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Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: In which of the following locations, Carcinoid tumor is most common? a)Esophagus b)Stomach c)Small bowel d)Appendix Answer:d, Appendix carcinoid tumour commonly occurs in appendix(45%),ileum(25%),rectum(15%).other sites are(15%)other pas of GIT ,bronchus, and testis SRB,5th,877.
In which of the following locations, Carcinoid tumor is most common? A. Esophagus B. Stomach C. Small bowel D. Appendix Answer: D. Appendix
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: In pyogenic liver abscess commonest route of spread? a-Hematogenous through poal vein. b-Ascending infection through biliary tract c-Hepatic aery d-Local spread Answer:b, Ascending infection through biliary tract
In pyogenic liver abscess commonest route of spread? A. Hematogenous through poal vein. B. Ascending infection through biliary tract C. Hepatic aery D. Local spread Answer: B. Ascending infection through biliary tract
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Urine osmolality in Diabetes insipidus is? A)<150 mmol/L B)<300 mmol/L C)<600 mmol/L D)<900 mmol/L Answer:A, <150 mmol/L
Urine osmolality in Diabetes insipidus is? A. <150 mmol/L B. <300 mmol/L C. <600 mmol/L D. <900 mmol/L Answer: A. <150 mmol/L
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which statements below suggest a possible cardiac concern and warrants further investigation by the pediatric nurse? Select all that apply a. The mother of a 6 month old states that her son falls asleep half-way through his bottle b. A 10 year old reports that he cannot keep up with his friends when running a race c. A 15 year old states she starts to wheeze when she goes near the cat d. A 2 year old who is not walking, using 3 word sentences, and is 5% on the growth chart for height and weight Answer: a, b,d
Which statements below suggest a possible cardiac concern and warrants further investigation by the pediatric nurse? Select all that apply A. The mother of a 6 month old states that her son falls asleep half-way through his bottle B. A 10 year old reports that he cannot keep up with his friends when running a race C. A 15 year old states she starts to wheeze when she goes near the cat D. A 2 year old who is not walking, using 3 word sentences, and is 5% on the growth chart for height and weight Answer: A. The mother of a 6 month old states that her son falls asleep half-way through his bottle, B. A 10 year old reports that he cannot keep up with his friends when running a race, D. A 2 year old who is not walking, using 3 word sentences, and is 5% on the growth chart for height and weight
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Gastric irritation is least with following NSA1D: (PGI June 2008)? a-Diclofenac b-Acetaminophen c-Ibuprofen d-Naproxen Answer:b, Acetaminophen
Gastric irritation is least with following NSA1D: (PGI June 2008)? A. Diclofenac B. Acetaminophen C. Ibuprofen D. Naproxen Answer: B. Acetaminophen
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The ratio of ICF volume to Extracellular fluid volume reaches adult values at the age of? 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years Answer: A.1 year
The ratio of ICF volume to Extracellular fluid volume reaches adult values at the age of? A. 1 year B. 2 years C. 3 years D. 4 years Answer: A. 1 year
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Nasal septum is formed except by? A)Perpendicular plate of ethmoid B)Vomer C)Nasal bone D)Lateral cailage Answer:D- Lateral cailage The bony pa is formed by: 1.Vomer 2.Perpendicular plate of ethmoid 3.Nasal spine of frontal bone 4.Rostrum of sphenoid 5.Nasal crest of nasal, palatine and maxillary bones. NOTES: The cailaginous pa is formed by; 1.Septal cailage 2.Septal process of inferior nasal cailages The cuticular pa is formed by; 1.Fibrofatty tissue Ref.BDC volume3,Sixth edition pg 240
Nasal septum is formed except by? A. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid B. Vomer C. Nasal bone D. Lateral cailage Answer: D. Lateral cailage
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: All are synonyms for PM staining seen in dependant pas of the body during postmoem, except: PGI 13? a-Cadaveric lividity b-Suggilation c-Livor mois d-Algor mois Answer:d, Algor mois
All are synonyms for PM staining seen in dependant pas of the body during postmoem, except: PGI 13? A. Cadaveric lividity B. Suggilation C. Livor mois D. Algor mois Answer: D. Algor mois
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Use of this instrument during examination of the ear provides all except? -Magnification -In suctioning of middle ear secretions -Assessing Tympanic Membrane Movement -Removal of Foreign body Answer: d
Use of this instrument during examination of the ear provides all except? A. Magnification B. In suctioning of middle ear secretions C. Assessing Tympanic Membrane Movement D. Removal of Foreign body Answer: D. Removal of Foreign body
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Nucleosomes are? a,DNA+RNA bDNA+Histones,c.RNA+Histones,d. DNA+RNA+Histones Answer: b, DNA+Histones
Nucleosomes are? A. DNA+RNA B. DNA+Histones C. RNA+Histones D. DNA+RNA+Histones Answer: B. DNA+Histones
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Normal turnover rate of epidermis? -2 weeks -4 weeks -6 weeks -8 weeks Answer: D: 8 weeks
Normal turnover rate of epidermis? A. 2 weeks B. 4 weeks C. 6 weeks D. 8 weeks Answer: D. 8 weeks
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which of the following is an adrenergic drug preferred for arresting labour? 1 Ritodrine 2 Isoprenaline 3 Salbutamol 4 Terbutaline Answer:1- Ritodrine
Which of the following is an adrenergic drug preferred for arresting labour? A. Ritodrine B. Isoprenaline C. Salbutamol D. Terbutaline Answer: A. Ritodrine
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Good pasture's syndrome is characterized by all of the following, except? A)Glomerulonephritis B)Leucocytoclastic Vasculitis C)Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage D)Presence of antibodies to Basement Membrane Answer:B, Leucocytoclastic Vasculitis
Good pasture's syndrome is characterized by all of the following, except? A. Glomerulonephritis B. Leucocytoclastic Vasculitis C. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage D. Presence of antibodies to Basement Membrane Answer: B. Leucocytoclastic Vasculitis
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Sho structured primi gravida has height less then? A.140 cm B.145 cm C.150 cm D.135 cm Answer:A. 140 cm
Sho structured primi gravida has height less then? A. 140 cm B. 145 cm C. 150 cm D. 135 cm Answer: A. 140 cm
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: For each extra-articular manifestation of RA, select the most likely diagnosis.Associated with increased frequency of infections.? a-Felty syndrome b-rheumatoid vasculitis c-episcleritis d-Sjogren syndrome Answer:a, Felty syndrome
For each extra-articular manifestation of RA, select the most likely diagnosis.Associated with increased frequency of infections.? A. Felty syndrome B. rheumatoid vasculitis C. episcleritis D. Sjogren syndrome Answer: A. Felty syndrome
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Pathological feature of pyogenic granuloma? -Epitheloid cells -Cavernous hemangioma -Granulation tissue -Giant cells Answer: c: Granulation tissue
Pathological feature of pyogenic granuloma? A. Epitheloid cells B. Cavernous hemangioma C. Granulation tissue D. Giant cells Answer: C. Granulation tissue
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -The most prominent toxic effect associated with acetaminophen use is? -Respiratory alkalosis -Haemorrhage -Hepatic necrosis -Gastric Ulceration Answer: C Hepatic necrosis
The most prominent toxic effect associated with acetaminophen use is? A. Respiratory alkalosis B. Haemorrhage C. Hepatic necrosis D. Gastric Ulceration Answer: C. Hepatic necrosis
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: SAFE strategy use in? a,Inclusion conjunctivitis bOphthalmia neonatorum,c.Trachoma,d. Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis Answer: c, Trachoma
SAFE strategy use in? A. Inclusion conjunctivitis B. Ophthalmia neonatorum C. Trachoma D. Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis Answer: C. Trachoma
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which is the most common site of metastatic disease? Lung bone Liver Brain Answer: C.Liver
Which is the most common site of metastatic disease? A. Lung B. bone C. Liver D. Brain Answer: C. Liver
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: CSF is stored at:Kerala 11? a)4degC b)-20degC c)Room temperature d)-70degC Answer:a, 4degC Ans. 4degC
CSF is stored at:Kerala 11? A. 4degC B. -20degC C. Room temperature D. -70degC Answer: A. 4degC
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: With which of the following receptors theophylline has an antagonistic interaction ? A.Histamine receptors B.Bradykinin receptors C.Adenosine receptors D.Imidazoline receptors Answer:C. Adenosine receptors
With which of the following receptors theophylline has an antagonistic interaction ? A. Histamine receptors B. Bradykinin receptors C. Adenosine receptors D. Imidazoline receptors Answer: C. Adenosine receptors
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which intervention(s) should the nurse use when interacting with a client with Alzheimer's disease? (Select all that apply). Select all that apply Adhere to strict time limits for activities. Give all instructions at the start of the activity. Encourage verbal and nonverbal communication. Speak to the client in a loud and clear voice. Maintain a calm demeanor during all interactions. Answer: Encourage verbal and nonverbal communication. Maintain a calm demeanor during all interactions. Alzheimer's causes the client to experience cognitive deficits and memory impairment, so frequent communication and a calm affect should be maintained with the client.
Which intervention(s) should the nurse use when interacting with a client with Alzheimer's disease? (Select all that apply). Select all that apply A. Adhere to strict time limits for activities. B. Give all instructions at the start of the activity. C. Encourage verbal and nonverbal communication. D. Speak to the client in a loud and clear voice. e. Maintain a calm demeanor during all interactions. Answer: C. Encourage verbal and nonverbal communication, E. Maintain a calm demeanor during all interactions
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The following statements are true regarding Chlamydia except? Erthromycin is effective for therapy of Chamydial infections Their cell wall lacks a peptidoglycan layer They can grow in cell free culture media They are obligate intracellular bacteria Answer: c
The following statements are true regarding Chlamydia except? A. Erthromycin is effective for therapy of Chamydial infections B. Their cell wall lacks a peptidoglycan layer C. They can grow in cell free culture media D. They are obligate intracellular bacteria Answer: C. They can grow in cell free culture media
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The number of ATPs generated in krebs cycleare ? A)12 B)24 C)15 D)30 Answer:B- 24 Ans. is 'b' > b' i.e., 24 One turn of the TCA cycle, staing with acetyl CoA produces 10 ATPs. When the staing molecule is pyruvate, the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate yields 2.5 ATPs and therefore, 12.5 ATPs are produced when staing compound is pyruvate. Since, two molecules of pyruvate enter the TCA cycle when glucose is metabolized (glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate), the number of ATPs is doubled. Therefore, 25 ATP molecules, per glucose molecule, are produced when pyruvate enters the TCA cycle.Note : Previously calculations were made assuming that NADH produces 3 ATPs and FADH generates 2 ATPs. This will amount a net generation of 30 ATP molecules in TCA per molecule glucose and total 38 molecules from staing. Recent experiments show that these values are overestimates and NADH produces 2.5 ATPs and FADH produces 1.5 ATPs. Therefore, net generation during TCA is 25 ATPs and complete oxidation of glucose through glycolysis plus citric acid cycle yield a net 32 ATPs.Energy yield (number of ATP generated) per molecule of glucose when it is completely oxidized through glycolysis plus citric acid cycle, under aerobic conditions, is as follows :- Method ofNo of ATPsNo of ATPsPathwayStepEnzymeSource ATP formationgained perglucose(new calculation)As per oldcalculationGlycolysis1Hexokinase MinusMinus 1Do3Phosphofructokinase MinusMinus 1Do5Glyceraldehyde-3-p DHNADH Respiratory chain2.5 x 2 = 53 x 2 = 6Do61,3-BPGkinase ATPSubstrate level1 x 2 -- 21 x 2 = 2Do9Pyruvate kinaseATP Substrate level1 x 2 = 21 x 2 = 2Pyruvate to?PyruvateNADH Respiratory chain2.5x2= 53x2= 6Acetyl CoA Dehydrogenase TCA cycle3Isocitrate DHNADH Respiratory chain2.5x2= 53 x 2= 6Do4Alpha keto glutarate DHNADH Respiratory chain2.5x2= 53x2= 6Do5Succinate thiokinaseGTP Substrate level1 x 2 = 21 x 2 = 2Do6Succicinate DHFADH2Respiratory chain1.5x2= 32 x 2= 4Do8Malate DHNADH Respiratory chain2.5x2= 53 x 2= 6Net generation in glycolytic pathway 9 minus 2= 7 10 minus 2= 8Generation in pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction 5 * 6Generation in citric acid cycle 20 * 24Net generation of ATP from one glucose mole 32 * 38
The number of ATPs generated in krebs cycleare ? A. 12 B. 24 C. 15 D. 30 Answer: B. 24
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Naglers reaction is shown by? A.Clostridium tetani B.Clostridium botulinum C.Clostridium perfringens D.Clostridium septicum Answer:C. Clostridium perfringens Nagler's reaction - when Clostridium perfringens is grown in media containing 6 % agar, 5% Fildes peptic digest of sheep blood and 20% human serum, with antitoxin spread on one half of plate, colonies in the other half without antitoxin will be surrounded by a zone of opacity. No opacity around the colonies on the half of plate with antitoxin, this is due to the specific neutralization of the alpha-toxin. This specific lecithinase effect, known as the Nagler's reaction. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 263
Naglers reaction is shown by? A. Clostridium tetani B. Clostridium botulinum C. Clostridium perfringens D. Clostridium septicum Answer: C. Clostridium perfringens
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Cardiac anomaly associted with TOF False is? -Cyanotic heart disease -RVH -ASD -VSD Answer: c: ASD
Cardiac anomaly associted with TOF False is? A. Cyanotic heart disease B. RVH C. ASD D. VSD Answer: C. ASD
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Symptomatic treatment is not required in withdrawal of? A.Cannabis B.Morphine C.Alcohol D.Cocaine Answer:A. Cannabis
Symptomatic treatment is not required in withdrawal of? A. Cannabis B. Morphine C. Alcohol D. Cocaine Answer: A. Cannabis
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Burst supression pattern on EEG is typically seen in? A.Anoxic encephalopathy B.Absence seizures C.SSPE D.Herpes simplex encephalitis Answer:A. Anoxic encephalopathy
Burst supression pattern on EEG is typically seen in? A. Anoxic encephalopathy B. Absence seizures C. SSPE D. Herpes simplex encephalitis Answer: A. Anoxic encephalopathy
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Abnormal vascular patterns seen with colposcopy in case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are all except? A.Punctation B.Mosaicism C.Satellite lesions D.Atypical vessels Answer:C. Satellite lesions Abnormal vascular pattern include punctation, mosaicism and atypical vessels.
Abnormal vascular patterns seen with colposcopy in case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are all except? A. Punctation B. Mosaicism C. Satellite lesions D. Atypical vessels Answer: C. Satellite lesions
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The radiograph of a 32 year old patient is shown below. The patient is asymptomatic and the lesion revealed in the radiograph is an accidental finding. The most likely diagnosis is? A.Stafne’s bone cavity B.Radicular Cyst C.Dentigerous cyst D.Lateral periodontal cyst Answer:A. Stafne’s bone cavity Radiological signs: The lesion presents as a chance radiographic finding. It is a round or an ovoid (<3 cm) uniform radiolucency with a well-defined, usually corticated, margin. Stafne’s bone cavity is non-expansile and is found below the mandibular canal just anterior to the angle of the mandible. The location of Stafne’s bone cavity distinguishes it from odontogenic lesions, whose origin is within the alveolar bone.
The radiograph of a 32 year old patient is shown below. The patient is asymptomatic and the lesion revealed in the radiograph is an accidental finding. The most likely diagnosis is? A. Stafne’s bone cavity B. Radicular Cyst C. Dentigerous cyst D. Lateral periodontal cyst Answer: A. Stafne’s bone cavity
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: All are impoant mechanisms in the formation of lithogenic bile? Increased biliary secretion of cholesterol Increased activity of HMG CoA reductase Clofibrate Low calorie and cholesterol rich diet Answer: D, Low calorie and cholesterol rich diet
All are impoant mechanisms in the formation of lithogenic bile? A. Increased biliary secretion of cholesterol B. Increased activity of HMG CoA reductase C. Clofibrate D. Low calorie and cholesterol rich diet Answer: D. Low calorie and cholesterol rich diet
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Maternal mortality is maximum in which period –? 1 Antepartum 2 Peripartum 3 Postpartum 4 Answer: Peripartum Maternal death mostly occur from the third trimester to the first week after birth. Studies show that mortality risks for mothers are particularly elevated in the first two days after birth.
Maternal mortality is maximum in which period –? A. Antepartum B. Peripartum C. Postpartum D. Answer: B. Peripartum
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Which of the following is an amino neurotransmitter? -Acetylcholine -GABA -Lignocaine -Epinephrine Answer: b: GABA
Which of the following is an amino neurotransmitter? A. Acetylcholine B. GABA C. Lignocaine D. Epinephrine Answer: B. GABA
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Magic syndrome is seen in? A.Behcet disease B.Aphthous major C.Herpetiform D.Bloom syndrome Answer:A. Behcet disease
Magic syndrome is seen in? A. Behcet disease B. Aphthous major C. Herpetiform D. Bloom syndrome Answer: A. Behcet disease
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Mrs A is hesitant about having children because her two sisters had sons who had died from kinky hair disease. Her mother's brother also died of the same condition. What is the mode of inheritance of kinky hair disease which is running in this family? -X-linked recessive -X-linked dominant -Autosomal recessive -Autosomal dominant Answer: a: X-linked recessive
Mrs A is hesitant about having children because her two sisters had sons who had died from kinky hair disease. Her mother's brother also died of the same condition. What is the mode of inheritance of kinky hair disease which is running in this family? A. X-linked recessive B. X-linked dominant C. Autosomal recessive D. Autosomal dominant Answer: A. X-linked recessive
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Zero order kinetics is seen in all except? A)High dose salicylates B)Phenytoin C)Ethanol D)Methotrexate Answer:D, Methotrexate
Zero order kinetics is seen in all except? A. High dose salicylates B. Phenytoin C. Ethanol D. Methotrexate Answer: D. Methotrexate
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: All of the following cephalosporins have good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa EXCEPT? Cefadroxil Cefepime Cefoperazone Ceftazidime Answer: A.Cefadroxil
All of the following cephalosporins have good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa EXCEPT? A. Cefadroxil B. Cefepime C. Cefoperazone D. Ceftazidime Answer: A. Cefadroxil
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Failure to initiate and maintain spontaneous respiration following birth is clinically k/a –? 1 Birth asphyxia 2 RDS–Respiratory distress syndrome 3 Respiratory failure 4 Pulmonary oedema Answer: RDS–Respiratory distress syndrome
Failure to initiate and maintain spontaneous respiration following birth is clinically k/a –? A. Birth asphyxia B. RDS–Respiratory distress syndrome C. Respiratory failure D. Pulmonary oedema Answer: B. RDS–Respiratory distress syndrome
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Hot air oven cannot be used for sterilising? Liquid paraffin Instruments Culture media Needles Answer: C, Culture media
Hot air oven cannot be used for sterilising? A. Liquid paraffin B. Instruments C. Culture media D. Needles Answer: C. Culture media
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus are likely to have one of the following anomalies? 1 Atrial septal defect 2 Tetralogy of Fallot 3 Transposition of great vessels 4 Complete heart block Answer:4 - Complete heart block d. Complete heart block(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2171-2174, Ghai 8/e p 457-461)Congenital complete AV blockIt is presumed to be caused by autoimmune injury of fetal conduction system by maternally derived anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/ La antibodies in a mother with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sjogren syndromeAutoimmune disease accounts for 60-70% of all cases of congenital complete heart block
Children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus are likely to have one of the following anomalies? A. Atrial septal defect B. Tetralogy of Fallot C. Transposition of great vessels D. Complete heart block Answer: D. Complete heart block
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Charcot's triad include? Fever, pain, jaundice Fever, vomiting, jaundice Fever, Jaundice, Abd, distension Fever, chills, jaundice Answer: a
Charcot's triad include? A. Fever, pain, jaundice B. Fever, vomiting, jaundice C. Fever, Jaundice, Abd, distension D. Fever, chills, jaundice Answer: A. Fever, pain, jaundice
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Budding reproduction in tissue is seen in? A.Cryptococcus, candida B.Candida, rhizopus C.Rhizopus, mucor D.Histoplasma, candida Answer:A. Cryptococcus, candida
Budding reproduction in tissue is seen in? A. Cryptococcus, candida B. Candida, rhizopus C. Rhizopus, mucor D. Histoplasma, candida Answer: A. Cryptococcus, candida
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -In which of the following condition serum ascites-to-albumin gradient is > 1.1? -Nephrotic syndrome -Pancreatitis -Peritoneal carcinomatosis -Budd chiari syndrome Answer: D: Budd chiari syndrome
In which of the following condition serum ascites-to-albumin gradient is > 1.1? A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Pancreatitis C. Peritoneal carcinomatosis D. Budd chiari syndrome Answer: D. Budd chiari syndrome
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which component transfers four protons? A)NADH-Q Oxidoreductase B)Cytochrome -C oxidase C)Cytochrome C - Q oxidoredictase D)Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Answer:A- NADH-Q Oxidoreductase A i.e. NADH-Q Oxidoreductase; C i.e. Cytochrome C-Q oxidoreductase
Which component transfers four protons? A. NADH-Q Oxidoreductase B. Cytochrome -C oxidase C. Cytochrome C - Q oxidoredictase D. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Answer: A. NADH-Q Oxidoreductase
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Rigor mois not seen in: AIIMS 13? 1 Fetus < 7 months of age 2 Full term fetus 3 Elderly 4 Anemic person Answer:1- Fetus < 7 months of age
Rigor mois not seen in: AIIMS 13? A. Fetus < 7 months of age B. Full term fetus C. Elderly D. Anemic person Answer: A. Fetus < 7 months of age
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Role of egg lecithin in propofol formulation is? A.Acts as emulsifying agent B.Acts as preservative C.Acts as carrier vehicle D.Acts as antibacterial Answer:A. Acts as emulsifying agent
Role of egg lecithin in propofol formulation is? A. Acts as emulsifying agent B. Acts as preservative C. Acts as carrier vehicle D. Acts as antibacterial Answer: A. Acts as emulsifying agent
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: True regarding lag phase is? A.Time taken to adpt in the new environment B.Growth occurs exponentially C.The plateau in lag phase is due to cell death D.It is the 2nd phase in bacterial growth curve Answer:A. Time taken to adpt in the new environment Lag phase: Immediately following the seeding of a culture medium, there is no appreciable number, though there may be an increase in the size of the cells. This initial period is the time required for the adaptation to the new environment, during which the necessary enzymes and metabolic intermediates are built up in adequate quantities for multiplication to proceed. The duration of the lag phase varies with the species, sizes of the inoculation, nature of the culture media and the environmental factors such as temperature REF:Ananthanarayan & Panicker's Textbook of Microbiology 8th edition pg no: 24
True regarding lag phase is? A. Time taken to adpt in the new environment B. Growth occurs exponentially C. The plateau in lag phase is due to cell death D. It is the 2nd phase in bacterial growth curve Answer: A. Time taken to adpt in the new environment
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The first permanent tooth to appear is? 1st molar Lateral incisor Upper canine 1st premolar Answer: A, 1st molar
The first permanent tooth to appear is? A. 1st molar B. Lateral incisor C. Upper canine D. 1st premolar Answer: A. 1st molar
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -The maxillary nerve arises from the trigeminal ganglion in the middle cranial fossa. It passes forward in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and leaves the skull through which of the following foramen to enter the pterygopalatine fossa? -Foramen ovale -Foramen spinosum -Foramen rotundum -Foramen lacerum Answer: c: Foramen rotundum
The maxillary nerve arises from the trigeminal ganglion in the middle cranial fossa. It passes forward in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and leaves the skull through which of the following foramen to enter the pterygopalatine fossa? A. Foramen ovale B. Foramen spinosum C. Foramen rotundum D. Foramen lacerum Answer: C. Foramen rotundum
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: For TOF management in antenatal period includes ? A.Balloon valvotomy B.Open hea surgery C.Karyotyping D.Aspirin Answer:C. Karyotyping Ans. is 'c' i.e., KaryotypingTOF has been associated with untreated maternal diabetes, phenylketonuria, and intake of retinoic acid.Associated chromosomal anomalies occur in 30% cases and include trisomies 21, 18, 13 and 22q11 microdeletion, especially in pulmonary atresia and absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS).There is also a high association with extra - cardiac anomalies in paicular, abdominal and thoracic abnormalities.When a TOF is diagnosed during fetal life, karyotyping and targeted morphologic ultrasound examination should be offered.Isolated TOF - Good prognosis in TOF with pulmonary stenosis (>90% survival after surgery).However, other forms of TOF such as pulmonary atresia and absent pulmonary valve syndrome do not have a good prognosis (moderate prognosis for pulmonary atresia and bad prognosis for APVS).
For TOF management in antenatal period includes ? A. Balloon valvotomy B. Open hea surgery C. Karyotyping D. Aspirin Answer: C. Karyotyping
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Main source of energy derived from? A)Fat B)Glycogen C)Lactate D)Ketone Answer:B, Glycogen
Main source of energy derived from? A. Fat B. Glycogen C. Lactate D. Ketone Answer: B. Glycogen
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: For RNA, which blotting technique is used? A)Western blot B)Northern blot C)Southernblod D) Answer:B, Northern blot
For RNA, which blotting technique is used? A. Western blot B. Northern blot C. Southernblod D. Answer: B. Northern blot
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Intolerance to loud sound, nerve affected is? 5th nerve 7th nerve 10th nerve Answer: b
Intolerance to loud sound, nerve affected is? A. 5th nerve B. 7th nerve C. 10th nerve D. Answer: B. 7th nerve
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: A 16 year old boy does not attend school because of the fear of being harmed by school mates. He thinks that his classmates laugh at him and talk about him. He is even scared of going out of the market. He is most likely suffering from? a-Anxiety disorder b-Manic depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder) c-Adjustment reaction d-Schizophrenia Answer:d, Schizophrenia
A 16 year old boy does not attend school because of the fear of being harmed by school mates. He thinks that his classmates laugh at him and talk about him. He is even scared of going out of the market. He is most likely suffering from? A. Anxiety disorder B. Manic depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder) C. Adjustment reaction D. Schizophrenia Answer: D. Schizophrenia
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Mesencephalo-oculo-facial-angiomatosis is seen in? -KTW Syndrome -NF-1 & 2 -Sturge-Weber syndrome -Wyburn-Mason syndrome Answer: d
Mesencephalo-oculo-facial-angiomatosis is seen in? A. KTW Syndrome B. NF-1 & 2 C. Sturge-Weber syndrome D. Wyburn-Mason syndrome Answer: D. Wyburn-Mason syndrome
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: An obese 50-year-old woman undergoes a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In the recovery room she is found to be hypotensive and tachycardic. Her arterial blood gases reveal a pH of 7.29, partial pressure of oxygen of 60 kPa, and partial pressure of CO2 of 54 kPa. The most likely cause of this woman's problem is? 1 Acute pulmonary embolism 2 CO2 absorption from induced pneumoperitoneum 3 Alveolar hypoventilation 4 Pulmonary edema Answer:3 - Alveolar hypoventilation Because of the ease with which carbon dioxide diffuses across the alveolar membranes, the PaCO2 is a highly reliable indicator of alveolar ventilation. In this postoperative patient with respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia, the hypercarbia is diagnostic of alveolar hypoventilation. Acute hypoxemia can occur with pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, and significant atelectasis, but in all those situations the CO2 partial pressures should be normal or reduced as the patient hyperventilates to improve oxygenation. The absorption of gas from the peritoneal cavity may affect transiently the PaCO2 , but should have no effect on oxygenation.
An obese 50-year-old woman undergoes a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In the recovery room she is found to be hypotensive and tachycardic. Her arterial blood gases reveal a pH of 7.29, partial pressure of oxygen of 60 kPa, and partial pressure of CO2 of 54 kPa. The most likely cause of this woman's problem is? A. Acute pulmonary embolism B. CO2 absorption from induced pneumoperitoneum C. Alveolar hypoventilation D. Pulmonary edema Answer: C. Alveolar hypoventilation
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: National program for prevention and control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease and stroke (NPCDCS), true is? A)Separate centre for stroke, DM, cancer B)Implementation in some 5 states over 10 districts C)District hospital has specialised facilities D)Subcentre has facility for diagnosis and treatment Answer:C- District hospital has specialised facilities Ans. is 'c' i.e., District hospital has specialised facilities Sational program for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke (NPCDCS1 Introduction Single centre fi- cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke. 100 districts in 21 states being covered in 1 1 th live year plan. 20,000 subcentres and 700 community health centres (CHCs) covered. o Activities as sub-centres Health promotion for behaviour and lifestyle change. Oppounistic screening of BP. blood glucose (strip method) in age > 30 years. Referral to CHC of cases of DM, HT. o Activities at CHCs : Diagnosis and management at NCD clinic. Home visits by nurse for bedridden cases. Referral to district hospital for complicated cases. o Activities as District hospital : Health promotion Screening of population > 30 years. Diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. Home-based palliative care for chronic, debilitating progressive patients. Specialized facilities. Urban health check-up shceme JOr diabetes and high BP : Screen urban slum population. Screen population > 30 years and pregnant females. Cancer control in NPCDCS : Regional cancer control scheme : Regional cancer centres to act as referral centres for complicated cases. Oncology wing development scheme. Decentralized NGO scheme : IEC activities and early cancer detection. lEC at central level. Research and mining.
National program for prevention and control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease and stroke (NPCDCS), true is? A. Separate centre for stroke, DM, cancer B. Implementation in some 5 states over 10 districts C. District hospital has specialised facilities D. Subcentre has facility for diagnosis and treatment Answer: C. District hospital has specialised facilities
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: A 24-year-old medical student was bitten at the base of her thumb by her dog. The wound became infected and the infection spread into the radial bursa. The tendon(s) of which muscle will most likely be affected? Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Flexor carpi radialis Answer: C, Flexor pollicis longus
A 24-year-old medical student was bitten at the base of her thumb by her dog. The wound became infected and the infection spread into the radial bursa. The tendon(s) of which muscle will most likely be affected? A. Flexor digitorum profundus B. Flexor digitorum superficialis C. Flexor pollicis longus D. Flexor carpi radialis Answer: C. Flexor pollicis longus
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which muscle is responsible for unlocking of knee? A)Popliteus B)Quadriceps femoris C)Semitendinosus D)Semimembranosus Answer:A- Popliteus Ans. A PopliteusRef: BDC, vol II pg. 155* Quadriceps femoris is the main and only extensor of knee.* It produces locking action as a result of medial rotation of the femur during the last stage of extension.* To reverse this lock popliteus muscle comes into action and does so by the lateral rotation of femurRemember: Lock is: Quadriceps femoris muscle and, Key is popliteus muscle.Muscles producing movements at the knee jointMovementPrincipal musclesA. Flexion * Biceps femoris* Semitendinosus* SemimembranosusB. ExtensionQuadriceps femorisC. Medial rotation of flexed leg* Popliteus* Semimembranosus* SemitendinosusD. Lateral rotation of flexed leg * Biceps femorisExtra Mile* Quadriceps femoris incudes: Rectus femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastis Medialis, Vastus Intermedius.* Rectus femoris is also known as "kicking muscle"
Which muscle is responsible for unlocking of knee? A. Popliteus B. Quadriceps femoris C. Semitendinosus D. Semimembranosus Answer: A. Popliteus
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: A 6 years child has foreign body in trachea .Best initial management is? a-Heimlich's maneuver b-Cardiac massage c-Intubation d-Oxygen mask with IPPV Answer:a, Heimlich's maneuver
A 6 years child has foreign body in trachea .Best initial management is? A. Heimlich's maneuver B. Cardiac massage C. Intubation D. Oxygen mask with IPPV Answer: A. Heimlich's maneuver
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which information will the nurse consider when deciding what nursing actions to delegate to a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN) who is working on a medical-surgical unit? (Select all that apply.) a. Institutional policies b. Stability of the patient c. State nurse practice act d. LPN/LVN teaching abilities e. Experience of the LPN/LVN Answer: a, b, c, e Rationale: The nurse should assess the experience of LPN/LVNs when delegating. In addition, state nurse practice acts and institutional policies must be considered. In general, LPN/LVN scope of practice includes caring for patients who are stable, while registered nurses should provide most of the care for unstable patients. Since LPN/LVN scope of practice does not include patient education, this will not be part of the delegation process.
Which information will the nurse consider when deciding what nursing actions to delegate to a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN) who is working on a medical-surgical unit? (Select all that apply.) A. Institutional policies B. Stability of the patient C. State nurse practice act D. LPN/LVN teaching abilities E. Experience of the LPN/LVN Answer: A. Institutional policies B. Stability of the patient C. State nurse practice act E. Experience of the LPN/LVN
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Epiphyseal enlargement occurs in? -Paget's disease -Sheurmann's disease -Epiphyseal dysplasia -Hemophilia Answer: D Hemophilia
Epiphyseal enlargement occurs in? A. Paget's disease B. Sheurmann's disease C. Epiphyseal dysplasia D. Hemophilia Answer: D. Hemophilia
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Most common tumor to extend from intracranial to orbit is –? 1 Astrocytoma 2 Pituitary adenoma 3 Craniopharyngioma 4 Sphenoidal wing meningioma Answer:4 - Sphenoidal wing meningioma "Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumor to extend to the orbit".......... Ophthalmic oncology Meningiomas commonly arise from the dura of sphenoid wing, i.e. sphenoid wing meningioma.
Most common tumor to extend from intracranial to orbit is –? A. Astrocytoma B. Pituitary adenoma C. Craniopharyngioma D. Sphenoidal wing meningioma Answer: D. Sphenoidal wing meningioma
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: An elderly woman suffering from schizophrenia is on antipsychotic medication. She developed purposeless involuntary facial and limb movements, constant chewing and puffing of cheeks. Which of the following drugs is least likely to be involved in this side effect? Haloperidol Clozapine Fluphenazine Loxapine Answer: b
An elderly woman suffering from schizophrenia is on antipsychotic medication. She developed purposeless involuntary facial and limb movements, constant chewing and puffing of cheeks. Which of the following drugs is least likely to be involved in this side effect? A. Haloperidol B. Clozapine C. Fluphenazine D. Loxapine Answer: B. Clozapine
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Advantage of brachytherapy – a) Non-invasiveb) Less radiation hazard to normal tissuec) Max.radiation to diseased tissued) Can be given in all malignanciese) Doesn't require trained personnel? a-a b-c c-ac d-bc Answer:d, bc
Advantage of brachytherapy – a) Non-invasiveb) Less radiation hazard to normal tissuec) Max.radiation to diseased tissued) Can be given in all malignanciese) Doesn't require trained personnel? A. a B. c C. ac D. bc Answer: D. bc
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Complex polysaccharides are converted to glucose and absorbed by the help of? -Na+k+ATPase -Sucrase -Enterokinase -Carboxypeptidase Answer: B Sucrase
Complex polysaccharides are converted to glucose and absorbed by the help of? A. Na+k+ATPase B. Sucrase C. Enterokinase D. Carboxypeptidase Answer: B. Sucrase
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: All of the following are true for retinopathy of prematurity except? a-Occurs in premature infants due to late crying b-Due to hypoxia there occurs neovascularization followed by fibroproliferation c-End result is bilateral blindness d-Blindness can be prevented by early diagnosis and ablation of vascular premature retina with cryotherapy or photocoagulation Answer:a, Occurs in premature infants due to late crying
All of the following are true for retinopathy of prematurity except? A. Occurs in premature infants due to late crying B. Due to hypoxia there occurs neovascularization followed by fibroproliferation C. End result is bilateral blindness D. Blindness can be prevented by early diagnosis and ablation of vascular premature retina with cryotherapy or photocoagulation Answer: A. Occurs in premature infants due to late crying
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The Triat in which the parents are clinically normal and only siblings are affected but males and females are affected in equal propoions is? A)AD B)AR C)XLD D)XLR Answer:B, AR
The Triat in which the parents are clinically normal and only siblings are affected but males and females are affected in equal propoions is? A. AD B. AR C. XLD D. XLR Answer: B. AR
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: True about malignant hypehermia? It is genetic, hypometabolic muscle disease It is genetic, hypermetabolic muscle disease It is preoperative complication It is inherited in Autosomal recessive form Answer: B.It is genetic, hypermetabolic muscle disease
True about malignant hypehermia? A. It is genetic, hypometabolic muscle disease B. It is genetic, hypermetabolic muscle disease C. It is preoperative complication D. It is inherited in Autosomal recessive form Answer: B. It is genetic, hypermetabolic muscle disease
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -All are tumor markers of HCC except? -Neurotensin -AFP -CA - 19-9 -PIVKA-2 Answer: C: CA - 19-9
All are tumor markers of HCC except? A. Neurotensin B. AFP C. CA - 19-9 D. PIVKA-2 Answer: C. CA - 19-9
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Anion gap is increased in all except: September 2009? -Ureterostomy -Ethylene glycol -Methylene glycol -Diabetic ketoacidosis Answer: A: Ureterostomy
Anion gap is increased in all except: September 2009? A. Ureterostomy B. Ethylene glycol C. Methylene glycol D. Diabetic ketoacidosis Answer: A. Ureterostomy
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Asherman syndrome is due to? -Overdose drugs -Postaboion curettage -Speticemia -Contraceptal pills Answer: B: Postaboion curettage
Asherman syndrome is due to? A. Overdose drugs B. Postaboion curettage C. Speticemia D. Contraceptal pills Answer: B. Postaboion curettage
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which of the following is associated with cough? 1 Lisinopril 2 Propranolol 3 Verapamil 4 Sodium nitroprusside Answer: Lisinopril Ans: a (Lisinopril) Ref: KDT, 6th ed, p. 484* Cough is a side effect of ACE-1.* Bradykinin and substance P seem to be responsible for the cough. Thromboxane antagonism, aspirin, and iron supplementation reduce cough induced by ACE inhibitors. Once ACE inhibitors are stopped, the cough disappears, usually within 4 days.Important points on ACE inhibitorsEnalapril, fosinopril, perindopril, and ramipril are prodrags.Captopril & lisinopril does not require hydrolysis to become active ACE inhibitorEnalapril is converted in the body into enalaprilat. Enalaprilat differs from captopril in that it is an analog of a tripeptide rather than a dipeptide.Adverse effects of ACE inhibitors are cough; hypotension; hyperkalaemia; acute renal failure in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis, stenosis of the artery to a single remaining kidney, heart failure, or volume depletion owing to diarrhea or diuretics; teratogenicity; skin rash; proteinuria, angioedema and dysguesia.
Which of the following is associated with cough? A. Lisinopril B. Propranolol C. Verapamil D. Sodium nitroprusside Answer: A. Lisinopril
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -A 35 years old man presented with dry cough and rusty coloured sputum; He has history of eating in chinese restraunt very often with consumption of crabs often; What is the probable causative agent in this condition? -Diphyllobothrium latum -Pneumocystis jirovecii -Paragonimus westermani -Strongyloides stercoralis Answer: C: Paragonimus westermani
A 35 years old man presented with dry cough and rusty coloured sputum; He has history of eating in chinese restraunt very often with consumption of crabs often; What is the probable causative agent in this condition? A. Diphyllobothrium latum B. Pneumocystis jirovecii C. Paragonimus westermani D. Strongyloides stercoralis Answer: C. Paragonimus westermani
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: A nurse is caring for a client who requires 7 L of oxygen to maintain oxygen saturation. Which of the following oxygen delivery devices should the nurse expect to use? A. Nasal cannula B. Nonrebreather mask C. Partial rebreathe mask D. Simple face mask Answer: D
A nurse is caring for a client who requires 7 L of oxygen to maintain oxygen saturation. Which of the following oxygen delivery devices should the nurse expect to use? A. Nasal cannula B. Nonrebreather mask C. Partial rebreathe mask D. Simple face mask Answer: D. Simple face mask
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Ifa Panchayat is dissolved, elections are to be held within? A.1 month B.3 months C.6 months D.1 year Answer:C. 6 months Ans. is 'c' i.e., 6 months
Ifa Panchayat is dissolved, elections are to be held within? A. 1 month B. 3 months C. 6 months D. 1 year Answer: C. 6 months
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The mesentery of small intestine, along its attachment to the posterior abdominal wall, crosses all of the following structures except? Left gonadal vessels Third pa of duodenum. Aoa Right ureter. Answer: A, Left gonadal vessels
The mesentery of small intestine, along its attachment to the posterior abdominal wall, crosses all of the following structures except? A. Left gonadal vessels B. Third pa of duodenum. C. Aoa D. Right ureter. Answer: A. Left gonadal vessels
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which of the following statement is/are true about Obstructive lung disease ? 1 mMRC dyspnea scale ,grade 2 includes shoness of breath when hurrying up inclines 2 Decreased FEV1/FVC ,TLC is increased 3 Normal PEFR and decreased in Lung volume 4 Roflumilast is introduced in management of COPD in Group C Answer: Decreased FEV1/FVC ,TLC is increased Acute asthma and Emphysema- TLC | due to air trapping Myasthenia gravis- TLC | RV| Obstructive Restrictive | in airflow | Lung volume - Expiratory -Inspiratory COPD Asthma Bronchiectasis ILD Scoliosis NM causes FEV1-| FVC- Normal or | TLC - Normal or | | PEFR Normal | | |PEFR Management of COPD Group A Low Risk, low symptom Bronchodilator Group B Low Risk, High symptom LABA/LAMA, if failed- LAMA+LABA Group C High Risk, Low symptom LAMA+LABA or LABA+ICS Group D High Risk, High symptom LAMA+LABA+ICS | symptoms persists Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (Roflumilast) or Macrolides mMRC DYSPNOEA SCALE (for COPD patients) Grade Impact 1 Incline (Breathlessness on going upstairs) 2 Slow walk than peers (Breathlessness on walking in straight surface) 3 Stops (Keeps on stops walking in between) 4 Too breathless to go out of his house GOLD (Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease) classification
Which of the following statement is/are true about Obstructive lung disease ? A. mMRC dyspnea scale ,grade 2 includes shoness of breath when hurrying up inclines B. Decreased FEV1/FVC ,TLC is increased C. Normal PEFR and decreased in Lung volume D. Roflumilast is introduced in management of COPD in Group C Answer: B. Decreased FEV1/FVC ,TLC is increased
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: The minimal current amplitude of indefinite durationrequired for the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes is? Threshold Rheobase Chronaxie Refractory period Answer: B.Rheobase
The minimal current amplitude of indefinite durationrequired for the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes is? A. Threshold B. Rheobase C. Chronaxie D. Refractory period Answer: B. Rheobase
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Devic's disease is associated with? 1 Aquaporin 0 2 Aquaporin 1 3 Aquaporin 2 4 Aquaporin 4 Answer:4 - Aquaporin 4 (D) Aquaporin 4 # NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA (NMO) or Devic's disease or Devic's syndrome, is a heterogeneous condition consisting of recurrent and simultaneous inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis).> Currently at least two different causes are proposed based on the presence of autoantibodies against AQP4.> Autoimmune reactions against aquaporin 4 produce Devic's disease Mutations in the aquaporin-2 gene cause hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in humans. Mice homozygous for inactivating mutations in the aquaporin-0 gene develop congenital cataracts.> A small number of people have been identified with severe or total deficiency in aquaporin-1. Interestingly, they are generally healthy, but exhibit a defect in the ability to concentrate solutes in the urine and to conserve water when deprived of drinking water.
Devic's disease is associated with? A. Aquaporin 0 B. Aquaporin 1 C. Aquaporin 2 D. Aquaporin 4 Answer: D. Aquaporin 4
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Metrorrhagia is? a-Heavy menstrual bleeding b-Intermenstrual bleeding c-Break through bleeding d-Post coital bleeding Answer:b, Intermenstrual bleeding
Metrorrhagia is? A. Heavy menstrual bleeding B. Intermenstrual bleeding C. Break through bleeding D. Post coital bleeding Answer: B. Intermenstrual bleeding
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Hereditary spherocytosis is characterized by: March 2004? A)Anemia B)Splenomegaly C)Jaundice D)All of the above Answer:D- All of the above Ans. D i.e. All of the above
Hereditary spherocytosis is characterized by: March 2004? A. Anemia B. Splenomegaly C. Jaundice D. All of the above Answer: D. All of the above
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Fish tank granuloma is seen in? A)Mfortuitum B)Mkansasi C)Mmarinum D)M leprosy Answer:C- Mmarinum Ans. is 'c' i.e., M. Marinum o Fish tank granulomaalso called ' swimming pool granuiomaf is caused by M. marinum.Principal types of opportunist mycobacterial disease in man and the usual causative agents.DiseasesUsual causative agentLymphadenopathyM. avium complexM. scrofulaceumSkin lesionPost-trauma abscessSwimming pool granulomaBuruli ulcerM. chelonaeM.fortuitumM. terraeM.marinumM. ulceransPulmonary' diseaseM. avium complexM. kansasiiM.xenopiM.malmoenseDisseminated diseaseAIDS-relatedM, avium complexM.genevenseM.avium complexM. chelonae
Fish tank granuloma is seen in? A. Mfortuitum B. Mkansasi C. Mmarinum D. M leprosy Answer: C. Mmarinum
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Gastrosplenic ligament is derived from? a)Splenic artery b)Splenic vein c)Dorsal mesogastrium d)Ventral mesogastrium Answer:c, Dorsal mesogastrium ANSWER: (C) Dorsal mesogastriumREF: Langman's Medical Embryology 9th edition 293The gastrosplenic ligament (ligamentum gastrosplenicum or gastrolienal ligament) is part of the greater omentum. Embryonically the gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the dorsal mesogastrium. The gastrosplenic ligament is made of peritoneum that connects the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen. Contains: Short gastric vessels and left Gastro-Epiploic vessels
Gastrosplenic ligament is derived from? A. Splenic artery B. Splenic vein C. Dorsal mesogastrium D. Ventral mesogastrium Answer: C. Dorsal mesogastrium
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Niacin is synthesized from? -Phenylalanine -Tryptophan -Tyrosine -Methionine Answer: B Tryptophan
Niacin is synthesized from? A. Phenylalanine B. Tryptophan C. Tyrosine D. Methionine Answer: B. Tryptophan
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Axis is the name for? 1 IV cervical vertebra 2 III cervical vertebra 3 II cervical vertebra 4 I cervical vertebra Answer:3- II cervical vertebra
Axis is the name for? A. IV cervical vertebra B. III cervical vertebra C. II cervical vertebra D. I cervical vertebra Answer: C. II cervical vertebra
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Monozygotic twins do not have same? 1 Fingerprints 2 Genetic make up 3 Facial appearance 4 Stature Answer:1 - Fingerprints Ans. is "a' i.e., Fingerprints o Monozygotic twins are a result of the division of the single fertilized egg into two embryos. Thus, they have exactly identical DNA, except for the generally undetectable micromutations that begin as soon as the cell starts dividing.o Fingerprints of the identical twins start their development from the same DNA so they show considerable genetic similarity.o However identical twins are situated in different parts of the womb during development, so each fetus encounters slightly different intrauterine forces than their siblings.o As a result fingerprints of the identical twins have different microdetails which can be used for identification purposes.
Monozygotic twins do not have same? A. Fingerprints B. Genetic make up C. Facial appearance D. Stature Answer: A. Fingerprints
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Which of the following may be seen in second degree Hea block (select three options)? A.Change in QRS complex morphology B.Atrial rate more than ventricular rate C.Prolonged conduction time D.All of the above Answer:D. All of the above
Which of the following may be seen in second degree Hea block (select three options)? A. Change in QRS complex morphology B. Atrial rate more than ventricular rate C. Prolonged conduction time D. All of the above Answer: D. All of the above
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Mrs Shikha, 50-years-old woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer. Which lymph node group would be the first involved in metastatic spread of this disease beyond the cervix and uterus? NOT RELATED -anatomy? a - Common iliac nodes b - Parametrial nodes c - External iliac node d - Paracervical or ureteral nodes Answer: Paracervical or ureteral nodes
Mrs Shikha, 50-years-old woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer. Which lymph node group would be the first involved in metastatic spread of this disease beyond the cervix and uterus? NOT RELATED -anatomy? A. Common iliac nodes B. Parametrial nodes C. External iliac node D. Paracervical or ureteral nodes Answer: D. Paracervical or ureteral nodes
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: renal papillary necrosis is caused by ? alcohol cocaine heroin morphine Answer: a
renal papillary necrosis is caused by ? A. alcohol B. cocaine C. heroin D. morphine Answer: A. alcohol
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: After an incised wound ,new collagen fibrils are seen along with a thick layer of growing epithelium.The approximate age of the wound is? A)4-5days B)About 1week C)12-24hrs D)24-48 hrs Answer:A- 4-5days Ref Robbins 9/e p106 Incised wound for the formation of collagen and new tissue, thick layer of epithelial ,and granulation tissue formation along with new blood vessels requires atleast 4_5 days
After an incised wound ,new collagen fibrils are seen along with a thick layer of growing epithelium.The approximate age of the wound is? A. 4-5days B. About 1week C. 12-24hrs D. 24-48 hrs Answer: A. 4-5days
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Stapes develops from? a-1st arch b-2nd arch c-3rd arch d-4th arch Answer:b, 2nd arch
Stapes develops from? A. 1st arch B. 2nd arch C. 3rd arch D. 4th arch Answer: B. 2nd arch
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -LH surge occurs at? -At the time of ovulation -5-6 days before ovulation -24-36 hours before ovulation -24 - 72 hours after ovulation Answer: c: 24-36 hours before ovulation
LH surge occurs at? A. At the time of ovulation B. 5-6 days before ovulation C. 24-36 hours before ovulation D. 24 - 72 hours after ovulation Answer: C. 24-36 hours before ovulation
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: A multipara with 34 weeks pregnancy tachycardia, fever, hepatospleenomegaly, pallor has? Malaria Iron deficiency anaemia Physiological anaemia Megaloblastic anaemia Answer: a
A multipara with 34 weeks pregnancy tachycardia, fever, hepatospleenomegaly, pallor has? A. Malaria B. Iron deficiency anaemia C. Physiological anaemia D. Megaloblastic anaemia Answer: A. Malaria
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Sacrococcygeal teratoma is associated with? Meningocele Cardiac detects Hepatic cysts Cystic adenoid malformation Answer: a
Sacrococcygeal teratoma is associated with? A. Meningocele B. Cardiac detects C. Hepatic cysts D. Cystic adenoid malformation Answer: A. Meningocele
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: 27-year-old white man presents to his family doctor complaining of being tired all the time and having a slight fever for the past two weeks. He recently returned from a trip to Las Vegas, where he indulged in some of the infamous nightlife. His physical exam is unremarkable except for a macular rash over his trunk and on the palms of his hands. There are no lesions or ulcers on the penis. What organism is causing this man's illness? 1 Chlamydia trachomatis 2 Neisseria gonorrhea 3 Treponema pallidum 4 Borrelia burgdorferi Answer:3- Treponema pallidum
27-year-old white man presents to his family doctor complaining of being tired all the time and having a slight fever for the past two weeks. He recently returned from a trip to Las Vegas, where he indulged in some of the infamous nightlife. His physical exam is unremarkable except for a macular rash over his trunk and on the palms of his hands. There are no lesions or ulcers on the penis. What organism is causing this man's illness? A. Chlamydia trachomatis B. Neisseria gonorrhea C. Treponema pallidum D. Borrelia burgdorferi Answer: C. Treponema pallidum
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Best prognostic indicator for head injured patients: AIIMS 10? -GCS -CT findings -Age of the patient -History Answer: A GCS
Best prognostic indicator for head injured patients: AIIMS 10? A. GCS B. CT findings C. Age of the patient D. History Answer: A. GCS
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Heparin is the commonly used anticoagulant in cardiac surgery. All of the following are true about heparin except? A)Weakest acid found in living things B)Most commercial preparations of heparin now utilize pig intestinal slimes C)Act via Antithrombin activation D)Produce thrombocytopenia Answer:A, Weakest acid found in living things
Heparin is the commonly used anticoagulant in cardiac surgery. All of the following are true about heparin except? A. Weakest acid found in living things B. Most commercial preparations of heparin now utilize pig intestinal slimes C. Act via Antithrombin activation D. Produce thrombocytopenia Answer: A. Weakest acid found in living things
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: -Boundary of the Koch's triangle is not formed by? -Tricuspid valve ring -Coronary sinus -Tendon of todaro -Limbus fossa ovalis Answer: d: Limbus fossa ovalis
Boundary of the Koch's triangle is not formed by? A. Tricuspid valve ring B. Coronary sinus C. Tendon of todaro D. Limbus fossa ovalis Answer: D. Limbus fossa ovalis
Below is an improperly formatted question. Your task is to transform each question and its options into a well-organized format. ### Question: Prevalence is a? A.Rate B.Ratio C.Propoion D.None of the above Answer:C. Propoion Tools of measurement in epidemics: - Rate = x 1000/ 10000/ 100000 ; a is pa of b - Ratio = a/b ; a is not a pa of b - Propoion = x 100 = % ; a is pa of b Prevalence = No. of all current cases of a disease at a time /Estimated total population at that time X 100 Hence, Prevalence is a propoion (Prevalence is NOT a Ratio): Numerator is a pa of denominator & is always expressed in percentage. Incidence is rate.
Prevalence is a? A. Rate B. Ratio C. Propoion D. None of the above Answer: C. Propoion
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