data
list |
|---|
[
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "What technique is applied to improve spatial resolution as performing height reconstruction of a specimen?",
"id": 1099264,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006814,
"document_id": 1641390,
"question_id": 1099264,
"text": "Differential technique",
"answer_start": 118,
"answer_end": 140,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "The system can measure up to what size with accuracy up to 1.144 um?",
"id": 1099265,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006815,
"document_id": 1641390,
"question_id": 1099265,
"text": "7 mm",
"answer_start": 262,
"answer_end": 266,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How accurate is the robot arm?",
"id": 1099266,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006816,
"document_id": 1641390,
"question_id": 1099266,
"text": "1.144 um",
"answer_start": 287,
"answer_end": 295,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How many degrees of freedom can a robot arm be used as?",
"id": 1099267,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006817,
"document_id": 1641390,
"question_id": 1099267,
"text": "multiple ",
"answer_start": 314,
"answer_end": 323,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "A triangulation sensor containing two light sources with different wavelength and individual slit has been developed. Differential technique is applied to improve spatial resolution as performing height reconstruction of a specimen. The system can measure up to 7 mm with accuracy up to 1.144 um. Robotic arm with multiple degrees of freedom can be employed as the motion platform to increase flexibility of inspection.",
"document_id": 1641390
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "What determines the resolution of the peak detection?",
"id": 1099206,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006756,
"document_id": 1641399,
"question_id": 1099206,
"text": "the width of the line profile",
"answer_start": 317,
"answer_end": 346,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is determined by calculating the local peak of the line profile?",
"id": 1099205,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006755,
"document_id": 1641399,
"question_id": 1099205,
"text": "Lateral shift in the image plane",
"answer_start": 155,
"answer_end": 187,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "In the developed system, what can be obtained by obtaining a narrower and sharper line profile?",
"id": 1099207,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006757,
"document_id": 1641399,
"question_id": 1099207,
"text": "subtraction of the two line profiles with different colors",
"answer_start": 518,
"answer_end": 576,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What has to be adjusted to the enable capturing image of the wholemeasurement range without obtaining defocused images due to limitation of lens’ Depth of Field?",
"id": 1099209,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006759,
"document_id": 1641399,
"question_id": 1099209,
"text": "The receiving angle of the camera",
"answer_start": 711,
"answer_end": 744,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is needed to ensure that the two line profiles are overlapping?",
"id": 1099208,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006758,
"document_id": 1641399,
"question_id": 1099208,
"text": "Proper adjustment, alignment, and calibration of the light sources",
"answer_start": 578,
"answer_end": 644,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "Fig. 1 shows the optical system design of the developed system. The system consists of light source module and color imaging device for capturing images.\n\nLateral shift in the image plane is determined by calculating the local peak of the line profile. Therefore the resolution of the peak detection is determined by the width of the line profile; the narrower and sharper the line profile the higher the resolution of peak detection is. In the developed system, a narrower and sharper line profile can be obtained by subtraction of the two line profiles with different colors. Proper adjustment, alignment, and calibration of the light sources are needed to ensure that the two line profiles are \noverlapping. The receiving angle of the camera also has to be adjusted to the enable capturing image of the wholemeasurement range without obtaining defocused images due to limitation of lens’ Depth of Field. The differential technique applied for calculating the peak of the line profile is shown in Fig. 2. A captured image is first separated into red and blue channel to obtain line profile from red and blue LEDs. Red and blue LEDs are chosen to match spectral response of the employed camera to avoid spectrum overlap. Intensity of the red light is then subtracted with the blue light to obtain the differential profile. Positive value of differential intensity is then normalized to generate two zero crossing points which allow distinctive separation of the region for peak calculation from other region (shown by the blue line on Figure 2). Position of the peak is calculated from the differential profile. By applying this technique the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) of the profile is smaller than \nthe original red line profile.",
"document_id": 1641399
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "Who are the authors?",
"id": 1099255,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006805,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099255,
"text": "Abraham Mario Tapilouw*, Yi-Wei Chang, Hsiao-Wei Liu, Hau-Wei Wang, and Hung-Ming Tai",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 85,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "Where is the Center for Measurement Standards located?",
"id": 1099256,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006806,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099256,
"text": "Hsinchu City, Taiwan ",
"answer_start": 164,
"answer_end": 185,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "Email?",
"id": 1099257,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006807,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099257,
"text": "*email: mario@itri.org.tw",
"answer_start": 187,
"answer_end": 212,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "first author",
"id": 1099258,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006808,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099258,
"text": "Abraham Mario Tapilouw*",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 23,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "corresponding author",
"id": 1099259,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006809,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099259,
"text": "Abraham Mario Tapilouw*",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 23,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "second author",
"id": 1099260,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006810,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099260,
"text": "Yi-Wei Chang",
"answer_start": 25,
"answer_end": 37,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "third author",
"id": 1099261,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006811,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099261,
"text": "Hsiao-Wei Liu",
"answer_start": 39,
"answer_end": 52,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "fifth author",
"id": 1099263,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006813,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099263,
"text": "Hung-Ming Tai",
"answer_start": 72,
"answer_end": 85,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "fourth author",
"id": 1099262,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006812,
"document_id": 1641391,
"question_id": 1099262,
"text": "Hau-Wei Wang",
"answer_start": 54,
"answer_end": 66,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "Abraham Mario Tapilouw*, Yi-Wei Chang, Hsiao-Wei Liu, Hau-Wei Wang, and Hung-Ming Tai\nCenter for Measurement Standards, \nIndustrial Technology Research Institute, \nHsinchu City, Taiwan \n *email: mario@itri.org.tw\n",
"document_id": 1641391
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "What type of sensor has been developed?",
"id": 1099232,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006782,
"document_id": 1641393,
"question_id": 1099232,
"text": "A white light triangulation sensor",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 34,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the accuracy of the white light triangulation sensor?",
"id": 1099233,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006783,
"document_id": 1641393,
"question_id": 1099233,
"text": "1.144 um",
"answer_start": 222,
"answer_end": 230,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How can the repeatability of the measurement be?",
"id": 1099234,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006784,
"document_id": 1641393,
"question_id": 1099234,
"text": "0.2-1.2 um",
"answer_start": 312,
"answer_end": 322,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the repeatability of the measurement for measured height range of 1.1-1.9 mm?",
"id": 1099235,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006785,
"document_id": 1641393,
"question_id": 1099235,
"text": "0.2-1.2 um",
"answer_start": 312,
"answer_end": 322,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "The system can measure sample with up to what aspect ratio?",
"id": 1099236,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006786,
"document_id": 1641393,
"question_id": 1099236,
"text": "5:1",
"answer_start": 405,
"answer_end": 408,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What affects the repeatability of dynamic measurement?",
"id": 1099237,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006787,
"document_id": 1641393,
"question_id": 1099237,
"text": "positioning accuracy of the robotic arm",
"answer_start": 617,
"answer_end": 656,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the effect of positioning accuracy of the robotic arm on repeatability?",
"id": 1099238,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006788,
"document_id": 1641393,
"question_id": 1099238,
"text": "The repeatability of dynamic measurement ",
"answer_start": 561,
"answer_end": 602,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "A white light triangulation sensor employing multiple light sources has been developed. The system is capable of generating narrow line profile without sacrificing light intensity. The accuracy of the measurement is up to 1.144 um for the whole measurement range. Repeatability of the measurement can be between 0.2-1.2 um for measured height range of 1.1-1.9 mm. The system can measure sample with up to 5:1 aspect ratio.Repeatability of the system for measuring the piston groove is up to 6.9 um in static measurement and up to 8.2 um in dynamic measurement. The repeatability of dynamic measurement is affected by positioning accuracy of the robotic arm",
"document_id": 1641393
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "What determines the resolution and accuracy of the measurement?",
"id": 1099197,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006747,
"document_id": 1641395,
"question_id": 1099197,
"text": "idth of the \nprojected line profile and intensity of the light",
"answer_start": 351,
"answer_end": 413,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "White light and a slit would reduce what?",
"id": 1099196,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006746,
"document_id": 1641395,
"question_id": 1099196,
"text": "speckle",
"answer_start": 315,
"answer_end": 322,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "Why is the efficiency of the light source very low?",
"id": 1099198,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006748,
"document_id": 1641395,
"question_id": 1099198,
"text": "most of the light is blocked by the narrow slit.",
"answer_start": 617,
"answer_end": 665,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "what's one of the drawbacks of laser triangulation?",
"id": 1099195,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006745,
"document_id": 1641395,
"question_id": 1099195,
"text": "it produces speckle and affects measurement uncertainty ",
"answer_start": 180,
"answer_end": 236,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "what's has been widely applied in industry for measuring distance and also surface profile?",
"id": 1099194,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006744,
"document_id": 1641395,
"question_id": 1099194,
"text": "Laser based optical triangulation system",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 40,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "Laser based optical triangulation system has been widely applied in industry for measuring distance and also surface profile [1, 2]. One of the drawbacks of laser triangulation is it produces speckle and affects measurement uncertainty [3]. Triangular method using low-coherence white light and a slit would reduce speckle. For laser or white light, width of the \nprojected line profile and intensity of the light determines the resolution and accuracy of the measurement. Producing a narrow line source with high intensity requires a strong light \nsource. However, efficiency of the light source is very low because most of the light is blocked by the narrow slit.\n\nIn this paper, a white light triangulation sensor is presented. \nThe study aims to develop a system with multiple color LED \nlight sources achieving higher depth resolution without \nsacrificing light intensity. A differential technique is applied to \ncalculate the height of the sample. Measurement range of the \nsample is 7 mm and the accuracy of the measurement is up to \n1.144 um.\n",
"document_id": 1641395
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "Where was this paper published?",
"id": 1099181,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006732,
"document_id": 1641397,
"question_id": 1099181,
"text": "2015 Ninth International Conference on Sensing Technology ",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 58,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What type of paper is this?",
"id": 1099182,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006733,
"document_id": 1641397,
"question_id": 1099182,
"text": "Conference",
"answer_start": 25,
"answer_end": 35,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "2015 Ninth International Conference on Sensing Technology ",
"document_id": 1641397
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "How many times is each gauge block measured?",
"id": 1099248,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006798,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099248,
"text": "five times",
"answer_start": 1294,
"answer_end": 1304,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is used to estimate the repeatability of the system?",
"id": 1099249,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006799,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099249,
"text": "Each gauge block",
"answer_start": 1227,
"answer_end": 1243,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How is dynamic repeatability of the sensor tested?",
"id": 1099250,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006800,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099250,
"text": "by measuring a flat mirror with accuracy of 1/10λ mounted on a linear stage",
"answer_start": 1532,
"answer_end": 1607,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is measured by measuring a flat mirror with accuracy of 1/10 mounted on a linear stage?",
"id": 1099251,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006801,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099251,
"text": "Static and dynamic repeatability of the sensor",
"answer_start": 1470,
"answer_end": 1516,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "The linear stage is equipped with what?",
"id": 1099252,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006802,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099252,
"text": " a linear encoder",
"answer_start": 1642,
"answer_end": 1659,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the total distance of the image?",
"id": 1099253,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006803,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099253,
"text": "12.72 um",
"answer_start": 638,
"answer_end": 646,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How many times is the image acquired?",
"id": 1099254,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006804,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099254,
"text": "50 um",
"answer_start": 1777,
"answer_end": 1782,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is first performed to generate calibration curve between pixel position and actual sample height?",
"id": 1099239,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006789,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099239,
"text": "calibration ",
"answer_start": 122,
"answer_end": 134,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is used as reference?",
"id": 1099240,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006790,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099240,
"text": "Calibrated gauge block samples",
"answer_start": 232,
"answer_end": 262,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What can be used for measurement after the calibration curve is obtained?",
"id": 1099241,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006791,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099241,
"text": "the triangulation sensor",
"answer_start": 331,
"answer_end": 355,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How is the distance between peaks calculated?",
"id": 1099242,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006792,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099242,
"text": "differential calculation technique",
"answer_start": 478,
"answer_end": 512,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the smallest height difference that can be made by the gauge blocks?",
"id": 1099243,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006793,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099243,
"text": "10 um",
"answer_start": 873,
"answer_end": 878,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the calibration curve obtained from the measurement?",
"id": 1099245,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006795,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099245,
"text": "0.3 – 1.2 um",
"answer_start": 1455,
"answer_end": 1467,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How many height differences are tested?",
"id": 1099244,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006794,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099244,
"text": "three",
"answer_start": 836,
"answer_end": 841,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "When is the system put to repeatability test?",
"id": 1099247,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006797,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099247,
"text": "After the system has been calibrated",
"answer_start": 1156,
"answer_end": 1192,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the Mean Absolute Error for the whole calibrated range?",
"id": 1099246,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006796,
"document_id": 1641392,
"question_id": 1099246,
"text": "10.83 um.",
"answer_start": 1145,
"answer_end": 1154,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "Eq. 1 shows the relation between image coordinate ( ∆x') and actual height ( ∆z ) in triangulation measurement. Therefore calibration is first performed to generate calibration curve between pixel position and actual sample height. Calibrated gauge block samples are employed as reference. After the calibration curve is obtained, the triangulation sensor can be used for measurement. Figure 3 (a) and (b) show the image captured by camera and the detected peaks after applying differential calculation technique, respectively. Resolution of the image is estimated by using USAF 1951 standard target and it is obtained that each pixel is 12.72 um.\n\nIn Figure 3, the distance between peaks represents the height difference between two gauge blocks. The smallest height difference that can be made by the gauge blocks is 10 um.Therefore, three height differences are tested, 10 um for the range of 1.0-1.1 mm, 100 um for the range of 1.1-2 mm, and 1 mm for the range of 2-5 mm. Figure 4 shows the calibration curve obtained from the measurement of gauge blocks. Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of the calibration curve for the whole calibrated range is 10.83 um.\n\nAfter the system has been calibrated, it is put to repeatability test. Each gauge block with height ranging from 1.1 – 1.9 mm is measured five times to estimate the repeatability of the system. Table 1 shows the static repeatability measurement results. Repeatability of the measurement ranges from 0.3 – 1.2 um.\n\nStatic and dynamic repeatability of the sensor is also tested by measuring a flat mirror with accuracy of 1/10λ mounted on a linear stage. The linear stage is equipped with a linear encoder, which is used as position indication. Stage is moved at a total distance of 7 mm and the image is acquired at every 50 um. For each position, the acquisition is repeated 35 times.\n\nRepeatability of the static measurement is 2.06 um (1 standard deviation) and. Fig. 5 shows the measured relative displacement at each sampling point. It is shown that the measurement fluctuates more at the end of the measurement range. The standard deviation is 3.41 um and the range of the data is 14.18 um. Accuracy of the peak detection for the whole measurement range is 1.144 um (0.07 pixels).\n",
"document_id": 1641392
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "What is the repeatability of measurement?",
"id": 1099225,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006775,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099225,
"text": "0.0077 and 0.0178 mm",
"answer_start": 2278,
"answer_end": 2298,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What contributes to measurement error?",
"id": 1099226,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006776,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099226,
"text": " Ambient light",
"answer_start": 2457,
"answer_end": 2471,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "Why does ambient light increase the background intensity?",
"id": 1099227,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006777,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099227,
"text": "the light source is in visible spectrum",
"answer_start": 2557,
"answer_end": 2596,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What can be neglected?",
"id": 1099228,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006778,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099228,
"text": " the effect of background intensity",
"answer_start": 2696,
"answer_end": 2731,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the average difference between two measurements performed with and without ambient lighting?",
"id": 1099229,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006779,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099229,
"text": "0.2 um",
"answer_start": 2883,
"answer_end": 2889,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How can the system be used?",
"id": 1099230,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006780,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099230,
"text": "measuring free form shapes and surfaces",
"answer_start": 3306,
"answer_end": 3345,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What can be used to measure free form shapes and surfaces?",
"id": 1099231,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006781,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099231,
"text": " The measurement head",
"answer_start": 3346,
"answer_end": 3367,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is tested by measuring gap built by two gauge blocks?",
"id": 1099213,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006763,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099213,
"text": "Aspect ratio",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 12,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is one of the important parameters of measurement system?",
"id": 1099212,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006762,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099212,
"text": "Aspect ratio",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 12,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "The thickness of the gauge blocks is what?",
"id": 1099214,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006764,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099214,
"text": "5 mm",
"answer_start": 211,
"answer_end": 215,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the aspect ratio of a sample?",
"id": 1099218,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006768,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099218,
"text": "5:1.",
"answer_start": 628,
"answer_end": 632,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the Aspect ratio of the sample?",
"id": 1099215,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006765,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099215,
"text": "5:1",
"answer_start": 292,
"answer_end": 295,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How large is the gap between two gauge blocks?",
"id": 1099216,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006766,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099216,
"text": "1 mm",
"answer_start": 256,
"answer_end": 260,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the depth of the gap shown in Figure 8?",
"id": 1099217,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006767,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099217,
"text": "4.980 mm",
"answer_start": 543,
"answer_end": 551,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the portion for calculating depth marked by?",
"id": 1099220,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006770,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099220,
"text": "red dots",
"answer_start": 1432,
"answer_end": 1440,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the portion of the piston to be measured in Figure 10?",
"id": 1099219,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006769,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099219,
"text": "piston groove",
"answer_start": 1185,
"answer_end": 1198,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "How many times is the measurement of piston ring groove performed?",
"id": 1099221,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006771,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099221,
"text": "10 times",
"answer_start": 1472,
"answer_end": 1480,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the reference instrument used for measurement mechanical components?",
"id": 1099222,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006772,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099222,
"text": "Coordinate Measuring Machine",
"answer_start": 1530,
"answer_end": 1558,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "Where is the developed system mounted?",
"id": 1099224,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006774,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099224,
"text": " robot arm",
"answer_start": 1776,
"answer_end": 1786,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What does CMM stand for?",
"id": 1099223,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006773,
"document_id": 1641394,
"question_id": 1099223,
"text": "Coordinate Measuring Machine ",
"answer_start": 1530,
"answer_end": 1559,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "Aspect ratio is one of important parameters of measurement system. It is tested by measuring gap built by two gauge blocks. Figure 6 shows the sample used in the measurement. Thicknesses of the gauge blocks are 5 mm and the gap between two gauge blocks is 1 mm. Aspect ratio of the sample is 5:1.\n\nFigure 7(a) shows the image captured by the camera and Figure 7(b) shows the peak detection result.\n\nFigure 8 shows the measured profile of the sample. The red region shows the profile for calculating the depth. The measured depth of the gap is 4.980 mm. This result shows the capability of measuring sample with aspect ratio of 5:1.\n\nTo validate the performance of the system in measuring real workpiece, this study uses the developed system is to measure the depths of the piston oil ring grooves as shown in Fig. 9. There are several ring grooves to be measured for the inspection. Measuring piston oil ring grooves by a side-view camera had been found to yield unstable accuracy due to alignment errors and image distortion. Instead, pistons then were measured by using the coordinate measuring machine before the new triangular sensor was introduced.\n\nIn the test, we focus on one piston groove at a time to get an image. Figure 10 (a) shows the portion of the piston to be measured and Figure 10 (b) shows the captured image in section 1-3.Measured profile is shown in Figure 11. The portion for calculating depth is marked by red dots.\n\nThe measurement is performed 10 times and the results are compared to measurement with Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) as reference instrument for measurement mechanical components as shown in Figure 9. Table 2 summarizes the comparison of the measurement results with the reference instrument.\n\nThe developed system is mounted on robot arm as its motion platform. Table 2 shows the measurement when position of the developed sensor is not changed during repetitive measurement. Another measurement is performed by moving the robot arm into other position and return to the measurement position to test the repeatability of the positioning combined with the repeatability of the measurement system. In the same condition and same position, the measurement is performed 10 times and the result is the repeatability of measurement is 0.0077 and 0.0178 mm for height measurement of section 1-2 and section 2-3 respectively. Parts of measurement difference are contributed by the positioning error of the robot arm. Ambient light also contributes to measurement error by increasing the background intensity because the light source is in visible spectrum. However, due to small receiving angle of the camera and implementation of normalization technique, the effect of background intensity can be neglected. After comparing measurements results performed with and without ambient lighting, the average difference between two measurements is 0.2 um. Therefore, it’s proven that the effect of ambient lighting to measurement errors is negligible.\n\nAfter the system is calibrated, it is used to measure a sample that is hold by other robot arm. Figure 12 shows the setup of the developed system mounted on the robotic arm (left hand side) and another robotic arm holding the piston to be measured (right hand side). Using this approach, the system can be applied for measuring free form shapes and surfaces. The measurement head can be interchangeable as one would like to use other heads to measure different parameters.",
"document_id": 1641394
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "first keyword",
"id": 1099186,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006737,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099186,
"text": "triangulation",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 13,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "second keyword",
"id": 1099187,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006738,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099187,
"text": "white light",
"answer_start": 15,
"answer_end": 26,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "third keyword",
"id": 1099188,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006739,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099188,
"text": "flexible inspection system",
"answer_start": 28,
"answer_end": 54,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "fourth keyword",
"id": 1099189,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006740,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099189,
"text": "sensor",
"answer_start": 56,
"answer_end": 62,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "fifth keyword",
"id": 1099192,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006741,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099192,
"text": "robotic arms",
"answer_start": 64,
"answer_end": 76,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "keywords?",
"id": 1099183,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006734,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099183,
"text": "triangulation; white light; flexible inspection system; sensor; robotic arms",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 76,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What are the keywords in this paper",
"id": 1099185,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006736,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099185,
"text": "triangulation; white light; flexible inspection system; sensor; robotic arms",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 76,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "KEYWORDS",
"id": 1099184,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006735,
"document_id": 1641396,
"question_id": 1099184,
"text": "triangulation; white light; flexible inspection system; sensor; robotic arms",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 76,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "triangulation; white light; flexible inspection system; sensor; robotic arms",
"document_id": 1641396
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "What's all references?",
"id": 1099201,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006751,
"document_id": 1641398,
"question_id": 1099201,
"text": "[1] Costa, M.F.M. Surface inspection by an optical triangulation method. Opt. Eng. 1996, 35, 2743–2747. \n[2] Zeng, L.J.; Yuan, F.; Song, D.Q.; Zhang, R. A two-beam laser triangulation for measuring the position of a moving object. Opt. Lasers Eng. 1999, 31, 445–453. \n[3] R. Dorsch, G. Häusler, and J. Herrmann, \"Laser triangulation: fundamental uncertainty in distance measurement,\" Appl. Opt. 1994, 33, 1306-1314",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 414,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "third reference",
"id": 1099204,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006754,
"document_id": 1641398,
"question_id": 1099204,
"text": "[3] R. Dorsch, G. Häusler, and J. Herrmann, \"Laser triangulation: fundamental uncertainty in distance measurement,\" Appl. Opt. 1994, 33, 1306-1314",
"answer_start": 268,
"answer_end": 414,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "first reference",
"id": 1099202,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006752,
"document_id": 1641398,
"question_id": 1099202,
"text": "[1] Costa, M.F.M. Surface inspection by an optical triangulation method. Opt. Eng. 1996, 35, 2743–2747. ",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 104,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "second reference",
"id": 1099203,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006753,
"document_id": 1641398,
"question_id": 1099203,
"text": "[2] Zeng, L.J.; Yuan, F.; Song, D.Q.; Zhang, R. A two-beam laser triangulation for measuring the position of a moving object. Opt. Lasers Eng. 1999, 31, 445–453. ",
"answer_start": 105,
"answer_end": 267,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "References",
"id": 1099200,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006750,
"document_id": 1641398,
"question_id": 1099200,
"text": "[1] Costa, M.F.M. Surface inspection by an optical triangulation method. Opt. Eng. 1996, 35, 2743–2747. \n[2] Zeng, L.J.; Yuan, F.; Song, D.Q.; Zhang, R. A two-beam laser triangulation for measuring the position of a moving object. Opt. Lasers Eng. 1999, 31, 445–453. \n[3] R. Dorsch, G. Häusler, and J. Herrmann, \"Laser triangulation: fundamental uncertainty in distance measurement,\" Appl. Opt. 1994, 33, 1306-1314",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 414,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "What is the fundamental uncertainty in distance?",
"id": 1099199,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006749,
"document_id": 1641398,
"question_id": 1099199,
"text": "Laser triangulation",
"answer_start": 313,
"answer_end": 332,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "[1] Costa, M.F.M. Surface inspection by an optical triangulation method. Opt. Eng. 1996, 35, 2743–2747. \n[2] Zeng, L.J.; Yuan, F.; Song, D.Q.; Zhang, R. A two-beam laser triangulation for measuring the position of a moving object. Opt. Lasers Eng. 1999, 31, 445–453. \n[3] R. Dorsch, G. Häusler, and J. Herrmann, \"Laser triangulation: fundamental uncertainty in distance measurement,\" Appl. Opt. 1994, 33, 1306-1314",
"document_id": 1641398
}
]
},
{
"paragraphs": [
{
"qas": [
{
"question": "Title",
"id": 1099210,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006760,
"document_id": 1641400,
"question_id": 1099210,
"text": "White Light Triangulation Sensor for Flexible Inspection System",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 63,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
},
{
"question": "title of this paper",
"id": 1099211,
"answers": [
{
"answer_id": 1006761,
"document_id": 1641400,
"question_id": 1099211,
"text": "White Light Triangulation Sensor for Flexible Inspection System",
"answer_start": 0,
"answer_end": 63,
"answer_category": null
}
],
"is_impossible": false
}
],
"context": "White Light Triangulation Sensor for Flexible Inspection System",
"document_id": 1641400
}
]
}
] |
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