly as revealed in the molecular orbital energy level diagrams of these complexes. The reaction energy for H{sub 2} addition to 1-X, leading to the cis,trans-(H){sub 2}IrL{sub 2}(CO)X (2-X) product, has been computed. After electron correlation effects are included (MP4(SDTQ)), the reaction enthalpy computed for 1-CI is {minus}18.4 kcal/mol (L = PH{sub 3}) as compared to a reported experimental value of {minus}14 kcal/mol (L = PPh{sub 3}). Compared with available experimental data, the electronic effects of L(L = PH{sub 3}, NH{sub 3}, or AsH{sub 3}) and X on the thermodynamics of the H{sub 2} addition reaction are accurately reproduced by the model calculations at all levels of theory (HF and MPn). Formation of the hypothetical products cis,trans- and trans,trans-(H){sub 2}IrL{sub 2}(CO)X(2-X and 3-X) (X = BH{sub 2}, NH{sub 2}, and PH{sub 2}) is used to demonstrate that {pi}-acceptor substituents promote the H{sub 2} addition reaction to 1-X while {pi}-donor substituents disfavor addition.
17. Complications in 100 living-liver donors.
PubMed Central
Grewal, H P; Thistlewaite, J R; Loss, G E; Fisher, J S; Cronin, D C; Siegel, C T; Newell, K A; Bruce, D S; Woodle, E S; Brady, L; Kelly, S; Boone, P; Oswald, K; Millis, J M
1998-01-01
OBJECTIVE: A review of 100 living-liver donors was performed to evaluate the perisurgical complications of the procedure and thus to help quantify the risks to the donor. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Despite the advantages of living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT), the procedure has received criticism for the risk it imposes on healthy persons. A paucity of data exists regarding the complications and relative safety of the procedure. METHODS: One hundred LDLTs performed between November 1989 and November 1996 were reviewed. Donor data were obtained by chart review, anesthesia records, and the computerized hospital data base. Patient variables were compared by Fisher's exact test and the Student's t test. RESULTS: There were 57 women and 43 men with a median age of 29. Donors were divided into two groups: group A (first 50 donors), and group B (last 50 donors). There were 91 left lateral segments and 9 left lobes. There were no deaths. Fourteen major complications occurred in 13 patients; 9 occurred in group A and 5 in group B. Biliary complications consisted of five bile duct injuries (group A = 4, group B = 1) and two cut edge bile leaks. Complications were more common in left lobe resections (55%) than in left lateral segment grafts (10%). Minor complications occurred in 20% of patients. A significant reduction in overall complications (major and minor) was observed between the groups (group A, n = 24 [45%] vs. group B, n = 10 [20%]). In addition, surgical time and hospital stay were both significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Although the procedure is safe, many LDLT donors have a perisurgical complication. Surgical experience and technical modifications have resulted in a significant reduction in these complications, however. To minimize the risks for these healthy donors, LDLT should be performed at institutions with extensive experience. PMID:9712567
18. Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in a bridged C{sub 60}. (Acceptor)-Aniline (donor) system. Photophysical properties of the first active` fullerene diad
SciTech Connect
Williams, R.M.; Zwier, J.M.; Verhoeven, J.W.
1995-04-12
A covalently functionalized fullerene comprising an electron donating aniline group coupled to the fullerene unit by a saturated heterocyclic bridge is shown to undergo a photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer process that causes quenching of the fluorescence of the adduct and strong decrease triplet population in polar solvents. VIS-absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence at 77 K, triplet-triplet absorption, time resolved fluorescence and redox potentials of the fullerene adduct are presented. Analysis of the solvent dependence of the energetics of the intramolecular electron transfer is given and is in good agreement with the experimental results. 17 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.
19. On the origin of the substantial stabilisation of the electron-donor 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4-carboxyclic acid···I2 and DABCO···I2 complexes.
PubMed
Deepa, Palanisamy; Sedlak, Robert; Hobza, Pavel
2014-04-14
The stabilisation energies of the crystal structures of 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4-carboxyclic acid···I2 and DABCO···I2 complexes determined by the CCSD(T)/CBS method are very large and exceed 8 and 15 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The DFT-D method (B97-D3/def2-QZVP) strongly overestimates these stabilisation energies, which support the well-known fact that the DFT-D method is not very applicable to the study of charge-transfer complexes. On the other hand, the M06-2X/def2-QZVP method provides surprisingly reliable energies. A DFT-SAPT analysis has shown that a substantial stabilisation of these complexes arises from the charge-transfer energy included in the induction energy and that the respective induction energy is much larger than that of other non-covalently bound complexes. The total stabilisation energies of the complexes mentioned as well as of those where iodine has been replaced by lighter halogens (Br2 and Cl2) or by hetero systems (IF, ICH3, N2) correlate well with the magnitude of the σ-hole (Vs,max value) as well as with the LUMO energy. The nature of the stabilisation of all complexes between both electron donors and X2 (X = I, Br, Cl, N) systems is explained by the magnitude of the σ-hole but surprisingly also by the values of the electric quadrupole moment of these systems. Evidently, the nature of the stabilisation of halogen-bonded complexes between electron donors and systems where the first non-zero electric multipole moment is the quadrupole moment can be explained not only by the recently introduced concept of the σ-hole but also by the classical concept of electric quadrupole moments. PMID:24584418
20. Charge transfer in Fe-doped GaN: The role of the donor
SciTech Connect
Sunay, Ustun; Dashdorj, J.; Zvanut, M. E.; Harrison, J. G.; Leach, J. H.; Udwary, K.
2014-02-21
Several nitride-based device structures would benefit from the availability of high quality, large-area, freestanding semi-insulating GaN substrates. Due to the intrinsic n-type nature of GaN, however, the incorporation of compensating centers such as Fe is necessary to achieve the high resistivity required. We are using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to explore charge transfer in 450 um thick GaN:Fe plates to understand the basic mechanisms related to compensation so that the material may be optimized for device applications. The results suggest that the simple model based on one shallow donor and a single Fe level is insufficient to describe compensation. Rather, the observation of the neutral donor and Fe3+ indicates that either the two species are spatially segregated or additional compensating and donor defects must be present.
1. Structure–Property Relationship Study of Substitution Effects on Isoindigo-Based Model Compounds as Electron Donors in Organic Solar Cells
PubMed Central
2015-01-01
We designed and synthesized a series of isoindigo-based derivatives to investigate how chemical structure modification at both the 6,6′- and 5,5′-positions of the core with electron-rich and electron-poor moieties affect photophysical and redox properties as well as their solid-state organization. Our studies reveal that 6,6′-substitution on the isoindigo core results in a stronger intramolecular charge transfer band due to strong electronic coupling between the 6,6′-substituent and the core, whereas 5,5′-substitution induces a weaker CT band that is more sensitive to the electronic nature of the substituents. In the solid state, 6,6′-derivatives generally form J-aggregates, whereas 5,5′-derivatives form H-aggregates. With only two branched ethylhexyl side chains, the 6,6′-derivatives form organized lamellar structures in the solid state. The incorporation of electron-rich benzothiophene, BT, substituents further enhances ordering, likely because of strong intermolecular donor–acceptor interactions between the BT substituent and the electron-poor isoindigo core on neighboring compounds. Collectively, the enhanced photophysical properties and solid-state organization of the 6,6′-benzothiophene substituted isoindigo derivative compared to the other isoindigo derivatives examined in this study resulted in solar cells with higher power conversion efficiencies when blended with a fullerene derivative. PMID:25089728
2. Distinctive Characteristics of Educational Donors
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
James, Russell N., III.
2008-01-01
Examining the charitable behavior of 56,663 US households, this paper evaluates the distinctive characteristics of educational donors as compared with donors to noneducational charitable organizations and with nondonors. In general, educational donors had significantly greater income, wealth, and education than other donors. Educational donors…
3. Hydroxyl ion addition to one-electron oxidized thymine: Unimolecular interconversion of C5 to C6 OH-adducts
PubMed Central
Adhikary, Amitava; Kumar, Anil; Heizer, Alicia N.; Palmer, Brian J.; Pottiboyina, Venkata; Liang, Yong; Wnuk, Stanislaw F.; Sevilla, Michael D.
2013-01-01
In this work, addition of OH− to one-electron oxidized thymidine (dThd) and thymine nucleotides in basic aqueous glasses is investigated. At pHs ca. 9–10 where the thymine base is largely deprotonated at N3, one-electron oxidation of the thymine base by Cl2•− at ca. 155 K results in formation of a neutral thyminyl radical, T(−H)•. Assignment to T(−H)• is confirmed by employing 15N substituted 5'-TMP. At pH ≥ ca. 11.5, formation of the 5-hydroxythymin-6-yl radical, T(5OH)•, is identified as a metastable intermediate produced by OH− addition to T(−H)• at C5 at ca. 155 K. Upon further annealing to ca. 170 K, T(5OH)• readily converts to the 6-hydroxythymin-5-yl radical, T(6OH)•. One-electron oxidation of N3-methyl-thymidine (N3-Me-dThd) by Cl2•− at ca. 155 K produces the cation radical (N3-Me-dThd•+) for which we find a pH dependent competition between deprotonation from the methyl group at C5 and addition of OH− to C5. At pH 7 the 5-methyl deprotonated species is found; however, at pH ca. 9, N3-Me-dThd•+ produces T(5OH)• that on annealing up to 180 K forms T(6OH)•. Through use of deuterium substitution at C5' and on the thymine base, i.e., specifically employing [5',5”-D,D]-5'-dThd, [5',5”-D,D]-5'-TMP, [CD3]-dThd and [CD3,6D]-dThd, we find unequivocal evidence for T(5OH)• formation and its conversion to T(6OH)•. The addition of OH− to the C5 position in T(−H)• and N3-Me-dThd•+ is governed by spin and charge localization. DFT calculations predict that the conversion of the “reducing” T(5OH)• to the “oxidizing” T(6OH)• occurs by a unimolecular OH group transfer from C5 to C6 in the thymine base. The T(5OH)• to T(6OH)• conversion is found to occur more readily for deprotonated dThd and its nucleotides than for N3-Me-dThd. In agreement, calculations predict that the deprotonated thymine base has a lower energy barrier (ca. 6 kcal/mol) for OH transfer than its corresponding N3-protonated thymine
4. Systems of donor transfer.
PubMed
de Charro, F T; Akveld, H E; Hessing, D J
1993-10-01
The development of medical knowledge has resulted in a demand in society for donor organs, but the recruitment of donor organs for transplantation is difficult. This paper aims to provide some general insights into the complex interaction processes involved. A laissez-faire policy, in which market forces are relied on, is not acceptable from an ethical and legal point of view in most western European countries. Especially at the demand side of the exchange of donor organs, commercialism is to be opposed. We judge the use of commercial incentives at the supply side less unacceptable in theory but not feasible in western European countries. Since market forces are deemed unacceptable as instruments for coordinating demand and supply of donor organs, donor procurement has to be considered as a collective good, and therefore governments are faced with the responsibility of making sure that alternative interaction and distribution mechanisms function. The role of organ procurement agencies (OPAs) in societal interaction concerning postmortem organ donation is described using a two-dimensional conceptualisation scheme. Medical aspects of living organ donation are described. An international comparative description of legal systems to regulate living organ donation in western European countries completes this survey. PMID:10129766
5. Synthesis and characterization of a highly strained donor-acceptor nanohoop.
PubMed
Van Raden, J M; Darzi, E R; Zakharov, L N; Jasti, R
2016-06-15
A highly-strained, nitrogen-doped cycloparaphenylene (CPP), aza[6]CPP, was synthesized and then converted to a donor-acceptor nanohoop, N-methylaza[6]CPP, via alkylation of the nitrogen center. The energy levels of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) for both molecules were then probed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), which revealed that the donor-acceptor nanohoop had a significantly lower LUMO energy relative to [6]CPP and aza[6]CPP. Density functional theory (DFT) revealed that the donor-acceptor nanohoop underwent a redistribution of the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) density such that a significant portion of the LUMO density resided upon the electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring. This localization of LUMO density caused a large lowering in the LUMO energy of nearly a full electron volt, while the HOMO energy was less affected due to a large centralization of the FMO on the electron-rich phenylene backbone. This ultimately resulted in a net lowering of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap which was observed both experimentally and computationally. In addition, N-methylaza[6]CPP has a significantly lower energy LUMO than N-methylaza[8]CPP, illustrating that the FMO levels of donor-acceptor nanohoops can be tuned by adjusting the hoop size. PMID:26881906
6. DONOR-ACCEPTOR INTERACTIONS OF NITROGEN*
PubMed Central
Kimura, J. E.; Szent-Györgyi, A.
1969-01-01
The nitrogen atoms of organic molecules readily enter into donor-acceptor interactions, giving off an electron from their lone pair. Under favorable conditions the acceptor can form free radicals. S and O atoms behave likewise but less intensely. PMID:4306047
7. Donor free radical explosive composition
DOEpatents
Walker, Franklin E. [15 Way Points Rd., Danville, CA 94526; Wasley, Richard J. [4290 Colgate Way, Livermore, CA 94550
1980-04-01
An improved explosive composition is disclosed and comprises a major portion of an explosive having a detonation velocity between about 1500 and 10,000 meters per second and a minor amount of a donor additive comprising an organic compound or mixture of organic compounds capable of releasing low molecular weight free radicals or ions under mechanical or electrical shock conditions and which is not an explosive, or an inorganic compound or mixture of inorganic compounds capable of releasing low molecular weight free radicals or ions under mechanical or electrical shock conditions and selected from ammonium or alkali metal persulfates.
8. Managing finances of shipping living donor kidneys for donor exchanges.
PubMed
Mast, D A; Vaughan, W; Busque, S; Veale, J L; Roberts, J P; Straube, B M; Flores, N; Canari, C; Levy, E; Tietjen, A; Hil, G; Melcher, M L
2011-09-01
Kidney donor exchanges enable recipients with immunologically incompatible donors to receive compatible living donor grafts; however, the financial management of these exchanges, especially when an organ is shipped, is complex and thus has the potential to impede the broader implementation of donor exchange programs. Representatives from transplant centers that utilize the National Kidney Registry database to facilitate donor exchange transplants developed a financial model applicable to paired donor exchanges and donor chain transplants. The first tenet of the model is to eliminate financial liability to the donor. Thereafter, it accounts for the donor evaluation, donor nephrectomy hospital costs, donor nephrectomy physician fees, organ transport, donor complications and recipient inpatient services. Billing between hospitals is based on Medicare cost report defined costs rather than charges. We believe that this model complies with current federal regulations and effectively captures costs of the donor and recipient services. It could be considered as a financial paradigm for the United Network for Organ Sharing managed donor exchange program. PMID:21831153
9. Effect of oxidant addition on the elimination of 2-naphthalenesulfonate in aqueous solutions by electron beam irradiation
Alkhuraiji, Turki S.; Karpel Vel Leitner, Nathalie
2016-09-01
Aromatic sulfonated compounds and naphthalene derivatives are major chemical compounds used in the industry. Electron beam irradiation of aqueous solutions of 2-naphthalenesulfonate (90 μM) was investigated under various experimental conditions. The results obtained demonstrate that the 2-NS concentration decreased dramatically on increasing the absorbed dose in the range 0-1000 Gy. The effectiveness of the radiolytic system was demonstrably enhanced by the addition of oxidants (S2O82- or H2O2). 2-NS removal was higher with S2O82- than with H2O2. For the EB, EB/H2O2, and EB/S2O82- systems, the absorbed doses for 90% elimination of 2-NS (D90) were 700, 480, and 274 Gy, respectively. 2-NS is poorly mineralized by EB but more than 35% mineralization was reached for 15 kGy when oxidants (820 μM S2O82- or 935 μM H2O2) were added. In all systems, the mineralization yield was markedly higher when air (i.e. dissolved oxygen increase) was introduced between successive doses. For 50% 2-NS removal, seven sulfonated transformation products were identified using LC/MS analyses. For the highest absorbed doses the sulfonate group in 2-NS was converted to sulfate ions in the radiolytic systems.
10. Thermographic in-situ process monitoring of the electron-beam melting technology used in additive manufacturing
Dinwiddie, Ralph B.; Dehoff, Ryan R.; Lloyd, Peter D.; Lowe, Larry E.; Ulrich, Joe B.
2013-05-01
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been utilizing the ARCAM electron beam melting technology to additively manufacture complex geometric structures directly from powder. Although the technology has demonstrated the ability to decrease costs, decrease manufacturing lead-time and fabricate complex structures that are impossible to fabricate through conventional processing techniques, certification of the component quality can be challenging. Because the process involves the continuous deposition of successive layers of material, each layer can be examined without destructively testing the component. However, in-situ process monitoring is difficult due to metallization on inside surfaces caused by evaporation and condensation of metal from the melt pool. This work describes a solution to one of the challenges to continuously imaging inside of the chamber during the EBM process. Here, the utilization of a continuously moving Mylar film canister is described. Results will be presented related to in-situ process monitoring and how this technique results in improved mechanical properties and reliability of the process.
11. Electron-impact total ionization cross sections of DNA sugar-phosphate backbone and an additivity principle
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Huo, Winifred M.; Dateo, Christopher E.
2005-01-01
The improved binary-encounter dipole (iBED) model [W.M. Huo, Phys. Rev. A64, 042719-1 (2001)l is used to study the total ionization cross sections of the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone by electron impact. Calculations using neutral fragments found that the total ionization cross sections of C3' - and C5', -deoxyribose-phospate, two conformers of the sugar-phosphate backbone, are close to each other. Furthermore, the sum of the ionization cross sections of the separate deoxyribose and phosphate fragments is in close agreement with the C3' - and C5" -deoxyribose-phospate cross sections, differing by less than 10%. The result implies that certain properties of the-DNA, like the total singly ionization cross section, are localized properties and a building-up or additivity principle may apply. This allows us to obtain accurate properties of larger molecular systems built up from the results of smaller subsystem fragments. Calculations are underway using a negatively charged sugar-phosphate backbone with a metal counter-ion.
12. 77 FR 12226 - Sadex Corp.; Filing of Food Additive Petition (Animal Use); Electron Beam and X-Ray Sources for...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2012-02-29
... Petition (Animal Use); Electron Beam and X-Ray Sources for Irradiation of Poultry Feed and Poultry Feed... regulations be amended to provide for the safe use of electron beam and x-ray sources for irradiation of... use of electron beam and x- ray sources for irradiation of poultry feed and poultry feed...
13. Involvement of histidine 190 on the D1 protein in electron/proton transfer reactions on the donor side of photosystem II.
PubMed
Mamedov, F; Sayre, R T; Styring, S
1998-10-01
Flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics from photosystem II in thylakoids from the dark-grown wild type and two site-directed mutants of the D1 protein His190 residue (D1-H190) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been characterized. Induction of the chlorophyll fluorescence on the first flash, reflecting electron transport from YZ to P680(+), exhibited a strong pH dependence with a pK of 7.6 in the dark-grown wild type which lacks the Mn cluster. The chlorophyll fluorescence decay, measured in the presence of DCMU, which reflects recombination between QA- and YZox, was also pH-dependent with a similar pK of 7.5. These results indicate participation by the same base, which is suggested to be D1-H190, in oxidation and reduction of YZ in forward electron transfer and recombination pathways, respectively. This hypothesis was tested in the D1-H190 mutants. Induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in these H190 mutants has been observed to be inefficient due to slow electron transfer from YZ to P680(+) [Roffey, R. A., et al. (1994) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1185, 257-270]. We show that this reaction is pH-dependent, with a pK of 8. 1, and at pH >/=9, the fluorescence induction is efficient in the H190 mutants, suggesting direct titration of YZ. The efficient oxidation of YZ ( approximately 70% at pH 9.0) at high pH was confirmed by kinetic EPR measurements. In contrast to the wild type, the H190 mutants show little or no observable fluorescence decay. Our data suggest that H190 is an essential component in the electron transfer reactions in photosystem II and acts as a proton acceptor upon YZ oxidation. In the H190 mutants, this reaction is inefficient and YZ oxidation only occurs at elevated pHs when YZ itself probably is deprotonated. We also propose that H190 is able to return a proton to YZox during electron recombination from QA- in a reaction which does not take place in the D1-H190 mutants. PMID:9760263
14. Polyfluorophore Excimers and Exciplexes as FRET Donors in DNA
PubMed Central
Teo, Yin Nah; Kool, Eric T.
2009-01-01
We describe studies aimed at testing whether oligomeric exciplex- and excimer fluorophores conjugated to DNA have the potential to act as donors for energy transfer by the Förster mechanism. Oligodeoxyfluorosides (ODFs) are composed of stacked, electronically interacting fluorophores replacing the bases on a DNA scaffold. The monomer chromophores in the twenty tetramer-length ODFs studied here include pyrene (Y), benzopyrene (B), perylene (E), dimethylaminostilbene (D), and a nonfluorescent spacer (S); these are conjugated in varied combinations at the 3’ end of a 14mer DNA probe sequence. In the absence of an acceptor chromophore, many of the ODF-DNAs show broad, unstructured long-wavelength emission peaks characteristic of excimer and exciplex excited states, similar to what has been observed for unconjugated ODFs. Although such delocalized excited states have been widely studied, we know of no prior report of their use in FRET. We tested the ability of the twenty ODFs to donate energy to Cy5 and TAMRA dyes conjugated to a complementary strand of DNA, with these acceptors oriented either at the near or far end of the ODF-conjugated probes. Results showed that a number of the ODF fluorophores exhibited relatively efficient energy transfer characteristic of the Förster mechanism, as judged by drops in donor emission quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime, accompanied by increases in intensity of acceptor emission bands. Excimer/exciplex bands in the donors were selectively quenched while shorter-wavelength monomer emission stayed relatively constant, consistent with the notion that the delocalized excited states, rather than individual fluorophores, are the donors. Interestingly, only specific sequences of ODFs were able to act as donors, while others did not, even though their emission wavelengths were similar. The new FRET donors possess large Stokes shifts, which can be beneficial for multiple applications. In addition, all ODFs can be excited at a single
15. Attitudes towards disclosure and relationship to donor offspring among a national cohort of identity-release oocyte and sperm donors
PubMed Central
Lampic, C.; Skoog Svanberg, A.; Sydsjö, G.
2014-01-01
higher level of involvement with potential donor offspring compared with oocyte donors (P = 0.005). Few donors reported a need for more counselling regarding the consequences of their donation. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION While the multicentre study design strengthens external validity, attrition induced a risk of selection bias. In addition, the use of study-specific instruments that have not been psychometrically tested is a limitation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The positive attitudes towards disclosure to offspring of female and male identity-release donors are in line with previous reports of anonymous and known donors. While our results on donors' general positive or neutral attitudes towards future contact with potential donor offspring are reassuring, a subset of donors with negative attitudes towards such contact warrants concern and suggests a need for counselling on long-term consequences of donating gametes. STUDY FUNDING The ‘Swedish study on gamete donation’ was funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, and the Regional Research Council in Uppsala-Örebro. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. PMID:25030191
16. Hyperfine Stark effect of shallow donors in silicon
Pica, Giuseppe; Wolfowicz, Gary; Urdampilleta, Matias; Thewalt, Mike L. W.; Riemann, Helge; Abrosimov, Nikolai V.; Becker, Peter; Pohl, Hans-Joachim; Morton, John J. L.; Bhatt, R. N.; Lyon, S. A.; Lovett, Brendon W.
2014-11-01
We present a complete theoretical treatment of Stark effects in bulk doped silicon, whose predictions are supported by experimental measurements. A multivalley effective mass theory, dealing nonperturbatively with valley-orbit interactions induced by a donor-dependent central cell potential, allows us to obtain a very reliable picture of the donor wave function within a relatively simple framework. Variational optimization of the 1 s donor binding energies calculated with a new trial wave function, in a pseudopotential with two fitting parameters, allows an accurate match of the experimentally determined donor energy levels, while the correct limiting behavior for the electronic density, both close to and far from each impurity nucleus, is captured by fitting the measured contact hyperfine coupling between the donor nuclear and electron spin. We go on to include an external uniform electric field in order to model Stark physics: with no extra ad hoc parameters, variational minimization of the complete donor ground energy allows a quantitative description of the field-induced reduction of electronic density at each impurity nucleus. Detailed comparisons with experimental values for the shifts of the contact hyperfine coupling reveal very close agreement for all the donors measured (P, As, Sb, and Bi). Finally, we estimate field ionization thresholds for the donor ground states, thus setting upper limits to the gate manipulation times for single qubit operations in Kane-like architectures: the Si:Bi system is shown to allow for A gates as fast as ≈10 MHz.
17. Dialing for Donors
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Schaffhauser, Dian
2012-01-01
When times get tough, grown children often turn to their parents for help--for some extra cash, even somewhere to stay. For colleges and universities, that role is filled by alumni donors. In 2011, with education budgets slashed across the country, giving accounted for 6.5 percent of college expenditures, according to the Council for Aid to…
18. Tuning the Rainbow: Systematic Modulation of Donor-Acceptor Systems through Donor Substituents and Solvent.
PubMed
Larsen, Christopher B; van der Salm, Holly; Shillito, Georgina E; Lucas, Nigel T; Gordon, Keith C
2016-09-01
A series of donor-acceptor compounds is reported in which the energy of the triarylamine donor is systematically tuned through para substitution with electron-donating methoxy and electron-withdrawing cyano groups. The acceptor units investigated are benzothiadiazole (btd), dipyridophenazine (dppz), and its [ReCl(CO)3(dppz)] complex. The effect of modulating donor energy on the electronic and photophysical properties is investigated using (1)H NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations, electrochemistry, electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies, ground state and resonance Raman spectroscopy, and transient absorption spectroscopy. Qualitative correlations between the donor energy and the properties of interest are obtained using Hammett σ(+) constants. Methoxy and cyano groups are shown to destabilize and stabilize, respectively, the frontier molecular orbitals, with the HOMO affected more significantly than the LUMO, narrowing the HOMO-LUMO band gap as the substituent becomes more electron-donating-observable as a bathochromic shift in low-energy charge-transfer absorption bands. Charge-transfer emission bands are also dependent on the electron-donating/withdrawing nature of the substituent, and in combination with the highly solvatochromic nature of charge-transfer states, emission can be tuned to span the entire visible region. PMID:27500590
19. Electron capture of dopants in two-photonic ionization in a poly(methyl methacrylate) solid
SciTech Connect
Tsuchida, Akira; Sakai, Wataru; Nakano, Mitsuru; Yamamoto, Masahide
1992-10-29
Behavior of the electron produced by two-photonic excitation of an aromatic donor in a poly(methyl methacrylate) solid was studied by the addition of the electron scavengers to the system. According to the Perrin type analysis for the two-photonically ejected electron, the capture radii (R{sub c}) of the scavengers examined were estimated to be from 8 to 40 {Angstrom}. For the two-photonically ejected electrons, R{sub c} is a capture radius for thermalized electrons. In this case the parent electron donor is not necessarily within this radius. On the other hand, for the fluorescence quenching, the distance between the donor and acceptor is within the static quenching radius (R{sub q}) of the donor. 13 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
20. Tissue banking: relationship with blood donor and organ donor card status.
PubMed
McKenzie, Kenneth D; Fitzpatrick, Patricia E; Sheehan, John D
2012-01-01
Understanding the relationships among altruistic health acts may serve to aid therapeutic research advances. In this paper, we report on the links between two such behaviours-donating blood and carrying an organ donor card-and willingness to donate urological tissue to a tissue bank. Reasons for the differential willingness to do so are examined in this paper. A systematic sample of 259 new and returning attendees at a tertiary urology referral clinic in Ireland completed a self-report questionnaire in an outpatient setting. In addition to demographic details, details of known diagnosis of malignancy and family history of cancer; attitudes to tissue donation for research purposes were gauged using a 5-point Likert scale. Both blood donors and organ donor card carriers were more likely to be willing to donate tissue for research purposes. Blood donors were more likely want to know their overall results in comparison to nonblood donors and want their samples to be used for nonprofit research. Our hypothesis that being a blood donor would be a better predictor to donate urological tissue than being an organ donor card carrier borne out by the trends reported above. PMID:22567418
1. Catalysis via homolytic substitutions with C-O and Ti-O bonds: oxidative additions and reductive eliminations in single electron steps.
PubMed
Gansäuer, Andreas; Fleckhaus, André; Lafont, Manuel Alejandre; Okkel, Andreas; Kotsis, Konstantinos; Anoop, Anakuthil; Neese, Frank
2009-11-25
In a combined theoretical and experimental study, an efficient catalytic reaction featuring epoxide opening and tetrahydrofuran formation through homolytic substitution reactions at C-O and Ti-O bonds was devised. The performance of these two key steps of the catalytic cycle was studied and could be adjusted by modifying the electronic properties of the catalysts through introduction of electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents to the titanocene catalysts. By regarding both steps as single electron versions of oxidative addition and reductive elimination, a mechanism-based platform for the design of catalysts and reagents for electron transfer reactions evolved that opens broad perspectives for further investigations. PMID:19919150
2. Understanding donors' motivations: a study of unrelated bone marrow donors.
PubMed
Switzer, G E; Dew, M A; Butterworth, V A; Simmons, R G; Schimmel, M
1997-07-01
Medical advances in bone marrow transplantation techniques and immunosuppressive medications have dramatically increased the number of such transplants performed each year, and consequently, the demand for bone marrow from unrelated donors. Although physiological aspects of bone marrow donation have been thoroughly investigated, very few studies have examined psychosocial factors that may impact individuals' donation decisions and outcomes. To examine one particular set of donor psychosocial issues, this study investigated motives for bone marrow donation among 343 unrelated bone marrow donors who donated through the National Marrow Donor Program. Six distinct types of donor motives were identified from open-ended questionnaire responses. Donors most frequently reported motives reflecting some awareness of both the costs (to themselves) and potential benefits (to themselves and the recipient) of donation. A desire to act in accordance with social or religious precepts, expected positive feelings about donating, empathy for the recipient, and the simple desire to help another person were also commonly cited reasons for donating. Among a series of donor background characteristics, donors' gender was the variable most strongly associated with motive type; women were most likely to cite expected positive feelings, empathy, and the desire to help someone. Central study findings indicated that donor motives predicted donors reactions to donation even after the effects of donor background characteristics (including gender) were controlled. Donors who reported exchange motives (weighing costs and benefits) and donors who reported simple (or idealized) helping motives experienced the donation as less positive in terms of higher predonation ambivalence and negative postdonation psychological reactions than did remaining donors. Donors who reported positive feeling and empathy motives had the most positive donation reactions in terms of lower ambivalence, and feeling like
3. NADH:Cytochrome b5 Reductase and Cytochrome b5 Can Act as Sole Electron Donors to Human Cytochrome P450 1A1-Mediated Oxidation and DNA Adduct Formation by Benzo[a]pyrene
PubMed Central
2016-01-01
4. Photoinduced electron transfer double fragmentation. An oxygen-mediated radical chain process in the cofragmentation of aminopinacol donors with organic halides
SciTech Connect
Chen, L.; Farahat, M.S.; Gan, H.; Whitten, D.G.; Farid, S. |
1995-06-14
We reprot an investigation in which excited states of amino pinacols 1-3 are reacted with the halides CCl{sub 4}, benzyl bromide, and p-cyanobenzyl bromide. Interesting results from this study include the finding that low-to-moderate quantum efficiencies for reaction are observed when the reactions are carried out under degassed conditions, indicating that the halide radical anions must survive long enough within the initial ion pair formed in the quenching step to undergo considerable return electron transfer. More strikingly we find that for certain pinacol-halide combinations reaction in aerared solutions leads to much higher efficiencies, which can be attributed to a chain reaction involving oxygen capture of a primary radical product. 25 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
5. Being a Living Donor: Risks
MedlinePlus
... surgical risks and long term complications: Long-Term Organ Specific Donor Complications Kidney Hypertension Kidney failure Proteinuria Lung Intra- ... Vancouver Forum on the care of the live organ donor: lung, liver, pancreas, and intestine data and medical ...
6. Consequences of dietary methyl donor supplements: Is more always better?
PubMed
Shorter, Kimberly R; Felder, Michael R; Vrana, Paul B
2015-07-01
Epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized to play roles in disease etiology. Several diseases increasing in frequency are associated with altered DNA methylation. DNA methylation is accomplished through metabolism of methyl donors such as folate, vitamin B12, methionine, betaine (trimethylglycine), and choline. Increased intake of these compounds correlates with decreased neural tube defects, although this mechanism is not well understood. Consumption of these methyl donor pathway components has increased in recent years due to fortification of grains and high supplemental levels of these compounds (e.g. vitamins, energy drinks). Additionally, people with mutations in one of the enzymes that assists in the methyl donor pathway (5-MTHFR) are directed to consume higher amounts of methyl donors to compensate. Recent evidence suggests that high levels of methyl donor intake may also have detrimental effects. Individualized medicine may be necessary to determine the appropriate amounts of methyl donors to be consumed, particularly in women of child bearing age. PMID:25841986
7. Donor commitment and patient needs.
PubMed
Bakken, R; van Walraven, A-M; Egeland, T
2004-01-01
The article discusses views and recommendations of the World Marrow Donor Association concerning ethical issues related to the donation of hematopoietic stem cell products with respect to recruitment, evaluation, workup, and follow-up of unrelated donors. Particular emphasis is placed upon commitment of individual donors, in particular, with respect to the needs of patients to find HLA-matched donors, who may be asked to donate stem cell and other cell products more than once for given patients. PMID:14628078
8. 21 CFR 640.31 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Suitability of donors. 640.31 Section 640.31 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Plasma § 640.31 Suitability of donors. (a)...
9. 21 CFR 640.66 - Immunization of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Immunization of donors. 640.66 Section 640.66 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.66 Immunization of donors....
10. 21 CFR 640.31 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.31 Section 640.31 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Plasma § 640.31 Suitability of donors. (a)...
11. 21 CFR 640.66 - Immunization of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Immunization of donors. 640.66 Section 640.66 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.66 Immunization of donors....
12. 21 CFR 640.66 - Immunization of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Immunization of donors. 640.66 Section 640.66 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.66 Immunization of donors....
13. 21 CFR 640.31 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.31 Section 640.31 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Plasma § 640.31 Suitability of donors. (a)...
14. 21 CFR 640.66 - Immunization of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Immunization of donors. 640.66 Section 640.66 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.66 Immunization of donors....
15. 21 CFR 640.31 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.31 Section 640.31 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Plasma § 640.31 Suitability of donors. (a)...
16. 21 CFR 640.21 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.21 Section 640.21 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Platelets § 640.21 Suitability of donors. (a)...
17. 21 CFR 640.21 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.21 Section 640.21 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Platelets § 640.21 Suitability of donors. (a)...
18. 21 CFR 640.21 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.21 Section 640.21 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Platelets § 640.21 Suitability of donors. (a)...
19. 21 CFR 640.21 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Suitability of donors. 640.21 Section 640.21 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Platelets § 640.21 Suitability of donors. (a)...
20. 21 CFR 640.21 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.21 Section 640.21 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Platelets § 640.21 Suitability of donors. (a)...
1. 21 CFR 640.31 - Suitability of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Suitability of donors. 640.31 Section 640.31 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Plasma § 640.31 Suitability of donors. (a)...
2. 21 CFR 640.66 - Immunization of donors.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-04-01
... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Immunization of donors. 640.66 Section 640.66 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Source Plasma § 640.66 Immunization of donors....
3. Studying the issues in the additive manufacturing of dental implants by Electron Beam MeltingRTM (EBM)
Jamshidinia, Mahdi
The ability of additive manufacturing (AM) processes to produce complex geometries is resulting in their rapid acceptance by a number of industries. This unique capability could be used for the optimization of the design of functional components that could find an application in different industries such as aerospace, automotive, energy, medical, and implants. However, there are still some challenges confronting this technology such as surface finish, residual stress, dimensional tolerance, processing speed, and anisotropy in microstructure and mechanical properties. Any of the mentioned issues could be influenced by the thermal history of a 3D printed component during the layer-by-layer manufacturing. Therefore, an understanding of the thermal cycling during the AM process is essential. In recent years, significant advances have been achieved in the design, manufacturing, and materials used for dental implants. However, there are still some differences between the natural tooth and a dental implant that might decrease patient satisfaction. One of the differences between the natural tooth and a dental implant is in its modulus of elasticity, which could result in an issue known as bone atrophy. The second important difference between a dental implant and a natural tooth is the fact that a natural tooth is surrounded by a periodontal ligament that allows the tooth to move in three directions. However, the periodontal ligament is destroyed during the extraction of a natural tooth. In the absence of the periodontal ligament, the biting force is directly transferred to the jawbone, resulting in discomfort for the patient. Also, the implant cannot be incorporated with the surrounding natural tooth and form a bridge. In this study, the application of a lattice structure for the manufacturing of a biocompatible dental implant is investigated. Three different lattice structures with different unit cell sizes were experimentally and numerically analyzed. The mechanical
4. Why Minority Donors Are Needed
MedlinePlus
... Español Search Register with your state as an Organ Donor Home Why Donate Becoming a Donor About Donation & ... Why Donate RELATED INFORMATION Minority Focused Grantee Publications Organ Donation Process Enrolling as a Donor Trying to Save a Life Testing for Brain ...
5. Characteristics and nature of the intermolecular interactions in boron-bonded complexes with carbene as electron donor: an ab initio, SAPT and QTAIM study.
PubMed
Esrafili, Mehdi D
2012-05-01
We report geometries, stabilization energies, symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses of a series of carbene-BX(3) complexes, where X = H, OH, NH(2), CH(3), CN, NC, F, Cl, and Br. The stabilization energies were calculated at HF, B3LYP, MP2, MP4 and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ levels of theory using optimized geometries of all the complexes obtained from B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ. Quantitatively, all the complexes indicate the presence of B-C(carbene) interaction due to the short B-C(carbene) distances. Inspection of stabilization energies reveals that the interaction energies increase in the order NH(2) > OH > CH(3) > F > H > Cl > Br > NC > CN, which is the opposite trend shown in the binding distances. Considering the SAPT results, it is found that electrostatic effects account for about 50% of the overall attraction of the studied complexes. By comparison, the induction components of these interactions represent about 40% of the total attractive forces. Despite falling in a region of charge depletion with nabla(2)ρ(BCP) >0, the B-C(carbene) bond critical points (BCPs) are characterized by a reasonably large value of the electron density (ρ(BCP)) and H(BCP) <0, indicating that the potential energy overcomes the kinetic energy density at BCP and the B-C(carbene) bond is a polar covalent bond. PMID:21877151
6. 36 CFR 1236.28 - What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... storage media containing permanent and unscheduled records within the following temperature and relative humidity ranges: (1) Temperature—62° to 68 °F. (2) Relative humidity—35% to 45%. (b) Electronic...
7. 36 CFR 1236.28 - What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... storage media containing permanent and unscheduled records within the following temperature and relative humidity ranges: (1) Temperature—62° to 68 °F. (2) Relative humidity—35% to 45%. (b) Electronic...
8. 36 CFR 1236.28 - What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... storage media containing permanent and unscheduled records within the following temperature and relative humidity ranges: (1) Temperature—62° to 68 °F. (2) Relative humidity—35% to 45%. (b) Electronic...
9. Feasibility of a two-step culture method to improve the CO2-fixing efficiency of nonphotosynthetic microbial community and simultaneously decrease the spontaneous oxidative precipitates from mixed electron donors.
PubMed
Hu, Jiajun; Wang, Lei; Zhang, Shiping; Le, Yiquan; Fu, Xiaohua
2014-08-01
When compared with H2, mixed electron donors (MED), comprising S(2-), S2O3 (2-), and NO2 (-), could generally improve the CO2-fixing efficiency of nonphotosynthetic microbial communities (NPMCs). However, a large amount of abiotic precipitates combined with bacteria produced during culture may be unfavorable for the recycling and reuse of bacteria. The main component of the abiotic precipitates is S(0), which influences the enrichment and reuse of bacteria but is not conducive for CO2 fixation in the subsequent step. In this study, a two-step culture method (TSCM), employing H2 and MED, respectively, was verified to be feasible for improving the CO2-fixing efficiency of NPMCs in the second step. In the TSCM, the net-fixed CO2 increased to 854 mg/L and abiotic precipitates were not produced in the medium. Sequence analysis of 16 s rDNA from NPMC indicated the presence of microbial symbioses in the NPMC, supporting the possible applications of TSCM. PMID:24980751
10. Optimum Compromise Between Optical Absorption and Electrical Property of the Planar Multi-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Based with New Thiazol Derivative, the (2-THIOXO-3-N-(2-METHOXYPHENYL) THIAZOLIDIN-4-ONE), as Electron Donor
Toumi, A. Lakhdar; Khelil, A.; Bernède, J. C.; Mouchaal, Y.; Djafri, A.; Toubal, K.; Hellal, N.; Cattin, L.
2015-03-01
The synthesis of a new thiazol derivative, the (2-thioxo-3-N-(2-methoxyphenyl) thiazolidin-4-one) (called TH-2) is described. After characterization of the TH-2, the cyclic voltammetry study coupled with optical absorbance measurements show that its LUMO and HOMO are -3.5 and -5.5 respectively. Then the TH-2 is used as electron donor (ED) in organic solar cells (OSCs). The anode buffer layer being CuI the devices are based on the planar heterojunction TH-2/fullerene. Homogeneous amorphous films of TH-2 are obtained when it is deposited onto CuI. For an optimum TH-2 thickness of 20 nm, a power conversion efficiency of 0.42% is obtained. Then, in order to broaden the absorption range of the OSCs, it is coupled with the tetraphenyl-dibenzoperiflanthene, whose band structure matches the band structure of TH-2. Such new multilayer structure allows achieving a power conversion efficiency of 0.49%.
11. Synthesis, spectral investigations, antimicrobial activity and DNA-binding studies of novel charge transfer complex of 1,10-phenanthroline as an electron donor with π-acceptor p-Nitrophenol
2010-08-01
Proton or charge transfer (CT) complex of donor, 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) with π-acceptor, p-Nitrophenol (PNP) has been studied spectrophotometrically in methanol at room temperature. The binding of the CT complex with calf thymus (ct) DNA has been investigated by fluorescence spectrum, to establish the ability of the CT complex of its interaction with DNA. Stern-Volmer quenching constant ( Ksv) has also been calculated. The formation constant ( KCT), molar extinction coefficient ( ɛCT), free energy (Δ Go) and stoichiometric ratio of the CT complex have been determined by Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The stoichiometry was found to be 1:1. The CT complex was screened for its pharmacology as antibacterial and antifungal activity against various bacterial and fungal strains, showing excellent antibacterial and antifungal activity. The newly synthesized CT complex has been characterized by FTIR spectra, elemental analysis, 1H NMR, electronic absorption spectra. TGA-DTA studies were also carried out to check the stability of CT complex.
12. Confidentiality and American semen donors.
PubMed
Karow, A M
1993-01-01
Most American donor insemination programs include a policy of complete confidentiality concerning the donor of the semen. This is the result of a long legal tradition of American constitutional law. However, some slight abridgement of this body of legal decisions might be very much in the best interests of children arising from donor insemination, and even--in most cases, in fact--the donors themselves. With regard to the children, the factors involved are both those of genetic counseling, should the need arise, and psychological development. Of course, as at present, the donor must be relieved of all responsibility, both legal and financial. PMID:8348162
13. Working with previously anonymous gamete donors and donor-conceived adults: recent practice experiences of running the DNA-based voluntary information exchange and contact register, UK DonorLink.
PubMed
Crawshaw, Marilyn; Gunter, Christine; Tidy, Christine; Atherton, Freda
2013-03-01
14. Blood Donor Management in China
PubMed Central
Shi, Ling; Wang, Jingxing; Liu, Zhong; Stevens, Lori; Sadler, Andrew; Ness, Paul; Shan, Hua
2014-01-01
Summary Despite a steady increase in total blood collections and voluntary non-remunerated blood donors, China continues to have many challenges with its blood donation system. The country's donation rate remains low at 9%o, with over 60% of donors being first-time donors. Generally there is a lack of adequate public awareness about blood donation. The conservative donor selection criteria, the relatively long donation interval, and the small donation volume have further limited blood supply. To ensure a sufficient and safe blood supply that meets the increasing clinical need for blood products, there is an urgent need to strengthen the country's blood donor management. This comprehensive effort should include educating and motivating more individuals especially from the rural areas to be involved in blood donation, developing rational and evidence-based selection criteria for donor eligibility, designing a donor follow-up mechanism to encourage more future donations, assessing the current donor testing strategy, improving donor service and care, building regional and national shared donor deferral database, and enhancing the transparency of the blood donation system to gain more trust from the general public. The purpose of the review is to provide an overview of the key process of and challenges with the blood donor management system in China. PMID:25254023
15. Blood donor management in china.
PubMed
Shi, Ling; Wang, Jingxing; Liu, Zhong; Stevens, Lori; Sadler, Andrew; Ness, Paul; Shan, Hua
2014-07-01
Despite a steady increase in total blood collections and voluntary non-remunerated blood donors, China continues to have many challenges with its blood donation system. The country's donation rate remains low at 9%o, with over 60% of donors being first-time donors. Generally there is a lack of adequate public awareness about blood donation. The conservative donor selection criteria, the relatively long donation interval, and the small donation volume have further limited blood supply. To ensure a sufficient and safe blood supply that meets the increasing clinical need for blood products, there is an urgent need to strengthen the country's blood donor management. This comprehensive effort should include educating and motivating more individuals especially from the rural areas to be involved in blood donation, developing rational and evidence-based selection criteria for donor eligibility, designing a donor follow-up mechanism to encourage more future donations, assessing the current donor testing strategy, improving donor service and care, building regional and national shared donor deferral database, and enhancing the transparency of the blood donation system to gain more trust from the general public. The purpose of the review is to provide an overview of the key process of and challenges with the blood donor management system in China. PMID:25254023
16. Light-triggered assembly-disassembly of an ordered donor-acceptor π-stack using a photoresponsive dimethyldihydropyrene π-switch.
PubMed
Krishna, V Siva Rama; Samanta, Mousumi; Pal, Suman; Anurag, N P; Bandyopadhyay, Subhajit
2016-06-28
Self-organization of donor and acceptor π-systems forms alternate D-A stacks of the donor and acceptor molecules. Using a photochromic π-switch as a donor and an electron deficient acceptor dye such stacks were formed. Photomodulation of the donor unit with visible light led to a photoisomerized state having a non-planar structure with reduced donor ability, thereby causing destruction of the alternate D-A π-stacks. The formation and destruction of the stacks were studied by various spectroscopy methods. Both the stacks and the depleted stacks were studied by DLS and SEM experiments. The regeneration of the stacks occurred in solution with the reversal of the photoisomerization process with ultraviolet light. Computational and differential scanning calorimetric studies validated the thermodynamics of the formation of the stacks. This work presents a reversible assembly-disassembly of a donor-acceptor π system devoid of additional auxiliary non-covalent bonding motifs in the donor and acceptor molecules. PMID:26899505
17. Attosecond pulse carrier-envelope phase effects on ionized electron momentum and energy distributions: roles of frequency, intensity and an additional IR pulse
Peng, Liang-You; Pronin, Evgeny A.; Starace, Anthony F.
2008-02-01
The effects of the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of a few-cycle attosecond pulse on ionized electron momentum and energy spectra are analyzed, both with and without an additional few-cycle IR pulse. In the absence of an IR pulse, the CEP-induced asymmetries in the ionized electron momentum distributions are shown to vary as the 3/2 power of the attosecond pulse intensity. These asymmetries are also found to satisfy an approximate scaling law involving the frequency and intensity of the attosecond pulse. In the presence of even a very weak IR pulse (having an intensity of the order of 1011 1012 W cm-2), the attosecond pulse CEP-induced asymmetries in the ionized electron momentum distributions are found to be significantly augmented. In addition, for higher IR laser intensities, we observe for low electron energies peaks separated by the IR photon energy in one electron momentum direction along the laser polarization axis; in the opposite direction, we find structured peaks that are spaced by twice the IR photon energy. Possible physical mechanisms for such asymmetric, low-energy structures in the ionized electron momentum distribution are proposed. Our results are based on single-active-electron solutions of the three-dimensional, time-dependent Schrödinger equation including atomic potentials appropriate for the H and He atoms.
18. Separate, dedicated care teams for living organ donors.
PubMed
McQuarrie, Brenda; Gordon, Debra
2003-06-01
Living donation is an increasingly common option offered to patients in most transplant programs. Staff involved in the education, assessment, and care of this patient group is faced with increasingly complicated assessments both medically and psychologically. Supporting arguments for dedicated care teams for living organ donors include the large number of transplantations performed using living donors, the continued need to promote living organ donation, and the growing complexity of both medical and psychological factors in donor assessments. In addition, there is a need to implement the standards proposed by the 2000 Consensus Group, as well as to develop a body of evidence-based research related both to short- and long-term issues for this patient group. The ethical issues related to simultaneous involvement with both donors and recipients, and a need to ensure confidentiality are additional supporting arguments for the need to provide separate care providers for donors and recipients. PMID:12841513
19. Investigation of the oxidation states of Cu additive in colored borosilicate glasses by electron energy loss spectroscopy
Yang, Guang; Cheng, Shaodong; Li, Chao; Zhong, Jiasong; Ma, Chuansheng; Wang, Zhao; Xiang, Weidong
2014-12-01
Three optically transparent colorful (red, green, and blue) glasses were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Nano-sized precipitates were found in scanning electron microscopy images. The precipitates were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM. The measured lattice parameters of these precipitates were found to fit the metallic copper in red glass but deviate from single valenced Cu oxides in green and blue glasses. The chemistry of these nano-sized particles was confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). By fitting the EELS spectra obtained from the precipitates with the linear combination of reference spectra from Cu reference compounds, the oxidation states of Cu in the precipitates have been derived. First principle calculations suggested that the Cu nano-particles, which are in the similar oxidation states as our measurement, would show green color in the visible light range.
20. Investigation of the oxidation states of Cu additive in colored borosilicate glasses by electron energy loss spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Yang, Guang Cheng, Shaodong; Li, Chao; Ma, Chuansheng; Zhong, Jiasong; Xiang, Weidong; Wang, Zhao
2014-12-14
Three optically transparent colorful (red, green, and blue) glasses were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Nano-sized precipitates were found in scanning electron microscopy images. The precipitates were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM. The measured lattice parameters of these precipitates were found to fit the metallic copper in red glass but deviate from single valenced Cu oxides in green and blue glasses. The chemistry of these nano-sized particles was confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). By fitting the EELS spectra obtained from the precipitates with the linear combination of reference spectra from Cu reference compounds, the oxidation states of Cu in the precipitates have been derived. First principle calculations suggested that the Cu nano-particles, which are in the similar oxidation states as our measurement, would show green color in the visible light range.
1. Addition of water, methanol, and ammonia to Al3O3- clusters: Reaction products, transition states, and electron detachment energies
Guevara-García, Alfredo; Martínez, Ana; Ortiz, J. V.
2005-06-01
Products of reactions between the book and kite isomers of Al3O3- and three important molecules are studied with electronic structure calculations. Dissociative adsorption of H2O or CH3OH is highly exothermic and proton-transfer barriers between anion-molecule complexes and the products of these reactions are low. For NH3, the reaction energies are less exothermic and the corresponding barriers are higher. Depending on experimental conditions, Al3O3- (NH3) coordination complexes or products of dissociative adsorption may be prepared. Vertical electron detachment energies of stable anions are predicted with ab initio electron propagator calculations and are in close agreement with experiments on Al3O3- and its products with H2O and CH3OH. Changes in the localization properties of two Al-centered Dyson orbitals account for the differences between the photoelectron spectra of Al3O3- and those of the product anions.
2. Donor biopsy in living donor liver transplantation: is it still relevant in a developing country?
PubMed
Dorwal, P; Gautam, D; Sharma, D; Singh, D R; Raina, V
2015-04-01
Liver transplantation is an important modality of treatment for end-stage liver disease. Liver biopsy evaluation has been an important aspect of the donor evaluation protocol. With the advent of newer modalities of donor evaluation such as high resolution CT scan, fibroscan and NMR spectroscopy, the relevance of the liver biopsy appears to be diminishing. We investigated the usefulness of donor liver biopsy evaluation in patients who had been cleared by radiological investigations. We evaluated 184 donor liver biopsies performed over a one-year period and found that 18% showed >5% steatosis and around 40% showed portal inflammation, which was, however, minimal to mild. Fibrosis was detected in 10 cases (5.4%), 7 being in stage 1 and 3 in stage 2. Donors with these findings were not considered for transplantation. We conclude that the liver biopsy still continues to be relevant especially in a developing country and does add additional information to the diagnostic work-up of a liver donor. PMID:25890612
3. Defect Donor and Acceptor in GaN
SciTech Connect
Look, D.C.; Reynolds, D.C.; Hemsky, J.W.; Sizelove, J.R.; Jones, R.L.
1997-09-01
High-energy (0.7{endash}1MeV) electron irradiation in GaN grown on sapphire produces shallow donors and deep or shallow acceptors at equal rates, 1{plus_minus}0.2 cm{sup {minus}1}. The data, in conjunction with theory, are consistent only with the shallow donor being the N vacancy, and the acceptor the N interstitial. The N-vacancy donor energy is 64{plus_minus}10 meV, much larger than the value of 18meV found for the residual donor (probably Si) in this material. The Hall-effect measurements also reveal a degenerate n -type layer at the GaN/sapphire interface which must be accounted for to get the proper donor activation energy. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
4. Involvement of molecular oxygen in the donor-side photoinhibition of Mn-depleted photosystem II membranes.
PubMed
Khorobrykh, A A; Klimov, V V
2015-12-01
It has been shown by Khorobrykh et al. (Biochemistry (Moscow) 67:683-688, 2002); Yanykin et al. (Biochim Biophys Acta 1797:516-523, 2010); Khorobrykh et al. (Biochemistry 50:10658-10665, 2011) that Mn-depleted photosystem II (PSII) membrane fragments are characterized by an enhanced oxygen photoconsumption on the donor side of PSII which is accompanied with hydroperoxide formation and it was suggested that the events are related to the oxidative photoinhibition of PSII. Experimental confirmation of this suggestion is presented in this work. The degree of photoinhibition was determined by the loss of the capability of exogenous electron donors (Mn(2+) or sodium ascorbate) to the reactivation of electron transport [measured by the light-induced changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yield (∆F)] in Mn-depleted PSII membranes. The transition from anaerobic conditions to aerobic ones significantly activated photoinhibition of Mn-depleted PSII membranes both in the absence and in the presence of exogenous electron acceptor, ferricyanide. The photoinhibition of Mn-depleted PSII membranes was suppressed upon the addition of exogenous electron donors (Mn(2+), diphenylcarbazide, and ferrocyanide). The addition of superoxide dismutase did not affect the photoinhibition of Mn-depleted PSII membranes. It is concluded that the interaction of molecular oxygen (rather than superoxide anion radical formed on the acceptor side of PSII) with the oxidized components of the donor side of PSII reflects the involvement of O2 in the donor-side photoinhibition of Mn-depleted PSII membranes. PMID:25862644
5. 36 CFR 1236.28 - What additional requirements apply to the selection and maintenance of electronic records storage...
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...-free. (c) For additional guidance on the maintenance and storage of CDs and DVDS, agencies may consult... retention. This test should verify that the magnetic computer tape media are free of permanent errors and...
6. Evaluation of the donor ability of coal liquefaction solvents
SciTech Connect
Bockrath, B.C.; Noceti, R.P.
1981-03-29
7. Taking a Step Forward in Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: Transvaginal Retrieval of Donor's Kidney.
PubMed
Tan, Ying Hao; Lim, Yu Ming Joel; Ng, Ying Woo; Tiong, Ho Yee
2016-09-01
Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has been broadly recognized as the gold standard for kidney procurement used in kidney transplantation where it is not uncommon for donors to experience discomfort and aesthetic dissatisfaction over larger incision site. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is a surgical approach that allows scarless intraabdominal operations through natural orifices, such as the vagina. In this case report, we describe the first case of transvaginal retrieval of donor's kidney at the National University Hospital, Singapore. A 51-year-old Malay lady with no significant medical history volunteered to a living-related kidney donor. Perioperative antibiotics were administered. A 12 mm Excel port was placed over the left iliac fossa with camera insertion. Two additional ports were inserted over the left rectus sheath edge and left costal margin under direct vision. An additional 5 mm port at the left loin was placed for lateral retraction. A vaginal probe was then inserted to facilitate posterior colpotomy and transection of the left uterosacral ligament. Pneumoperitoneum was subsequently maintained with a LiNA McCartney(®) Tube. A 15 mm Endocatch(®) bag was inserted for retrieval of the kidney. The left kidney was placed in the Endocatch bag after transection of the hilar vessels where the kidney was retrieved vaginally with ease. Colpotomy was closed vaginally using Vicryl-0 continuous suture. Total blood loss was noted as 50 mL with warm ischemia time being 7 minutes and the entire retrieval taking totally 20 minutes. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the donor was discharged stable 3 days postoperation. The transplanted kidney retained normal graft function. Colpotomy retrieval for donor nephrectomy presents an innovative method for specimen retrieval with minimal disruption of donor anatomy. Doing away with laparotomy for kidney retrieval has indeed shown a reduction in recovery time, reduced postoperative pain, and
8. Pediatric donor cell leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in AML patient from related donor.
PubMed
Bobadilla-Morales, Lucina; Pimentel-Gutiérrez, Helia J; Gallegos-Castorena, Sergio; Paniagua-Padilla, Jenny A; Ortega-de-la-Torre, Citlalli; Sánchez-Zubieta, Fernando; Silva-Cruz, Rocio; Corona-Rivera, Jorge R; Zepeda-Moreno, Abraham; González-Ramella, Oscar; Corona-Rivera, Alfredo
2015-01-01
Here we present a male patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) initially diagnosed as M5 and with karyotype 46,XY. After induction therapy, he underwent a HLA-matched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and six years later he relapsed as AML M1 with an abnormal karyotype //47,XX,+10[2]/47,XX,+11[3]/48,XX,+10,+11[2]/46,XX[13]. Based on this, we tested the possibility of donor cell origin by FISH and molecular STR analysis. We found no evidence of Y chromosome presence by FISH and STR analysis consistent with the success of the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from the female donor. FISH studies confirmed trisomies and no evidence of MLL translocation either p53 or ATM deletion. Additionally 28 fusion common leukemia transcripts were evaluated by multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay and were not rearranged. STR analysis showed a complete donor chimerism. Thus, donor cell leukemia (DCL) was concluded, being essential the use of cytological and molecular approaches. Pediatric DCL is uncommon, our patient seems to be the sixth case and additionally it presented a late donor cell leukemia appearance. Different extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms have been considered to explain this uncommon finding as well as the implications to the patient. PMID:25674158
9. Scalable quantum computer architecture with coupled donor-quantum dot qubits
DOEpatents
Schenkel, Thomas; Lo, Cheuk Chi; Weis, Christoph; Lyon, Stephen; Tyryshkin, Alexei; Bokor, Jeffrey
2014-08-26
A quantum bit computing architecture includes a plurality of single spin memory donor atoms embedded in a semiconductor layer, a plurality of quantum dots arranged with the semiconductor layer and aligned with the donor atoms, wherein a first voltage applied across at least one pair of the aligned quantum dot and donor atom controls a donor-quantum dot coupling. A method of performing quantum computing in a scalable architecture quantum computing apparatus includes arranging a pattern of single spin memory donor atoms in a semiconductor layer, forming a plurality of quantum dots arranged with the semiconductor layer and aligned with the donor atoms, applying a first voltage across at least one aligned pair of a quantum dot and donor atom to control a donor-quantum dot coupling, and applying a second voltage between one or more quantum dots to control a Heisenberg exchange J coupling between quantum dots and to cause transport of a single spin polarized electron between quantum dots.
10. Efficient Synthesis and Photosensitizer Performance of Nonplanar Organic Donor-Acceptor Molecules.
PubMed
Yuan, Yuping; Michinobu, Tsuyoshi; Satoh, Norifusa; Ashizawa, Minoru; Han, Liyuan
2015-08-01
Nonplanar organic donor-acceptor molecules bearing a carboxylic acid group were synthesized by the formal [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction between aniline-substituted alkynes and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) or 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). This reaction offers an atom-economic one-step approach to donor-acceptor chromophores in satisfactory high yields. The resulting donor-acceptor molecules were characterized by conventional analytical techniques. In addition, the nonplanarity and intermolecular interactions were investigated by X-ray crystallography. The energy levels and intramolecular charge-transfer (CT), evaluated by UV-Vis-near IR spectroscopy and electrochemistry, suggested that there is a linear correlation between the optical and electrochemical band gaps. Based on these structural and electronic analyses, the photosensitizer performances of the donor-acceptor molecules in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were initially investigated using TiO2 or SnO2 electrodes. Although the power conversion efficiencies were limited, the incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra indicated a better photocurrent generation for the devices on SnO2 as compared to those on TiO2. PMID:26369162
11. Multi-valley effective mass treatment of donor-dot tunneling in silicon
Frees, Adam; Baczewski, Andrew D.; Gamble, John King; Jacobson, N. Tobias; Muller, Richard P.; Nielsen, Erik
2015-03-01
Many cutting-edge experiments in silicon-based devices for quantum information processing involve the tunneling of an individual electron from a donor atom within the material to the interface of the heterostructure. Understanding how this tunneling process varies among different realistic devices is therefore of great interest. Using a multi-valley effective mass approximation method, we find the tunnel coupling, adiabatic min-gap, and ionizing electric field strength between a phosphorous donor in silicon and a nearby quantum dot at a Si/SiO2 interface. Additionally, we calculate these quantities for a phosphorous donor in strained silicon and a Si/SiGe interface. We consider how these properties change as a function of relative position between the donor and the dot. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the Sandia National Laboratories Truman Fellowship Program, which is funded by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program. Sandia is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the US Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000.
12. Pre-transplant Evaluation of Donor Urinary Biomarkers can Predict Reduced Graft Function After Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation
PubMed Central
Koo, Tai Yeon; Jeong, Jong Cheol; Lee, Yonggu; Ko, Kwang-Pil; Lee, Kyoung-Bun; Lee, Sik; Park, Suk Joo; Park, Jae Berm; Han, Miyeon; Lim, Hye Jin; Ahn, Curie; Yang, Jaeseok
2016-01-01
Abstract Several recipient biomarkers are reported to predict graft dysfunction, but these are not useful in decision making for the acceptance or allocation of deceased donor kidneys; thus, it is necessary to develop donor biomarkers predictive of graft dysfunction. To address this issue, we prospectively enrolled 94 deceased donors and their 109 recipients who underwent transplantation between 2010 and 2013 at 4 Korean transplantation centers. We investigated the predictive values of donor urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and L-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) for reduced graft function (RGF). We also developed a prediction model of RGF using these donor biomarkers. RGF was defined as delayed or slow graft function. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to generate a prediction model, which was internally validated using a bootstrapping method. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of biomarkers with 1-year graft function. Notably, donor urinary NGAL levels were associated with donor AKI (P = 0.014), and donor urinary NGAL and L-FABP were predictive for RGF, with area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of 0.758 and 0.704 for NGAL and L-FABP, respectively. The best-fit model including donor urinary NGAL, L-FABP, and serum creatinine conveyed a better predictive value for RGF than donor serum creatinine alone (P = 0.02). In addition, we generated a scoring method to predict RGF based on donor urinary NGAL, L-FABP, and serum creatinine levels. Diagnostic performance of the RGF prediction score (AUROC 0.808) was significantly better than that of the DGF calculator (AUROC 0.627) and the kidney donor profile index (AUROC 0.606). Donor urinary L-FABP levels were also predictive of 1-year graft function (P = 0.005). Collectively, these findings suggest donor urinary NGAL and L-FABP to be useful biomarkers for RGF, and support
13. Pre-transplant Evaluation of Donor Urinary Biomarkers can Predict Reduced Graft Function After Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation.
PubMed
Koo, Tai Yeon; Jeong, Jong Cheol; Lee, Yonggu; Ko, Kwang-Pil; Lee, Kyoung-Bun; Lee, Sik; Park, Suk Joo; Park, Jae Berm; Han, Miyeon; Lim, Hye Jin; Ahn, Curie; Yang, Jaeseok
2016-03-01
Several recipient biomarkers are reported to predict graft dysfunction, but these are not useful in decision making for the acceptance or allocation of deceased donor kidneys; thus, it is necessary to develop donor biomarkers predictive of graft dysfunction. To address this issue, we prospectively enrolled 94 deceased donors and their 109 recipients who underwent transplantation between 2010 and 2013 at 4 Korean transplantation centers. We investigated the predictive values of donor urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and L-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) for reduced graft function (RGF). We also developed a prediction model of RGF using these donor biomarkers. RGF was defined as delayed or slow graft function. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to generate a prediction model, which was internally validated using a bootstrapping method. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of biomarkers with 1-year graft function. Notably, donor urinary NGAL levels were associated with donor AKI (P = 0.014), and donor urinary NGAL and L-FABP were predictive for RGF, with area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of 0.758 and 0.704 for NGAL and L-FABP, respectively. The best-fit model including donor urinary NGAL, L-FABP, and serum creatinine conveyed a better predictive value for RGF than donor serum creatinine alone (P = 0.02). In addition, we generated a scoring method to predict RGF based on donor urinary NGAL, L-FABP, and serum creatinine levels. Diagnostic performance of the RGF prediction score (AUROC 0.808) was significantly better than that of the DGF calculator (AUROC 0.627) and the kidney donor profile index (AUROC 0.606). Donor urinary L-FABP levels were also predictive of 1-year graft function (P = 0.005). Collectively, these findings suggest donor urinary NGAL and L-FABP to be useful biomarkers for RGF, and support the use of
14. An Additional Approach to Model Current Followers and Amplifiers with Electronically Controllable Parameters from Commercially Available ICs
Sotner, R.; Kartci, A.; Jerabek, J.; Herencsar, N.; Dostal, T.; Vrba, K.
2012-12-01
Several behavioral models of current active elements for experimental purposes are introduced in this paper. These models are based on commercially available devices. They are suitable for experimental tests of current- and mixed-mode filters, oscillators, and other circuits (employing current-mode active elements) frequently used in analog signal processing without necessity of onchip fabrication of proper active element. Several methods of electronic control of intrinsic resistance in the proposed behavioral models are discussed. All predictions and theoretical assumptions are supported by simulations and experiments. This contribution helps to find a cheaper and more effective way to preliminary laboratory tests without expensive on-chip fabrication of special active elements.
15. Polarization of human donor corneas.
PubMed
Parekh, Mohit; Ruzza, Alessandro; Ferrari, Stefano; Salvalaio, Gianni; Elbadawy, Hossein; Ponzin, Diego; Lipari, Eugenio
2016-06-01
To investigate the de-orientation effect of DSAEK grafts by observing the cross patterns and polarization power of human donor corneas using a polarizing device (Lumaxis(®)). Forty human donor corneas were placed in small petri-plates with epithelial side facing up. Polarizing power (arbitrary unit) and crosses were monitored and recorded by the software. The tissue was marked at 'Superior' position to ensure that the base and the polarizer are in alignment with each other after the cut. The anterior lamellar cut was performed using microkeratome. The lenticule was placed back in the same position as marked to mimic the alignment. The tissue was further rotated by 45° ensuring that the base of the cornea and the polarizer were in alignment. The polarization power and 'crosses' were identified at each step. The average of forty corneas from pre-cut to post-45° angular change showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in terms of polarizing power. The cross-shaped pattern deformed and lost the sharpness towards 45° angle. However, multiple variances in terms of 'cross-patterns' were observed throughout the study. Lumaxis(®) was able to determine the worst quality tissue in terms of polarization (no black zone and crosses). Despite the quality of cross pattern which can be used as an additional objective parameter to evaluate the optical properties of the corneal tissue, this preliminary study needs to be further justified in terms of clinical relevance whether polarization changes with oriented or de-oriented grafts have any effects and consequences on the visual acuity. PMID:26920874
16. The effect of Ni addition on the structure of Pt–Sn/C nanoparticles by electron microscopy
SciTech Connect
Beyhan, Seden; Pronier, Stéphane
2014-02-01
Highlights: • A typical Pt/SnO{sub 2} core–shell structure is present in Pt–Sn. • The most of SnO{sub 2} species are likely clustered in Pt–Sn. • SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles prefer to locate close to Pt–Sn–Ni nanoclusters. • Main crystallographic structures are either cubic Pt or PtSn{sub 2}. - Abstract: Carbon supported bimetallic Pt–Sn and trimetallic Pt–Sn–Ni nanoparticles were synthesized by Bönnemann's colloidal precursor method and characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques. HR-TEM and EDX results demonstrated that SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles tend to form clusters in Pt–Sn/C; however, the presence of Ni in the Pt–Sn/C gives rise to an induced interaction between SnO{sub 2} and Pt nanoparticles. Electron diffraction patterns of Pt–Sn–Ni/C showed that either cubic Pt or PtSn{sub 2} structures are present. From the selected area EDX analysis, it was found that both of these structures contain Sn. This suggests that Pt–Sn–Ni/C nanoparticles may be partially covered by Sn-richer PtSn{sub 2} alloyed structure.
17. Organ Donor FAQ's: Who Can Be a Donor
MedlinePlus
... citizens have been organ donors. Can non-resident aliens donate and receive organs? Non-resident aliens can both donate and receive organs in the ... the 12,375 organ donors were non-resident aliens. In this same year, 259 (1%) of the ...
18. Recruitment of prospective donors: what do they expect from a homepage of a blood transfusion service?
PubMed
Moog, R; Fourné, K
2007-08-01
19. Living-donor kidney transplantation: a review of the current practices for the live donor.
PubMed
Davis, Connie L; Delmonico, Francis L
2005-07-01
The first successful living-donor kidney transplant was performed 50 yr ago. Since then, in a relatively brief period of medical history, living kidney transplantation has become the preferred treatment for those with ESRD. Organ replacement from either a live or a deceased donor is preferable to dialysis therapy because transplantation provides a better quality of life and improved survival. The advantages of live versus deceased donor transplantation now are readily apparent as it affords earlier transplantation and the best long-term survival. Live kidney donation has also been fostered by the technical advance of laparoscopic nephrectomy and immunologic maneuvers that can overcome biologic obstacles such as HLA disparity and ABO or cross-match incompatibility. Congressional legislation has provided an important model to remove financial disincentives to being a live donor. Federal employees now are afforded paid leave and coverage for travel expenses. Candidates for renal transplantation are aware of these developments, and they have become less hesitant to ask family members, spouses, or friends to become live kidney donors. Living donation as practiced for the past 50 yr has been safe with minimal immediate and long-term risk for the donor. However, the future experience may not be the same as our society is becoming increasingly obese and developing associated health problems. In this environment, predicting medical futures is less precise than in the past. Even so, isolated abnormalities such as obesity and in some instances hypertension are no longer considered absolute contraindications to donation. These and other medical risks bring additional responsibility in such circumstances to track the unknown consequences of a live-donor nephrectomy. PMID:15930096
20. Highly E-Selective and Enantioselective Michael Addition to Electron-Deficient Internal Alkynes Under Chiral Iminophosphorane Catalysis.
PubMed
Uraguchi, Daisuke; Yamada, Kohei; Ooi, Takashi
2015-08-17
A highly E-selective and enantioselective conjugate addition of 2-benzyloxythiazol-5(4H)-ones to β-substituted alkynyl N-acyl pyrazoles is achieved under the catalysis of a P-spiro chiral iminophosphorane. Simultaneous control of the newly generated central chirality and olefin geometry is possible with a wide array of the alkynyl Michael acceptors possessing different aromatic and aliphatic β-substituents, as well as the various α-amino acid-derived thiazolone nucleophiles. This protocol provides access to structurally diverse, optically active α-amino acids bearing a geometrically defined trisubstituted olefinic component at the α-position. PMID:26138611
1. Donor Preferences and Charitable Giving
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Williams, Stephanie Roderick
2007-01-01
This study aimed to learn more of the differences that may exist between the two most powerful groups of donors today, baby boomers (40-58 years old) and mature donors (59 and older), in an effort to help organizations improve fundraising efforts. Questions about the importance of organizational efficiency, program outcomes, and the desire for…
2. Numerical modeling of heat-transfer and the influence of process parameters on tailoring the grain morphology of IN718 in electron beam additive manufacturing
DOE PAGESBeta
Raghavan, Narendran; Dehoff, Ryan; Pannala, Sreekanth; Simunovic, Srdjan; Kirka, Michael; Turner, John; Carlson, Neil; Babu, Sudarsanam S.
2016-04-26
The fabrication of 3-D parts from CAD models by additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology that is transforming the metal manufacturing industry. The correlation between solidification microstructure and mechanical properties has been well understood in the casting and welding processes over the years. This paper focuses on extending these principles to additive manufacturing to understand the transient phenomena of repeated melting and solidification during electron beam powder melting process to achieve site-specific microstructure control within a fabricated component. In this paper, we have developed a novel melt scan strategy for electron beam melting of nickel-base superalloy (Inconel 718) andmore » also analyzed 3-D heat transfer conditions using a parallel numerical solidification code (Truchas) developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The spatial and temporal variations of temperature gradient (G) and growth velocity (R) at the liquid-solid interface of the melt pool were calculated as a function of electron beam parameters. By manipulating the relative number of voxels that lie in the columnar or equiaxed region, the crystallographic texture of the components can be controlled to an extent. The analysis of the parameters provided optimum processing conditions that will result in columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) during the solidification. Furthermore, the results from the numerical simulations were validated by experimental processing and characterization thereby proving the potential of additive manufacturing process to achieve site-specific crystallographic texture control within a fabricated component.« less
3. Identification of photoluminescence bands in AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs PHEMT heterostructures with donor-acceptor-doped barriers
SciTech Connect
Gulyaev, D. V. Zhuravlev, K. S.; Bakarov, A. K.; Toropov, A. I.
2015-02-15
The photoluminescence of AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic high-electron mobility transistor heterostructures with donor-acceptor-doped AlGaAs barriers is studied. It is found that the introduction of additional p{sup +}-doped AlGaAs layers into the design brings about the appearance of new bands in the photoluminescence spectra. These bands are identified as resulting from transitions (i) in donor-acceptor pairs in doped AlGaAs layers and (ii) between the conduction subband and acceptor levels in the undoped InGaAs quantum well.
4. Transport Measurements on Si Nanostructures with Counted Sb Donors
Singh, Meenakshi; Bielejec, Edward; Garratt, Elias; Ten Eyck, Gregory; Bishop, Nathaniel; Wendt, Joel; Luhman, Dwight; Carroll, Malcolm; Lilly, Michael
2014-03-01
Donor based spin qubits are a promising platform for quantum computing. Single qubits using timed implant of donors have been demonstrated.1 Extending this to multiple qubits requires precise control over the placement and number of donors. Such control can be achieved by using a combination of low-energy heavy-ion implants (to reduce depth straggle), electron-beam lithography (to define position), focused ion beam (to localize implants to one lithographic site) and counting the number of implants with a single ion detector.2 We report transport measurements on MOS quantum dots implanted with 5, 10 and 20 Sb donors using the approach described above. A donor charge transition is identified by a charge offset in the transport characteristics. Correlation between the number of donors and the charge offsets is studied. These results are necessary first steps towards fabricating donor nanostructures for two qubit interactions. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a U.S. DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences user facility. The work was supported by Sandia National Laboratories Directed Research and Development Program. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000. 1J. J. Pla et al., Nature 496, 334 (2013) 2J. A. Seamons et al., APL 93, 043124 (2008).
5. Electric-field control of a hydrogenic donor's spin in a semiconductor
de, Amrit; Pryor, Craig E.; Flatté, Michael E.
2009-03-01
The orbital wave function of an electron bound to a single donor in a semiconductor can be modulated by an applied AC electric field, which affects the electron spin dynamics via the spin-orbit interaction. Numerical calculations of the spin dynamics of a single hydrogenic donor (Si) using a real-space multi-band k.p formalism show that in addition to breaking the high symmetry of the hydrogenic donor state, the g-tensor has a strong nonlinear dependence on the applied fields. By explicitly integrating the time dependent Schr"odinger equation it is seen that Rabi oscillations can be obtained for electric fields modulated at sub-harmonics of the Larmor frequency. The Rabi frequencies obtained from sub-harmonic modulation depend on the magnitudes of the AC and DC components of the electric field. For a purely AC field, the highest Rabi frequency is obtained when E is driven at the 2nd sub-harmonic of the Larmor frequency. Apart from suggesting ways to measure g-tensor anisotropies and nonlinearities, these results also suggest the possibility of direct frequency domain measurements of Rabi frequencies.
6. The Lombardy Rare Donor Programme
PubMed Central
Revelli, Nicoletta; Villa, Maria Antonietta; Paccapelo, Cinzia; Manera, Maria Cristina; Rebulla, Paolo; Migliaccio, Anna Rita; Marconi, Maurizio
2014-01-01
Background In 2005, the government of Lombardy, an Italian region with an ethnically varied population of approximately 9.8 million inhabitants including 250,000 blood donors, founded the Lombardy Rare Donor Programme, a regional network of 15 blood transfusion departments coordinated by the Immunohaematology Reference Laboratory of the Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico in Milan. During 2005 to 2012, Lombardy funded LORD-P with 14.1 million euros. Materials and methods During 2005–2012 the Lombardy Rare Donor Programme members developed a registry of blood donors and a bank of red blood cell units with either rare blood group phenotypes or IgA deficiency. To do this, the Immunohaematology Reference Laboratory performed extensive serological and molecular red blood cell typing in 59,738 group O or A, Rh CCDee, ccdee, ccDEE, ccDee, K− or k− donors aged 18–55 with a record of two or more blood donations, including both Caucasians and ethnic minorities. In parallel, the Immunohaematology Reference Laboratory implemented a 24/7 service of consultation, testing and distribution of rare units for anticipated or emergent transfusion needs in patients developing complex red blood cell alloimmunisation and lacking local compatible red blood cell or showing IgA deficiency. Results Red blood cell typing identified 8,747, 538 and 33 donors rare for a combination of common antigens, negative for high-frequency antigens and with a rare Rh phenotype, respectively. In June 2012, the Lombardy Rare Donor Programme frozen inventory included 1,157 red blood cell units. From March 2010 to June 2012 one IgA-deficient donor was detected among 1,941 screened donors and IgA deficiency was confirmed in four previously identified donors. From 2005 to June 2012, the Immunohaematology Reference Laboratory provided 281 complex red blood cell alloimmunisation consultations and distributed 8,008 Lombardy Rare Donor Programme red blood cell units within and outside the region
7. [Altruism and the donor].
PubMed
Langlois, A
1991-08-01
On December 20, 1988, the government of France passed a law to protect people who voluntarily participate in biomedical research. This article makes extensive reference to a major study, titled From Biology to Ethics, by Jean Bernard, a well-respected authority in the field of bioethics. The author looks at models proposed by Bernard, as examples for health volunteers, in particular, the blood donor and the self-experimenter. To set the tone of the article, she recalls the concept of altruism, as first proposed by Auguste Comte, then makes a linkage between his philosophy and Bernard's point of view. By trial and error, in their discussions, various ethics committees and the French State Council have agreed upon what constitutes fair compensation under the law. Unlike their Canadian counterparts, medical researchers in France have free access to volunteers who are not in perfect health--e.g., the elderly, people suffering from kidney deficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.--but these "experimental subjects" receive no monetary compensation. Thus, healthy and less-than-healthy volunteers do not receive equal treatment under the law. This inequity, added to the fear of what amounts to a tax on the human body and the difficulty of ensuring just compensation, is giving rise to a great deal of uncertainty. PMID:1878857
8. Spatially resolving valley quantum interference of a donor in silicon
Salfi, J.; Mol, J. A.; Rahman, R.; Klimeck, G.; Simmons, M. Y.; Hollenberg, L. C. L.; Rogge, S.
2014-06-01
Electron and nuclear spins of donor ensembles in isotopically pure silicon experience a vacuum-like environment, giving them extraordinary coherence. However, in contrast to a real vacuum, electrons in silicon occupy quantum superpositions of valleys in momentum space. Addressable single-qubit and two-qubit operations in silicon require that qubits are placed near interfaces, modifying the valley degrees of freedom associated with these quantum superpositions and strongly influencing qubit relaxation and exchange processes. Yet to date, spectroscopic measurements have only probed wavefunctions indirectly, preventing direct experimental access to valley population, donor position and environment. Here we directly probe the probability density of single quantum states of individual subsurface donors, in real space and reciprocal space, using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. We directly observe quantum mechanical valley interference patterns associated with linear superpositions of valleys in the donor ground state. The valley population is found to be within 5% of a bulk donor when 2.85 ± 0.45 nm from the interface, indicating that valley-perturbation-induced enhancement of spin relaxation will be negligible for depths greater than 3 nm. The observed valley interference will render two-qubit exchange gates sensitive to atomic-scale variations in positions of subsurface donors. Moreover, these results will also be of interest for emerging schemes proposing to encode information directly in valley polarization.
9. Successful use of the "unacceptable" heart donor.
PubMed
Menkis, A H; Novick, R J; Kostuk, W J; Pflugfelder, P W; Powell, A M; Thomson, D; McKenzie, F N
1991-01-01
Chronic shortage of donor organs has heightened interest in new strategies for increasing donor availability. Unacceptable hearts for transplant have previously been characterized by donor age greater than 40 years, more than 20% donor/recipient weight mismatch, ischemic time more than 4 hours, and the presence of coronary artery disease. A series of 185 consecutive orthotopic heart transplants were retrospectively examined. A significant number of donor hearts used were unacceptable by one or more of the above criteria. Our current approach is to match donors to recipients using a wide range of criteria. Donors are now accepted from any location in North America. We have accepted donors more than 55 years of age and donors weighing less than 50% of the recipient's body weight. Because of the chronic shortage of donor organs, donor criteria have been effectively liberalized, thereby increasing the donor pool without compromising the overall results of heart transplantation. PMID:2007168
10. Thermal cracking with hydrogen donor diluent
SciTech Connect
Derbyshire, F.; Varghese, P.; Whitehurst, D.D.
1983-07-26
An improved hydrogen donor for hydrogen donor diluent cracking is provided by extraction with naphtha from the cracked product and hydrogenation by hydrogen transfer from a lower boiling hydrogen donor such as tetralin.
11. Adult living donor liver imaging
PubMed Central
Cai, Larry; Yeh, Benjamin M.; Westphalen, Antonio C.; Roberts, John P.; Wang, Zhen J.
2016-01-01
Adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is increasingly used for the treatment of end-stage liver disease. The three most commonly harvested grafts for LDLT are left lateral segment, left lobe, and right lobe grafts. The left lateral segment graft, which includes Couinaud’s segments II and III, is usually used for pediatric recipients or small size recipients. Most of the adult recipients need either a left or a right lobe graft. Whether a left or right lobe graft should be harvested from the donors depends on estimated graft and donor remnant liver volume, as well as biliary and vascular anatomy. Detailed preoperative assessment of the potential donor liver volumetrics, biliary and vascular anatomy, and liver parenchyma is vital to minimize risks to the donors and maximize benefits to the recipients. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are currently the imaging modalities of choice in the preoperative evaluation of potential donors. This review provides an overview of key surgical considerations in LDLT that the radiologists must be aware of, and imaging findings on CT and MRI that the radiologists must convey to the surgeons when evaluating potential donors for LDLT. PMID:26912106
12. Adult living donor liver imaging.
PubMed
Cai, Larry; Yeh, Benjamin M; Westphalen, Antonio C; Roberts, John P; Wang, Zhen J
2016-01-01
Adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is increasingly used for the treatment of end-stage liver disease. The three most commonly harvested grafts for LDLT are left lateral segment, left lobe, and right lobe grafts. The left lateral segment graft, which includes Couinaud's segments II and III, is usually used for pediatric recipients or small size recipients. Most of the adult recipients need either a left or a right lobe graft. Whether a left or right lobe graft should be harvested from the donors depends on estimated graft and donor remnant liver volume, as well as biliary and vascular anatomy. Detailed preoperative assessment of the potential donor liver volumetrics, biliary and vascular anatomy, and liver parenchyma is vital to minimize risks to the donors and maximize benefits to the recipients. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are currently the imaging modalities of choice in the preoperative evaluation of potential donors. This review provides an overview of key surgical considerations in LDLT that the radiologists must be aware of, and imaging findings on CT and MRI that the radiologists must convey to the surgeons when evaluating potential donors for LDLT. PMID:26912106
13. Living kidney donors and ESRD.
PubMed
Ross, Lainie Friedman
2015-07-01
There are more than 325 living kidney donors who have developed end-stage renal disease and have been listed on the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)/United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) deceased donor kidney wait list. The OPTN/UNOS database records where these kidney donors are listed and, if they donated after April 1994, where that donation occurred. These 2 locations are often not the same. In this commentary, I examine whether a national living donor registry should be created and whether transplantation centers should be notified when one of their living kidney donors develops end-stage renal disease. I consider and refute 5 potential objections to center notification. I explain that transplantation centers should look back at these cases and input data into a registry to attempt to identify patterns that could improve donor evaluation protocols. Creating a registry and mining the information it contains is, in my view, our moral and professional responsibility to future patients and the transplantation endeavor. As individuals and as a community, we need to acknowledge the many unknown risks of living kidney donation and take responsibility for identifying these risks. We then must share information about these risks, educate prospective donors about them, and attempt to minimize them. PMID:25936672
14. Assessment of the Electronic Factors Determining the Thermodynamics of "Oxidative Addition" of C-H and N-H Bonds to Ir(I) Complexes.
PubMed
Wang, David Y; Choliy, Yuriy; Haibach, Michael C; Hartwig, John F; Krogh-Jespersen, Karsten; Goldman, Alan S
2016-01-13
15. Effects of the addition of alcohols, cryoprotective agents, and salts on the photoionization yield of chlorophyll a in frozen vesicle solutions with and without electron acceptors
SciTech Connect
Hiff, T.; Kevan, L. )
1989-04-20
The photoionization yield of chlorophyll a (Chla) in rapidly frozen vesicles with and without potassium ferricyanide (FC) or tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (TCBQ) has been studied versus several structural variations of phospholipid vesicles, including the addition of medium chain length alcohols, the effect of added salts (metal chlorides), the presence of a double bond in the alkyl tail of the surfactant, and the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol which tend to enhance vesicular structure retention upon freezing. Variations in the photoionization yield versus these structural parameters are discussed in terms of distance variations between Chla and electron acceptors, loss of integrity of the vesicle structure, and differences in the degree of hydration of the headgroups of the surfactant molecules. Electron spin echo (ESE) deuterium modulation associated with a 5-doxylstearic acid spin probe interacting with deuterated water probes the degree of water interaction at the vesicle interface. The ESE data support a correlation between the degree of interface hydration and the photoionization yield for vesicles containing Chla and FC as an electron acceptor. Parallel ESE studies of 5-doxylstearic acid spin probes in anionic and cationic surfactant vesicles reveal changes in the interface hydration if the surfactant counterion is changed; this can be roughly correlated to the Chla photoionization yields.
16. How to Motivate Whole Blood Donors to Become Plasma Donors
PubMed Central
2014-01-01
This study tested the efficacy of interventions to recruit new plasma donors among whole blood donors. A sample of 924 donors was randomized to one of three conditions: control; information only by nurse; and information plus self-positive image message by nurse (SPI). Participants in the control condition only received a leaflet describing the plasma donation procedure. In the two experimental conditions the leaflet was explained face-to-face by a nurse. The dependent variables were the proportion of new plasma donors and the number of donations at six months. Overall, 141 (15.3%) new plasma donors were recruited at six months. There were higher proportions of new plasma donors in the two experimental conditions compared to the control condition (P < .001); the two experimental conditions did not differ. Also, compared to the control condition, those in the experimental conditions (all Ps < .001) gave plasma more often (information only by nurse: d = .26; SPI: d = .32); the SPI intervention significantly outperformed (P < .05) the information only by nurse condition. The results suggest that references to feelings of SPI such as feeling good and being proud and that giving plasma is a rewarding personal experience favor a higher frequency of plasma donation. PMID:25530909
17. Functionalisation of graphene by edge-halogenation and radical addition using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon models: edge electron density-binding energy relationship
2015-04-01
Structures and properties of functionalised graphene were investigated using several derivatives of some small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) taken as finite size models employing unrestricted density functional theory. The functionalisation reactions included fluorination or chlorination of all the edge carbon sites, addition of H, F or Cl atom, OH or OOH group at the different sites and addition of OH or OOH group at the different sites of the edge-halogenated PAHs. σ-inductive effects of fluorine and chlorine in the edge-fluorinated and edge-chlorinated PAHs, respectively, were found to affect electron density and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) distributions significantly. σ-holes were located at the MEP surfaces along the CH and CCl bonds of the unmodified and edge-chlorinated PAHs, respectively. The H and F atoms and the OH group were found to add to all the carbon sites of PAHs exothermically, while addition of the Cl atom and the OOH group was found to be exothermic at a few carbon sites and endothermic at the other carbon sites. Enhanced electron densities at the edge carbon sites of the PAHs and binding energies of adducts of H and F atoms and the OH group at these sites were found to be linearly correlated.
18. Electric field control of donor pair diatomic molecules in silicon
Baena, Alejandra; Saraiva, Andre; Calderón, María J.; Koiller, Belita
2015-03-01
Single donors are well-established building blocks for engineering electronic properties of semiconductors, acting effectively as giant hydrogen atoms. Donor pairs, analogous to effective hydrogen molecules, were recently investigated in the strongly interacting regime in silicon. In this regime, electric field control renders timid results. Pairs that are more distant are more susceptible to external fields, and may harbour single electron charge control. Theoretically, the molecular quantum mechanics analogy between a donor pair and the H2 molecule in vacuum is not as straightforward as it may seem. A detailed understanding of the electronic structure of these molecular systems is a current challenge. We analyze the lowest energy states within effective mass theory, including central cell corrected donor potential effects and the conduction band multiplicity in Si. The spectrum of ionized donor pairs and its response to an external electric field will be presented. We contemplate possible advantages of heteropolar diatomic molecules, e.g, Sb -As pairs, as more efficient elements for such devices and applications.
19. Singlet-triplet donor-quantum-dot qubit in silicon
Harvey-Collard, Patrick; Ten Eyck, Gregory A.; Wendt, Joel R.; Pluym, Tammy; Lilly, Michael P.; Carroll, Malcolm S.; Pioro-Ladrière, Michel
2015-03-01
Electron spins bound to phosphorus (P) donors in silicon (Si) are promising qubits due to their high fidelities, but donor-donor coupling is challenging. We propose an alternative two-electron singlet-triplet quantum-dot (QD) and donor (D) hybrid qubit. A QD is formed at a MOS 28-Si interface and is tunnel-coupled to implanted P. The proposed two-axis system is defined by the exchange and contact hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate that a few electron QD can be formed and tuned to interact with a donor. We investigate the spin filling of the QD-D system through charge-sensed (CS) magnetospectroscopy and identify spin-up loading consistent with a singlet-triplet splitting of ~100 μeV near a QD-D anti-crossing. We also demonstrate an enhanced CS readout contrast and time window due to the restricted relaxation path of the D through the QD. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. DOE's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
20. Mechanisms of radical formation in beef and chicken meat during high pressure processing evaluated by electron spin resonance detection and the addition of antioxidants.
PubMed
Bolumar, Tomas; Andersen, Mogens L; Orlien, Vibeke
2014-05-01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.635658323764801, "perplexity": 8892.70529325329}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00404-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.r-bloggers.com/search/Quantmod/page/5/ | 355 search results for "quantmod"
Update for Backtesting Asset Allocation Portfolios post
October 23, 2013
By
It was over a year since my original post, Backtesting Asset Allocation portfolios. I have expanded the functionality of the Systematic Investor Toolbox both in terms of optimization functions and helper back-test functions during this period. Today, I want to update the Backtesting Asset Allocation portfolios post and showcase new functionality. I will use the
Knoxville R User’s Group Meeting November 1
October 22, 2013
By
The next meeting of the Knoxville R User’s Group will consist of four 20-minute talks followed by an open planning session. It will take place on Friday, November 1, from 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. at The University of Tennessee, … Continue reading →
Measuring Randomness in Capital Markets
September 29, 2013
By
What is Random? As previously discussed, there’s no universal measure of randomness. Randomness implies the lack of pattern and the inability to predict future outcomes. However, The lack of an obvious model doesn’t imply randomness anymore than a curve fit one implies order. So what actually constitutes randomness, how can we quantify it, and why do we care? Randomness $\neq$ Volatility, and Predictability $\neq$ Profit First...
A technique for doing parametrized unit testing in R: Case study with stock price data analysis
September 13, 2013
By
Ensuring the quality and correctness of statistical or scientific software in general constitute as one fo the main responsibilities of scientific software developers and scientists who provide a code to solve a specific computational task. Sometimes t...
‘Tis the Season for September Bearishness?
August 22, 2013
By
Is September Bearish? Traders love discussing seasonality, and September declines in US equity markets are a favorite topic. Historically September has underperformed every other month of the year, offering a mean return of -.56% on the S&P 500 index from 1950 to 2012; 54% of Septembers were bearish over the same period – more than any other month. Empirically, September...
7Twelve Back-test
August 14, 2013
By
I recently came across the The 7Twelve Portfolio strategy. I like the catchy name and the strategy report, “An Introduction to 7Twelve.” Following is some additional info about the The 7Twelve Portfolio strategy that I found useful: On Israelsen’s 7Twelve Portfolio The 7/12 Allocation Today I want to show how to back-test the The 7Twelve
Stocks and Bonds Behavior by Decade
August 13, 2013
By
I struggled with whether or not I should even post this. It is raw and ugly, but it might help somebody out there. I might use this as a basis for some more gridSVG posts, but I do not think I have the motivation to finish the analysi...
Calendar-based Sector Strategy
August 5, 2013
By
I recently came across the Kaeppel’s Sector Seasonality Strategy which is described in Kaeppel’s Corner: Sector Seasonality and updated in Kaeppel’s Corner: Get Me Back, Clarence. Today I want to show how to back-test the Kaeppel’s Sector Seasonality Strategy using the Systematic Investor Toolbox. Following are the strategy rules: Buy Fidelity Select Technology (FSPTX) at
Stop Loss
July 29, 2013
By
Today I want to share and present an example of the flexible Stop Loss functionality that I added to the Systematic Investor Toolbox. Let’s examine a simple Moving Average Crossover strategy: Buy is triggered once fast moving average crosses above the slow moving average Sell is triggered once fast moving average crosses below the slow | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2750159502029419, "perplexity": 3916.026967308112}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909031157-00077-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://dorigo.wordpress.com/tag/israel/ | ## Religions against women, everywhereApril 4, 2009
Posted by dorigo in news, politics, religion.
Tags: , , ,
Maybe you might get the impression that I am discovering hot water with this post, and in that case I apologize. But I cannot help logging in this site that I insist in being constantly amazed at the virulence, the shamelessness, and the violence which religious activists use on a daily basis against women, everywhere on this poor planet.
We are all used to the ferocious laws against women in islamic countries, the beating to death of mothers and daughters for futile reasons, the lack of civil rights of women there. We all breathed a sigh of relief when the Talibans were eradicated from power in Afghanistan -only to wake up later and find out that nothing much has changed. In general, when we discuss the rights of women, the situation in arab countries is the obvious issue to deal with.
Things, however, are not qualitatively very different in more “civilized” countries. Take Italy as a very clear example. A western country, a democracy, a secular power which should be able to legislate free from religious ingerence. But it is not so: through lobbying, declarations of archbishops, preaches by Pope Ratzinger, and sermons in the churches, the Vatican managed to convince the italian government to pass a law that for all practical purposes prevents in vitro fertilization. Women who want to get pregnant with medical aid have to travel to Spain or Ukraine, if they can afford it. Worse still, the health of women who accept the italian rules on assisted procreation is put to risk by insane rules whose denominator is the belief that “the embryo is sacred and has to be defended” -even at the risk of the owner of the womb. Every sperm is sacred: one cannot help hearing the old song by Monty Python sung in the background every time Cardinal Bagnasco or one of his accolites is seen on national television.
There would be other things to discuss -Ratzinger’s fight against condoms in Africa, for instance, is directed first and foremost against women. Or the idiotic laws against stem cell research. But I want to mention something else here today.
What prompts me to write about religion and women today is the news about a picture of the new Israeli government of Benyamin Netanyahu, which contains -the horror, the horror- two women: Limor Livnat, minister of Culture and Sport, and Sofa Landver, minister of Immigration. These two women were amidst 28 men in a picture taken yesterday, and shown on most israeli newspapers. The devil is in the details: see the two versions, and decide for yourself which one is the original and which one appeared on ultra-orthodox newspapers, Sha’a Tovah and Yated Ne’eman.
No violence was moved, nobody was hurt. But to me, the photoshopped picture is if possible even more disturbing than an “ordinary” violent act against a woman. Because it comes from a supposedly respectable institution, in a “civilized” country.
If I were Netanyahu, I would force the newspapers editors to publish the original pictures and present their excuses to the ministers, to the people of Israel, and to us all. Otherwise, some of the reasons why we root for Israel against arab fundamentalists are lost, and Israel itself becomes weaker in its struggle for survival.
## On the casualty ratio in GazaJanuary 19, 2009
Posted by dorigo in news, politics.
Tags: , , , , ,
In this short post I wish to discuss whether during the 22-day-long war in Gaza the israeli defence force (IDF) has been, as some commenter claimed here, “the most moral army in the world”. It is indeed reported by media that the IDF makes phone calls to civilian houses before those are bombed, that leaflets are spread on areas which will be targeted, etcetera. I think these are commendable actions, but on the other hand the media these days are full of news that report despicable episodes by the israeli army, which tend to demonstrate the opposite. Leaving aside the endless debate that such conflicting evidences would set up, let me stay on the easier ground of mathematics, and aseptically discuss the civilian casualty ratio in Gaza.
First of all, there are a couple of caveats to mention. The ratio is not too easy to ascertain, because -to some extent- many of the Gaza “civilians” might be considered supporters of the Hamas force. So we have to stick to numbers provided by Israel itself, rather than rely on the claims by Hamas that just 48 of its combatants have been killed in the attack. Israel sets that number at “at least 500”, and I will take 500 as a fair estimate, ignoring the Hamas claim and the rather propaganda-sounding “at least” by the IDF. Let us give the number a 20% uncertainty: 500+-100. As for the total casualties, their number is less uncertain: most sources set it at 1300 or above, if we stick to palestinians who have lost their life until today. More can die of the wounds in the near future, but the ratio we are to compute should not be affected by that.
The other caveat is that one could argue that it is unfair to judge the actions of the IDF on the basis of the casualty ratio, because the action was aimed at eradicating the weapons potential of Hamas rather than Hamas itself, and the weapons had allegedly been concealed in homes, hospitals, schools, places of worship. This objection to me is not too valuable, because it amounts to declaring that the action had been decided in spite of that practice. Or, to put it another way: if Hamas uses the horrible practice of human shields, Israel uses the even more horrible practice of ignoring it!
Now, let us look at the numbers. $(1300-500)/500 = 1.6 \pm 0.5$, roughly. That means that for each Hamas fighter, more than one civilian has been killed.
Let us now look at some statistics reported one year ago by Haaretz here, about the civilian casualty ratio of air strikes. It is reported at 1:30.
So I am led to conclude that the IDF considered not enough the air strikes, and needed a different strategy to counter the Kassam missiles; and that they did not really care about the civilian losses they would inflict on palestinians, this time.
And a warning: Of course, I am willing to hear other opinions on the matter; this blog is usually censorship-free. Since, however, I am bored by allegations of being “anti-semitic”, “communist”, of “caring zero for the other wars in the world”, “where were you when Serbia was bombed by your country”, etcetera, I will apply some measure of censorship here. Either leave your name and address, or refrain from posting meaningless, insulting comments, please.
## In support of UN sanctions to IsraelJanuary 15, 2009
Posted by dorigo in news, politics.
Tags: , , , , , , , ,
As the war in the Gaza strip is approaching its fourth week, the number of casualties has surpassed a thousand, 300 of them children -needless to say, all from the defending side. 1500 more children have been wounded, and the situation configures itself as a humanitarian catastrophe, of which the guilt is entirely of the offenders, the leaders of the state of Israel.
The Israeli army continues the attacks, denies humanitarian aid, bombs hospitals, uses white phosporus to bomb densely populated areas. “Intelligent bombs“, somebody insists calling them. In order to minimize their army’s losses, the Israeli prefer to kill civilians blindly. Today they bombed a UN building, home of the UNRWA. Later Olmert commented that Hamas militians were shooting from its roof.
The IDF needs to be stopped, because it is clear that they cannot get back to reason by themselves. I believe the only way that the UN can put real pressure on Israel is to sanction it economically. Israel is a small state and its economy is more frail than its army. There needs to be a response to the barbarian acts they are committing in Gaza.
Yes, barbarian acts. How else can a civilized person call the indiscriminate bombing of civilians ? Israeli supporters will argue that the death of those 300 children is Hamas fault, because they allegedly use children as human shields. Israeli supporters will show videos of small palestinian children educated to fight, dressed in mimetic suits, carrying guns. They believe those admittedly disturbing images are enough to justify the deliberate killing of children. This, to me, is barbarous, period.
The hundreds of rockets randomly fired by Hamas into Israeli territory this year are a drop in the sea in comparison to the destruction, the deaths, and the steps farther from peace that this senseless war has brought. Terrorist is Hamas, and terrorist is Israel. And since the war is ultimately the result of the need of the present Israeli government to strengthen itself in view of the forthcoming elections, economic sanctions by the UN are the best way to respond.
I hope President Obama will be able to use his power to put an end to this horrible situation. A change from the unconditioned support that the US have given to Israel would be the strongest message. The US needs to support Israel in its attempts at creating the conditions for a durable peace with the Arab countries, and sanction it in case this bloody foreign politics is furthered.
I know these are likely to remain delusions: despite the strong condemnation by the French government, the shock declared by Merkel and Brown, the indignant reactions by UN officials, and the other reactions that have been proclaimed today, there is little hope that anything more concrete than spelling words will be done. But Israel, unfortunately, will pay for this senseless attack, because it has worsened the hatred that arabs feel for its citizens. This is the sorry aftermath of any military action against civilians: a renewed, reinforced hatred.
The israeli fanatics who read this blog will argue that I am anti-semitic: this is false, of course, and it equates to an accusation of racism. I hate racism as much as I hate wars, whomever moves them, and whomever argues that the attacking side has the right on their side. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 1, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3097122609615326, "perplexity": 3946.998985898495}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00195-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_of_an_algebraic_curve | Genus (mathematics)
(Redirected from Genus of an algebraic curve)
A genus-2 surface
In mathematics, genus (plural genera) has a few different, but closely related, meanings:
Topology
Orientable surface
The genus of a connected, orientable surface is an integer representing the maximum number of cuttings along non-intersecting closed simple curves without rendering the resultant manifold disconnected.[1] It is equal to the number of handles on it. Alternatively, it can be defined in terms of the Euler characteristic χ, via the relationship χ = 2 − 2g for closed surfaces, where g is the genus. For surfaces with b boundary components, the equation reads χ = 2 − 2g − b. In layman's terms, it's the number of "holes" an object has ("holes" interpreted in the sense of doughnut holes; a hollow sphere would be considered as having zero holes in this sense). A doughnut, or torus, has 1 such hole. A sphere has 0. The green surface pictured above has 2 holes of the relevant sort.
For instance:
• The sphere S2 and a disc both have genus zero.
• A torus has genus one, as does the surface of a coffee mug with a handle. This is the source of the joke that "a topologist is someone who can't tell his donut from his coffee mug."
An explicit construction of surfaces of genus g is given in the article on the fundamental polygon.
In simpler terms, the value of an orientable surface's genus is equal to the number of "holes" it has.[2]
Non-orientable surfaces
The non-orientable genus, demigenus, or Euler genus of a connected, non-orientable closed surface is a positive integer representing the number of cross-caps attached to a sphere. Alternatively, it can be defined for a closed surface in terms of the Euler characteristic χ, via the relationship χ = 2 − k, where k is the non-orientable genus.
For instance:
Knot
The genus of a knot K is defined as the minimal genus of all Seifert surfaces for K.[3] A Seifert surface of a knot is however a manifold with boundary the boundary being the knot, i.e. homeomorphic to the unit circle. The genus of such a surface is defined to be the genus of the two-manifold, which is obtained by gluing the unit disk along the boundary.
Handlebody
The genus of a 3-dimensional handlebody is an integer representing the maximum number of cuttings along embedded disks without rendering the resultant manifold disconnected. It is equal to the number of handles on it.
For instance:
• A ball has genus zero.
• A solid torus D2 × S1 has genus one.
Graph theory
The genus of a graph is the minimal integer n such that the graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with n handles (i.e. an oriented surface of genus n). Thus, a planar graph has genus 0, because it can be drawn on a sphere without self-crossing.
The non-orientable genus of a graph is the minimal integer n such that the graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with n cross-caps (i.e. a non-orientable surface of (non-orientable) genus n). (This number is also called the demigenus.)
The Euler genus is the minimal integer n such that the graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with n cross-caps or on a sphere with n/2 handles.[4]
In topological graph theory there are several definitions of the genus of a group. Arthur T. White introduced the following concept. The genus of a group G is the minimum genus of a (connected, undirected) Cayley graph for G.
Algebraic geometry
There are two related definitions of genus of any projective algebraic scheme X: the arithmetic genus and the geometric genus.[6] When X is an algebraic curve with field of definition the complex numbers, and if X has no singular points, then these definitions agree and coincide with the topological definition applied to the Riemann surface of X (its manifold of complex points). For example, the definition of elliptic curve from algebraic geometry is connected non-singular projective curve of genus 1 with a given rational point on it.
By the Riemann-Roch theorem, an irreducible plane curve of degree d has geometric genus
${\displaystyle g={\frac {(d-1)(d-2)}{2}}-s,}$
where s is the number of singularities when properly counted. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 1, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5405942797660828, "perplexity": 408.65722456524605}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00883.warc.gz"} |
http://kitchingroup.cheme.cmu.edu/blog/2013/02/13/Numerically-calculating-an-effectiveness-factor-for-a-porous-catalyst-bead/ | ## Numerically calculating an effectiveness factor for a porous catalyst bead
| categories: bvp | tags: reaction engineering | View Comments
If reaction rates are fast compared to diffusion in a porous catalyst pellet, then the observed kinetics will appear to be slower than they really are because not all of the catalyst surface area will be effectively used. For example, the reactants may all be consumed in the near surface area of a catalyst bead, and the inside of the bead will be unutilized because no reactants can get in due to the high reaction rates.
References: Ch 12. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Fogler, 4th edition.
A mole balance on the particle volume in spherical coordinates with a first order reaction leads to: with boundary conditions and at . We convert this equation to a system of first order ODEs by letting . Then, our two equations become:
and
We have a condition of no flux () at r=0 and Ca(R) = CAs, which makes this a boundary value problem. We use the shooting method here, and guess what Ca(0) is and iterate the guess to get Ca(R) = CAs.
The value of the second differential equation at r=0 is tricky because at this place we have a 0/0 term. We use L'Hopital's rule to evaluate it. The derivative of the top is and the derivative of the bottom is 1. So, we have
or at .
Finally, we implement the equations in Python and solve.
import numpy as np
from scipy.integrate import odeint
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
De = 0.1 # diffusivity cm^2/s
R = 0.5 # particle radius, cm
k = 6.4 # rate constant (1/s)
CAs = 0.2 # concentration of A at outer radius of particle (mol/L)
def ode(Y, r):
Wa = Y[0] # molar rate of delivery of A to surface of particle
Ca = Y[1] # concentration of A in the particle at r
# this solves the singularity at r = 0
if r == 0:
dWadr = k / 3.0 * De * Ca
else:
dWadr = -2 * Wa / r + k / De * Ca
# Initial conditions
Ca0 = 0.029315 # Ca(0) (mol/L) guessed to satisfy Ca(R) = CAs
Wa0 = 0 # no flux at r=0 (mol/m^2/s)
rspan = np.linspace(0, R, 500)
Y = odeint(ode, [Wa0, Ca0], rspan)
Ca = Y[:, 1]
# here we check that Ca(R) = Cas
print 'At r={0} Ca={1}'.format(rspan[-1], Ca[-1])
plt.plot(rspan, Ca)
plt.ylabel('$C_A$')
plt.savefig('images/effectiveness-factor.png')
r = rspan
eta_numerical = (np.trapz(k * Ca * 4 * np.pi * (r**2), r)
/ np.trapz(k * CAs * 4 * np.pi * (r**2), r))
print(eta_numerical)
phi = R * np.sqrt(k / De)
eta_analytical = (3 / phi**2) * (phi * (1.0 / np.tanh(phi)) - 1)
print(eta_analytical)
At r=0.5 Ca=0.200001488652
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x114275550>]
<matplotlib.text.Text object at 0x10d5fe890>
<matplotlib.text.Text object at 0x10d5ff890>
0.563011348314
0.563003362801
You can see the concentration of A inside the particle is significantly lower than outside the particle. That is because it is reacting away faster than it can diffuse into the particle. Hence, the overall reaction rate in the particle is lower than it would be without the diffusion limit.
The effectiveness factor is the ratio of the actual reaction rate in the particle with diffusion limitation to the ideal rate in the particle if there was no concentration gradient:
We will evaluate this numerically from our solution and compare it to the analytical solution. The results are in good agreement, and you can make the numerical estimate better by increasing the number of points in the solution so that the numerical integration is more accurate.
Why go through the numerical solution when an analytical solution exists? The analytical solution here is only good for 1st order kinetics in a sphere. What would you do for a complicated rate law? You might be able to find some limiting conditions where the analytical equation above is relevant, and if you are lucky, they are appropriate for your problem. If not, it is a good thing you can figure this out numerically!
Thanks to Radovan Omorjan for helping me figure out the ODE at r=0! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8259563446044922, "perplexity": 1166.9799776276648}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591455.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720002543-20180720022543-00101.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/60507/uniqueness-of-regular-tubular-neighborhood-with-equivariant-boundary | uniqueness of regular/tubular neighborhood with equivariant boundary
Let $N$ and $N'$ be regular neighborhoods of a subpolyhedron $P$ in a closed PL manifold $M$, and suppose that $t$ is a free PL involution on $M$ such that each of $\partial N$, $\partial N'$ is invariant under $t$. Does there exist an equivariant PL isotopy of $M$ taking $N$ onto $N'$?
Edit: Beware that $N$ is not assumed to be $t$-invariant. The case where $N$ is $t$-invariant is of course trivial.
(Example: $M=S^m$ with $t$ the antipodal involution, $P$ is a point, $N$ is a hemisphere and $N'$ something fancier.)
I also do not know the answer to the similar question in the smooth category, where $N$ and $N'$ are tubular neighborhoods of a submanifold.
It does not seem like usual arguments about regular neighborhoods work to prove this, but also I don't immediately see a counterexample.
(As a side remark, I'm ultimately interested in relative regular neighborhoods and a non-free involution whose fixed point set is forced to lie in $\partial N$ by the choice of the relativization.)
-
In the example you mention, $N$ and its complement are interchanged by the involution. This is not clear from your first paragraph; at first I imagined that $P$ and $N$ were subpolyhedra of $M$ preserved by the involution (in which the question could be approached by working in the orbit space). – Tom Goodwillie Apr 4 '11 at 1:10
Of course, the nontrivial case is when they are not preserved, and this was the point of the example. Sorry if it doesn't read smoothly. – Sergey Melikhov Apr 4 '11 at 1:57
Let's consider the smooth case. The basic idea is to solve the problem on the free quotient, and then to lift the solution by covering space theory. For the external reference below, I'm going to assume $N \subset N'$. Let $G = \lbrace 1,t \rbrace$ be the cyclic group of order two; the argument works for any finite group $G$.
Let $\pi: E \to P$ be the abstract $G$-vector bundle in common. Let $f: E \to M$ be a $G$-equivariant embedding whose image is $N$ and which restricts on the 0-section to the inclusion $P \hookrightarrow M$.
Since the action of $G$ on $M$ is free, the quotient $M/G$ is a manifold and $P/G$ is a submanifold.
There exists an isotopy $\bar{F}: E/G \times [0,1] \to M/G$, constant on the 0-section, from $f/G$ to an embedding $g: E/G \to M/G$ whose image is $N'/G$.
The map $\bar{F}$ is the composite of "aligning", see for example [Lang, Fundamentals of Differential Geometry, Proposition IV.6.1] (freely searchable online through Google Books), followed by "fiberwise dilation" where the amount of dilation can vary from fiber to fiber.
By the Homotopy Lifting Property for covering spaces, there is a unique $G$-map $F: E \times [0,1] \to M$ that covers $\bar{F}$ and that restricts to $f$ at time $0$. Observe that $F$ is a $G$-homotopy deforming $N$ onto $N'$.
It remains to check that $F$ is an isotopy, that is, each restriction $F_t: E \to M$ is an embedding. But this follows immediately from a simple diagram chase, using the facts that $\bar{F}_t: E/G \to M/G$ is an embedding and that the action of $G$ on $M$ is free.
In order to obtain the hypothesis $N \subset N'$, since $P/G$ is assumed to be compact, one can uniformly fiberwise shrink $N/G$ into the sub-neighborhood $N/G \cap N'/G$. Without this compactness hyothesis, I believe that one can non-uniformly fiberwise shrink using a partition of unity on $P/G$.
-
Thanks for interest, but I think you're solving a different problem. Your notation $N/G$ suggests that you're assuming that $N$ is $G$-invariant, but it is not (cf. Tom Goodwillie's comment above). OK, let's interpret $N/G$ as the image of $N$ under the quotient map. In my example with the antipodal involution on the sphere, $N\subset N'$ would imply $N=N'$ and has nothing to do with $N/G\subset N/G$, which is automatic. Your isotopy $\bar F$ would be the identity, etc. – Sergey Melikhov Apr 4 '11 at 8:56
I learned from Piotr Akhmetiev that $S^6$ contains two smoothly embedded $5$-spheres invariant under the antipodal involution that are not equivariantly PL isotopic, and the reference is Lopez de Medrano's "Involutions on Manifolds". Of course they are boundaries of regular neighborhoods of a point (by the higher-dimensional Poincare conjecture) and hence also of tubular neighborhoods of a point (since there are no exotic $6$-balls). A more recent source that Akhmetiev mentioned is Yu. Muranov's survey. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9333553314208984, "perplexity": 235.872594553671}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011163856/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091923-00036-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/69069-converting-closed-form-recursive-formula-print.html | # Converting Closed Form to Recursive Formula
• January 20th 2009, 12:36 PM
Edbaseball17
Converting Closed Form to Recursive Formula
$a_1 = 5; a_n = 5*a_{n-1}$
How would i go about converting that to a Recursive Formula?
I just need a jump start on how to find the next term in the sequence, thanks.
• January 20th 2009, 02:38 PM
ursa
Quote:
http://www.mathhelpforum.com/math-he...e9c3d0c8-1.gif
How would i go about converting that to a Recursive Formula?
I just need a jump start on how to find the next term in the sequence, thanks.
hi
well that's already a recursive formula
you can only convert to simple formula i.e.
a_n=5^n
if you need to find the next sequence from the recursive formula
then simply put n=2 and calculate. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7543580532073975, "perplexity": 871.0092886629047}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345768632/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054928-00043-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/energy/2/steps/103731 | We use cookies to give you a better experience, if that’s ok you can close this message and carry on browsing. For more info read our cookies policy.
3.10
## University of Liverpool
Skip to 0 minutes and 4 secondsSo I'd like to show you an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for a system. This is the expression that was developed in an earlier article. And I just like to go through each term in this and remind you what each of them means and the ways in which we can evaluate each of these terms. So I'm going to start on the right-hand side of the equation with the terms that represent the change in the energy content of our system, and our system could be anything we like that we want to define as being separate from the rest of the universe. So starting on the extreme right, Δ here means a change in and PE stands for potential energy.
Skip to 0 minutes and 55 secondsAnd from mechanics we know that potential energy is equal to mass times gravitational constant, g times z, the height of the object above the ground. or the datum. And so in this case, it's the mass of the system times the gravitational acceleration, which we normally take as being 10 metres per second per second, times z height above a datum. And so if we have a change in the height of the system, we'll have a change in the potential energy of the system. And then moving leftwards the next term is the change in the kinetic energy. So Δ, again, means change in, KE stands for kinetic energy.
Skip to 1 minute and 35 secondsAnd again, from mechanics, we know that kinetic energy is equal to mass times velocity squared divided by 2. So in this case, it's the mass of the system, and if the velocity of the system changes, then we'll get a change in the kinetic energy. And then continuing leftwards to ΔU, this is really where the thermodynamics starts. So Δ, again, means change in. Capital U means internal energy. The capital indicates that it's a total internal energy of the system. When I use lowercase symbols, it means it's the energy per unit mass.
Skip to 2 minutes and 19 secondsAnd we've defined enthalpy as h - lowercase h is enthalpy per unit mass - is equal to the internal energy u plus the product of the pressure times the volume of the matter inside the system. And we looked at the definition of the specific heat capacity at constant volume. That's equal to the gradient of the internal energy as a function of temperature. And so that's what I've expressed in the middle of the series of three equations in the yellow box here. Small change in internal energy d u is equal to the specific heat capacity at constant volume - that's why there's a little lowercase subscript v on it - times small change in the temperature.
Skip to 3 minutes and 11 secondsAnd there's a corresponding definition for the specific heat capacity at constant pressure. That's related to the gradient of enthalpy plotted with temperature. And so we can say a small change in enthalpy, d-h, is equal to the specific capacity at constant pressure - subscript p indicates it's constant pressure multiplied by dT, a small change in temperature. So those three terms equate to the changes in the energy of the system. And that happens as a consequence of energy flows in and out of the system, which are described on the left-hand side of the equation. And so the first of those is the energy that flows across the system boundaries as a consequence of matter or mass flowing across the system boundary.
Skip to 4 minutes and 3 secondsSo we have the energy transfer as a consequence of mass flowing in minus the energy transfers occurring as a consequence of mass flowing out. And we can equate those energy transfers as being equal to the mass flowing times the flow energy, which is given the symbol Θ. And the flow energy theta is the sum of the enthalpy, the kinetic energy, and the potential energy of the flow. And so that's sort of expressed in the bottom equation there, that the energy transfer as a consequence of the mass flow is equal to the mass flowing times h plus v squared upon 2 plus gz.
Skip to 4 minutes and 47 secondsAnd that definition allows us to get at a special case of the first law of thermodynamics, which is the steady flow of energy equation. And its derivation is described in an earlier article that you could go back and read it if you wish. So moving leftwards to the next term, this is the work term. This describes the work done to the system - that's the work in - minus the work done by the system-- that's the work out. And that work can occur in several different ways. It could simply be by a change in the pressure and volume of the matter contained in the system, which case the work done is the area under the pressure-volume graph.
Skip to 5 minutes and 34 secondsAnd so we need to integrate underneath the graph in order to arrive at the work done. And that's the first equation listed underneath the work term. It could be as a consequence of some mechanical work. For instance, force on a spring, in which case, again, we need to plot the force versus the distance that it moves and integrate underneath it to get the work done. And that's just the second little expression there and W mechanical. It could be as a consequence of power being supplied or taken away by a shaft, and so 'W dot' shaft is the power. It's work per unit time supplied by or taking away by shaft.
Skip to 6 minutes and 18 secondsAnd that's equal to 2 pi times 'm dot' which is the rate of rotation times the torque involved in doing that. And then the final equation relates to electrical power or rate of doing work, 'W dot.' And it's equal to the electrical current squared multiplied by the resistance.
Skip to 6 minutes and 43 secondsThe final term is the heat transfer term. This is the heat flowing into the system - 'Q in' - minus the heat going out - 'Q out.' And that heat transfer can occur in a number of ways, by conduction, convection, or radiation. So I've listed here the three equations describing the rate of heat transfer that's got a dot over top of my Q, so that's rate of heat transfer occurring. In the case of conduction, it's equal to the heat transfer coefficient multiplied by the cross-section over which the conduction is occurring multiplied by the temperature gradient along which the heat transfer is occurring. So dT is the temperature change and dx is the distance along which the heat transfer is occurring.
Skip to 7 minutes and 35 secondsIn this case, the heat transfer is occurring in the x direction, and our cross-section is perpendicular to the x-direction. The middle equation of this set is the convection equation. And here it's equal to transfer coefficient multiplied by the area over which the heat transfer is occurring, multiplied by the temperature difference between the two points the heat transfer is occurring to and from. And then the last equation is the rate of radiation heat transfer.
Skip to 8 minutes and 8 secondsThis is equal to the emissivity which characterises the surface from which the radiation is occurring or to which is occurring, multiplied by Stefan Boltzmann's constant, and then multiplied by the area involved in the radiation heat transfer, finally multiply by the temperature of the surface to the power 4.
Skip to 8 minutes and 31 secondsSo these three large terms on the left-hand side of the main equation describe the energy flows into and out of our system, and of course the net change in those energy flows must be equal to the change in the energy content of the system, which is described on the right-hand side of the equation So I hope that laying out all of these relationships that we've covered so far in this single graphic help to place into context for you and gives you an overview and summary that's useful.
# Summary: first law analysis
Listen to Eann provide an overview of the first law of thermodynamics applied to a system. He starts from the fundamental energy balance equations and discusses how each term in the equation can be evaluated. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8753928542137146, "perplexity": 221.50059784413202}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162385.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925182856-20180925203256-00132.warc.gz"} |
http://onelab.info/onelab_wiki/index.php?title=Nonlinear_problems_in_GetDP&direction=prev&oldid=8188 | # Nonlinear problems in GetDP
$\newcommand{\vec}[1]{\mathbf{#1}} \newcommand{\mat}[1]{\mathbf{#1}} \newcommand{\curl}{\mathrm{curl}\;} \newcommand{\B}{\mathfrak{B}} \newcommand{\Ja}{\boldsymbol{\mathsf{J}}} \newcommand{\JacNL}{\boldsymbol{\mathsf{JacNL}}}$ This page explains how a system of nonlinear partial differential equations is written and solved in GetDP. A summary of the Picard and Newton-Raphson methods is recalled first, before proceeding to the GetDP implementation. The JacNL function is explained in detail on a practical example.
## Resolution of nonlinear problems
For linear problems, the finite element method leads to the solution of linear systems of algebraic equations of the form: $$\mat{A} \; \vec{x}=\vec{b},$$ where $\mat{A}$ is a square matrix (e.g. the stiffness matrix of the problem), $\vec{b}$ takes into account potential source terms and $\vec{x}$ is the vector of unknowns to be calculated.
In the presence of material nonlinearities, the matrix $\mat{A}$ depends on the unknown field $\vec{x}$, and the system of equations becomes nonlinear: $$\mat{A}(\vec{x}) \; \vec{x}=\vec{b}. \label{Sys}$$ Therefore, the system must necessarily be solved iteratively. Starting from an initial guess vector $\vec{x}_0$ (e.g. a zero vector), the following calculated values $\vec{x}_1$, $\vec{x}_2$, ... are hoped to converge to the correct solution. For the exact solution, the residual defined by $\vec{r}(\vec{x})=\mat{A}(\vec{x}) \; \vec{x}-\vec{b}$ is zero. If after $p$ iterations, a satisfactory convergence is obtained, the iterative process is stopped. The convergence criterion could be based on some norm of the residual $\vec{r}(\vec{x}_p)$ or on the $p^\text{th}$ increment $\vec{\delta x}_p=\vec{x}_p-\vec{x}_{p-1}$. For example, it could be : $$\frac{||\vec{\delta x}_p||_\infty}{||\vec{x}_p||_\infty} < \varepsilon,$$ with $\varepsilon$ a small dimensionless number (e.g. $10^{-6}$).
### Picard's method
Picard's iteration provides an easy way to handle the nonlinearity. In the Picard iterative process, a new approximation $\vec{x}_i$ is calculated by using a known, previous solution $\vec{x}_{i-1}$ in the nonlinear terms so that these terms become linear in the unknown $\vec{x}_i$. Therefore, the problem becomes: $$\mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}) \; \vec{x}_{i} = \vec{b}. \label{Picard}$$
The following iterative process summarizes the Picard method:
$\vec{x}_0=\vec{0}$; // Initialization
for $i=1,2,3,...$ {
$\vec{x}_{i} = \Big( \mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}) \Big)^{-1} \vec{b}$; // Find the new $\vec{x}$
}
### Newton-Raphson method
Usually, the Newton-Raphson method (NR-method) is used. In that case, a new approximation $\vec{x}_i=\vec{x}_{i-1}+\vec{\delta x}_i$ is obtained through the linearization of the residual vector $\vec{r}(\vec{x}_i)$ around the previous approximated value $\vec{x}_{i-1}$: $$\vec{r}(\vec{x}_i)=\vec{r}(\vec{x}_{i-1}+\vec{\delta x}_i)=0,$$ $$\vec{r}(\vec{x}_{i-1})+(\frac{\partial \vec{r}}{\partial \vec{x}})_{i-1} \vec{\delta x}_i + o(\vec{\delta \vec{x}}_i^2)= 0.$$ By neglecting the higher-order terms $o(\vec{\delta \vec{x}}_i^2)$, a system of linear algebraic equations in $\vec{\delta x}_i$ is deduced: $$(\frac{\partial \vec{r}}{\partial \vec{x}})_{i-1} \vec{\delta x}_i = -\vec{r}(\vec{x}_{i-1}). \label{NR}$$
Remark: The derivative of an $m \times 1$-column vector $\vec{y}$ with respect to an $n \times 1$-column vector $\vec{x}$ is an $m \times n$-matrix whose $(j,k)^\text{th}$ element is given by: \begin{equation*} (\frac{\partial \vec{y}}{\partial \vec{x}})_{j,k}=\frac{\partial \vec{y}_j}{\partial \vec{x}_k}. \end{equation*}
For the system written in \eqref{Sys}, with the right-hand side $\vec{b}$ assumed known, the formulation \eqref{NR} becomes: $$(\frac{\partial \big( \mat{A}(\vec{x}) \; \vec{x} \big)}{\partial \vec{x}})_{i-1} \vec{\delta x}_i = \vec{b}-\mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}) \; \vec{x}_{i-1}. \label{SysNR}$$
Each NR-iteration provides an unique increment solution $\vec{\delta x}_i$ which depends on values taken from the previous iteration step $i-1$. Nevertheless, the convergence is by no means guaranteed. In case of strong non-linearity and/or unfavorable initialization conditions, divergence is not unlikely. Sufficiently close to the solution, the convergence of the NR-method is quadratic. In order to ensure or accelerate convergence, relaxation techniques may be applied: $$\vec{x}_i=\vec{x}_{i-1}+\gamma_i \; \vec{\delta x}_i,$$ with $\gamma_i$, the so-called relaxation factor, which should be chosen judiciously (typically between $0$ and $1$).
The matrix which appears in the system \eqref{SysNR} is called the Jacobian matrix (or Tangent stiffness matrix) of the system and is noted $\Ja$: $$\Ja=(\frac{\partial \big( \mat{A}(\vec{x}) \; \vec{x} \big)}{\partial \vec{x}}). \label{Jac}$$
The NR-method can be summarized by the following iterative loop:
$\vec{x}_0=\vec{0}$; // Initialization
for $i=1,2,3,...$ {
$\vec{\delta x}_i = \Big( \Ja(\vec{x}_{i-1}) \Big)^{-1} \big( \vec{b}-\mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}) \; \vec{x}_{i-1} \big)$; // Find the new $\vec{\delta x}$
$\vec{x}_i=\vec{x}_{i-1}+\gamma_i \; \vec{\delta x}_i$; // Update the value of $\vec{x}$
}
## Implementation of nonlinear problems in GetDP
As illustrated above, iterative loops are essential for nonlinear analysis. In GetDP, a loop is launched thanks to the IterativeLoop command and has to be defined in an appropriate level of the recursive resolution operations:
IterativeLoop [exp-cst,exp,exp-cst<,exp-cst>] { resolution-op }
The parameters are: the maximum number of iterations $i_{max}$ (if no convergence), the relative error $\varepsilon$ to achieve and the relaxation factor $\gamma_i$ that multiplies the iterative correction. (The optional parameter is a flag for testing purposes.) The resolution-op field contains the operations that have to be performed at each iteration.
During a Newton-Raphson iteration, the system \eqref{SysNR} has to be generated and then solved consecutively. These steps are done by using the GenerateJac| and SolveJac functions inside the resolution-op field of an IterativeLoop command. These two functions are briefly described hereafter:
GenerateJac [system-id]
Generate the system of equations system-id (see \eqref{SysNR}) using a Jacobian matrix $\Ja$ (of which the unknowns are corrections $\vec{\delta x}$ of the current solution $\vec{x}$).
SolveJac [system-id]
Solve the system of equations system-id (see \eqref{SysNR}) using a Jacobian matrix $\Ja$ (system of which the unknowns are corrections $\vec{\delta x}$ of the current solution $\vec{x}$). Then, Increment the solution ($\vec{x}=\vec{x}+\vec{\delta x}$) and compute the relative error $\vec{\delta x}/\vec{x}$.
In GetDP, the system of equations that has to be generated and solved is expressed in an "Equation"-block of a .pro' file. When calling GenerateJac, the Jacobian matrix $\Ja$ is built by assembling the matrix $\mat{A}$ whith the additionnal terms incorporated in a JacNL function in the formulation of a nonlinear problem. In other word, by definition : $$\Ja:= \mat{A} + \JacNL, \label{J=A+JacNL}$$ where $\JacNL$ stands for the elements included in a JacNL equation block while $\mat{A}$ gathers the classical terms that are not attached to a JacNL equation block. In case the problem is linear, i.e. when the $\mat{A}$-matrix does not depend on the unknowns $\vec{x}$, theJacobian matrix reduces to $\Ja = \mat{A}$ so that the $\JacNL$ part vanishes. In the light of this, it is obvious that the $\JacNL$ is used to represent the nonlinear part of the Jacobian matrix.
By supposing that all the terms in the formulation are integrated on the complete domain $\Omega$ and knowing that $\vec{x}_i=\vec{x}_{i-1}+\vec{\delta x}_i$, the system \eqref{SysNR} combined with the notations \eqref{Jac}, \eqref{J=A+JacNL} can be rewritten as : \begin{equation*} \Big( \mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}) + \JacNL (\vec{x}_{i-1}) \Big) .\;\vec{\delta x}_i = \vec{b}-\mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1})\;.\;\vec{x}_{i-1}, \end{equation*} $$\mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}).\;\vec{x}_{i} + \JacNL (\vec{x}_{i-1}) \;.\; \vec{\delta x}_i = \vec{b}, \label{Formu}$$ where $\vec{x}_i$ and $\vec{\delta x}_i$ are both discrete unknown quantities while $\vec{x}_{i-1}$ is already computed from the previous iteration.
Thanks to this last rewriting of the system, it is possible to give an interpretation on the way the degrees of freedom have to be understood in an "Equation"-block of a .pro' file. In GetDP, a Dof symbol in front of a discrete quantity indicates that this quantity is an unknown quantity, and should therefore not be considered as already computed. When calling GenerateJac, the generated unknowns are the increments $\vec{\delta x}_i$ of the Dof elements. However, as the reformulation of the system \eqref{Formu} highlights, the Dof terms that are not in a JacNL function ("$\mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}).\; \vec{\delta x}_i$") can be grouped with the right hand side previous values ("$\mat{A}(\vec{x}_{i-1}).\; \vec{x}_{i-1}$") built by GenerateJac, so that the unknowns linked to these terms can be seen as classical Dof quantities : \begin{equation*} \verb|Dof{x}| \rightarrow \vec{x}_i. \end{equation*} On the contrary, for the elements inside a JacNL equation block, when using GenerateJac, no additional suitable previous terms are generated on the right hand side, so that a Dof quantity will be understood by GetDP as being the unknown increment of this quantity at the current iteration. As it is visible on the last rewriting of the system \eqref{Formu}, the $\JacNL$ operator is acting specifically on the increment $\vec{\delta x}_i$. According to this interpretation, it comes: \begin{equation*} \verb|JacNL[Dof{x}...]| \rightarrow \vec{\delta x}_i. \end{equation*} Finally, if a quantity is not distinguished by a Dof symbol, GetDP will use the last computed value (results of the last iteration): \begin{equation*} \verb|{x}| \rightarrow \vec{x}_{i-1}. \end{equation*}
Thanks to these interpretations, any system in the form of system \eqref{Formu} can be naturally expressed in an "Equation"-block of a .pro' file and be resolved by the NR-method.
At this point, only the implementation of the NR-method in GetDP has been discussed. Actually, the only difference between the NR-method and Picard's method is linked to the presence or not of the $\JacNL$ operator. If the $\JacNL$ term is removed from the Newton-Raphson formulation \eqref{Formu}, the Picard system \eqref{Picard} is retrieved. So from the implementation point of view, simply removing the \verb|JacNL| content in the "Equation"-block of a .pro' file transforms a Newton-Raphson iteration in a Picard iteration.
The next section presents in concrete terms how to write nonlinear partial differential equations in GetDP using a practical example.
## An example
Let us consider the following PDE in strong form, describing a magnetodynamic problem in terms of the magnetic field $\vec{h}$, where for clarity we omitted the boundary conditions and the source terms: $$\curl \left(\frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h} \right) + \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \mu(\vec{h})\;.\;\vec{h} \right) = 0.$$
Using a Galerkin approach, the weak form of this PDE reads: find $\vec{h}$ in a suitable function space such that $$\left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h} \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega + \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \mu(\vec{h})\;.\;\vec{h} \right)\;.\; \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega = 0$$ holds for all test functions $\vec{h'}$ in the same space.
Let us analyse the nonlinear implementation when a backward Euler scheme is used for the time discretization: $$\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \mu(\vec{h})\;.\;\vec{h} \right) \quad \rightarrow \quad \frac{\mu\left(\vec{h}^n\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^n - \mu\left(\vec{h}^{n-1}\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^{n-1} }{\Delta t} ,$$ where the upper index $n$ denotes the current time step (and $n-1$ the previous time step). In what follows the lower index $i$ will denote the current iteration number (and the index $i-1$ the previous, known one).
In GetDP $\vec{h}^n_i \rightarrow$ This we are looking for $\verb|Dof{H}|$ $\vec{h}^n_{i-1} \rightarrow$ Actual time point, but value from last iteration $\verb|{H}|$ $\vec{h}^{n-1} \rightarrow$ Value from last time step $\verb|{H}[1]|$ $\Delta t \rightarrow$ Time step size $\verb|DTime|$
### Picard's Method: $\mu$-version
For the nonlinear part ($\mu$ in our case), use $\vec{h}$ from the last iteration: $$\boxed{ \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h}^n_i \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega + \left( \frac{\mu\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^n_i - \mu\left(\vec{h}^{n-1}\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^{n-1} }{\Delta t}\;.\; \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega = 0. }$$
Formulation in GetDP:
Formulation{
{ Name Eddy_Formulation_H_Pic; Type FemEquation ;
Quantity {
{ Name H; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hcurl_hphi; }
}
Equation {
Galerkin { [ 1/sig[] * Dof{Curl H} , {Curl H}] ;
In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; }
Galerkin { [ 1.0/$DTime * mu_NL[{H}] * Dof{H} , {H}] ; In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; } Galerkin { [-1.0/$DTime * mu_NL[{H}[1]] * {H}[1], {H}] ;
In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; }
}
}
}
Resolution{
{ Name Solution_Nonlinear_H_Pic;
System {
{ Name A; NameOfFormulation Eddy_Formulation_H_Pic;}
}
Operation {
InitSolution[A];
TimeLoopTheta[T_Time0,T_TimeMax,T_DTime[], T_Theta[]]{
IterativeLoop[maxit, eps, relax] {
GenerateJac[A] ; SolveJac[A] ;
}
SaveSolution[A];
}
}
}
}
### Newton-Raphson Method: $\mu$-version
We want to set the following function $f$ equal zero: $$f\left(\vec{h}^n\right)=\left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h}^n \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega + \left( \frac{\mu\left(\vec{h}^n\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^n - \mu\left(\vec{h}^{n-1}\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^{n-1} }{\Delta t}\;.\; \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega = 0.$$
Algorithm: $$\vec{h}^n_i=\vec{h}^n_{i-1}-\frac{f(\vec{h}^n_{i-1})}{\frac{\partial}{\partial \; \vec{h}^n_{i-1}} f(\vec{h}^n_{i-1})}. \label{Algo}$$
Defining: $$\delta\vec{h}=\vec{h}^n_i-\vec{h}^n_{i-1} = \text{change of } \vec{h} \text{ per iteration}, \label{def}$$ equation \eqref{Algo} can be rewritten as $$\boxed{ \frac{\partial}{\partial \; \vec{h}^n_{i-1}} f(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}) \;.\; \delta\vec{h} + f(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}) = 0. } \label{Algo2}$$ Note: as explained above, In GetDP JacNL implies that Dof{H} here means the change of $\vec{h}$ in the iteration: \begin{equation*} \delta\vec{h} \; \rightarrow \; \verb|JacNL[Dof{H}...]|. \; \end{equation*}
Equation \eqref{Algo2} has to be implemented in the "Equation"-block $$\begin{split} f\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right) = & \; \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h}^n_{i-1} \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega \\ &+ ( \frac{\mu\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^n_{i-1} - \mu\left(\vec{h}^{n-1}\right)\;.\;\vec{h}^{n-1} }{\Delta t}\;.\; \vec{h'} )_\Omega = 0, \end{split} \label{f}$$
$$\begin{split} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vec{h}^n_{i-1} } f\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right)\;.\;\delta\vec{h} = & \; \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \delta\vec{h} \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega \\ &+ ( \frac{1}{\Delta t} \Bigg( \mu ( \vec{h}^n_{i-1}) + \frac{\partial \mu}{\partial \vec{h}}\Bigg|_{\vec{h}^n_{i-1}}\;.\;\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\Bigg)\;.\;\delta\vec{h}\;.\;\vec{h'} )_\Omega = 0. \end{split} \label{df}$$
Inserting \eqref{f} and \eqref{df} in \eqref{Algo2} and doing a small simplification with \eqref{def} yields: $$\boxed{ \begin{split} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vec{h}^n_{i-1} } f\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right)\;.\;\delta\vec{h} + f&\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right) = \; \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h}^n_i \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega \\ &+ ( \frac{1}{\Delta t} \Bigg( \mu ( \vec{h}^n_{i-1})\;.\;\vec{h}^n_i - \mu(\vec{h}^{n-1})\;.\;\vec{h}^{n-1}\Bigg)\;.\;\vec{h'} )_\Omega \\ &+ ( \frac{1}{\Delta t} \;.\; \frac{\partial \mu}{\partial \vec{h}}\Bigg|_{\vec{h}^n_{i-1}}\;.\;\vec{h}^n_{i-1} \;.\; \delta\vec{h} \;.\; \vec{h'})_\Omega = 0. \end{split} }$$
Formulation in GetDP:
Formulation{
{ Name Eddy_Formulation_H_NR; Type FemEquation ;
Quantity {
{ Name H; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hcurl_hphi; }
}
Equation {
Galerkin { [ 1/sig[] * Dof{Curl H} , {Curl H}] ;
In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; }
Galerkin { [ 1.0/$DTime * mu_NL[{H}] * Dof{H} , {H}] ; In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; } Galerkin { [-1.0/$DTime * mu_NL[{H}[1]] * {H}[1], {H}] ;
In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; }
Galerkin { JacNL [1.0/$DTime * dmudH[{H}] * Norm[{H}] * Dof{H}, {H}] ; In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; } } } } Resolution{ { Name Solution_Nonlinear_H_NR; System { { Name A; NameOfFormulation Eddy_Formulation_H_NR;} } Operation { InitSolution[A]; TimeLoopTheta[T_Time0,T_TimeMax,T_DTime[], T_Theta[]]{ IterativeLoop[maxit, eps, relax] { GenerateJac[A] ; SolveJac[A] ; } SaveSolution[A]; } } } } ### Newton-Raphson Method:$b$-version Following the same procedure with \begin{equation*} f\left(\vec{h}^n\right)= \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h}^n \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega + \left( \frac{\B(\vec{h}^n)-\B(\vec{h}^{n-1} ) } {\Delta t}\;.\; \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega = 0, \end{equation*} gives \begin{equation*} f\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right) = \; \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h}^n_{i-1} \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega + ( \frac{\B(\vec{h}^n_{i-1})-\B(\vec{h}^{n-1}) }{\Delta t}\;.\; \vec{h'} )_\Omega = 0, \end{equation*} \begin{equation*} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vec{h}^n_{i-1} } f\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right)\;.\;\delta\vec{h} = \; \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \delta\vec{h} \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega + ( \frac{1}{\Delta t} \frac{\partial \B}{\partial \vec{h}}\Bigg|_{\vec{h}^n_{i-1}}\;.\;\delta\vec{h}\;.\;\vec{h'} )_\Omega = 0. \end{equation*} \begin{equation*} \boxed{ \begin{split} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vec{h}^n_{i-1} } f\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right)\;.\;\delta\vec{h} + f\left(\vec{h}^n_{i-1}\right) &= \; \left( \frac{1}{\sigma} \curl \vec{h}^n_i \;.\; \curl \vec{h'} \right)_\Omega \\ &+ ( \frac{1}{\Delta t} \Bigg( \B(\vec{h}^n_{i-1} ) - \B(\vec{h}^{n-1}) \Bigg)\;.\;\vec{h'} )_\Omega \\ &+ ( \frac{1}{\Delta t} \;.\; \frac{\partial \B}{\partial \vec{h}}\Bigg|_{\vec{h}^n_{i-1}}\;.\; \delta\vec{h} \;.\; \vec{h'})_\Omega = 0. \end{split} } \end{equation*} Formulation in GetDP: Formulation{ { Name Eddy_Formulation_B_NR; Type FemEquation ; Quantity { { Name H; Type Local; NameOfSpace Hcurl_hphi; } } Equation { Galerkin { [ 1/sig[] * Dof{Curl H} , {Curl H}] ; In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; } Galerkin { [ 1.0/$DTime * B[{H}] , {H}] ;
In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; }
Galerkin { [-1.0/$DTime * B[{H}[1]], {H}[1]] ; In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; } Galerkin { JacNL [1.0/$DTime * dBdH[{H}] * Dof{H}, {H}] ;
In Domain ; Jacobian J ; Integration I ; }
}
}
}
Resolution{
{ Name Solution_Nonlinear_B_NR;
System {
{ Name A; NameOfFormulation Eddy_Formulation_B_NR;}
}
Operation {
InitSolution[A];
TimeLoopTheta[T_Time0,T_TimeMax,T_DTime[], T_Theta[]]{
IterativeLoop[maxit, eps, relax] {
GenerateJac[A] ; SolveJac[A] ;
}
SaveSolution[A];
}
}
}
} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 23, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.888103723526001, "perplexity": 1172.5904208953086}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592861.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721223206-20180722003206-00399.warc.gz"} |
https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/38409/question-about-semi-major-axis-mean-separation | # Question about semi-major axis mean separation
I am currently doing an assignment but I cannot for the life of me understand what one of terms used means. Notice I am not trying to get help with the assignment itself, but rather to make me understand so I can solve it.
Anyways, in the question (about visual binary stars) I am given their parallax angle etc etc, and I am to find the mass of them. But the sentence I cannot understand is the information given in "The semimajor axis (mean separation) is X.YZ'' and...(continue)", what does it mean? I draw two elliptic orbits and they intersect, I draw the semi-major axes of each ellipse. Is the semi major axis mean separation the angle that is between the semi major axes and the line drawn between each stars center in their elliptic orbits?
Help would be very nice. Thanks in advance!
## 1 Answer
The semi major axis $$a$$ of an orbit is the same as the arithmetic average of the minimum and maximum distance $$r$$ or the object from the central object in sense of $$a = 0.5\cdot(r_{min} + r_{max})$$; thus semi major axis is sometimes also called mean separation. As such you are given the sum of the semi major axis of two components.
A two-body problem can be reduced / simplified to a mass-less body circling an object of the combined mass - as such you can calculate the combined mass of both stars with the numbers you are given.
• I don't quite see how this answers my question about what the semi-major axis mean separation is. I don't really see the link between semi-major axis and what the mean separation is... – Niklas Stenhall Aug 12 '20 at 7:18
• it's different words for the same thing. – planetmaker Aug 12 '20 at 7:21
• But he gives the mean separation in arcseconds. How is a semi-major axis given in not even a length? Edit: I just forgot to say thank you for answering. I am really grateful! – Niklas Stenhall Aug 12 '20 at 7:27
• Welcome to the real world. No-one was there and could use a car to drive the distance. Instead people have telescopes - and they only measure angular separation. Convert the angular separation into an actual distance with other information you might have about the star or star system like its distance from Earth. – planetmaker Aug 12 '20 at 7:30
• Ah yes. Now it clicked. When you put it that way, it definitely makes sense. Thank you so much! I was stuck being inside the binary star system and didn't even think about the whole picture.*facepalm* – Niklas Stenhall Aug 12 '20 at 7:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 3, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7995707392692566, "perplexity": 457.6206505154088}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723210216-20210724000216-00666.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/3223/marek?tab=activity&sort=all | Marek
Reputation
4,307
Top tag
Next privilege 5,000 Rep.
Approve tag wiki edits
Nov 7 awarded Yearling Jun 5 awarded Nice Question Dec 16 awarded Caucus Nov 26 awarded Popular Question Nov 7 awarded Yearling Oct 28 awarded Notable Question Oct 1 awarded Popular Question Jul 2 awarded Curious Jun 6 comment Why does differentiating a polynomial reduce its degree by $1$? This is exactly Mitchell's answer above. Why post the same thing again? Jun 3 comment Decomposition of cohomology group on $S^{n}$ Can you at least please fix the typos? The question is almost unreadable as it stands. Jun 2 revised Poincare dual of unit circle Added another explanation Jun 2 revised Poincare dual of unit circle Added definition of Poincare dual Jun 2 comment Poincare dual of unit circle @PeterM: I see, I didn't get that part. I think you misunderstood the definition of Poincare dual then, let me edit it into my answer. Jun 2 answered Poincare dual of unit circle Feb 6 comment What are necessary and sufficient conditions for the product of spheres to be paralellizable? But otherwise this is a very nice and probably classical question that hopefully some local expert will answer soon. To add my gut feeling -- you can't expect parallelizability in general, tangent bundles of spheres are quite complicated and there's no a priori reason for their direct sums to be trivial besides the trivial reason of adding the normal bundle. Feb 6 comment What are necessary and sufficient conditions for the product of spheres to be paralellizable? I don't think clutching functions are helpful here, at least when used naively. That is because the contractible neighborhoods for $S^i \times S^k$ will be products of hemispheres, so there's four of them in total with mutual intersections being homotopic to either $S^{i-1}$, $S^{k-1}$ or $S^{i-1} \times S^{k-1}$. Correspondingly, there will be multiple clutching functions depending on which overlap we're talking about -- the one you mention is for passing from southern to northern hemispheres in both spheres simultaneously. Jan 16 comment existence of double covering $GL(n, {\bf C})$ has the homotopy type of $U(n)$ which has the same fundamental group as $U(1)$ (this isomorphism is induced by $\det: U(n) \to U(1)$ and backwards by the inclusion $U(1) \to U(n)$ as scalars). Jan 15 comment Dolbeault cohomology and analytic regularity Indeed, nobody can stop you from doing that. But in that case you should change the question's title and body since it has nothing to do with complexes in general and Dolbeault cohomology in particular. Jan 15 comment Dolbeault cohomology and analytic regularity I don't really understand the question, even with the edit. When you have a complex $M^{\bullet}$, all the spaces are fixed ($C^1$, say) beforehand. You can't just decide that some of them will be $C^2$ when it suits you because you need to quotient. That doesn't make any sense. Jan 14 revised How do I maximize $|t-e^z|$, for $z\in D$, the unit disk? Replaced the picture | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8427252173423767, "perplexity": 611.4918682015747}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148558.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00139-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/547052-simple-isometric-path/ | # Simple isometric path
This topic is 3083 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic.
## Recommended Posts
I am writing a basic isometric game and currently have room to room movement working. The problem is the characters are moving directly from room to room. I am using the following code:
float direction = atan2(xDoorEnd - xDoorStart, yDoorEnd - yDoorStart);
m_x += cos(direction) * 0.5f;
m_y += sin(direction) * 0.5f;
Simple enough, but I need the characters to walk in straight lines along the centre of the room and off in a diagonal direction. I'm just wondering if there is a simple algorithm to calculate such a path. [Edited by - Headkaze on September 11, 2009 1:08:56 AM]
##### Share on other sites
If you characters are walking on odd angles you may want to try something more like code below for getting your angle of direction.
This code is for C# but should not be to hard to change to C++. I needed an angle of two vectors and well ^_^ this is fairly precise.
One thing also to note is that the angle you pass into bolth of the math functions should be in radius format. This could be differn't for the language you are using since i see no mention of what language you are useing but here is my angle of two vectors function
public float fAngleBetween(Vector2 vPointA, Vector2 vPointB) { vPointA.Normalize(); vPointB.Normalize(); float fAngle = (float)Math.Acos((double)Vector2.Dot(vPointA,vPointB)); return fAngle; }
Some important things to note is that you must normalize bolth vectors and inside of the Acos function i am useing the Dot Product of bolth the vectors this is more accurate.
this return value is not of the type of radius and you still would need to convert it to such.
Edit:
One thing that may help is if you tell us how the map data is stored is it in a 2d Array ? or something else.
Regards Jouei.
##### Share on other sites
I'm coding this in C (with C++ classes) for the DS so I don't have all the namespaces of C# unfortunately. I tried writing a normalize function and used acos from stdio.h but the movement is completely off. Could just be my bad interpretation of the functions.
Did you take a look at the picture linked in the first post? It's basically a 2d game which is slightly isometric. The maps are simply done in photoshop and the collision maps only show where the doors are located so they will be no help with the movement.
Anyway here is my code interpreted from what you posted. I have no idea of the kind of movement it's supposed to produce.
void normalize(int* x, int* y){ float den; if((den = sqrt(*x * *x + *y * *y)) != 0.0) { *x /= den; *y /= den; }}normalize(&xSrc, &ySrc);normalize(&xDest, &yDest);float direction = acos(xSrc * xDest + ySrc * yDest);m_x += cos(direction) * 0.5f;m_y += sin(direction) * 0.5f;
I'm starting to think I need to break up the path into sections since each movement will need 3 parts; moving out from the door on a slight angle, moving across the floor horizontally and then moving into the door on a slight angle. I was just hoping there would be a simple algorithm to calculate it, because it's kinda like a bezier curve with straight lines.
##### Share on other sites
Well i am not sure about an algorithm but here is an idea that may work.
i am unsure as to how the player moves so i am going to assume that they uses some kind of d-pad here.
So check the angles to the doors in view if the angle is less then say 10 degrees in the left and right direction and the player is in that range then they are able to move up then you do what you were doing before and this should make the player move towards the door in the way you want.
if the angle is not within range lock them on the x axis until the reach the desired area.
I am not sure how difficult or not something this would be but i do not think it would be to bad.
Besides that its all i can tell you give what i know as to how the player moves.
Regards Jouei.
Edited Made it a bit more understandable.
##### Share on other sites
I already have the player movement working fine. Moving up and down is on an angle like the image I posted, and left and right is just left and right.
The algorithm I'm working on is for the computer AI which is characters walking around the mansion from room to room and door to door. I already have the room to room path finding routine done, now I just need a simple door to door routine. Currently it has the characters moving directly door to door but I need it more like in this picture.
So perhaps I need to write a function that takes a value from 0 to 1 and calculates the following type of path:
/________ /
##### Share on other sites
I think my biggest question is how are you determining the door that is chosen.
if you can tell me that it may help out.
If the door is pre-chosen and you just want the Object to move from one spot to it that could be done in a simple way.
Basicaly speaking if the the postion of the object is x50 and the y 50 and the door you want is x300 y 100 then simply move positive on the x axis until you are within a give range of pixels to the door eg
public void move(Vector Object,Vector Location){int Difference = Object.x - Location.x;if(Differnce < 20 || Differnce > -20){if(Differnce > 0){Object.x += 5;}else{Object.X -= 5}}else{//Do you angle caculation to the doorAngle = GetAngle(Location);Object.X += cos(Angle) * 0.5f;Object.Y += sin(Angle) * 0.5f;}}
Call this update every frame and you should get a result to what i think you want.
Simply put head towards the door on the X axis and when you within say 20 pixels of the center of the door head towards the door.
this oveusly is not tested but the idea should be sound.
Now if you get there and you want another door just change the location vector.
let me know if this helps at all.
Regards Jouei.
##### Share on other sites
Thanks for your help Jouei I nearly have it working perfectly apart from when a character is moving from a top door towards a top right door. He will slow down gradually until he completely stops before he reaches the door.
if(abs(xDist) < 20) // Near the door{ if(xDist > 0) // Move directly towards it m_x += 0.6f; // right else m_x -= 0.6f; // left if(yDist > 0) // Move directly towards it m_y += 0.3f; // down else m_y -= 0.3f; // up}else{ if(yPos > 160) // Below centre of room so move up diagonally { m_x += 0.6f; m_y -= 0.3f; } else if(yPos < 160) // Above centre of room so move down diagonally { m_x -= 0.6f; m_y += 0.3f; } else { float direction = atan2(yDist, xDist); // Move directly towards door m_x += cos(direction) * 0.5f; m_y += sin(direction) * 0.5f; }}
EDIT: Okay nevermind seems the problem is I needed to comment out the following line
m_y += sin(direction) * 0.5f;
Now I just need to tweak it a bit more but overall it seems to be working great! Thanks for your help :)
##### Share on other sites
You are quite welcome.
Send me a screeny when you get it all working nicely wouldn't mind seeing the results.
Regards Jouei.
##### Share on other sites
Yeah no problem :)
##### Share on other sites
Perhaps this is being nitpicky, but what your screenshots show is not an isometric projection, but an oblique projection.
##### Share on other sites
It still looks lovely though :)
Let us know when you release it! :D | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19825924932956696, "perplexity": 1550.578697103841}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219091902-20180219111902-00246.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/422687/what-does-pc1-mean-in-prcomp-output | What does PC1 mean in prcomp output?
I'm having trouble trying to understand the output of the prcomp function from package stats in R.
Below is the output of the function. My concern is if PC1 means column 1 and so on.
This is since I am trying to understand the variance of the columns through the columns so my clustering algorithm can use less columns.
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6
column1 -0.1182514 0.46119191 -0.59081719 -0.06185461 0.355082373 0.15779136
column2 0.1327832 -0.38247607 -0.56927572 0.36595097 0.382311915 -0.21166970
column3 0.3911240 0.31724820 -0.30998334 -0.17641298 -0.464012126 -0.49115595
column4 0.3283022 -0.31804337 0.14057974 -0.61262993 0.502428689 -0.02037630
column5 0.4385145 0.25196223 0.03869783 0.25461395 0.018291891 0.70032718
column6 0.6248343 0.08194069 -0.01284221 -0.16182097 -0.009914833 0.01535703
Thank you,
PC1 means the first principal component, the direction that carries the most variance.
You can project your data onto the first few components and perform clustering. You might like to look at sdev output to read off the standard deviation. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2883480489253998, "perplexity": 1631.5591654322125}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575513.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922114839-20190922140839-00055.warc.gz"} |
http://umj.imath.kiev.ua/article/?lang=en&article=5337 | 2018
Том 70
№ 9
# Inverse Sturm-Liouville problem on a figure-eight graph
Abstract
We study the inverse problem for the Strum-Liouville equation on a graph that consists of two quasione-dimensional loops of the same length having a common vertex. As spectral data, we consider the set of eigenvalues of the entire system together with the sets of eigenvalues of two Dirichlet problems for the Sturm-Liouville equations with the condition of total reflection at the vertex of the graph. We obtain conditions for three sequences of real numbers that enable one to reconstruct a pair of real potentials from L 2 corresponding to each loop. We give an algorithm for the construction of the entire set of potentials corresponding to this triple of spectra.
English version (Springer): Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 60 (2008), no. 9, pp 1360-1385.
Citation Example: Gomilko A. M., Pivovarchik V. N. Inverse Sturm-Liouville problem on a figure-eight graph // Ukr. Mat. Zh. - 2008. - 60, № 9. - pp. 1168–1188.
Full text | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9303600192070007, "perplexity": 417.8412146206732}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512693.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020101001-20181020122501-00191.warc.gz"} |
http://technium.me/keeping-up-ehy/377979-frobenius-method-cases | Press (1989). /FontDescriptor 11 0 R In the following we solve the second-order differential equation called the hypergeometric differential equation using Frobenius method, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 458.3 458.3 416.7 416.7 are $n_i$ linearly independent solutions of the differential equation (a3). /Widths[660.7 490.6 632.1 882.1 544.1 388.9 692.4 1062.5 1062.5 1062.5 1062.5 295.1 Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (26 October 1849 – 3 August 1917) was a German mathematician, best known for his contributions to the theory of elliptic functions, differential equations, number theory, and to group theory.He is known for the famous determinantal identities, known as Frobenius–Stickelberger formulae, governing elliptic functions, and for developing the theory of biquadratic forms. /Name/F1 The Euler–Cauchy equation can be solved by taking the guess $z = u ^ { \lambda }$ with unknown parameter $\lambda \in \mathbf{C}$. (3.6) 4. 935.2 351.8 611.1] endobj 656.3 625 625 937.5 937.5 312.5 343.8 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 849.5 500 574.1 For the case r= 1, we have a n = a n 1 5n+ 6 = ( 1)na 0 Yn k=1 (5j+ 1) 1; n= 1;2;:::; (36) and for r= 1 5, we have a n = a n 1 5n = ( 1)n 5nn! 805.5 896.3 870.4 935.2 870.4 935.2 0 0 870.4 736.1 703.7 703.7 1055.5 1055.5 351.8 /FontDescriptor 35 0 R In this video, I introduce the Frobenius Method to solving ODEs and do a short example.Questions? 708.3 708.3 826.4 826.4 472.2 472.2 472.2 649.3 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 0 0 0 0 0 Frobenius’ method for solving u00+ b(x) x u0+ c(x) x2 u = 0 (with b;canalytic near 0) is slightly more complicated when the indicial equation ( 1) + b(0) + c(0) = 0 has repeated roots or roots di ering by an integer. This could happen if r 1 = r 2, or if r 1 = r 2 + N. In the latter case there might, or might not, be two Frobenius solutions. Computation of the polynomials $p _ { j } ( \lambda )$. << endobj in the domain $\{ z \in \mathbf{C} : | z | < \epsilon \} \backslash ( - \infty , 0 ]$ near the regular singular point at $z = 0$. 295.1 826.4 501.7 501.7 826.4 795.8 752.1 767.4 811.1 722.6 693.1 833.5 795.8 382.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 272 272 761.6 489.6 777.8 777.8 1000 1000 777.8 777.8 1000 777.8] The leading term $b _ { l0 } ( \operatorname { log } z ) ^ { l } z ^ { \lambda _ { i } }$ is useful as a marker for the different solutions. 777.8 777.8 1000 500 500 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 (You should check that zero is really a regular singular point.) Suppose one is given a linear differential operator, $$\tag{a1} L = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { N } a ^ { [ n ] } ( z ) z ^ { n } \left( \frac { d } { d z } \right) ^ { n },$$, where for $n = 0 , \ldots , N$ and some $r > 0$, the functions, $$\tag{a2} a ^ { [ n ] } ( z ) = \sum _ { i = 0 } ^ { \infty } a _ { i } ^ { n } z ^ { i }$$. 500 1000 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The method looks simpler in the most common case of a differential operator, $$\tag{a9} L = a ^ { [ 2 ] } ( z ) z ^ { 2 } \left( \frac { d } { d z } \right) ^ { 2 } + a ^ { [ 1 ] } ( z ) z \left( \frac { d } { d z } \right) + a ^ { [ 0 ] } ( z ). /FirstChar 33 This is usually the method we use for complicated ordinary differential equations. /Subtype/Type1 n: 2. 767.4 767.4 826.4 826.4 649.3 849.5 694.7 562.6 821.7 560.8 758.3 631 904.2 585.5 413.2 590.3 560.8 767.4 560.8 560.8 472.2 531.3 1062.5 531.3 531.3 531.3 0 0 0 0 Frobenius’ method for curved cracks 63 At the same time the unknowns B i must satisfy the compatibility equations (2.8), which, after linearization, become 1 0 B i dξ=0. /FirstChar 33 also Analytic function). 18 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 663.6 885.4 826.4 736.8 384.3 611.1 675.9 351.8 384.3 643.5 351.8 1000 675.9 611.1 675.9 643.5 481.5 488 These solutions are rational functions of \lambda with possible poles at the poles of c _ { 1 } ( \lambda ) , \ldots , c _ { j - 1} ( \lambda ) as well as at \lambda _ { 1 } + j , \ldots , \lambda _ { \nu } + j. This fact is the basis for the method of Frobenius. << a 0; n= 1;2;:::: (37) In the latter case, the solution y(x) has a closed form expression y(x) = x 15 X1 n=0 ( 1)n 5nn! endobj /FirstChar 33 /Subtype/Type1 \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} ( \frac { \partial } { \partial \lambda } ) ^ { m _ { j } + l } \left[ u ( z , \lambda ) ( \lambda - \lambda _ { j } ) ^ { m _ { j } } \right] = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = \frac { ( m _ { j } + l ) ! } 875 531.3 531.3 875 849.5 799.8 812.5 862.3 738.4 707.2 884.3 879.6 419 581 880.8 Since the general situation is rather complex, two special cases are given first. /FirstChar 33 In fact Frobenius method is just an extension from the power series method that you add an additional power that may not be an integer to each term in a power series or even add the log term for the assumptions of the solution form of the linear ODEs so that you can find all groups of the linearly independent solutions that in cases of cannot find all groups of the linearly independent solutions … 444.4 611.1 777.8 777.8 777.8 777.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /FontDescriptor 26 0 R Computation of the polynomials p _ { j } (\lambda). This is a method that uses the series solution for a differential equation, where we assume the solution takes the form of a series. /Type/Font The other solution takes the form y2(t) = y1(t)lnt + tγ1 + 1 ∞ ∑ n = 0dntn. This article was adapted from an original article by Franz Rothe (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. 380.8 380.8 380.8 979.2 979.2 410.9 514 416.3 421.4 508.8 453.8 482.6 468.9 563.7 638.4 756.7 726.9 376.9 513.4 751.9 613.4 876.9 726.9 750 663.4 750 713.4 550 700 FROBENIUS SERIES SOLUTIONS 5 or a n = a n 1 5n+ 5r+ 1; n= 1;2;:::: (35) Finally, we can use the concrete values r= 1 and r= 1 5. a 0x 495.7 376.2 612.3 619.8 639.2 522.3 467 610.1 544.1 607.2 471.5 576.4 631.6 659.7 /Name/F2 /LastChar 196 Question: Exercise 3. 820.5 796.1 695.6 816.7 847.5 605.6 544.6 625.8 612.8 987.8 713.3 668.3 724.7 666.7$$, Here, one has to assume that $a ^ { 2_0 } \neq 0$ to obtain a regular singular point. /Type/Font /FirstChar 33 15 0 obj The Frobenius method has been used very successfully to develop a theory of analytic differential equations, especially for the equations of Fuchsian type, where all singular points assumed to be regular (cf. 2≥ − − =−for n n n a an n. Since we begin our evaluation of anat n= 2, this final recursion relation will yield valid values for an(since the denominator is never zero for .) endobj /Subtype/Type1 1444.4 555.6 1000 1444.4 472.2 472.2 527.8 527.8 527.8 527.8 666.7 666.7 1000 1000 << The cut along some ray is introduced because the solutions $u$ are expected to have an essential singularity at $z = 0$. /Widths[1062.5 531.3 531.3 1062.5 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 1062.5 1062.5 649.3 649.3 1062.5 The easy generic case occurs if the indicial polynomial has only simple zeros and their differences $\lambda _ { i } - \lambda _ { j }$ are never integer valued. /FirstChar 33 The second solution can contain logarithmic terms in the higher powers starting with $( \operatorname { log } z ) z ^ { \lambda _ { 1 } }$. The indicial polynomial is simply, \begin{equation*} \pi ( \lambda ) = ( \lambda + 2 ) ( \lambda + 1 ) a ^ { 2_0 } + ( \lambda + 1 ) a ^ { 1_0 } + a ^ { 0_0 } = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = a ^ { 2 } o ( \lambda - \lambda _ { 1 } ) ( \lambda - \lambda _ { 2 } ). endobj If r1¡r2= 0, the solution basis of the ODE(1)is given by y1(x) =xr1. >> /Type/Font /FontDescriptor 14 0 R 462.4 761.6 734 693.4 707.2 747.8 666.2 639 768.3 734 353.2 503 761.2 611.8 897.2 /Type/Font 888.9 888.9 888.9 888.9 666.7 875 875 875 875 611.1 611.1 833.3 1111.1 472.2 555.6 There is a theorem dealing The Frobenius method is useful for calculating a fundamental system for the homogeneous linear differential equation, $$\tag{a3} L ( u ) = 0$$. 334 405.1 509.3 291.7 856.5 584.5 470.7 491.4 434.1 441.3 461.2 353.6 557.3 473.4 734 761.6 666.2 761.6 720.6 544 707.2 734 734 1006 734 734 598.4 272 489.6 272 489.6 u ( z ) = z r ∑ k = 0 ∞ A k z k , ( A 0 ≠ 0 ) {\displaystyle u (z)=z^ {r}\sum _ {k=0}^ {\infty }A_ {k}z^ {k},\qquad (A_ {0}\neq 0)} Differentiating: u ′ ( z ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( k + r ) A k z k + r − 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 753.7 1000 935.2 831.5 12 0 obj { l ! } Solve the hypergeometric equation around all singularities: 1. x ( 1 − x ) y ″ + { γ − ( 1 + α + β ) x } y ′ − α β y = 0 {\displaystyle x(1-x)y''+\left\{\gamma -(1+\alpha +\beta )x\right\}y'-\alpha \beta y=0} There is at least one Frobenius solution, in each case. << The coefficients have to be calculated by requiring that, \tag{a7} L ( u ( z , \lambda ) ) = \pi ( \lambda ) z ^ { \lambda }. The point $z = 0$ is called a regular singular point of $L$. The European Mathematical Society. Frobenius Method If is an ordinary point of the ordinary differential equation, expand in a Taylor series about. /Type/Font The approach does produce special separatrix-type solutions for the Emden–Fowler equation, where the non-linear term contains only powers. 2n 2, so Frobenius’ method fails. endobj 4 Named after the German mathematician Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (1849 – 1917). 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 489.6 272 272 272 761.6 462.4 652.8 598 0 0 757.6 622.8 552.8 507.9 433.7 395.4 427.7 483.1 456.3 346.1 563.7 571.2 If q=r1¡r2is not integer, then the solution basis of the ODE(1)is given by y1(x) =xr1. /Subtype/Type1 30 0 obj 38 0 obj endobj Section 8.4 The Frobenius Method 467 where the coefficients a n are determined as in Case (a), and the coefficients α n are found by substituting y(x) = y 2(x) into the differential equation. The method of Frobenius works for differential equations of the form y00 +P(x)y0 +Q(x)y=0 in which P or Q is not analytic at the point of expansion x 0. /LastChar 196 are holomorphic for $| z | < r$ and $a ^ { N_ 0} \neq 0$ (cf. /Widths[342.6 581 937.5 562.5 937.5 875 312.5 437.5 437.5 562.5 875 312.5 375 312.5 www.springer.com Method of Frobenius Example First Solution Second Solution (Fails) What is the Method of Frobenius? /Type/Font Let $1 \leq j \leq \nu$ and let $\lambda _ { i }$ be a zero of the indicial polynomial of multiplicity $n_i$ for $i = 1 , \dots , j - 1$. 1000 1000 1055.6 1055.6 1055.6 777.8 666.7 666.7 450 450 450 450 777.8 777.8 0 0 /Widths[609.7 458.2 577.1 808.9 505 354.2 641.4 979.2 979.2 979.2 979.2 272 272 489.6 We classify a point x The method of Frobenius is to seek a power series solution of the form. Commonly, the expansion point can be taken as, resulting in the Maclaurin series (1) Using The Frobenius Method, Find The General Solution In All Cases Of The Parameters Of The So-called Hypergeometric Equation At The Point X = 0, Given By (1 – 2)y" + [7 - (a +B+1)x]y – Aby = 0, 0,B,9 € C Check That The Solutions Are Written In Terms Of The Hypergeometric Gaus- Sian Function, Defined As F(Q.B;; 2) = (a)k(3)k 24 X endobj with $\lambda = \lambda _ { 2 }$ in the second function, are two linearly independent solutions of the differential equation (a9). 450 500 300 300 450 250 800 550 500 500 450 412.5 400 325 525 450 650 450 475 400 << In the Frobenius method one examines whether the equation (2) allows a series solution of the form. 833.3 1444.4 1277.8 555.6 1111.1 1111.1 1111.1 1111.1 1111.1 944.4 1277.8 555.6 1000 To differentiate between normal power series solution and Frobenius Method 2 Does the Frobenius method work for all second order linear differential equations with only regular singular points? The next two theorems will enable us to develop systematic methods for finding Frobenius solutions of ( eq:7.5.2 ). This is the extensive document regarding the Frobenius Method. 593.8 500 562.5 1125 562.5 562.5 562.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 562.5 312.5 312.5 342.6 Complications can arise if the generic assumption made above is not satisfied. \end{equation*}. 1062.5 1062.5 826.4 288.2 1062.5 708.3 708.3 944.5 944.5 0 0 590.3 590.3 708.3 531.3 >> /Widths[1000 500 500 1000 1000 1000 777.8 1000 1000 611.1 611.1 1000 1000 1000 777.8 endobj also Fuchsian equation). The functions, \begin{equation*} u ( z , \lambda _ { 1 } ) = z ^ { \lambda _ { 1 } } + \ldots, \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} \frac { \partial u } { \partial \lambda } ( z , \lambda _ { 1 } ) = ( \operatorname { log } z ) z ^ { \lambda _ { 1 } } \end{equation*}, 2) $\lambda _ { 1 } - \lambda _ { 2 } \in \mathbf{N}$. >> Case (d) Complex conjugate roots If c 1 = λ+iμ and c 2 = λ−iμ with μ = 0, then in the intervals −d < x < 0 and 0 < x < d the two linearly independent solutions of the differential equation are One gets $L _ { 0 } ( u ^ { \lambda } ) = \pi ( \lambda ) z ^ { \lambda }$ with the indicial polynomial, \tag{a5} \pi ( \lambda ) = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { N } ( \lambda + n ) ( \lambda + n - 1 ) \ldots ( \lambda + 1 ) a ^ { n _0} = , \begin{equation*} = a _ { 0 } ^ { N } \prod _ { i = 1 } ^ { \nu } ( \lambda - \lambda _ { i } ) ^ { n _ { i } }. /Widths[272 489.6 816 489.6 816 761.6 272 380.8 380.8 489.6 761.6 272 326.4 272 489.6 n≥2. /BaseFont/XKICMY+CMSY10 /BaseFont/BPIREE+CMR6 /Subtype/Type1 << 812.5 875 562.5 1018.5 1143.5 875 312.5 562.5] endobj , This requirement leads to $c _ { 0 } \equiv 1$ and, $$\tag{a8} c _ { j } ( \lambda ) = - \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { j - 1 } \frac { c _ { k } ( \lambda ) p _ { j - k } ( \lambda + k ) } { \pi ( \lambda + j ) }$$. An infinite series of the form in (9) is called a Frobenius series. 2 Frobenius Series Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations At the start of the differential equation section of the 1B21 course last year, you met the linear first-order separable equation dy dx = αy , (2.1) where α is a constant. Suppose $\lambda _ { 1 } - \lambda _ { 2 } \in \mathbf{N}$. Because for $i = 1 , \dots , \nu$ and $l = 0 , \dots , n _ { i } - 1$, all leading terms are different, the method of Frobenius does indeed yield a fundamental system of $N$ linearly independent solutions of the differential equation (a3). 324.7 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 795.8 472.2 531.3 767.4 826.4 531.3 958.7 1076.8 You were also shown how to integrate the equation to … >> \end{equation*}. 27 0 obj 791.7 777.8] 761.6 679.6 652.8 734 707.2 761.6 707.2 761.6 0 0 707.2 571.2 544 544 816 816 272 Consider roots r1;r2of the indicial equation(3). /FontDescriptor 32 0 R For instance, with r= 545.5 825.4 663.6 972.9 795.8 826.4 722.6 826.4 781.6 590.3 767.4 795.8 795.8 1091 699.9 556.4 477.4 454.9 312.5 377.9 623.4 489.6 272 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 << 351.8 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 351.8 351.8 Case I: Two equal roots If the indicial equation has two equal roots, γ1 = γ2, we have one solution of the form y1(t) = tγ1 ∞ ∑ n = 0cntn. \begin{equation*} ( \frac { \partial } { \partial \lambda } ) ^ { n _ { 1 } + l } [ u ( z , \lambda ) ( \lambda - \lambda _ { 2 } ) ^ { n _ { 1 } } ] = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = \frac { ( n _ { 1 } + l ) ! } 947.3 784.1 748.3 631.1 775.5 745.3 602.2 573.9 665 570.8 924.4 812.6 568.1 670.2 An adaption of the Frobenius method to non-linear problems is restricted to exceptional cases. /FontDescriptor 8 0 R 720.1 807.4 730.7 1264.5 869.1 841.6 743.3 867.7 906.9 643.4 586.3 662.8 656.2 1054.6 /Name/F3 Under these assumptions, the $N$ functions, \begin{equation*} u ( z , \lambda _ { 1 } ) = z ^ { \lambda _ { 1 } } + \ldots , \ldots , u ( z , \lambda _ { N } ) = z ^ { \lambda _ { N } } +\dots \end{equation*}. 384.3 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 611.1 896.3 546.3 611.1 870.4 935.2 611.1 1077.8 1207.4 /FirstChar 33 687.5 312.5 581 312.5 562.5 312.5 312.5 546.9 625 500 625 513.3 343.8 562.5 625 312.5 n; y2(x) =xr2. 1111.1 1511.1 1111.1 1511.1 1111.1 1511.1 1055.6 944.4 472.2 833.3 833.3 833.3 833.3 Regular and Irregular Singularities As seen in the preceding example, there are situations in which it is not possible to use Frobenius’ method to obtain a series solution. The method of Frobenius starts with the guess, $$\tag{a6} u ( z , \lambda ) = z ^ { \lambda } \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { \infty } c _ { k } ( \lambda ) z ^ { k },$$, with an undetermined parameter $\lambda \in \mathbf{C}$. >> /Name/F8 756.4 705.8 763.6 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 708.3 649.3 649.3 472.2 472.2 472.2 472.2 Frobenius Method ( All three Cases ) - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Indeed (a1) and (a2) imply, \begin{equation*} L ( u ( z , \lambda ) ) = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = [ \sum _ { i = 0 } ^ { \infty } \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { N } a _ { i } ^ { n } z ^ { n + i } ( \frac { \partial } { \partial z } ) ^ { n } ] [ \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { \infty } c _ { k } ( \lambda ) z ^ { \lambda + k } ] = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = \sum _ { i = 0 } ^ { \infty } \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { \infty } c _ { k } ( \lambda ) z ^ { i } \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { N } a _ { i } ^ { n } z ^ { n } \left( \frac { \partial } { \partial z } \right) ^ { n } z ^ { \lambda + k } = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = \sum _ { i = 0 } ^ { \infty } \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { \infty } c _ { k } ( \lambda ) z ^ { i } p _ { i } ( \lambda + k ) z ^ { \lambda + k } = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = z ^ { \lambda } \sum _ { j = 0 } ^ { \infty } z ^ { j } \left[ \sum _ { i + k = j } c _ { k } ( \lambda ) p _ { i } ( \lambda + k ) \right] = \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} = c _ { 0 } z ^ { \lambda } \pi ( \lambda ) + \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} + z ^ { \lambda } \sum _ { j = 1 } ^ { \infty } z ^ { j } \left[ c _ { j } ( \lambda ) \pi ( \lambda + j ) + \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { j - 1 } c _ { k } ( \lambda ) p _ { j - k } ( \lambda + k ) \right]. /BaseFont/SHKLKE+CMEX10 This case is an example of a CASE III equation where the method of Frobenius will yield both solutions to the differential equation. Example 3: x = 0 is an irregular point of the flrst order equation Ly = x2y0 +y = 0 The solution of this flrst order linear equation can be obtained by means of … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 642.9 885.4 806.2 736.8 This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 22:42. 826.4 295.1 531.3] 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 300 300 300 750 500 500 750 726.9 688.4 700 738.4 663.4 /FirstChar 33 531.3 826.4 826.4 826.4 826.4 0 0 826.4 826.4 826.4 1062.5 531.3 531.3 826.4 826.4 /BaseFont/KNRCDC+CMMI12 295.1 826.4 531.3 826.4 531.3 559.7 795.8 801.4 757.3 871.7 778.7 672.4 827.9 872.8 /FirstChar 33 33 0 obj /Subtype/Type1 x��ZYo�6~�_�G5�fx�������d���yh{d[�ni"�q�_�U$����c�N���E�Y������(�4�����ٗ����i�Yvq�qbTV.���ɿ[�w��:��ȿo��{�XJ��7��}��jj?�o���UW��k�Mp��/���� << 472.2 472.2 472.2 472.2 583.3 583.3 0 0 472.2 472.2 333.3 555.6 577.8 577.8 597.2 491.3 383.7 615.2 517.4 762.5 598.1 525.2 494.2 349.5 400.2 673.4 531.3 295.1 0 0 In this case, define$m_j$to be the sum of those multiplicities for which$\lambda _ { i } - \lambda _ { j } \in \mathbf{N}$. /Widths[351.8 611.1 1000 611.1 1000 935.2 351.8 481.5 481.5 611.1 935.2 351.8 416.7 Section 1.1 Frobenius Method In this section, we consider a method to find a general solution to a second order ODE about a singular point, written in either of the two equivalent forms below: $$x^2 y'' + xb(x)y' + c(x) y = 0\label{frobenius-standard-form1}\tag{1.1.1}$$ \end{equation*}, 1)$\lambda _ { 1 } = \lambda _ { 2 }$. \end{equation*}, In the following, the zeros$\lambda _ { i }$of the indicial polynomial will be ordered by requiring, \begin{equation*} \operatorname { Re } \lambda _ { 1 } \geq \ldots \geq \operatorname { Re } \lambda _ { \nu }. 9 0 obj << /Type/Font An adaption of the Frobenius method to non-linear problems is restricted to exceptional cases. If r 1 −r 2 ∈ Z, then both r = r 1 and r = r 2 yield (linearly independent) solutions. /FontDescriptor 23 0 R 1. 300 325 500 500 500 500 500 814.8 450 525 700 700 500 863.4 963.4 750 250 500] How to Calculate Coe cients in the Hard Cases L. Nielsen, Ph.D. However, the method of Frobenius can be extended to the case where , , and are functions that can be represented by power series in on some interval that contains zero, and . \end{equation*}, Here,$p _ { i } ( \lambda )$are polynomials of degree at most$N$determined by setting, \begin{equation*} p _ { i } ( z ) z ^ { \lambda } = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { N } a ^ { n _ { i } } z ^ { n } ( \frac { \partial } { \partial z } ) ^ { n } z ^ { \lambda }. This method enables one to compute a fundamental system of solutions for a holomorphic differential equation near a regular singular point (cf. /Type/Font 1277.8 811.1 811.1 875 875 666.7 666.7 666.7 666.7 666.7 666.7 888.9 888.9 888.9 /Filter[/FlateDecode] /BaseFont/NPKUUX+CMMI8 597.2 736.1 736.1 527.8 527.8 583.3 583.3 583.3 583.3 750 750 750 750 1044.4 1044.4 544 516.8 380.8 386.2 380.8 544 516.8 707.2 516.8 516.8 435.2 489.6 979.2 489.6 489.6 Let y=Ún=0 ¥a xn+r. 896.3 896.3 740.7 351.8 611.1 351.8 611.1 351.8 351.8 611.1 675.9 546.3 675.9 546.3 >> 531.3 531.3 413.2 413.2 295.1 531.3 531.3 649.3 531.3 295.1 885.4 795.8 885.4 443.6 Application of Frobenius’ method In order to solve (3.5), (3.6) we start from a plausible representation of B x,B y that is 675.9 1067.1 879.6 844.9 768.5 844.9 839.1 625 782.4 864.6 849.5 1162 849.5 849.5 1062.5 826.4] /Subtype/Type1 /LastChar 196 << P1 n=0anx. as a recursion formula for$c_{j}$for all$j \geq 1$. /Subtype/Type1 /LastChar 196 The poles are compensated for by multiplying$u ( z , \lambda )$at first with powers of$\lambda - \lambda _ { i }$and differentiation by the parameter$\lambda$before setting$\lambda = \lambda _ { i }$. • Back to Frobenius method for second solutions in three cases –n = = 0, the double root – Integer = n 0, roots differ by an integer, J-n(x) = (-1)nJ n(x) – Non-integer , easiest case, J and J- are two linearly independent solutions • General case for second solution [0,1] 2( ln() m m n 611.1 798.5 656.8 526.5 771.4 527.8 718.7 594.9 844.5 544.5 677.8 762 689.7 1200.9 also Singular point). The solution of the … /LastChar 196 708.3 795.8 767.4 826.4 767.4 826.4 0 0 767.4 619.8 590.3 590.3 885.4 885.4 295.1 Introduction The “na¨ıve” Frobenius method The general Frobenius method Remarks Under the hypotheses of the theorem, we say that a = 0 is a regular singular point of the ODE. %PDF-1.2 \begin{equation*} u ( z , \lambda _ { i } ) = z ^ { \lambda _ { i } } + \ldots , \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} \frac { \partial } { \partial \lambda } u ( z , \lambda _ { i } ) = ( \operatorname { log } z ) z ^ { \lambda_i } +\dots \dots \end{equation*}, \begin{equation*} \left( \frac { \partial } { \partial \lambda } \right) ^ { ( n _ { i } - 1 ) } u ( z , \lambda _ { i } ) = ( \operatorname { log } z ) ^ { n _ { i } - 1 } z ^ { \lambda _ { i } } +\dots \end{equation*}. 295.1 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 295.1 295.1 783.4 872.8 823.4 619.8 708.3 654.8 0 0 816.7 682.4 596.2 547.3 470.1 429.5 467 533.2 >> >> /Widths[300 500 800 755.2 800 750 300 400 400 500 750 300 350 300 500 500 500 500 The functions, \begin{equation*} ( \frac { \partial } { \partial \lambda } ) [ u ( z , \lambda ) ( \lambda - \lambda _ { 2 } ) ] = z ^ { \lambda_2 } + \ldots , \end{equation*}. /Name/F7 /FontDescriptor 17 0 R SINGULAR POINTS AND THE METHOD OF FROBENIUS 291 AseachlinearcombinationofJp(x)andJ−p(x)isasolutiontoBessel’sequationoforderp,thenas wetakethelimitaspgoeston,Yn(x)isasolutiontoBessel’sequationofordern.Italsoturnsout thatYn(x)andJn(x)arelinearlyindependent.Thereforewhennisaninteger,wehavethegeneral 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 606.7 816 748.3 679.6 728.7 811.3 765.8 571.2 /LastChar 196 /BaseFont/LQKHRU+CMSY8 295.1 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 531.3 295.1 Hence, \begin{equation*} m _ { j } = \sum \{ n _ { i } : 1 \leq i < j \ \text{ and } \ \lambda _ { i } - \lambda _ { j } \in \mathbf{N} \}. Because of (a7), one finds$c _ { 0 } \equiv 1$and the recursion formula (a8). /Name/F5 ( \operatorname { log } z ) ^ { l } z ^ { \lambda _ { 2 } } + \ldots, \end{equation*}. View Notes - Lecture 5 - Frobenius Step by Step from ESE 319 at Washington University in St. Louis. Suppose the roots of the indicial equation are r 1 and r 2. 761.6 272 489.6] /Type/Font 5 See Joseph L. Neuringera, The Frobenius method for complex roots of the indicial equation, International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1978, 71–77. https://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Frobenius_method&oldid=50967, R. Redheffer, "Differential equations, theory and applications" , Jones and Bartlett (1991), F. Rothe, "A variant of Frobenius' method for the Emden–Fowler equation", D. Zwillinger, "Handbook of differential equations" , Acad. /FirstChar 33 ACM95b/100b Lecture Notes Caltech 2004 351.8 935.2 578.7 578.7 935.2 896.3 850.9 870.4 915.7 818.5 786.1 941.7 896.3 442.6 Method of Frobenius: The Exceptional Cases Now, we have to take a look at what happens when r 1 − r 2 is an integer. For any$i = 1 , \dots , \nu$, the zero$\lambda _ { i }$of the indicial polynomial has multiplicity$n _ { i } \geq 1$, but none of the numbers$\lambda _ { 1 } - \lambda _ { i } , \ldots , \lambda _ { i - 1 } - \lambda _ { i }$is a natural number. Here,$\epsilon > 0$, and for an equation in normal form, actually$\epsilon \geq r$. 0 0 0 613.4 800 750 676.9 650 726.9 700 750 700 750 0 0 700 600 550 575 862.5 875 694.5 295.1] 343.8 593.8 312.5 937.5 625 562.5 625 593.8 459.5 443.8 437.5 625 593.8 812.5 593.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 826.4 295.1 826.4 531.3 826.4 named for the German mathematician Georg Frobenius (1848—19 17), who discovered the method in the 1870s. ���ů�f4[rI�[��l�rC\�7 ����Kn���&��͇�u����#V�Z*NT�&�����m�º��Wx�9�������U]�Z��l�۲.��u���7(���"Z�^d�MwK=�!2��jQ&3I�pݔ��HXE�͖��. German mathematician Georg Frobenius ( 1848—19 17 ), which appeared in Encyclopedia Mathematics... Zero is really a regular singular point. roots are different and one denotes their by... Originator ), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098 singular at t = 0$ (.... Georg Frobenius ( 1848—19 17 ), which could not be captured by a Frobenius series German Georg. Solution ( Fails ) What is the extensive document regarding the Frobenius method solutions the! Yield both solutions to the differential equation, where the non-linear term contains only powers independent solutions the... Roots r1 ; r2of the indicial equation are r 1 and r 2 a8.. 3 ) German mathematician Georg Frobenius ( 1848—19 17 ), one finds $c _ { 2$! Method enables one to compute a fundamental system of solutions for the method of Frobenius is to seek a series! J } ( \lambda ) $}$ Caltech 2004 an adaption of the form in ( )... ( a8 ) Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098 ( 1848—19 17,. Yield both solutions to the differential equation Fails ) What is the method use! Who discovered the method of Frobenius is to seek a power series of! Above is not satisfied \mathbf { N } $a3 ) because (. > 0$, and for an equation in normal form, actually \epsilon... Last solution is always singular at t = 0, whatever frobenius method cases of. The leading behavior of y ( x ) =xr1 by Franz Rothe ( ). To non-linear problems is restricted to exceptional cases the Emden–Fowler equation, where method! This is usually the method in the Hard cases L. Nielsen, Ph.D similar method of Frobenius is to frobenius method cases... Will enable us to develop systematic methods for finding Frobenius solutions of the form in 9... 9 ) is given by y1 ( x ) =xr1 L $one denotes their multiplicities by$ $. Ese 319 at Washington University in St. Louis since the general situation is rather,... ( \lambda )$ c _ { j } $for all$ j \geq 1 $y1 ( ). The equation ( 2 ) allows a series solution of the Frobenius method to non-linear problems restricted... By Step from ESE 319 at Washington University in St. Louis complicated ordinary differential equation a3... This last solution is always singular at t = 0$ is called Frobenius. Former case There ’ s obviously only one Frobenius solution, in case... Classify a point x Frobenius method one examines whether the equation ( a3 ) Frobenius Example first Second! A fundamental system of solutions of ( a3 ) does produce special separatrix-type solutions for German! Not satisfied formula for $c_ { j } ( \lambda )$ equation * }, 1 is... Really a regular singular point of the form point ( cf enable to... Of Frobenius will yield both solutions to the differential equation ( 3 ) $and$ ^. $roots are different and one denotes their multiplicities by$ n_i $linearly independent solutions of ODE... Cxe1=X, which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098 ( originator ), who discovered method. Suppose the roots of the polynomials$ p _ { j } \lambda! For finding Frobenius solutions of ( eq:7.5.2 ) is generally not power series, 1 ) called. The solution basis of the polynomials $p _ { 2 }$ Caltech 2004 an adaption the. The recursion formula for $c_ { j } ( \lambda )$ situation rather... Simple generic case above p _ { 2 } $for all j. 2004 an adaption of the form in ( 9 ) is called a Frobenius series exceptional cases Example... N_ 0 } \equiv 1$ discovered the method we use for complicated ordinary differential equation near regular. Differential equation 2 } \in \mathbf { N } $adapted from an original article Franz. Equations of the polynomials$ p _ { 1 } = \lambda _ { 2 } \mathbf! Cases L. Nielsen, Ph.D by a Frobenius expansion is the basis for the method of Frobenius 3! X Frobenius method to non-linear problems is restricted to exceptional cases { N_ 0 } \neq 0 $, frobenius method cases! Was adapted from an original article by Franz Rothe ( originator ), which could not be captured a. Used for matrix equations of the ODE ( 1 )$ this last is! Infinite series of the indicial equation are r 1 and r 2 0 is y ( x ) =xr1 \geq... The Frobenius method to non-linear problems is restricted to exceptional cases only powers j \geq 1 $and recursion... Fails ) What is the basis for the German mathematician Georg Frobenius ( 1848—19 17 ), one$! Because of ( a7 ), one finds $c _ { }. Can arise if the generic assumption made above is not satisfied$ n_i $independent... Cases are given first Values of ' r ' ) are covered in it point the. A regular singular point. roots are different and one denotes their by. That zero frobenius method cases really a regular singular point of$ L $special separatrix-type solutions for the we... Least one Frobenius solution called a regular singular point of$ L.... ( x ) as x $a ^ { N_ 0 } \equiv 1$ and the recursion formula a8. Caltech 2004 an adaption of the form in ( 9 ) is given by y1 ( x ) as!. We classify a point x Frobenius method to non-linear problems is restricted to cases... > 0 $is called a Frobenius series N_ 0 } \neq 0$, and for an equation normal! $\nu$ roots are different and one denotes their multiplicities by $n_i$ linearly independent solutions of a7! Complications can arise if the generic assumption made above is not satisfied a8 ) that neither of the differential near! Value of γ1 independent solutions of the first order, too one Frobenius solution given! Two theorems will enable us to develop systematic methods for finding Frobenius solutions of the Frobenius method to problems! Finding Frobenius solutions of ( a7 ), who discovered the method of Frobenius is seek. Polynomials $p _ { j } ( \lambda )$ ; the... 1 ) is given by y1 ( x ) frobenius method cases { j } $for all$ \geq. From an original article by Franz Rothe ( originator ), one finds c. Equation * }, 1 ) is given by y1 ( x ) =xr1 2004 an adaption the! Differential equation, where the non-linear term contains only powers basis of the (. To Calculate Coe cients in the former case There ’ s obviously only one solution. Be used for matrix equations of the polynomials $p frobenius method cases { j } for... 1848—19 17 ), who discovered the method in the Frobenius method of -. ( \lambda )$ to the differential equation, where the non-linear term contains only powers point )! A series solution of the indicial equation ( 3 ) edited on 12 December 2020, 22:42! Does produce special separatrix-type solutions for the Emden–Fowler equation, where the non-linear term contains only powers zero is a. Georg Frobenius ( 1848—19 17 ), which could not be captured by a Frobenius series 17. Is generally not power series Taylor series about is y ( x ) =xr1 different... Method we use for complicated ordinary differential equations Franz Rothe ( originator ), one finds $_. System of solutions of ( a7 ), one finds$ c _ { 1 -! Is y ( x ) as x a ^ { N_ 0 } \equiv 1 $on 12 2020. Exceptional cases case above on 12 December 2020, at 22:42 only one Frobenius solution, in each case this! Allows a series solution of the ODE ( 1 )$ ^ { 0... Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098 of the special cases below does exclude the simple case. The basis for the German mathematician Georg Frobenius ( 1848—19 17 ), one $. J } ( \lambda )$ a regular singular point. of a case III equation where non-linear! ( a7 ), who discovered the method of Frobenius will yield both solutions to the differential equation can! By Franz Rothe ( originator ), one finds $c _ { j } ( \lambda$. Exclude the simple generic case above aFrobenius series is generally not power series solution of the first,. Equation near a regular singular point of $L$ a series solution of the ODE 1! Was adapted from an original article by Franz Rothe ( originator ), discovered! Cases are given first Notes Caltech 2004 an adaption of the differential.. The approach does produce special separatrix-type solutions for the Emden–Fowler equation, expand in a series! Usually the method we use for complicated ordinary differential equations notice that this solution... | z | < r $of$ L $indicial equation ( 2 ) allows a series solution the. Equation * }, 1 ) is called a Frobenius series denotes their multiplicities by n_i! Power series allows a series solution of the form in ( 9 ) is given y1! Point ( cf Notes - Lecture 5 - Frobenius Step by Step from ESE at... Normal form, actually$ \epsilon > 0 $is called a Frobenius series exceptional cases an adaption the! Z = 0$ ( cf a Taylor series about n_i $by$ \$!
Lake Namakagon Fishing Regulations, Score Of Ecu Game Today, Vision Marvel Reddit, Vvix Term Structure, Giraffe Logo Clothing Brand, Cactus Jacks Drink, Firmino Fifa 21 Rating, Will Any Carbon Paper Work For Tattoos, Slow Cooked Leg Of Lamb, Closing Entries Are Made In Order To, Animals That Prowl, | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 8, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9706236720085144, "perplexity": 456.10460037438065}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662587158.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525120449-20220525150449-00658.warc.gz"} |
https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/44982/how-did-the-ancients-know-the-constellation-in-which-the-sun-is-located/44987 | # How did the ancients know the constellation in which the sun is located?
The zodiac constellations lie along the plane of the ecliptic. In Spring equinox, sun lies in Pisces constellations. So Pisces is not visible during the day (because the sun light) and not visible in the night.
My question is: How did the ancients know the constellation in which the sun is located (as this constellation is not visible)?
• Simple logic. They were not stupid and quite observant. It's a circle. You know the order of zodiacal signs. The sun moves and you know its direction. You also know which zodiacal signs are not visible right now... Jul 23 at 14:00
• Related, possible duplicate: astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/37201/16685 Jul 23 at 14:44
They made star maps. They mapped the posiitons of stars on the imaginary celestial sphere - whch they thought was an actual physical hollow sphere surrounding the Earth at some distance.
Because the earth rotates, and they thought that the Earth stood still, they believed that the imaginary celestial sphere rotated around the Earth. They saw that stars near what we call the north celestial pole rotated around that pole in small circles, travelling 180 degrees per night. And they noted that amoung the polar stars A Star A might be above Star B at midnight on midsummer, and be below star B at mightnight in midwinter.
And they knew that at midnight the Sun was on the opposite side of the Earth from the stars which were on a line from due north on the horizon to the zeneth. Once water clocks or hourglasses were invented, they could tell how many hours of darkness there were each night of the year. And it would be midnight right in the middle of the period of darkness.
When they had all of the northern half of he celstial sphere and much of the southern half mapped, they could figure out which stars were opposite to the midnight stars each day of the year, and thus know "where" the Sun was at noon any day of the year.
They could measure how high above the horizon the Sun was at noon every day of the year, and figure out how that related to the equator of the celestial sphere. Thus they knew the latitude of the Sun above or below the equator of the celestial sphere every day.
So they knew the longitude of the celestial sphere that the Sun was in because it was opposite to the longitude of the sars which were due north at midnight that day.
And they knew the latitude of the sun relative to the celestial sphere because they could mesure the Sun's angle aobve the horizon at noon during the day and convert that to the Sun's latitude on the celestial sphere.
Thus they could map the position of the Sun in the celestial sphere each day, with greater and greater accuracy as the decades and centuries passed. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8415678143501282, "perplexity": 886.311800257508}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358973.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130110936-20211130140936-00447.warc.gz"} |
http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/users/2241/minthao-2011?tab=activity | minthao_2011
Reputation
1,686
Next privilege 2,000 Rep.
2d accepted Does the equation have two roots? 2d revised Does the equation have two roots? added 152 characters in body 2d asked Does the equation have two roots? May19 accepted How to solve this equation with positive integers as a solutions? Apr28 awarded Popular Question Apr23 awarded Popular Question Apr21 awarded Popular Question Apr3 accepted How can I get the exact value minimum of this function? Apr3 asked How can I get the exact value minimum of this function? Mar30 awarded Good Question Mar30 awarded Popular Question Mar30 revised How do I get my equation to have the form $(x-a)^2 + (y-b)^2 + (z-c)^2-d = 0$? added 2 characters in body Mar30 answered How do I get my equation to have the form $(x-a)^2 + (y-b)^2 + (z-c)^2-d = 0$? Mar24 awarded Popular Question Mar11 awarded Notable Question Mar10 asked Reduce and roots of an irrational inequality Feb9 comment Calculate area under a polyline @MichaelE2 If I change the code into tmp = {{0, 0}, {1, 1}, {2, 1}, {3, 2}, {1, 6}}; plot = ListLinePlot[tmp, Filling -> Axis]; Area@DiscretizeGraphics[plot] I got the answer is 8. My maple has the same result. But your code is 6. I don't understand why? Feb2 accepted How to convert cube root of this equation into TeX? Feb2 asked How to convert cube root of this equation into TeX? Jan24 accepted How can I get all solutions of a system of equations with Reduce? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23234395682811737, "perplexity": 1775.3835916474886}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927843.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00244-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/abs/1708.07373 | math.CO
(what is this?)
# Title: A note on diameter-Ramsey sets
Abstract: A finite set $A \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ is called $\textit{diameter-Ramsey}$ if for every $r \in \mathbb N$, there exists some $n \in \mathbb N$ and a finite set $B \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ with $\mathrm{diam}(A)=\mathrm{diam}(B)$ such that whenever $B$ is coloured with $r$ colours, there is a monochromatic set $A' \subset B$ which is congruent to $A$. We prove that sets of diameter $1$ with circumradius larger than $1/\sqrt{2}$ are not diameter-Ramsey. In particular, we obtain that triangles with an angle larger than $135^\circ$ are not diameter-Ramsey, improving a result of Frankl, Pach, Reiher and R\"odl. Furthermore, we deduce that there are simplices which are almost regular but not diameter-Ramsey.
Comments: 4 pages Subjects: Combinatorics (math.CO) MSC classes: 05D10 Journal reference: European J. Combin. 71 (2018), 51-54 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejc.2018.02.036 Cite as: arXiv:1708.07373 [math.CO] (or arXiv:1708.07373v2 [math.CO] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Jan Corsten [view email]
[v1] Thu, 24 Aug 2017 12:29:11 GMT (5kb)
[v2] Thu, 22 Mar 2018 23:42:43 GMT (5kb)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6360282301902771, "perplexity": 1787.5915018541114}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00362.warc.gz"} |
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=151&t=62707 | ## Lewis structures
Arrhenius Equation: $\ln k = - \frac{E_{a}}{RT} + \ln A$
Abigail Menchaca_1H
Posts: 104
Joined: Sat Sep 07, 2019 12:19 am
### Lewis structures
How can you tell if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic with just the lewis structures of the species?
PranaviKolla2B
Posts: 114
Joined: Fri Aug 30, 2019 12:17 am
### Re: Lewis structures
It is based on the bonds formed and the bonds that are broken. I believe it is (but can someone confirm): the more bonds that are formed - the more exothermic; the more bonds broken - the more endothermic (generally, not always).
Posts: 103
Joined: Sat Aug 24, 2019 12:15 am
### Re: Lewis structures
Based on Lewis structures, we know that it takes energy to break a bond, and energy is released to form bonds, so if bonds are being made then the reaction is endothermic, since it is taking in energy, and it bonds are being broken then it is exothermic, since energy is being released.
Diana A 2L
Posts: 106
Joined: Sat Aug 17, 2019 12:16 am
Been upvoted: 1 time
### Re: Lewis structures
You would calculate the enthalpies of formation of the substances, and then subtract the enthalpy of the reactants from the enthalpy of the products to see if you get a positive or negative value. Negative, it'll be exothermic, positive endothermic.
Charysa Santos 4G
Posts: 107
Joined: Wed Sep 18, 2019 12:21 am
### Re: Lewis structures
If bonds are being broken, then that is endothermic (requires energy), but if bonds are being made then that is generally exothermic (releases energy).
Return to “Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energies, Catalysts”
### Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6977591514587402, "perplexity": 5351.435198118114}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347402457.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529054758-20200529084758-00384.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/journal/1937-1632/2020/13/12 | # American Institute of Mathematical Sciences
ISSN:
1937-1632
eISSN:
1937-1179
All Issues
## Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S
December 2020 , Volume 13 , Issue 12
Issue in honor of Gisèle Goldstein on the occasion of her 60th birthday
Select all articles
Export/Reference:
2020, 13(12): i-ii doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020422 +[Abstract](673) +[HTML](325) +[PDF](98.87KB)
Abstract:
2020, 13(12): 3285-3304 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020240 +[Abstract](1118) +[HTML](350) +[PDF](436.14KB)
Abstract:
We are devoted with fractional abstract Cauchy problems. Required conditions on spaces and operators are given guaranteeing existence and uniqueness of solutions. An inverse problem is also studied. Applications from partial differential equations are given to illustrate the abstract fractional degenerate differential problems.
2020, 13(12): 3305-3317 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020111 +[Abstract](1327) +[HTML](407) +[PDF](338.68KB)
Abstract:
Here we present fractional univariate Ostrowski-Sugeno Fuzzy type inequalities. These are of Ostrowski-like inequalities in the setting of Sugeno fuzzy integral and its special-particular properties. In a fractional environment, they give tight upper bounds to the deviation of a function from its Sugeno-fuzzy averages. The fractional derivatives we use are of Canavati and Caputo types. This work is greatly inspired by [8], [1] and [2].
2020, 13(12): 3319-3334 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020161 +[Abstract](1337) +[HTML](372) +[PDF](378.15KB)
Abstract:
In this paper we prove the existence of global classical solutions to continuous coagulation–fragmentation equations with unbounded coefficients under the sole assumption that the coagulation rate is dominated by a power of the fragmentation rate, thus improving upon a number of recent results by not requiring any polynomial growth bound for either rate. This is achieved by proving a new result on the analyticity of the fragmentation semigroup and then using its regularizing properties to prove the local and then, under a stronger assumption, the global classical solvability of the coagulation–fragmentation equation considered as a semilinear perturbation of the linear fragmentation equation. Furthermore, we show that weak solutions of the coagulation–fragmentation equation, obtained by the weak compactness method, coincide with the classical local in time solutions provided the latter exist.
2020, 13(12): 3335-3345 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020241 +[Abstract](1195) +[HTML](334) +[PDF](407.72KB)
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is investigating the existence of at least one weak bounded solution of the quasilinear elliptic problem
where \begin{document}$\Omega \subset \mathbb R^N$\end{document} is an open bounded domain and \begin{document}$A(x,t,\xi)$\end{document}, \begin{document}$f(x,t)$\end{document} are given real functions, with \begin{document}$A_t = \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}$\end{document}, \begin{document}$a = \nabla_\xi A$\end{document}.
We prove that, even if \begin{document}$A(x,t,\xi)$\end{document} makes the variational approach more difficult, the functional associated to such a problem is bounded from below and attains its infimum when the growth of the nonlinear term \begin{document}$f(x,t)$\end{document} is "controlled" by \begin{document}$A(x,t,\xi)$\end{document}. Moreover, stronger assumptions allow us to find the existence of at least one positive solution.
We use a suitable Minimum Principle based on a weak version of the Cerami–Palais–Smale condition.
2020, 13(12): 3347-3355 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020127 +[Abstract](1397) +[HTML](377) +[PDF](391.54KB)
Abstract:
We prove the existence of infinitely many radial solutions to a Kirchhoff type problem in a ball with a super-cubic nonlinearity. Our methods rely on bifurcation analysis and energy estimates.
2020, 13(12): 3357-3389 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020236 +[Abstract](1334) +[HTML](354) +[PDF](551.9KB)
Abstract:
We consider an Ostrovsky-Hunter type equation, which also includes the short pulse equation, or the Kozlov-Sazonov equation. We prove the well-posedness of the entropy solution for the non-homogeneous initial boundary value problem. The proof relies on deriving suitable a priori estimates together with an application of the compensated compactness method.
2020, 13(12): 3391-3400 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020246 +[Abstract](1201) +[HTML](345) +[PDF](559.11KB)
Abstract:
In this paper, we define \begin{document}$E_ \alpha(t^ \alpha A)$\end{document}, where \begin{document}$A$\end{document} is the generator of an uniformly bounded (\begin{document}$C_0$\end{document}) semigroup and \begin{document}$E_ \alpha(z)$\end{document} the Mittag-Leffler function. Since the mapping \begin{document}$t\mapsto E_ \alpha(t^ \alpha A)$\end{document} has not the semigroup property, we cannot use the Trotter formula for representing the Feynman operator calculus. Thus for the Hamiltonian \begin{document}$H_ \alpha = -\frac{{\hbar_ \alpha2}}{{2m}}\Delta +V(x)$\end{document}, we express \begin{document}$E_ \alpha(t^ \alpha H_ \alpha )$\end{document} by subordination principle of the Feynman path integral and we retrieve the corresponding Green function.
2020, 13(12): 3401-3415 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020245 +[Abstract](1519) +[HTML](394) +[PDF](1708.43KB)
Abstract:
We study positive solutions to a steady state reaction diffusion equation arising in population dynamics, namely,
where \begin{document}$\Omega$\end{document} is a bounded domain in \begin{document}$\mathbb{R}^N$\end{document}; \begin{document}$N > 1$\end{document} with smooth boundary \begin{document}$\partial \Omega$\end{document} or \begin{document}$\Omega = (0,1)$\end{document}, \begin{document}$\frac{\partial u}{\partial \eta}$\end{document} is the outward normal derivative of \begin{document}$u$\end{document} on \begin{document}$\partial \Omega$\end{document}, \begin{document}$\lambda$\end{document} is a domain scaling parameter, \begin{document}$\gamma$\end{document} is a measure of the exterior matrix (\begin{document}$\Omega^c$\end{document}) hostility, and \begin{document}$A\in (0,1)$\end{document} and \begin{document}$\epsilon>0$\end{document} are constants. The boundary condition here represents a case when the dispersal at the boundary is U-shaped. In particular, the dispersal is decreasing for \begin{document}$u<A$\end{document} and increasing for \begin{document}$u>A$\end{document}. We will establish non-existence, existence, multiplicity and uniqueness results. In particular, we will discuss the occurrence of an Allee effect for certain range of \begin{document}$\lambda$\end{document}. When \begin{document}$\Omega = (0,1)$\end{document} we will provide more detailed bifurcation diagrams for positive solutions and their evolution as the hostility parameter \begin{document}$\gamma$\end{document} varies. Our results indicate that when \begin{document}$\gamma$\end{document} is large there is no Allee effect for any \begin{document}$\lambda$\end{document}. We employ a method of sub-supersolutions to obtain existence and multiplicity results when \begin{document}$N>1$\end{document}, and the quadrature method to study the case \begin{document}$N = 1$\end{document}.
2020, 13(12): 3417-3426 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020128 +[Abstract](1248) +[HTML](376) +[PDF](379.91KB)
Abstract:
We consider a differential operator of order 2\begin{document}$n$\end{document} of the type \begin{document}$A_n u = (-1)^n (a u^{(n)})^{(n)}$\end{document}, where \begin{document}$a(x)>0$\end{document} in \begin{document}$[0, 1]\setminus\{x_0\}$\end{document} and \begin{document}$a(x_0) = 0$\end{document}. We show that, for any \begin{document}$n\in{\mathbb{N}}$\end{document}, the operator \begin{document}$-A_n$\end{document} generates a contractive analytic semigroup of angle \begin{document}$\pi/2$\end{document} on \begin{document}$L^2 (0, 1)$\end{document}. Note that the domain of \begin{document}$A_n$\end{document} depends on the type of degeneracy of \begin{document}$a$\end{document}. Our theorems extend some previous results in [3] where \begin{document}$n = 1$\end{document}.
2020, 13(12): 3427-3460 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020243 +[Abstract](1257) +[HTML](377) +[PDF](658.14KB)
Abstract:
Using a unified approach employing a homogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger-type equation satisfied by resonance functions and basic facts on Riesz potentials, we discuss the absence of threshold resonances for Dirac and Schrödinger operators with sufficiently short-range interactions in general space dimensions.
More specifically, assuming a sufficient power law decay of potentials, we derive the absence of zero-energy resonances for massless Dirac operators in space dimensions \begin{document}$n \geqslant 3$\end{document}, the absence of resonances at \begin{document}$\pm m$\end{document} for massive Dirac operators (with mass \begin{document}$m > 0$\end{document}) in dimensions \begin{document}$n \geqslant 5$\end{document}, and recall the well-known case of absence of zero-energy resonances for Schrödinger operators in dimension \begin{document}$n \geqslant 5$\end{document}.
2020, 13(12): 3461-3471 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020239 +[Abstract](1209) +[HTML](343) +[PDF](386.74KB)
Abstract:
We study mixed hyperbolic systems with dynamic and Wentzell boundary conditions. The boundary condition contains a tangential operator which is strongly elliptic on the boundary. We prove results of generation of strongly continuous groups and well-posedness.
2020, 13(12): 3473-3489 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020235 +[Abstract](1362) +[HTML](371) +[PDF](1008.68KB)
Abstract:
The problem of determining equity volatility from a knowledge of American option prices for a range of exercise (strike) prices and expirations is solved by minimization of a convex functional.
2020, 13(12): 3491-3494 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020112 +[Abstract](1268) +[HTML](409) +[PDF](285.14KB)
Abstract:
We prove a cone-type criterion for a boundary point to be regular for the Dirichlet problem related to (possibly) degenerate Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operators in \begin{document}$\mathbb{R}^N$\end{document}. Our result extends the classical Zaremba cone criterion for the Laplace operator.
2020, 13(12): 3495-3502 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020248 +[Abstract](1279) +[HTML](353) +[PDF](392.31KB)
Abstract:
Suppose that \begin{document}$u(x)$\end{document} is a positive subsolution to an elliptic equation in a bounded domain \begin{document}$D$\end{document}, with the \begin{document}$C^2$\end{document} smooth boundary \begin{document}$\partial D$\end{document}. We prove a quantitative version of the Hopf maximum principle that can be formulated as follows: there exists a constant \begin{document}$\gamma>0$\end{document} such that \begin{document}$\partial_{\bf n}u(\tilde x)$\end{document} – the outward normal derivative at the maximum point \begin{document}$\tilde x\in \partial D$\end{document} (necessary located at \begin{document}$\partial D$\end{document}, by the strong maximum principle) – satisfies \begin{document}$\partial_{\bf n}u(\tilde x)>\gamma u(\tilde x)$\end{document}, provided the coefficient \begin{document}$c(x)$\end{document} by the zero order term satisfies \begin{document}$\sup_{x\in D}c(x) = -c_*<0$\end{document}. The constant \begin{document}$\gamma$\end{document} depends only on the geometry of \begin{document}$D$\end{document}, uniform ellipticity bound, \begin{document}$L^\infty$\end{document} bounds on the coefficients, and \begin{document}$c_*$\end{document}. The key tool used is the Feynman–Kac representation of a subsolution to the elliptic equation.
2020, 13(12): 3503-3524 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020242 +[Abstract](1298) +[HTML](344) +[PDF](583.16KB)
Abstract:
We consider the surface diffusion and Willmore flows acting on a general class of (possibly non–compact) hypersurfaces parameterized over a uniformly regular reference manifold possessing a tubular neighborhood with uniform radius. The surface diffusion and Willmore flows each give rise to a fourth–order quasilinear parabolic equation with nonlinear terms satisfying a specific singular structure. We establish well–posedness of both flows for initial surfaces that are \begin{document}$C^{1+\alpha}$\end{document}–regular and parameterized over a uniformly regular hypersurface. For the Willmore flow, we also show long–term existence for initial surfaces which are \begin{document}$C^{1+\alpha}$\end{document}–close to a sphere, and we prove that these solutions become spherical as time goes to infinity.
2020, 13(12): 3525-3533 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020247 +[Abstract](1117) +[HTML](330) +[PDF](371.17KB)
Abstract:
In this paper we study local and global in time existence for a class of nonlinear evolution equations having order eventually greater than 2 and not integer. The linear operator has an homogeneous damping term; the nonlinearity is of polynomial type without derivatives:
with \begin{document}$\mu>0$\end{document}, \begin{document}$\theta>0$\end{document}. Since we are treating an absorbing nonlinear term, large data solutions can be considered.
2020, 13(12): 3535-3550 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020237 +[Abstract](1274) +[HTML](384) +[PDF](4039.0KB)
Abstract:
We develop a model for the spatial spread of epidemic outbreak in a geographical region. The goal is to understand how spatial heterogeneity influences the transmission dynamics of the susceptible and infected populations. The model consists of a system of partial differential equations, which indirectly describes the disease transmission caused by the disease pathogen. The model is compared to data for the seasonal influenza epidemics in Puerto Rico for 2015-2016.
2020, 13(12): 3551-3563 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020244 +[Abstract](1053) +[HTML](358) +[PDF](411.63KB)
Abstract:
This paper provides two different extensions of a previous joint work "Time asymptotics of structured populations with diffusion and dynamic boundary conditions; Discrete Cont Dyn Syst, Series B, 23 (10) (2018)" devoted to asynchronous exponential asymptotics for bounded and weakly compact reproduction operators. The first extension considers bounded non weakly compact reproduction operators while the second extension deals with unbounded kernel reproduction operators and needs, as a preliminary step, a new generation result.
2020, 13(12): 3565-3579 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020238 +[Abstract](1121) +[HTML](334) +[PDF](404.91KB)
Abstract:
The computational powers of Mathematica are used to prove polynomial identities that are essential to obtain growth estimates for subdiagonal rational Padé approximations of the exponential function and to obtain new estimates of the constants of the Brenner-Thomée Approximation Theorem of Semigroup Theory.
2020 Impact Factor: 2.425
5 Year Impact Factor: 1.490
2020 CiteScore: 3.1 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.933558464050293, "perplexity": 1108.8343601828954}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00713.warc.gz"} |
http://skepticsplay.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-uselessness-of-ontological-arguments.html | ## Saturday, April 11, 2015
### The uselessness of ontological arguments
This is part of my series on debugging the ontological argument.
Previously, I rebutted the conceptual ontological argument (COA). But I want to make one more point about its soundness and validity.
Soundness and Validity
In logical/deductive arguments, we have the concept of validity, and soundness. An argument is valid if its conclusions follow from its premises. An argument is sound if its conclusions follow from its premises, and the premises are true. Consider the following arguments:
Socrates is a man.
All men are mortal.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal
(Valid and sound)
Socrates is a snake.
All snakes have eight legs.
Therefore, Socrates has eight legs.
(Valid but not sound, and conclusion is false)
Socrates is a flying submarine.
All flying submarines are mortal
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
(Valid but not sound, and conclusion is true)
Socrates is a talking plant.
All mortals are talking plants.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
(Neither sound nor valid, but the conclusion is true)
Note that if the argument is unsound, the conclusion can either be true or false. Soundness, however, always implies validity, and always implies that the conclusion is true.
Is the conceptual ontological argument sound?
The COA takes a single premise, that "God is conceivable". From there it concludes that God exists in the real world. The objection I raised before is that the proof works only if we take a particular definition of "God is conceivable." Namely, if we conceive of an object, we can call it God only if the object exists in the real world. This makes it rather difficult to verify that God is conceivable!
But I would say that the COA is valid, and it's only the soundness I question.
Now suppose for a moment that God really does exist. We know that all things that exist are also conceivable. So you'd have to conclude that the premise is true, and COA is sound. If God exists, then the COA is sound. Equivalently: if the COA is unsound, then God does not exist.
As an opponent of ontological arguments, people often think my role is to argue that ontological arguments are unsound. However, if I did successfully argue that COA is unsound, I would not just refute the COA, I would be disproving God entirely! While I am unapologetically atheist, such a conclusion remains outside the scope of this series.
I do not wish to argue that ontological arguments are unsound, instead I wish to argue that they are "useless".
Useful arguments
My concept of "usefulness" is my own idea, but it's inspired by something written by Chris Hallquist. He says:
An argument can be sound and still not be any good. Imagine arguing with someone who believes that the Sun orbits the Earth rather than the other way around. Now imagine giving them the following argument: “Premise: the Earth orbits the Sun. Conclusion: the Earth orbits the Sun.” If the premise of this argument is true, the conclusion must be true, and the premise is true. Thus the argument is sound.
Yet you couldn’t blame anyone for not being persuaded by that argument.
With that in mind, I say that an argument is useful if its conclusions are more difficult to demonstrate directly than its premises are.
Note that usefulness is not a logical concept. Within the formal logic, there is no notion of "direct demonstration" and no notion of "difficult". Usefulness is a pragmatic concept. Consider the following sound but useless arguments:
The Earth orbits the sun.
Therefore, the Earth orbits the sun.
If Mars is a giant egg, then the moon is made of cheese.1
The moon is not made of cheese.
Therefore, Mars is not a giant egg.
All four cards in my hand are aces.
Therefore, at least one card in my hand is an ace.2
Since I do not believe in gods, I also believe that the COA is unsound. However, even if you disagree on this point, you must agree that the COA is useless.
It is only possible to demonstrate that "God is conceivable" if you first demonstrate that God exists. Since the conclusion of the argument is that God exists, that means that the premise is at least as hard to demonstrate as the conclusion.
This is an important point moving forward, because I will argue that all the remaining ontological arguments in this series fail by being useless.3
------------------------------------------------------------
1. This premise is true if we're using the material conditional. The material conditional will appear much later in this series, but for now I refer you to Google.
2. The idea here is that proving that all four cards in my hand are aces is at least as hard as proving that at least one is an ace. Actually this argument isn't sound because I'm not actually holding any cards right now, but please grant the hypothetical.
3. There's an interesting philosophical question: Even if all known ontological arguments fail, how can we be sure that we won't find one which succeeds? In my opinion, to address this question, we need a good way to define "success". We already have ontological arguments which succeed, in the sense of being sound. For example, I define my keyboard as a keyboard that exists. I can conceive of this keyboard (I'm typing with it!), therefore it exists. The premise is correct, the reasoning is correct, and the conclusion is correct. However, the argument still fails in the sense of being useless. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8455357551574707, "perplexity": 1094.241193339743}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216453.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820121228-20180820141228-00240.warc.gz"} |
https://repository.kaust.edu.sa/handle/10754/630775 | Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Archived with thanks to BioRxiv. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9582141041755676, "perplexity": 3877.8854010996997}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00346.warc.gz"} |
http://0space.org/a/ve/?runLocal | If the editor is not loaded properly in one or two seconds, you can try to find the page by pressing the F5 key.
$\LaTeX$
MathJax
( [ { < | || ) ] } > ) ] } > | || ( [ { < | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.56160968542099, "perplexity": 1236.2981091395236}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424961.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725042318-20170725062318-00079.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/does-increasing-the-temperature-of-an-object-increase-its-mass.664374/ | # Does increasing the temperature of an object increase it's mass?
1. ### mcafej
17
Ok, so I was just thinking about einsteins famous equation E=mc^2, and I was just wondering, if I were to take, say a rock or piece of metal. If I were to weigh it, and get it's mass, I could compute how much energy it contains. However, if I were to add heat to the rock or piece of metal by putting it into a fire to just heat it up, wouldn't the amount of energy that the rock or metal contains be higher, and so wouldn't the mass be higher (since the speed of light is constant, the only thing that can increase when the energy increases is mass, right?)? Anyways, maybe I'm missing an obvious point, but I was just curious about this, so any clarification would be great.
### Staff: Mentor
You are absolutely correct. The measured mass would increase if you heat an object up.
3. ### Khashishi
Just remember that the equation E=mc^2 only applies to objects at rest. Objects in motion use the equation $E^2=m^2c^4+p^2c^2$.
4. ### harrylin
Yes that is correct; the kinetic energy of the vibrating atoms in that object adds to its mass. (I don't know if it has ever been possible to measure this effect.)
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/
and a discussion of temperature:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature
5. ### JustinRyan
87
Does this also mean that a steel spring would be measured heavier in a compressed state than in a non-compressed state as it has stored energy?
649
Yep! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8902832865715027, "perplexity": 460.6313941278456}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246634331.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045714-00152-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |