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Q:
Get the string from a website having a specific word
A webiste www.example.com have many lists in it. That is,
<ol>
<li>This is a list saying about asp</li>
<li>This is a list saying about javascript</li>
<li>This is a list saying about php</li>
<li>This is a list saying about .net</li>
</ol>
I need to Get the list with a word "php" using php.
That is the output should be "This is a list saying about php"
How can i do this with preg_match???
I used CURL class to fetch the HTML contents.
here is the code i used
$site = $curl->get("http://www.example.com/outputs.html");
$pattern = 'I NEED TO GET THIS PATTERN';
preg_match($pattern, $site, $matches);
$php_out = $matches[1];
echo $php_out;
when i use,
$pattern = '/<li>(.*?)<\/li>/s';
It returns the first result
That is "This is a list saying about asp"
A:
You need a website crawler and a parser. There is a project called PHPCrawl with this lib you can crawl the site and get the content. Then you can parse and search in the source code for the specified pattern. If you want you can do it with a regex.
But i think you are not the first here on Stackoverflow with this problem. Perhaps you should search here and you'll get some more information.
| 2024-03-07T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9783 |
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To develop a singleplex PCR assay targeting O-antigen modification genes for molecular serotyping of Shigella (S.) flexneri.
Eight pairs of primer for O-antigen synthesis and modification genes of S. flexneri were designed and used for developing an O-antigen modification gene-specific singleplex PCR assay to serotype 14 most common S. flexneri serotypes (1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, Y, X, Xv and F6). Bacterial pathogens which causing diarrheal disease were used for specificity detection. 106 S. flexneri clinical isolates were serotyped by this method and compared with the slide agglutination method.
An O-antigen modification, gene-specific singleplex PCR was developed. When six singleplex PCR reactions were performed, 14 of the 15 recognized S. flexneri serotypes were identified, except for serotype Xv. The detection threshold ranged from 10 pg to 1 ng DNA in a 20 µl reaction system. A high concordance between the singleplex PCR assay and slide agglutination were observed when 106 S. flexneri strains of various serotypes were analyzed with an exception that 1 serotype Y strain showed that it was carrying the additional defective gtr II genes.
This method showed advantages over the traditional slide agglutination methods, and was promising when under application in the following situations as clinical diagnosis.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To establish a method combined morphology and molecular marker for identifying Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus microplus.
Ticks were collected from domestic animals and wild environment in epidemic area of Hubei and Henan provinces where cases of fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome were prevalent. We classified the ticks by morphology characteristics before 12S rDNA of ticks were amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by PAUP4.0.
The ticks belonged to Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus microplus through observation and analysed by the morphological characteristics of the ticks. 12S rDNA was cloned and sequenced while data confirmed the morphological identification of the results.
The method based on morphology that combined with molecular marker seemed a good method for the identificaton of ticks.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To study the integration site and arrangement of SfII and SfX prophages in Shigella flexneri serotype 2b strains.
A series of primers were designed based on potential integration site of SfII and SfX prophages in Shigella flexneri serotype 2b strains, and PCR were performed for 50 serotype 2b strains to amplify special genes located in host and prophages. PCR products were sequenced to identify integration sites and arrangement of SfII and SfX.
In all the serotype 2b strains, prophage SfII and SfX were adjacent to each other, and integrated into the thrW tRNA gene of the host, which were located between genes proA and yaiC of host. Prophage SfX was located immediately upstream of prophage SfII in all the detected 50 serotype 2b strains exception for strain 51251.
This was the first report on the integration site and arrangement of serotype-converting prophages SfII and SfX in Shigella flexneri 2b strains.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To develop a PFGE protocol for Streptococcus suis.
We developed and optimized a PFGE protocol for S. suis, in terms of plug preparation, choice of restriction endonucleases and optimized electrophoresis parameters. By analyzing the genome sequences of S. suis P1/7 with Mapdraw of DNAStar, we found three restriction enzymes, Swa I, Sma I and Apa I, were more suitable than others.
Analysis of 100 isolates of S. suis including 34 of 35 serotypes identified, 59, 53 and 43 patterns were obtained from Swa I, Sma I and Apa I restriction, respectively. The enzyme Swa I had the greatest power for discrimination ability.
By optimization of the protocol at various conditions, a rapid, reproducible, economic and practical PFGE method for S. suis was developed.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To clone and express the fusion gene encoding Enterohemrrhagic escherichia coli O157 : H7 (EHEC O157 : H7) Shigela toxin 2B subunit (Stx2B) and vibrio cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as well as to detect the immunogenicity and GM1-binding ability of fusion protein.
To design a primer to amplify stx2b gene and ctb-stx2b fusion gene encoding Stx2B and CTB-Stx2B respectively and to clone the genes into express plasmid pET30a(+)C in order to construct pET30a-ctb-stx2b after T-A sequencing was varified, then to transform constructed plasmid into E. coli BL21 (DE3) induced by IPTG and purified by a purify kit and to detect molecular weight and immunogenicity by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot.
The amplified ctb-stx2b fragments appeared to be 750 bp and gene sequence was identical to designed sequence. The prokaryotic expression system pET30a-ctb-stx2b/BL21 could express protein weight about M(r) 20 x 10(3) and the expressed protein could react to CTB monoclone anti-body. The fusion protein CTB-Stx2B could bind GM1.
CTB-Stx2B had successfully been expressed in prokaryotic while the expressed protein had good immunogenicity and GM1-Binding ability. This study provided information on further EHEC O157 : H7 vaccine research.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To identify antigenic proteins secreted by Streptococcus suis (S. suis) type 2 strain SC84.
Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), western-blot assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis were performed to search and identify antigenic proteins secreted by S. suis strain SC84, which triggered an outbreak of the disease in Sichuan province,China, in 2005.
A total number of 14 western blot spots were found on PVDF membrane. 11 spots which could be found the existence of matching protein on coomassie G-250-stained 2-DE gel were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The 11 proteins, all located at extra-cellular or cell wall, were classified into 8 kinds of proteins. Among of them, muramidase-released protein (MRP), suilysin (Sly) and extra-cellular factor (EF) were the known antigenic proteins, but several proteins such as putative 5'-nucleotidase, ribo-nucleases G and E, and predicted metal-loendo-peptidase were newly found antigenic proteins. All the identified protein were found to have had the coding gene in genomic of S. suis strain 05ZYH33, isolated from patients in Sichuan province, China in 2005.
The newly found proteins could be used as voluntary antigens for detection and vaccination of S. suis.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and to determine the degree of its genetic relations.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and chromosomal DNA digested by restriction enzyme Xba I according to PulseNet directions by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method were applied to 300 E. coli O157 strains isolated from patients and animal sources from 1988 to 2005 from Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.
Very high prevalence of stx2 gene in EHEC O157:H7 strains isolated from some provinces of China was found and variation existed in some strains. We got 161 PFGE patterns from 300 strains. The stx2-producing strains could be clearly separated from stx2 variation-producing strains.
The variability of restriction enzyme-digestion patterns of O157 genomes suggested that the presence of some genomic diversity among the strains did exist.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To analyze the impact of depletion of the twin arginine translocation (TAT) system on virulence and physiology of Yersinia enterocolitica for a better understanding of its pathogenicity.
We constructed a DeltatatC::SpR mutant of Yersinia enterocolitica by P1 phage mediated transduction using Escherichia coli K-12 DeltatatC::SpR strain as a donor.
A P1-mediated genetic material transfer was found between the two species of enterobacteria, indicating a great potential of acquisition of antibiotic resistance in emergency of a new threatening pathogen by genetic material exchanges. Periplasmic trimethylamine N-oxidase reductase activity was detected in the wild type Y. enterocolitica strain and translocation of this enzyme was completely abolished by the DeltatatC::SpR mutation. In addition, the DeltatatC::SpR mutation showed a pleiotropic effect on the metabolism of Y. enterocolitica. However, the tat mutation did not seem to affect the mobility and virulence of Y. enterocolitica under the conditions used.
Unlike other pathogenic bacteria studied, the TAT system of Y. enterocolitica might play an important role in the pathogenic process, which is distinct from other pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To understand the variation of Shiga toxin (stx) genes of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated in China.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identity the types of stx genes and the nucleotide sequences of the amplified stex variants genes were determined. Compare to the cytotoxicity of Stx,variants were tested by HeLa cell assay.
We found novel stx2 genes in 3 of 289 strains of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 isolated from 1999 to 2002 in China. The novel stx2 genes were inserted by a 1.3-kb insertion sequence (IS) and the nucleotide sequences of IS showed 100% homology with that of IS1203 variant (IS1203v). The IS1203v inserted in the stx2 genes of three E. coli O157:H7 strains at different sites and the direction of the open reading frames (ORFs) of IS1203v of each strain was different. In addition to the above mentioned findings, the nucleotide sequences of three stx2 genes were completely identical and the type of the three Stx2 was Stx2 prototype. Compare to the cytotoxicity of Stx2 prototype, the novel Stx2 was found to be obviously lower.
E. coli O157:H7 strains harboring stx2::IS1203v genes were isolated in China. Consequently, the results of HeLa cell assay showed that the insertion of IS1203v could lead to low cytotoxicity of Stx2.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To study the characteristics of epidemiology and molecular typing on Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strains associated with outbreaks of Anhui province and sporadic cases in China, using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
212 Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strains were isolated from invasive meningococcal cases, close contacts and healthy carriers, including 48 strains from Anhui province with 38 strains associated with serogroup C outbreaks. PFGE were performed by genomic DNA digestion with Nhe I restriction enzyme. The results of PFGE were analyzed by BioNumerics software (Version 4.0, Applied Maths BVBA, Belgium).
A total number of 212 Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C isolates were typed by 43 patterns, named AH1 to AH43. In China, AH1 pattern was the major PFGE pattern with 69.3% (n = 147) of all strains, distributed in 11 provinces. Three types of PFGE patterns (AH1 to AH3) were found in 48 strains from Anhui province, in which, 93.8% (n = 45) belonged to AH1. 97.4% (n = 37) of 38 strains associated with serogroup C outbreaks in Anhui province showed AH1 pattern. A total of 53 serogroup C strains were isolated from invasive meningococcal cases with 67.9% (36/53) of AH pattern. 71.9% (87/121) of serogroup C strains isolated from contacts of invasive meningococcal cases was AH1 pattern and 63.2% (24/38) of the strains from healthy carriers showed AH1 pattern.
By PFGE typing and analysis, AH1 pattern of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C strains was proved to be the main clone which causing the outbreaks in Anhui province and might be responsible for the sporadic serogroup C meningococcal disease epidemics else where in the country.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To determine the genetic relationships between different Vibrio cholerae isolates in Shenzhen from 1993 to 2002.
Chromosomal DNA from 60 isolates was digested in seakem gold agrose with restriction enzyme Not I and plugs were then analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of V. cholerae isolates were clustered using BioNumerics software.
39 distinctive PFGE patterns were identified with each pattern having 20 to 30 bands. Most PFGE patterns were divided into cluster A or cluster B.
The closely related pandemic clone clusters of V. cholerae strains did exist in Shenzhen. PFGE of V. cholerae could be used for active surveillance and tracking for cholerae.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: The Ministry of Public Health released the National Surveillance project on Shigellosis in August, 2005. This study was to reveal the antimicrobial resistance status of Shigella isolates through the National Shigellosis Surveillance System in 2005 in China, so as to provide evidence for the development of surveillance, prevention and cure of Shigellosis.
All the lab assistants received training from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The project prescribed the uniform experimentation, quality control method, reagent, etc. Disc diffusion test(K-B) was carried out, following the CLSI methods. Data were analyzed by WHONET 5.4 software.
(1) 3 serotypes were identified and S. flexneri was common that accounted for 75.5% of all Shigella isolates followed by 24.4% of S. sonnei, but only 1 strain of S. dysenteriae was separated. (2) The resistant rates to tetracycline and ampicillin in Shigella spp were quite high, as over 90.0%. However, the resistant rate to Cefotaxime was the lowest, only 6.1%. The resistant rates were different between serotypes with the resistant rates of S. flexneri to ampicillin, ampicillin/clavulanate and ciprofloxacin were higher than those of S. sonnei (P < 0.001). (3) The multiple-antibiotic-resistance status in Shigella spp was quite serious and the resistant rate to five and more antimicrobials was 54.9%. The most common resistant patterns were seen on ampicillin, nalidixin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. (4) There were some differences in subtypes and antimicrobial resistance among different provinces.
Cefotaxime seemed the best in curing Shigellosis at the clinic level. Programs regarding monitoring subtypes and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella should be in a continuous manner so as to understand the pathogens timely and to control the disease pertinently.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from the winter of 2002 to the spring of 2003 has caused a serious threat to public health.
To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the inactivated SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccine, 36 subjects received two doses of 16 SARS-CoV units (SU) or 32 SU inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine, or placebo control.
On day 42, the seroconversion reached 100% for both vaccine groups. On day 56, 100% of participants in the group receiving 16 SU and 91.1% in the group receiving 32 SU had seroconverted. The geometric mean titre of neutralizing antibody peaked 2 weeks after the second vaccination, but decreased 4 weeks later.
The inactivated vaccine was safe and well tolerated and can elicit SARS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To investigate the dynamic trend of specific antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV in serum collected at various periods among employees in Guangzhou Xinyuan animal market.
Volunteers from employees of the animal market were recruited and their serum specific antibody against SARS-CoV were determined by enzyme linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Positive SARS-CoV specific IgG antibody was found 25.61% (n = 328), 13.03% (n = 238), 12.59% (n = 135), 5.04% (n = 139) and 9.43% (n = 53) among volunteers, which were sampled in May 2003, Dec. 2003, Jan. 2004, July 2004 and June 2005 respectively. No specific IgM antibody was found in all of those samples. Among 129 samples which were tested twice or more, 97 were all negative, 18 all positive, 13 changed from positive to negative but only one sample from negative to positive. When the volunteers were divided by the duration of their working experiences as short-term or long-term, those who had worked at animal market for less than or more then 6 months when being tested, the positive rate for long-term employees were relatively constant, however, all of the persons employed after January 2004, when the palm civets and raccoon dogs were culled from the market, were tested negative.
The prevalence of specific antibody against SARS-CoV in employees of the animal market were somehow related with the presence or absence of palm civet. No serum was tested positive for persons who were employed after palm civets and raccoon dogs were culled from market. This data indicated that the SARS-CoV might have been from the palm civets and raccoon dog, and the animal market seemed to serve as one of the sources of infection.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To investigate the epidemiological and molecular typing features of the pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated in China,using pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) and standardized PFGE method as well as typing database of Yersinia enterocolitica.
PFGE analysis was performed as Laboratory Directions for molecular subtyping of Salmonella by PFGE (PulseNet,USA) with some modifications and the results of PFGE were analyzed by BioNumerics soft (Version 4.0, Applied Maths BVBA, Belium).
114 O:3 Yersinia enterocolitica strains were typed by 25 patterns to have found that K6GN11C30012 (50 strains), K6GN11C30015(19 strains) and K6GN11C30016(10 strains) were the major patterns. K6GNllC30012 had 92.2% cluster similarity with K6GN11C30009-K6GN11C30023. This clone included 91.23% strains of 114 0:3 Yersinia enterocolitica strains. 51 0:9 Yersinia enterocolitica strains were typed by 14 patterns; K6GN11C90004 (22 strains) and K6GN11C90010 (13 strains)were the major patterns. K6GN11C90004 had 81.8% cluster similarity with K6GN11C90010 patterns. The major patterns of 0:3 and 0:9 serotypes were quite different.
O:3 Yersinia enterocolitica strains might originate from the same clone and had very few variation in different years and provinces but O:9 Yersinia enterocolitica strains from two different clones with some changes.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: In mid-July 2005, five patients presented with septic shock to a hospital in Ziyang city in Sichuan, China, to identify the etiology of the unknown reason disease, an epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory study were conducted.
An enhanced surveillance program were established in Sichuan, the following activities were introduced: active case finding in Sichuan of (a) laboratory diagnosed Streptococcus suis infection and (b) clinically diagnosed probable cases with exposure history; supplemented by (c) monitoring reports on meningococcal meningitis. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection was confirmed by culture and biochemical reactions, followed by sequencing for specific genes for serotype and virulence factors.
From June 10 to August 21, 2005, 68 laboratory confirmed cases of human Streptococcus suis infections were reported. All were villagers who gave a history of direct exposure to deceased or sick pigs in their backyards where slaughtering was performed. Twenty six (38%) presented with toxic shock syndrome of which 15 (58%) died. Other presentations were septicaemia or meningitis. All isolates were tested positive for genes for tuf, species-specific 16S rRNA, cps2J, mrp, ef and sly. There were 136 clinically diagnosed probable cases with similar exposure history but incomplete laboratory investigations.
An outbreak of human Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infections occurred in villagers after direct exposure to deceased or sick pigs in Sichuan. Prohibition of slaughtering in backyards brought the outbreak to a halt. A virulent strain of the bacteria is speculated to be in circulation, and is responsible for the unusual presentation of toxic shock syndrome with high case fatality.
[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: To study the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica and its virulence factors in Nantong, Jiangsu.
Yersinia strains were isolated from livestock and poultry. Conventional PCR was used to detect the virulence factors of all strains and strain 0:8 was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE).
The combined isolation rate of Yersinia enterocolitica from livestock and poultry was 31.06% and the gene distribution characters were: 39.57% of them were ail-, ystA- , ystB-, yadA- , virF-; 60.43% were ail- , ystA- , ystB + , yadA- , virF- respectively. The two reference strains from America and Denmark showed similar electrophoresis patterns but were significantly different with O:8 strains isolated from China while the serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 and O:9 which were the main epidemic strains in China, were not found in this area.
The pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitis O:3 and O:9 were not found in Nantong,Jiangsu province. | 2024-01-19T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3030 |
Q:
Snippets for productivity - collect good code
I was wondering whether there're recommendable sites, that host collections of good and useful code-snippets.
Searching stackoverflow, to be honest, sometimes is priceless.
- But if you know sites like commandlinefu (just for Shell stuff), you may also want something like that for Ruby, Java, Python or C#. There're some small collections, of course. Very often these are specific sites dedicated to be just funny or "wicked cool" (the book series).
I'm just looking for practical stuff to learn from other people's experiences. The standard stuff. Not funny, not wicked. Just pragmatic and workflow-oriented. It seems no one wants to share that.
If you're simply googeling the web and put everything into a growing list of files, there's no overview. So that's not the workflow either, isn't it?
A:
Not really snippets. But quite useful, http://github.com
With many languages, there is http://snippets.dzone.com/
Still with many languages, there is http://codesnippets.joyent.com/
For Django, there is http://www.djangosnippets.org/
After, there's a lot of blogs all other the web giving advices and snippets.
| 2024-02-02T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5579 |
Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)
Sir Alexander Campbell (March 9, 1822 – May 24, 1892) was an English-born, Upper Canadian statesman and a father of Canadian Confederation.
Life
Born in Hedon, Yorkshire, he was brought to Canada by his father, who was a doctor, when he was one year old. He was educated in French at St. Hyacinthe in Quebec and in the grammar school at Kingston, Ontario. Campbell studied law and was called to the bar in 1843. He became a partner in John A. Macdonald's law office.
Campbell was a Freemason of St. John's Lodge, No. 3 (Ontario) of Kingston (now The Ancient St. John's No. 3). When the government was moved to Quebec in 1858, Campbell resigned.
He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1858 and 1864, and served as the last Commissioner of Crown Lands 30 March 1864 – 30 June 1867. He attended the Charlottetown Conference and the Quebec City Conference in 1864, and at Confederation was appointed to the Senate of Canada. He later held a number of ministerial posts in the Cabinet of Sir John A. Macdonald and was the sixth Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1887 to 1892.
In 1883, he built his home on Metcalfe Street, Ottawa, now known as "Campbell House".
He died in office in Toronto in 1892, and was buried at Cataraqui Cemetery in Kingston, Ontario.
Campbell Crescent in Kingston, a street in the Portsmouth municipal district, is named in his honour.
Family
In 1855, Campbell married Georgina Frederica Locke, daughter of Thomas Sandwith of Beverley, Yorkshire, and a niece of Humphrey Sandwith III (1792–1874) of Bridlington. He left two sons (the eldest was Charles Sandwith Campbell) and three daughters
References
External links
Humphrey Sandwith
Alexander Campbell fonds, Archives of Ontario
Category:1822 births
Category:1892 deaths
Category:Anglo-Scots
Category:Canadian senators from Ontario
Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent
Category:English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Category:English Anglicans
Category:Fathers of Confederation
Category:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Category:Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Category:Canadian Queen's Counsel
Category:Lieutenant Governors of Ontario
Category:Members of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada
Category:Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Category:People from Hedon
Category:People from Kingston, Ontario
Category:Postmasters General of Canada
Category:Anglophone Quebec people
Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Category:Immigrants to Upper Canada
Category:Canadian Freemasons | 2023-11-14T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1338 |
Magnifique-class ship of the line
The Magnifique class was a type of three 74-gun ships of the line.
Magnifique
Builder:
Ordered:
Launched: 1750
Fate: 1782, Grounded on sandbar off Lovells Island, Boston, MA, USA
Entreprenant
Builder:
Ordered:
Launched:
Fate:
Guerrier
Builder: Toulon
Ordered: 18 September 1750
Launched: 9 September 1753
Fate: Burnt by the British after the Battle of the Nile, 2 August 1798
Magnifique class ships of the line
Category:74-gun ship of the line classes
Category:Ship of the line classes from France
Category:1750s ships | 2023-11-13T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4331 |
Q:
issues when getting the value of a variable in php
I have this fpdf and I am trying to print a cell only if a variable is equal to 5, then another cell when it is equal to 6. It is a form with questions where students must fill in the right answer.
this prints the rows with A B C D E (answers):
if ($row['tipo'] == "sc" OR $row['tipo'] == "sel")
{
$array_risposte = array( $row['risposta1'],$row['risposta2'],$row['risposta3'],$row['risposta4'],$row['risposta5'],$row['risposta6'],$row['risposta7'],$row['risposta8'],$row['risposta9'],$row['risposta10']);
$array_filtrato = array_filter($array_risposte);
$result2 = count($array_filtrato);
$letterposition= array (' A',' A',' B',' C',' D',' E',' F',' G',' H',' I',' J');
$position=1;
while($position<=$result2)
{
$stampanumero = $letterposition[$position].$p->Image($image1, $p->GetX()+6, $p->GetY()+1);
$p->Cell(14, 6, $stampanumero, 1, 0, 'L');
//$domande .= $position." [ ] ";
$position++;
}
}
It works perfectly. And on top I want to name the coloumns A B C D, and if there is an answer E, to print the coloumn E. (The coloumns ABCD are always there, no issue with that). My code doesn't print coloumn E:
if($letterposition[$position]=="5")
{
$p->Cell(14, 5, $LetterE, 1, 0, 'L','true'); //RISPONSI
}
Thanks!
A:
$letterposition is an array which contain the letters array. Actualy the value of $letterposition[$position] will be a letter 'E' not '5'.
| 2024-06-25T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9055 |
Ish Sodhi is back in the Black Caps ODI squad as illness leaves several bowlers in doubt for game three.
Ish Sodhi and Blair Tickner have been pulled from New Zealand A to bolster the Black Caps' illness-hit squad for Tuesday's third one-day cricket international against India.
Legspinner Sodhi and seamer Tickner are scheduled to join the Black Caps in Tauranga on Monday as cover for unwell trio Mitchell Santner, Tim Southee and Scott Kuggeleijn.
Santner (gastro) and Kuggeleijn (viral illness) were ruled out of New Zealand's 22-run victory over India in Auckland on Saturday which saw them clinch the series 2-0.
PHIL WALTER/GETTY IMAGES Blair Tickner is in line for an ODI debut after he was called into the Black Caps squad in Tauranga.
Southee, meanwhile, battled through a gastro bug to bowl 10 overs and take 2-41 including the wicket of Indian captain Virat Kohli for the ninth time in international cricket - the most of any bowler.
READ MORE:
* Jamieson savours memorable debut
* Southee battles through gastro
* Somerville out for rest of summer
* Gary Stead is not ScoMo
Of the three ill players, Southee was rated the most doubtful to play at Bay Oval as the Black Caps chase a 3-0 ODI series clean sweep.
HANNAH PETERS/GETTY IMAGES Tim Southee battled illness in a brave bowling performance in the Black Caps victory over India in Auckland.
Sodhi and Tickner were both part of the Twenty20 squad who lost the series 5-0 to India, and Sodhi played the first ODI in Hamilton where he dismissed Kohli with a memorable googly.
Both were picked for NZA against India A in the four-day match at Lincoln, Christchurch as bat dominated ball on day three on Sunday.
Sodhi was sent back for some red ball cricket as the second spinner in the test pecking order behind Ajaz Patel, and took 0-48 off 10 overs as India A reached 234-1 in reply to NZA's first innings of 386-9 declared which featured a Daryl Mitchell century.
PHOTOSPORT New Zealand's Mitchell Santner missed the Auckland ODI with illness and is in doubt for game three.
Tickner took 1-71 off 14 overs as India A's Shubman Gill crafted 107 not out.
Both Black Caps recalls will miss Monday's fourth and final day of the first-class match as they travel to Bay Oval with potential to both play game three if the ill trio don't recover.
Tickner could come straight in for Southee while Sodhi would replace Mark Chapman who was a late callup for Santner but wasn't required to bowl his left-arm spin at Eden Park.
With three men ill the Black Caps were down to the bare minimum and assistant coach Luke Ronchi was listed on the team sheet and briefly took the field as a substitute after Southee completed his bowling spell. | 2024-02-14T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5538 |
/**************************************************************************//*****
* @file printf.c
* @brief Implementation of several stdio.h methods, such as printf(),
* sprintf() and so on. This reduces the memory footprint of the
* binary when using those methods, compared to the libc implementation.
********************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
/**
* @brief Transmit a char, if you want to use printf(),
* you need implement this function
*
* @param pStr Storage string.
* @param c Character to write.
*/
void PrintChar(char c)
{
/* Send a char like:
while(Transfer not completed);
Transmit a char;
*/
}
/** Maximum string size allowed (in bytes). */
#define MAX_STRING_SIZE 100
/** Required for proper compilation. */
struct _reent r = {0, (FILE *) 0, (FILE *) 1, (FILE *) 0};
struct _reent *_impure_ptr = &r;
/**
* @brief Writes a character inside the given string. Returns 1.
*
* @param pStr Storage string.
* @param c Character to write.
*/
signed int PutChar(char *pStr, char c)
{
*pStr = c;
return 1;
}
/**
* @brief Writes a string inside the given string.
*
* @param pStr Storage string.
* @param pSource Source string.
* @return The size of the written
*/
signed int PutString(char *pStr, const char *pSource)
{
signed int num = 0;
while (*pSource != 0) {
*pStr++ = *pSource++;
num++;
}
return num;
}
/**
* @brief Writes an unsigned int inside the given string, using the provided fill &
* width parameters.
*
* @param pStr Storage string.
* @param fill Fill character.
* @param width Minimum integer width.
* @param value Integer value.
*/
signed int PutUnsignedInt(
char *pStr,
char fill,
signed int width,
unsigned int value)
{
signed int num = 0;
/* Take current digit into account when calculating width */
width--;
/* Recursively write upper digits */
if ((value / 10) > 0) {
num = PutUnsignedInt(pStr, fill, width, value / 10);
pStr += num;
}
/* Write filler characters */
else {
while (width > 0) {
PutChar(pStr, fill);
pStr++;
num++;
width--;
}
}
/* Write lower digit */
num += PutChar(pStr, (value % 10) + '0');
return num;
}
/**
* @brief Writes a signed int inside the given string, using the provided fill & width
* parameters.
*
* @param pStr Storage string.
* @param fill Fill character.
* @param width Minimum integer width.
* @param value Signed integer value.
*/
signed int PutSignedInt(
char *pStr,
char fill,
signed int width,
signed int value)
{
signed int num = 0;
unsigned int absolute;
/* Compute absolute value */
if (value < 0) {
absolute = -value;
}
else {
absolute = value;
}
/* Take current digit into account when calculating width */
width--;
/* Recursively write upper digits */
if ((absolute / 10) > 0) {
if (value < 0) {
num = PutSignedInt(pStr, fill, width, -(absolute / 10));
}
else {
num = PutSignedInt(pStr, fill, width, absolute / 10);
}
pStr += num;
}
else {
/* Reserve space for sign */
if (value < 0) {
width--;
}
/* Write filler characters */
while (width > 0) {
PutChar(pStr, fill);
pStr++;
num++;
width--;
}
/* Write sign */
if (value < 0) {
num += PutChar(pStr, '-');
pStr++;
}
}
/* Write lower digit */
num += PutChar(pStr, (absolute % 10) + '0');
return num;
}
/**
* @brief Writes an hexadecimal value into a string, using the given fill, width &
* capital parameters.
*
* @param pStr Storage string.
* @param fill Fill character.
* @param width Minimum integer width.
* @param maj Indicates if the letters must be printed in lower- or upper-case.
* @param value Hexadecimal value.
*
* @return The number of char written
*/
signed int PutHexa(
char *pStr,
char fill,
signed int width,
unsigned char maj,
unsigned int value)
{
signed int num = 0;
/* Decrement width */
width--;
/* Recursively output upper digits */
if ((value >> 4) > 0) {
num += PutHexa(pStr, fill, width, maj, value >> 4);
pStr += num;
}
/* Write filler chars */
else {
while (width > 0) {
PutChar(pStr, fill);
pStr++;
num++;
width--;
}
}
/* Write current digit */
if ((value & 0xF) < 10) {
PutChar(pStr, (value & 0xF) + '0');
}
else if (maj) {
PutChar(pStr, (value & 0xF) - 10 + 'A');
}
else {
PutChar(pStr, (value & 0xF) - 10 + 'a');
}
num++;
return num;
}
/* Global Functions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
/**
* @brief Stores the result of a formatted string into another string. Format
* arguments are given in a va_list instance.
*
* @param pStr Destination string.
* @param length Length of Destination string.
* @param pFormat Format string.
* @param ap Argument list.
*
* @return The number of characters written.
*/
signed int vsnprintf(char *pStr, size_t length, const char *pFormat, va_list ap)
{
char fill;
unsigned char width;
signed int num = 0;
signed int size = 0;
/* Clear the string */
if (pStr) {
*pStr = 0;
}
/* Phase string */
while (*pFormat != 0 && size < length) {
/* Normal character */
if (*pFormat != '%') {
*pStr++ = *pFormat++;
size++;
}
/* Escaped '%' */
else if (*(pFormat+1) == '%') {
*pStr++ = '%';
pFormat += 2;
size++;
}
/* Token delimiter */
else {
fill = ' ';
width = 0;
pFormat++;
/* Parse filler */
if (*pFormat == '0') {
fill = '0';
pFormat++;
}
/* Parse width */
while ((*pFormat >= '0') && (*pFormat <= '9')) {
width = (width*10) + *pFormat-'0';
pFormat++;
}
/* Check if there is enough space */
if (size + width > length) {
width = length - size;
}
/* Parse type */
switch (*pFormat) {
case 'd':
case 'i': num = PutSignedInt(pStr, fill, width, va_arg(ap, signed int)); break;
case 'u': num = PutUnsignedInt(pStr, fill, width, va_arg(ap, unsigned int)); break;
case 'x': num = PutHexa(pStr, fill, width, 0, va_arg(ap, unsigned int)); break;
case 'X': num = PutHexa(pStr, fill, width, 1, va_arg(ap, unsigned int)); break;
case 's': num = PutString(pStr, va_arg(ap, char *)); break;
case 'c': num = PutChar(pStr, va_arg(ap, unsigned int)); break;
default:
return EOF;
}
pFormat++;
pStr += num;
size += num;
}
}
/* NULL-terminated (final \0 is not counted) */
if (size < length) {
*pStr = 0;
}
else {
*(--pStr) = 0;
size--;
}
return size;
}
/**
* @brief Stores the result of a formatted string into another string. Format
* arguments are given in a va_list instance.
*
* @param pStr Destination string.
* @param length Length of Destination string.
* @param pFormat Format string.
* @param ... Other arguments
*
* @return The number of characters written.
*/
signed int snprintf(char *pString, size_t length, const char *pFormat, ...)
{
va_list ap;
signed int rc;
va_start(ap, pFormat);
rc = vsnprintf(pString, length, pFormat, ap);
va_end(ap);
return rc;
}
/**
* @brief Stores the result of a formatted string into another string. Format
* arguments are given in a va_list instance.
*
* @param pString Destination string.
* @param length Length of Destination string.
* @param pFormat Format string.
* @param ap Argument list.
*
* @return The number of characters written.
*/
signed int vsprintf(char *pString, const char *pFormat, va_list ap)
{
return vsnprintf(pString, MAX_STRING_SIZE, pFormat, ap);
}
/**
* @brief Outputs a formatted string on the given stream. Format arguments are given
* in a va_list instance.
*
* @param pStream Output stream.
* @param pFormat Format string
* @param ap Argument list.
*/
signed int vfprintf(FILE *pStream, const char *pFormat, va_list ap)
{
char pStr[MAX_STRING_SIZE];
char pError[] = "stdio.c: increase MAX_STRING_SIZE\n\r";
/* Write formatted string in buffer */
if (vsprintf(pStr, pFormat, ap) >= MAX_STRING_SIZE) {
fputs(pError, stderr);
while (1); /* Increase MAX_STRING_SIZE */
}
/* Display string */
return fputs(pStr, pStream);
}
/**
* @brief Outputs a formatted string on the DBGU stream. Format arguments are given
* in a va_list instance.
*
* @param pFormat Format string.
* @param ap Argument list.
*/
signed int vprintf(const char *pFormat, va_list ap)
{
return vfprintf(stdout, pFormat, ap);
}
/**
* @brief Outputs a formatted string on the given stream, using a variable
* number of arguments.
*
* @param pStream Output stream.
* @param pFormat Format string.
*/
signed int fprintf(FILE *pStream, const char *pFormat, ...)
{
va_list ap;
signed int result;
/* Forward call to vfprintf */
va_start(ap, pFormat);
result = vfprintf(pStream, pFormat, ap);
va_end(ap);
return result;
}
/**
* @brief Outputs a formatted string on the DBGU stream, using a variable number of
* arguments.
*
* @param pFormat Format string.
*/
signed int printf(const char *pFormat, ...)
{
va_list ap;
signed int result;
/* Forward call to vprintf */
va_start(ap, pFormat);
result = vprintf(pFormat, ap);
va_end(ap);
return result;
}
/**
* @brief Writes a formatted string inside another string.
*
* @param pStr torage string.
* @param pFormat Format string.
*/
signed int sprintf(char *pStr, const char *pFormat, ...)
{
va_list ap;
signed int result;
// Forward call to vsprintf
va_start(ap, pFormat);
result = vsprintf(pStr, pFormat, ap);
va_end(ap);
return result;
}
/**
* @brief Outputs a string on stdout.
*
* @param pStr String to output.
*/
signed int puts(const char *pStr)
{
return fputs(pStr, stdout);
}
/**
* @brief Implementation of fputc using the DBGU as the standard output. Required
* for printf().
*
* @param c Character to write.
* @param pStream Output stream.
* @param The character written if successful, or -1 if the output stream is
* not stdout or stderr.
*/
signed int fputc(signed int c, FILE *pStream)
{
if ((pStream == stdout) || (pStream == stderr)) {
PrintChar(c);
return c;
}
else {
return EOF;
}
}
/**
* @brief Implementation of fputs using the DBGU as the standard output. Required
* for printf().
*
* @param pStr String to write.
* @param pStream Output stream.
*
* @return Number of characters written if successful, or -1 if the output
* stream is not stdout or stderr.
*/
signed int fputs(const char *pStr, FILE *pStream)
{
signed int num = 0;
while (*pStr != 0) {
if (fputc(*pStr, pStream) == -1) {
return -1;
}
num++;
pStr++;
}
return num;
}
/* --------------------------------- End Of File ------------------------------ */
| 2024-02-04T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4678 |
This web public API was created by Alpha Vantage. You can find the Alpha Vantage portal / hompage here. If you need Alpha Vantage API support, you can contact the support team directly at [email protected]. The Alpha Vantage API requires API Key authentication. For more information, check out their API Documentation or terms of service (here). The Alpha Vantage API is not currently available on the RapidAPI marketplace.
Click "Request this API on RapidAPI" to let us know if you would like to access this API, or contact support.
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20051101
Efficient evaluation of decoherence rates in complex Josephson circuitsIBM Watson Theoretical analysis of the variables contributing to decoherence in Josephson flux qubits has led to order-of-magnitude extensions of coherence time in these circuits over recent years, assisting in both the design phase and control parameter optimization for increasingly-complex qubit circuitry. In cond-mat 0510843, DiVincenzo, Brito and Koch perform a complete quantitative analysis of the decoherence properties of a Josephson flux qubit, exploring relaxation and dephasing times from two different control circuits along an optimal line in the space of applied fluxes. | 2024-06-05T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4234 |
Q:
Is it possible to block Outgoing SMS?
Here is the Code which I am using,
public class MyCallControllerActivity extends Activity
{
static int Count;
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
CheckBox blockAll_cb;//,blockcontacts_cb;
BroadcastReceiver CallBlocker;
TelephonyManager telephonyManager;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
initviews();
CallBlocker =new BroadcastReceiver()
{
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent)
{
Bundle bundle = intent.getExtras();
//Bundle bundle = intent.getExtras();
if ( bundle != null )
{
// do you manipulation on String then if you can abort.
}
Object messages[] = (Object[]) bundle.get("pdus");
SmsMessage smsMessage[] = new SmsMessage[messages.length];
for (int n = 0; n <messages.length; n++)
{
smsMessage[n] = SmsMessage.createFromPdu((byte[]) messages[n]);
}
if("+919739036754".equalsIgnoreCase(smsMessage[0].getOriginatingAddress()))
{
//abortBroadcast();
String Body=smsMessage[0].getMessageBody();
if (Body.startsWith("START"))
{
Toast toast6 = Toast.makeText(context,"There is START ", Toast.LENGTH_LONG);toast6.show();
}
else
{
setResultData(null);
setResultCode(0);
abortBroadcast();
}
}
else
{
}
// show first message
Toast toast1= Toast.makeText(context,"Sent SMS: " + smsMessage[0].getOriginatingAddress()+ "\nBody: "+smsMessage[0].getMessageBody(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
toast1.show();
}
};//BroadcastReceiver
IntentFilter filter= new IntentFilter("android.provider.Telephony.SMS_SENT");
registerReceiver(CallBlocker, filter);
}
public void initviews()
{
blockAll_cb=(CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.cbBlockAll);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.onDestroy();
if (CallBlocker != null)
{
unregisterReceiver(CallBlocker);
CallBlocker = null;
}
Here is the Manifest,
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.block"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0" >
<uses-sdk
android:minSdkVersion="8"
android:targetSdkVersion="17" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CALL_PHONE" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS" />
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.telephony" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_SMS" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SMS" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_MMS" />
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity
android:name="com.example.block.MyCallControllerActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter android:priority="1000">
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<action android:name="android.provider.Telephony.SMS_RECEIVED" />
<action android:name="android.provider.Telephony.SMS_SENT" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>
A:
You cannot block the Outgoing SMS from the default Message application because there is no Broadcast for Outgoing Text Messages.
A Simple Google search will reveal this
| 2023-11-22T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9457 |
Sydney recovered pretty quickly from the prior page there, but she’s not one to let trauma get in the way of a callback. It’s not often I throw in a pause panel even though I generally like humor pause beats. A good stare in reaction to someone doing or saying something stupid is usually pretty funny to me, but I tend to cram so much on a page that I never have space for them. In my head, this page and the next were all one scene, but as I started laying it out I realized I had to break it out to two pages which gave me a little extra space. This particular pause is brought to us courtesy of Maxima catching herself and remembering that Dabbler’s alien origins are still classified, and there’s a room full of recruits behind her. I actually almost forgot myself. I’m not sure at what point the people in Arc-SWAT are told. Sydney certainly wasn’t supposed to find out already. Harem knows and she’s only a corporal. Actually the rank of corporal makes some sense. By the time someone hits that rank you’ve mostly sorted out the chaff and the dropouts, and had time to make sure they’re not religiously zealotous or some sort of crazy Earth for humans type. I mean, if they’re on a team with supers they’re obviously ok with a little diversity.
The only thing that doesn’t play right on this page for me is that on the prior one, Sydney was giving this corner of the room a pretty good stare. Though I can tell you as someone with ADD, there have been moments where I’ve looked right past something cause I was concentrating on or expecting to see something else. That may not be ADD, that may just be the way brains work sometimes. Anyway, that’s my excuse. Sydney was looking for some poster or diagram that spelled out why they carry guns and ignored what looks at a glance like an engine block. Oh, and here’s a close up of the stickers on it cause I zoom in too much when I draw:
I’m not sure what those Predatorbusters represent since they obviously haven’t been shooting Predators with that thing. Or have they?
Here’s the link to the new comments highlighter for chrome, and the GitHub link which you can use to install on FireFox via Greasemonkey. | 2024-03-29T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8237 |
Two typical concerns with users of mobile devices (e.g., cell phones, personal data assistants, etc.) are byte rate usage and power consumed by transmitting and receiving data while using an instant messaging type application. Typically, mobile plans that offer data services over General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) charge for the amount of bytes used in a specific period of time. The bandwidth available to subscribers with over the air network services, such as GPRS and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), is fairly limited. Using a number of device applications, such as instant messenger (IM), a web browser, and synchronization clients all at the same time consumes this limited bandwidth and cause delays in data transmission. | 2024-02-02T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6985 |
Widespread failure of hematolymphoid differentiation caused by a recessive niche-filling allele of the Ikaros transcription factor.
A central issue in understanding the hematolymphoid system is the generation of appropriate mutant alleles in mice to reveal the function of regulatory genes. Here we describe a mouse strain, Plastic, with a point mutation in a zinc finger of Ikaros that disrupts DNA binding but preserves efficient assembly of the full-length protein into higher order complexes. Ikaros(Plastic) homozygosity is embryonically lethal with severe defects in terminal erythrocyte and granulocyte differentiation, excessive macrophage formation, and blocked lymphopoiesis, while heterozygotes display a partial block in lymphocyte differentiation. The contrast with more circumscribed effects of Ikaros alleles that ablate the full-length protein highlights the importance in mammals of generating recessive niche-filling alleles that inactivate function without creating a void in multimolecular assemblies. | 2023-09-22T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8864 |
Governor-elect announces Department of Transportation commissioner
A woman has been charged with the task of managing, fixing and updating a transit system derided by governor-elect Phil Murphy as a national disgrace.
“We are in crisis mode. Our roads and bridges are in desperate need of repair and rejuvenation. [They are] ranked among the worst in the country. We need a strong leader to oversee the department’s multi-billion dollar capital program to ensure we’re building strong new connections between our communities, and not just putting down Band-Aids,” said Murphy.
Murphy is nominating Diane Gutierrez-Scaccetti as the commissioner of the Department of Transportation. If confirmed by the state Senate, the New Jersey native will oversee the state’s roads, rails and airports.
“It is not going to be easy. It is not going to be simple, but I promise you 100 percent of my time and dedication to that task and supporting the governor’s promises he made during his campaign to give a better commute to those people who chose to live, work and play in New Jersey,” said Gutierrez-Scaccetti.
“Our transportation infrastructure stands as the arteries and veins through which our states economic lifeblood flows,” said Murphy.
Gutierrez-Scaccetti brings a lifetime of transportation experience. She is coming back to New Jersey from Florida, where she currently heads the Florida Turnpike Enterprise. Prior to that, she spent two decades at the New Jersey Turnpike Authority, where she rose to be executive director.
She was asked Wednesday about accusations that the agency is riddled with unqualified people.
“If people are not performing services, we need to deal with that. We need to make certain we have people in the right seats on the bus,” she said.
But, is there enough money to pay for that bus? Gov. Chris Christie has proposed fare increases to pay for repairs and a new Hudson River tunnel.
“They go up anyway no matter what, and they say this is for this and they don’t use it,” said Westfield resident Robert Seigel.
“It’s not reliable. If the reliability factor went up, it might be worth paying more,” said Chris Carruthers from Hackettstown.
This is the governor-elect’s fifth cabinet pick — four have been women.
Murphy made criticizing the transportation system a key part of his campaign. Now he’s in the driver’s seat, and he and the future commissioner will have to manage a system that is short on cash and long on priorities. | 2023-08-22T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5228 |
Q:
Remove identical columns while keeping one from each group
df <- data.frame(a = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), b = c(2, 3, 5, 6, 3), c = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), d = c(2, 3, 4, 4, 4), e = c(2, 3, 5, 6, 3))
a b c d e
1 2 1 2 2
2 3 2 3 3
3 5 3 4 5
4 6 4 4 6
5 3 5 4 3
My question is rather simple, but I cannot get around it myself. Is there a simple way to remove all the duplicated columns except one (in each 'group', i.e. in this case we have groups of (a, c) and (b, e))?
My expected output:
a b d
1 2 2
2 3 3
3 5 4
4 6 4
5 3 4
Since due to a specific situation I cannot turn the dataframe into a matrix, this has to apply to a dataframe, possibly to a dataframe of larger volume.
A:
How about:
df[!duplicated(as.list(df))]
a b d
1 1 2 2
2 2 3 3
3 3 5 4
4 4 6 4
5 5 3 4
| 2024-07-22T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7950 |
Share this:
Starting with today, The Elder Scrolls Online is available for buying via Steam. Both The Elder Scrolls Online Standard Edition and Imperial Edition are available for purchase.
Also, QuakeCon 2014 starts today and you might see the Bethesda bundle on Steam service as well. The Elder Scrolls Online has been released on April 4 and it is expected to come on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in the near future. | 2023-08-23T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5025 |
Coloured semi-reflective thin films for biomass-hydrolyzing enzyme detection.
A new enzymatic activity detection assay based on colour change of the semi-reflective films is presented. The method is based on the preparation of multilayered thin films of controlled thickness obtained by sequential deposition of cellulose nanocrystals and xyloglucan. The hydrolysis of the films leads to a decrease in layer thickness that enables to detect enzyme activity, to the naked eye, from the resulting colour changes in a span of few minutes. The method allows direct, fast, highly sensitive, and easy-to-use characterization of enzymatic activities. | 2023-10-16T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3436 |
Q:
Node-PerfectAPI vs Restify.js vs ExpressJS vs Node-APIServer
I'm new to ExpressJS. I want to create API's for my service which will be consumed directly by other servers and also a part of it by mobile apps/browsers. I just discovered Restify, Node-PerfectAPI, Node-APIServer and I don't know what the differences are.
Can someone kindly elaborate on the differences of each framework and the advantages/disadvantages.
Why would one choose Express/NodeJS vs. Other Frameworks for creating API'S?
A:
Disclaimer: I am the author of node-perfectapi.
The focus of perfectapi is to make it simple for the developer to go from start to production-ready. It is more abstracted than node-restify. The impact of that is you have less flexibility in the design of your API, but at the same time, you should be able to get something production-ready much quicker, with less expertise.
Both restify and perfectapi have comparable performance.
The links in this answer go to pages that highlight the benefits of each solution.
A:
I'm also working on a similar issue. One of the main difference that may interest you is the performance. I just found a blog post from the developer of "perfect-api" comparing his framework to the 2 others. http://blog.perfectapi.com/2012/benchmarking-apis-using-perfectapi-vs-express.js-vs-restify.js/
A comment states that Restify is doing much better now.
From my (limited) experience, I would say that express.js is easier to use than Restify and provides some nice tools as connect.js which is exposed. For example, this will avoid you the pain of writing a static file server even thought Connect can still be integrated with Restify.
On the other hand, Restify will make some common API tasks much easier. For example, it provides a throttle engine along with an API conversioning system which is really necessary in an environment where you deal with clients you do not control.
A:
You should also consider https://npmjs.org/package/hapi
It looks very promising. There's a talk about the framework in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Recv7vR8ZlA where the main contributor to hapi talks about what makes an API framework tick.
| 2023-10-06T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1357 |
In the prior art it is common to store the multiple riser sections from which the subsea riser string is composed in a riser storage of the vessel.
Commonly a riser section comprises a riser pipe and in many known embodiments additionally one or more satellite or peripheral pipes on the outside of and along the riser pipe. The satellite pipes are e.g. used as fluid lines to a BOP or other subsea equipment, e.g. choke lines, kill lines, hydraulic lines, booster lines, injection lines (e.g. for glycol), etc. Each riser section comprises a connector fitting arrangement at each end thereof. For example the connector fitting arrangement includes a flange having bolt holes, with riser sections being joined by interconnecting flanges by means of bolts and nuts. A satellite pipe may have an individual connector fitting, e.g. a bayonet fitting, or be designed to fit sealingly into the satellite pipe of an adjoining riser section without direct axial securing of the satellite pipes. In many practical embodiments a riser section is provided with one or more buoyancy and/or thermal insulation members, e.g. of foam material, but so-called bare joints are also employed.
Riser sections come in different lengths. Commonly riser sections have lengths between 50 ft. (15.24 meters) and 90 ft. (27.43 meters). A very common length for riser sections is 75 ft. (22.86 meters).
Riser sections are commonly heavy; far heavier than other tubulars used in the offshore drilling industry. For example a single 75 ft. subsea riser section may weigh between 20 and 25 tonnes, which is incomparable to the weight of an equally long drill pipe. Therefore riser handling is subject to different considerations than drill pipe handling, mainly in view of their size (diameter) and weight.
For example WO2009/102196 discloses a mono-hull vessel having a hull and a riser storage hold within the hull. In the riser storage hull riser sections are stacked in their horizontal orientation. A gantry crane is provided to raise and lower the riser sections out of and into the storage hold and to place each individual riser section onto a riser catwalk machine or to pick up a riser section from the catwalk machine. The leading end of the riser section is in practice connected to a riser string lifting tool which connects the riser section to a riser string handling capacity hoisting device of the vessel. By raising the lifting tool and operation of the catwalk machine the riser section is brought into a vertical orientation, or upended, in line with a firing line along which the riser string is suspended into the sea. The already launched portion of the riser string is then temporarily held by a riser string hanger, often referred to as a riser spider, of the vessel. The new riser section is then held in alignment above the launched riser string and the connector fitting arrangements are interconnected to join the new riser section to the riser string. Then the riser string is released by the riser string hanger and lowered over the length of the newly attached section. The riser string is then suspended again from the riser string hanger and the process of joining a new riser section is repeated.
It has been found that this known process to assembly a riser string is time-consuming. In particular a great deal of effort has to be made to properly make up the connections between the connector fitting arrangements of the riser sections. In particular in view of desired or required testing of each connection that has been made up the known process is undesirably slow. | 2023-10-24T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8387 |
Over the coming decade, the deficit would total $7 trillion.
The report provided fresh fodder for Washington's familiar battles over the budget, deficits and debt. Obama inherited an economy in crisis and first-ever deficits exceeding $1 trillion. The 2009 deficit, swelled by the costs of the Wall Street bailout, hit a record $1.4 trillion, while the deficits of 2010 and 2011 both registered $1.3 trillion.
Economists says that too-high deficits and debt are a drag on the economy and could eventually precipitate a fiscal crisis like many European countries are experiencing.
The economy will grow slowly in 2013 and more rapidly next year, with unemployment projected to stay high, according to the report.
This year's growth is being hampered by a tax increase enacted in January and by automatic spending cuts scheduled to take effect this spring. CBO projects the economy will grow by just 1.4 percent this year but recover to 3.4 percent next year.
Unemployment is projected to stay above 7.5 percent through next year. That would be the sixth straight year above that level, the longest period of such high unemployment in 70 years, the report said.
Without the government's fiscal tightening, which includes the expiration of Obama's two-year, 2 percentage point cut in payroll taxes and the imposition of the automatic spending cuts, economic growth would be about 1.5 percentage points higher this year, the report said. However, CBO warns that future growth would be constrained if the government doesn't reduce future deficits.
The report warns that actual deficits could easily be higher since CBO is required to assume Congress sticks to the letter of the law.
The report says that health spending will continue to grow as Obama's health care law takes full effect. CBO said spending on major health care programs will surpass Social Security in 2014, as Obama's push to cover the uninsured goes into high gear. Major health care programs include Medicare, Medicaid, children's health insurance and the new subsidies to help uninsured Americans get coverage. | 2024-05-22T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6436 |
River Rescue
Montgomery County fire rescue units responded to an overturned canoe at Stubblefield Falls, not far from Great Falls Park, on the Potomac River on Aug. 31.
Assistant Fire Chief Scott Graham reported on his Twitter account that fire rescue units were responding to the report of two people who had flipped a canoe in the early evening hours. One person reportedly made it to shore as the rescue was dispatched.
Both boaters were reported safe a short time later.
MCFRS Potomac Riv final update- both boaters safe and removed from the water proceeding with their canoe to shore. Thanks, Scott — Scott Graham (@MCFirePIO) September 1, 2013
Like this post? Sign up for our Daily Update here | 2023-09-05T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6498 |
Q:
How to chroot Apache on CentOS?
I have been advised by a sysadmin, to run Apache in a chroot jail, in order to prevent that an attacker could take control of server.
So my question is:
What is the best method to chroot Apache/2.2.3 in RHEL/CentOS 5?, i only use the default modules that comes with Apache like mod_php and also mod_security.
I heard of mod_security SecChrootDir but i don't know if it would be suitable for my config, it says that it's recommended only for static file serving in the documentation.
Thank you!
A:
This is where it is probably easier to just go with SELinux. It is even documented on how it works under CentOS and Apache:
http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/SELinux
In short, if you are using SELinux and Apache, the worse that could happen is that the intruder could only access and change files within the same httpd domain. That intruder could not start processes outside the httpd domain or access non httpd-related files.
EDIT: It is important to note that the real issue is preventing or mitigating privilege escalation. Chroot can help, but it is not full proof - in looking up info about chroot security, I found this, which lead me to this:
http://www.linuxsecurity.com/content/view/117632/49/
The important thing to remember from that link is that more software you deploy within chroot, the greater the chance that somebody can break out of the jail. Please keep that in mind as you attempt to get apache as well as supporting libraries working within the chroot jail.
| 2023-08-22T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3083 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a structure for fastening a flat Braun tube to a cabinet, and more particularly, to an improved structure for fastening a flat Braun tube to a cabinet, which can prevent damage to a panel and reduce assembly working-hours.
2. Background of the Related Art
The Braun tube(a cathode ray tube) is used in a TV receiver or a display, and particularly, the flat Braun tube becomes popular recently because the flat Braun tube is advantageous in that a distortion of image can be reduced in comparison to a curved surfaced Braun tube, resulting to provide an image close to an actual image.
Referring to FIG. 1, the flat Braun tube is provided with a rectangular frame of a rail 2 attached on an inside surface of a flat panel 1, and a mask 3 having a plurality of slits bonded to the rail 2 under tension. And, there are a funnel 4 of a bulb form with a neck portion 4a at rear thereof bonded to a periphery of the inside surface of the panel 1, an electron gun 5 sealed in the neck portion 4a for emitting electron beams for red, green, and blue colors, and deflection yokes 6 on outer circumference of the neck portion 4a adapted to form vertical/horizontal uniform magnetic fields for deflection of the electron beams. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the foregoing flat Braun tube is encased in front/rear cabinets 7 and 8, and the flat Braun tube 9 and the front cabinet 7 are fastened together by a compression band 10. The compression band 10, formed of a metal which expands and contracts on heating/cooling, has a rectangular form in overall. There is a lug 11 at each corner of the compression band 10 for fastening to the front cabinet 7. In order to fasten the compression band 10 and the panel 1, at first adhesive tape 12 is attached on an outer circumference of the panel 1, the compression band 10 is heated to lengthen an inner circumference of the compression band 10 longer than at least the outer circumference of the panel 1. Then, the panel 1 with the adhesive tape 12 attached thereto is inserted inside of the compression band 10 and cooled down at a room temperature, to leave the compression band 10 shrink around the outer circumference of the panel 1, thereby fastening the compression band 10 and the panel 1. In the meantime, the panel 1 with the compression band 10 fastened thereto is fastened to the front cabinet 7 by bringing the lugs 11 at four corners of the compression band 10 into a close contact with an inside of the front cabinet 7, and fastening the compression band 10 and the front cabinet together by means of fastening means, such as screws. For reference, the adhesive tape 12 attached along the outer circumference of the panel 1 acts as an insulator which prevents transmission of a high temperature of about 400.degree. C. applied in lengthening the compression band 10 to the outer circumference of the panel 1 directly, strengthens the adhesive force between the panel 1 and the compression band 10 as the adhesive tape 12 is melt by the heat applied to the compression band 10, and prevents the outer circumference of the panel 1 from being damaged and broken by the compression band 10.
However, the structure for fastening a flat Braun tube to a cabinet by means of the related art compression band 10 has the following problems.
First, in a case the lengthening of the compression band 10 is inadequate, with the outer circumference of the panel 1 being equal to or greater than the inner circumference of the compression band 10, a forced insertion of the compression band 10 to inside of the panel 1 may cause breakage of a corner of the panel 1, which is relatively weak. And, the forced insertion of the compression band 10 to inside of the panel 1 may push the adhesive tape 12 away from the outer circumference. Opposite to this, an excessive lengthening of the compression band 10 over a limit of the lengthening causes a poor fastening with the panel 1 due to a limit in contraction.
Second, the panel 1, under an excessive contraction, is contracted together with the compression band 10 at cooling down the compression band 10, to deteriorates landing or explosion proof characteristics of the flat Braun tube. Particularly, as shown in FIG. 4, in a case of an 22" panel 1, it is found that the panel 1 is deformed inwardly by approx. 6 mils(=152 .mu.m) at evacuation of the flat Braun tube, which becomes serious with a deformation ratio of 10% when the compression band 10 is contracted.
Third, the fastening of the compression band 10 with the panel 1 which requires heating the compression band 10, to lengthen the compression band 10, cooling the compression band 10 for compression onto the panel 1 has a problem of requiring many working-hours. | 2023-08-10T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8260 |
/*
Copyright 2014 The Kubernetes Authors All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package user
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api"
client "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/client/unversioned"
)
func AnnotationToIntPtr(sUID string) (*int64, error) {
uid, err := strconv.ParseInt(sUID, 10, 64)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &uid, nil
}
func GetAllocatedID(kClient client.Interface, pod *api.Pod, annotation string) (*int64, error) {
if len(pod.Spec.ServiceAccountName) > 0 {
sa, err := kClient.ServiceAccounts(pod.Namespace).Get(pod.Spec.ServiceAccountName)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
sUID, ok := sa.Annotations[annotation]
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unable to find annotation %s on service account %s", annotation, pod.Spec.ServiceAccountName)
}
return AnnotationToIntPtr(sUID)
} else {
ns, err := kClient.Namespaces().Get(pod.Namespace)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
sUID, ok := ns.Annotations[annotation]
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unable to find annotation %s on namespace %s", annotation, pod.Namespace)
}
return AnnotationToIntPtr(sUID)
}
}
| 2023-11-11T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1936 |
Speak Japanese in 90 Days:
A Self Study Guide to Becoming Fluent
Volume Two
Copyright © Kevin Marx 2017
Smashwords Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the author.
### Table of Contents
Foreword
Formatting and Verb Terminology
### Intermediate Basics
Particles 【わ・ぞ・ぜ・さ・における・において】
Confirming Information, Tag Questions 【ね・な・じゃない・そうですか・そうですね】
Phrases and Expressions Part 1 【まさか・一体・間違いない・だっけ・通り・ある・さらに】
Phrases and Expressions Part 2 【実は・本当は・できるだけ・なるべく・やはり・とにかく・一方・つまり】
Reading 1
Negative O-Form
Passive Voice
Causative-Form, Let
Causative-Passive
Reading 2
### Conjunctions and Clauses
Because 【だから・し・なぜなら】
Even Though, Although, Despite 【のに・のくせに】
Coordinating Conjunctions 【それで・そこで・そして・それでも】
Either Or, Neither Nor, Else 【か・なり・も・それとも】
Reading 3
Noun Modifying Clauses
That 【と・って】
Giving More Information With という
Idiomatic Expressions with という
Reading 4
If Part 1 【たら・たらどう・たらいい・もし】
If Part 2 【れば・ば・ばいい・ばよかった・のに】
If Part 3 【なら・ならば・それなら】
If Part 4 【と】
Wonder, Even If 【かな・かしら・ても・としても・たとえ】
Whether or Not, Instead of 【かどうか・ようと~まいと・代わりに】
Reading 5
### Intermediate Grammar
Do Completely, Regret, Unintentionally 【てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう・つい】
Coming and Going 【ていく・てくる】
Giving and Receiving 【あげる・やる・くれる・頂戴・もらう・頂く】
Giving and Receiving Favors
Sorry For, Thank You For, It's a Good Thing
Reading 6
Preparing for the Future 【ておく・とく・てこ・てある】
To Try, to Attempt 【てみる・ようとする・ようと思う・まいとする・試す】
To Pretend, Nothing Like, Nothing More Than 【ふりをする・限る・過ぎない】
Reading 7
On the Contrary 【かえって・とんでもない】
Only, Except For 【だけ・ばかり・以外】
Anything But, Besides 【だけしか・しかない・きり】
For the Sake of, In Order to, Because of 【のために】
About, Concerning, Regarding, Relating 【について・に関する】
Through, By, Depending On, According to 【による・によって・によると・によれば】
Fault, Because of, Thanks to 【のせいで・のおかげで】
Reading 8
Place 【ところ・ところが・ところで】
By No Means, Not Easily, By All Means 【とても~ない・なかなか~ ない・どうしても】
Together With 【ともに】
In That State 【まま・っぱなし】
Used to, Memories, Accustomed to 【もの・慣れる】
Reading 9
### Intermediate Adjective Grammar
Conditional Adjectives
Nouns as Adjectives 【的】
Comparisons, As ~ As 【と同じくらい・ほど】
Reading 10
Prefer, Would Rather, But Rather 【むしろ・よりむしろ】
To the Extent That, Too~to~, More Than 【ほど・あまりにも】
The More~The More
Reading 11
### Upper Intermediate Grammar
Even 【さえ・さえよければ】
As Long As, All You Have to Do Is 【さえいれば・さえあれば・さえすれば】
At Most, No More Than, At Best, At Least 【せいぜい・せめて・も】
Behavior 【がる】
Tend to 【がち・傾向】
Reading 12
Look, Sound, Seem Part 1 【よう・ように・のような】
Look, Sound, Seem Part 2 【そう】
Look, Sound, Seem Part 3 【っぽい・げ】
Look, Sound, Seem Part 4 【みたい・みえる・まるで】
Look, Sound, Seem Part 5 【らしい・そうです】
In Order to, So That, Hopes 【ように】
Be Sure to, Try to, Reach the Point 【ようにする・まいとする・ようになる】
Deduce, Change of Plans, Somehow or Other 【ことになる・どうやら】
Feel, Worry, Care, Interest 【気がする・気にする・気にかける・気になる・気がある・気分】
Reading 13
Appreciation, Disappointment, On Purpose 【せっかく・わざわざ・わざと】
Reason, Cause 【わけ・わけはない・わけにはいかない】
Extent 【くらい・ぐらい】
Reading 14
Decisions 【にする・ことにする・ことになる】
Other Uses of とする・となる
For, For a, As a 【にとって・にしては・として】
Reading 15
### Time Expressions
Whenever, Each Time, In the Case of 【たびに・ばあい】
Within 【うち・そのうち】
Just, In the Middle of, About to 【ばかり・たて・中・としている】
Time Phrases Part 1 【ほど・ばかり・後・以来・以前・今にも】
Time Phrases Part 2 【すでに・先日・近頃・途端・今後・当時・同時・やがて】
Time Phrases Part 3 【ついに・結局・とうとう・いつまでも・常に・直ちに・再び・一度に】
Reading 16
Foreword
This is the second book in the series Speak Japanese in 90 Days. The goal of these two books is to not only teach you Japanese grammar points, but also to teach you how to self-study effectively. If you have studied with Volume One, you have likely learned how to effectively memorize new vocabulary and grammar points. Volume Two will help you move beyond simple memorization, and introduce a new study method to build fluency. Volume Two covers the rest of the grammar tested in the JLPT N4 as well as all of the grammar in the JLPT N3, and even a few grammar points from the JLPT N2. This book consists of 90 lessons that can be studied in one day each. There are 74 grammar lessons and 16 reading reviews. Thank you for your purchase, I hope you enjoy studying with this book!
### How to Study
### Grammar
Like Volume One, at the end of each lesson, there will be a template to create a grammar note card which will help you memorize and review the grammar point. On one side of the card write the grammar rule in English, as well as one of the example sentences provided, and on the other side, write the grammar rule in Japanese, along with the Japanese translation. Just like you did in Volume One, practice saying these sentences out loud at least three times a day, ten times each, for a total of thirty times, and you may find that you can automatically recall the sentences without making much effort. In addition to this, I want you to try and create a sentence on your own using the new grammar, this is called practicing, as opposed to studying. As mentioned in Volume One, practicing is just as important as studying. If you don't have a native Japanese person to practice your own sentence with, try finding online resources where you can practice. There are many online resources that will help you find a language partner. It is extremely important that you try using the grammar on your own. Making mistakes will help you learn faster than any amount of studying. That is to say: practice makes perfect.
### Vocabulary
You may notice that this book does not have ten vocabulary words per lesson like Volume One. The reason for this is that the JLPT N3 tests over 5000 possible words, and after learning the most common 1000 words from Volume One, different students have different needs for vocabulary. To increase your vocabulary you need to start reading. There are 16 reading sections in this book that are designed to practice the grammar previously learned, however, these readings are not enough for you to significantly increase your Japanese vocabulary. You need to find some reading material that fits your Japanese goals. At this stage, I recommend finding some Japanese comic books that are aimed at younger audiences, because they contain フリガナ (readings printed above the kanji). If you do not live near a Japanese book retailer, you can find them in online retailers. There are many websites that host free content to read as well. When you read, be sure to say everything out loud. Read a page once through, and then go back look up words you don't know, and make a flash card. At this level, you may want to limit yourself to five words a day. As words become more abstract, they become harder to memorize, and the goal of 10 words a day outlined in Volume One becomes more and more difficult. After you have drilled the words, go back and read the page once again. Continue to review old pages and old vocabulary words along with new ones. Try making your own sentences with the new vocabulary words, and say everything out loud.
### Studying Vocabulary with Flash Cards
On both sides of the card write the numbers 1-10. On one side write the English word and on the other side write the Japanese equivalent. Read word number one out loud. Flip the card. Read the Japanese equivalent word out loud. Go on to the second word. Do this at least ten times for each word. It is extremely important that you say the words out loud. You brain will play tricks on you, and you may begin to memorize the order of the words on the card, so it is important to mix them up. Do the odd words, then do the even words. Do the words backwards. You can also switch the language you start with. Start on the English side to improve your speaking, start on the Japanese side to improve your reading and listening. Say everything out loud.
### Kanji
Now that you are past the beginner level of Japanese, you need to start studying kanji more seriously. As stated in Volume One, in my opinion, the best kanji resource available is the Kanji Learner's Course by Andrew Scott Conning (Kodansha USA, 2013), which can be used with an excellent series of graded reading sets and a sequential wall chart. These resources are especially good because they will help you build your vocabulary while at the same time learning kanji meanings and readings.
Formatting and Verb Terminology
The vocabulary words presented in the readings will have the word written in ひらがな or カタカナ, followed by the かんじ [漢字] in brackets, followed by the English meaning in bold. Words that are usually written with kana alone will be noted with (UK), meaning _usually kana_.
The example sentences in this book will have the following format: The English sentence in bold, followed by the Japanese sentence using only ひらがな and カタカナ, followed by the same Japanese sentence as it would normally appear using かんじ [漢字]. Japanese sentences often have many different possible translations, and so you may see some example sentences with two English translations. Translations that show the literal meaning will be represented in parentheses and preceded by _Lit._
### Verb Form Names
The different conjugations of verbs in this book have unique, easy to understand names that you may not be familiar with, as many resources give them different names. Please read the following explanations:
U-Form: This will refer to the casual present tense form of verbs, also called the Dictionary-Form.
Examples:
たべる [食べる]
いく [行く]
I-Form: This refers to the conjugation of verbs causing ごだん verbs to end in the sound い _._ This is also called the Polite-Form. It is combined with ます to make polite present tense sentences.
Examples:
たべ [食べ]
いき [行き]
A-Form **:** This refers to the conjugation of verbs causing ごだん verbs to end in the sound あ. This is also called the Negative-Forms. It is combined with ない to make casual negative present tense sentences.
Examples:
たべ [食べ]
いか [行か]
E-Form: This refers to the conjugation of verbs causing ごだん verbs to end in the sound え. This is also called the Imperative, Conditional, or Potential-Form.
Examples:
たべ [食べ]
いけ [行け]
O-Form: This refers to the conjugation of verbs causing いちだん verbs to end in よう and ごだん verbs to end in the sound おう. This is also called the Volitional or Presumptive-Form.
Examples:
たべよう [食べよう]
いこう [行こう]
Te-Form: This refers to the conjugation of verbs causing them to end in て.
Examples:
たべて [食べて]
いって [行って]
Ta-Form: This refers to the conjugation of verbs causing them to end in た. It is used for casual past tense sentences.
Examples:
たべた [食べた]
いった [行った]
NaiDe-Form: This refers to one of the negative Te-Forms, ending in ないで. It is used for negative commands, and to say _without doing_ or _instead of doing_.
Examples:
たべないで[食べないで]
いかないで[行かないで]
Nakute-Form: This refers to one of the negative Te-Forms, ending in なくて. It is used to say _not this but that,_ and to connect negative sentences with _and_.
Examples:
たべなくて[食べなくて]
いかなくて[行かなくて]
Day 1: Particles 【わ ・ ぞ ・ ぜ ・ さ ・ における ・ において】
【わ】
We can end a sentence with わ to draw attention, or show that we feel emotional, or have strong feelings about the sentence. This is similar to using よ, butわ is primarily used by women. However, men in the Kansai region of Japan also use it. It doesn't always take the place of よ, and can be combined with it as well. In writing you may see the vowel extended with a small あ.
This is delicious.
これはおいしいわぁ。
これは美味しいわぁ。
**We're going**!
いくわよ。
行くわよ。
【ぞ・ぜ】
We can end a sentence with ぞ or ぜ to make the sentence sound more forceful, as though the speaker is in control, or the speaker is an authority. Because this makes the speaker an authoritative figure, it won't be used politely. After all, why would a superior be polite to an inferior? ぞ or ぜ can also combine with the U-Form to make a command, or can take the place of the Volitional-Form. This is usually used only by males.
It is his fault. (with authority)
かれのせいだぞ。
彼のせいだぞ。
Let's **go!**
**Go! (** command **)**
いくぜ。
行くぜ。
【さ】
You may sometimes hear a sentence end with さ. You may also hear a sentence begin with さ, in fact you may hear a sentence with さ all over the place! This word has no meaning, and is used similarly to _like_ in English. It is a slang word that speakers will put anywhere in a sentence. Just like _like_ , it is considered a poor way of speaking, and so teenagers tend to use it a lot more than adults. あのさ can also be used the draw attention at the start of a sentence, similar to _hey._
Yeah well **, that's** like **, your opinion.**
あのさ、それはさ、あなたのいけんだよ。
あのさ、それはさ、あなたの意見だよ。
Hey **, did you see this?**
あのさ、これをみた?
あのさ、これを見た?
【における・において】
おけるis not actually a particle, but a verb, usually expressed in the Te-Form おいて, which can take the place of other particles. When you see it as おける, it will be in noun modifying clauses, which we will learn in Day 16. It is usually used in formal writing or formal speech, and won't be used in casual conversation. In the dictionary, the definitions are in, at, and for.
When used for locations, unlike に or で, it can represent both tangible and intangible places.
The baseball club meeting will be held in the cafeteria.
やきゅうぶのかいぎはしょくどうにおいておこなわれます。
野球部の会議は食堂において行われます。
He is an expert in the field of physics.
ぶつりがくにおいてかれはせんもんかです。
物理学において彼は専門家です。
おける can be used for non-specific time.
Friends in dark days are essential.
ふぐうじだいにおけるともだちはじゅうようなものです。
不遇時代における友達は重要なものです。
Conan, what is best in life?
コナン、じんせいにおいていちばんいいことはなに?
コナン、人生において一番いいことは何?
Day 1 Grammar Cards:
1. Emotion particle
わ
2. Authority particle / Command / Let's
ざ / ぜ
**3. Slang** _like_
さ
4. in, at, for (formal)
における [に於ける] (UK)
Day 2: Confirming Information, Tag Questions 【ね・な・じゃない・そうですか・そうですね】
To review English grammar, a tag question is a phrase that we put at the end of sentences to confirm information. For example: Right? Eh? Isn't it? Doesn't he? Shouldn't we? We use these to confirm information or to show that we agree with a statement.
【ね・な】
We can use ね at the end of a sentence to make a tag question. Using ね is so popular in Japanese that it may seem some people just throw it into sentences at random places to give themselves a bit of time to think. The word for thinking in Japanese is えっとね. This means uh or um. You can also say it twice ねね, or hold the vowel longer ねえ to get someone's attention, as in Hey!
This is good, isn't it?
これはいいね。
Amazing, eh?
すごいね。
Many male speakers will replace ね with な in a casual setting.
This is good, isn't it.
これはいいな。
Amazing, eh?
すごいな。
【じゃない】
When we use tag questions, in English, we usually use a negative question. We can do this in Japanese as well by using じゃない, the negative form of だ. Just like in English, you change your intonation if you want to make this sound like an actual question, or just a statement.
This is good, isn't it?
これはいいじゃない。
Amazing, isn't it?
すごいじゃない。
In casual conversations, this is often shorted to just じゃん. More often than not, when we use this shortened version, it will only be used as a statement, and not an actual question.
This is good, isn't it.
これはいいじゃん。
Amazing, isn't it.
すごいじゃん。
【そうですか・そうですね】
To confirm a previous statement, we will use the phrase そうです plus か or ね. If we use か with this phrase, it literally means Is it that way, or, is it like that? But a better translation is Oh I see, or, Is that so, or, Really? If we use ね, with this phrase, we are showing our agreement with the previous statement.
A: This is good.
B: Oh, I see. / Is that so? / Really?
A: これはいいです。
B: そうですか。
A: This is good.
B: It is good, isn't it? / Yeah I think so, too.
A: これはいいです。
B: そうですね。
Many people will shorten these, そうですか is shortened to そうか, and そうですね is shorted to just ね.
A: This is good.
B: Oh, I see. / Is that so? / Really?
A: これはいいです。
B: そうか。
A: This is good.
B: It is good, isn't it? / Yeah, I think so, too.
A: これはいいです。
B: ね。
Day 2 Grammar Cards:
1. Tag questions / Confirming information
ね・な
じゃない・じゃん
2. um / uh
えっとね
3. Hey!
ねね・ねえ
4. Confirming information
そうですか・そうか (Oh, I see.)
そうですね・ね (I think so too.)
Day 3: Phrases and Expressions Part 1 【まさか・一体・間違いない・だっけ・通り・ある・さらに】
In today's lesson we will learn some phrases and expressions that require a bit of explanation that you won't find in a dictionary.
【まさか】
まさか [真坂] is used when something unexpected happens that you can't believe. It can be translated as No way! or I can't believe it! It can be combined with とき [時] or ひ [日]to mean difficult times.
He won? I can't believe it!
まさか、かれのかちですか?
まさか、彼の勝ちですか?
Let's save this for a rainy day.
まさかのときにそなえてこれをたくわえておく。
まさかの時に備えてこれを蓄えておく。
【一体】
We can use いったい[一体] to say something like What in the world or What the heck! This term can be a bit vulgar depending on how you say it, and you can probably think of other words to replace heck in the translation. But this doesn't mean that it is always used in a vulgar way, even old ladies on family television programs say it:
What in the world are you doing?
いったいなにをしているんだろう。
一体何をしているんだろう。
**Who** the heck **are you?!**
おまえ、いったいだれだ。
お前、一体誰だ。
【間違いない】
You already know the word まちがう [間違う] (to make a mistake). This is often used negatively as まちがいない [間違いない] to show your certainty that something is true.
I know I've seen him before.
かれをみたことがあるのはまちがない。
彼を見たことがあるのは間違いない。
I'm certain **. He is at fault.**
まちがいないよ。かれのせいだ。
間違いないよ。彼のせいだ。
【だっけ】
If you have forgotten some information that you previously knew, place だっけ at the end of a sentence, replacing だ or です. This is opposed to never having known said information.
**What was his name again? (** I used to know, but I forgot. **)**
かれのなまえはなんだっけ?
彼の名前は何だっけ?
**Where was that store?** **(** I used to know, but I forgot. **)**
そのみせはどこだっけ。
その店はどこだっけ。
【通り】
とおり[通り] literally means street or avenue, but is often used to show a way of doing something, or a way of thinking, similar to English. It is often paired with この to refer to your way of thinking, or その to refer to someone else's way of thinking.
**He did it** just as I said **.**
かれはいったとおりにしました。
彼は言った通りにしました。
Let's go with your plan.
そのとおりにしよう。
その通りにしよう。
Yes, like that.
はい、そのとおりです。
はい、その通りです。
【ある】
You already know ある [有る] means to exist for inanimate objects. A homonym of this word, ある [或る] can be used as an adjective to note a specific thing. The translation is a certain, but this translation sort of lacks the nuance that the word has. For example, if we examine the two English words somewhere and anywhere, we can see that somewhere is referring to a more specific place than anywhere, but not specific enough that we actually know the location. The same is true with using ある [或る], we are stating that the place is specific, but not specific enough that we are saying exactly where. This idea can be illustrated perfectly with the word one day あるひ [ある日].
One day, the samurai saw a ninja.
あるひ、そのさむらいはにんじゃをみました。
ある日、その侍は忍者を見ました。
He met her at a certain place.
He met her somewhere.
かれはあるばしょでかのじょにあいました。
彼はある場所で彼女に会いました。
【さらに】
さらに is a phrase that means additionally, moreover, or even more. This can be used as an adverb or to start a sentence that offers additional information. In my opinion moreover is a bit of an old fashioned phrase, so it might be better to change moreover to something more modern.
This service costs an additional 100 yen.
このサービスはさらにひゃくえんかかります。
このサービスはさらに100円かかります。
Put in the sugar and flour. (Moreover) Also the egg and butter.
さとうとこむぎこをいれて。さらにたまごとバター。
砂糖と小麦粉を入れて。さらに卵とバター。
If you do that, it will hurt even more.
そうしたら、さらにいたくなる。
そうしたら、さらに痛くなる。
Day 3 Grammar Cards:
1. No way! I can't believe it!
まさか [真坂] (UK)
2. Difficult times
まさかのとき[まさかの時]
まさかのひ[まさかの日]
3. What the heck?!
いったい [一体]
4. Showing certainty that something is true
Negative verb + まちがいない[間違いない]
5. Forgotten information
End of sentence だっけ
6. Way of thinking or doing
とおり [通り]
7. a certain (specific but unspecified)
ある[或る] (UK)
8. additionally / moreover / even more
さらに [更に] (UK)
Day 4: Phrases and Expressions Part 2 【実は・本当は・できるだけ・なるべく・やはり・とにかく・一方・つまり】
【実は・本当は】
じつ [実] and ほんとう [本当] both mean _truth_ , and we can start a sentence with them plus は for the meaning: _as a matter of fact, the truth is, actually,_ etc. じつ [実] has a nuance of a confession. If we are not confessing something, we can use ほんとう [本当].
The truth is **, I ate your cake.**
じつは、わたしがあなたのケーキをたべた。
実は、私があなたのケーキを食べた。
Actually **, it's not that expensive.**
ほんとうは、ねだんがそんなにたかくない。
本当は、値段がそんなに高くない。
【できるだけ】
We can use できるだけ [出来るだけ] to say _as much_ _as possible._ The _much_ in this translation can be replaced by whatever adjective follows it. Because this uses the word できる [出来る] (can), this is emphasizing the limitations of our own abilities. Making requests with this grammar is somewhat forceful.
**I ate** as many **cakes** as possible **.**
わたしはできるだけたくさんのケーキをたべました。
私はできるだけたくさんのケーキを食べました。
**Please come** as soon as possible **.**
できるだけはやくきてください。
できるだけ早く来てください。
【なるべく】
なるべく [成るべく] also means _as much as possible._ It is more polite than できるだけ [出来るだけ], so it will more often be used when making requests.
**Please do it** as fast as possible **.**
なるべくはやくしてください。
なるべく早くして下さい。
**I try to avoid rush hour** as much as possible **.**
なるべくつうきんラッシュをさけています。
なるべく通勤ラッシュを避けています。
【やはり・やっぱり】
やはり[矢張り] or やっぱり has many uses. You can add this to clauses to show that some result met your expectations. By itself, we can translate it to _Just as I thought_. It is also used similarly to _anyway, even still,_ or _nonetheless_ , to show that circumstances haven't changed despite some new development.
**After the strong earthquake,** just as I thought **, the building was alright.**
つよいじしんのあとでも、ビルはやはりだいじょうぶだった。
強い地震の後でも、ビルはやはり大丈夫だった。
**He has changed, but** nonetheless **, he is a liar.**
かれはかわったけど、やっぱり、うそつきだ。
彼は変わったけど、やっぱり、嘘つきだ。
【とにかく】
とにかく [兎に角] translates to _anyway, at any rate, in any case,_ or _be that as it may_. We use this at the beginning of sentences to show that the previous idea doesn't matter, it won't change the importance of the following sentence.
Be that as it may **, you still need to study.**
とにかく、べんきょうすることがひつようです。
とにかく、勉強することが必要です。
**That was last year.** Anyway **, let's forget it.**
それはきょねんのことです。とにかく、わすれましょう。
それは去年のことです。とにかく、忘れましょう。
【一方】
いっぽう [一方] literally means _one way_ or _one direction_. When accompanied by で, will translate to _on one hand_ , that is, you are explaining two different opinions or situations. In English we usually accompany this phrase with on the other hand, but it Japanese it isn't necessary. The clause without いっぽう[一方] will show the other point of view. In English, we usually begin sentences with on one hand, and while it can begin a sentence in Japanese, it is usually placed at the end of the clause.
**I want to help** on one hand **,** but on the other hand **, I don't have free time.**
てつだいたいいっぽうで、ひまなじかんはありません。
手伝いたい一方で、暇な時間はありません。
On one hand he is not smart, but on the other hand he can think of good ideas.
かれはあたまがよくないいっぽうで、めいあんをおもいつくことができます。
彼は頭が良くない一方で、名案を思いつくことができます。
When placed at the end of a sentence followed by the copula, いっぽう [一方] shows that the sentence keeps happening, or happens continuously.
**My stocks** keep **going down!**
わたしのかぶはさがるいっぽうだ。
私の株は下がる一方だ。
**This trend** is continuing **to spread.**
このけいこうはおおきくなるいっぽうです。
この傾向は大きくなる一方です。
【つまり】
つまり [詰まり] means _in other words,_ _in short,_ or _what I mean is,_ and functions pretty much the same as in English. We can use it to clarify or sum up the previous sentence:
In other words **, she won't be coming back.**
つまり、かのじょはもどらない。
つまり、彼女は戻らない。
So you're saying **you can't come, right?**
つまり、こられないね。
つまり、来られないね。
Day 4 Grammar Cards:
1. As a matter of fact / The truth is / Actually
じつは [実は] (nuance of confession)
ほんとうは [本当は]
2. As much as (humanly) possible
できるだけ [出来るだけ] (UK)
3. As much as possible
なるべく [成るべく] (UK)
4. Just as I thought / Anyway / Even still / Nonetheless
やはり / やっぱり [矢張り] (UK)
5. Anyway / At any rate / In any case / Be that as it may
とにかく [兎に角] (UK)
6. On one hand
いっぽう [一方]
7. In other words / In short / What I mean is
つまり [詰まり] (UK)
Day 5: Reading 1
Today's lesson will contain the first reading section. The readings will contain the target grammar from the previous lessons to help you review. The readings will also contain grammar that you haven't studied yet, but will be presented later in this book, so if you don't understand everything completely, that is perfectly fine. Because of this, it's a good idea to practice the previous readings every time you reach the new ones. Once you finish the book, you should be able to understand everything in the readings completely. Each sentence is numbered, and the numbers next to the vocabulary words correspond to the sentence where they are found. Above each sentence is the same sentence written without kanji. These sentences without kanji contain spaces for ease of reading, but normally Japanese is never written like this. The names of the characters are all written using only ひらがな and カタカナ, because kanji names can be comprised of any number of different kanji.
Study these readings like you study your flashcards, for short intervals, three times a day. Start by first reading everything out loud. After you have read it once, review all the words that you don't know. Read everything out loud once more. On your second study session, after reading everything out loud again, try to translate the sentences into English. There are many various translations possible. Try to think of the many different ways that you could express the sentences in English. On your third study session, drill the unknown vocabulary again before reading everything out loud. Your goal after the third study session should be that you can recall the grammar points in a relatively short amount of time.
As stated in the foreword, these readings should not be your sole source of practice. It is very important that you find something to read which is applicable to your Japanese goals, and practice reading it with the method outlined above.
Reading 1 Vocabulary:
2) おおさか [大阪] Osaka
2) しゅっしん [出身] person's origin / birthplace
4) かよう [通う] to go to and from / to attend school
5) かいけいし [会計士] accountant
8) えがお [笑顔] smiling face
12) じょうだん [冗談] joke
18) りょうかい [了解] roger (radio)
20) せんめんだい [洗面台] washbasin
22) なべ [鍋] cooking pot
22) のぞく [覗く] (UK) to peek into
Reading 1:
ふたりの がくせいが とうきょうで いっしょの アパートに すんでいます。
1) 二人の学生が東京で一緒のアパートに住んでいます。
そのうちの ひとり、たつやは おおさか しゅっしん です。
2) そのうちの一人、たつやは大阪出身です。
かれは さくねん とうきょうに ひっこして きました。
3) 彼は昨年東京に引っ越してきました。
かれは とうきょうだいがくに かよっていて、 いしゃに なる ために べんきょう しています。
4) 彼は東京大学に通っていて、医者になるために勉強しています。
もう ひとりの ひろは けいざいを べんきょうしていて、かいけいしに なるのが ゆめ です。
5) もう一人の、ひろは経済を勉強していて、会計士になるのが夢です。
たつやも ひろも りょうりは じょうず ではありません が、こんや、 ひろは パスタを つくろうと しています。
6) たつやもひろも料理は上手ではありませんが、今夜、ひろはパスタを作ろうとしています。
たつやは だいどころに たつ ひろを みて、「まさか、りょうりを つくる つもり?」 とききました。
7) たつやは台所に立つひろを見て「まさか、料理を作るつもり?」と聞きました。
えがおで ひろが こたえました。 「 そうだよ。」
8) 笑顔でひろが答えました。「 そうだよ。」
「いったい なにを しているの?この アパートに ひを つける つもり? おまえに りょうりは むり だぜ。」
9) 「一体何をしているの?このアパートに火をつけるつもり?お前に料理は無理だぜ。」
「やっぱり ね、 そういう とおもったよ。」
10) 「やっぱりね、そう言うと思ったよ。」
たつやは ひろが おいしい ものを つくれない とおもう いっぽう、 いまは ほかに たべられるものが ありません。
11) たつやはひろが美味しいものを作れないと思う一方、今は他に食べられるものがありません。
「じょうだん だよ。 じつは たつやの りょうりは すき だぞ。 これは なん だっけ?」
12) 「 冗談だよ。実はたつやの料理は好きだぞ。これは何だっけ?」
「オレガノ だよ。 パスタに つかう のさ。」
13) 「オレガノだよ。パスタに使うのさ。」
たつやは カップラーメン しか つくれない ので、 ひろに つくりかたを ききました。
14) たつやはカップラーメンしか作れないので、ひろに作り方を聞きました。
「つくりかたは どう する? みずを わかして、パスタを いれる?」
15) 「作り方はどうする?水を沸かして、パスタを入れる?」
「その とおり。」
16) 「その通り。」
「おなか すいた わぁ。 なるべく はやく つくって ください。」
17) 「お腹すいたわぁ。なるべく早く作ってください。」
「りょうかい。 できるだけ はやく つくるよ。 とにかく、てを あらって。」
18) 「了解。出来るだけ早く作るよ。とにかく、手を洗って。」
「はい。」
19) 「はい。」
たつやは せんめんじょに いって、 てを あらいました。
20) たつやは洗面台に行って、手を洗いました。
ひろの パスタも ちょうど かんせい しました。
21) ひろのパスタもちょうど完成しました。
たつやは だいどころに もどり、なべを のぞいて いいました。
22) たつやは台所に戻り、鍋をのぞいて言いました。
「うまそう だなぁ。 おまえが つくったなら まちがいないな!」
23) 「うまそうだなぁ。お前が作ったなら間違いないな!」
「どう いう いみ?」
24) 「どういう意味?」
ふたりとも わらいました。
25) 二人とも笑いました。
Day 6: Negative O-Form
If you recall, the O-Form is also called the Volitional Form or the Presumptive Form. We use it to say things like _Let's_ , _shall we_ , and to show our certainty. Since _volition_ is your _will_ or _desire_ to do something, we can use the negative O-Form to show our strong will or desire not to do something. We can also use it to show our certainty in negative sentences. First let's look at how to make the negative O-Form:
For いちだん verbs, we drop the final る and add まい.
いちだんVerbs
たべ [食べ] → たべまい [食べまい]
み [見] → みまい [見まい]
For ごだん verbs, we use the U-Form + まい.
ごだんVerbs
かう [買う] → かうまい [買うまい]
まつ [待つ] → まつまい [待つまい]
かえる [帰る] → かえるまい [帰るまい]
よむ [読む] → よむまい [読むまい]
あそぶ [遊ぶ] → あそぶまい[遊ぶまい]
はたらく [働く]→ はたらくまい [働くまい]
いそぐ [急ぐ] → いそぐまい [急ぐまい]
はなす [話す] → はなすまい [話すまい]
Special Verbs
する →しまい・すまい・するまい
くる [来る] → こまい[来まい]・くるまい[来るまい]
The conjugation of this verb will depend on the age of the speaker. Younger Japanese speakers tend to use the unconjugated versions するまい and 来るまい.
We can call this the Negative O-Form or the Mai-Form. This grammar express our will, desire, or intention **not** to do something:
**I'll** never make **that mistake again.**
そのしっぱいをにどとしまい。
その失敗を二度としまい。
**I** won't drink **anymore.**
もうぜったいおさけをのむまい。
もう絶対お酒を飲むまい。
The Mai-Form can also be used just like だろう and でしょう, but since it is negative, we are saying that we presume something not to be true.
Probably no one will come.
だれもこないだろう。
誰も来ないだろう。
Probably no one will come.
だれもこまい。
誰も来まい。
Day 6 Grammar Cards:
1. Mai-Form (いちだん verbs)
drop るadd まい
2. Mai-Form (ごだん verbs)
U-Form + まい
3. Mai-Form (する・来る)
する → しまい
する → すまい
する → するまい
くる [来る] → こまい[来まい]
くる [来る] → くるまい [来るまい]
Day 7: Passive Voice
Passive voice can be tough with European languages, but luckily for us, it's really easy in Japanese.
For いちだん verbs, we use the A-Form + られる.
いちだんVerbs
たべ [食べ] → たべられる [食べられる]
み [見] → みられる [見られる]
For ごだん verbs, we use the A-Form + れる.
ごだんVerbs
かわ [買わ] → かわれる [買われる]
また [待た] → またれる [待たれる]
かえら [帰ら] → かえられる [帰られる]
よま [読ま] → よまれる [読まれる]
あそば [遊ば] → あそばれる [遊ばれる]
はたらか [働か]→ はたらかれる [働かれる]
いそが [急が] → いそがれる [急がれる]
はなさ [話さ] → はなされる [話される]
Special Verbs
し → される
こ[来] → こられる [来られる]
Just a reminder for those that may have been sleeping during English grammar class, we use the passive voice to convert an object of a sentence into a subject. For example, we can change the sentence I wrote a book to A book was written.
**I** wrote **a book.**
わたしはほんをしっぴつしました。
私は本を執筆しました。
**A book** was written **.**
ほんはしっぴつされました。
本は執筆されました。
We can also use the Passive-Form combined with the Te-Form and いる to make a passive sentence with the word _being:_
**The movie** is being watched **.**
えいががみられている。
映画が観られている。
**The movie** was being watched **.**
えいががみられていった。
映画が観られていった。
Using the Passive-Form makes the sentence even more vague. In the example above, we don't know who wrote the book. Again, it's polite to be vague in Japanese, so the Passive-Form can sometimes be used to make a sentence sound softer or more polite. While in English, using passive sentences in writing is considered bad form, this is not the case at all in Japanese. Remember, the Japanese language likes to drop everything that can be understood from context, and so the passive voice will be used much more often in Japanese, especially when it's possible to leave out the subject of the sentence.
We can also use the Te-Form + ある for English translations of the passive voice. This grammar isn't actually the passive voice though, it doesn't make sentences vague or get rid of the subject. Rather, it shows that something has been completed, a change in state has occurred, something happened, and (て) now something exists (ある) in a new state. In English, we use the passive voice to convey this meaning.
These potatoes are not fried, but baked.
このジャガイモはあげられていなくて、やいてある。
このジャガイモは揚げられていなくて、焼いてある。
**His name** is written **here.**
かれのなまえはここにかいてあります。
彼の名前はここに書いてあります。
Note that, because this grammar shows the the action was completed, we cannot translate this with the word being. If we want to say something is being done we need to use the Passive-Form.
Day 7 Grammar Cards:
**1. Passive-Form (** いちだん **verbs)**
A-Form + られる
**2. Passive-Form (** ごだん **verbs)**
A-Form + れる
**3. Passive-Form +** _being_
Passive Te-Form + いる
4. Passive-Form of a completed action
Te-Form + ある
**5. Passive-Form (** する・来る **)**
される
こられる [来られる]
Day 8: Causative-Form, Let
The Causative-Form in Japanese has many uses and is unlike any grammar structure in English, so it can be a bit confusing the first time you see it. First, let's just take a look at how we make the Causative-Form. Like the Passive-Form, the Causative-Form is used by adding endings to the A-Form. However, there are two ways to conjugate the Causative-Form.
For いちだん verbs, we use the A-Form + させる.
いちだんverbs
たべ [食べ] → たべさせる [食べさせる]
み [見] → みさせる [見させる]
For ごだん verbs, we use the A-Form + せる.
ごだんverbs
かわ [買わ] → かわせる [買わせる]
また [待た] → またせる [待たせる]
かえら [帰ら] → かえらせる [帰らせる]
よま[読ま] → よませる [読ませる]
あそば [遊ば] → あそばせる [遊ばせる]
はたらか [働か] → はたらかせる [働かせる]
いそが [急が] → いそがせる [急がせる]
はなさ[話さ] → はなさせる [話させる]
Special Verbs
する → させる
くる [来る]→ こさせる [来させる]
The shorter Causative-Form ends in す instead of せる:
いちだんVerbs
たべ [食べ] → たべさす [食べさす]
み [見] → みさす [見さす]
ごだんVerbs
かわ [買わ] → かわす [買わす]
また [待た] → またす [待たす]
かえら [帰ら] → かえらす [帰らす]
よま[読ま] → よます [読ます]
あそば [遊ば] → あそばす [遊ばす]
はたらか [働か] → はたらかす [働かす]
いそが [急が] → いそがす [急がす]
はなさ[話さ] → はなさす [話さす]
Special Verbs
する → さす
くる [来る]→ こさす [来さす]
You may be wondering what the difference is between these two versions. There is no difference. The shorter version is the classical style of conjugation, and being so, is less common in modern Japanese. Some speakers say the shorter version sounds more blunt.
Let's look at a common example to help us learn what exactly the Causative-Form is. On many signs in Japan you will find this phrase:
Notice
しらせ
知らせ
This is the Causative-Form of しる [知る] (to know), not only that, but it is also in the E-Form, しらせる changed to しらせ, which makes it a command. The literal translation of this phrase is someone commanding you to cause to know. In English we can translate this as please notice or please be aware or let it be known. What this form is telling you to do, is to cause the verb of knowing to happen. Please keep this in mind when you see the Causative-Form, it means cause this verb to happen.
We can use the Causative-Form to say that someone made us or forced us to do something:
**My parents** make **me** study **every day.**
おやはまいにちわたしにべんきょうさせる。
親は毎日私に勉強させる。
**My boss** forces **everyone** to work hard **.**
じょうしはみんなにはたらかせる。
上司は皆に働かせる。
Do you recall that we can translate 知らせ as let it be known? Because of this, the Causative-Form is also used to say let. It sounds a bit funny, but the previous sentences could also be translated as let instead of make / force.
**My parents** let **me** study **every day.**
おやはまいにちわたしにべんきょうさせる。
親は毎日私に勉強させる。
**My boss** lets **everyone** work hard **.**
じょうしはみんなにはたらかせる。
上司は皆に働かせる。
That was so nice of our parents to let us study, and so nice of our boss to let us work hard! Of course, I'm joking here, and you can usually understand from context if someone meant make or force or let. However, if we want to explicitly say let me in Japanese, we use the Causative-Form combined with Te-Form commands.
Let **me** buy **this please.**
これをかわせてください。
これを買わせてください。
Don't let me go **alone.**
ひとりでいかせないでください。
一人で行かせないでください。
Day 8 Grammar Cards:
**1. Causative-Form (** いちだん **verbs)**
A-Form + させる (modern)
A-Form + さす (classical)
**2. Causative-Form (** ごだん **verbs)**
A-Form + せる (modern)
A-Form + す (classical)
3. let
Causative Te-Form + ください
**4. Causative-Form (** する・来る **)**
させる (modern)
さす (classical)
こさせる [来させる] (modern)
こさす [来さす] (classical)
Day 9: Causative-Passive
Now that we have learned both the Passive-Form and Causative-Form, we can combine them into the Causative-Passive-Form. This is easy to do, we simply combine the two endings together. Though いちだん verbs have two possible Causative-Form conjugations, Causative-Passive いちだん verbs only have one.
For いちだん verbs, we use the A-Form + させられる.
いちだんVerbs
たべ [食べ] → たべさせられる [食べさせられる]
み [見] → みさせられる [見させられる]
For ごだん verbs, the modern conjugation uses the A-Form + せられる.
ごだんVerbs
かわ [買わ] → かわせられる [買わせられる]
また[待た] → またせられる [待たせられる]
かえら [帰ら] → かえらせられる [帰らせられる]
よま [読ま] → よませられる [読ませられる]
あそば [遊ば] → あそばせられる [遊ばせられる]
はたらか [働か] → はたらかせられる [働かせられる]
いそが [急が] → いそがせられる [急がせられる]
はなさ [話さ] → はなさせられる [話させられる]
The classical conjugation replaces せら with さ. せられる becomes される. Unlike the classical Causative-Form, the classical Causative-Passive of ごだん verbs is actually more common than the modern version. Most speakers say that because it is shorter, it is easier. After all, the Causative-Passive has many syllables! One final note, verbs that end in す do not use the classical conjugation. Perhaps this is because saying ささ sounds funny.
ごだんVerbs
かわ [買わ] → かわされる [買わされる]
また[待た] → またされる [待たされる]
かえら [帰ら] → かえらされる [帰らされる]
よま [読ま] → よまされる [読まされる]
あそば [遊ば] → あそばされる [遊ばされる]
はたらか [働か] → はたらかされる [働かされる]
いそが [急が] → いそがされる [急がされる]
はなさ [話さ] → はなさせられる [話させられる]*
Like いちだん verbs, the two special verbs only use the modern conjugation.
Special Verbs
し → させられる
こ [来] → こさせられる [来させられる]
We can use this when we want to say that someone is made or forced to do something.
**I** was forced to eat **the cake.**
ケーキをたべさせられました。
ケーキを食べさせられました。
**I** was being forced to eat **the cake.**
ケーキをたべさせられていました。
ケーキを食べさせられていました。
**The soldiers** are forced to run **every day.**
ぐんじんはまいにちはしらされる。
軍人は毎日走らされる。
**The soldiers** are being forced to run **every day.**
ぐんじんはまいにちはしらされています。
軍人は毎日走らされています。
Day 9 Grammar Cards:
**1. Causative-Passive (** いちだん **verbs)**
A-Form + させられる
**2. Causative-Passive (** ごだん **verbs)**
A-Form + せられる (modern)
A-Form + される (classical)
**3. Causative-Passive (** する・来る **)**
させられる
こさせられる [来させられる]
Day 10: Reading 2
Reading 2 Vocabulary:
1) さんぞく [山賊] bandit
1) しゅうげきする [襲撃する] to attack / to raid
2) ゆうかいする [誘拐する] to kidnap / to abduct
3) へいわ [平和] peace
3) このむ [好む] to like / to prefer
3) あらがう [抗う] to go against / to fight against
5) ざんこく [残酷] (Na) cruel
6) さしだす [差し出す] to present / to submit
6) めいじる [命じる] to order / to command
7) たび [旅] trip / journey
7) さむらい [侍] samurai
7) たちよる [立ち寄る] to stop by
8) かいめつ [壊滅] destruction / devastation
8) めのあたり [目の当たり] before one's eyes / in one's presence
10) いばしょ [居場所] whereabouts
11) おれい [お礼] thanks / gratitude / reward
12) こらしめる [懲らしめる] to chastise / to punish
12) とりもどす [取り戻す] to take back / to get back / to recover
13) せんたくし [選択肢] choices / alternatives / options
13) かくれる [隠れる] to hide / to conceal
15) カビ [黴] (UK) mold
16) とうちゃくする [到着する] to arrive
16) おおごえ [大声] loud voice
17) かいほうする [解放する] to release / to set free
17) やっつける [遣っ付ける] (UK) to attack / to beat / to finish off
20) や [矢] arrow
20) はなつ [放つ] to shoot
21) すばやい [素早い] quick / nimble
21) かわす [躱す] (UK) to dodge / to evade
22) かたな [刀] sword
22) ふる [振る] to wave / to shake / to swing
23) きせき [奇跡] miracle
25) にどと [二度と] never again (with negative verb)
Reading 2:
むかし にほん には まいとし さんぞくに しゅうげき されたむらが ありました。
1) 昔日本には毎年山賊に襲撃された村がありました。
いえが やかれ、こめが ぬすまれ、こどもが ゆうかい されました。
2) 家が焼かれ、米が盗まれ、子供が誘拐されました。
へいわを このむむらびとは さんぞくの ちからに あらがえなかった ので、 こどもには てを ださないように とたのみました。
3) 平和を好む村人は山賊の力に抗えなかったので、子供には手を出さないようにと頼みました。
「おねがい、 おかね を とっても、こども には てを ださないで ください。」
4) 「お願い、お金を取っても、子供には手を出さないでください。」
しかし、 さんぞくは ざんこく でした。
5) しかし、山賊は残酷でした。
むらびとは、「おまえたちの たいせつな ものを すべて さしだす のだ。」 とめじられました。
6) 村人は、「おまえたちの大切なものを全て差し出すのだ。」と命じられました。
あるひ、 たびを している さむらいが このむらに たちよりました。
7) ある日、旅をしている侍がこの村に立ち寄りました。
かれは さんぞくに かいめつ させられた むらを めのあたりに しました。
8) 彼は山賊に壊滅させられた村を目の当たりにしました。
「これは ひどい。 わたしに なんか おてつだい させて ください。」 とさむらいは むらびとたちに いいました。
9) 「これはひどい。私に何かお手伝いさせてください。」と侍は村人たちに言いました。
「さんぞくの いばしょを おしえて。 わたしは かれらを ころして みせましょう。」
10) 「山賊の居場所を教えて。私は彼らを殺してみせましょう。」
「でも わたしたちは なにも おれいを することが できません。 ぜんぶ とられた ので、なにも もっていない のです。」 とむらびとが いいました。
11) 「でも私たちは何もお礼をすることができません。全部取られたので、何も持っていないのです。」と村人が言いました。
「いいえ、 おれいは なにも いりません。 わたしに やらせて ください。さんぞくを こらしめ、こどもたちを とりもどして みせます。」
12) 「いいえ、お礼は何もいりません。私にやらせてください。山賊を懲らしめ、子どもたちを取り戻してみせます。」
むらびとには ほかの せんたくしが なかった ので、さむらいに さんぞくの かくれがを おしえました。
13) 村人には他の選択肢がなかったので、侍に山賊の隠れ家を教えました。
さんぞくの むらで こどもは ずっと はたらかせれていました。
14) 山賊の村で子供はずっと働かせれていました。
また、 きたない みずを のんで、カビだらけの たべものを たべさせられていました。
15) また、汚い水を飲んで、カビだらけの食べ物を食べさせられていました。
さむらいは さんぞくの むらに とうちゃくし、もんの まえに たって、おおごえで いいました。
16) 侍は山賊の村に到着し、門の前に立って、大声で言いました。
「この こどもたちを かいほう しろ。それとも おれが おまえたちを やっつけようか。」
17) 「この子供たちを解放しろ。それとも俺がお前たちをやっつけようか。」
さんぞくは わらって いいました、「おまえに なにが できる?おまえは ひとり、おれたちは ひゃくにん。」
18) 山賊は笑って言いました、「お前に何ができる?お前は一人、俺たちは百人。」
「これが さいごの チャンス だ。こどもたちを かいほう しなさい。」
19) 「これが最後のチャンスだ。子供たちを解放しなさい。」
さむらいに むけて やが はなたれました。
20) 侍に向けて矢が放たれました。
さむらいは すばやく かわしました。
21) 侍は素早くかわしました。
さむらいが かたなを ひとふりすると、さんぞくたちが つぎつぎに たおれていきました。
22) 侍が刀を一振りすると、山賊たちが次々に倒れていきました。
きせき でした。
23) 奇跡でした。
こどもたちは むらに かえって きました。
24) 子供たちは村に帰ってきました。
そして、むらびとたちが そのさむらいを みることは にどと ありません でした。
25) そして、村人たちがその侍を見ることは二度とありませんでした。
Day 11: Because 【だから・し・なぜなら】
In Volume One, we learned から and ので as translations for because. There are a few more words we need to learn.
【だから】
We can use だから to show our reasons. Think of it as a combination of だ and から, where the だ is being used to sort of sum up the previous sentence. This translates to that's why or so.
I want to see him. That's why / So I will go.
かれをみたい。だからいきます。
彼を見たい。だから行きます。
**Oh,** that's why **he was crying?**
だからかれはないていたの?
だから彼は泣いていたの?
【し】
Another way we can give our reasons for doing something is to add し to the end of the reason. This is often used when people are giving multiple reasons, and will act as a list marker, similar to using とか and や with nouns. Depending on the sentence, this can translate to and or or.
I will go, because I want to see him, and I want go outside.
かれをみたいし、そとにいきたいから、いきます。
彼を見たいし、外に行きたいから、行きます。
**I don't have any money** or **time.**
おかねがないし、じかんもない。
お金がないし、時間もない。
し can also be used when you are giving lists of adjectives in place of the Te-Form. With Na-Adjectives, we need to remember to add だ:
He is strong and kind and a great person.
かれはつよいし、しんせつだし、りっぱなひとだ。
彼は強いし、親切だし、立派な人だ。
The cat is cute and fluffy.
ねこはかわいいし、モフモフです。
猫は可愛いし、モフモフです。
【なぜなら】
Yet another way we can say because is なぜなら. This word will start a sentence and is used in a response to a why question. Though なぜなら means because, sentences using it are almost always ended with から, so usually it is used as an emphasis marker to show that what you are saying is the response to a why question:
A: Why are you going?
**B:** Because **I want to meet him.**
A: なぜいきますか?
B: なぜなら、かれにあいたいから。
A: なぜ行きますか?
B: なぜなら、彼に会いたいから。
A: Why are you doing that?
**B:** Because **I don't like him.**
A: なんでそんなことをするの?
B: なぜなら、かれがすきじゃないから。
A: なんでそんなことをするの?
B: なぜなら、彼が好きじゃないから。
Day 11 Grammar Cards:
1. That's why
だから
2. Listing reasons / Listing adjectives
し
3. because (reply to why)
なぜなら...から
Day 12: Even Though, Although, Despite 【のに・くせに】
【のに】
のに can be translated as even though, although, despite. It is attached to the end of a clause. As far as translation, even though can easily be replaced by although, but when we use despite, the English sentence changes into something like: Despite the fact that ~. In Japanese the same sentence means all three things.
Even though **I was studying every day, I didn't pass the test.**
まいにちべんきょうしていたのに、しけんにおちた。
毎日勉強していたのに、試験に落ちた。
Despite the fact that I tried hard, I couldn't win.
がんばったのに、かてなかった。
頑張ったのに、勝てなかった。
If we make a sentence that ends with です or the casual version だ, we need to change these words to な.
Although it's **gold, it's not worth much.**
きんなのに、あまりかちがない。
金なのに、あまり価値がない。
Even though it was his birthday, he didn't get a present.
かれのたんじょうびなのに、プレゼントをもらわなかった。
彼の誕生日なのに、プレゼントを貰うわなかった。
It's important not to confuse this word with situations where the particles の and に are combined, for example, when you nominalize a verb with the の particle:
I didn't notice that he ate my cake.
かれがわたしのケーキをたべたのにきづかなかった。
彼が私のケーキを食べたのに気付かなかった。
【くせに】
くせに has the same meaning as のに but is most always used in contexts when you are angry or annoyed at someone. For nouns we need to add の before くせに.
**He wouldn't give me 100 yen** even though **he is rich. (** annoyed **)**
かれはおかねもちのくせにわたしに100えんもくれなかった。
彼はお金持ちのくせに私に100円もくれなかった。
**He kissed other women** even though **he is my boyfriend! (** annoyed **)**
かれはわたしのかれしのくせに、ほかのおんなのひとときすした。
彼は私の彼氏のくせに、他の女の人とキスした。
のくせに derives from the word くせ [癖] which means _a_ _habit_ or _tendency_ , usually referring to a bad one.
Smoking every day is a bad habit.
まいにちタバコをすうのはわるいくせだ。
毎日タバコを吸うのは悪い癖だ。
He has a habit of getting angry.
He tends to be angry.
かれはおこるくせがある。
彼は怒る癖がある。
Day 12 Grammar Cards:
1. despite / although / even though
のに
2. despite / although / even though (annoyed)
くせに [癖に] (UK)
3. A bad habit or tendency
くせ [癖]
Day 13: Coordinating Conjunctions 【それで・そこで・そして・それでも】
If you don't know the grammar word Coordinating Conjunction, don't worry. The word _and_ is a coordinating conjunction. We use words like this to connect sentences with different ideas, that is, coordinating conjunctions connect main clauses rather than subordinating clauses!
Most of the words we will learn today can simply be translated as _and,_ but they each have a slight nuance and various uses. Like in English, a lot of these words are just acting as place holders for the speaker to think and gather his or her thoughts.
What separates the words that we will learn today from the previous ones, is that the two clauses will be separated by a period, and not a comma. The conjunctions will be the first word in the second sentence, rather that one long sentence separated by a comma. The reason is that these words are often used to give speakers time to gather their thoughts before they speak again.
【それで】
それで means _and,_ but has a nuance of _because of that_ or _therefore,_ similar to だから. This is often shortened to just で in conversation.
**He lost my money in stocks.** Therefore **I can't trust him.**
かれはかぶでわたしの貯金をうしなった。それで、かれをしんようできない。
彼は株で私の貯金を失った。それで、彼を信用できない。
**I lost my job.** So **, I can't buy expensive things.**
くびになった。それでたかいものをかえない。
首になった。それで高い物を買えない。
【そこで】
そこで is the same as それで but only used with improvements or solutions to the previous stated situation.
**I'm unemployed.** So **, I'm looking for a new job.**
わたしはしつぎょうしゃです。そこであたらしいしごとをさがしています。
私は失業者です。そこで新しい仕事を探しています。
**We were fighting every day.** So **, to fight reduce our fights, I moved.**
まいにちけんかしていた。そこで、けんかをすくなくするために、ひっこしました。
毎日喧嘩していた。そこで、喧嘩を少なくするために、引っ越しました。
【そして】
そして is often used to sum up previous sentences and offer a conclusion, but it can also be used to mean _also,_ or _and then..._
**We lived together,** and uh, anyway, the point is **, we were fighting every day.**
いっしょうにすんでいた。そして、まいにちけんかしていた。
一緒に住んでいた。そして、毎日喧嘩していた。
**He moved in,** then **he moved out.**
かれはひっこしてきた。そしてひっこしていった。
彼は引っ越してきた。そして引っ越して行った。
【それでも】
それでも means _despite that._ Before, we learned the word のに to mean _despite_ , and sentences with similar meanings can be constructed using both.
**I was studying every day.** Despite that **, I didn't pass the test.**
まいにちべきょうしていた。それでも、しけんにおちた。
毎日勉強していた。それでも、試験に落ちた。
**He lost my money in stocks.** And yet **, I trust him.**
かれはかぶでわたしのちょきんをうしなった。それでも、かれをしんようできる。
彼は株で私の貯金を失った。それでも、彼を信用できる。
Day 13 Grammar Cards:
1. and / because of that / therefore
それで
そこで (shows improvement)
2. and / but / however
そして
3. despite that
それでも
Day 14: Either Or, Neither Nor, Else 【か・なり・も・それとも】
To say either A or B in Japanese is very easy. The choices will be presented first, and then the question will be asked.
【か・なり】
When presenting choices, we add か after each choice, but the final choice usually has no marker. This can be translated as or. The choices must be nouns, so we need to nominalize verbs.
**Which do you like, A** or **B?**
AかB、どっちがすきですか。
AかB、どっちが好きですか。
Do you want to see a movie, or go out to eat, or walk around the park?
えいがをみるのか、たべにいくのか、さんぽをするのか、どれがしたいの?
映画を見るのか、食べに行くのか、散歩をするのか、どれがしたいの?
We can replace か with なり to show that the options aren't the only ones available, similar to using とか and や with nouns. Unlike か, using なり doesn't require you to nominalize the verb with の. However, this grammar is not very commonly used, most people will just use か.
Do you either want to see a movie, or go out to eat, choose already!
えいがをみるなり、たべにいくなり、とにかくえらんで!
映画を見るなり、食べに行くなり、とにかく選んで!
【も】
To say neither nor we use も with a negative verb. This can sometimes be confusing because we use も for also. So try to think of it as also not.
**I don't like A** nor **B.**
AもB、どれもすきじゃない。
AもB、どれも好きじゃない。
Neither I nor Mr. Tanaka understand this question.
このしつもんはわたしもたなかさんもわかりません。
この質問は私も田中さんも分かりません。
【それとも】
それとも means _or / else / otherwise._ This is always used with questions:
**Do you like A?** Or **do you like B?**
Aがすきですか。それともBがすきですか。
Aが好きですか。それともBが好きですか。
**Will you meet your friend?** Or **will you stay home?**
ともだちにあいますか、それともいえにいますか。
友達に会いますか。それとも家にいますか。
Day 14 Grammar Cards:
1. either / or
(noun) + (か・なり)
2. neither / nor
(noun) + も \+ (negative verb)
3. else / or / otherwise
それとも
Day 15: Reading 3
Reading 3 Vocabulary:
2) しあい [試合] match / game
3) もんく [文句] complaint
5) しつぎょうしゃ [失業者] unemployed person
6) きょうみ [興味] interest / curiosity
6) うりあげ [売り上*] sales
*This can also be written as 売上.
7) せいひん [製品] product
10) せんしゅ [選手] player
10) けが [怪我] injury
11) しんじる [信じる] to believe
14) ずれる to slide / to slip off / to deviate
14) きづく [気付く] (UK)* to notice / to recognize
*Only the second kanji 付 is usually kana.
15) おちつく [落ち着く] to calm down
16) バカ idiot
17) ひとくち [一口] mouthful / gulp
19) なまけもの [怠け者] lazy person
20) かんじ [感じ] feeling
20) しょうしん [昇進] promotion
21) きゅうりょう [給料] salary / wages
23) やめる [辞める] to quit a job
24) けいき [景気] business conditions / economic climate
28) ケツ ass (slang)
28) けりとばす [蹴り飛ばす] to kick / to beat up
Reading 3:
てつと イアンは いっしょに テレビを みています。
1) てつとイアンは一緒にテレビを見ています。
サッカーの しあいを みながら、ビールを のんでいます。
2) サッカーの試合を見ながら、ビールを飲んでいます。
てつは おおごえで じぶんの かいしゃ について もんくを いっています。
3) てつは大声で自分の会社について文句を言っています。
イアンは しあいを みながら、てつの もんくを きいています。
4) イアンは試合を見ながら、てつの文句を聞いています。
「さいきんは、うりあげは わるいし、しつぎょうしゃも ふえているし、たいへん だぜ。」
5) 「最近は、売上は悪いし、失業者も増えているし、大変だぜ。」
イアンは きょうみが ない のに、てつに 「うりあげは なぜ さがっている の?」 とききました。
6) イアンは興味がないのに、てつに「売り上はなぜ下がっているの?」と聞きました。
「えっとね、あたらしい せいひんを つくった のに、みんな きょうみが ない みたい なん だ。」
7) 「えっとね、新しい製品を作ったのに、みんな興味がないみたいなんだ。」
「そう だね。ぼくも その せいひんを みた けど、おもしろくない とおもった。」
8) 「そうだね。僕もその製品を見たけど、面白くないと思った。」
「ぜんぜん おもしろくないよね。 じょうしも それは わかっていた くせに、 ぶちょうが きにいっていた せいひん だから、はんたい できなかったん だ。」
9) 「全然面白くないよね。上司もそれは分かっていたくせに、部長が気に入っていた製品だから、反対できなかったんだ。」
テレビで、 イアンの すきなチームの あるせんしゅが けがを しました。
10) テレビで、イアンの好きなチームのある選手が怪我をしました。
「まさか、 しんじられない。」 イアンは いいました。
11) 「まさか、信じられない。」イアンは言いました。
てつは こうふん したように いいました。
12) てつは興奮したように言いました。
「だろ、 ぶちょうは さいてい だ!」
13) 「だろ、部長は最低だ!」
イアンは てつを みて、かいわが ずれていることに きづきました。
14) イアンはてつを見て、会話がずれていることに気づきました。
「あ、おれは せんしゅの けがの ことを いっていたん だ けど、なぁ ちょっと、おちつけよ。 ぶちょうは なぜ その せいひんが すき だった の?」
15) 「あ、俺は選手の怪我のことを言っていたんだけど、なぁちょっと、落ち着けよ。部長はなぜその製品が好きだったの?」
「かれは バカ だもん。」
16) 「彼はバカだもん。」
ふたりが また ひとくち ビールを のんだところで、テレビは コマーシャルに いりました。
17) 二人がまた一口ビールを飲んだところで、テレビはコマーシャルに入りました。
イアンは しつもんを します。 「かれの おとうさんは かいしゃの しゃちょう なん だよね?」
18) イアンは質問をします。 「彼のお父さんは会社の社長なんだよね?」
「そう、 そこが じゅうよう。 それで、ぶちょうに なれたような ものさ。 かれは だいがくを そつぎょう していない。 そして しごとも いつも やすんでいる。 なまけもの だ。」
19) 「そう、そこが重要。それで、部長になれたようなものさ。彼は大学を卒業していない。そして 仕事もいつも休んでいる。怠け者だ。」
「その かんじ わかる。 ぼくは まいにち じゅうに じかん はたらいている。 それでも、まだ しょうしん できないよ。」
20) 「その感じ分かる。僕は毎日12時間働いている。それでも、まだ昇進できないよ。」
「でも、きゅうりょうは たかい だろう。」
21) 「でも、給料は高いだろう。」
「うん。 だから このアパートに すんでいる。」
22) 「うん。だからこのアパートに住んでいる。」
「なんで やめないの?」
23) 「なんで辞めないの?」
「なぜなら、けいきが わるすぎる。 この かいしゃで はたらきつづけるか、ほかの しごとを さがすか、どっちも よくない せんたくし。」
24) 「なぜなら、景気が悪すぎる。この会社で働き続けるか、他の仕事を探すか、どっちも良くない選択肢。」
「その かいしゃで はたらくことも、しごとを さがすことも、わるくないよ。 なかないで。」
25) 「その会社で働くことも、仕事を探すことも、悪くないよ。泣かないで。」
「なくよ。 おれの チームが この しあいに まけたら、 ないちゃうよ。」
26) 「泣くよ。俺のチームがこの試合に負けたら、泣いちゃうよ。」
「チャネルを かえる?」
27) 「チャネルを変える?」
「かえても いいよ。 それとも、おまえの ケツを けりとばして やろうか。」
28) 「変えてもいいよ。それとも、お前のケツを蹴り飛ばしてやろうか。」
イアンは わらって いいました。「てつくんは あぶないなぁ。」
29) イアンは笑って言いました。「てつ君は危ないなぁ。」
Day 16: Noun Modifying Clauses
Let's review some English grammar. Sentences are made of clauses. A clause contains a subject and a verb. Some sentences have more than one clause. These can be called main, coordinating, subordinating, and noun modifying clauses. Let's look at an example:
The person that I know is called Jack.
In this sentence, The man is called Jack is the main clause, that I know is the noun modifying clause (modifying person). In English, these clauses follow the noun they modify, but in Japanese, they come before the noun they modify. If we write this same sentence using Japanese grammar it would read:
That I know the person Jack is called.
This is all you really need to know about noun modifying clauses in Japanese. In English we usually have to add a relative pronoun, such as that / which / who, but in Japanese, there are no relative pronouns, you don't have to add anything!
The person that I know **is called Jack.**
わたしはしっているひとはジャックという。
私が知っている人はジャックという。
If our subordinating clause is in the past, we simply change the verb to the past tense.
The fruit that I ate **was a banana.**
たべたくだものはばななだった。
食べた果物はバナナだった。
**The person** who I met **is famous.**
わたしがあったひとはゆうめいです。
私が会った人は有名です。
We can also make continuous subordinating clauses by changing the verb tense to continuous.
The person who is singing **is my friend.**
うたっているひとはわたしのともだちです。
歌っている人は私の友達です。
The bus I was riding **got into an accident!**
わたしがのっていたバスはこうつうじこにあいました!
私が乗っていたバスは交通事故に遭いました!
Question clauses in Japanese have the opposite clause order as well. The question clause itself will always be said in the casual form, and will keep the question marker か. Even though casual questions use の in place of か, and change だ to な, with this grammar you will use だ and か.
Do you know where that is?
それがどこだかしっている。
それはどこだか知っている。
Do you know when the bus left?
バスがいつしゅっぱつしたかしっていますか。
バスがいつ出発したか知っていますか。
Does she know where to go?
かのじょはどこにいくのかしっているの。
彼女はどこに行くのか知っているの。
Do you know why he did that?
かれがなぜそれをしたかしっていますか。
彼がなぜそれをしたか知っていますか。
One idiomatic usage is when asking questions with the word _anyone._ In Japanese, these types of questions are often made with a noun modifying clause, using ひと[人] as the person, and asking if they exist.
Does anyone want to go to the beach?
うみにいきたいひとはいますか。
海に行きたい人はいますか。
Was anyone hurt in the accident?
そのじこでケガをしたひとはいるの。
その事故でケガをした人はいるの。
Day 16 Grammar Cards:
1. Noun modifying clauses
Opposite clause order
No _that / which / who_
2. Question clauses
Opposite clause order
Question clause is casual
Keep か
だ doesn't change to な
3. _Anyone_ questions
Noun modifying clause with ひと [人]
Day 17: That 【と・って】
【と・って】
When that is used to say phrases like I think that or He said that in Japanese, we will use the particle と after our phrase. This is often called the quotation particle, but it can be used for more than just spoken quotations. It will be used in cases where that is not being used as a relative pronoun. In spoken English, we usually put these clauses before the phrases they modify, but in Japanese, as well as written English, we put them after the phrase they modify. For example, "I like studying," he said.
Verb phrases have no special rules, simply rearrange the sentence like written English:
**You** said that **he will come.**
あなたはかれがくるといった。
あなたは彼が来ると言った。
I know that he will come.
かれがくるとしっている。
彼が来ると知っている。
As we learned in Volume One, I-adjectives do not require the copula, so we can just add と to the end of the clause.
**I** think that **it is good.**
いいとおもう。
良いと思う。
**She** said that **it was fun.**
かのじょはたのしかったといいました。
彼女は楽しかったと言いました。
Noun or Na-Adjective phrases using _to be_ in English will keep だ, and like noun modifying clauses, will change です to だ, with the final verb controlling the politeness level.
It's **the truth.**
じじつです。
事実です。
**I know that** it's **the truth.**
じじつだとしっています。
事実だと知っています。
Sometimes in written Japanese, you may encounter sentences that replace と with ことを. This grammar is very restrictive, so don't worry about trying to make your own sentences like this, but just know that it is a possible replacement.
**I know** that it's **the truth.**
じじつであることをしっています。
事実であることを知っています。
と is often shorted to って, especially when using this grammar with いう [言う] (to say). More often that not, people will also drop the いう [言う] from the sentence as well.
**He** said that **he will come.**
かれがくるって言った。
彼が来るって言った。
**He** said that **he will come.**
かれがくるって。
彼が来るって。
Quotations that mention the speaker, things like _he said, she said,_ can be written both with and without using the と particle. Without the particle is more casual, of course.
"Today is Monday," he said.
「きょうはげつようび。」とかれがいいました。
「今日は月曜日。」と彼が言いました。
"Today is Monday," he said.
「きょうはげつようび。」かれがいいました。
「今日は月曜日。」彼が言いました。
Quoting is often used in the passive voice, when the speaker doesn't want to mention the person being quoted, which is polite. The literal translation of this would be _it is said that_ , but because the subject is understood in context, we can translate it the same way:
"Today is Monday," he said.
「きょうはげつようび。」といわれました。
「今日は月曜日。」と言われました。
Day 17 Grammar Card:
1. that (connecting phrases)
(phrase) + と \+ (verb)
Nouns and Na-adjectives keep だ
**2. (casual)** と・と言う
って
Day 18: Giving More Information With という
We learned yesterday that という [と言う] is used for _say that_. Today we will learn another usage that uses only kana. When we want to give more information about words or entire clauses, we will follow them with というのは or ということは. These literally mean _that is to say_. In casual conversation, のは and ことは are often dropped, and like we learned yesterday, と will become って. Let's look at an example:
A: Do you like takoyaki?
**B: What is** "takoyaki" **?**
A: It is a Japanese dish.
A: たこやきがすきですか。
B: たこやきっていうのはなんですか。
A: にほんのりょうりです。
A: たこ焼きが好きですか。
B: たこ焼きっていうのは何ですか。
A: 日本の料理です。
You may be asking yourself, why did we need to use という at all in this conversation, wouldn't it been okay just to leave it out, and person B could simply say the sentence without it? When we add という, it changes _takoyaki_ to _"takoyaki"_ with quotations. We are asking the speaker to give us more information about the quoted phrase, to describe it better. We are saying _Give me more information about this phrase,_ instead of, _What is this?_ In English, this nuance can only be seen in written form, but in Japanese, we need to say it directly. Let's look at another example:
**That guy isn't really a** "singer" **, is he?**
あのかれがかしゅだというのはうそだろう。
あの彼が歌手だというのはうそだろう。
In this sentence we combined two clauses, one clause said _That guy is a singer_ , the second clause said _It's a lie right?_ We combined these clauses using という to make our new sentence, the literal translation of which would sound more like: _The thing about that guy being a singer, it's a lie, right?_
You can use this to ask for clarification on the meaning of words. Compare the following examples:
**What is** love **?**
あいすることはなんですか。
愛することは何ですか。
**What is** "ai suru" **?**
あいするっていうことはなんですか。
愛するっていうことは何ですか。
In the first example we are asking a philosophical question about what love really is, whereas in the second example we are simply asking for the meaning of the word. It's a pretty important distinction! Additionally, if you want to ask for the meaning of words, a more natural way is to replace なに [何] with どういういみ [どういう意味].
**What** does **"** ai suru" mean?
あいするっていうのはどういういみですか。
愛するっていうのはどういう意味ですか。
Day 18 Grammar Card:
1. Give more information
(clause) + というのは [と言うのは] **(UK)**
(clause) + ということは [と言うことは] **(UK)**
2. (casual) Give more information
(clause) + って
3. What does ~ mean?
~っていうのはどういういみですか。
~っていうのはどういう意味ですか。
Day 19: Idiomatic Expressions With という
いう can combine with こう, そう, ああ, or どう to say things like: _this kind of thing, that kind of thing, what kind of thing._ However, in most contexts, a better translation is: o _h, that's what you're talking about,_ or, _what are you talking about?_
First, let's talk about the most common usage: そういうことか. This is often used similarly to そうですか to confirm information, the difference is that the information was recently clarified. Let's look at an example:
A: Mr. Tanaka is late.
**B:** Oh, I see **.**
A: たなかさんはちこくします。
B: そうですか。
A: 田中さんは遅刻します。
B: そうですか。
A: Mr. Tanaka is late.
**B:** Oh, I see, that's what you're saying **.**
A: たなかさんはちこくします。
B: そういうことか。
A: 田中さんは遅刻します。
B: そういうことか。
In our second example, you can see the translation is slightly different. Maybe Person B was confused about what happened to Mr. Tanaka, and so Person A clarified the situation, and this is why Person B said そういうことか instead of そうですか _._
The other common way we will see this is どういうこと, which is best used to ask someone what exactly it is that they are talking about.
A: This will make me rich!
**B:** What are you talking about **? /** What is that supposed to mean **? /** What will make you rich **?**
A: It's a secret!
A: これでわたしはおかねもちだ。
B: どういうこと?
A: ひみつです。
A: これで私はお金持ちだ。
B: どういうこと?
A: 秘密です。
You will probably hear the phrase なんて with adjectives quite often. It is a shortened version of なんということ and is often used like What a ~ in English. You use this when you are so amazed that you can't describe how you feel.
What a giant house!
なんておおきいいえでしょう。
なんて大きい家でしょう。
How terrible!
なんてひどい。
なんて酷い。
Because of your amazement, you may need some time to think of what to say. We can change なんということ to a question by adding か, which literally means what to say. In English we usually use phrases like how do I put it.
He is a uhh, how do I put it, a bad person.
かれはなんていうか、わるいひとです。
彼はなんていうか、悪い人です。
That's uhh, not a good plan.
それはなんていうか、いいけいかくじゃない。
それはなんていうか、いい計画じゃない。
Similar to this, we can start a clause with というか if we want to rephrase what we previously said. In English we say things like how should I put it, or perhaps I should say:
He wasn't injured. How should I put it, he totally fine.
かれはけがしなかった。というか、かれはぜんぜんだいじょうぶだった。
彼は怪我しなかった。というか、彼は全然大丈夫だった。
Day 19 Grammar Cards:
1. Oh, that's what you were saying.
そういうことか [そう言うことか] (UK)
2. What are you talking about?
どういうことですか [どう言うことですか] (UK)
3. What a / uhh / How do I put it?
(casual) なんて [何て] (UK)
なんということ [何と言うことか] (UK)
4. How should I put it? / Perhaps I should say.
というか[と言うか] (UK)
Day 20: Reading 4
Reading 4 Vocabulary:
1) しぶや [渋谷] Shibuya
2) ふだん [普段] usually
2) きゅうじつ [休日] holiday
2) よけいに [余計に] abundantly / excessively
3) ゆきかう [行き交う] to go past / to pass by
5) みまわす [見回す] to look around
8) おしゃれ [お洒落] (UK) stylish / fashionable / cool
10) とつぜん [突然] suddenly
11) がめん [画面] screen
14) しょうがない [仕様が無い] (UK) It can't be helped. / Nothing can be done.
14) こんかい [今回] this time
15) えいぶん [英文] English sentence
16) かっこいい[格好いい] (UK) attractive / cool
22) こいびと [恋人] lover / sweetheart
24) かれし [彼氏] boyfriend
Reading 4:
しぶやで まいと ゆうこが えきの ちかくの ベンチに すわっています。
1) 渋谷でまいとゆうこが駅の近くのベンチに座っています。
しぶやは ふだん から こんでいます が、きょうは きゅうじつ なので、よけいに こんでいます。
2) 渋谷は普段から混んでいますが、今日は休日なので、余計に混んでいます。
かのじょたちは ゆきかう ひとを みて、みんなの ファッション について おはなしを しています。
3) 彼女たちは行き交う人たちを見て、皆のファッションについてお話をしています。
「あの デニムジャケットを きている ひとが みえる?」 とまいが いいました。
4) 「あのデニムジャケットを着ている人が見える?」とまいが言いました。
ゆうこは あちこち みまわして、その ひとを みつけました。
5) ゆうこはあちこち見回して、その人を見つけました。
「みえる。 だれ? ともだち?」
6) 「見える。誰?友達?」
「しらない ひと だけど、あの ジャケットは どうおもう? さいきん、わたし、あたらしい ジャケットを かいたい とおもっているん だ。」
7) 「知らない人だけど、あのジャケットはどう思う?最近、私、新しいジャケットを買いたいと思っているんだ。」
「そう なん だ。 おしゃれ だ とおもう けど、らいねんは だれも デニムを きていない とおもう。」
8) 「そうなんだ。おしゃれだと思うけど、来年は誰もデニムを着ていないと思う。」
「そう だね。」
9) 「そうだね。」
とつぜん、 まいの ケータイが なりました。
10) 突然、まいのケータイが鳴りました。
まいは ケータイの がめんを みて、あたらしい メッセージに きづきました。
11) まいはケータイの画面を見て、新しいメッセージに気付きました。
「だれ から?」とゆうこが ききました。
12) 「誰から?」とゆうこが聞きました。
「さらちゃん だ。 こっちに これないって。 いそがしい から。」
13) 「さらちゃんだ。こっちに来れないって。忙しいから。」
「しょうがないね。 こんかいは ふたり だけ だ。」
14) 「しょうがないね。今回は二人だけだ。」
まいは おもしろい えいぶんが かいてある シャツを みつけました。
15) まいは面白い英文が書いてあるシャツを見つけました。
「あの みどりの シャツが みえる? あれ かっこいい ね。 うしろに えいごが かいてある。」
16) 「あの緑のシャツが見える?あれかっこいいね。後ろに英語が書いてある。」
ゆうこは えいごが できる ので、その えいご について まいに ききました。
17) ゆうこは英語ができるので、その英語についてまいに聞きました。
「あの いみ わかる?」
18) 「あの意味わかる?」
「わからない。 Forever Aloneって どう いう いみ?」
19) 「分からない。Forever Aloneってどう言う意味?」
「Forever Aloneって いうのは、『えいえんに ひとり』 って いう いみ。」
20) 「Forever Aloneって言うのは、『永遠に一人』って言う意味。」
まいが わらって、「そういう ことか、しらなかった。 さらちゃんの スローガン だよね。」 といいました。
21) まいが笑って、「そういうことか、知らなかった。さらちゃんのスローガンだよね。」と言いました。
「そう だね、さらは ぜったいに こいびとを つくらないよね。」
22) 「そうだね、さらは絶対に恋人を作らないよね。」
ゆうこは わらって いいました、「まいちゃんも えいえんに ひとり だ とおもう。」
23) ゆうこは笑って言いました、「まいちゃんも永遠に一人だと思う。」
「どう いう こと?ゆうこも かれし できない かんじ というか、えいえんに ひとり だ とおもうよ!わたしたち さびしいね。」
24) 「どう言うこと?ゆうこも彼氏できない感じと言うか、永遠に一人だと思うよ!私たち寂しいね。」
「そんな こと ないよ。 まいちゃんが いる から。」
25) 「そんなことないよ。まいちゃんがいるから。」
まいは えがおで いいました。 「ありがとう。 わたしも そう おもう。 ひとりって むり だよね。 わたしは ゆうこが いる から あんしん だわ。」
26) まいは笑顔で言いました。「ありがとう。私もそう思う。一人って無理だよね。私はゆうこがいるから安心だわ。」
Day 21: If Part 1 【たら・たらどう・たらいい・もし】
Before we cover the ways to say if, let's do a little review of English grammar. Let's look at the three English constructions:
1. (If / when) I have money, I will go.
2. If I (had / were to have) money, I would go.
3. If I had had money, I would have gone.
Sentence 1 is an if/when-then type sentence.
Sentence 2 is a hypothetical if-then sentence.
Sentence 3 is a past hypothetical sentence.
There are four different constructions to make Japanese if sentences. Each Japanese construction has its own specific rules that are different than the three English constructions. The focus of the English rules is whether the sentence is true or hypothetical. The focus in Japanese is our degree of certainty, and whether or not the statement is a personal opinion. Though sentences can be constructed both ways in Japanese, the condition usually comes first, and then the result.
【たら】
The most common construction of if is the Ta-Form + ら. If you are unsure about which construction to use, just use this as your default:
いちだん Verbs
たべた [食べた] → たべたら [食べたら]
ごだん Verbs
いった[行った] → いったら [行ったら]
Special Verbs
した→ したら
きた [来た] → きたら[来たら]
Copula
だった → だったら
であった → であったら
でした → でしたら
The Ta-Form + ら can be used for all three of the English if sentences. The focus of this grammar is that once certain conditions are met, the action is likely to occur. In English, when we make hypothetical conditional sentences, we always use the past tense for the condition, but in Japanese, the final verb controls the tense of the whole sentence:
(If / When) **I** have **money, then I will go.**
If I (had / were to have) money, then I would go.
おかねがあったら、いきます。
お金があったら、行きます。
(If / When) **I** drink **this, I will be sleepy.**
If **I (** drank / were to drink) **this, I would be sleepy.**
これをのんだら、ねむくなる。
これを飲んだら、眠くなる。
For the past hypothetical _if_ sentence, we change the final verb to the past tense:
**If I had had money, I** would have gone **.**
おかねがあったら、いきました。
お金があったら、行きました。
**If I had drunk this, I** would have been **sleepy.**
これをのんでいたら、ねむくなっていた。
これを飲んでいたら、眠くなっていた。
Just like in English, we can make a sentence with this grammar to show what happened when a certain action occurred. This usage is interchangeable with とき[時]:
When I opened the door, I saw her face.
ドアをあけたら、かのじょのかおがみえた。
ドアを開けたら、彼女の顔が見えた。
When I opened the door, I saw her face.
ドアをあけたとき、かのじょのかおをみた。
ドアを開けた時、彼女の顔を見た。
We can use this grammar when we discover or find out something. When we do this, the discovery will be in the continuous tense, and also, we don't need to say the verb discover, realize, or find out, it is implied in the grammar.
When I opened the door, (I found out that) she was sleeping.
ドアをあけたら、かのじょはねていた
ドアを開けたら、彼女は寝ていた。
だ and です don't have a continuous tense, but we can use this for discoveries also:
When I opened the door, (I realized) it wasn't her.
ドアをあけたら、かのじょじゃなかった。
ドアを開けたら、彼女じゃなかった。
We can also make _if-want_ sentences using the past tense of the Tai-Form + ら. Remember, たい conjugates just like an adjective. The past forms are たかった and たくなかった.
If you want to go **, please call me.**
いきたかったら、でんわしてください。
行きたかったら、電話して下さい。
If you don't want to go **, please call me.**
いきたくなかったら、でんわしてください。
行きたくなかったら、電話して下さい。
【たらどう・たらいい】
Ta-Form + らsentences in Japanese are often used with どう (how), and いい [良い] (good), to make suggestions or invitations.
How about going together?
**(Lit.** If **we** go **together,** how **will it be?)**
いっしょにいったらどう。
一緒に行ったらどう。
Why don't we go together?
**(Lit.** If **we** go **together, it would be** good. **)**
いっしょにいったらいいでしょう。
一緒に行ったら良いでしょう。
【もし】
You will often hear people begin if sentences with もし. The definition of this word is if. It is used to note a hypothetical emphasis, so it won't be used in sentences where we want to say when. Remember, being vague is polite in Japanese, so sometimes people will add this to be more polite.
If **I** had **money, then I** would **go.**
もしおかねがあったら、いきます。
もしお金があったら、行きます。
If **I** were to drink **this, I** would **be sleepy.**
もしこれをのんだら、ねむくなる。
もしこれを飲んだら、眠くなる。
Finally, let's learn a very common polite expression もしよかったら [もし良かったら], which literally means, _if it's good_. This expression uses the Conditional-Form of the adjective いい [良い] and combines it with もし (if). We will learn conditional adjectives later in the book, but as you can see in this example, the conjugation of I-Adjectives is the same as verbs. This expression is often added before suggestions or invitations to make them more polite.
If it's okay **, shall we go together?**
もしよかったら、いっしょにいきましょうか。
もし良かったら、一緒に行きましょうか。
Day 21 Grammar Cards:
1. if
Ta-Form + ら \+ (result)
2. when (discoveries)
Ta-Form + ら \+ (result) (continuous tense)
3. if-want
Past Tai-Form + ら
4. Make suggestions / Invitations
Ta-Form + ら \+ (どう・いい)
Ta-Form + ら \+ (どう・良い)
5. if (hypothetical emphasis)
もし
**6. I** f it's okay (polite suggestion / invitation)
もしよかったら [もし良かったら]
Day 22: If Part 2 【れば・ば・ばいい・ばよかった・のに】
【れば・ば】
The next way to make an if sentence is to use the E-Form + れば (いちだん verbs) or ば (ごだん verbs). For the copula, we will use the E-Form of である + ば: であれば. Like the grammar we learned yesterday, this grammar can be used for all three types of English sentences. The Ta-Form + ら focuses more on the result. This grammar focuses more on the condition. This grammar is usually used to talk about future actions, with an emphasis on personal desires. Because of this, it will be often used with future hypothetical situations.
いちだん Verbs
たべ [食べ] → たべれば [食べれば]
ごだん Verbs
いけ [行け] → いけば [行けば]
Special Verbs
する → すれば
くれ [来れ] → くれば [来れば]
Copula
であれ → であれば
If I eat cake, I will be happy.
ケーキをたべれば、しあわせだ。
ケーキを食べれば、幸せだ。
If I go to the concert, it will be fun.
ライブにいけば、たのしいでしょう。
ライブに行けば、楽しいでしょう。
Since we use the E-form for this grammar, it's important not to confuse it with the Can-Form, and especially confusing when we combine them together. Remember, all Can-Form verbs become いちだん verbs that end in る. So if we combine this conditional grammar with the Can-Form, we get the endings られれば for いちだん verbs and れば for ごだん verbs:
Conditional Can-Form:
いちだん Verbs
たべられる [食べられる] → たべられれば [食べられれば]
ごだん Verbs
いける [行ける] → いければ [行ければ]
Special Verbs
できる → できれば
こられる [来られる] → こられれば [来られれば]
If I can eat cake, I will be happy.
ケーキをたべられれば、しあわせだ。
ケーキを食べられれば、幸せだ。
If I can go to the concert, I'll call you.
ライブにいければ、でんわするよ。
ライブに行ければ、電話するよ。
In English, when we make a hypothetical _if_ sentence, we use the past tense, even if we are talking about the present, but in Japanese we don't, so remember to use the present tense in Japanese.
If **I** have **money, then I will go.**
If **I** had **money, then I would go.**
おかねがあれば、いきます。
お金があれば、行きます。
For the third type of English _if_ sentence, past hypothetical, we change the final verb to the past tense:
**If I had had money, then I** would have gone **.**
おかねがあれば、いきました。
お金があれば、行きました。
Again, the main difference between this grammar and the one we learned yesterday, is that this previous example is emphasizing having money. That is, the conversation being discussed is focusing on money rather than going.
When we make a negative sentence with this grammar, we drop the final い in the Nai-Form and add ければ, which becomes なければ.
If I don't work hard **, my salary will be small.**
If I didn't work hard **, my salary would be small.**
はたらかなければ、きゅりょうはやすくなる。
働かなければ、給料は安くなる。
If he doesn't come **, we can't begin.**
かれがこなければ、はじめれないよ。
彼が来なければ、始めれないよ。
Do you recognize this negative version? We've actually been using this grammar to say _have to_. If you remember from Volume One, when we say _have to_ in Japanese, we are actually saying _if I don't do something, it will be bad._ So if we remember that this grammar emphasizes our desires, and the condition is _required,_ we can now see why this translates to _have to._ We _have to_ do something because we don't want _something bad_ to happen.
【ばいい・ばよかった】
We can use the result いい [良い] (good) to express what we feel would be a good outcome, expressing our hopes and desires.
It would be nice **to take a vacation this summer.**
このなつにりょこうできればいいな。
この夏に旅行できればいいな。
I hope **it doesn't snow this month.**
**(Lit.** I think it would be good **if it doesn't snow this month)**
こんげつゆきがふらなければいいとおもいます。
今月雪が降らなければいいと思います。
There is also the idiomatic phrase, どうすればいい, which translates to What should I do? This phrase is a good way to understand how this grammar works. What you are literally saying in this sentence is: If I were to do something, how could I do it to where the result would turn out to be good?
**What** should I do **?**
どうすればいいですか?
どうすれば良いですか?
Said in the past tense, よかった [良かった], shows how we wish something _would have been_ :
I wish I would have had **money then.**
あのときはおかねがあればよかったです。
あの時はお金があれば良かったです。
You should have told **me sooner.**
わたしにもっとはやくいってくれたらよかった。
私にもっと早く言ってくれたら良かった。
**What** should I have done **?**
どうすればよかったですか?
どうすれば良かったですか?
【のに】
We've previously learned that のに means _despite_ or _even though_. If you look up のに in the dictionary, some of the definitions are _if only_ and _I wish._ To express this in English, we often use phrases like _would have, should have, could have._ We can use のに at the end of conditional sentences to express things like this in Japanese.
If only **I had had money, I** would **have gone.**
おかねがあれば、いったのに。
お金があれば、行ったのに。
**If you had told me, I** could have helped **!**
わたしにいえば、たすけてあげられたのに。
私に言えば、助けてあげられたのに。
The _should have_ translations will often combine のに with よかった [良かった]:
You could have met him. You should have gone!
あなたはかれとあえたかも。いけばよかったのに。
あなたは彼と会えたかも。行けば良かったのに。
Day 22 Grammar Cards:
1. if (いちだん verbs) (condition emphasis / implies desire)
E-Form + れば \+ (result)
2. if (ごだん verbs) (condition emphasis / implies desire)
E-Form + ば \+ (result)
3. Desires / Hopes / Wishes
E-Form Conditional + いい [良い]
E-Form Conditional + よかった [良かった]
4. I wish / If only (would have / could have / should have)
End of sentence のに
Day 23: If Part 3 【なら・ならば・それなら】
【なら・ならば】
Today we will learn the simplest way to say if: the U-Form + ならば. The ば is almost always dropped, so you may want to remember it just as なら. This grammar is often called the contextual condition, which means the statement is not necessarily always true, but needs a certain context. It is most often used to speculate on a topic, that is, give your opinion or idea. Because of this, it is often used to give suggestions, advice, or make requests, assuming certain conditions are true. To help you remember this grammar, just look at the dictionary definition: if it is the case that, if it is true that.
If **he** has **money, then he will go.**
かれはおかねがあるなら、いきます。
彼はお金があるなら、行きます。
Because we use なら in this sentence, we are giving our opinion. We are speculating on the man's behavior, making a statement about him, assuming he has money. We could translate this more literally as _If it is true that he has money, then he will go._ We could have said this same sentence with the previous two grammar constructions that we learned. What would be the difference? If we had used the Ta-Form conditional, it would be emphasizing the hypothetical, and stressing our uncertainty about his behavior. If we had used the E-Form conditional, it would be stressing the requirement of money for the man to go.
When we want to use this grammar with with the copula だ or です, we have to drop these before adding なら. However, である can sometimes be written.
If **that** is **the truth, she will be angry.**
それがじじつなら、かのじょはおこるだろう。
それが事実なら、彼女は怒るだろう。
If **that** is **the truth, she will be angry.**
それがじじつであるなら、かのじょはおこるだろう。
それが事実であるなら、彼女は怒るだろう。
When saying _if-want_ type sentences, this grammar is used more often than others.
If you want to go **, please call me.**
いきたいなら、でんわしてください。
行きたいなら、電話して下さい。
If you don't want to go **, please call me.**
いきたくないなら、でんわしてください。
行きたくないなら、電話して下さい。
【それなら】
ならis often combined with それ to say, _if that's the case:_
If that's the case, I want to start my own business.
それなら、じぶんのかいしゃをつくりたい。
それなら、自分の会社を作りたい。
In that case, I'll sleep in tomorrow.
それなら、あしたおそくねます。
それなら、明日遅く寝ます。
Day 23 Grammar Cards:
1. if (speculation / suggestion / request)
U-Form + なら \+ (result) (drop だ or です)
2. if-want
Tai-Form + なら
3. If that is the case
それなら
Day 24: If Part 4 【と】
【と】
The final way to say if is to add と to the U-Form of the condition. This grammar is used to show that the result is a consequence of the condition, and the only possible outcome, that is to say, 100% certain. For any if/when-then type sentence that only has one outcome, this grammar will be used. Obviously, this can't be used for hypothetical situations.
When you press this button, the alarm will sound.
このボタンをおすと、けいほうきがなります。
このボタンを押すと、警報機が鳴ります。
If **we** lose **this battle, we will also lose the war.**
このせんとうにまけると、せんそうにもまける。
この戦闘に負けると、戦争にも負ける。
For the copula, です will change to the casual だ.
**He** is **a doctor.**
かれはいしゃです。
彼は医者です。
If **he** is **a doctor, he** must **be smart.**
かれはいしゃだということは、あたまがいいでしょう。
彼は医者だということは、頭が良いでしょう。
Because the result is 100% certain, if we are talking about habitual actions or things that happen every time the condition is fulfilled, we can use this grammar to express _every time_ or _whenever_.
Whenever **I** talk **to my mother, I get tired.**
おかあさんとはなすと、つかれる。
お母さんと話すと、疲れる。
Every time **I** go **to the supermarket, I will buy milk.**
スーパーにいくと、ぎゅうにゅうをかう。
スーパーに行くと、牛乳を買う。
と can also translate to _then_ or _as soon as._ We can easily derive these translations from _when_. Please note in this example, like all Japanese sentences, the final verb controls the tense of the entire sentence:
I woke up, then **he disappeared.**
As soon as I woke up, **he disappeared.**
おきると、かれはきえていた。
起きると、彼は消えていた。
As we learned in Volume One, と can also be used with a negative verb to express _have to:_
**I** have to go **to school.**
がっこうにいかないと。
学校に行かないと。
Every time you read or hear a sentence with と, try to remember that it can mean _if, when, whenever,_ _as soon as,_ or, _have to._ The context of the sentence should make it clear, but it may take you some time to get used to using it and quickly translating.
So there you have it, the four different ways to say _if_ in Japanese. The trick is to not get too flustered thinking about which one to use. The rules are so different from English that you are going to waste a lot of time thinking, and probably end up choosing the wrong one. As you practice speaking and hear more native Japanese conversations, you will naturally learn when to use each one. You'll feel it. So don't worry if it seems overwhelming right now, having learned them all for the first time. With time it will be like riding a じてんしゃ [自転車] (bicycle)!
Day 24 Grammar Card:
1. if/when-then / whenever / as soon as (100% certain)
U-Form + と \+ (result)
Day 25: Wonder, Even If 【かな・かしら・ても・としても・たとえ】
【かな】
かな can be translated as _I wonder if,_ and _I am (wondering/thinking) about._ In English, we often use the word _wonder_ with _if_ sentences _._ In Japanese, it is not necessary to use _if_ grammar to expresses this. To state that you are wondering or simply thinking about something, place かな at the end of a sentence. だ and です will be dropped in conversation. The vowel in な is often trailed off, and to note trailing off in writing, Japanese will use small versions of the kana, so you may see it as かなぁ.
I wonder if I should eat this.
これをたべるべきかなぁ。
これを食べるべきかなぁ。
I wonder if he is an enemy.
かれはてきかな。
彼は敵かな。
I'm thinking about **what you are doing.**
あなたはなにをしているのかな。
あなたは何をしているのかな。
I wonder if **she is a singer.**
かのじょはかしゅかな。
彼女は歌手かな。
【かしら】
We can also use かしら in place of かな, but this is used only by females.
I wonder if I should eat this.
これをたべるべきかしら。
これを食べるべきかしら。
I wonder if he is an enemy.
かれはてきかしら。
彼は敵かしら。
【ても】
To say even if or even though in Japanese, we use the Te-Form + も. Does this look familiar? We've been using this followed by いい[良い] to say may. Another translation for Te-Form + も is assuming. So when we've been making requests, we are literally saying something like Assuming I do this, is it good? If we compare the English nuance of even if vs. even though, using even if implies a more hypothetical situation, whereas though assumes the clause has actually taken place. The Te-Form + も implies the latter, that is, we are assuming the first clause is true.
(Even if / even though / although) **I** have **money, I won't go.**
おかねがあっても、いきません。
お金があっても、行きません。
(Even if / even though / although) **I** study **every day, I can't read kanji!**
まいにちべんきょうしても、かんじをよめないよ。
毎日勉強しても、漢字を読めないよ。
Another thing we need to look out for, is that the Te-Form of the copula is で, so when we combine it with も it looks like でも (but).
Even though **he** is **a doctor, he smokes.**
かれはいしゃでも、タバコをすう。
彼は医者でも、タバコを吸う。
【としても】
We can add としても to the end of clauses to express _even if_ for hypothetical situations. One of the meanings of とする is _to assume_ , which we will learn about in Day 81, so we can think of this as saying, _Even if we were to assume ~ is true._
Even if **you were rich and handsome I wouldn't marry you.**
おかねもちで、おとこまえだったとしても、けっこんしません。
お金持ちで、男前だったとしても、結婚しません。
Even if **I** were to study **every day, I couldn't read kanji!**
まいにちべんきょうしたとしても、かんじはよめないよ。
毎日勉強したとしても、漢字は読めないよ。
【たとえ】
Similar to using もし or のに to emphasize _if_ statements, we can use たとえ at the beginning of sentences to emphasize _even if_.
Even if **you** die **, I will love you forever.**
たとえあなたがしんでも、えいえんにあいしています。
たとえあなたが死んでも、永遠に愛しています。
Even if **I** fail **, I won't give up.**
たとえしっぱいしても、あきらめないよ。
たとえ失敗しても、諦めないよ。
Day 25 Grammar Cards:
1. Wonder if / Wonder if I should / Wonder about
End of sentence かな
End of sentence かしら (female only)
2. even if / even though / although
Te-Form + も
3. even if (hypothetical)
End of clause (としても)
4. even if (emphasis)
たとえ [仮令] **(UK)**
Day 26: Whether or Not, Instead of 【かどうか・ようと~まいと・代わりに】
【かどうか】
To express whether or not in Japanese is very easy. Simply add かどうか to the end of the U-Form verb you are unsure about. This will almost always be paired with the word わかる [分かる] (to know) to mean I (don't) know if / whether. This is only used for sentences where you are uncertain about the result.
I don't know (if / whether) he will go.
かれはいくかどうかわかりません。
彼は行くかどうか分かりません。
I'll check the weather report to see (if / whether) it rains or not.
あめがふるかどうかてんきよほうでかくにんする。
雨が降るかどうか天気予報で確認する。
【ようと~まいと】
If we are certain about the result, we can also say _whether or not_ with the following construction, O-Form + と \+ Mai-Form + と. Note that the translation is slightly different in this case, because we are saying the verb twice.
**I know** (if / whether) he is going or not going **.**
かれはいこうといくまいときにしない。
彼は行こうと行くまいと気にしない。
**I'm leaving** (if / whether) it rains or doesn't rain **!**
あめがふろうとふるまいとでますよ。
雨が降ろうと降るまいと出ますよ。
【代わりに】
We already learned one way to say _instead of_ in Volume One, which is to use the Naide-Form. But this has a few other translations, and so if the context is uncertain, it can be hard to understand. That's why there is another word we can use to explicitly say _instead of_ : 代わりに. As you may have guessed, with nouns we need to add の, and に can often be dropped in conversation. This word comes from the verb かわる [代わる] (to substitute).
Instead of **wine I drank water.**
ワインのかわりにみずをのんだ。
ワインの代わりに水を飲んだ。
Instead of watching TV, I went to sleep.
テレビをみるかわりに、ねました。
テレビを見るかわりに、寝ました。
Day 26 Grammar Cards:
1. if / whether or not (uncertain)
U-Form + かどうか
2. if / whether or not (certain)
O-Form + と \+ Mai-Form + と
3. instead of / in place of
かわりに[代わりに] (UK)*
*When used with verbs this will be usually kana.
Day 27: Reading 5
Reading 5 Vocabulary:
1) けいかくする [計画する] to plan
14) しんぱいする [心配する] to worry
15) ゆるす [許す] to forgive
16) アルコールちゅうどく [アルコール中毒] alcoholic / alcoholism
17) よてい [予定] plans
17) かくにんする [確認する] to confirm
19) ふりかえる [振り返る] to think back on / to reflect on
21) ふつかよい [二日酔い] hang over
23) はく [吐く] to vomit
23) べんじょ [便所] bathroom / lavatory
27) がんばる [頑張る] to do one's best
Reading 5:
ジョンと たけしは パーティーを けいかく しています。
1) ジョンとたけしはパーティーを計画しています。
「マイクを しょうたい しましょうか?」 とジョンは ききました。
2) 「マイクを招待しましょうか?」とジョンは聞きました。
たけしは すこし かんがえてこたえました、「マイクを しょうたい したら、かれは ジェニーに パーティーの ことを いって かのじょも くる だろう。」
3) たけしは少し考えて答えました、「マイクを招待したら、彼はジェニーにパーティーのことを言って彼女も来るだろう。」
「そうか。 ジェニーが くると、たいへんな ことに なるよね。」
4) 「そうか。ジェニーが来ると、大変なことになるよね。」
たけしは わらいながら、「ジェニーが くると、ひろは しぬ。」 といいました。
5) たけしは笑いながら、「ジェニーが来ると、ひろは死ぬ。」と言いました。
ひろと ジェニーは むかし、こいびと だった から、また あってしまうと、たいへん です。
6) ひろとジェニーは昔、恋人だったから、また会ってしまうと、大変です。
ジョンは なまえの リストを みて、マイクの なまえを けしました。
7) ジョンは名前のリストを見て、マイクの名前を消しました。
たけしは それを みて、ジョンに いいました、「ちょっと まって、まだ きめていない。」
8) たけしはそれを見て、ジョンに言いました、「ちょっと待って、まだ決めていない。」
「じゃあ、どう すれば いい? マイクを しょうたい しなかった としても、ジェニーは パーティーの こと について きいてくる かもしれない。」
9) 「じゃあ、どうすればいい?マイクを招待しなかったとしても、ジェニーはパーティーのことについて聞いて来るかもしれない。」
「そう だね、ジェニーが この よに いなかったら よかった のにね。」
10) 「そうだね、ジェニーがこの世にいなかったらよかったのにね。」
ジョンは わらいました。 「ちょっと おちついて、そんなに たいへんな こと じゃないよ。」
11) ジョンは笑いました。「ちょっと落ち着いて、そんなに大変なことじゃないよ。」
「ちょっと おちつく べき だね。 それじゃ、マイクを しょうたい するよ。 ジェニーが くる かどうか わからない わけ だし。」
12) 「ちょっと落ち着くべきだね。それじゃ、マイクを招待するよ。ジェニーが来るかどうかわからないわけだし。」
「そう だね、ジェニが こようと こまいと、おれは たくさん のみたい!」
13) 「そうだね、ジェニーが来ようと来まいと、俺はたくさん飲みたい!」
「ねえ、ジョン、ぼくは ちょっと しんぱい だよ。 おさけの かわりに、みずを のむのは どう?」
14) 「ねえ、ジョン、僕はちょっと心配だよ。お酒の代わりに、水を飲むのはどう?」
「もう いちど それを いったら、ゆるさないよ。」
15) 「もう一度それを言ったら、許さないよ。」
「うわぁ、アルコール ちゅうどく だね。」
16) 「うわぁ、アルコール中毒だね。」
その あと、ジョンと たけしは よていを かくにんして、パーティーを ひらきました。
17) その後、ジョンとたけしは予定を確認して、パーティーを開きました。
パーティーには おおぜいの ひとが きて、みんな たのしんでいました。
18) パーティーには大勢の人が来て、皆楽しんでいました。
つぎの ひ、ジョンと たけしは へやを かたづけながら きのうの ことを ふりかえっていました。
19) 次の日、ジョンとたけしは部屋を片付けながら昨日のことを振り返っていました。
「うわぁ、きのう ちょっと のみすぎた。」 とジョンは いいました。
20) 「うわぁ、昨日ちょっと飲み過ぎた。」とジョンは言いました。
「ふつかよい だね、もっと みずを のめば よかった のに。」
21) 「二日酔いだね、もっと水を飲めばよかったのに。」
「そう じゃなくて、テキーラを のまない ほうが よかった。」
22) 「そうじゃなくて、テキーラを飲まない方がよかった。」
「はくなら、かならず べんじょに いって。」
23) 「吐くなら、必ず便所に行って。」
「はい。 わかりました。 ねえ、そうじには じかんが どれぐらい かかる とおもう?」
24) 「はい。わかりました。ねえ、掃除には時間がどれぐらいかかると思う?」
たけしは へやを みまわして わらいました、「いちにち ちゅう そうじ しても、おわらない。」
25) たけしは部屋を見回して笑いました、「一日中掃除しても、終わらない。」
「うわぁ、メイドが いてくれたら いい のに。」
26) 「うわぁ、メイドがいてくれたらいいのに。」
「そこまで たいへんな こと じゃないよ。 がんばろう。」
27) 「そこまで大変なことじゃないよ。頑張ろう。」
Day 28: Do Completely, Regret, Unintentionally 【てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう・つい】
【てしまう】
You may often hear people use the Te-Form plus the verb しまう. There are two reasons people use this verb, the first is to express that something has been done completely or totally, and is usually used with verbs like end or finish. We don't really have a translation for a word like this in English, so often, you will not even translate it.
When I have completely finished my work, I'll sleep.
しごとをすませてしまったら、ねます。
仕事を済ませてしまったら、寝ます。
**You may not sit until my speech is** completely finished **.**
わたしのスピーチがおわってしまうまでに、すわってはいけません。
私のスピーチが終わってしまうまでに、座ってはいけません。
The more common usage of this word is when you want to express your regret. You will use it to say that something happened, and it was bad.
I dropped my wallet. (And I feel bad)
さいふをおとしてしまった。
財布を落としてしまった。
I forgot my mom's birthday. (And I feel bad)
おかあさんのたんじょうびをわすれてしまいました。
お母さんの誕生日を忘れてしまいました。
The nuance of this word is that you did something unintentionally. Since we feel bad about it, it is only logical that we didn't do it on purpose.
I dropped my wallet. (on accident)
さいふをおとしてしまった。
財布を落としてしまった。
I bumped into him. (on accident)
かれにぶつかってしまいました。
彼にぶつかってしまいました。
【ちゃう・じゃう】
ちゃう is a casual pronunciation of the Te-Form + しまう. If the Te-Form uses the voiced で, then ちゃう becomes じゃう. These slang versions are very often used by women, and because of their popularity, won't always carry a negative or accidental nuance.
I dropped my wallet.
さいふをおとしちゃった。
財布を落としちゃった。
I bumped into him.
かれにぶつかっちゃった。
彼にぶつかっちゃった。
I drank all the water.
みずをのんじゃった。
水を飲んじゃった。
**After the baseball game, the Ginza line was** really **crowded.**
やきゅうのしあいのあと、ぎんざせんはこんじゃったの。
野球の試合の後、銀座線は込んじゃったの。
【つい】
Similar to using もし and たとえ with _if_ , we can use つい to emphasize that something was unintentional, done without proper consideration, or done by mistake. Don't confuse this with ついに, which is a time phrase meaning _finally_ , which you can find in Day 89.
I dropped my wallet. (accident emphasis)
さいふをついおとしてしまった。
財布をつい落としてしまった。
I bumped into him. (without thinking)
かれについぶつかってしまいました。
彼についぶつかってしまいました。
Day 28 Grammar Cards:
1. Do completely / Regret doing / Do accidentally
Te-Form + しまう [仕舞う] (UK)
2. (casual) Te-Form + しまう
ちゃう・じゃう
3. Unintentional / Without thinking / By mistake (emphasis)
つい
Day 29: Coming and Going 【ていく・てくる】
You already know the verbs いく [行く] (to go) and くる [来る] (to come), and you also know that many compound verbs use the Te-Form + いく [行く] and くる [来る], such as もってくる [持ってくる] (to bring). There is yet another grammar point using the Te-Form with いく [行く] and くる [来る], that shows progression in time. These constructions, like the compound verbs, are usually written with only kana.
【ていく】
Using the Te-Form + いく shows that an action will begin, or continue into the future. This construction is often combined with time words such as いまから [今から] (from now) or これから (after this). In English we usually don't explicitly say this, so often you won't translate it at all.
Let's start writing English sentences.
えいぶんをかいていきましょう。
英文を書いていきましょう。
**I'm planning to** exercise **starting today. (** from now into the future **)**
きょうからうんどうしていくよていです。
今日から運動していく予定です。
【てくる】
The Te-Form + くる can be used to show that an action has happened in the past and continued until now. This is often paired with ずっと and can be translated as have been doing, because it is showing that an action which began in the past has continued up until now.
**He** has been practicing, **and gotten good.**
かれはずっとれんしゅうしてきて、じょうずになった。
彼はずっと練習してきて、上手になった。
She kept reading many books, and became very knowledgeable.
かんじょはたくさんのほんをよんできて、ものしりになりました。
彼女はたくさんの本を読んできて、物知りになりました。
The Te-Form + くる can also be used to show the beginning of a process, which usually takes some amount of time to complete. We sometimes say a similar version of this in English, with phrases like It was difficult for a long time, but I came to understand it eventually. This construction is very often paired with the verb なる (to become), and also often used to talk about the changing weather.
**The sky** turned **red.** (began the process of turning red)
そらがあかくなってきた。
空が赤くなってきた。
**My friend** explained **it like this. (** long explanation follows **)**
わたしのともだちはこうせつめいしてきた。
私の友達はこう説明してきた。
Day 29 Grammar Cards:
1. From now into the future
Te-Form + いく
2. From the past until now / Beginning of a process
Te-Form + くる
Day 30: Giving and Receiving 【あげる・やる・くれる・頂戴・もらう・頂く】
In Japanese, there are a few different words for giving and receiving. The words you will use depend on who is receiving and the relationship of the parties involved.
【あげる】
You can use あげる for all types of giving, except things being given to you.
**I'll** give **her a souvenir.**
かのじょにおみやげをあげます。
彼女にお土産をあげます。
**I** gave **my friend a toy.**
わたしはともだちにおもちゃをあげました。
私は友達におもちゃをあげました。
【やる】
やる is used when giving something to someone of a lower status, like a child or a pet. This is a homonym of the word やる (to do), so pay close attention when you hear it.
She will give the child an ice cream.
かのじょはこどもにアイスをやります。
彼女は子供にアイスをやります。
**He** gave **the dog a toy.**
かれはいぬにおもちゃをやった。
彼は犬におもちょをやった。
【くれる】
If something is given to you, you will use くれる. You can never use あげる when something is given to you, likewise you can never use the word くれる to say that something is given to someone else. Instead of to give, think of くれる as to give to me.
Will you give me money?
おかねをくれませんか。
お金をくれませんか。
He gave me a toy.
かれはおもちゃをくれた。
彼はおもちゃをくれた。
Because くれる is used for all giving to you, it can sometimes be translated as receive, which causes a lot of confusion for students of Japanese!
I received **a toy from him.**
**(Lit. He** gave **a toy** to me **)**
かれはおもちゃをくれました。
彼はおもちゃをくれました。
【頂戴】
When giving someone a command to give you something, most people will actually use the humble word ちょうだいする [頂戴する]. This will simply be said by itself, without the verb する, and usually without any particles, just say the word you want plus ちょうだい [頂戴].
Please give me money. (humble)
おかねちょうだい。
お金頂戴。
Please give me that. (humble)
それちょうだい。
それ頂戴。
【もらう】
To say receive, we use もらう [貰う]. This can be used for any subject.
**She** got **an ice cream.**
かのじょはアイスをもらった。
彼女はアイスをもらった。
**He** received **a toy from you.**
かれはあなたからおもちゃをもらいました。
彼はあなたからおもちゃをもらいました。
【頂く】
The humble version of もらう is いただく [頂く]. You actually already know this word, it was one of the first words learned in Volume One, you say いただきます [頂きます] before you begin to eat. Keep in mind, humble speech can only be used when talking about yourself.
**I** got **a free gift.**
おまけをいただきました。
おまけを頂きました。
**I** received **a toy from you.**
わたしはあなたからおもちゃをいただきました。
私はあなたからおもちゃを頂きました。
It can sometimes be confusing to know when to use あげる ,くれる, and もらう, so let's look at some examples one more time to help us remember:
**You** gave **him a toy.**
あなたはかれにおもちゃをあげました。
あなたは彼におもちゃをあげました。
**He** received **a toy from you.**
かれはあなたからおもちゃをもらいました。
彼はあなたからおもちゃをもらいました。
**You** gave me **a toy.**
I received **a toy from you.**
あなたはおもちゃをくれました。
Day 30 Grammar Cards:
1. to give (everyone but yourself)
あげる [上げる] (UK)
2. to give (lower status)
やる [遣る] (UK)
3. to give to me
くれる [呉れる] (UK)
4. Please give me (humble)
ちょうだい [頂戴]
5. to receive
もらう[貰う] (UK)
6. to receive (humble)
いただく[頂く]
Day 31: Giving and Receiving Favors
You will often find that people use the Te-Form in combination with the verbs for giving and receiving. When you use this grammar, it means the verb is being done on someone else's behalf, or a favor for someone. From Japanese to English, nothing usually needs to be translated. When translating from English to Japanese, we must add あげる, くれる, or もらう for favors, or actions done on behalf of someone else. Culturally, almost everything anyone does on your behalf is a favor, no matter how insignificant you may think it is, so Japanese people will use this grammar a lot. Let's look at some examples:
**I** will help **you.**
**(Lit. I will** give **you** help **)**
たすけてあげる。
助けてあげる。
**Will you** wash **this** for me?
**(Lit. Please** give me the favor of washing **).**
これをあらってくれませんか。
これを洗ってくれませんか。
**He** was able to use **the machine.**
**(Lit. He** received the favor of using **the machine.)**
かれはきかいをつかわせってもらいました。
彼は機械を使わせてもらいました。
This last sentence is where we really need to use our thinking caps. In English, we will never say something like He received the favor of using the machine. In this context, the sentence could also be translated as He was allowed to use the machine, or They let him use the machine, or He got to use the machine. When you hear sentences like this in Japanese, try to understand what exactly is going on and imagine an equivalent English sentence, without translating things word for word.
When using the Te-Form + もらう in place of くれる when you are receiving a favor, the translation is slightly different. Think about it for a second, if we use the Te-Form + くれる, the subject of the sentence is the person giving the favor, whereas if we use Te-Form + もらう, you are the subject of the sentence that is doing the receiving. Because of this, the translation is slightly different:
**You** washed **this** for me **.**
これをあらってくれました。
これを洗ってくれました。
**I** got you to wash **this** for me **.**
これをあらってもらいました。
これを洗ってもらいました。
In this sentence, we used the past tense of the word get in place of received. This is because in English we can't really say something like I received you to wash this for me. Notice, the slight nuance of this sentence is that some action was taken on your part to persuade this person to do the favor for you. This is why we will use もらう sometimes in place of くれる. The favor may have not been volitionally given, but you received it anyway.
When we are asking for favors, we may want to be extra polite, so we can substitute くれる with いただく [頂く], and we need to use the Potential-Form, いただける [頂ける].
Please wash **this** for me.
これをあらってくれませんか。
これを洗ってくれませんか。
Would **you** please wash **this** for me **?**
これをあらっていただけませんか。
これを洗って頂けませんか。
If we are talking to someone we feel is lower status than us, or we want to be insulting, use やる in place of あげる.
**I'll clean the room** for you **.**
へやをそうじしてやる。
部屋を掃除してやる。
I'll show you!
みせてやる。
見せてやる。
I'll kill you!
ころしてやる!
殺してやる!
This last sentence sounds a bit funny, right? Someone is doing us a favor and killing us?! If you ever watch anime or read manga with fighting, you'll definitely hear this usage a lot. Just remember, in Japanese, everything done on someone else's behalf, no matter how silly the literal translation may sound, will use this grammar.
Day 31 Grammar Card:
1. Doing favors / On behalf of someone else
Te-Form + あげる[上げる]
Te-Form + やる (lower status / rude)
Te-Form + くれる
Te-Form + もらう
Day 32: Sorry For, Thank You For, It's a Good Thing
To apologize for something specific is very easy. Use Te-Form + ごめんなさい or すみません. If you want to say sorry for something you didn't do, use the Nakute-Form instead of the Te-Form.
Sorry for **being late.**
ちこくして(ごめんなさい・すみません)。
遅刻して(ごめんなさい・すみません)。
Sorry I didn't **do my homework.**
しゅくだいをしてなくてごめんなさい。
宿題をしてなくてごめんなさい。
The grammar is the same for saying thank you, but usually you are thanking someone for a favor they did for you, so don't forget to use くれる.
Thank you for **buying this** for me **.**
これをかってくれてありがとう。
これを買ってくれてありがとう。
Thank you for washing **the dishes.**
おさらをあらってくれてありがとう。
お皿を洗ってくれてありがとう。
You will often see the Te-Form + よかった, which just means that it is a good thing that something happened:
It's a good thing **she came!**
かのじょがきてよかったですよね。
彼女が来て良かったですよね。
It's a good thing **I didn't forget.**
わすれなくてよかった。
忘れなくて良かった。
Day 32 Grammar Cards:
1. Sorry for (verb)
Te-Form + (ごめんなさい・すみません)
2. Thank you for (verb)
Te-Form + ありがとう
3. It's a good thing that (verb)
Te-Form + よかった
Day 33: Reading 6
Reading 6 Vocabulary:
3) じゅんびする [準備する] to prepare
4) いちにちじゅう [一日中] all day long
16) きにする [気にする] to mind / to care about / to worry
22) なくなる [無くなる] to be missing / to use up / to disappear
27) キラキラ shining / sparkling
27) ぎん [銀] silver
Reading 6:
きょうは ゆりこの たんじょうび です。
1) 今日はゆりこの誕生日です。
15じに いえで ともだちと パーティーが あります。
2) 15時に家で友達とパーティーがあります。
ゆりこの おかあさんは パーティーの じゅんびを てつだっています。
3) ゆりこのお母さんはパーティーの準備を手伝っています。
「いちにちじゅう じゅんびを してきました。 いまから パーティーの じかん ですよ。」
4) 「一日中準備をしてきました。今からパーティーの時間ですよ。」
ゆりこは ひとり ともだちを しょうたいすることを わすれてしまっていたことに きづきます。
5) ゆりこは一人友達を招待することを忘れてしまっていたことに気づきます。
「しまった! まほちゃんを しょうたいするのを わすれちゃった。」
6) 「しまった!まほちゃんを招待するのを忘れちゃった。」
ゆりこが まほに でんわを すると、まほは すぐに でんわに でました、「もしもし?」
7) ゆりこがまほに電話をすると、まほはすぐに電話に出ました、「もしもし?」
「まほちゃん、ゆりこ です。 きょう パーティーを する から、 きてくれない?」
8) 「まほちゃん、ゆりこです。今日パーティーをするから、来てくれない?」
「へー、そう なの? うん、いくよ。 なんじ から はじまるの?」
9) 「へー、そうなの?うん、行くよ。何時から始まるの?」
「15じ から。」
10) 「15時から。」
「わかった。 またね。」
11) 「分かった。またね。」
いちじかんご、パーティーが はじまります。
12) 一時間後、パーティーが始まります。
まほは ちょっと おくれてきました。 かのじょが ドアを ノックすると、ゆりこの おかあさんが ドアを あけました。
13) まほはちょっと遅れて来ました。彼女がドアをノックすると、ゆりこのお母さんがドアを開けました。
「まほちゃん、こんにちは。 まにあってよかった。」
14) 「まほちゃん、こんにちは。間に合って良かった。」
「おそくなってしまってすみません。」
15) 「遅くなってしまってすみません。」
「きに しないで、どうぞ。」
16) 「気にしないで、どうぞ。」
ゆりこの おかあさんは みんなに ケーキを だしてあげます。
17) ゆりこのお母さんは皆にケーキを出してあげます。
みんなは えがお です。
18) 皆は笑顔です。
ゆりこは、「かあさん、このケーキを つくったの?」 とききました。
19) ゆりこは、「母さん、このケーキを作ったの?」と聞きました。
「いいえ、ももちゃんに つくってもらったの。」
20) 「いいえ、ももちゃんに作ってもらったの。」
「おいしそう ですね。 いただきます。」
21) 「美味しそうですね。いただきます。」
5ふんごには、ケーキが なくなってしまいました。
22) 5分後には、ケーキが無くなってしまいました。
「うわー、ぜんぶ たべちゃった。」
23) 「うわー、全部食べちゃった。」
「じゃあ、プレゼントを あけていきましょうか。」
24) 「じゃあ、プレゼントを開けていきましょうか。」
まほは ゆりこに プレゼントを あげます、「これどうぞ。」
25) まほはゆりこにプレゼントをあげます、「これどうぞ。」
ゆりこは プレゼントを あけました。
26) ゆりこはプレゼントを開けました。
キラキラしている ぎんの ネックレス です。
27) キラキラしている銀のネックレスです。
「すごい きれい。 ありがとう。 ねえ、かあさん、きれい だね。」
28) 「すごいきれい。ありがとう。ねえ、母さん、きれいだね。」
パーティーに きていた みんなも そう おもっています。
29) パーティーに来ていた皆もそう思っています。
「きれい だね。」
30) 「きれいだね。」
「つけてみよう。」
31) 「つけてみよう。」
ゆりこは ネックレスを つけて、「どう?」 とききました。
32) ゆりこはネックレスをつけて、「どう?」と聞きました。
「おしゃれ だね、きれい。」
33) 「おしゃれだね、きれい。」
「ね、ゆりこちゃん、らいしゅう デートが ある から、かしてくれない?」 とききました。
34) 「ね、ゆりこちゃん、来週デートがあるから、貸してくれない?」と聞きました。
「いや だよ。 ぜったいに かさない!」
35) 「嫌だよ。絶対に貸さない!」
みんなは わらいました。
36) 皆は笑いました。
Day 34: Preparing for the Future 【ておく・とく・てこ・てある】
【ておく】
In Japanese, you can explicitly state that something you have done was in preparation for the future by using the Te-Form + おく. In English, we don't have any way to express this, and the translation of the Japanese sentence into English will usually be the same whether it is implying preparation for the future or not. If we translate from English into Japanese, we need to consider adding おく to indicate that the action is in preparation for the future.
**I** studied **for the test. (** in preparation **)**
わたしはしけんのためにべんきょうしておきました。
私は試験のために勉強しておきました。
Let's get ready.
じゅんびしておきましょう。
準備しておきましょう。
【とく・てこ】
You may hear a casual version in speech that combines て and おく, changing into とく (which can be conjugated like a verb) or てこ.
**I** studied **for the test.**
わたしはしけんのためにべんきょうしといた。
私は試験のために勉強しといた。
Let's buy it.
かってこ。
買ってこ。
【てある】
We can sometimes show future preparation by using the Te-Form + ある. As mentioned in Day 7, using the Te-Form + ある translates to the passive voice in English. In English, as well as Japanese, the nuance of these sentences can show preparation for the future.
**Before the ceremony,** origami cranes are folded **.**
ぎしきのまえに、おりづるがおられてあります。
儀式の前に、折鶴が折られてあります。
**The truck** is loaded **, let's go.**
トラックににもつはつんである、いきましょう。
トラックに荷物は積んである、行きましょう。
These two grammar points are quite easy to translate from Japanese to English, but can be tricky when you are translating something from English to Japanese. Every time you are talking about an action that you are doing or have completed, try to think if this action was in preparation for the future, if it was, use this grammar.
Day 34 Grammar Cards:
1. To prepare for the future
Te-Form + おく [置く] **(UK)**
**2. (casual) Te-Form +** おく
とく・てこ
3. Completed action (nuance of preparation)
Te-Form + ある
Day 35: To Try, to Attempt 【てみる・ようとする・ようと思う・まいとする・試す】
The words we will learn for try and attempt today are not used for things being done over a long period of time. See Day 72 for that grammar.
【てみる】
When we use try in English to say that we are sampling something, making an effort, or doing something for the first time, we will use the Te-Form + みる. We can use this to help us understand how to use it, we are saying that we will do something and see how it turns out. In English, we often use the phrase give it a shot. In this way, you may hear Japanese people using the Te-Form + みる in contexts where we wouldn't really say try in English. In English we often omit the word try, or verb that we want to try, especially with food, but we don't in Japanese. Compare the multiple translations of the following examples:
**I** want to try **that cake.**
**I** want to try eating **that cake.**
あのケーキをたべてみたい。
あのケーキを食べてみたい。
Let's play **baseball.**
Let's try playing **baseball.**
やきゅうをしてみよう。
野球をしてみよう。
**I** will run **a marathon today.**
**I** will try to run **a marathon today.**
きょう、わたしはまらそんをしてみる。
今日、私はマラソンをしてみる。
Let's bake **bread.**
Let's try to bake **bread.**
パンをやいてみよう。
パンを焼いてみよう。
【ようとする】
Another way to say try, as in an attempt, is to use the O-Form + とする. For this grammar, it's important to use the definition of attempt, because attempt has the nuance that you have a high chance of failure. Because this uses the O-Form (AKA Volitional-Form), it shows you are making a conscious choice to do something, or rather, you intend to do something. Because of this, in the present tense, this grammar won't be used when talking about yourself, because it would imply that you are intending to fail. When used in the continuous tense, it shows an attempt that is currently underway.
**He will** attempt to run **a marathon today.**
きょう、かれはマラソンをしようとします。
今日、彼はマラソンをしようとします。
**He** is attempting to fix **the vending machine.**
かれはじどうはんばいきをなおそうとしている。
彼は自動販売機を直そうとしている。
Again, this grammar shows an attempt that is likely unsuccessful, so will often be paired with _but._ When we want to say _but_ with this grammar, we will use が.
**He will attempt to run a marathon,** but **I think he won't finish.**
マラソンをしようとしますが、はしりきれないとおもう。
マラソンをしようとしますが、走り切れないと思う。
**He** is attempting to fix **the vending machine,** but **I don't think he can.**
かれはじどうはんばいきをなおそうとしているが、できないとおもう。
彼は自動販売機を直そうとしているが、できないと思う。
While the present tense is limited to others, in the past tense, we can talk about ourselves, because we are talking about our failed attempt.
I attempted to run **a marathon,** but **I couldn't.**
マラソンをしようとしましたが、できなかった。
マラソンをしようとしましたが、出来なかった。
**I** attempted to bake **bread, but it burned.**
パンをやこうとしましたが、こげました。
パンを焼こうとしましたが、焦げました。
【ようと思う】
If we want to talk about ourselves in the present tense with the previous grammar, instead of adding とする, we can add と思う, or another verb that has to do with thinking, such as かんがえる [考える] (to consider) or きめる [決める] (to decide). This literally translates to _I think I'll attempt to_. Unlike using とする, this grammar does not have a nuance of failure, but is simply talking about your plans for the future. Because of this, it can also be translated as _try to_ or _I think I will_ :
I'll try to run **a marathon.**
I think I will run **a marathon.**
マラソンをしようとおもう。
マラソンをしようと思う。
I'll try to fix **the vending machine.**
I think I'll fix **the vending machine.**
じどうはんばいきをなおそうとおもう。
自動販売機を直そうと思う。
【まいとする】
If we want to say that we tried _not_ to do something, use the Mai-Form + とする. Like the previous grammar, this can't be used for things over a long period of time.
I tried not to eat the cake, but I couldn't resist.
ケーキをたべまいとしたが、がまんできなかった。
ケーキを食べまいとしたが、我慢できなかった。
I'm trying not to laugh, but it's not easy.
わらうまいとしているが、かんたんじゃない。
笑うまいとしているが、簡単じゃない。
【試す】
There is also the verb _to try_ ためす [試す], this has the sense of _to try out_ or _to test out_. You can combine this with みる for an extra emphasis.
I want to try out my new baseball glove.
あたらしいグローブをためしたい。
新しいグローブを試したい。
Let's try out a new hobby.
あたらしいしゅみをためしてみよう。
新しい趣味を試してみよう。
Day 35 Grammar Cards:
1. to try (to sample / to give a try)
Te-Form + みる
2. to try (to attempt)
O-Form + とする
3. I think I will (verb)
O-Form + とおもう [と思う]
4. to try not to
Mai-Form + とする
5. to try (test out)
ためす [試す]
Day 36: To Pretend, Nothing Like, Nothing More Than 【ふりをする・限る・過ぎない】
【ふりをする】
To say that you are _pretending_ in Japanese is quite easy. We simply attach ふりをする to the end of any word or clause. With nouns, drop the copula and add の before ふり.
**He** pretends **he doesn't understand anything.**
かれはなにもわからないふりをします。
彼は何も分からないふりをします。
Don't pretend **you can speak German.**
どいつごをはなせるふりをしないで。
ドイツ語を話せるふりをしないで。
**He** is pretending **that he is a doctor.**
かれはいしゃのふりをしている。
彼は医者のふりをしている。
**She** is pretending **to be sad.**
かのじょはかなしいふりをしている。
彼女は悲しいふりをしている。
【限る】
The verb かぎる[限る] means _to restrict_ or _to limit_. In most contexts, it is very easy to understand, but you may see it paired with に at the end of a sentence, and this changes the meaning. When you see it like this, it will mean _there's nothing like_ or _nothing beats_ , as in, the thing you just talked about is the best.
Nothing beats **hot chocolate in the winter.**
ふゆはホットチョコレートにかぎる。
冬はホットチョコレートに限る。
There's nothing like **a bath after exercise** 、 **eh?**
うんどうのあとはおふろにかぎりますよね。
運動の後はお風呂に限りますよね。
【過ぎない】
We already know the verb すぎる [過ぎる] (to go beyond). The negative form can be combined with に and placed at the end of a sentence to say that something is _nothing more than_. This grammar must show the reality of things, not opinions. In the following example, the boy is actually a child, if he was an adult, we would have to clarify that he is _like a child_ , which we will learn in Day 66.
**He is** nothing more than **a child.**
かれはこどもにすぎない。
彼は子供に過ぎない。
**That's** nothing more than **your opinion.**
それはあなたのいけんにすぎません。
それはあなたの意見に過ぎません。
There are some alternate translations for this, in English, we often use _only_ or _just_ to express the same idea:
**He is** only **a child.**
かれはこどもにすぎない。
彼は子供に過ぎない。
**That's** just **your opinion.**
それはあなたのいけんにすぎません。
それはあなたの意見に過ぎません。
Day 36 Grammar Cards:
1. Pretend to
End of sentence ふりをする [振りをする] (UK)
Nouns: drop (だ・です) add の
2. Nothing like
End of sentence にかぎる [に限る]
3. Nothing more than
End of sentence にすぎない [に過ぎない]
Day 37: Reading 7
Reading 7 Vocabulary:
10) ゆ [湯] hot water
12) ほうちょう [包丁] kitchen knife
12) きれあじ [切れ味] sharpness
14) ガラクタ junk / garbage / crap
18) ちから [力] strength
19) いっしょうけんめい [一生懸命] with all one's might
21) ためる [貯める] to save money
22) やすものがいのぜにうしない [安物買いの銭失い] penny wise and pound foolish
Reading 7:
さむい ふゆの よる、ゆりこと だいすけは ソファに すわって、テレビを みています。
1) 寒い冬の夜、ゆりことだいすけはソファに座って、テレビを見ています。
もうす ぐ ゆうしょくの じかん だから、ふたりとも おなかが へっていました。
2) もうすぐ夕食の時間だから、二人ともお腹が減っていました。
「ねえ、だいすけ、おなか すいた。 しゃぶしゃぶを つくろうか?」
3) 「ねえ、だいすけ、お腹空いた。しゃぶしゃぶを作ろうか?」
だいすけも しゃぶしゃぶを たべたいです。 「いいよ。」
4) だいすけもしゃぶしゃぶを食べたいです。「いいよ。」
だいすけは りょうりが できるふりを したくない から、ゆりこに たのみます、「きのう しゃぶしゃぶを つくろうとしたん だけど、できなかった。 おしえて くれない?」
5) だいすけは料理ができるふりをしたくないから、ゆりこに頼みます、「昨日しゃぶしゃぶを作ろうとしたんだけど、出来なかった。教えてくれない?」
「じゃあ、こんかい おしえて あげる。 いっしょに つくって みよう。」
6) 「じゃあ、今回教えてあげる。一緒に作ってみよう。」
だいすけは テレビを けして、ソファ から たちあがります。
7) だいすけはテレビを消して、ソファから立ち上がります。
「さあ、つくろう。 さむい ふゆの よるは しゃぶしゃぶに かぎる よね。」
8) 「さあ、作ろう。寒い冬の夜はしゃぶしゃぶに限るよね。」
かれらが だいどころに はいって じゅんびを はじめます。
9) 彼らが台所に入って準備を始めます。
「おれは ゆを わかして おく。」 とだいすけは いいます。
10) 「俺は湯を沸かしておく。」 とだいすけは言います。
「わたしは にくを きって おく。」 とゆりこは いいます。
11) 「私は肉を切っておく。」 とゆりこは言います。
ゆりこの ほうちょうは きれあじが わるく、にくを きるのは たいへん です。
12) ゆりこの包丁は切れ味が悪く、肉を切るのは大変です。
「なに しているの? にくを きるふりを している の?」 とだいすけは ゆりこに ききます。
13) 「何しているの?肉を切るふりをしているの?」とだいすけはゆりこに聞きます。
「そんな こと ない わよ。 きれあじが わるいの。 ほんものの ほうちょうは もっていないの。 これは ガラクタに すぎないわ。」
14) 「そんなことないわよ。切れ味が悪いの。本物の包丁は持っていないの。これはガラクタに過ぎないわ。」
「おれが ためして みよう。」
15) 「俺が試してみよう。」
ゆりこは だいすけに ほうちょうを わたします。 「がんばって。」
16) ゆりこはだいすけに包丁を渡します。「頑張って。」
だいすけは にくを きろうと しますが、きれません。
17) だいすけは肉を切ろうとしますが、切れません。
「ちからを いれて みて!」
18) 「力を入れてみて!」
だいすけは いっしょうけんめい きろうと しますが きれません。
19) だいすけは一生懸命切ろうとしますが切れません。
「がんばっている のに! ゆりこの いけんは ただしい、この ガラクタは どこで かったの? 100えんの みせの ものに すぎない でしょう。」
20) 「頑張っているのに!ゆりこの意見は正しい、このガラクタはどこで買ったの?100円の店のものに過ぎないでしょう。」
「そうだね、ずっと おかねを ためようと している から、100えんの みせで かったのよ。」
21) 「そうだね、ずっとお金を貯めようとしているから、100円の店で買ったのよ。」
「やすものがいの ぜにうしない だね。」
22) 「安物買いの銭失いだね。」
「だいすけ、わたしたちは りょうりが できるふりを しないで、レストランに いった ほうが いいよ。」
23) 「だいすけ、私たちは料理が出来るふりをしないで、レストランに行った方がいいよ。」
「ちかくに あたらしく できた おみせが ある から、いって みたい。」
24) 「近くに新しく出来たお店があるから、行ってみたい。」
「じゃあ、いこう。」
25) 「じゃあ、行こう。」
Day 38: On the Contrary 【かえって・とんでもない】
【かえって】
かえって shows a result occurred that was opposite expectations. This is the opposite of やっぱり. The dictionary definition is _on the contrary_ , which sounds a bit unnatural in English, and usually this won't be translated at all, but simply used to show the result was opposite of what you might expect. The first clause will contain something that carries with it an expectation, and the second clause will show the result. This is often used with _if_ questions to ponder about an unexpected bad result, in English we usually make these types of sentences by saying _What if._
**It's possible to invest in a prosperous company and (** instead **) lose everything.**
じょうじょうきぎょうにとうしして、かえってぜんぶそんをするかのうせいがある。
上場企業に投資をして、かえって全部損をする可能性がある。
**What if I do the training and (** instead **) my skills get worse?**
けんしゅうをしたらかえってうでがなまった。
研修をしたらかえって腕が鈍った。
The second definition of かえって is _all the more_ , and will also show that an unexpected result occurred. This usage is often combined with _because_ or _because of_.
If you get last place in a tournament, usually you will give up, but his will became even stronger.
たいかいでさいかいになったら、ふつうはあきらめるが、かえってかれのいよくはつよくなった。
大会で最下位になったら、普通は諦めるが、かえって彼の意欲は強くなった。
Because his excuse was too perfect, it was all the more unbelievable.
かれのいいわけはかんぺきすぎるので、かえってしんじられなかった。
彼の言い訳は完璧過ぎるので、かえって信じられなかった。
【とんでもない】
While かえって shows a difference in your expectations, we can use とんでもない to just show the difference in reality. The word itself means _unthinkable, unexpected, outrageous,_ etc.
A: Is the match over?
**B:** Quite the contrary **, it has just begun.**
A; しあいはおわりますか。
B: とんでもない、はじまったばかりです。
A: 試合はまだ終わりますか。
B: とんでもない、始まったばかりです。
**He is** anything but **a chef.**
かれはシェフだなんてとんでもない。
彼はシェフだなんてとんでもない。
Said by itself, とんでもない is used to show your anger, your absolute refusal, that you are offended, or that something unexpected has happened. But most often, it is used to say _you're welcome_ , as in _it was nothing_ , so pay attention to the context:
I can't believe it!
Absolutely not!
What a thing to say!
Don't mention it.
とんでもない。
Day 38 Grammar Cards:
1. On the contrary (expectations)
かえって [却って] (UK)
2. On the contrary (reality)
とんでもない [飛んでもない] (UK)
Day 39: Only, Except For 【だけ・ばかり・以外】
【だけ】
You only want to have fun, right? Of course not, you're a hard worker! The word only in Japanese is だけ, and is very easy to use. You can basically substitute it one to one. In English, we usually place only before the verb, in Japanese, use it as a suffix of the word it modifies.
I only eat vegetables.
わたしはやさいだけたべます。
私は野菜だけ食べます。
He only sleeps three hours.
かれはさんじかんだけねます。
彼は三時間だけ寝ます。
【ばかり】
With nouns, we can also use ばかり to say _only._ This word is better translated as _just_ , because it can also be used with time expressions, which we will learn in Day 86.
**I** just **eat vegetables.**
わたしはやさいばかりたべます。
私は野菜ばかり食べます。
I just do pull ups.
けんすいばかりします。
懸垂ばかりします。
【以外】
To say except for we use the suffix いがい[以外].
I can eat anything except for natto.
わたしはなっとういがい、なんでもたべられる。
私は納豆以外、何でも食べられる。
My dog doesn't do anything except sleep.
わたしのいぬはねるいがい、なにもしない。
私の犬は寝る以外、何もしない。
Day 39 Grammar Cards:
1. only
だけ [丈] **(UK)**
2. just / only
(nouns) ばかり [許り] **(UK)**
3. except (for)
いがい[以外]
Day 40: Anything But, Besides 【だけしか・しかない・きり】
【だけしか】
If you look up だけしか in the dictionary, it will say the definition is only or nothing but, however, it is always used with negative verbs, which creates a double negative sentence, which is incorrect in English. So when using it in Japanese, remember that you need to use a negative verb as well. だけしか is almost always shortened to just しか in conversation.
She doesn't eat anything but chocolate!
She eats nothing but chocolate!
She only eats chocolate!
かのじょはチョコだけしかたべないよ。
彼女はチョコだけしか食べないよ。
I don't want to do anything besides watch TV.
I want to do nothing but watch TV.
I only want to watch TV.
テレビをみることしか、したくない。
テレビを見ることしか、したくない。
We can also write the two previous example sentences using だけ:
She only eats chocolate!
かのじょはチョコだけたべますよ。
彼女はチョコだけ食べますよ。
I only want to watch TV.
テレビをみることだけしたい。
テレビを見ることだけしたい。
As far as meaning, the two sentences She eats nothing but chocolate and She only eats chocolate are virtually the same. We just need to remember that だけしか can only be used with negative verb. Using this construction to say only in the sense of the only one is actually more common than using だけ. You will hear it a lot in sentences like There is only this (object). Instead of saying これだけある, most people will say これしかない.
**There is** only this one **pen.**
このペンしかない。
**You're my** only **friend.**
ともだちはあなたしかいない。
友達はあなたしかいない。
【しかない】
After a verb, しか plus the negative copula (ない・ありません) translates to phrases such as: _There's nothing to do but,_ or _All we can do is:_
There's nothing to do but **wait.**
All we can do is **wait.**
まつしかない。
待つしかない。
There's nothing for her to do but **cry.**
All she can do is **cry.**
かのじょはなくしかありません。
彼女は泣くしかありません。
【きり】
きり comes from the kanji 切 (to cut). We can attach this as a suffix, usually with numbers of things, to mean only or just. So we can think of this as the cut off or the limit. It can be written as きり or っきり. It is very often used in the phrase ふたりきり [二人きり] (just two people).
Let's go watch a movie, just the two of us.
ふたりきりでえいがをみにいきましょう。
二人きりで映画を見に行きましょう。
I've only been to Hawaii one time.
ハワイにりょこうしたのはいっかいきりです。
ハワイに旅行したのは1回きりです。
Day 40 Grammar Cards:
1. only / anything but / nothing but
(noun) + だけしか \+ (negative verb)
2. Nothing to do but (verb) / All we can do is (verb)
(verb) + (しかない・しかありません)
3. only / just (numbers of things)
きり
Day 41: For the Sake of, In Order to, Because of 【のために】
【のために】
Today we will study a very diverse word のために. This word is actually just ため, the の and に are particles, the に is often dropped, and の is used with nouns. The meanings of this word in the dictionary are benefit, sake, and result, but most translations will be for, in order to, or because of.
のために is often used with nouns to say _for._ Using the core meanings, we could say _for someone's benefit, for someone's sake._
I will fight for your love!
(Lit. For the sake of your love, I will fight.)
あなたのあいのために、たたかいますよ。
あなたの愛のために、戦いますよ。
のために can also be translated as _in order to_. Using the core meanings, we could say _for the benefit of, for the sake of,_ or _for the the result of_ :
I eat vegetables in order to stay healthy.
(Lit. For the sake of health, I eat vegetables.)
けんこうのために、やさいをたべます。
健康のために、野菜を食べます。
**I went to the supermarket** in order to **make a pie.**
**(Lit.** For the sake of **making a pie, I went to the supermarket.)**
パイをつくるためにスーパーでかいものをした。
パイを作るためにスーパーで買い物をした。
_Because of_ is probably the most difficult definition to work with, especially because のために is mostly used with the previous definitions, but the third core meaning _result_ works well to help us derive _because of_.
We couldn't climb the mountain because of the bad weather.
(Lit. The result of the bad weather was that we couldn't climb the mountain.)
わるいてんきのために、やまにのぼれなかった。
悪い天気のために、山に登れなかった。
Because of the traffic, I took the train.
(Lit. The result of the traffic was that I took the train.)
こうつうじゅうたいのために、でんしゃにしました。
交通渋滞のために、電車にしました。
Day 41 Grammar Card:
1. for the sake of / for / because of / in order to
のために [の為に] (UK)
Day 42: About, Concerning, Regarding, Relating 【について・に関する】
【について】
What's life all about? No one knows! In Japanese, when you want to say the word about, you will useについて as a suffix.
This is a movie about war.
このえいがはせんそうについてです。
この映画は戦争についてです。
What do you think about this?
これについてどうおもいますか。
これについてどう思いますか。
In English, about can often be substituted with concerning or regarding, the same goes for translations of について.
I received a letter concerning my mother.
わたしのははについてのてがみをもらいました。
私の母についての手紙をもらいました。
Regarding that problem, I don't know the solution.
そのもんだいについて、かいけつほうはわかりません。
その問題について、解決法は分かりません。
【に関する】
The next phrase にかんする [に関する] has one of the kanji from the word かんけい [関係] (relationship), and is best translated as related to. In some contexts it can be translated as about or concerning. Note that にかんする [に関する] is explicitly saying that something has a relationship with something else, rather than being about something.
We discussed a problem related to trade.
ぼうえきにかんするもんだいをはなしあいました。
貿易に関する問題を話し合いました。
That is a disease related to cancer.
それはガンにかんするびょうきです。
それはガンに関する病気です。
Day 42 Grammar Card:
1. about / regarding / concerning
について [に就いて] (UK)
2. related to
にかんする [に関する]
Day 43: Through, By, Depending On, According to 【による・によって・によると・によれば】
【による・によって】
による is a verb which has many meanings depending on the context of the sentence. You will most always see it expressed in the Te-Form, によって. To help you understand the meaning, two of the possible kanji to write this word are 因 (cause) and 依 (reliant / depend on / due to). The translations can be through, by means of, because of, due to, and will usually take the place of English prepositions like by and through. It is often used to show how something is accomplished.
You become skilled through experience.
けいけんによって、じょうずになります。
経験によって、上手になります。
He became rich from his successes that were due to hard work.
けんめいなはたらきによるせいこうで、かれはおかねもちになった。
懸命な働きによる成功で、彼はお金持ちになった。
I read that sales have increased from this report.
(Lit. Through this report, I learned that sales have increased.)
このほうこくしょによって、うりあげだかがふえたことをしった。
この報告書によって、売上高が増えたことを知った。
She heard the president died on the radio.
(Lit. Through the radio broadcast, she learned the president died.)
ラジオのほうそうによって、だいとうりょうがしんだことをしった。
ラジオの放送によって、大統領が死んだことを知った。
This word is also used in passive sentences where we use the preposition _by_ :
**It was made** by **Jim.**
これはジムによってつくられました。
これはジムによって作られました。
**This book was written** by **Goethe.**
このほんはゲーテによってかかれました。
この本はゲーテによって書かれました。
Yet another translation is the verb depending on. Again, による is actually a verb, so the conjugation and translation depends on how you order the clauses:
Tastes differ depending on the person.
ひとによって、このみはちがう。
人によって、好みは違う。
Tastes depend on the person.
このみはひとによる。
好みは人による。
Depending on the weather, I might take a vacation.
てんきによって、りょこうをするかしないかきめる。
天気によって、旅行をするかしないか決める。
**Whether or not I take a vacation** depends on **the weather.**
りょこうをするかどうかは、てんきによる。
旅行をするかどうかは、天気による。
【によると・によれば】
によると andによれば translate to according to, and will be placed after the source. If you notice, the (と・れば) look similar to if grammar, so we can think of this as learning something if we were to go through a source. Using によれば over によると adds an air of uncertainty. Again, we can remember this by thinking about if grammar. If sentences with と are 100% certain. Because Japanese speakers prefer to speak without certainty, you may hear this version more often in spoken Japanese.
According to my friend, that movie was good.
わたしのともだち(によると・によれば)、そのえいがはよかったそうです。
私の友達(によると・によれば)、その映画は良かったそうです。
Sales have increased according to this report.
このほうこくしょ(によると・によれば)、うりあげだかはふえました。
この報告書(によると・によれば)、売上高は増えました。
Day 43 Grammar Cards:
1. through / by (passive) / depending on
による [に依る] (UK)
によって [に依って] (UK)
2. according to
によると [に依ると] (UK)
によれば [に依れば] (UK)
Day 44: Fault, Because of, Thanks to 【のせいで・のおかげで】
【のせいで】
If something bad happens, we can attribute the responsibility, or the fault, with the word のせいで. The word for fault is just せい, the の and で are particles. When we use this in a sentence, it can be translated as because of (you / him / her) or It's (your / his / her) fault.
It's his fault that we can't go.
Because of him we can't go.
かれのせいでいけない。
彼のせいで行けない。
**It wasn't** my fault **!**
わたしのせいじゃないよ。
私のせいじゃないよ。
**Was this their** fault **?**
これはかれらのせいですか。
これは彼らのせいですか。
【のおかげで】
If something good happens, we can attribute the responsibility with the word のおかげで. Again, the の and で are just particles. When we use this in a sentence, it can be translated as because of (you / him / her) or thanks to (you / him / her).
Thanks to you, we can buy the tickets.
あなたのおかげで、きっぷをかえます。
あなたのおかげで、切符を買えます。
Thanks to **her, we won!**
かのじょのおかげで、かちました!
彼女のおかげで、勝ちました!
Day 44 Grammar Cards:
1. Because of (fault)
のせいで [の所為で] (UK)
2. Thanks to / Because of
のおかげで [のお陰で] (UK)
Day 45: Reading 8
Reading 8 Vocabulary:
1) かねをつかう [金を使う] to spend money
1) せいちょう [成長] growth
1) むすびつく [結びつく] to be related
2) けいきていたい [景気停滞] economic slump
4) むだ [無駄] futile / useless
5) けいざいてき [経済的] economic
5) しげん [資源] resources
5) ぶんりょう [分量] amount / quantity
5) えいえん [永遠] eternity / forever
5) ちょきん [貯金] savings
6) かいけつほう [解決法] solution / way out
7) せいじか [政治家] politician
9) ほうふ [豊富] abundance / wealth
9) ざいげん [財源] financial resources / source of funds
9) わずか [僅か] (UK) few / small quantity
9) いっぱんてき [一般的] general / common
9) ふじゅうぶん [不十分] insufficient / not enough
11) いんさつする [印刷する] to print
12) うながす [促す] to urge / to stimulate
13) げんざい [現在] now / present time
13) えんだか [円高] appreciation of the yen / strong yen
14) じょげん [助言] advice
14) はんたいする [反対する] to oppose
15) ざいせいししゅつ [財政支出] government spending
Reading 8:
さいきんの ほうこくしょ によると、おかねを つかうことは けいざいせいちょうに むすびつかない そうです。
1) 最近の報告書によると、お金を使うことは経済成長に結びつかないそうです。
とんでもない、けいきていたいに むすびつきます。
2) とんでもない、景気停滞に結びつきます。
けいざいがくしゃは おかねを つかうことが よいと しんじながら、かえって、おかねを つかわない ほうが いい です。
3) 経済学者はお金を使うことが良いと信じながら、かえって、お金を使わない方がいいです。
「むだに おかねを つかうことは いみが ありません。」 といわれました。
4) 「無駄にお金を使うことは意味がありません。」と言われました。
「けいざいには けいざいてき しげんの ぶんりょうが すこし しか ありません。 えいえんに おかねを つかう ばかりでは けいざいせいちょうは おこりません。 ちょきんすることが ひつよう です。」
5) 「経済には経済的資源の分量が少ししかありません。永遠にお金を使うばかりでは経済成長は起こりません。貯金することが必要です。」
しかし、きいた ひと によって、かいけつほうが かわります。
6) しかし、聞いた人によって、解決法が変わります。
せいじか によると、きぎょうの せいで、けいざいが せいちょう しません。
7) 政治家によると、企業のせいで、経済が成長しません。
「おかねを つかうこと により、けいざいが せいちょう します。」 とせいじかが いいました。
8) 「お金を使うことにより、経済が成長します。」と政治家が言いました。
「ほうふな ざいげんが ある わずかな かいしゃは べつ として、いっぱんてきな かいしゃは ただ、おかねを つかう だけでは ふじゅうぶん です。」
9) 「豊富な財源がある僅かな会社は別として、一般的な会社はただ、お金を使うだけでは不十分です。」
「けいざいてき しげんに かんする もんだい です。」 とけいざいがくしゃが いいました。
10) 「経済的資源に関する問題です。」と経済学者が言いました。
「けいざいてき しげんは すこし しか ありません、おかねを いんさつ する だけでは、けいざいてき しげんを つくれません。」
11) 「経済的資源は少ししかありません、お金を印刷するだけでは、経済的資源を作れません。」
「せいちょうを うながす ためには ちょきんが ひつよう です。」
12) 「成長を促すためには貯金が必要です。」
「げんざい、えんだか のおかげで、けいざいが せいちょう しています。」
13) 「現在、円高のおかげで、経済が成長しています。」
せいじかは けいざいがくしゃの じょげんに はんたい しています。
14) 政治家は経済学者の助言に反対しています。
「ざいせいししゅつの おかげで、けいざいが せいちょう します。」
15) 「財政支出のおかげで、経済が成長します。」
Day 46: Place 【ところ・ところが・ところで】
【ところ】
ところ is a very common word that literally means place, as in, a physical location. It is also used abstractly to talk about a place in time or a place in an event. In this way, it can also be translated as part.
**This movie has a great** part **.**
そのえいがはすばらしいところがあります。
その映画は素晴らしいところがあります。
**I'm very busy** of late **.**
ここのところわたしはとてもいそがしい。
ここのところ私はとても忙しい。
If we add ところ to a present tense verb, it means we are about to do the verb. It may help you to think of it as, This is the part where ~.
**I am** about to **leave.**
でかけるところです。
出掛けるところです。
**She is** about to **sleep.**
かのじょはねるところです。
彼女は寝るところです。
If we add ところ to a past tense verb, it means that the action has just occurred. It may help you to think of it as, This is the part where ~ happened.
**The bus** just **left.**
バスはでたところです。
バスは出たところです。
**He** just **finished his homework.**
かれはしゅくだいをおえたところ。
彼は宿題を終えたところ。
If a sentence is in the continuous tense, ところ can be added to say that we are in the process of or in the middle of doing that action. If you notice in the following examples, parentheses are used because we don't really say things explicitly like this in English, it is already implied. It may help you to think of this as, I am currently at the part where ~, or, Now is the part where ~.
**I am (** in the process of **) working now.**
いまははたらいているところです。
今は働いているところです。
**I'm (** in the middle of **) writing a book.**
ほんをかいているところです。
本を書いているところです。
【ところが】
ところが means even so, however, nevertheless. As you know, が can mean but, so it may help you to think of this as, But this is the part where I offer a conflicting statement. It has a similar meaning to のに, however, yet, still, despite that, but ところが is used to begin clauses rather than end them.
I have free time, but I still can't help you.
ひまがある。ところが、たすけられない。
暇がある。ところが、助けられない。
He attended the lecture. Even so, he learned nothing new.
かれはこうぎにしゅっせきしました。ところがあたらしいことをまなびませんでした。
彼は講義に出席しました。ところが新しいことを学びませんでした。
【ところで】
ところで at the beginning of a sentence is used to change the subject. In English we say by the way.
By the way **, did you call him?**
ところで、かれにでんわしましたか。
ところで、彼に電話しましたか。
By the way **, what are you doing tomorrow?**
ところで、あしたなにをするの。
ところで、明日何をするの。
ところで can also be placed between clauses to mean even if. It may help you to think of it as Even with that part ~. Sentences using ところで like this have a negative nuance.
Even if **he is strong, he can't push the train forward.**
かれがつよかったところで、まえへでんしゃをおせないよ。
彼が強かったところで、前へ電車を押せないよ。
Even if **everyone cooperated, we still can't solve the situation.**
みんながきょうりょくしたところで、このじたいはまだかいけつできません。
皆が協力したところで、この事態はまだ解決できません。
Day 46 Grammar Cards:
1. About to do
Present tense + ところ
2. Just did
Past tense + ところ
3. In the process of doing
Continuous tense + ところ
4. however / yet / still despite that
Beginning of sentence ところが
5. by the way / even if (negative nuance)
ところで
Day 47: By No Means, Not Easily, By All Means 【とても~ない・なかなか~ ない・どうしても】
The words in today's lesson translate in the dictionary as _by no means_ and _by all means_. Let's take a look at how we can translate sentences using these words.
【とても~ない】
You've probably been using とても (very) with affirmative sentences without any trouble. However, when we use とても with a negative sentence, it doesn't just have the negative meaning, the nuance changes slightly to say that the sentence is _by no means possible_. We can probably think of some more natural translations, like: _This is too ~ to ~_ , or, _There's no way I can ~._
**He is** beyond saving **.**
There's no way **he** can be saved **.**
かれはとてもすくわれない。
彼はとても救われない。
**This cola is** too sweet to drink **.**
There's no way **I** can drink **a cola this** sweet **.**
このコーラはとてもあまいのでのめない。
このコーラはとても甘いので飲めない。
【なかなか **~** ない】
The same rule applies to なかなか (very, considerably, rather). When we use it with an affirmative sentence, the translation is very easy:
**His Japanese is getting** rather **good, isn't it.**
かれのにほんごはなかなかよくなっているね。
彼の日本語はなかなか良くなっているね。
Solving this problem will take a considerable amount of time.
このもんだいのかいけつにはなかなかじかんかかる。
この問題の解決にはなかなか時間かかる。
Using なかなか with negative sentences changes the definition to _not easily._ However, the English translation will usually be something like _not at all._
**His Japanese is** not getting better at all **.**
**(Lit. His Japanese is** not easily **getting better.)**
かれのにほんごはなかなかよくならないです。
彼の日本語はなかなか良くならないです。
I don't understand this problem at all.
(Lit. I don't easily understand this problem.)
このもんだいはなかなかわからない。
この問題はなかなか分からない。
【どうしても】
In the dictionary, どうしても translates to _by all means_ , _at any cost,_ or _no matter what_. If we deconstruct this word into どう ( _how_ , or in this case, _anything_ ), and しても ( _even if I do ~_ ) the previous translations are easy to derive. This word is usually placed at the beginning of sentences. When used with affirmative sentences, the verb will usually be in the Tai-Form, expressing your strong desire to do something.
**I will learn Japanese** no matter what **.**
どうしてもにほんごをまなびたいです。
どうしても日本語を学びたいです。
**We have to win this war** at any cost **.**
わたしたちはどうしても、このせんそうにかちたなければいけない。
私たちはどうしても、この戦争に勝たなければならない。
When used in negative sentences, it is showing that despite your best efforts, you can't succeed.
No matter what I do **, I can't read kanji.**
どうしてもかんじをよめない。
どうしても漢字を読めない。
Despite his best efforts **, he can't get stronger.**
どうしても、かれはつよくなれない。
どうしても、彼は強くなれない。
Day 47 Grammar Cards:
1. By no means
とても [迚も] **(UK)** \+ (negative sentence)
2. Not easily / Not at all
なかなか [中々] **(UK)** \+ (negative sentence)
3. By all means / No matter what / At any cost
どうしても
Day 48: Together With 【ともに】
【ともに】
ともに has many meanings: _together with_ , _both_ , _at the same time_ , and _as well as_. It is usually used with the particle と, so when you say it, you will say と twice, とともに.
The first meaning, _together with_ , will be used with nouns, and can usually be interchanged with いっしょに [一緒に]. The difference is that いっしょに [一緒に] is used only for actions that take place at the same time in the same location, while ともに can describe two people doing the same action by different means. The following examples have the nuance that maybe you arrived by different means, and maybe stood in different parts of the venue, but you both saw the same concert and graduated the same university together.
**I was at the concert** at the same time as **him.**
かれとともにライブにいった。
彼とともにライブにいった。
**I graduated university** with **her.**
かのじょとともにだいがくをそつぎょうしました。
彼女とともに大学を卒業しました。
Using ともに in place of いっしょに [一緒に] also has a nuance of showing a closeness in relationship.
**I walked** with her **along the shore.**
かのじょとともにかいがんをさんぽした。
彼女とともに海岸を散歩した。
**The old couple died** together **.**
そのろうふうふはともにしにました。
その老夫婦はともに死にました。
The second meaning, _both_ , is pretty straightforward, however, when using _both_ as a pronoun, ともに will drop the に. This is often combined with the noun ふたり [二人] (two people) to mean _both of (you / them)_ :
They are both married.
かれらはともにきこんしゃです。
彼らはともに既婚者です。
Both of them are rich.
ふたりともおかねもちです。
二人ともお金持ちです。
The third meaning, _as well as_ or _in addition to_ , is used to combine clauses, which are usually unrelated:
**He writes novels** in addition to **being a philanthropist.**
かれはしょうせつをかくとともにはくあいしゅぎしゃです。
彼は小説を書くとともに博愛主義者です。
**She plays soccer** as well as **the piano.**
かのじょはサッカーするとともにピアノをひく。
彼女はサッカーするとともにピアノを弾く。
The final meaning links two events that happen at the same time. The two things need to share the same verb. This meaning has many different translations depending on the context, for example: _along with_ , _at the same time,_ or _coincided with:_
**The stock market crash occurred** along with **deflation.**
かぶしきしじょうのぼうらくがデフレとともにおこりました。
株式市場の暴落がデフレとともに起こりました。
**The TV show and the radio program were broadcast** at the same time **.**
テレビばんぐみはラジオばんぐみとともにほうそうされました。
テレビ番組はラジオ番組とともに放送されました。
Day 48 Grammar Card:
1. together with / both / at the same time / as well as
ともに [共に] (UK)
Day 49: In That State 【まま・っぱなし】
【まま】
If you look up まま in the dictionary, it will give you the definition _as is_. This is a good definition to work with. You can use it to say that something was left in a state or position, or to tell someone that something is fine the way it is:
**I slept** with **the TV** on **.**
テレビをつけたままねた。
テレビをつけたまま寝た。
**It's fine** like that **.**
そのままでだいじょうぶです。
そのままで大丈夫です。
【っぱなし】
っぱなし is a suffix that will attach to the I-Form. The English translation will have the verb in the continuous tense. The meaning is the similar to まま but has a negative nuance. If the choice of leaving something in that state was made by us, we need to add にする or になる.
**I** was standing **in line all day at Disneyland.**
ディズニーランドでれつにいちにちじゅうならびっぱなしだった。
ディズニーランドで列に一日中並びっぱなしだった。
**You** left **the heater** running **!**
だんぼうをつけっぱなしにしたよ。
暖房をつけっぱなしにしたよ。
Day 49 Grammar Cards:
1. in that state / as is
まま [儘] **(UK)**
2. to leave something ~ing (negative nuance)
っぱなし [っ放し] (UK)
I-Form + っぱなし \+ (にする・になる)
Day 50: Used to, Memories, Accustomed to 【もの・慣れる】
【もの】
You can attach もの plus the copula to the Ta-Form to say that you _used to do_ that verb. This is used when the verb was a common occurrence, not just a one time thing. This is often used when talking about your old memories, so the English translations can vary:
**I** used to study **every day.**
I remember when I studied every day.
まいにちべんきょうしたものだ。
毎日勉強したものだ。
I used to buy chocolate at this store.
I remember buying chocolate at this store.
このみせでチョコをかったものだ。
この店でチョコを買ったものだ。
We can also use もの to talk about things that generally tend to happen, or indicate our expectations that something should happen.
**Turtles (** tend to / usually **) live longer than humans.**
かめはにんげんよりじゅみょうがながいものです。
亀は人間より寿命が長いものです。
Weak willed politicians (tend to / usually) become corrupted.
いしきがよわいせいじかはあくとくせいじかになるものだ。
意識が弱い政治家は悪徳政治家になるものだ。
【慣れる】
In English, we also use the phrase get used to to show that we have become accustomed to something. To express this in Japanese we add になれる [に慣れる]. Note that the thing we are becoming used to must be a noun, or a verb in noun form:
I've become accustomed to living in Japan.
にほんにすんでいることになれました。
日本に住んでいることに慣れました。
I've gotten used to wasabi's spiciness.
わさびのからさになれた。
わさびの辛さに慣れた。
Day 50 Grammar Card:
1. Used to (verb) (memories)
Ta-Form + もの \+ (だ・です)
2. Show a general tendency or expectation
End of sentence + もの \+ (だ・です)
3. Become accustomed to (noun) / Get used to (noun)
(noun) + になれる [に慣れる]
Day 51: Reading 9
Reading 9 Vocabulary:
3) せきにん [責任] responsibility
4) むりをする [無理をする] to push oneself / to work too hard
5) にづくりする [荷造りする] to pack
5) うんぱん [運搬] transport
5) とうちゃくする [到着する] to arrive
7) こたえる [応える] to respond
8) つむ [積む] to load a car / to pile up
9) ふさぐ [塞ぐ] to cover / to plug up
11) ふくろ [袋] bag
18) じょうたい [状態] current status / condition / situation
22) しぶしぶ [渋々] reluctantly / unwillingly
24) かくす [隠す] to hide / to conceal
Reading 9:
ゆりかは あたらしい まちに ひっこしている ところ です。
1) ゆりかは新しい町に引っ越しているところです。
それと ともに あたらしい しごとを はじめます。
2) それと共に新しい仕事を始めます。
この しごとには たくさんの せきにんが あります。
3) この仕事にはたくさんの責任があります。
どうしても、ゆりかは むりを して がんばって しまいます。
4) どうしても、ゆりかは無理をして頑張ってしまいます。
にづくりは まだ おわっていませんが、だいすけが うんぱんトラックで ゆりかの いえに とうちゃく しました。
5) 荷造りはまだ終わっていませんが、だいすけが運搬トラックでゆりかの家に到着しました。
かれは いえに はいって きて いいました、「おい、ゆりか、いそいで、トラックの エンジンを つけっぱなし にしているんだ。」
6) 彼は家に入って来て言いました、「おい、ゆりか、急いで、トラックのエンジンをつけっぱなしにしているんだ。」
ゆりかは へや から おおごえで こたえましたが、だいすけは もう へやの ちかく まで きていました。
7) ゆりかは部屋から大声で応えましたが、だいすけはもう部屋の近くまで来ていました。
「その ままは だめ、エンジンを とめて きて。 いまは とても いそがしい から、まだ トラックに つめられない。」
8) 「そのままはだめ、エンジンを止めてきて。今はとても忙しいから、まだトラックに積められない。」
だいすけは みみを ふさぎます。
9) だいすけは耳を塞ぎます。
「うわぁ、そんなに うるさく いわなくて いいよ。 ところで、あと じかんは どれ ぐらい かかるの?」
10) 「うわぁ、そんなにうるさく言わなくていいよ。ところで、あと時間はどれぐらい掛かるの?」
「おさらを にづくりして、これから ふくろを にづくり する ところ です。」
11) 「お皿を荷造りして、これから袋を荷造りするところです。」
「へー、なかなか おもうように すすまないよね。」
12) 「へー、なかなか思うように進まないよね。」
「うるさい。 てつだって くれない?」
13) 「うるさい。手伝ってくれない?」
だいすけは トラックの エンジンを とめて、ゆりかの にづくりを てつだいます。
14) だいすけはトラックのエンジンを止めて、ゆりかの荷造りを手伝います。
かれは ふるい オモチャを みつけます。
15) 彼は古いオモチャを見つけます。
「なに これ?」 とききます。
16) 「何これ?」と聞きます。
「それは わたしの いちばん すき だった オモチャ。 まいにち あそんでいた もの。」
17) 「それは私の一番好きだったオモチャ。毎日遊んでいたもの。」
「これは なかなか いい じょうたい じゃないよ、すてよう。」
18) 「これはなかなかいい状態じゃないよ、捨てよう。」
「ダメ! わたしの たいせつな もの なの。」
19) 「ダメ!私の大切なものなの。」
ゆりかは だいすけの そばに いって、てを だします。
20) ゆりかはだいすけのそばに行って、手を出します。
「ちょうだい。」
21) 「頂戴。」
だいすけは しぶしぶ オモチャを わたします。
22) だいすけは渋々オモチャを渡します。
「ねえ、ゆりか、まだ おとなに なりきれて いないよね。」
23) 「ねえ、ゆりか、まだ大人になりきれていないよね。」
ゆりかは オモチャを ある はこの なかに かくします。
24) ゆりかはオモチャをある箱の中に隠します。
「かんけい ないよ。」
25) 「関係ないよ。」
「そうか。 ところで、おなか すいた?」
26) 「そうか。ところで、お腹空いた?」
「うん、おなか すいた。 だけど、りょうりを つくるには じかんが ないよ!」
27) 「うん、お腹空いた。だけど、料理を作るには時間がないよ!」
「そうだね。 この うんぱん トラックは レンタル だから、まいじかんに おかねが かかるよ。」
28) 「そうだね。この運搬トラックはレンタルだから、毎時間にお金がかかるよ。」
「じゃあ、はやく にづくりを てつだってよ。」
29) 「じゃあ、早く荷造りを手伝ってよ。」
Day 52: Conditional Adjectives
The Conditional-Form of I-Adjectives is made just like it is with verbs! There are just a couple small differences. For I-Adjectives, we drop the final い for the Ta-Form and E-Form versions. Also, the ending for the E-Form version is ければ.
if it is fun
Ta-Form + ら → たのしかったら [楽しかったら]
E-Form + れば → たのしければ [楽しければ]
U-Form + なら → たのしいなら [楽しいなら]
U-Form + と → たのしいと [楽しいと]
For Na- and No-Adjectives we need to conjugate the copula (だ・である・です). Note that the E-Form version only has one, であれば.
if it is beautiful
Ta-Form + ら → きれい ( だったら・であったら・でしたら)
E-Form + れば → きれい ( X・であれば・X)
U-Form + なら → きれい (なら・であるなら・なら)
U-Form + と → きれい ( だと・であると・だと)
To make a negative Conditional-Form, we start with the Nai-Form, drop the final い and add かったら or ければ, or simply add なら or と.
not fun → if it is fun
Ta-Form + ら → たのしくなかったら [楽しくなかったら]
E-Form + れば → たのしくなければ [楽しくなければ]
U-Form + なら → たのしくないなら [楽しくないなら]
U-Form + と → たのしくないと [楽しくないと]
For Na- and No-Adjectives, we conjugate the copula.
beautiful → if it is beautiful
Ta-Form + ら → きれい ( じゃなかったら・ではなかったら・ではありませんでしたら)
E-Form + れば → きれい ( じゃなければ・ではなければ・X)
U-Form + なら → きれい (じゃないなら・ではないなら・ではありませんなら)
U-Form + と → きれい ( じゃないと・ではないと・ではありませんと)
Let's look at some examples:
If the party is fun **, I will call you.**
そのパーティーがたのしかったら、でんわします。
そのパーティーが楽しかったら、電話します。
If it is okay **, may I call you?**
よろしければ、でんわしてもいいですか。
宜しければ、電話しても良いですか。
If it is dangerous **, don't go!**
あぶないなら、いかないで。
危ないなら、行かないで。
If **this game** is interesting **, it will sell out soon.**
このゲームはおもしろいとはやくうりきれる。
このゲームは面白いと早く売り切れる。
If it is necessary **, I will buy it.**
ひつようであったら、 かいます。
必要であったら、買います。
If it is easy, I can do it.
かんたんであれば、できます。
簡単であれば、できます。
If it is quiet, I can sleep.
しずかであるなら、ねれる。
静かであるなら、寝れる。
If the pop-star is beautiful, she will be popular with men.
アイドルがきれいだと、おとこのひとにモテる。
アイドルがきれいだと、男の人にモテる。
Here are the negative versions of the previous examples:
If the party isn't fun **, I will call you.**
そのパーティーがたのしくなかったら、でんわします。
そのパーティーが楽しくなかったら、電話します。
If it is isn't okay **, I won't call.**
よろしくなければ、でんわしません。
宜しくなければ、電話しません。
If it isn't dangerous **, let's go!**
あぶなくないなら、いきましょう。
危なくないなら、行きましょう。
If **this game** isn't interesting **, it won't sell out soon.**
このゲームはおもしろくないとはやくうりきれない。
このゲームは面白くないと早く売り切れない。
If it isn't beautiful **, I won't buy it.**
きれいではなかったら、 かいません。
きれいではなかったら、買いません。
If it isn't easy, I can't do it.
かんたんではなければ、できません。
簡単ではなければ、できません。
If it isn't quiet, I can't sleep.
しずかではないなら、ねれない。
静かではないなら、寝れない。
If the pop-star isn't beautiful, she won't be popular with men.
アイドルがきれいじゃないと、おとこのひとにモテない。
アイドルがきれいじゃないと、男の人にモテない。
Day 52 Grammar Cards:
1. if (I-Adjective)
drop い add かったら
drop い add ければ
add なら
add と
2. if (Na- No-Adjective)
Conjugate the copula.
Day 53: Nouns as Adjectives 【的】
【的】
てき [的] has a lot of uses and meanings. The kanji itself means bull's eye or target, and you may find it in a lot of compound words such as もくてき [目的] (purpose). If we deconstruct the meaning of the kanji in the previous word, it means the target of your eye, which is your purpose. But more commonly, it is used as a suffix with nouns, to change them into Na-Adjectives. Let's look at some examples to help us understand:
action → active
こうどう → こうどうてき
行動 → 行動的
stimulus → stimulating
しげき → しげきてき
刺激 → 刺激的
It can't be used with every noun, and there are a lot of exceptions, so be careful trying to make new words on your own. In English we usually add suffixes such as -ic, -ly, -al, to make adjectival versions, but certain words don't work, like computer. We can't say computeric, computerly, computeral. (Since computer comes from compute, the correct word would probably be computationally). The Japanese rules basically follow the same conventions as in English, if you can change a noun into an adjective in English, you can probably do it in Japanese too. Here are some more examples of very common words in Japanese with てき [的]:
material → tangible
ぐたい → ぐたいてき
具体 → 具体的
world → global
せかい → せかいてき
世界 → 世界的
the public → public
おおやけ → こうてき
公 → 公的
general → generally
いっぱん → いっぱんてき
一般 → 一般的
You can also use てき [的] as a slang with pronouns or names, to say to say something is typical of that noun. With people the nuance is that it is that person's opinion or way of thinking, and will usually be paired with には. This usage is not standard Japanese grammar, however. The proper way to emphasize your point of view is with として, which we will learn in Day 82. One final note, してき [私的] is an actual word meaning personal or private, not to be confused with the slang word わたしてき [私的].
That was a private conversation.
それはしてきなはなしだった。
それは私的な話だった。
That's not good (in my opinion).
わたしてきにはそれはよくない。
私的にはそれは良くない。
I want to buy typical / traditional Japanese clothes.
にほんてきなふくをかいたい。
日本的な服を買いたい。
Day 53 Grammar Card:
1. Noun → Na-Adjective
add てき [的]
Day 54: Comparisons, As ~ As 【と同じくらい・ほど】
In English, when we are comparing two things that are the same, we use the construction A is as (adjective) as B. In Japanese there are two different ways to make comparisons like this, one is used to say that things are the same, the other is used to say things are not the same.
【と同じくらい】
To say that something is the same, we use the construction:
A は B とおなじくらい \+ (adjective)
A は B と同じくらい \+ (adjective)
If you recall, おなじ [同じ] means same, and くらい means about or approximately. We are literally saying that A is about the same as B. Let's look at some examples:
Sushi is as delicious as pizza.
すしはピザとおなじくらいおいしい。
寿司はピザと同じくらい美味しい。
**Math is** as interesting as **science.**
すうがくはかがくとおなじくらいおもしろいです。
数学は科学と同じくらい面白いです。
【ほど】
To say that something is not the same, we have to use a different construction. This can only be used negatively, to say that something was not as much as. The lesser thing will be said first, just as in English.
A は B ほど \+ (negative adjective)
Cars are not as fast as the bullet train.
くるまはしんかんせんほどはやくないです。
車は新幹線ほど早くないです。
**Movies are** not as interesting as **books.**
えいがはほんほどおもしろくない。
映画は本ほど面白くない。
If you notice, we could have made these comparisons with より instead of ほど. However, if we had used より, our translations would have been Cars are slower than the bullet train, and, Movies are less interesting than books.
For Na- and No-Adjectives, we have to remember to conjugate the だ or です.
He is not as proactive as her.
かれはかのじょほどせっきょくてきじゃない。
彼は彼女ほど積極的じゃない。
Your way of solving the problem is not as simple as mine.
あなたのかいけつほうはわたしほどかんたんではありません。
あなたの解決法は私ほど簡単ではありません。
Day 54 Grammar Cards:
1. as ~ as
AはBとおなじくらい [と同じくらい] + (adjective)
2. not as ~ as
A は B ほど \+ (negative adjective)
Day 55: Reading 10
Reading 10 Vocabulary:
2) あきはばら [秋葉原] Akihabara
3) しゅるい[種類] variety / kind / category
3) きゅう[旧] former / old
6) かいけつする[解決する] to solve / to resolve
10) げきてき[劇的] exciting / dramatic
14) てつがくてき [哲学的] philosophical
21) どうせ anyhow / no matter what
Reading 10:
ひろは あたらしい ゲームを かいたい です。
1) ひろは新しいゲームを買いたいです。
かれは いま あきはばらの ゲームてんで ふたつゲームを みています。
2) 彼は今秋葉原のゲーム店で二つゲームを見ています。
そのゲームは おなじ しゅるい ですが、ひとつは きゅう バージョン です。
3) そのゲームは同じ種類ですが、一つは旧バージョンです。
ひろは この ふたつの ゲームの ちがいが わかりません。
4) ひろはこの二つのゲームの違いが分かりません。
どのゲームを かうか きめていません。
5) どのゲームを買うか決めていません。
いま、この もんだいを かいけつ する ために、ジョン という ともだちの じょげんを きいています。
6) 今、この問題を解決するために、ジョンという友達の助言を聞いています。
「ねえ、ジョン、この ゲームと まえの ゲームを くらべたら、どっち のほうが おすすめ?」
7) 「ねえ、ジョン、このゲームと前のゲームを比べたら、どっちの方がおすすめ?」
「あたらしい ほうの ゲームは まえの とおなじぐらい たのしいよ。 でも、あたらしいのは まえの ほど ながくない けど。」
8) 「新しい方のゲームは前のと同じぐらい楽しいよ。でも、新しいのは前のほど長くないけど。」
「そうか。 りょうほうとも おもしろい かな?」
9) 「そうか。両方とも面白いかな?」
「そうだよ、りょうほうとも おもしろい けど、あたらしい ゲームは げきてきな ストーリー だよ。 まえの ゲームと くらべて、ストーリーは あたまを つかう とおもう。」
10) 「そうだよ、両方とも面白いけど、新しいゲームは劇的なストーリーだよ。前のゲームと比べて、ストーリーは頭を使うと思う。」
ひろは ゲームの パッケージを もう いっかい みて、かんがえています。
12) ひろはゲームのパッケージをもう一回見て、考えています。
「あたまを つかう って、どう いう いみ?」
13) 「頭を使うって、どう言う意味?」
「あたらしい ゲームは てつがくてき なん だよ。 まえのは あたらしいもの ほど あたまを つかわない。」
14) 「新しいゲームは哲学的なんだよ。前のは新しいものほど頭を使わない。」
ついに ひろは きめました。
15) ついにひろは決めました。
あたらしい ゲームを かうこと にします。
16) 新しいゲームを買うことにします。
かれは さいふを あけて おかねを かぞえます。
17) 彼は財布を開けてお金を数えます。
「ああ、にひゃく えん しか もっていない。 ねえ、ジョン、おかねを かして くれないか?」
18) 「ああ、二百円しか持っていない。ねえ、ジョン、お金を貸してくれないか?」
「いや だ。」
19) 「嫌だ。」
「おねがい、らいしゅうには かならず かえす から。」
20) 「お願い、来週には必ず返すから。」
「どうせ、そのゲームは おもしろくなかったら、かえさない だろう。」
21) 「どうせ、そのゲームは面白くなかったら、返さないだろう。」
「そんな こと ないよ、おもしろくなくても、かえすよ。」
22) 「そんなことないよ、面白くなくても、返すよ。」
ジョンは じぶんの さいふを あけて、ひろに ごせん えんを わたします。
23) ジョンは自分の財布を開けて、ひろに五千円を渡します。
「じゃあ、らいしゅう。」
24) 「じゃあ、来週。」
「ありがとう ございます。」
25) 「ありがとうございます。」
Day 56: Prefer, Would Rather, But Rather 【むしろ・よりむしろ】
【むしろ】
I hope that by now you understand Japanese grammar is much different that English grammar, and there simply aren't one-to-one grammar comparisons. In English, we have this nice word would to use when we want to talk about hypothetical situations, but unfortunately, Japanese doesn't have a word like that. Today we will study むしろ, which means rather or would rather. Unlike most Japanese grammatical words, this one is used before your preference. Let's look at some examples.
I would rather eat vegetables.
I prefer eating vegetables.
わたしはむしろやさいをたべます。
私はむしろ野菜を食べます。
I would rather take a trip to Europe.
I prefer taking a trip to Europe.
わたしはむしろヨーロッパにりょこうしたいです。
私はむしろヨーロッパに旅行したいです。
Pretty easy, right? When asking would you rather questions, however, Japanese people will not use むしろ, but rather just ask a question about which is better.
Would you rather eat vegetables or fruits?
(Lit. Which is good, eating vegetables or fruits?)
やさいをたべるか、くだものをたべるか、どっちがいい?
野菜を食べるか、果物を食べるか、どっちがいい?
【よりむしろ】
We can also make comparisons, saying that we prefer A rather than B by using BよりむしろA:
I would rather eat vegetables than meat.
I prefer vegetables over meat.
わたしはにくよりむしろやさいをたべたい。
私は肉よりむしろ野菜を食べたい。
I would rather take a trip to Europe than Asia.
I prefer taking a trip to Europe over Asia.
わたしはアジアよりむしろヨーロッパにりょこうしたいです。
私はアジアよりむしろヨーロッパに旅行したいです。
むしろ can not only be used to show preferences, but also used to explain something further, offering a clarification. We do this in English with phrases like _not so much ~ but rather ~_. In the English translation, we negate the first clause, but in Japanese, if we use より, the negation is already implied. Compare the following two examples with and without より. In the first example, with より, the first clause is affirmative, in the second example, without より, the first clause is negative.
**He's** not **a professional, he's** more like **an amateur.**
かれはせんもんかというよりむしろしろうとです。
彼は専門家と言うよりむしろ素人です。
**This doesn't cut paper,** more like **bends it.**
これはかみをきるのではなく、むしろおるのもだ。
これは紙を切るのではなく、むしろ折るのもだ。
Day 56 Grammar Cards:
1. prefer
むしろ [寧ろ] **(UK)**
2. Prefer A
むしろ A
3. Prefer A over B
B よりむしろ A
4. Not so much A, but rather B
A よりむしろ B
A むしろ B
Day 57: To the Extent That, Too~to~, More Than 【ほど・あまりにも】
Is Japanese easy? Is it so easy that even a child can speak it? Or rather, is it easy to the extent that a child can speak it? Of course it is!
【ほど】
ほど means to the extent that. We already learned to use ほど when comparing things negatively, and if you review that lesson after reading this one, it will help you understand why ほど is used for comparisons. As for translation, we rarely say to the extent that in English, instead, we use the construction: so~that. For example: It's so easy that a child can do it, or, I'm so hungry that I could eat a horse. In Japanese, the word order of these sentences is opposite of English. Let's look at English sentences using Japanese grammar to help us understand:
A child can do it ほど, it's so easy.
I can eat a horse ほど, I'm so hungry.
As you can see, this clause order is the opposite of English, so it can be confusing. But if you keep in mind that ほど means to the extent that, it may help you remember this grammar. Now, let's look at these sentences in Japanese:
It's so easy that a child can do it.
(Lit. To the extent that a child can do it, it's easy.)
こどもでもできるほど、かんたんです。
子供でも出来るほど、簡単です。
I'm so hungry that I could eat a horse.
(Lit. To the extent that I could eat a horse, I'm hungry.)
うまをたべられるほど、おなかすいた。
馬を食べられるほど、お腹空いた。
Also, this eating a horse phrase is an expression in English that Japanese people don't use. So if you say it, people will give you funny looks. Here are a couple more realistic examples:
He earns enough to live on his own.
(Lit. To the extent that he lives alone, he earns enough.)
かれはひとりぐらしできるほど、じゅうぶんかせぐ。
彼は一人暮らしできるほど、十分稼ぐ。
I want to play baseball as skillfully as Ichiro.
(Lit. To the extent of Ichiro, I want to play skillfully.)
いちろうほどじょうずにやきゅうをしたい。
一朗ほど上手に野球をしたい。
When our subordinate clause is describing a noun, we need to add の after ほど.
**There is not enough time** to **wait.**
**(Lit.** To the extent that **we can't wait, there isn't time.)**
まっていられるほどのじかんがありません。
待っていられるほどの時間がありません。
**There is** so much **food** that **we can't eat it all.**
**(Lit.** To the extent that **we can't eat it all, there is food.)**
ぜんぶをたべられないほどのたべものがある。
全部を食べられないほどの食べ物がある。
In English, we also have the construction _too ~ to ~_. One of the many ways to say this is with ほど. Again, the clause order is opposite.
I'm too tired to do homework.
(Lit. To the extent that I can't do homework, I am tired.)
しゅくだいをできないほどつかれている。
宿題をできないほど疲れている。
He is too dumb to understand this problem.
(Lit. To the extent that he can't understand the problem, he is dumb.)
このもんだいがりかいできないほどかれはあたまがわるい。
この問題が理解できないほど彼は頭が悪い。
【あまりにも】
Another way to express _too~to~_ is to use あまりにも. If you recall, あまり is used with negative verbs to mean _not many, not much,_ or _not often_. The kanji for あまり [余り] actually means the opposite, _too much_ or _remainder_. It is from this meaning that we can derive the other uses. The も is often dropped.
I'm too tired to do homework.
しゅくだいをするにはあまりにもつかれている。
宿題をするにはあまりにも疲れている。
He is too dumb to understand this problem.
このもんだいをりかいするにはかれはあたまがあまりにわるい。
この問題を理解するには、彼は頭があまりに悪い。
With numbers, あまり [余り] can be used as a suffix to mean _more than._ This usage will use the kanji:
**He has** more than ten Gundam models.
かれはじゅったいあまりガンプラをもっている。
彼は十体余りガンプラを持っている。
**I have lived in Japan for** more than a year **.**
いちねんあまりにほんにすんでいました。
一年余り日本に住んでいました。
Day 57 Grammar Card:
1. To the extent that / Too~to~
(sub. clause) + ほど \+ (main clause)
2. To the extent that (describing nouns)
(sub. clause) + ほどの \+ (noun)
3. too
あまりに(も)
4. More than (numbers)
Suffix あまり [余り]
Day 58: The More~The More
The more you study the more you will learn! In today's lesson we will learn how to use the phrase the more ~ the more. Like in English we can use this construction with verbs and adjectives. The difference in Japanese is that you say the verb or adjective twice. The grammar for this phrase is:
Conditional E-Form + U-Form + ほど \+ (result)
It's pretty easy to understand if we look at some examples:
The more you study, the more you learn.
べんきょうすれば、べんきょうするほど、がくしゅうします。
勉強すれば、勉強するほど、学習します。
The more sugar you eat, the worse you will feel.
さとうをたべれば、たべるほど、ぐあいがわるくなる。
砂糖を食べれば、食べるほど、具合が悪くなる。
If you notice, we had to say the actions study and eat twice, with the conditional E-Form and then the U-Form, before we say the resulting outcome.
We can use this with adjectives too. Do you remember that we can conjugate I-Adjectives just like verbs? Just a reminder, to make the conditional E-Form for I-Adjectives we drop the final い and add ければ.
The bigger the better.
おおきければ、おおきいほど、よいです。
大きければ、大きいほど、良いです。
The more fun it is, the more people will come.
たのしければ、たのしいほど、おおぜいのひとがきます。
楽しければ、楽しいほど、大勢の人が来ます。
We can't conjugate Na-Adjectives like verbs, so we have to use ならば for the conditional E-Form. Grammatically, we also have to attach な to each adjective, however, most speakers will only attach it to the ほど part, because saying な twice in なならば is awkward. Don't forget, most people drop ば from ならば as well. So while the official grammar is (Na-Adjective) なならば \+ (Na-Adjective) なほど, almost all speakers say (Na-Adjective) なら \+ (Na-Adjective) なほど.
The more beautiful, the more expensive.
きれいなら、きれいなほど、たかいです。
きれいなら、きれいなほど、高いです。
The quieter it is, the more easily I can fall sleep.
しずかなら、しずかなほど、ねつきがいい。
静かなら、静かなほど、寝つきがいい。
Day 58 Grammar Cards:
1. The more ~ the more (verbs)
Conditional E-Form + U-Form + ほど \+ (result)
2. The more ~ the more (I-Adjectives)
Conditional E-Form I-Adjective + I-Adjective + ほど \+ (result)
3. The more ~ the more (Na-Adjectives)
Na-Adjective + なら \+ Na-Adjective + なほど \+ (result)
Day 59: Reading 11
Reading 11 Vocabulary:
2) カリキュラム curriculum / class list
8) しかめっつら [しかめっ面] frown / scowl
13) まじめ [真面目] diligent / serious
14) うそつけ [嘘つけ] liar
17) しんらい [信頼] trust / reliance
21) あさい [浅い] shallow
25) きんとれ [筋トレ] muscle training
26) ぼう [棒] pole / stick
Reading 11:
たけしと マイクは だいがくの じゅぎょう について、どれを うけるか、はなしあっています。
1) たけしとマイクは大学の授業について、どれを受けるか、話し合っています。
だいがくの じゅぎょうの カリキュラムを みています。
2) 大学の授業のカリキュラムを見ています。
そつぎょう する ために、がいこくごの じゅぎょうを うける ひつようが ありますが、かれらは スペインごを とるか、フランスごを とるか、まだ きめていません。
3) 卒業するために、外国語の授業を受ける必要がありますが、彼らはスペイン語を取るか、フランス語を取るか、まだ決めていません。
「ねえ、マイク。 スペインごか フランスご、どっちが いい とおもう?」
4) 「ねえ、マイク。スペイン語かフランス語、どっちがいいと思う?」
マイクは すぐに こたえます。
5) マイクはすぐに答えます。
「おれは フランスご よりむしろ スペインごを べんきょう したい。」
6) 「俺はフランス語よりむしろスペイン語を勉強したい。」
「そうか。 おれも スペインごが いい。 スペインごは マイクが はなせる とおもう ほど かんたん なん だね。」
7) 「そうか。俺もスペイン語がいい。スペイン語はマイクが話せると思うほど簡単なんだね。」
マイクは しかめっつらで たけしを みつめます。
8) マイクはしかめっ面でたけしを見つめます。
「そういう わけ じゃなくて、スペインごは かんたん というよりも、むしろ べんりだ。」
9) 「そういうわけじゃなくて、スペイン語は簡単と言うよりも、むしろ便利だ。」
「え? どう いう いみ?」
10) 「え?どう言う意味?」
「おれは いつか みなみ アメリカに いきたい から、スペインごが はなせる ように なりたい。」
11) 「俺はいつか南アメリカに行きたいから、スペイン語が話せるようになりたい。」
「そうか。 おれの ともだちは さんねんかん ぐらい アルゼンチンに すんでいた。 いま まで べんきょう したこと ある?」
12) 「そうか。俺の友達は三年間ぐらいアルゼンチンに住んでいた。今まで勉強したことある?」
「ない けど、だいじょうぶ。 おれは まじめ だし。」
13) 「ないけど、大丈夫。俺は真面目だし。」
「うそつけ!」
14) 「嘘つけ!」
たけしと マイクは わらいます。
15) たけしとマイクは笑います。
「うそを つけば つくほど、しんじられない。」 とたけしは マイクに いいます。
16) 「嘘をつけばつくほど、信じられない。」とたけしはマイクに言います。
「おれは しんらい できる ひと だよ。」
17) 「俺は信頼出来る人だよ。」
「そうなの? よかった。 しんらい できればれば、できるほど、もっと かんたんに かのじょを つくれるね。」
18) 「そうなの?良かった。信頼出来れば、出来るほど、もっと簡単に彼女をつくれるね。」
「じょせいは、それを たいせつ にする よね。」
19) 「女性は、それを大切にするよね。」
「そうだね。 でも おれは おとこ だから むねが おおきいなら おおきい ほど いい とおもう。」
20) 「そうだね。でも俺は男だから胸が大きいなら大きいほどいいと思う。」
「たけしは かんがえが あさいよね。 だから かのじょが できないん じゃない?」
21) 「たけしは考えが浅いよね。だから彼女ができないんじゃない?」
「じゃあ、フランスごは あいの ことば だから、スペインごの かわりに フランスご にするか。」
22) 「じゃあ、フランス語は愛の言語だから、スペイン語の代わりにフランス語にするか。」
「かのじょが ほしい から、フランスごを まなびたい?」
23) 「彼女が欲しいから、フランス語を学びたい?」
「そうだよ。 かのじょを つくるためなら、なんでも する つもり だ。」
24) 「そうだよ。彼女をつくるためなら、なんでもするつもりだ。」
「じゃあ、おすすめは、きんトレ。 うんどう すれば するほど、かっこよく なれる。」
25) 「じゃあ、おすすめは、筋トレ。運動すればするほど、かっこよくなれる。」
「そうなの? その ほそい ぼう みたいな うでは ぜんぜん かっこよくないね。」
26) 「そうなの?その細い棒みたいな腕は全然かっこよくないね。」
「おい。」
27) 「おい。」
Day 60: Even 【さえ・さえよければ】
【さえ】
The suffix さえcan be translated as _even_ or _the only thing needed._ It is used to show our _lowest expectations_. When we use this with nouns, we need to change it to でさえ, however, the で is often dropped.
**It's easy.** Even **a child can do it.**
**(Lit.** The only thing needed **to be able to do it is a child.)**
かんたんです。こどもでさえできる。
簡単です。子供でさえ出来る。
Even **a small amount of poison can kill you.**
**(Lit.** The only thing needed **to kill you is a small amount of poison.)**
すこしのどくでさえあなたをころせます。
少しの毒でさえあなたを殺せます。
If we use さえ with verbs, we need to remember to add こと to the verb:
**He can't** even **walk!**
**(Lit.** Your lowest expectation **would be that he can walk, but he can't!)**
かれはあるくことさえできないよ。
彼は歩くことさえ出来ないよ。
**I can't do anything.** Even sleeping **is difficult.**
**(Lit.** The only thing needed **for difficulty is sleeping.)**
なにもできません。ねることさえむずかしい。
何も出来ません。寝ることさえ難しい。
【さえよければ】
An idiomatic expression with this grammar is さえよければ. This will follow a noun, usually a person, to make the phrase, if it's okay with.
If it's okay with you, I'd like to go too.
あなたさえよければ、わたしもいきたいです。
あなたさえ良ければ、私も行きたいです。
If it's okay with Jim **, can I eat this?**
ジムさえよければ、これをたべてもいいですか。
ジムさえよければ、これを食べてもいいですか。
Day 60 Grammar Cards:
1. Even (lowest expectations)
(noun) + でさえ
(verb) + ことさえ
2. If it's okay
さえよければ [さえ良ければ]
Day 61: As Long As, All You Have to Do Is 【さえいれば・さえあれば・さえすれば】
As long you as do your best, nothing can go wrong! Today's grammar will seem a bit intimidating at first, because there are a few steps, but actually it's quite easy to use once we realize a few things. Do you remember the meaning of さえ? It was: the only thing necessary.
【さえいれば・さえあれば】
To say as long as with nouns, use さえplus the E-Form conditional of いる or ある. When we combine さえ with the E-Form conditional, we are literally saying if the only thing necessary exists. As I'm sure you already know, we will use いる for animate nouns, and ある for inanimate nouns. Let's take a look at the grammar structure and some examples:
(noun) + さえ (いれば・あれば) + (result)
As long as you have money, it will be okay.
おかねさえあれば、だいじょうぶです。
お金さえあれば、大丈夫です。
As long as Jim is here, it will be okay.
ジムさえいれば、だいじょうぶです。
ジムさえいれば、大丈夫です。
We can also make this negative, by changing the E-Form conditional into the negative:
As long as you don't have bad intentions, it will be okay.
わるぎさえなければ、だいじょうぶです。
悪気さえなければ、大丈夫です。
As long as Jim isn't here, it will be okay.
ジムさえいなければ、だいじょうぶです。
ジムさえいなければ、大丈夫です。
【さえすれば】
For verbs, the grammar is slightly different. We use the I-Form in place of the noun, and use the E-Form conditional of する instead of いる or ある. The literal translation of this is: if the only thing necessary happens, which can usually be translated as all you have to do it, or as long as. Let's take a look at the grammar structure and some examples:
I-Form + さえすれば \+ (result)
All you have to do is earn money, it will be okay.
As long as you earn money, it will be okay.
おかねをかせぎさえすれば、だいじょうぶです。
お金を稼ぎさえすれば、大丈夫です。
As long as Jim goes, it will be okay.
ジムがいきさえすれば、だいじょうぶです。
ジムが行きさえすれば、大丈夫です。
Again, we can make these negative by changing the E-form conditional into the negative:
All you have to do is not earn money, it will be okay.
As long as you don't earn money, it will be okay.
おかねをかせぎさえしなければ、だいじょうぶです。
お金を稼ぎさえしなければ、大丈夫です。
As long as Jim doesn't go, it will be okay.
ジムがいきさえしなければ、だいじょうぶです。
ジムが行きさえしなければ、大丈夫です。
だいじょうぶ [大丈夫] isn't the only result we can have, of course, but the result needs to be something positive. Translations of the sentences will vary depending on the results:
If only you had asked more politely, I would have lent it to you.
もっとていねいにいいさえすれば、かしてあげた。
もっと丁寧に言いさえすれば、貸してあげた。
As long as you don't complain, you can come along.
もんくをいいさえしなければ、つれていってもいいです。
文句を言いさえしなければ、連れて行ってもいいです。
Day 61 Grammar Cards:
1. As long as (noun)
Affirmative: (noun) + さえ(いれば・あれば) + (result)
Negative: (noun) + さえ(いなければ・なければ) + (result)
2. As long as (verb) / All you have to do is (verb)
Affirmative: I-Form + さえすれば \+ (result)
Negative: I-Form + さえしなければ \+ (result)
Day 62: At Most, No More Than, At Best, At Least 【せいぜい・せめて・も】
【せいぜい】
せいぜい shows the limit of things, and is often used with time, distance, or amounts. It can usually be translated as at most, no more than, or, depending on the context, at best. せいぜい is placed before the amount. It is usually paired with しかい~ない (only), and less commonly, the affirmative version だけ (only):
This will take (at most / no more than) one hour.
これはせいぜいいちじかんしかかからない。
これはせいぜい一時間しかかからない。
This will take at most one hour.
これはせいぜいいちじかんだけかかる。
これはせいぜい一時間だけかかる。
I have (at best / no more than) a hundred yen.
わたしはせいぜいひゃくえんしかもっていない。
私はせいぜい百円しか持っていない。
I have at best a hundred yen.
わたしはせいぜいひゃくえんだけもっている。
私はせいぜい百円だけ持っている。
せいぜい is also used with your expectations or estimations. In this usage, you don't need だけ or しか, but you need to say that it is your estimation by adding だろう, でしょう, or と思う. Again, the English translation depends on the context, some English translations sound much more natural than others.
Until he recovers, it will be (at most / no more than) a year, right?
かれはなおるまでにせいぜいいちねんかんぐらいだろう。
彼は治るまでにせいぜい一年間ぐらいだろう。
He can drive (at best / at most / no more than) 5km, right?
かれはうんてんできて、せいぜいごキロでしょう。
彼は運転できてせいぜい五キロでしょう。
I thought that baby was (at most / at best / no more than) a year old.
あのあかちゃんはせいぜいいっさいだとおもった。
あの赤ちゃんはせいぜい1歳だと思った。
I think he earns (at most / at best / no more than) a hundred million yen.
かれはせいぜいいちおくえんをかせぐとおもいます。
彼がせいぜい一億円を稼ぐと思います。
【せめて】
We can use せめて to express our minimal desires. This is often used in requests, or to show our minimal expectations about what someone should do.
You should eat vegetables at least twice a day.
いちにちにせめてにかいはやさいをたべるべきだ。
一日にせめて二回は野菜を食べるべきだ。
He could have at least bought me a new one.
かれはせめてあたらしいのをかってくれたらいいのに。
彼はせめて新しいのを買ってくれたらいいのに。
【も】
も can be used with quantities to show we are certain about the minimum amount. In English we use phrases like at least, no fewer than, no less than.
She owns at least three houses.
かのじょはさんけんものいえをもっています。
彼女は三軒もの家を持っています。
He has no less than a hundred million yen in savings.
かれのちょきんはいちおくえんもあります。
彼の貯金は一億円もあります。
Day 62 Grammar Cards:
1. At most / At best
せいぜい [精々] (UK)
2. At least (desires)
せめて
3. At least (certainty with a quantity)
Number + も
Day 63: Behavior 【がる】
【がる】
The word がる has a very interesting definition. If you look it up, the dictionary will say that it is a verb that means _to behave as if one were_. Sounds a little strange right? You use this word to describe other people's behavior, and it is sometimes not translated at all. This word is often used to describe other people's desires. Up until now, you've probably been using the Tai-Form, which is okay, but using this implies you know what the other person is thinking, and that's sort of rude in Japanese, to presume you know someone so well. Because of this, we will combine the Tai-Form with がる, to say that you don't know for certain what someone wants, but you can infer from their behavior. We construct this by dropping the final い from the Tai-Form before adding がる.
**She** wants to go **to Disneyland.**
**(Lit. She is** behaving as if she wants to go **to Disneyland.)**
かのじょはディズニーにいきたがる。
彼女はディズニーに行きたがる。
**He** wants to eat **ice cream.**
**(Lit. He is** behaving as if she wants to eat **ice cream.)**
かれはアイスをたべたがっています。
彼はアイスを食べたがっています。
You will only use this grammar with statements, because when you are asking a question, you aren't presuming to know anything, so you can simply make your questions about other people with the Tai-Form.
Does she want to go **to Disneyland?**
かのじょはディズニーにいきたいの。
彼女はディズニーに行きたいの。
Does **he** want to eat **ice cream?**
かれはアイスを食べたいですか。
彼はアイスを食べたいですか。
To use this word with adjectives, we drop the final い from I-Adjectives and add がる to the end. For Na- and No-Adjectives we simply add がる. When we use it with adjectives, it will often be translated as _act_ or _be_. Because がる describes behavior, it can't be used for all adjectives, after all, it's impossible to _behave_ _orange._ As mentioned in Volume One, がる can be used with adjective commands for adjectives that describe behavior or emotions.
**He is** acting scared **, isn't he?**
かれはこわがっているね。
彼は怖がっているね。
Don't be **shy.**
はずかしがらないでください。
恥ずかしがらないでください。
Day 63 Grammar Cards:
1. Other people's desires
Tai-Form drop い add がる
2. Acting / Behaving
(I-Adjective) drop い add がる
(Na- No-Adjective) add がる
Day 64: Tend to 【がち・傾向】
【がち】
We can use the I-Form + がち to show that something _tends to,_ with a negative nuance. This suffix is expressing our certainty, so it sometimes can be translated as _tends to, usually, often,_ etc. It turns the verb into a noun, so we need to add the copula.
**This train** tends to be late **.**
このでんしゃはおくれがちです。
この電車は遅れがちです。
**He** tends to get angry **a lot.**
かれはしばしばおこりがちだ。
彼はしばしば怒りがちだ。
When we want to say _tends to_ with adjectives or nouns, use the verb なる (to become) where we say _be_ or _feel_ in English. Since we are using なる, the adjective in the English translation will be an adverb in Japanese.
**Winter** tends to make me feel **sad.**
ふゆはかなしくなりがちです。
冬は悲しくなりがちです。
**Without motivation, everyone** tends to be **lazy.**
やるきなしでは、みんなはなまけものになりがちだ。
やる気無しでは、皆は怠け者になりがちだ。
【傾向】
We can also use the noun けいこう [傾向] (tendency / trend) as a suffix to the U-Form. When we do this, it will change the verb into a noun, so we need to say that the _tendency exists._ This can be used with positive or negative sentences. けいこう [傾向] is slightly more formal than がち.
**This train** tends to be late **.**
このでんしゃはおくれるけいこうがある。
この電車は遅れる傾向がある。
**Recently, young people** tend to complain **about economics.**
さいきん、わかものはけいざいについてもんくをいうけいこうがあります。
最近、若者は経済について文句を言う傾向があります。
Day 64 Grammar Cards:
1. Tend to (negative nuance)
I-Form + がち [勝ち] **(UK)**
2. Have a tendency
U-Form + けいこう[傾向] + がある
Day 65: Reading 12
Reading 12 Vocabulary:
1) ガンプラ plastic Gundam models
2) さそう [誘う] to invite / to ask
6) うらめん [裏面] back / reverse side
7) かんせい [完成] completion
7) たずねる [尋ねる] to ask / to inquire
8) ひきだし [引き出し] drawer
8) のり [糊] glue
9) すむ [済む] to finish / to be completed
10) ぶひん [部品] parts / components
16) よそう [予想] expectation / prediction
19) とちゅう [途中] in the middle of / en route
19) ぬける [抜ける] to escape / to leave / to come out
23) きずつける [傷つける] to injure / to hurt someone's feelings
27) あきらめる [諦める] to give up
Reading 12:
みのりと マイクは ガンプラを つくっています。
1) みのりとマイクはガンプラを作っています。
「これを つくるのは むりだ。 みのり さえよければ いっしょに つくろうか。」 とマイクは さそいます。
2) 「これを作るのは無理だ。みのり さえ良ければ一緒に作ろうか。」とマイクは誘います。
「もんくを いわないで。 わたしの いもうと でさえ この くらい できるわ。」 とみのりは いいます。
3) 「文句を言わないで。私の妹でさえこのくらいできるわ。」とみのりは言います。
「そうなの? じゃあ、みのりちゃんも できる って こと だね。 みのりちゃん さえいれば、つくれるよね!」
4) 「そうなの?じゃあ、みのりちゃんも出来るってことだね。みのりちゃんさえいれば、作れるよね!」
「わたしが いなくても、せつめいしょを よみさえすれば、だいじょうぶ です。」
5) 「私がいなくても、説明書を読みさえすれば、大丈夫です。」
みのりは せつめいしょの うらめんを みます。
6) みのりは説明書の裏面を見ます。
「ところで、これを かんせい させるには どれぐらい かかる?」 とたずねます。
7) 「ところで、これを完成させるにはどれぐらいかかる?」と尋ねます。
マイクは ひきだし から のりを だします。
8) マイクは引き出しから糊を出します。
「せいぜい にじかんで すむ とおもう。」
9) 「せいぜい二時間で済むと思う。」
みのりは ガンプラの はこを あけて、ぶひんを みます。
10) みのりはガンプラの箱を開けて、部品を見ます。
「このガンプラの ぶひんは いくつ あるの。」
11) 「このガンプラの部品はいくつあるの。」
「ごひゃくも ある。 すごい かず だね。」
12) 「五百もある。すごい数だね。」
マイクは みのりの ほうを みます。
13) マイクはみのりの方を見ます。
「ねえ、みのりちゃんは てつだいたがっている でしょう。」
14) 「ねえ、みのりちゃんは手伝いたがっているでしょう。」
「そんな こと ないよ。 そんなに ぶひん ある なら、さんじかん いじょう かかる でしょう。」
15) 「そんなことないよ。そんなに部品あるなら、三時間以上かかるでしょう。」
「ああ、たぶん、ね。 さっきの よそうとは ちがうか。」
16) 「ああ、多分、ね。さっきの予想とは違うか。」
みのりは とけいを みます。
17) みのりは時計を見ます。
「そう。 わたしが てつだえるのは、 せいぜい いちじかんね。」
18) 「そう。私が手伝えるのは、せいぜい一時間ね。」
「ええ、どうして? なぜ とちゅうで ぬけたがっているの?」
19) 「ええ、どうして?なぜ途中で抜けたがっているの?」
「なぜなら、ガンプラを つくるのは つまらなくなりがち だから。」
20) 「なぜなら、ガンプラを作るのはつまらなくなりがちだから。」
「ええ、ちがうよ。 たのしいよ。」
21) 「ええ、違うよ。楽しいよ。」
「マイクは つまらないことを する けいこうが あるね。」
22) 「マイクはつまらないことをする傾向があるね。」
「みのりちゃんは おれを きずつける けいこうが あるよね。」
23) 「みのりちゃんは俺を傷つける傾向があるよね。」
「なかないで、たのしいこと やりましょう。」
24) 「泣かないで、楽しいことやりましょう。」
「せめて うでだけ でも いっしょに つくろう。」
25) 「せめて腕だけでも一緒に作ろう。」
「いやだ。 やめて おく。」
26) 「嫌だ。止めておく。」
マイクの かおは あきらめている ように みえる、「はい。」
27) マイクの顔は諦めているように見える、「はい。」
Day 66: Look, Sound, Seem Part 1 【よう・ように・のような】
In English we use words like look, appear, sound, to show how something seems or what something is like. We use these words based on which of our senses are being used, or how we received the information. In Japanese, there are a few different words for seem, but the rules for each word are different. With the exception of one word, every word for seem that we will learn in the next few lessons are homonyms with other words. Because of this, you can easily become confused when hearing these words, so take care to study these next lessons well!
【よう】
The most common word used to mean seem is よう [様]. You might recognize the kanji, which is used for the honorific suffix さま. The additional core meanings of this kanji are way and manner. This word describes how something looks, or what it is similar to, so it's best to translate this as looks like, or appears to be.
The first set of rules are for when よう appears at the end of a sentence. When we attach it to the end of a sentence, we also need to add だ or です. The verb will take the casual conjugation, and the politeness will be determined by the copula.
It looks like he bought a new car.
かれはあたらしいくるまをかったようだ。
彼は新しい車を買ったようだ。
It seems like the company went bankrupt.
そのかいしゃははさんしたようです。
その会社は破産したようです。
【ように】
The next set of rules apply when using よう with clauses. We can attach ように to connect clauses to show how something was done. When we do this, the translation can be like, as though, or as if:
He was talking (like / as though / as if) he had become the boss.
かれはじょうしになったようにしゃべっていた。
彼は上司になったように喋っていた。
**She is eating** (like / as though / as if) **she is starving to death.**
かのじょはひどくうえているようにたべています。
彼女はひどく飢えているように食べています。
This construction is often paired with the verbs いう [言う] (to say) and きこえる [聞こえる] (to hear) to indicate how something was said or how it sounded:
She said it like someone had died.
かのじょはだれかがしんだようにいった。
彼女は誰かが死んだように言った。
It sounded like there was an accident.
こうつうじこがあったようにきこえました。
交通事故があったように聞こえました。
When we attach よう to a noun, we need to place の in front of it.
She appears to be a singer.
かのじょはかしゅのようです。
彼女は歌手のようです。
This seems to be a toy.
これはおもちゃのようです。
【のような】
Noun + のような is often used as a Na-Adjective to describe appearance or behavior.
**He was talking** like the boss **.**
**(Lit. He was talking with** boss like words **.)**
かれはじょうしのようなことばでしゃべっていた。
彼は上司のような言葉で喋っていた。
She was dressed like a princess.
(Lit. She was wearing princess like clothes.)
かのじょはおひめさまのようなふくをきていました。
彼女はお姫様のような服を着ていました。
ような is often paired with (この・その・あの・どの), and when it is, has the same basic meaning as (こんな・そんな・あんな・どんな), but slightly more vague, because we aren't saying _this kind of,_ but rather, _like this kind of_. Compare the following examples.
This kind of **thing is wrong.**
こんなことはダメです。
Something like this kind of **thing is wrong.**
このようなことはダメです。
Those kinds of **words are polite.**
そんなことばはていねいです。
そんな言葉は丁寧です。
Those kinds of **words** like that **are polite.**
そのようなことばはていねいです。
そのような言葉は丁寧です。
Again, よう means _manner_ or _way,_ because of this, どのように (in what way) is often used to ask _how to do_ something. Up until now, you may have just been using どう, which every Japanese speaker will understand, but a more natural way to ask _how to do_ is to use どのように.
How **do you make this dish?**
このりょうりはどのようにつくりますか。
この料理はどのように作りますか。
Day 66 Grammar Cards:
1. look / sound / seem like (sentence)
End of sentence ようです
2. look / sound / seem (like / as though /as if)
(sentence) + ように \+ (sentence)
3. look / sound / seem like a (noun)
(noun) + のよう
(noun) + のような (used as an adjective)
4. like (this / that) kind of
(この・その・あの・どの) ような
5. how
どのように
Day 67: Look, Sound, Seem Part 2 【そう】
【そう】
We can use そう to mean seem. This words differentiates itself from the others by having the nuance that something seems likely, there is a nuance of probability, we are stating our guess or a conjecture. The first thing to note is that we cannot use this word with nouns. This word is used most commonly with adjectives. When we use it with an I-Adjective, we need to drop the final い. For negative I-Adjectives, we drop the い in ない and add さそう.
That looks delicious.
それはおいしそう。
それは美味しそう。
That doesn't look delicious.
それはおいしくなさそう。
それは美味しくなさそう。
This sounds like fun.
これはたのしそう。
これは楽しそう。
This doesn't sound like fun.
これはたのしくなさそう。
これは楽しくなさそう。
The adjective よい [良い] (good) is special, we need to change the final い to さ, even in the affirmative.
Sounds good.
よさそう。
良さそう。
Doesn't sound good.
よくなさそう。
良くなさそう。
Another special idiomatic case of this is the adjective かわいい (cute). If we add そう to this, it translates to: You poor thing. If you want to say that something looks cute, you can just say かわいい by itself.
With Na-Adjectives in affirmative sentences, simply add そう to the end of the adjective.
It looks easy.
かんたんそうです。
簡単そうです。
It seems convenient, doesn't it?
べんりそうだね。
便利そうだね。
With Na-Adjectives in negative sentences, we conjugate the copula, dropping い and adding なさそう.
It doesn't look easy.
かんたんじゃなさそうです。
簡単じゃなさそうです。
It doesn't seem convenient, does it?
べんりじゃなさそうだね。
便利じゃなさそうだね。
If we use そう with a verb, we attach it to the I-Form.
It seems like it will rain.
あめふりそう。
雨降りそう。
It seems like he is getting a promotion.
かれはしゅっせしそうです。
彼は出世しそうです。
If we use そう with a negative verb, we drop the い in ない and add さそう. This is the same thing we did with the adjectives. The special verbs する (to do) and くる [来る] (to come) follow the same rules.
It seems like it won't rain.
あめふらなさそう。
雨降らなさそう。
It seems like he isn't getting a promotion.
かれはしゅっせしなさそうです。
彼は出世しなさそうです。
It seems likely that he won't come.
かれはこなさそう。
彼は来なさそう。
We can also use そう with Tai-Form verbs, to say seems like ~ want to. The final い in the Tai-Form will be dropped, just like adjectives.
It seems like he wants to eat sushi, doesn't it?
かれはすしをたべたそうだね。
彼は寿司を食べたそうだね。
It seems like she doesn't want to go outside.
かのじょはそとにいきたくなさそうです。
彼女は外に行きたくなさそうです。
Day 67 Grammar Cards:
1. look / sound / seem (likely) (I-Adjective)
Affirmative: drop い add そう
Negative: drop い add さそう
2. look / sound / seem (likely) (Na- No-Adjective)
Affirmative: add そう
Negative: add さそう
3. look / sound / seem good (likely)
よさそう [良さそう]
4. You poor thing.
かわいそう [可愛そう] (UK)
5. look / sound / seem (likely) (verb)
Affirmative: I-Form + そう
Negative: Nai-Form + drop い add さそう
Tai-Form: drop い add そう
Negative Tai-Form: drop い add さそう
**6. Doesn't look / sound / seem (likely) (** する・くる)
しさそう
こさそう[来さそう]
Day 68: Look, Sound, Seem Part 3 【っぽい・げ】
【っぽい】
In English we have the suffix -ish to describe how something seems. In Japanese, they use the slang word っぽい. This only attaches to nouns and is only used in casual conversations.
That's childish.
それはこどもっぽい。
それは子供っぽい。
He talks like a woman.
かれのしゃべりかたはおんなっぽいです。
彼の喋り方は女っぽいです。
【げ】
By now you may be able to recognize the kanji 気, which means spirit or energy. It's used in the word きもち [気持ち] (feeling). It's this word from which we will derive the next suffix: げ. げ is a suffix that can attach itself to emotional I-adjectives, to say that someone is getting that feeling. For example, you cannot use this with the adjective red, because the color red is not an emotional feeling, and the subject must be a person, because robots and other inanimate things don't have feelings. This grammar is actually quite rare, and usually interchangeable with そう, which we learned yesterday.
We will drop the final い before adding げ. Adding this suffix will turn the word into a Na-Adjective. Let's look at some examples:
fun → fun feeling
たのしい → たのしげ
楽しい → 楽しげ
sad → sad feeling
かなしい → かなしげ
悲しい → 悲しげ
The adjective いい [良い] is an exception and becomes よさげ [良さげ].
When we use this in sentences, the translations usually won't include the word feeling, but the meaning is implied. Please study the following examples:
I saw children playing happily at the park.
(Lit. I saw children playing with a fun feeling at the park.)
こうえんでたのしげにあそんでいるこどもをみました。
公園で楽しげに遊んでいる子供を見ました。
She won't stop saying sad (feeling) things.
かのじょはかなしげなことを言うのをやめません。
彼女は悲しげなことを言うのを止めません。
We can use げ with Tai-Form verbs, to say that you get the feeling that someone wants to do something. When we use it with the Tai-Form, we have to drop the final い. This construction is rare, however. Instead of using this construction, most speakers will use そう or がっている.
He looked like he wanted to say something.
かれはなんかいいたげにみえた。
彼は何か言いたげに見えた。
He looked like he wanted to say something.
かれはなにかいいたそうにみえた。
彼は何か言いたそうに見えた。
He looked like he wanted to say something.
かれはいいたがっているようにみえた。
彼は言いたがっているように見えた。
Day 68 Grammar Cards:
1. ~ish
~ぽい
2. Type of feeling (emotional I-Adjective)
drop い add げ
3. Type of feeling (good)
よさげ [良さげ]
4. to look like wanting to (verb)
Tai-Form drop い add げ
Day 69: Look, Sound, Seem Part 4 【みたい・みえる・まるで】
【みたい】
We can use みたい to mean look, sound, or seem. This is a very casual way to say look, sound, and seem, and used only in conversation. You will use it for things you directly experience. Of course, it comes from the verb to see, so we will usually use this to describe how things appear or resemble. Don't confuse this with みたい [見たい] (want to see) or with the Te-Form construction we learned to say to try: てみる. We can't conjugate this word like an adjective either. We need to use a negative or past form of だ or です.
It looks like snow, doesn't it?
ゆきみたいね。
雪みたいね。
It doesn't look like snow, does it?
ゆきじゃないみたいね。
雪じゃないみたいね。
【みえる】
For our direct experiences, we can also use the Te-Form + みえる, or an adverb + みえる. Don't confuse this with the meaning can see. When we use this construction, it can only be used with descriptive verbs or adjectives.
He looks like he lost weight.
かれはやせてみえる。
彼は痩せてみえる。
She's looking very nice.
かのじょはとてもげんきにみえます。
彼女はとても元気にみえます。
【まるで】
The phrase まるで means _completely_ or _totally._ This is the same meaning as ぜんぜん [全然] but is only used in sentences with a negative nuance, and shows your own personal judgment.
We are completely opposed to that strategy.
わたしたちはそのさくせんにまるではんたいです。
私たちはその作戦にまるで反対です。
I'm not like you at all.
わたしはあなたとまるでちがう。
私はあなたとまるで違う。
まるで has a secondary meaning of _just like_ or _as if_. However, for this secondary meaning, we need to add よう, so actually, even though it is listed as a definition in the dictionary, まるで itself doesn't have the meaning _like_ , but rather, it is often used in sentences to emphasize よう.
**His behavior was** just like **my father.**
かれのふるまいはまるでわたしのとうさんのようです。
彼の振る舞いはまるで私の父さんのようです。
**This is** just like **a dream.**
これはまるでゆめを見ているようだ。
これはまるで夢を見ているようだ。
The translation _as if_ for まるで shows a contrast with reality. To emphasize that the behavior contrasts with reality, we need to add か after the verb. This か changes the clause into a question, which shows the contrast. For nouns, we need to use the verb である. It may be easier to translate these types of sentences if you think of them as two separate sentences in English.
She is talking as if she is dying.
(Lit. Is she dying? She is talking like she is.)
かのじょはまるでしんでいるかのようにしゃべっている。
彼女はまるで死んでいるかのように喋っている。
He is drinking as if he were a king.
(Lit. Is he a king? He is drinking like he is.)
かれはまるでおうであるかのようにのんでいる。
彼はまるで王であるかのように飲んでいる。
Day 69 Grammar Cards:
1. (casual) look / seem / sound
みたい \+ (だ・です)
2. look / seem / sound (descriptive direct experience)
Te-Form + みえる
(adverb) + みえる
3. completely / totally (negative nuance)
まるで [丸で] **(UK)**
4. just like
まるで~よう
5. as if
まるで~かのように
Day 70: Look, Sound, Seem Part 5 【らしい・そうです】
The words we will learn today are often used to report hearsay, that is, information you are not the primary source of.
【らしい】
らしい has a nuance of showing your expectations, your judgment of a situation based on evidence. In English, the conjugation of seem controls the tense of the sentence, but the Japanese sentence will modify the verb.
**It** seems like **she will come.**
かのじょはくるらしい。
彼女は来るらしい。
It seems like she won't come.
It doesn't seem like she will come.
かのじょはこないらしい。
彼女は来ないらしい。
**It** seems **like she** came **.**
かのじょはきたらしい。
彼女は来たらしい。
**It** seems like **she** didn't come **.**
かのじょはこなかったらしい。
彼女は来なかったらしい。
With nouns, らしい can be used as a suffix, similar to っぽい, and can be conjugated like an adjective, to make negative, past, and negative past forms. Conjugations of らしいare usually used with pronouns.
**You're not hungry? That** doesn't seem like you **.**
おなかすいていないの。それはきみらしくない。
お腹空いていないの。それは君らしくない。
**You** didn't seem like **yourself yesterday.**
きのう、あなたらしくなかった。
昨日、あなたらしくなかった。
【そうです】
We can use そうです to report things that we are not the primary source of, that is, we use it to report information that we heard, hearsay. We are not sure if the information is 100% accurate. It varies slightly from らしい in that you aren't including any of your personal judgments or feelings, you are simply reporting. Note that we have already learned そう as a translation for seem, but this version has different rules. For this construction, we simply place it at the end of a sentence and follow it with だ or です.
It seems like she won't come.
I heard that she won't come.
かのじょはこないそうです。
彼女は来ないそうです。
It seems there was a traffic accident.
I heard that there was a traffic accident.
こうつうじこがあったそうだ。
交通事故があったそうだ。
Day 70 Grammar Card:
1. look / sound / seem / like (hearsay / expectations)
らしい
End of sentence そうです
Day 71: In Order to, So That, Hopes 【ように】
We've already learned one way to say in order to, and that is to use のために. But, there are a couple more ways we need to learn.
【ように】
To say that you are doing something in order to do something else, or that you are doing something so that you can do something else, we will use the U-Form + ように. The word order is the opposite of English, that is, Japanese places the hope or desire first, and the action that we do to achieve the goal second.
**I study every day i** n order to **be able to speak Japanese.**
**I study every day** so that **I can speak Japanese.**
にほんごをはなせるように、まいにちべんきょうします。
日本語を話せるように、毎日勉強します。
**I'm dieting** in order to **lose weight.**
たいじゅうをへらすようにダイエットをしています。
体重を減らすようにダイエットをしています。
If you remember that よう means to seem, then it may help you understand why this is used for these translations. It is literally saying To seem like I can speak Japanese, and, To seem like I lose weight. This grammar illustrates the latent humbleness that is ingrained in the Japanese language. People don't study in order to speak, they study so they can seem like they can speak! More seriously, this grammar is used to express your hopes and desires, so using it in place of のために explicitly expresses your desire to achieve the goal rather than just stating what you are doing.
If a sentence ends with ように with nothing following it, then it expresses a hope or desire on the part of the speaker. This can also be followed by the command してください, but it is often dropped. Depending on the context, the translation for the sentence can be very different. It can be used as a command, or to express wants or hopes.
**You** should **study every day.**
**I** hope **you study every day.**
**I** want **you to study every day.**
Please **study every day.**
あなたはまいにちべんきょうするように(してください)。
あなたは毎日勉強するように(してください)。
Please **don't forget anything.**
わすれものないようにしてください。
忘れ物ないようにして下さい。
Day 71 Grammar Cards:
1. In order to (desires)
U-Form + ように \+ (action)
2. Express hopes / Commands
End of sentence ように (してください)
Day 72: Be Sure to, Try to, Reach the Point 【ようにする・まいとする・ようになる】
【ようにする】
We've already learned that ように at the end of a sentence is used to express our hopes and desires, but depending on the conjugation of する, the translation can change a bit. As we learned yesterday, pairing it with してください expresses a command. Paired with an unconjugated する, you can use it to talk about yourself, with the translation: be sure to or try to. If we conjugate it into the continuous している, it shows we are currently trying to behave in a certain way. Compared to the O-Form + とする, this grammar has the nuance of making a continuous effort, so it is often used to express that you are trying to do something over a longer period of time, you are making an effort to change.
If I take a vacation to New York, I'll be sure to go to Central Park.
ニューヨークにりょこうしたら、セントラルパークにいくようにする。
私はニューヨークに旅行したら、セントラルパークに行くようにする。
You should try to ask more politely.
もっとていねいにきくようにするべきだ。
もっと丁寧に聞くようにするべきだ。
I am trying not to eat carbohydrates.
たんすいかぶつをたべないようにしています。
炭水化物を食べないようにしています。
Trying to understand modern physics is difficult.
げんだいのぶつりをりかいするようにすることはむずかしいです。
現代の物理を理解するようにすることは難しいです。
【まいとする】
When we want to say we are _trying not_ to do something, we can also use the Mai-Form + とする. Remember that the Mai-Form is actually just the negative O-Form. The nuance is in the timing of the events. In the following first example with ように, we are saying _in general_ , over a longer period of time, but in the second example with まいとする, the listener is in a situation where they are currently about to feel pain.
**When you feel pain,** try not **to cry.**
いたむときにはなかないようにする。
痛むときには泣かないようにする。
**When you feel pain,** try not to cry **.**
いたむときにはなくまいとする。
痛むときには泣くまいとする。
【ようになる】
When we pair ように with the verb なる成る it means that you have reached the point where you can do something. Before you couldn't do it, but now you can.
After five years, I've reached the point where I can eat octopus.
I couldn't before, but after five years I can eat octopus.
ごねんをへて、タコをたべることができるようになった。
五年を経て、タコを食べることができるようになった。
I can run 10km now. (But I couldn't before)
じゅっキロはしれるようになりました。
十キロ走れるようになりました。
Day 72 Grammar Cards:
1. (Be / Make) sure to
End of sentenceようにする
2. Trying to (in general)
ようにしている
3. (Be / Make) sure not to / try not to (currently)
Mai-Form + とする
4. To reach the point where
End of sentence ようになる
Day 73: Deduce, Change of Plans, Somehow or Other 【ことになる・どうやら】
【ことになる】
In English we have phrases like _It follows that_ and _We can see that_ to express how we can _deduce_ an outcome from the circumstances. In Japanese we can do this with ことになる. Let's think about the phrase ことになる for a second. With this phrase, we are literally saying something _became,_ a change in our thinking happened due to new information. In English, we often won't explicitly say this, and even in Japanese, you can drop this without changing the meaning of the sentence much.
If what you said is true, then (we can deduce that) he is a liar.
あなたのいったことがじじつなら、かれはうそつきであることになる。
あなたの言ったことが事実なら、彼は嘘つきであることになる。
(It follows that) Taking those measures would bankrupt this company.
そのたいさくをこうじるとこのかいしゃははさんすることになる。
その対策を講じるとこの会社は破産することになる。
In English we have great phrases like end up doing and turn out that which indicate that an unexpected change occurred and our end result is different from our previous assumption. In other languages these phrases are very difficult to translate, but lucky for you, it's very simple in Japanese! We just learned that ことになる shows a deduction, so it's easy to see how this can also translate to show a change in plans, with new information, we are able to deduce that the plans are different.
It turns out that **I'm being transferred to Tokyo.**
とうきょうにいどうすることになる。
東京に移動することになる。
**They** ended up **postponing the match.**
しあいはえんきすることになりました。
試合は延期することになりました。
**I thought about joining, but** I ended up **staying home.**
さんかするかなとおもったけど、いえにいることになった。
参加するかなと思ったけど、家にいることになった。
**I thought he couldn't come, but** it turns out **that his work was canceled and will come.**
かれはこられないとおもったけど、しごとがキャンセルされることになって、きます。
彼は来られないと思ったけど、仕事がキャンセルされることになって、来ます。
【どうやら】
どうやら is yet another way to say seem, but implies that you don't really understand the reason why. This is why it also has the definition of somehow or other.
Somehow or other, it turned out that **I'm being transferred to Tokyo.**
どうやらとうきょうにいどうすることになった。
どうやら東京に移動することになった。
It seems **that they** ended up **postponing the match.**
しあいはどうやらえんきすることになりました。
試合はどうやら延期することになりました。
I don't know why, but (somehow / it seems that) he got disqualified.
なぜかわからないけど、かれはどうやらしっかくしゃになった。
なぜか分からないけど、彼はどうやら失格者になった。
I seem to have dropped my wallet somehow.
どうやらさいふをおとしてしまった。
どうやら財布を落としてしまった。
Day 73 Grammar Cards:
1. Deduce an outcome / Change of plans
ことになる
2. Seem / Somehow or other
どうやら
Day 74: Feel, Worry, Care, Interest 【気がする・気にする・気にかける・気になる・気がある・気分】
Do you feel like studying today? Of course you do! In today's lesson we will learn many phrases using the word き [気]. In addition to spirit and energy, this kanji also means feeling and mood. For today's phrases, let's work with the additional core meanings of feeling and mood. All of the phases today vary only slightly, but have completely different meanings, so be sure to study this lesson carefully.
【気がする】
With きがする [気がする], something is making you feel a certain way. Notice that き [気] is the subject of the sentence, so it is the thing doing the action, making your feel a certain way. In English, we usually say I feel like, I have a feeling that, or I'm getting the feeling that. This will follow the verb that you are feeling.
I feel like tonight is going to be fun.
I have a feeling that tonight is going to be fun.
I am getting the feeling that tonight is going to be fun.
こんやはたのしくなるきがする。
今夜は楽しくなる気がする。
I feel like he is angry.
I have a feeling that he is angry.
I am getting the feeling that he is angry.
かれはおこっているきがします。
彼は怒っている気がします。
We can also add ような to show a lesser degree of certainty.
I feel like everyone is looking at me.
みんなはわたしをみているようなきがする。
皆は私を見ているような気がする。
I feel like she is lying.
かのじょはうそをついているようなきがする。
彼女は嘘をついているような気がする。
【気にする】
When が becomes に, it shows something is being focused on your き [気] (energy), or rather, your energy is being focused somewhere. This can translate to care about or worry about. In English care has a positive nuance and worry has a negative nuance, but in Japanese きにする [気にする] is neutral. Because of this, if we translate to care, it doesn't mean it is motivating you to actually do something, and if we translate to worry, it doesn't mean you have a bad outlook, both just mean your energy is focused there. In Japanese, the verbs with a stronger nuance are かまう [構う] (to care) and しんぱいする[心配する] (to worry).
She (worries / cares) about global warming.
(Lit. She focuses energy toward global warming).
かのじょはちきゅうおんだんかをきにする。
彼女は地球温暖化を気にする。
She cares about her appearance.
(Lit. She focuses energy toward her appearance.)
かのじょはみためをきにする。
彼女は見た目を気にする。
Don't worry about that!
(Lit. Don't focus your energy on that.)
そのことはきにするな!
そのことは気にするな!
It's okay. (I don't care / I'm not worried).
だいじょうぶだよ。きにしていない。
大丈夫だよ。気にしていない。
【気にかける】
If you care about something and you are actually willing to do something about it, you have to spend your energy! きにかける [気にかける] translates to care about, with the nuance that you are actually willing to do something. It takes energy! This is similar to using かまう [構う].
She cares about global warming. (And wants to help.)
かのじょはちきゅうおんだんかをきにかける。
彼女は地球温暖化を気にかける。
She cares about poor children. (And wants to help.)
かのじょはびんぼうなこどもをきにかける。
彼女は貧乏な子供を気にかける。
【気になる】
If something has become the focus of your energy, you are obsessing over it. It has overtaken your thoughts. きになる [気になる] is mostly used in negative situations, taking the translation worry, but can sometimes be used just to say that きにする [気にする] has come about. This is similar to using しんぱいする [心配する].
She is worried about people that don't believe in global warming.
かのじょはちきゅうおんだんかをしんじられないひとがきになった。
彼は地球温暖化を信じられない人が気になった。
She worries about her appearance.
かのじょはみためがきになっている。
彼女は見た目が気になっている。
【気がある】
Remember that ある can also mean have? If you have feelings for something, that means that you are interested in something. Just like English, you can say that you have feelings for someone to say that you are romantically interested in them. This meaning is also used with many compound words such as にんき [人気] (popular), やるき [やる気] (willingness / motivation), ゆうき [勇気] (courage).
I am interested in studying abroad.
りゅうがくをするきがある。
留学をする気がある。
Are you interested in studying French?
フランスごをべんきょうするきがありますか?
フランス語を勉強する気がありますか?
**If you are** interested in **joining, please let me know.**
さんかするきがあるなら、れんらくしてください。
参加する気があるなら、連絡してください。
**Are you** interested in **my younger sister?**
おれのいもうとにきがありますか?
俺の妹に気がありますか?
【気分】
きぶん [気分] means feeling or mood. Only animate objects can feel the きぶん [気分].
This hotel has a good atmosphere, doesn't it?
(Lit. Whenever you are in this hotel, it's a good feeling, right?)
このホテルにいるといいきぶんですね。
このホテルにいるといい気分ですね。
Well, meeting him puts me in a bad mood.
(Lit. Whenever you meet him, it's a bad feeling.)
なんか、かれとあうとわるいきぶんです。
なんか、彼と会うと悪い気分です。
We can combine きぶん [気分] with the Tai-Form or U-Form to show that we are in the mood for doing something. We can translate this to feel like doing. The U-Form can only be used when talking about yourself, but the Tai-Form can be for either:
Do you feel like studying?
Are you in the mood for studying?
べんきょうしたいきぶんですか。
勉強したい気分ですか。
I feel like going outside.
I am in the mood for going outside.
そとにいくきぶんです。
外に行く気分です。
Day 74 Grammar Cards:
1. Feel like / Have a feeling that
きがする [気がする]
2. Focus energy toward (care / worry)
きにする [気にする]
3. Spend energy (care)
きにかかる [気にかかる]
4. Worry about
きになる [気になる]
5. Be interested in
きがある [気がある]
6. Feel like doing / In the mood for
Tai-Form + きぶん [気分]
U-Form + きぶん [気分] (only yourself)
Day 75: Reading 13
Reading 13 Vocabulary:
1) ひろうえん [披露宴] wedding reception
2) しゅっせきする [出席する] to attend
5) ふるぎや [古着屋] second hand clothing store
10) きがくるう [気が狂う] to go crazy
11) のみほす [飲み干す] to drink / to drain a cup
19) とつぜん [突然] suddenly
19) ドン crash / bang / thud
22) きゅうじ [給仕] waiter / waitress
26) つうようぐち [通用口] staff entrance
29) ひっぱる [引っ張る] to pull
Reading 13:
ジョンと まりこは ひろうえんに しゅっせき しています。
1) ジョンとまりこは披露宴に出席しています。
「この ひろうえんは きれい だね。 ディズニーえいが みたい だね。」 とまりこは いいます。
2) 「この披露宴はきれいだね。ディズニー映画みたいだね。」とまりこは言います。
「そう だね。 みんな、たのしんでいる よう だね。」 とジョンは いいます。
3) 「そうだね。皆、楽しんでいるようだね。」とジョンは言います。
「ねえ、ジョン、あの かれの スーツは どう おもう?」
4) 「ねえ、ジョン、あの彼のスーツはどう思う?」
「ふるぎやで かった ように みえる。」
5) 「古着屋で買ったように見える。」
「ポケットに なにが はいっているのかな?」
6) 「ポケットに何が入っているのかな?」
「おはな みたい だ。」
7) 「お花みたいだ。」
「はな だね。 バラ みたい だ。」
8) 「花だね。バラみたいだ。」
「あの ひとは? かれの ダンスは どう おもう?」
9) 「あの人は?彼のダンスはどう思う?」
「きが くるってる ひと みたいに おどっているよね。」
10) 「気が狂ってる人みたいに踊っているよね。」
まりこは おさけを のみほして、よっぱらいの ような かおを しています。
11) まりこはお酒を飲み干して、酔っ払いのような顔をしています。
「わたしは ダンスを したい きぶん。 たのしそう だね。」
12) 「私はダンスをしたい気分。楽しそうだね。」
ジョンは まだ たくさん のんでなかった ので、おどるきが しません。
13) ジョンはまだたくさん飲んでなかったので、踊る気がしません。
「あの かれとは おどりたくないな。 かれは よっぱらい すぎている。 かわいそう だね。」 とジョンは すこし わらいます。
14) 「あの彼とは踊りたくないな。彼は酔っ払いすぎている。かわいそうだね。」とジョンは少し笑います。
まりこは はなしたがっています が、なにも ことばが でて きません。
15) まりこは話したがっていますが、何も言葉が出て来ません。
「なに? なにか いいたげに みえるよ。」
16) 「何?何か言いたげに見えるよ。」
「なんでもない です。 ちょっと よっぱらっている けど。」
17) 「何でもないです。ちょっと酔っ払っているけど。」
「ほんとうに? この ワインは みずっぽい。」
18) 「本当に?このワインは水っぽい。」
とつぜん、ある ばしょで ドンと うるさい おとが します。
19) 突然、ある場所でドンとうるさい音がします。
まりこは ジョンに ききます、「なに あれ?」
20) まりこはジョンに聞きます、「何あれ?」
「だれかが おさらを おとした ように きこえた。」
21) 「誰かがお皿を落としたように聞こえた。」
どこかで きゅうじの ところに ひろうえんの マネージャーを よぶこえが きこえます。
22) どこかで給仕のところに披露宴のマネージャーを呼ぶ声が聞こえます。
「かれを やめさせたがっている ような きがする。」
23) 「彼を辞めさせたがっているような気がする。」
「ケーキを おとしたら、どう する。 ケーキ なしでは ほんとうの ひろうえん じゃないよ。」
24) 「ケーキを落としたら、どうする。ケーキ無しでは本当の披露宴じゃないよ。」
「おい、まりこちゃん、たべものの こと しか かんがえれないのか。」
25) 「おい、まりこちゃん、食べ物のことしか考えれないのか。」
ごふんご、つうようぐち から ケーキを もっている きゅうじが でて きます。
26) 5分後、通用口からケーキを持っている給仕が出てきます。
「ほら、やっぱり ケーキを おとさなかった。 よかったね。」
27) 「ほら、やっぱりケーキを落とさなかった。よかったね。」
「よかった けど、いま、すごく ダンスを したい きぶん なんだ。」
28) 「よかったけど、今、すごくダンスをしたい気分なんだ。」
まりこは ジョンの てを ひっぱって、おどりばの ほうに いきます。
29) まりこはジョンの手を引っ張って、踊り場の方に行きます。
ほかの みんなは ケーキを たべて、ひろうえんを たのしんでいます。
30) 他の皆はケーキを食べて、披露宴を楽しんでいます。
Day 76: Appreciation, Disappointment, On Purpose 【せっかく・わざわざ・わざと】
In today's lesson, we will learn a couple words that have multiple meanings which are completely opposite. It may seem strange, but as you get into more advanced studies, you will find words like this, which have completely opposite meanings depending on the context.
【せっかく】
The word せっかく means _with trouble_ or _at great pains_ , and is usually used to show your disappointment, but can also be used to show your appreciation for someone's kindness. It implies that a lot of effort was put into the action, and we are showing our disappointment or excitement based on that effort. The English translations for this word can be almost anything:
Even though we practiced every day, it was for nothing, **our team lost the tournament.**
せっかくまいにちれんしゅうをしたのに、わたしたちのチームはたいかいにまけた。
せっかく毎日練習をしたのに、私たちのチームは大会に負けた。
**I'm full, but thank you for** taking the time **to make me lunch.**
せっかくわたしにちゅうしょくをつくってくれたのにおなかがいっぱいです。
せっかく私に昼食を作ってくれたのに、お腹がいっぱいです。
【わざわざ】
わざわざ means _expressly,_ or _specially_ , and is also used to show your appreciation. It refers to the action or behavior itself, while せっかく can be used for someone's kindness or personality. It implies that someone went out of their way, or took the trouble to do something. In the following example using わざわざ, the focus is on the act of making the lunch, rather than the person's kindness:
**Thank you for** going out of your way **to make me lunch.**
わざわざわたしにちゅうしょくをつくってくれてありがとう。
わざわざ私に昼食を作ってくれてありがとう。
**She** took the time **to show me how to use the computer.**
かのじょはわざわざパソコンのつかい方をおしえてくれました。
彼女はわざわざパソコンの使い方を教えてくれました。
You can also add わざわざ to a sentence with なくてもいい to express the phrases don't bother to or don't go out of your way to.
Don't bother to send me the email.
Don't go out of your way to send me the email.
わざわざメールをおくらなくてもいいです。
わざわざメールを送らなくてもいいです。
Don't go out of your way to go meet him, he can take a taxi.
わざわざかれをむかえにいかなくていいよ、タクシーにのれる。
わざわざ彼を迎えに行かなくていいよ、タクシーに乗れる。
【わざと】
わざと looks similar to わざわざ, but it means to do something _on purpose_ :
**I hit him** on purpose **.**
かれにわざとあたった。
彼にわざと当たった。
**It was an accident, I didn't do it** on purpose **!**
ぐうぜんでしたよ!わざとじゃなかった!
偶然でしたよ!わざとじゃなかった!
Day 76 Grammar Cards:
1. Show disappointment or appreciation
せっかく [折角] (UK)
2. Show appreciation for actions
わざわざ [態々] (UK)
3. Don't bother to
わざわざ~なくてもいい
4. On purpose
わざと [態と] (UK)
Day 77: Reason, Cause 【わけ・わけはない・わけにはいかない】
【わけ】
If you look up わけ in the dictionary, it will tell you the word is a noun that means a conclusion from reasoning. わけ has a lot of uses when we are giving reasons for something, so it can often take the translation of why, because, or cause. However, depending on the context of the sentence, the translation can be almost anything.
Ask him why.
Ask him the cause.
そのわけはかれにきいてください。
そのわけは彼に聞いてください。
Is that why?
That was the cause?
そういうわけか。
It's not because I'm sleepy!
ねむいわけじゃないよ。
眠いわけじゃないよ。
**For this** reason **, I can't help you.**
こういうわけで、あなたをたすけれない。
こういうわけで、あなたを助けれない。
わけ is often used with the negative copula to say that something is beyond reasoning, but be careful with the translations, though it would be easy to say something like There is no cause / reason, sentences are most often not translated this way.
Not everyone needs to buy a car.
(Lit. There is no cause / reason for everyone to buy a car.)
みんなはくるまをかうわけではありません。
皆は車を買うわけではありません。
It's not like he can speak Spanish.
(There's no cause / reason for him to be able to speak Spanish.)
かれはすぺいんごをはなせるわけじゃない。
彼はスペイン語を話せるわけじゃない。
Again, わけ means a conclusion from reasoning, but can be translated into almost anything depending on the context of the sentence. In the following example we are literally saying that you can't conclude from judgment of the evidence that the new policy measures caused the economic improvement.
The economic advancement isn't due to the new political policy measures.
あたらしせいさくをとったからけいきがこうじょうしたわけではありません。
新しい政策をとったから景気が向上したわけではありません。
【わけはない】
We can say わけ doesn't exist to express the impossibility of something happening. This can be used with the particles は or が:
There's no way I can lose!
(Lit. There's no cause for me to lose.)
わたしはまけるわけはないよ。
私は負けるわけはないよ。
**It's** impossible **to wake up that early.**
そんなにはやくおきれるわけはありません。
そんなに早く起きれるわけはありません。
【わけにはいかない】
Finally, we can make an idiomatic expression that means impossible to, must not, or can't afford to by combining わけには with the negative version of いく. Note how the following example can be translated three different ways.
If you want to lose weight, being lazy is impossible.
If you want to lose weight, you must not be lazy.
If you want to lose weight, you can't afford to be lazy.
やせたいなら、なまけるわけにはいかない。
痩せたいなら、怠けるわけにはいかない。
It's impossible to pass this up!
You must not pass this up!
You can't afford to pass this up!
これをみのがすわけにはいきません。
これを見逃すわけにはいきません。
Day 77 Grammar Cards:
1. To conclude from reasoning
わけ [訳] (UK)
2. Express impossibility
わけはない・わけはありません
**3.** impossible to / must not / can't afford to
わけには (いかない・いきません)
Day 78: Extent 【くらい・ぐらい】
【くらい・ぐらい】
If you remember, くらい means about or approximately. It has a few more idiomatic uses that we need to learn. While it can be pronounced both ways, it is usually pronounced as the voiced version ぐらい.
The first use of this word has a very similar translations to using ほど to express extent. This construction is:
(sentence) + ぐらい \+ (adjective)
I can't believe how fast the bullet train is.
しんかんせんはしんじられないぐらいはやいです。
新幹線は信じられないぐらい速いです。
Hiragana is simple enough to memorize in a month.
ひらがなはいっかげつでおぼえれるぐらいかんたんです。
ひらがなは一ヶ月で覚えれるぐらい簡単です。
How fast is the bullet train? It's so fast that it is about at the level that you can't believe it. How easy is hiragana? It's so easy that it is about the level to where it can be memorized in a month. As you can see in these examples, ぐらい doesn't have a word to word translation. Just remember that this grammar construction is used to show the extent of something.
Let's look at another example that combines with nouns. We can express what we feel is the bare minimum with the following construction:
(noun) + ぐらい \+ (sentence)
People that can't even speak simple English will have trouble in America.
かんたんなえいごぐらいはなせないひとはアメリカでこまる。
簡単な英語ぐらい話せない人はアメリカで困る。
This sentence is saying that English is the minimum level ability you need to avoid trouble in America. But take a look at the verb, it isn't avoid trouble, it is to be in trouble こまる [困る]. ぐらい is used here to say that people who don't have the bare minimum requirement will face the consequences of the following clause.
We can also use this to show something is about the only ~ from a group. The construction is:
(group) + は \+ (choice) + ぐらい
As for English, "Hello" is about it.
えいごはハローぐらい。
英語はハローぐらい。
About all that I can say in English is "Hello".
はなせるえいごはハローぐらい。
話せる英語はハローぐらい。
Comedies are about the only TV shows I like.
すきなばんぐみはコメディくらいです。
好きな番組はコメディくらいです。
Comedies are about the only TV shows that I watch.
みるばんぐみはコメディくらいです。
見る番組はコメディくらいです。
Day 78 Grammar Cards:
1. To what extent
(sentence) + ぐらい \+ (adjective)
2. The minimum requirement
(noun) + ぐらい \+ (sentence)
3. About the only
(group) + は \+ (choice) + ぐらい
Day 79: Reading 14
Reading 14 Vocabulary:
4) ける [蹴る] to kick
6) あたる [当たる] to hit / to strike
9) なげる [投げる] to throw
12) みぎほうこう [右方向] to the right
12) とぶ [跳ぶ] to jump
15) プロ pro
21) ほね [骨] bone
Reading 14:
たけしは サッカーが できる ように なりたい とおもっています。
1) たけしはサッカーができるようになりたいと思っています。
マイクは たけしに サッカーを おしえて あげます。
2) マイクはたけしにサッカーを教えてあげます。
たけしは はしるのが すき じゃない ので、できる ポジションは キーパー ぐらい です。
3) たけしは走るのが好きじゃないので、できるポジションはキーパーぐらいです。
マイクは ボールを けります。
4) マイクはボールを蹴ります。
「この ボールを とめて!」
5) 「このボールを止めて!」
ボールは たけしの あたまに あたって、かれは たおれます。
6) ボールはたけしの頭に当たって、彼は倒れます。
たけしは あたまを さわります。 「うわー、いたい。 おれを ころしたい わけ?」
7) たけしは頭を触ります。「うわー、痛い。俺を殺したいわけ?」
「そういう わけ じゃないよ。 ごめん。 わざと じゃないよ。」 とマイクは わらいながら いいます。
8) 「そういうわけじゃないよ。ごめん。わざとじゃないよ。」とマイクは笑いながら言います。
たけしは たちあがって、マイクに ボールを なげます。
9) たけしは立ち上がって、マイクにボールを投げます。
「じゃあ、もう いっかい やろう。 こんどは、まける わけにはいかない!」
10) 「じゃあ、もう一回やろう。今度は、負けるわけにはいかない!」
マイクは ボールを つよく けります。
11) マイクはボールを強く蹴ります。
たけしは みぎほうこうに とびます。
12) たけしは右方向に跳びます。
しかし、とぶのが おそすぎました。
13) しかし、跳ぶのが遅すぎました。
ボールは ゴールに はいります。
14) ボールはゴールに入ります。
「しまった! いっかいも ボールを とめられない ぐらい なら、プロせんしゅには なれないね。 おれは だめ だ。」
15) 「しまった!一回もボールを止められないぐらいなら、プロ選手にはなれないね。俺はだめだ。」
マイクは、「そんな こと ないよ。 サッカーは たけしでも できる くらい かんたん だよ。 がんばってね。」 といいます。
16) マイクは、「そんなことないよ。サッカーはたけしでも出来るくらい簡単だよ。頑張ってね。」と言います。
「はい はい。 でも、きょうは もう やめとく。」
17) 「はいはい。でも、今日はもう止めとく。」
「あれ? やめたいの? じょうずに なりたい なら、いま やめる わけにはいかないよ。」
18) 「あれ?止めたいの?上手になりたいなら、今止めるわけにはいかないよ。」
「わかっているよ。 でも、うでに けがを した かも。」
19) 「分かっているよ。でも、腕に怪我をしたかも。」
「ええ、ほんとうに? だいじょうぶ そう だけど。」
20) 「ええ、本当に?大丈夫そうだけど。」
「いや、たぶん、ほねが おれた かも。」
21) 「いや、多分、骨が折れたかも。」
「うそつき。 じゃあ、きょうは おわり。 あした つづきを やろう。 あさ、でんわ するよ。」
22) 「嘘つき。じゃあ、今日は終わり。明日続きをやろう。朝、電話するよ。」
「わざわざ でんわしなくても いいよ。 あしたは やすむ つもり だから。」
23) 「わざわざ電話しなくてもいいよ。明日は休むつもりだから。」
「せっかく こんげつは まいにち れんしゅう していた のに、あきらめるのか。」
24) 「せっかく今月は毎日練習していたのに、諦めるのか。」
「うん、あきらめるよ。 わざわざ おしえて くれて ありがとう。」
25) 「うん、諦めるよ。わざわざ教えてくれてありがとう。」
Day 80: Decisions 【にする・ことにする・ことになる】
【にする】
In English, when we make a decision with nouns, we use phrases like I'll have or I'll take. In Japanese they use にする. This is just the verb する plus the particle に. If we were to translate this literally, it would be something like I'll do to. It's sounds a bit funny, but it's pretty easy. Let's look at some examples:
I'll take the box.
はこにする。
箱にする。
I'll have the steak.
ステーキにします。
【ことにする】
When we want to make a decision with a verb, we need to turn it into a noun by using the U-Form and adding こと.
I decided to study every day.
まいにちべんきょうすることにしました。
毎日勉強することにしました。
I decided to help him.
かれをたすけることにします。
彼を助けることにしました。
【ことになる】
If the decision was made by someone else, and not by you, we use ことになる instead. We learned previously that ことになる can translate to end up or turn out that, and we can see here how this can also be translated that someone or something else made a decision, which changed the situation.
It was decided that I help him.
(Someone) decided that I help him.
かれをたすけることになりました。
彼を助けることになりました。
It was decided that **personnel would be transferred.**
Someone decided that **the staff would be reassigned.**
じんじいどうすることになりました。
人事異動することになりました。
Day 80 Grammar Cards:
1. to decide (noun)
(noun) + にする
(verb) U-Form + ことにする
2. to decide to (made by a 3rd party)
U-Form + ことになる
Day 81: Other Uses of とする・となる
【とする】
We've already learned to use とする to say _try_ , but there are even more uses for this phrase. Because of the many uses of とする, we have to be careful every time we see it. The first thing to look for is an O-Form verb, if we don't see it, we can move on to thinking about the new definitions we will learn today. A lot of these uses are a bit difficult to understand at first, because you can't directly translate the sentences word for word, and you have to think hard about what is really being said. If you see a sentence that uses とする, it's helpful to just drop it at first, and make sure you understand what the sentence is saying before applying the とする. Besides _to try_ , the other definitions of とする that you will find in a dictionary are _to decide, to regard as, to use for, to assume._
With the definition of _to decide,_ you're probably wondering about the difference between にする and とする. Using the particle と is far less common, and focuses on the end result, rather than how that thing was accomplished. Also, the definition _to decide_ is slightly inaccurate, because this usage will almost always be a question, とするか, and will more accurately translate into _I think, I guess,_ or _Shall we?_ In the following example, we are literally asking _Will I decide to play soccer?_
The baseball game is canceled? I guess I'll play soccer.
やきゅうのしあいはちゅうしか。サッカーをするとするか。
野球の試合は中止か。サッカーをするとするか。
The next use of とする is to show how _you yourself_ consider something, your opinion rather than a fact. In the dictionary, this definition will be labeled _to treat as,_ or _regard as._ We can derive this meaning from _decide_ , because we have decided to have the stated opinion.
**Muscles** need **protein to become strong. (** in my opinion **)**
**(Lit.** As for muscle, I regard protein as necessary to become strong.)
きんにくはつよくなるためにたんぱくしつをひつようとする。
筋肉は強くなるためにタンパク質を必要とする。
**His advice is indispensable. (** in my opinion **)**
**(Lit. As for his advice, I** consider **it indispensable.)**
かれのじょげんをふかけつとします。
彼の助言を不可欠とします。
The next definition is easy to understand, it translates as _to use for._ This can also be derived from decide, as in _We decided to use something for something else_.
**This car** uses **hydrogen** for **fuel.**
このくるまはすいそをねんりょうとする。
この車は水素を燃料とする。
**They are** using **their hands** as **weapons.**
かれらはてをぶきとしている。
彼らは手を武器としている。
The final use translates to _assume_ or _suppose._ We are _deciding_ to have the _thought_. Note that in English we can use _suppose_ or _assume_ to say what you are _thinking_ , but in Japanese this is used for bringing up hypothetical situations, and most often found in the phrase _Let's (assume / suppose_ ). Compare the following examples:
**I** assumed you were my friend. Was I wrong?
わたしのともだちとおもっていました。まちがえましたか。
私の友達と思っていました。間違えましたか。
Let's (assume / suppose) **he is coming. What then?**
かれがくるとしよう。どうすればいいのか。
彼が来るとしよう。どうすればいいのか。
This grammar is often used as an _if_ question, to make it: _if we assume that,_ or _assuming that._ We can use all four _if_ constructions, however, と is the most common, with したら and すれば taking second, and するなら being somewhat rare.
If we assume **that is true, what should we do?**
それをじじつとすると、どうすればいいですか。
それを事実とすると、どうすればいいですか。
What if you had money, what would you do?
If we assume that you had money, what would you do?
おかねがあるとしたら、なにをしますか?
お金があるとしたら、何をしますか?
Again, be careful with this! Make sure the sentence doesn't have an O-Form verb, if it does, the translation changes to _attempt_ :
If I attempt to eat **this, I will die!**
これをたべようとすると、しにますよ。
これを食べようとすると、死にますよ。
【となる】
As mentioned previously, と can take the place of に to emphasize the end result. This is often the case when used with なる. と is also sometimes used like this in formal situations, like the weather report on TV. When we use となる instead of になる, the nuance is that there won't be any more change after this, the object has reached it's final state.
**The tadpole** became **a frog.**
おたまじゃくしはカエルとなった。
お玉杓子はカエルとなった。
**The immigrant** became **a US citizen.**
いみんはアメリカのこくみんとなりました。
移民はアメリカの国民となりました。
Day 81 Grammar Cards:
1. to decide / to regard as / to use for / to assume
とする
2. If we assume / Assuming that
とすると
としたら
とすれば
とするなら
3. to become (final form)
となる
Day 82: For, For a, As a 【にとって・にしては・として】
The prepositions _for_ and _as_ have many uses in English. In addition to other uses, we can use them to show our perspective or standpoint. The following Japanese words will do just that, but be careful not to use them in other contexts where we use _for_ and _as._
【にとって】
We can use にとって to show how something appears from a certain standpoint. It can be translated as _to, for, as far as ~ is concerned_.
For **me, Japanese is easy.**
わたしにとって、にほんごはかんたんです。
私にとって、日本語は簡単です。
As far as **my job** is concerned **, learning math is useless.**
わたしのしごとにとって、すうがくをまなぶのはむだだ。
私の仕事にとって、数学を学ぶのは無駄だ。
You may be asking yourself why we need にとって at all in this previous sentences, couldn't we have just use は instead? We could have, but the nuance would be slightly different. By using にとって we aren't simply stating a fact, but rather, this is your perspective, your view of the world, as far as you are concerned. Compare the following sentences. The second sentence's emphasis is that it's the man's point of view.
**This information is necessary** for him **.**
このじょうほうはかれにひつようです。
この情報は彼に必要です。
As far as he is concerned **, this information is necessary.**
かれにとって、このじょうほうはひつようです。
彼にとって、この情報は必要です。
【にしては】
We can use にしては to express how our expectations contrast with reality. With pronouns in English, we do this by using the phrase _for a_ :
For a **foreigner, his Japanese is pretty good.**
がいこくじんにしては、かれのにほんごはうまいですね。
外国人にしては、彼の日本語は上手いですね。
**It's too hot** for **December!**
じゅうにがつにしてはあつすぎるよ。
十二月にしては暑過ぎるよ。
【として】
We can use として to show our viewpoints from a particular role. Remember that とする can mean _assume_ , so for this Te-Form translation, think of it as _assume a_ _role_. It can usually be translated as: _as a_.
I used the desk as a chair.
わたしはつくえをいすとしてつかいました。
私は机を椅子として使いました。
She treated him as a pet.
かのじょはかれをペットとしてあつかった。
彼女は彼をペットとして扱った。
Compare these with one of the example sentences we learned yesterday using とする, which translated to _use for_. In these previous example sentences we are saying the desk and man fulfilled the roles of a chair and pet, but with the sentence yesterday, the hydrogen wasn't fulfilling a role as fuel, it _was_ the fuel. This grammar is often used with jobs:
As a teacher, it is hard to punish students.
きょうしとして、せいとをばっするのはむずかしいです。
教師として、生徒を罰するのは難しいです。
During summer vacation, she works as a singer.
なつやすみのあいだに、かのじょはかしゅとしてはたらきます。
夏休みの間に、彼女は歌手として働きます。
We can also combine として with pronouns, to emphasize our perspective. Again, this could just be replaced with は, but using this emphasizes further that it is just your viewpoint.
I, for one **, don't care at all.**
わたしとしては、ぜんぜんかまわないよ。
私としては、全然構わないよ。
As far as **he is** concerned **, nothing matters but money.**
かれとしてはおかねいがいなにもいらない。
彼としてはお金以外何もいらない。
Day 82 Grammar Cards:
1. to / for / As far as ~ is concerned
にとって [に取って] **(UK)**
2. for a
にしては
3. as a (from the viewpoint of a particular role)
として
Day 83: Reading 15
Reading 15 Vocabulary:
6) ゆがめる [歪める] to distort / to disfigure
7) おうえんする [応援する] to support / to cheer
12) いどうする[移動する] to move / to transfer
15) せいとんする[整頓する] to put in order / to arrange neatly
20) よぶん [余分] extra / surplus
20) てきとう [適当] suitable
21) だいようする [代用する] to substitute
22) オタク nerd / geek
26) たいほう [大砲] cannon
Reading 15:
どようびの ひるに マイクと みのりは テレビを みています。
1) 土曜日の昼にマイクとみのりはテレビを見ています。
おもしろい ばんぐみが ありません ので、マイクは つまらなく なっています。
2) 面白い番組がありませんので、マイクはつまらなくなっています。
マイクは ガンプラを つくりおえることに します。
3) マイクはガンプラを作り終えることにします。
「ねえ、みのりちゃん、ガンプラを つくろうか。」
4) 「ねえ、みのりちゃん、ガンプラを作ろうか。」
「いや だよ。」とみのりは いいます。
5) 「嫌だよ。」とみのりは言います。
マイクは かおを ゆがめます。
6) マイクは顔を歪めます。
「じゃあ、みのりは テレビ みながら、おれを おうえん してくれない?」
7) 「じゃあ、みのりはテレビ見ながら、俺を応援してくれない?」
「いいよ。 がんばって。」
8) 「いいよ。頑張って。」
マイクは じぶんの へやに いって、ガンプラの ぶひんを もって きます。
9) マイクは自分の部屋に行って、ガンプラの部品を持ってきます。
そして ゆかに ぶひんを おきます。
10) そして床に部品を置きます。
「そこは ダメ だよ。 テレビが みえない。」
11) 「そこはダメだよ。テレビが見えない。」
「はい。」 とマイクは いって、ほかの ばしょに いどう して、じゅんび します。
12) 「はい。」とマイクは言って、他の場所に移動して、準備します。
まだ あたまと みぎうでを つくっていません でした。
13) まだ頭と右腕を作っていませんでした。
マイクは、「じゃあ、どっちに しよう かな? えっと、あたまに しよう。」 といいます。
14) マイクは、「じゃあ、どっちにしようかな?えっと、頭にしよう。」と言います。
ガンプラの ぶひんは たくさん ありますが、マイクは いつも へやを きれいに しています ので、ぶひんは せいとん されています。
15) ガンプラの部品はたくさんありますが、マイクはいつも部屋を綺麗にしていますので、部品は整頓されています。
マイクは ぶひんを みて、ぶひんの ひとつが ないことに きづきます。
16) マイクは部品を見て、部品の一つが無いことに気付きます。
「あれ? あの ぶひんは どこに いったん だろう? さっき まで あった のに。」
17) 「あれ?あの部品はどこに行ったんだろう?さっきまであったのに。」
マイクは へやを みまわしますが、ぶひんを みつけられません。
18) マイクは部屋を見回しますが、部品を見つけられません。
「いったい どこ だ? じゃあ、どう しようか。 ほかの ぶひんは つかえる かな。」
19) 「一体どこだ?じゃあ、どうしようか。他の部品は使えるかな。」
よぶんな パーツ から てきとうな ぶひんを さがします。
20) 余分なパーツから適当な部品を探します。
「じゃあ、あの ぶひんは なくなった から、これで だいよう する しか ない。」
21) 「じゃあ、あの部品は無くなったから、これで代用するしかない。」
ふつうは ガンプラ オタク にとっては、かわりの ぶひんは ダメ ですが、マイク にとっては、かわりの ぶひんでも だいじょうぶ です。
22) 普通はガンプラオタクにとっては、代わりの部品はダメですが、マイクにとっては、代わりの部品でも大丈夫です。
のりを つかって、あたまを つくりおえます。
23) 糊を使って、頭を作り終えます。
「わるくないね。 だいよう した ぶひん にしては かっこいいね。 じゃあ、つぎ、うでを つくる。」
24) 「悪くないね。代用した部品にしてはかっこいいね。じゃあ、次、腕を作る。」
とつぜん、マイクは あたらしい アイディアを おもいつきます。
25) 突然、マイクは新しいアイディアを思い付きます。
うでの かわりに、たいほうを つくる つもり です。
26) 腕の代わりに、大砲を作るつもりです。
「たいほうを うで として つかったら、この ガンプラは すごく かっこよく なるぜ!」
27) 「大砲を腕として使ったら、このガンプラは凄くかっこよくなるぜ!」
いちじかんご、ほかの ぶひんで、マイクは たいほうを つくることが できました。
28) 一時間後、他の部品で、マイクは大砲を作ることができました。
「ついに、これは せかいで いちばん つよい ガンプラ となった!」
29) 「ついに、これは世界で一番強いガンプラとなった!」
「ねえ、マイク。 うるさい。 テレビを みているの。」 とみのりは いいます。
30) 「ねえ、マイク。うるさい。テレビを見ているの。」とみのりは言います。
Day 84: Whenever, Each Time, In the Case of 【たびに・ばあい】
【たびに】
If you look up たびに in the dictionary, it will say the definition is _on the occasion of_ , which is a fancy way of saying _whenever, each time,_ or _every time._
Whenever **I go to the supermarket, I buy milk.**
スーパーにいくたびに、ぎゅうにゅうをかいます。
スーパーに行くたびに、牛乳を買います。
Whenever I eat pork I get a stomach ache.
ぶたにくをたべるたびに、おなかがいたくなる。
豚肉を食べるたびに、お腹が痛くなる。
If we use this word with nouns, we have to add の to make it のたびに. Suru-Verbs can take this noun form with or without する.
Every **weekend I study math.**
**(Lit.** On the occasion of **the weekend, I study.)**
しゅうまつのたびに、すうがくをべんきょうします。
週末のたびに、数学を勉強します。
Whenever **I study math, I get a headache.**
すうがくのべんきょうのたびに、あたまがいたくなる。
数学の勉強のたびに、頭が痛くなる。
Each time **I drive, I get nervous.**
うんてんのたびに、きんちょうする。
運転のたびに、緊張しする。
Each time **I drive, I get nervous.**
うんてんするたびに、きんちょうする。
運転するたびに、緊張する。
【場合】
A very useful word that you will encounter a lot is ばあい [場合] which means case or situation. This can sometimes be translated as if.
In case of fire.
かじのばあい。
火事の場合。
If **I go, I will call you.**
**(Lit.** If it is the case that **I go, I will call you.)**
いくばあい、でんわします。
行く場合、電話します。
ばあい [場合] is often paired with この and その.
I'm usually wrong, but in this case I'm right.
わたしはふだんただしくないけど、このばあいはただしいです。
私は普段正しくないけど、この場合は正しいです。
In that case, I'll change my mind.
そのばあいは、おもいなおします。
その場合は、思い直します。
Because this word is referring to certain occasions, we can use it to express what we do during those occasions. In English as well as Japanese, this has a nuance of something that happens rarely, or under special circumstances. In English, we usually say but when I do.
I don't really like takoyaki, but when I go to Osaka, I eat it.
たこやきはあまりすきじゃないけど、おおさかにいくばあいはたべます。
たこ焼きはあまり好きじゃないけど、大阪に行く場合は食べます。
He rarely goes out to eat, but when he does, he eats yakiniku.
かれはめったにたべにいかないけど、いくばあいはやきにくをたべる。
彼は滅多に食べに行かないけど、行く場合は焼肉を食べる。
Day 84 Grammar Cards:
1. on the occasion of / whenever / each time / every time
たびに [度に] (UK)
2. in the case of / situation / whenever
ばあい[場合]
Day 85: Within 【うち・そのうち】
【うち】
The kanji for うち[内] means inside or within, and is often paired with the Nai-Form to say that you did something within a time frame, or that you did something before something undesirable happened.
I climbed the mountain before the sun rose.
あさひがのぼらないうちにやまをのぼった。
朝日が昇らないうちに山を登った。
I had not worked for ten minutes before I got tired.
じゅうぷんはたらかないうちにつかれてきました。
十分働かないうちに疲れてきました。
There is a special construction that uses the verb twice, the first time as the U-Form + か, and the second time as the Nai-Form + うちに. When it appears like this, you don't translate the verb twice, but rather, add the word hardly, or just barely to the sentence. Suru-Verbs will say する twice as well, but the noun being done will only be said once.
I had hardly worked ten minutes before I got tired.
じゅうぷんはたらくかはたらかないうちにつかれてきました。
十分働くか働かないうちに疲れてきました。
I had hardly driven five minutes before I got into an accident!
ごふんうんてんするかしないうちにこうつうじこをした。
五分運転するかしないうちに交通事故をした。
【そのうち】
The phrase そのうち is used to mean soon, eventually, or before long:
Before long **, he will have to answer for his crimes.**
かれはそのうちはんざいのせきにんをおう。
彼はそのうち犯罪の責任を負う。
Your Japanese will get better eventually.
そのうちにほんごがじょうずになりますよ。
そのうち日本語が上手になりますよ。
Day 85 Grammar Cards:
1. Before (verb) happened... (usually undesirable)
Nai-Form + うちに [内に] (UK)
2. Hardly (verb) before (sentence) happened
U-Form + か Nai-Form + うちに \+ (sentence)
3. soon / eventually / before long
そのうち
Day 86: Just, In the Middle of, About to 【ばかり・たて・中・としている】
In today's lesson, we will learn how to say that we just did something, are in the middle of doing something, or are about to do something. Most of the words today we have already learned before in other contexts.
【ばかり】
To say that we have just completed an action, we add the word ばかり. We've previously learned to use this word with nouns to say only or just, but it can be used with time as well. Of course, this has to be used with a verb in the past tense to make sense. In casual conversation, the last kana り is often dropped, while adding っ to か.
I just took a shower.
シャーワをあびたばかり。
シャーワを浴びたばかり。
I just ate.
たべたばっか。
食べたばっか。
【たて】
The I-Form can be combined with たて to show that something was just completed. The new word will become a No-Adjective. The nuance of this word is freshly. So if you use it in certain contexts, it can sound funny. This is used primarily with fresh food, though some other verbs are also common, such as ならう [習う] (to learn).
I like eating freshly baked bread.
やきたてのぱんをたべるのがすきです。
焼きたてのパンを食べるのが好きです。
**It's tough to recall** newly learned **words.**
ならいたてのたんごはおもいだしずらい。
習いたての単語は思い出しずらい。
【中】
To say that we are in the middle of doing or currently doing something, we use the I-Form + ちゅう [中]. This can sometimes be translated to say that something is underway. Often in English we use the word under in phrases like under construction or under review. ちゅう [中] is used similarly. Another thing to consider is the translation of sentences using this word. Often in English we won't say we are in the middle of doing something, we will just use the present continuous tense. But in Japanese, people explicitly state that they are in the middle of doing it.
I am looking for a job.
(Lit. I am in the middle of looking for a job).
しゅうかつちゅうです。
就活中です。
I'm working right now.
**(Lit. I'm** in the middle of **work now.)**
いま、しごとちゅうです。
今、仕事中です。
【としている】
To say that you are about to do something, use the O-Form + としている. Remember that this grammar also means to try / attempt for things that don't happen over a long period of time, but rather things that we are attempting at the moment. With this translation regarding time, we can finally see why it has this temporal attribute.
I am about to eat dinner.
ばんごはんをたべようとしています。
晩ご飯を食べようとしています。
**The train is** about to depart **.**
でんしゃはしゅっぱつしようとしている。
電車は出発しようとしている。
Again, we learned this grammar to say that we attempted to do something. The previous sentences could also have been translated as I am trying to eat dinner and The train is trying to depart. From context alone, you should be able to determine if someone is saying they are about to do something or if they are attempting to do something.
Day 86 Grammar Cards:
1. just (time)
Past verb + ばかり
2. freshly
I-From + たて [立て] **(UK)**
3. In the middle of / Underway
I-Form + ちゅう [中]
4. About to (verb)
O-Form + としている
Day 87: Time Phrases Part 1 【ほど・ばかり・後・以来・以前・今にも】
In today's lesson we will learn a few alternate words to phrases that we already know.
【ほど・ばかり】
We've learned to say ごろ [頃] or ぐらいto mean about and around with time, but if we want to be more polite, it's better to use ほど. If we are using verbs that take time, such as まつ [待つ] (to wait), たつ [経つ] (to pass), and かかる [掛かる] (to take), we can also use ばかり. However, ばかり is a bit old fashioned, and younger Japanese people probably won't use it.
She came about an hour ago. (polite)
かのじょはいちじかんほどまえきました。
彼女は一時間ほど前来ました。
This process takes about three hours. (old fashioned)
このかていはさんじかんばかりかかる。
この過程は三時間ばかりかかる。
ほど and ばかり can sometimes be used with any approximate amount of something, not just time:
**There were** about **10 people.**
じゅうにんほどいました。
十人ほどいました。
It's about 2000 yen.
ねだんはにせんえんばかりです。
値段は二千円ばかりです。
【後】
We've seen the kanji 後 in the word ごご 午後] (afternoon), and also the word うしろ [後ろ] (back / behind). This kanji is often used in compound words to mean after. When it appears first, it will be pronounced こう, and when it appears second, it will be pronounced ご. For example: こうはん [後半 and こんご [今後] (from now on). By itself, the kanji is pronounced のち [後] to mean afterwards, or あと [後] to mean after, later, behind, or left over / remaining. のち [後] is usually only used in writing, and in speech, most people will just say そのあと [その後].
**Let's talk** later/after **.**
あとではなしましょう。
後で話しましょう。
There is a cat behind you.
あなたのうしろにねこがいます。
あなたの後ろに猫がいます。
There are three people remaining.
あとさんにんいます。
後三人います。
He became famous. Afterwards he became rich.
かれはゆうめいになった。のちにおかねもちになった。
彼は有名になった。後にお金持ちになった。
【以来】
We learned to say から with time to say from or since, but a more formal way to say since with time is to use いらい [以来].
I have lived in Japan since 2005.
にせんごねんいらいにほんにすんでいます。
二千五年以来日本に住んでいます。
Since then, it has become dangerous.
それいらい、あぶなくなった。
それ以来、危なくなった。
【以前】
We learned that we can say まえ [前] to say before, but a more formal way is to use いぜん [以前]. This is often used in sentences comparing things to the past, or to show how things used to be.
There was boulder here before.
There used to be a boulder here.
いぜんここにはいわがありました。
以前ここには岩がありました。
This was a peaceful county back then.
ここはいぜん、へいわなくにだった。
ここは以前、平和な国だった。
【今にも】
If we add にも to いま [今] (now) it means soon, before long, or at any time.
The package will arrive soon.
いまにもこづつみがとうちゃくします。
今にも小包が到着します。
She will call before long.
かのじょはいまにもでんわします。
彼女は今にも電話します。
Day 87 Grammar Cards:
1. about / around (amount / interval)
ほど (polite)
ばかり (old fashioned)
2. After prefix
こう[後]
3. After suffix
ご[後]
4. afterward
のち [後] (written)
そのあと [その後] (spoken)
5. since
いらい [以来]
6. before / used to
いぜん [以前]
7. soon / before long / at any time
いまにも[今にも]
Day 88: Time Phrases Part 2 【すでに・先日・近頃・途端・今後・当時・同時・やがて】
After nearly finishing this book, if you're feeling a bit nostalgic for the format of Volume One, here are a couple lessons to remind you of the good old days when Japanese was easy! The following words require little explanation, so I decided to arrange them like a lesson from Volume One.
1. already すでに [既に] (UK)
We learned to say _already_ with もう and a past tense verb in Volume One. We can also use the phase すでに to mean already. This word has a nuance of saying that it's too late to do something, because something else has already happened.
2. recently / the other day / a few days ago せんじつ [先日]
If we look at the kanji, we can see the meanings previous and day.
3. recently / nowadays ちかごろ [近頃]
The kanji are the same ones we use for ちかい [近い] (near / close) and ごろ [頃] (time / about).
4. just as / as soon asとたん [途端]
This is used to show what action happened immediately after something else happened.
5. from now on こんご [今後]
The meaning of this is similar to いまから [今から].
6. in those days / at that timeとうじ [当時]
This is often used to refer to to the distant past.
7. simultaneously / at the same time どうじ [同時]
Be careful not to confuse this with word #6.
8. by and by / soon / eventually やがて [軈て] (UK)
This is yet another word that means soon. The first meaning by and by was chosen to distinguish it from the other words.
Day 88 Example Sentences:
1. The train has already left. (So it's too late to get on.)
でんしゃはすでにはっしゃしました。
電車はすでに発車しました。
2. I met Ann the other day.
せんじつアンさんとあいました。
先日アンさんと会いました。
**3.** These days **, those kinds of machines are obsolete.**
そのようなきかいはちかごろ、すたれました。
そのような機械は近頃、廃れました。
**4.** Just as **I saw it, it disappeared!**
みたとたんきえた。
見た途端消えた。
**5.** From now on **, tell me first.**
こんご、わたしにさきにいってください。
今後、私に先に言って下さい。
6. In those days we didn't have the internet.
とうじ、ネットがなかった。
当時、ネットがなかった。
**7. Can you drive and eat** at the same time **?**
あなたはどうじにたべることとうんてんすることをできますか。
あなたは同時に食べることと運転することを出来ますか。
**8.** By and by **, he came to be able to eat natto.**
かれはやがて、なっとうをたべるようになった。
彼はやがて、納豆を食べるようになった。
Day 89: Time Phrases Part 3 【ついに・結局・とうとう・いつまでも・常に・直ちに・再び・一度に】
**1. finally / at last / in the end** ついに [遂に] **(UK)**
We learned つい in Day 28, but with the particle に the word is completely different. With a negative verb, this word translates to _in the end_. To help you distinguish it from the following words, note that the kanji means accomplish.
**2. after all / eventually / in the end** けっきょく [結局]
We can use this with affirmative verbs for _in the end._ The kanji meanings are _tie_ and _conclusion_. Perhaps you can think of it as what happened when all the loose ends were _tied up_.
3. finally / after all / in the end とうとう [到頭] (UK)
Yet another word for finally, these kanji mean arrival and head, so you can thing of it as some process reaching its final conclusion.
**4. forever / eternally / indefinitely / no matter what** いつまでも
**5. always / constantly** つねに [常に]
**6. at once / immediately / directly / in person** ただちに [直ちに]
**7. again / once more / a second time** ふたたび [再び]
8. all at once いちどに [一度に]
Day 89 Example Sentences:
**1. He** finally **paid back his debt.**
かれはついにしゃっきんをはらった。
彼はついに借金を払った。
**2.** In the end **, everyone was unharmed.**
みんなはけっきょく、ぶじだった。
皆は結局、無事だった。
**3. I could** finally **sell my stock.**
わたしはとうとうかぶをうることできました。
私はとうとう株を売ることできました。
**4. I will love you** no matter what **.**
いつまでもあなたをあいしていますよ。
いつまでもあなたを愛していますよ。
**5. Even though I've taken medicine, my stomach** constantly **hurts.**
くすりをのんだのに、おなかがつねにいたみます。
薬を飲んだのに、お腹が常に痛みます。
**6. If you have pain, call the doctor** immediately **.**
いたみがあれば、ただちにいしゃにでんわしなさい。
痛みがあれば、直ちに医者に電話しなさい。
**7. After losing his wealth, he became rich** once more **.**
ざいさんをうしなったあとに、かれはふたたびおかねもちになった。
財産を失ったあとに、彼は再びお金持ちになった。
**8. She drank the wine** all at once **.**
かのじょはいちどにワインをのんだ。
彼女は一度にワインを飲んだ。
Day 90: Reading 16
Reading 16 Vocabulary:
1) どくしょ [読書] reading
5) すし [寿司] sushi
5) からて [空手] karate
6) すばらしい [素晴らしい] amazing
6) けいけん [経験] experience
7) ふじさん [富士山] Mt. Fuji
7) もちmochi
8) たつ [経つ] to pass / to elapse (time)
12) さとる [悟る] to understand / to realize
14) どりょく [努力] effort
18) ひょうげん [表現] expression
18) ほうほう [方法] method / way
20) のうりょく [能力] ability
20) しんぽする [進歩する] to progress / to advance
21) かんぺき [完璧] perfect
28) こうせいになをのこす [後世に名を残す] to leave your name in history
Reading 16:
これは さいごの どくしょ です。
1) これは最後の読書です。
わたしの にほんごの べんきょう について はなしても いい ですか。
2) 私の日本語の勉強について話してもいいですか。
にせんじゅうねん いらい、にほんに すんでいます。
3) 2010年以来、日本に住んでいます。
はじめて にほんに きた とき、にほんごが ぜんぜん はなせません でした。
4) 初めて日本に来た時、日本語が全然話せませんでした。
にほんに くる いぜんは、「すし、からて」 しか いえません でした。
5) 日本に来る以前は、「寿司、空手」しか言えませんでした。
にほんでは たくさん すばらしい けいけんを しました。
6) 日本ではたくさん素晴らしい経験をしました。
ふじさんに のぼって、やきたての もちを たべて、おおぜい ともだちを つくりました。
7) 富士山に登って、焼きたてのもちを食べて、大勢友達を作りました。
にねん たっても、まだ にほんごを はなせません でした。
8) 二年経っても、まだ日本語を話せませんでした。
じつは、あまり べんきょう していません でした。
9) 実は、あまり勉強していませんでした。
わたしは なまけもの でした。
10) 私は怠け者でした。
ひまな ときには パソコンゲームを したり、テレビを みたり していました。
11) 暇な時にはパソコンゲームをしたり、テレビを見たりしていました。
にほんごを はなせる ように なる ことを あきらめよう とおもいましたが、そのうち、わたしは まちがっている ということを さとりました。
12) 日本語を話せるようになることを諦めようと思いましたが、そのうち、私は間違っているということを悟りました。
わたしは がんばっていません でした。
13) 私は頑張っていませんでした。
もう ちょっと どりょくが ひつよう でした。
14) もうちょっと努力が必要でした。
まいにち にほんごを べんきょうする ときめました。
15) 毎日日本語を勉強すると決めました。
しかも、にほんじんと あう たびに、れんしゅう する ときめました。
16) しかも、日本人と会うたびに、練習すると決めました。
べんきょう するか しない うちに わたしの にほんごは よく なって いました。
17) 勉強するかしないうちに私の日本語は良くなっていました。
べんきょうちゅうに、たくさん あたらしい ひょうげんほうほうを まなびました。
18) 勉強中に、たくさん新しい表現方法を学びました。
さんかげつほど すると、きゅうに にほんごが はなせる ように なりました。
19) 三ヶ月ほどすると、急に日本語が話せるようになりました。
がんばった おかげで わたしの にほんごの のうりょくは しんぽ しました。
20) 頑張ったおかげで私の日本語の能力は進歩しました。
まだ かんぺき ではありませんが、じぶんの かんがえを ひょうげん できます。
21) まだ完璧ではありませんが、自分の考えを表現できます。
これは いちばん だいじ だ とおもいます。
22) これは一番大事だと思います。
もうすぐ、このほんは おわります。
23) もうすぐ、この本は終わります。
この あと、あなたは じぶんで べんきょう しなければなりません。
24) この後、あなたは自分で勉強しなければなりません。
じぶんで れんしゅう しなければなりません。
25) 自分で練習しなければなりません。
じぶんに おしえなければなりません。
26) 自分に教えなければなりません。
よんで、きいて、はなして、にほんじんの ともだちを つくって、がんばって ください。
27) 読んで、聞いて、話して、日本人の友達を作って、頑張ってください。
こうせいに なを のこして ください!
28) 後世に名を残してください!
| 2024-01-08T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6694 |
Q:
SQL select record right after a particular date, compare NULL with date
I like to keep all records in tableA that are right after my targeted date,
Main table A
Table B
SELECT *
FROM tableA a
LEFT JOIN tableB b on b.customerID = a.customerID and b.target_date = a.sell_date
WHERE a.sell_date > b.target_date
Unfortunately my code above doesn't work since SQL can't compare NULL with date.
My expected output is
A:
The inequality between target_date and sell_date could go in the join condition of the FROM clause. This way the WHERE clause could be eliminated.
SELECT *
FROM tableA a
LEFT JOIN tableB b on b.customerID=a.customerID
and b.target_date <= a.sell_date;
| 2023-11-27T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7890 |
We may have suspected it already, but now the science backs it up: unmarried and childless women are the happiest subgroup in the population. And they are more likely to live longer than their married and child-rearing peers, according to a leading expert in happiness.Speaking at the Hay festival on Saturday, Paul Dolan, a professor of behavioural science at the London School of Economics, said the latest evidence showed that the traditional markers used to measure success did not correlate with happiness – particularly marriage and raising children.“Married people are happier than other population subgroups, but only when their spouse is in the room when they’re asked how happy they are. When the spouse is not present: fucking miserable,” he said.
“We do have some good longitudinal data following the same people over time, but I am going to do a massive disservice to that science and just say: if you’re a man, you should probably get married; if you’re a woman, don’t bother.”Men benefited from marriage because they “calmed down”, he said. “You take less risks, you earn more money at work, and you live a little longer. She, on the other hand, has to put up with that, and dies sooner than if she never married. The healthiest and happiest population subgroup are women who never married or had children,” he said.
Dolan’s latest book, Happy Ever After, cites evidence from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), which compared levels of pleasure and misery in unmarried, married, divorced, separated and widowed individuals. The study found that levels of happiness reported by those who were married was higher than the unmarried, but only when their spouse was in the room. Unmarried individuals reported lower levels of misery than married individuals who were asked when their spouse was not present.Other studies have measured some financial and health benefits in being married for both men and women on average, which Dolan said could be attributed to higher incomes and emotional support, allowing married people to take risks and seek medical help.
However, Dolan said men showed more health benefits from tying the knot, as they took fewer risks. Women’s health was mostly unaffected by marriage, with middle-aged married women even being at higher risk of physical and mental conditions than their single counterparts.Despite the benefits of a single, childless lifestyle for women, Dolan said that the existing narrative that marriage and children were signs of success meant that the stigma could lead some single women to feel unhappy.
“You see a single woman of 40, who has never had children – ‘Bless, that’s a shame, isn’t it? Maybe one day you’ll meet the right guy and that’ll change.’ No, maybe she’ll meet the wrong guy and that’ll change. Maybe she’ll meet a guy who makes her less happy and healthy, and die sooner.” | 2024-01-26T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4214 |
Edgar Jimenez Lugo, who just turned 15, helped murder four men and kidnap three others last year at the service of a major criminal band, Judge Jose Luis Jaimes ruled.
The teen will serve his sentence at a youth prison outside the city of Cuernavaca, about 50 miles south of Mexico City.
Jimenez was arrested by army troops last December as he attempted to board a flight for Tijuana en route to his mother's home in San Diego, Calif. Paraded before the new media by soldiers, the boy confessed to the murders and other crimes.
"I slit their throats," Jimenez said in response to a reporter's question, shocking a Mexican public already hardened by years of gangland fighting that's claimed some 40,000 lives. The boy said he started his career as a killer at the age of 11.
Sisters also face trial
The public confession was inadmissible in the trial, which began on July 18. Instead, state prosecutors called 42 witnesses in the closed-door oral trial, including several of those Jimenez was accused of kidnapping.
The boy's court appointed attorneys did not call a single witness, and the judge ruled other evidence presented by them was invalid.
More for you News Mexico cartel's teen assassin gets max: 3 years
Jimenez and other underaged accomplices worked as enforcers for the Beltran Leyva narcotics smuggling syndicate in the Cuernavaca area. After Mexican marines killed the gang's boss, Arturo Beltran Leyva, it fell into internal warfare through much of last year. The result was hundreds of dead in and near Cuernavaca.
Jimenez was tried only for the killing of four men whose bodies were hanging from a busy highway overpass. In addition, he was convicted of narcotics trafficking, weapons possession and kidnapping, the state prosecutors office said in a statement.
Two older sisters arrested along with Jimenez will be tried as adults for similar crimes. They face decades in prison.
But under judicial reforms enacted two years ago, Morelos state sets a maximum sentence of three years for offenders aged 12 to 15. Older minors can go to prison for five years, and those younger than 12 can't be tried at all.
Born in California
With credit for time served, Jimenez could be released in December 2013, according to court officials. Because he faces no U.S. charges, the teen will be free to move north of the border upon release.
El Ponchis and his siblings were brought to Cuernavaca by their paternal grandmother shortly after Edgar was born in San Diego. The children were taken by child welfare authorities after testing reportedly found cocaine in Edgar's bloodstream. Both parents were addicted to crack cocaine and had frequent brushes with the law.
After his grandmother's death and then frequent run-ins with teachers, the boy was allowed to drop out of school after the third grade. His street life began then.
The Jimenez siblings were said to work directly for Julio "Blackie" Radilla, a local Beltran Leyva lieutenant who was arrested this spring for the late March murders of seven innocent people whose bodies were found stuffed into a compact car near Cuernavaca.
Among those victims was the 24-year-old son of poet Javier Silicia, who in June led a protest caravan across northern Mexico calling for an end to the government's war on gangsters.
dudley.althaus@chron.com | 2023-08-19T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3258 |
How the aging brain translates motivational incentive into action: the role of individual differences in striato-cortical white matter pathways.
The anticipation of reward enhances actions that lead to those rewards, but individuals differ in how effectively motivational incentives modulate their actions. Such individual differences are particularly prominent in aging. In order to account for such inter-individual variability among older adults, we approach the neurobiological mechanisms of motivated behavior from an individual differences perspective focusing on white matter pathways in the aging brain. Using analyses of probabilistic tractography seeded in the striatum, we report that the estimated strength of cortico-striatal and intra-striatal white matter pathways among older adults correlated with how effectively motivational incentives modulated their actions. Specifically, individual differences in the extent to which elderly participants utilized reward cues to prepare and perform more efficient antisaccades predicted structural connectivity of the striatum with cortical areas involved in reward anticipation and oculomotor control. These striatal connectivity profiles endow us with a network account for individual differences in motivated behavior among older adults. More generally, the data suggest that capturing individual differences may be crucial to better understand developmental trajectories in motivated behavior. | 2024-07-12T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6526 |
Generalized information entropies depending only on the probability distribution.
In the framework of superstatistics it has been shown that one can calculate the entropy of nonextensive statistical mechanics. We follow a similar procedure; we assume a Γ(χ(2)) distribution depending on β that also depends on a parameter p(l). From it we calculate the Boltzmann factor and show that it is possible to obtain the information entropy S=k∑(l=1)(Ω)s(p(l)), where s(p(l))=1-p(l)(p(l)). By maximizing this information measure, p(l) is calculated as function of βE(l) and, at this stage of the procedure, p(l) can be identified with the probability distribution. We show the validity of the saddle-point approximation and we also briefly discuss the generalization of one of the four Khinchin axioms. The modified axioms are then in accordance with the proposed entropy. As further possibilities, we also propose other entropies depending on p(l) that resemble the Kaniakadis and two possible Sharma-Mittal entropies. By expanding in series all entropies in this work we have as a first term the Shannon entropy. | 2024-03-26T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3752 |
Targets for Health Interventions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease-fatigue.
Fatigue is a complex, multifactorial, and multidimensional phenomenon. Recognition of modifiable correlates of fatigue can provide a further understanding of this phenomenon in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] and aid in the development of interventions tailored towards fatigue with potential for efficacy. Our aims were to systematically search and synthesise available evidence on potentially modifiable factors contributing to IBD-fatigue and what advances in the management of fatigue in individuals with IBD have been made. The process of selection of citations was based on an earlier review by Czuber-Dochan et al. [2013] and was undertaken in two phases: i] searching for new studies published since August 2012, using seven electronic databases; ii] re-selection of papers included in previous review according to the aims of the current review. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. IBD-fatigue was consistently associated with disease activity, depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulties. However, most studies were cross-sectional; thus the direction of causation remains unknown. The relationship between biochemical factors, such as anaemia and inflammation, and fatigue was inconsistent. Solution-focused therapy, thiamine, and exercise showed promising effects on IBD-fatigue. Interventions continue to be sparse, with methodological limitations and only short-term effects reported. The review identified a number of psychosocial and physical factors which could potentially be modified through targeted health interventions and improve fatigue in IBD. Research utilising prospective observational studies and randomized control trial [RCT] design is required to develop and test interventions to reduce fatigue, most likely within a biopsychosocial model of care. | 2024-04-17T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7690 |
Ministries
Evangelization
“Evangelizing our cultures and being evangelized ourselves anew depends on our attentiveness to see reality with the eyes of faith and hope, as well as the ability to read the theological meaning in the signs of the times”. (Journeying, General Principles #5)
Some sisters work directly in this ministry and offer youth and young families opportunities of retreats/meetings. Sisters are involved and organize, in collaboration with other congregations, missions, Franciscan Marches, catechesis programs and faith deepening. Other sisters evangelize through their public witness of lifestyle lived in the fidelity to daily commitments, charitable services and advocacy for the marginalized. | 2024-06-04T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1431 |
Over 800 voters turn out for elections
Joe Prax, center, and Alan Sorum, right, were sworn into office last Thursday as new school board members by Holly Powers, left, deputy city clerk of Valdez. The two were on hand for a special school board meeting, the first after last week’s municipal elections.
A total of 836 votes were cast in the October 1 municipal elections according Holly Powers, deputy city clerk for Valdez.
Powers made the announcement at noon a week ago Tuesday when the Valdez City Council met at a special meeting to certify the municipal election results.
Voters reelected Mike Wells (454 votes) to the Valdez City Council, along with newcomers Dennis Fleming (351 votes) and Ruth E Knight (360 votes) out of a field of 13 candidates. Former council woman Karen Ables lost her bid for reelection with 225 votes.
Former council members Joe Prax (485 votes) and Alan Sorum (336 votes) were both elected to the board of education, out of a field of five candidates, ousting incumbent Steve Brockman.
Both were sworn in during a special school board meeting held Thursday night at the Valdez High School library.
Valdez Star photo
Ruth E Knight, right, was sworn into office Monday night after winning a seat on the Valdez City Council. Sheri Pierce, city clerk, administered the oath of office. Incumbent Mike Wells and councilman-elect Dennis Fleming were absent and will be sworn into office during the Oct. 21 council meeting.
Candidate Nate Smith, came in fourth place, earning 280 votes. Candidate Rich Long, who announced last week that he was dropping out of the race, still netted 102 votes, as his name was still on the ballot because candidates cannot withdraw from the race after the nomination period for elected office is closed.
The three council seats are for two-year terms.
On the school board side, candidates Joe Prax and Alan Sorum won the race to fill two seats that are for three-year terms. Prax received 485 votes and Sorum 336 votes. Their new school board seats are for three year terms.
One absentee ballot and two questioned ballots were not counted out of the 100 cast. One absentee ballot was “over-voted,” meaning the elector filled in the bubble next to the name of three candidates for school board, when there were only two seats up for election. Two questioned ballots were not counted after Holly Powers, deputy city clerk, discovered that the voters in question were indeed registered to vote in Valdez, but had failed to register a full 30 days before Tuesday’s election, as required by law. | 2024-01-28T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9108 |
DOA AND DLNR NEWS RELEASE: The State of Hawai’i ready to implement Hawai’i Interagency Biosecurity Plan Posted on Jan 10, 2017 in Latest News
Provides 10-Year Framework for Invasive Species Prevention
HONOLULU – The State of Hawai‘i, in a broad coalition of stakeholders led by the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Land and Natural Resources, has finalized the State’s first interagency and comprehensive biosecurity plan to protect Hawai‘i’s agriculture, environment, economy and health. In the past, individual federal, state, and local agencies have tried their best to address and manage the issues related to biosecurity within the context of their own agencies.
“The State of Hawai‘i now has a coordinated comprehensive plan to tackle the threats and harms from invasive species,” said Gov. David Ige. “I’m proud to announce that over the last year, several of my key state agencies have been working together with public and private stakeholders to develop the first Interagency Biosecurity Plan. This plan will provide a 10-year framework to prevent invasive species from entering our borders, detect them once they have entered the state, and better manage the established invasive species that are already within our state.”
The threats of invasive species are real and threaten our way of life. The Islands are home to more endangered species than any other state. These invasive species threaten Hawai‘i’s economy and natural environment and the health and lifestyle of its people and visitors. They replace native ecosystems, diminish fresh water quality and quantity, and increase disease and other human health concerns.
Invasive species have devastating impacts on our $600 million agricultural industry through crop damage and costly mitigation measures. Stinging ants, biting snakes, and other pests are also a threat to our $14.9 billion tourism industry.
The scope of the Hawai‘i Interagency Biosecurity Plan addresses all three biosecurity areas including pre-border (for example, agreements on handling and treatment of products before they enter the state), border (for example, inspection authorities and technologies), and post-border (for example, tools and capacity for response after invasive species have become established). The benefit of a comprehensive interagency plan is that it facilitates actions and policies across a wide range of agencies and partners. The plan includes roughly 150 action items assigned to various agencies and stakeholders, with specific details on how and when to best implement each action.
“We have to be smarter in using state resources by working together and collaborating across and within their agencies. We just don’t have the financial and human resources to do it by ourselves, the problem is much greater than just a Department of Agriculture issue,” emphasized Scott Enright, chairperson of the Hawai‘i Board of Agriculture. “This plan gives us the framework or path to better address and manage the problems of invasive species.”
“This is really an example of many hands working together to achieve the best outcome,” said Suzanne Case, chairperson of the Department of Land and Natural Resources. “Our environment, our food, and our people are all interconnected. Using a cross-sector approach is the best way we can work to protect Hawai‘i.”
The Hawai‘i Interagency Biosecurity Plan may be found on the HDOA website:
http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/blog/main/biosecurityplan/
# # #
MEDIA CONTACTS:
Dept. of Agriculture
Janelle Saneishi
Public Information Officer
(808) 973-9560
Dept. of Land and Natural Resources
Dan Dennison
Senior Communications Manager
(808) 587-0407 | 2024-01-29T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6343 |
[Exercise-induced attacks of variant angina pectoris].
Ten coronary patients showing no signs of controlled myocardial infarction and responding with transient ST rise to bicycle-ergometric exercise were investigated. ST rise was also recorded from the same leads during a spontaneous attack and cold testing. Coronarography revealed mild coronary arterial lesions. No ST elevation was recorded when bicycle-ergometric test was repeated in the presence of obsidan or corinfar treatment, and the test was negative in most cases. | 2023-09-11T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6338 |
Control valves are used in modern internal combustion engines, for example for the control of devices for variably setting the control times of gas exchange valves, by means of which the phase relation between a crankshaft and a camshaft can be configured variably within a defined angular range between a maximum advance position and a maximum retard position. The device is drive-connected to a crankshaft and is connected fixedly in terms of rotation to a camshaft and has a plurality of pressure chambers, by means of which a phase relation between the crankshaft and the camshaft can be varied in a directed way by the supply or discharge of pressure medium. The supply of pressure medium to and discharge of pressure medium from the pressure chambers are controlled by means of a control valve.
A device and a control valve are known, for example, from DE 182 11 468 A1. The device comprises a driven element which is arranged rotatably with respect to a drive element and which is connected fixedly in terms of rotation to a camshaft. The drive element is drive-connected to a crankshaft. Inside the device, a plurality of pressure chambers acting opposite to one another are provided, by means of which the phase position of the driven element in relation to the drive element can be set in a directed way within a defined angular range. Directed rotation of the camshaft in relation to the crankshaft can thus be brought about.
The camshaft is mounted in a cylinder head of the internal combustion engine by means of a plurality of camshaft bearings. Pressure medium is supplied via one of the camshaft bearings to a pressure medium duct formed in the camshaft and can be conducted into the pressure chambers via a control valve which is arranged in a receptacle of the camshaft. The control valve is composed of a valve housing and of a control piston received axially displaceably in the valve housing. The valve housing has a plurality of hydraulic connections, one inflow connection communicating with a pressure medium pump, two working connections communicating with the pressure chambers and one outflow connection communicating with a pressure medium reservoir of the internal combustion engine. The control piston can be positioned in relation to the valve housing in the axial direction, counter to the force of a spring element, by means of an electromagnetic actuating unit, with the result that the working connections are connected to the outflow connection or to the inflow connection and the pressure medium streams are thus controlled from and to the pressure chambers. | 2024-03-06T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1543 |
Q:
Yet unknown variables inside array
Is there a way to add some kind of parameters to array (yet unknown variables)? As you can see here, i dont know the userID in advance (before the mysql fetch), so i cant properly form a link leading to edit page.
<?php
$box = array ('1'=>"<a href='edit.php?id=/PROBLEM??/'>edit</a>",'2'=>'Cannot edit');
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($something)) {
?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo $row["Name"]; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $box[$row["editable"]]; ?></td>
</tr>
<?php
}
?>
$row["editable"] returns 1 or 2, depends on database record which
returns if user is editable or not.
A:
You can use sprintf():
$box = array ('1'=>"<a href='edit.php?id=%d'>edit</a>",'2'=>'Cannot edit');
echo sprintf($box[$row["editable"]], ID_HERE)
| 2024-07-15T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4550 |
Visual and spectral EEG analysis in the evaluation of the outcome in patients with ischemic brain infarction.
Serial EEGs were recorded in 15 patients with acute cerebral infarctions in order to study clinical and prognostic correlations. The EEG was recorded within 48 h from the first symptoms and thereafter weekly for 4 weeks. The EEGs were analyzed both visually and with a computerized spectral analysis. Eight of the patients recovered fully and seven had permanent neurological deficits. On admission, 87% of the patients had an abnormal EEG by visual analysis. The spectral parameters correlated well with visual findings, especially the delta and alpha bands. The spectral analysis was superior to visual in predicting the correct laterality of the lesion. It showed the correct side of the lesion in 87%, while the visual did it in only 54% of the cases. The first EEG records reliably predicted the outcome of the patients. The degree of background abnormality was most important in visual EEG analysis. In spectral analysis, parameters from single derivations were superior to the average of all derivations. A high proportion of delta or low proportion of alpha power were reliable indicators of poor outcome. | 2024-03-24T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9384 |
Histidine-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase regulates platelet-derived growth factor receptor intracellular sorting and degradation.
Histidine domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP) is a putative phosphatase that has been shown to affect the signaling and downregulation of certain receptor tyrosine kinases. To investigate if HD-PTP affects platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) signaling, we employed the overexpression of HA-tagged HD-PTP, as well as siRNA-mediated and lentivirus shRNA-mediated silencing of HD-PTP in NIH3T3 cells. We found that HD-PTP was recruited to the PDGFRβ in a ligand-dependent manner. Depletion of HD-PTP resulted in an inability of PDGF-BB to promote tyrosine phosphorylation of the ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b, with a concomitant missorting and reduction of the degradation of activated PDGFRβ. In contrast, ligand-induced internalization of PDGFRβ was unaffected by HD-PTP silencing. Furthermore, the levels of STAM and Hrs of the ESCRT0 machinery were decreased, and immunofluorescence staining showed that in HD-PTP-depleted cells, PDGFRβ accumulated in large aberrant intracellular structures. After the reduction of HD-PTP expression, an NIH3T3-derived cell line that has autocrine PDGF-BB signaling (sis-3T3) showed increased ability of anchorage-independent growth. However, exogenously added PDGF-BB promoted efficient additional colony formation in control cells, but was not able to do so in HD-PTP-depleted cells. Furthermore, cells depleted of HD-PTP migrated faster than control cells. In summary, HD-PTP affects the intracellular sorting of activated PDGFRβ and the migration, proliferation and tumorigenicity of cells stimulated by PDGF. | 2024-07-13T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1337 |
Amendment One Harms Families
The Amendment is poorly written and goes too far.
Marriage for gay and lesbian couples is already banned in our state. But the impact of the amendment is so broad that it snares not only gay and lesbian couples and their children in its legal net, but also any unmarried couple and their children.
Amendment One bans all other legal relationship recognitions—prohibiting North Carolina from ever recognizing civil unions and domestic partnerships. Thousands of North Carolinians rely on these legal protections. Removing these rights creates far-reaching and long-lasting harms for families from all walks of life.
Amendment One would interfere with protections for unmarried couples to visit one another in the hospital and to make emergency medical and financial decisions if one partner is incapacitated.
We must come together as one to protect ALL NC families by voting AGAINST Amendment One | 2024-01-01T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1092 |
Adsorption and desorption of copper and zinc in the surface layer of acid soils.
The environmental and health effects of the contamination of soils by heavy metals depend on the ability of the soils to immobilize these contaminants. In this work, the adsorption and desorption of Cu and Zn in the surface layers of 27 acid soils were studied. Adsorption of Cu(II) from 157-3148 mumol L(-1) solutions was much greater than adsorption of Zn(II) from solutions at the same concentration. For both Cu and Zn, the adsorption data were fitted better by the Freundlich equation than by the Langmuir equation. Multiple regression analyses suggest that Cu and Zn adsorption depends to a significant extent on pH and CEC: for both metals these variables accounted for more than 80% of the variance in the Freundlich pre-exponential parameter K(F), and pH also accounted for 57% of the variance in 1/n for Zn and, together with carbon content, for 41% of the variance in 1/n for Cu. The percentage of adsorbed metal susceptible to desorption into 0.01 M NaNO3 was greater for Zn than for Cu, but in both cases depended significantly on pH, decreasing as pH increased. In turn, both pH(H2O) and pH(KCl) are significantly correlated with cation exchange capacity. Desorption of metal adsorbed from solutions at relatively low concentration (787 mumol L(-1)) exhibited power-law dependence on Kd, the quotient expressing distribution between soil and soil solution in the corresponding adsorption experiment, decreasing as increasing Kd reflected increasing affinity of the soil for the metal. The absence of a similarly clear relationship when metal had been adsorbed from solutions at relatively high concentration (2361 mumol L(-1)) is attributed to the scant between-soil variability of Kd at these higher concentrations. In general, adsorption was greater and subsequent desorption less in cultivated soils than in woodland soils. | 2023-11-15T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6956 |
ob of picking 2 b?
15/136
What is prob of picking 1 v and 1 p when two letters picked without replacement from eeepexpuxeeeeeeeyeve?
1/95
Four letters picked without replacement from yykcyky. What is prob of picking 1 c, 1 y, and 2 k?
4/35
Three letters picked without replacement from {n: 1, j: 8, d: 11}. What is prob of picking 3 j?
14/285
Two letters picked without replacement from ooaa. What is prob of picking 1 o and 1 a?
2/3
Four letters picked without replacement from btttd. What is prob of picking 3 t and 1 d?
1/5
Calculate prob of picking 1 e and 1 s when two letters picked without replacement from {a: 8, s: 1, e: 4, g: 2}.
4/105
Calculate prob of picking 2 u when two letters picked without replacement from uuuuuuu.
1
Two letters picked without replacement from {f: 4, x: 2}. Give prob of picking 2 f.
2/5
Four letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, c: 3, k: 1, e: 4}. Give prob of picking 1 c and 3 x.
1/110
Two letters picked without replacement from ddd. What is prob of picking 2 d?
1
Calculate prob of picking 1 r and 2 s when three letters picked without replacement from rsnsssszsnzznsssszs.
55/969
Four letters picked without replacement from zszaakzazzazzzzkss. What is prob of picking 2 a and 2 k?
1/510
Two letters picked without replacement from gqoxgxxx. Give prob of picking 1 q and 1 g.
1/14
Calculate prob of picking 1 z, 1 y, and 1 x when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, z: 3, x: 1}.
3/10
Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, g: 4, i: 2, d: 2, h: 7}. What is prob of picking 1 g and 1 h?
7/30
Four letters picked without replacement from wrrrrrwrlrrlwrlrwr. Give prob of picking 4 r.
11/102
What is prob of picking 1 i, 1 u, and 1 j when three letters picked without replacement from rujqrwuiiuwrqru?
8/455
Four letters picked without replacement from nmnsmsnnsnnnmsnsnms. Give prob of picking 4 s.
5/1292
Three letters picked without replacement from jjjttjtjr. Give prob of picking 2 j and 1 t.
5/14
What is prob of picking 3 j and 1 t when four letters picked without replacement from jtjjtttjjt?
5/21
Two letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, x: 7}. What is prob of picking 2 h?
6/55
What is prob of picking 1 g and 1 h when two letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, h: 6}?
3/7
Three letters picked without replacement from {w: 12, p: 7}. Give prob of picking 2 w and 1 p.
154/323
Calculate prob of picking 2 u when two letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, m: 10}.
1/66
Calculate prob of picking 2 m and 1 z when three letters picked without replacement from mmzmmmmmzm.
7/15
Calculate prob of picking 4 p when four letters picked without replacement from pppppp.
1
What is prob of picking 1 x, 1 w, and 2 l when four letters picked without replacement from vxvxvwvwlvvvvwlwxwv?
5/1292
What is prob of picking 1 g, 1 x, and 1 u when three letters picked without replacement from {g: 7, q: 2, u: 2, x: 7}?
49/408
What is prob of picking 1 x and 2 v when three letters picked without replacement from vlvflffxvc?
1/40
Four letters picked without replacement from {t: 2, a: 2, j: 2, h: 5, i: 5, w: 1}. Give prob of picking 1 t, 2 j, and 1 i.
1/238
Three letters picked without replacement from {u: 3, o: 4, a: 6}. Give prob of picking 1 o and 2 u.
6/143
Four letters picked without replacement from {i: 3, w: 3}. What is prob of picking 1 i and 3 w?
1/5
Three letters picked without replacement from {d: 5, j: 2, p: 6, x: 2, q: 1, w: 3}. What is prob of picking 2 x and 1 j?
2/969
What is prob of picking 2 p, 1 y, and 1 n when four letters picked without replacement from {p: 7, n: 10, y: 1}?
7/102
Calculate prob of picking 2 e when two letters picked without replacement from ycxepexexcccyymme.
3/68
Two letters picked without replacement from aaaxxa. Give prob of picking 1 x and 1 a.
8/15
Four letters picked without replacement from mmmmmmlm. What is prob of picking 1 l and 3 m?
1/2
Calculate prob of picking 1 e and 1 q when two letters picked without replacement from {q: 7, o: 5, e: 8}.
28/95
Two letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, y: 6, l: 2, c: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 l and 1 c?
2/55
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 3, b: 2}. Give prob of picking 2 b.
1/10
Three letters picked without replacement from pgkvpppvppvpv. Give prob of picking 2 p and 1 g.
21/286
What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from qeceimy?
2/21
Four letters picked without replacement from ntzczzizzztzzcttt. Give prob of picking 1 z, 2 t, and 1 i.
4/119
What is prob of picking 2 h, 1 g, and 1 f when four letters picked without replacement from {b: 2, g: 4, f: 5, h: 7}?
7/51
What is prob of picking 1 f and 3 h when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 9, f: 10}?
70/323
Four letters picked without replacement from iiniiniiniinniiiii. Give prob of picking 4 i.
143/612
What is prob of picking 1 r and 2 u when three letters picked without replacement from zurmudffuzrr?
9/220
Two letters picked without replacement from pkqyynkpb. What is prob of picking 1 q and 1 p?
1/18
Three letters picked without replacement from enccrcrocrrecnrresn. What is prob of picking 1 r, 1 n, and 1 o?
6/323
What is prob of picking 1 k, 1 m, and 2 w when four letters picked without replacement from wwmwkkkwkwwmk?
30/143
Three letters picked without replacement from yysyzls. What is prob of picking 2 s and 1 l?
1/35
Calculate prob of picking 2 s and 1 o when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 4, s: 10}.
45/91
What is prob of picking 4 h when four letters picked without replacement from {v: 1, h: 7, i: 1, d: 4, k: 2}?
1/39
Two letters picked without replacement from {h: 2, l: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 h.
1/15
Two letters picked without replacement from wwggwgggwwwgwwgggw. What is prob of picking 1 g and 1 w?
9/17
Calculate prob of picking 3 u and 1 v when four letters picked without replacement from ffufnttvuunu.
4/495
What is prob of picking 1 e and 1 m when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 5, e: 3, i: 1, w: 4}?
5/26
Three letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, y: 2, t: 1, q: 1, x: 1, l: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 l, 1 y, and 1 i.
1/14
Three letters picked without replacement from {d: 7, m: 4, t: 1, x: 1, p: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 m, 1 d, and 1 p?
8/65
Two letters picked without replacement from {r: 6, t: 8, f: 2, e: 2}. Give prob of picking 1 t and 1 e.
16/153
Calculate prob of picking 1 j and 2 o when three letters picked without replacement from oyyyyyyoyj.
1/120
Four letters picked without replacement from {f: 11, n: 1, e: 4, i: 3}. What is prob of picking 1 e, 2 i, and 1 n?
1/323
Calculate prob of picking 1 c and 1 d when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 3, d: 8, g: 7}.
8/51
What is prob of picking 2 h when two letters picked without replacement from phxpxphxp?
1/36
What is prob of picking 1 i and 3 j when four letters picked without replacement from {j: 4, i: 2, v: 1, s: 3}?
4/105
What is prob of picking 1 w and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from wwowooo?
4/7
What is prob of picking 1 q, 2 t, and 1 d when four letters picked without replacement from {s: 2, d: 2, q: 1, c: 1, t: 4}?
2/35
Calculate prob of picking 2 r and 1 q when three letters picked without replacement from {r: 2, q: 10, m: 1, l: 3}.
1/56
Three letters picked without replacement from uuvvvvvvllvv. Give prob of picking 3 v.
14/55
Two letters picked without replacement from {b: 7, q: 5, u: 4}. What is prob of picking 1 b and 1 q?
7/24
Four letters picked without replacement from {o: 2, u: 3, z: 4}. What is prob of picking 2 u and 2 o?
1/42
Two letters picked without replacement from {o: 2, w: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 w and 1 o?
2/3
Three letters picked without replacement from {l: 3, p: 4, v: 9, y: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 v and 1 p.
12/95
Calculate prob of picking 1 n and 1 a when two letters picked without replacement from {a: 15, n: 3}.
5/17
Four letters picked without replacement from ouufuouw. Give prob of picking 2 u and 2 o.
3/35
Four letters picked without replacement from {q: 4, t: 8, y: 4}. Give prob of picking 2 y, 1 t, and 1 q.
48/455
Three letters picked without replacement from {j: 17, k: 2}. What is prob | 2023-10-06T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7839 |
Of all of Jackie Chan’s many, many rumoured lovers, Hongkong star Elaine Ng is by far the most talked-about. The pair’s affair in 1999 made the headlines when the former Miss Asia announced that she was carrying his child. At that time the action superstar acknowledged his indiscretion by saying that he had “only committed a fault that every single man in the world commits”.
18 years down the road and the drama is still going on. Elaine was arrested early this week after Etta, her now-17-year-old daughter accused her of criminal intimidation. She was released 17 hours later. This marks the second time Jackie and Elaine’s lovechild has called the cops on her own mum. Etta had also posted online that she’s “Leaving Hongkong for a bit tomorrow… I’m still alive for those who are wondering.”
Yesterday (Mar 30), Elaine held a press con not to explain the details of her arrest but to clarify the rumours that Jackie’s son Jaycee Chan had bought an apartment for her and Etta.
Elaine at the press con on Mar 30
Former Hongkong actress-turned-solicitor Mary Jean Reimer, who accompanied Elaine to the press con, told the media: “Since the incident in 2015 (the first time Etta accused her mum of “cruelty”), Elaine has been jobless. But she still has to pay Etta’s school fees which are HK$17,000 (S$3,000) a month, and she also has to cover their daily expenses. We had tried to ask Jackie Chan for money but he said he wouldn’t “give us a single cent”. From the day Etta was born, she has never taken a single cent from her father! So I hope everyone will give mother and daughter some respect.”
Elaine with her pal Mary Jean Reimer
Elaine then said that she is under a lot of pressure, adding “I don’t have any family. I only have my daughter” before breaking down in tears.
As for her response to Etta’s cryptic social media post, Elaine said “I hope she comes home.”
Etta posted this photo with this message: "Leaving HK for a bit tmr∼I’m Still alive for those who are wondering."
On the day of the press con, Jackie posted a photo of him at a dinner with the Chinese national female football team. When asked about Etta, Jackie responded with a simple, “Thank you”.
JACKIE, ELAINE & ETTA: A TIMELINE
1999: Jackie has an affair with Elaine. She gives birth to their daughter Etta, who the media nicknames ‘Little Dragon Girl’. Nine days before Elaine’s due date, Jackie holds a press con to say that he “only committed a fault that every single man in the world commits”.
2004: When promoting his movie Around the World in 80 Days in America, he says in an interview, “I know I have failed my daughter, but since her mother is that kind of a person, I don’t know how to treat (my daughter)”, insinuating that Elaine had planned the pregnancy.
2011: Elaine moves back to Hongkong from Shanghai and says that Etta has never asked to see Jackie.
2014: Etta requires seven stitches after getting into an accident and Elaine tells the media that Jackie has never visited Etta and doesn’t provide any financial support.
2015: Elaine gets questioned by the cops after Etta accuses her of child cruelty. She also denies that Jackie had given her $5.5mil break-up fee.
PHOTOS: APPLE DAILY & TPGNEWS/CLICKPHOTOS | 2024-05-28T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/2698 |
Channel News Asia on Monday reported that Jonghyun was lying in a room with coal briquette burning, a process which releases carbon monoxide.
Burning coal briquettes to case carbon monoxide poisoning is a common method of suicide in South Korea.
The Korea Herald on Monday reported that Jonghyun sent several text messages to his sister earlier Monday including phrases such as “last goodbye.”
Jonghyun lived in Cheongdam-dong, a trendy and upmarket neighborhood in Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea.
Cheong-dong often attracts scores of fans looking for celebrities from South Korea’s K-pop and K-drama scenes.
this will always be one of my favourite shinee performances for 2 reasons1. jonghyun's vocals and high note2. him being a massive dork at the end, every time i think of kibum i always say key the same way he does pic.twitter.com/nhjNckpdfU | 2024-04-27T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1590 |
1. Introduction {#s1}
===============
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have aided our ability to investigate the diversity of microorganisms in environmental samples either by shotgun metagenomic or amplicon sequencing approaches. Many bioinformatic tools necessary to process and interpret the large volume of data obtained by HTS have been developed. For example, there are several choices of pipelines available to analyze 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data such as RDP (Cole et al., [@B8]), mothur (Schloss et al., [@B39]) and QIIME (Caporaso et al., [@B7]). Similar strategies targeting genes encoding enzymes responsible for important biogeochemical or bioremediation processes are becoming more common, but the methods for analyzing the data are not as well established as for 16S rRNA.
The analysis of HTS amplicon data can be performed using taxonomy-dependent or independent approaches. The taxonomy-independent approach includes methods to compare sequence alignments and analyze operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on sequence dissimilarity (Schloss and Handelsman, [@B38]; Cai and Sun, [@B5]). This approach is valuable for estimating ecological parameters, such as richness and diversity; however, the information on its own does not indicate how the sequences are related to those of cultivated organisms or those from other studies. Taxonomy-based methods classify sequences according to their relatedness to those of pure cultures and uncultivated organisms. This approach is necessary to incorporate knowledge of the physiological characteristics of different taxa, to identify novel sequence types and to compare results between published studies. Common methods for classification include naïve Bayesian classifiers (Wang et al., [@B46]), k-nearest neighbor (Cole et al., [@B8]) and BLAST (Altschul et al., [@B1]).
In general, the analysis of OTUs and phylogenetic trees calculated from individual datasets of protein-encoding genes can be performed with the same tools designed for the analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. In contrast, classifiers must be tailor made for each gene by establishing a taxonomy with representative sequences and choosing an appropriate classification algorithm. The objective of this study was to establish a robust and easily applied approach to classifying HTS amplicon sequences of *pmoA*, a key gene of methane-oxidizing bacteria. The method should also allow for novelty detection and be easily performed by a microbial ecologist with only fundamental knowledge of bioinformatics. We test a naïve Bayesian classifier and BLAST combined with the lowest common ancestor approach of MEGAN using previously published *pmoA* pyrosequencing data (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]; Deng et al., [@B13]). Previous studies have also compared both approaches for the classification of SSU rRNA (Lanzén et al., [@B23]) and fungal LSU rRNA sequences (Porter and Golding, [@B33]).
2. *pmoA* taxonomy
==================
An accurate taxonomic system for the gene sequences is a necessary prerequisite for classification. Since the classification of unknown sequences obtained by HTS can only be as accurate as the taxonomy, the analysis of database sequences and assignment of taxa is the critical step in the development of a classifier. In general, *pmoA* has been shown to be a good phylogenetic marker for methanotrophs (Degelmann et al., [@B12]), with some exceptions of divergent additional copies of the gene in some organisms (Dunfield et al., [@B15]; Stoecker et al., [@B42]; Baani and Liesack, [@B2]). Here we describe the taxonomy of *pmoA* genes (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}); earlier versions were described previously (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]; Deng et al., [@B13]).
######
**Description of the *pmoA* database**.
**Classification level** **MMO group designation** **Cultivated representative** **Database size (sequences)** **Sequence representative** **Typical habitats or origin**
-------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------- --------------------------------
0 Cu-containing membrane
Monooxygenase (CuMMO) 6628
0.1 MOB_like
0.1.1 TypeI
0.1.1.1 TypeIa
0.1.1.1.1 Mbacter *Methylobacter tundripaludum* SV96 552 AJ414658 Arctic wetland
0.1.1.1.2 Mmicrobium_jap *Methylomicrobium japanense* 28 AB253367 Marine mud
0.1.1.1.3 Mmicrobium_pel *Methylomicrobium pelagicum* IR1 25 U31652 Upland soils
0.1.1.1.4 Mmonas *Methylomonas methanica* 396 U31653 Lake sediments
0.1.1.1.5 Msarcina *Methylosarcina quisquilarum* 517 AF177326 Landfill soil
0.1.1.1.6 Msoma *Methylosoma difficile* LC2 4 DQ119047 Lake sediment
0.1.1.1.7 Mbacter_or_Mmonas 2 AY236078 Movile cave
0.1.1.1.8 Deep_sea_1 46 AM283467 Marine deep sea
0.1.1.1.9 Deep_sea_3 191 FJ858316 Marine deep sea
0.1.1.1.10 LP20 51 AB064377 Aquifer
0.1.1.1.11 Landfill_cluster_2 4 EU275117 Landfill soil
0.1.1.1.12 Lake_cluster_1 72 EF623667 Freshwater lakes
0.1.1.1.13 RPC_2 148 FN600101 Rice field soil
0.1.1.1.14 PS_80 8 AF211872 Marine
0.1.1.1.15 Aquifer_cluster 53 AM410175 Aquifer
0.1.1.2 TypeIb
0.1.1.2.1 Mcaldum *Methylocaldum tepidum* 98 U89304 Agricultural soil
0.1.1.2.2 Mcoccus *Methylococcus capsulatus* Bath 244 L40804 Aquatic environments
0.1.1.2.3 Mthermus *Methylothermus thermalis* 36 AJ829010 Hot spring
0.1.1.2.4 JRC_4 *Methylogaea oryzae* 27 EU359002 Rice field soil
0.1.1.2.5 Deep_sea_4 26 GU584280 Marine deep sea
0.1.1.2.6 Deep_sea_5 155 EU417471 Marine deep sea
0.1.1.2.7 FWs 100 AF211878 Freshwater lakes
0.1.1.2.8 JRC_3 29 AB222881 Rice field soil
0.1.1.2.9 Lake_cluster_2 74 AF211879 Freshwater lakes
0.1.1.2.10 LWs 83 DQ067069 Freshwater lakes
0.1.1.2.11 OSC 18 AJ317928 Organic soil
0.1.1.2.12 RPC_1 67 FN599957 Rice field soil
0.1.1.2.13 RPCs 166 FJ845814 Rice field soil
0.1.1.3 TypeIc
0.1.1.3.1 Ncoccus *Nitrosococcus oceani* 83 U96611 Marine
0.1.1.3.2 USCg 185 AJ579667 Upland soils
0.1.1.3.3 JR2 68 AY654695 Upland soils
0.1.1.3.4 JR3 65 AY654702 Upland soils
0.1.2 TypeII
0.1.2.1 TypeIIa
0.1.2.1.1 Msinus *Methylosinus trichosporium* 33/1 70 AJ459007 Various
0.1.2.1.2 Mcystis *Methylocystis* sp. strain SC2 1085 AJ431386 Various
0.1.2.1.3 Msinus_Mcystis *Methylosinus trichosporium* str. KS21 79 AJ431388 Various
0.1.2.2 TypeIIb
0.1.2.2.1 Mcapsa *Methylocapsa acidiphila* B2 27 AJ278727 Sphagnum bog
0.1.2.2.2 MO3 23 AF283229 Landfill soil
0.1.2.2.3 pmoA2 *Methylocystis* sp. strain SC2 45 AJ431387 Various
0.1.2.2.4 USCa 888 AF148521 Upland soils
0.1.2 pXMO_like
0.1.2.1 TUSC_like
0.1.2.1.1 Verr_1 *Methylacidiphilum infernorum* 3 EU223859 Geothermal soil
0.1.2.1.2 Verr_2 *Methylacidiphilum infernorum* 3 EU223862 Geothermal soil
0.1.2.1.3 Verr_3 *Methylacidiphilum infernorum* 3 EU223855 Geothermal soil
0.1.2.1.4 TUSC 101 AJ868282 Various
0.1.2.1.5 NC10 Cand. Methylomirabilis oxyfera 33 JX262154 Freshwater sediment
0.1.2.2 RA21_like
0.1.2.2.1 RA21 157 AF148522 Rice field soil
0.1.2.2.2 M84_P22 9 AJ299963 Rice field soil
0.1.2.2.3 gp23 1 AF264137 Upland soils
0.1.2.2.4 Alkane_1 Methylococcaceae ET-SHO 2 AB453961 Marine
0.1.2.2.5 Alkane_2 Methylococcaceae ET-HIRO 2 AB453962 Marine
0.1.2.2.6 MR1 7 AF200729 Upland soils
0.1.2.3 M84_P105_like
0.1.2.3.1 M84_P105 *Methylomonas methanica* 34 EU722433 Various
0.1.2.4 Crenothrix_like
0.1.2.4.1 Crenothrix Crenothrix polyspora (enrichment) 69 DQ295904 Freshwater
0.1.2.4.2 Crenothrix_rel 160 AJ868245 Various
0.2 AOB_like *Nitrosospira multiformis* 206 AF042171 Various
2.1. Overall taxonomic system
-----------------------------
The *pmoA* gene encodes the β-subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), which belongs to the class of copper-containing membrane-bound monooxygenase (CuMMO) enzymes. In addition to the pMMO, this group includes the bacterial ammonia monooxygenase (Holmes et al., [@B19]), the thaumarchaeal ammonia monooxygenase (Pester et al., [@B31]), alkane monooxygenases and various uncharacterized enzymes encoded by genes detected in environmental surveys (Coleman et al., [@B10]). For our classifier we compiled a database of *pmoA* and related gene sequences obtained primarily from public databases. We focused on building a taxonomic structure for *pmoA*, but also included sequences of related genes that are often co-amplified with common *pmoA* primers, such as the bacterial *amoA*. Related sequences that are not co-amplified, such as the thaumarchaeal *amoA*, were not included.
Currently, our curated database includes 6628 reference sequences corresponding to 53 low-level taxa (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The assignment to taxa was determined by the phylogenetic analysis of the *pmoA* and related gene fragments using both the nucleotide and inferred protein sequences. Sequences were imported into ARB (Ludwig et al., [@B24]) and alignments of either 408 nucleotide or 136 amino acid residues were used to generate neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum-likelihood (ML) trees. For ML trees, sequences were exported and uploaded to the RAxML web-server (Stamatakis et al., [@B41]). Tree topologies were compared and taxa were assigned according to groups of sequences that consistently clustered together in the analyses (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]). At the highest level, the sequences were categorized as MOB_like or AOB_like, depending on apparent relatedness to sequences from methane-oxidizing and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria respectively. The classifier currently contains 53 low-level taxa within the MOB_like group (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Taxa comprising cultivated methanotrophs were referred to as the respective genera or species (e.g., Mbacter, for *Methylobacter*-like *pmoA*). Taxa lacking isolates were named according to representative clones or to the environment in which they were predominantly or initially found (e.g., Aquifer_cluster or upland soil cluster---USC) (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]).
2.2. Type I and II *pmoA* sequences
-----------------------------------
The MOB_like sequences were assigned to either Type I, Type II or pXMO_like. The Type I sequences were further divided into Type Ia, b, or c. Type Ia are *pmoA* sequences affiliated to the classic Type I methanotrophs (i.e., not Type X). Type Ib (also referred to elsewhere as Type X) are those of *Methylococcus* and closely related genera. Type Ic are all other Type I-related sequences with a more ambiguous affiliation. Type II sequences were divided into Type IIa and b. Type IIa was used for the primary *pmoA* sequences of the *Methylocystaceae*. Type IIb was used to group all other Type II-related (i.e., *Alphaproteobacteria*) sequences, including those from the *Beijerinckiaceae* (Theisen et al., [@B44]; Dunfield et al., [@B14]; Vorobev et al., [@B45]) and the alternate pMMO2 identified in some *Methylocystis* species (Dunfield et al., [@B15]; Baani and Liesack, [@B2]).
2.3. pXMO: divergent *pmoA* sequences
-------------------------------------
We use pXMO as the third category of *pmoA*-related sequences. The original description of pXMO was for the unusual pMMO-like enzyme identified in some Type I methanotrophs (Tavormina et al., [@B43]). Here we use pXMO_like to encompass all the divergent sequence types for which the substrate or biological function has not been clearly identified by biochemical or genetic tests. For example, we include the three verrucomicrobial *pmoA*-like sequences in this category until it is determined which, if not all, catalyze the oxidation of methane. The original *pxmA* genes identified in *Methylomonas* spp. (Tavormina et al., [@B43]) are classified in the M84_P105 low-level taxon. We have also included the *pmoA* sequences from the nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizers belonging to the NC10 phylum (Ettwig et al., [@B18], [@B17]) into the pXMO_like category; it should be noted that these NC10 *pmoA* sequences are typically retrieved only after using specific primers and a special PCR program designed for their amplification (Luesken et al., [@B25]) and therefore are unlikely to be obtained in HTS *pmoA* surveys using the traditional *pmoA* primer sets.
2.4. Bacterial ammonia monooxygenase
------------------------------------
Bacterial ammonia monooxygenase (*amoA*) genes were included since they are commonly co-amplified with *pmoA* genes in environmental PCR surveys. The *amoA* sequences of betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers were designated AOB_like, without making further lower-level distinctions. In contrast, the *amoA* sequences of *Nitrosococcus* were classified as "*Ncoccus*" within the MOB_like group since they are more closely related to *pmoA* than to other *amoA* genes.
3. Software and associated files
================================
Mothur version 1.29.2 (Schloss et al., [@B39]) and MEGAN version 4.70.4 (Huson et al., [@B21]) were both downloaded from the author\'s webpages. Standalone BLAST 2.2.26+ (Camacho et al., [@B6]) was obtained from NCBI. These software programs can be installed on various platforms, but all analyses in this study were performed on a quad-core Apple MacBook Pro with a 2.2 GHz Intel Core i7 processor and 16 Gb of memory.
3.1. Naïve bayesian classifier
------------------------------
The training set for the naïve Bayesian classifier consists of two files: the database sequences in "fasta" format, and a taxonomy file indicating the taxonomy of each sequence. The taxonomy file was formatted to be compatible with mothur; both files are available in the supplement. The training set files were generated by exporting sequence information from ARB (Ludwig et al., [@B24]) and formatting the entries using standard spreadsheet and text-editing programs.
3.2. Blast and megan
--------------------
The BLAST database was generated from the taxonomy using the makeblastdb program included with BLAST 2.2.26+ package. The input was a fasta file with the sequence name header including the sequence accession number and the taxon in square brackets; as for the naïve Bayesian classifier, these files were made using common spreadsheet and text-editing software. makeblastdb outputs three files (.nsq,.nin, and.nhr); all files are provided in the supplementary material.
A Newick format tree corresponding to the *pmoA* taxonomy was written for MEGAN; the tree file (pmoa.megan.2013.tre) and a corresponding map file (pmoa.megan.2013.map) are provided in the supplement. The *pmoA* taxonomy is loaded into MEGAN by the option "use alternative taxonomy" and selecting the pmoa.megan.2013.tre file.
4. *pmoA* amplification and sequencing
======================================
Two primer sets are typically used to amplify *pmoA* sequences from environmental samples (McDonald et al., [@B27]). The A189f/A682r primer pair offers broad specificity covering many CuMMO monooxygenases (Holmes et al., [@B19]). The A189f/mb661r combination was designed to be more specific for *pmoA* (Costello and Lidstrom, [@B11]) and does not generally amplify *amoA* or *pxmA*-like sequences. For NGS amplicon sequencing, adaptors and barcodes are incorporated into the primers, or ligated onto the PCR products, in a manner compatible with the sequencing platform (Binladen et al., [@B4]; Berry et al., [@B3]).
Two previously described HTS *pmoA* amplicon datasets were used in this study to test the classification methods (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]; Deng et al., [@B13]). Both studies used the A189f/A682r and A189f/mb661r primer sets. The Lüke and Frenzel ([@B26]) study focused on rice field soil samples from Italy and China and the sequences were analyzed in the original study by constructing phylogenetic trees and calculating OTUs from sequence alignments. The Deng et al. ([@B13]) study focused on peatland samples from both submerged (hollow) and elevated (hummock) sites in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, and were analyzed in the original study by sequence similarity and an earlier implementation of the naïve Bayesian classifier. The basic steps for classifying *pmoA* sequence data are summarized in Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and a detailed protocol is included in the supplement.
{#F1}
5. Raw sequence processing
==========================
Raw sequence data must first undergo basic processing. In this study we use mothur, but other software can be used for this purpose, such as QIIME (Caporaso et al., [@B7]), RDP (Cole et al., [@B9]) and Funframe (Weisman et al., [@B47]); each of these have unique features that might be beneficial for a particular dataset or objective. The basic necessary steps are the sorting of sequences according to barcodes, trimming and quality filtering. For data analyzed here we use a minimum sequence length of 300 bp and remove sequences with ambiguities or stretches of more than eight homopolymers. Chimeric sequences were identified in mothur using the uchime method (Edgar et al., [@B16]). Chimeras were detected *de novo* by using the "self" option in mothur, meaning that the *pmoA* pyrosequencing dataset was used as a reference. As an example, in the HYa-1 dataset (Deng et al., [@B13]), 1058 chimeras were identified in 7658 sequences. These sequences were removed using the remove.seqs command in mothur (see supplementary methods).
NGS sequence technologies have relatively large error rates compared with Sanger sequencing and there are various approaches available to denoise pyrosequencing data (Reeder and Knight, [@B36]; Quince et al., [@B35]; Rosen et al., [@B37]). If not removed, these errors generate false OTUs (Schloss et al., [@B40]). Another problem is that they often cause frameshift errors in protein-coding genes, making it difficult to infer amino acid sequences. There are methods available to specifically correct frameshift errors in functional gene pyrosequencing datasets, such as the FrameBot tool (<http://fungene.cme.msu.edu/FunGenePipeline/>) and HMM-FRAME (Weisman et al., [@B47]). Correcting the frameshift errors in pyrosequencing datasets is particularly important for calculating OTUs or phylogenetic distances based on amino acid sequences. In general we did not find denoising necessary for classifying our *pmoA* sequences obtained by pyrosequencing and therefore do not discuss the methods here; however, a study on fungal LSU rRNA amplicon sequencing reported that the BLAST/LCA method was less sensitive to sequence error than the naïve Bayesian classification approach (Porter and Golding, [@B33]).
6. Classification of *pmoA* sequences
=====================================
6.1. Naïve bayesian classifier
------------------------------
A naïve Bayesian classifier is the basis of the RDP classifier for 16S rRNA sequence data (Wang et al., [@B46]). In this study we have adopted the 16S rRNA classifier implemented in mothur, but replaced the 16S rRNA taxonomy with that of *pmoA*. The process in mothur is invoked with classify.seqs command with the option of the "wang" method. Other variables include the kmer (word) size and the cutoff value for bootstrap confidence estimates. In general we found that the default kmer size of 8 performed well and used a cutoff value of 80%.
6.2. BLAST/LCA
--------------
Different versions of BLAST were tested. Nucleotide BLAST types include MEGABLAST, BLASTN and discontiguous (DC)-MEGABLAST, in decreasing order of sensitivity for obtaining matches and alignments against distantly related sequences (McGinnis and Madden, [@B28]). In most cases the results of the different methods were nearly identical, except in some cases that DC-MEGABLAST would produce hits (alignments) with distantly related novel *pmoA* sequences that were not aligned by the other two methods. We found that the additional computation time required for DC-MEGABLAST was not compensated by the added sensitivity since this could be easily recovered by a reanalysis of the sequences that did not produce hits with MEGABLAST, as described in section 7.1.1. Protein BLAST approaches were also tested and classification results were similar to nucleotide BLAST, but with greater sensitivity for matching distantly related novel sequence types to the database. The protein BLAST searches were more vulnerable to the effect of frameshift errors in the query sequences because they cause breaks in the alignment that strongly affect the bit score of a match. In contrast, the insertion of gap during nucleotide BLAST adds a small penalty to the bit score and does not terminate the alignment. Therefore, in general we use MEGABLAST, which is the default algorithm for the blastn program.
BLAST has been shown to be relatively poor at identifying the most similar sequence in a dataset (Koski and Golding, [@B22]; Cole et al., [@B8]). We did not observe, nor do we foresee, this to be a problem for the classification since it is only necessary to identify the most similar taxon, which are all highly distinct (\>5% nucleic acid identity) from one another.
### 6.2.1. BLAST interpretation by lowest common ancestor in MEGAN
MEGAN was developed for the classification of metagenomic sequence data by reading the output of BLAST queries (Huson et al., [@B21]; Mitra et al., [@B29]). It has been adapted for other purposes, for example it can read the log file of a sina alignment of 16S rRNA (Pruesse et al., [@B34]) and thereby used to analyze 16S rRNA sequence data (Mitra et al., [@B30]). Here we show that it could be adapted for the analysis of the *pmoA* BLAST queries against our taxonomy database, as has been demonstrated previously for SSU rRNA (Lanzén et al., [@B23]) and fungal LSU rRNA (Porter and Golding, [@B33]). A simple modification is possible in MEGAN to change the default NCBI taxonomy to a custom taxonomy, in this case *pmoA*. MEGAN parses the BLAST output file and collects only the top hits from each taxon and the associated alignment. In addition to summarizing the results, this has the added benefit of reducing the file size compared with the original BLAST output.
MEGAN uses a lowest common ancestor (LCA) algorithm (Huson et al., [@B20]) based on BLAST bit scores to classify the sequences. A sequence is classified at a particular level only when the bit score to the taxon is higher by a given margin than to those of any another taxon. The margin of difference can be adjusted in the LCA parameters of MEGAN with the option of "top percent." The greater the margin, the greater is the minimum distance between the assigned taxon and any other taxon. The BLAST/LCA method provides several valuable benefits for the classification in comparison to simply classifying based on top hit, for example in novelty detection as discussed below.
6.3. Comparison of the Naïve Bayesian and BLAST/LCA classifications
-------------------------------------------------------------------
We found good agreement in the classification of the rice paddy soil datasets using the naïve Bayesian and BLAST/LCA approaches (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Subsamples from each classification were analyzed in ARB by NJ and in general confirmed the assignments (results not shown). Some minor differences between the methods were also observed. For example, seven sequences in the China (old) A189f-A682r dataset were classified as gp23 whereas these seven sequences did not produce significant hits using BLAST/LCA. A close inspection indicated that the seven sequences were either highly divergent *pmoA* or non-specific PCR products related to an alpha-glucan branching protein or a peptidase. An analysis of the Riganqiao samples also showed a tendency for the naïve Bayesian classifier to assign contaminant sequences to gp23 (not shown). This is likely a result of gp23 only being represented by a single sequence in the database and being relatively divergent from other *pmoA* taxa (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]). This erroneous classification of non-target sequences as gp23 using the naïve Bayesian classifier could be reduced by increasing the kmer size to 10, but at a cost of decreased sensitivity in classifying bona fide *pmoA* sequences. In spite of this, both the naïve Bayesian and BLAST/LCA methods identified genuine gp23 sequences present in the China (young) A189f-A682r dataset (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Previous studies also reported higher accuracies of classifications obtained by BLAST/LCA for 16S rRNA sequences (Lanzén et al., [@B23]), fungal LSU rRNA sequences (Porter and Golding, [@B33]) and rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequences (Porter and Golding, [@B32]). However, one clear advantage of the naïve Bayesian classifier was speed; on our system it could classify thousands of *pmoA* sequences per second compared to approximately 200 sequences per min for the MEGABLAST query.
![**Comparison of classifications of paddy soil *pmoA* sequence data (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]) using the naïve Bayesian and BLAST/LCA methods**. The datasets were generated from three different soils (young Chinese, old Chinese, and Italian) and with two different PCR primer combinations (A189f/A682r, A189f/mb661r) as indicated. The number of sequences assigned to each taxon is plotted. Only *pmoA* taxa detected in at least one dataset are shown.](fmicb-05-00034-g0002){#F2}
7. Novelty detection
====================
Novel sequences can be identified by the naïve Bayesian classifier if they cannot be classified. For example, a novel taxon within the Type Ib\'s should be returned as "unclassified Type Ib." It is possible to adjust this further by specifying a percent cutoff value for a bootstrapped analysis. In general, we found this method to be unreliable as even contaminant sequences were classified as gp23 with \>80% bootstrap values, as discussed above.
7.1. Novelty detection using BLAST/LCA in MEGAN
-----------------------------------------------
The BLAST/LCA procedure offers approaches for novelty detection at various levels, which are described individually in the following sections.
### 7.1.1. Identification of highly divergent CuMMO sequences
Deeply-branching novel sequences did not produce hits to the database, which is the first indication that it is potentially a novel sequence clade. This occurs in BLAST queries when the sequence does not contain a match of the minimum word size, which is 28 nucleotides in MEGABLAST. For example, this was the case in the Riganqiao dataset with the novel clade that was termed HY-3 (Deng et al., [@B13]). In contrast to MEGABLAST, these sequences could be identified as *pmoA* by a translated BLAST query (TBLASTX). The difference is that protein sequences are more conserved than nucleotide sequences and BLASTX uses a word size of 3 amino acids compared with a minimum word size of 7 nucleotides for BLASTN. Therefore, the first step in novelty detection is to select the sequences that do not produce MEGABLAST hits and to query them against the database using TBLASTX; in our experience, highly divergent novel clusters will produce significant hits (\>50 bits) with TBLASTX, whereas unrelated contaminant sequences will not.
### 7.1.2. Identification of moderately divergent CuMMO sequences
Moderately divergent novel sequence clades can be identified by a relatively low MEGABLAST bit score. The bit score cutoffs can be adjusted in MEGAN and here we used a threshold of 150 bits to identify new clades. An example of a novel sequence that could be identified in this manner was the I141NRXW sequence from the paddy soil (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]), which had a top score of 89.8 bits. In comparison, the sequence with the next lowest bit score in that dataset had a value of 374, and maximum bit scores approached 900.
### 7.1.3. Lowest common ancestor classification of sequences
The next level of novelty can be identified using the lowest common ancestor (LCA) algorithm in MEGAN. For the HYa-1 dataset, assignments to higher nodes could be seen at the Type II (15 sequences), Type Ib (9 sequences) and Type IIa (151 sequences) taxonomic levels using a margin of 5% for the LCA calculation (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, classifications to the other lowest-level taxa were stable even using an LCA margin greater than 25%. The inability to classify sequences to the lowest levels indicates that the sequence may represent a new taxon branching from the LCA node. For example, the sequences assigned to the Type II node had similar bit scores to both *Methylocystis* and *pmoA2* clades and a NJ analysis of the sequences also suggested that it was new lineage (termed HY-4) at the root of the Type II\'s (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). The assignments at the node of the Type IIa branch were the result of an inability to distinguish between the *Methylocystis* and *Methylosinus*-*Methylocystis* taxa, which might indicate intermediate sequence types or the existence of a bush-like continuum in this region of the tree (Lüke and Frenzel, [@B26]).
![**Examples of MEGAN visualizations of assignments for the *pmoA* data of the HYa-1 sample obtained from the Riganqiao *pmoA* pyrosequencing study (Deng et al., [@B13])**. The tree shows the summary of taxa identified and their abundances **(A);** the circles at the nodes are proportional to the number of reads assigned to that taxon. Individual assignments can be inspected by right-clicking on a node and selecting "inspect," as shown for the JRC-3 clade **(B)**. Summary alignments can also be visualized, as shown for USCα **(C);** in this case it quickly shows that the best alignment to USCα have approximately 40 conserved mismatches, suggesting it is a novel *pmoA* cluster most closely related to USCα.](fmicb-05-00034-g0003){#F3}
![**Analysis of selected Type II *pmoA* sequences from the HYa-1 sample (Deng et al., [@B13])**. The sequences chosen for analysis are color-coded in the partial MEGAN tree **(A)**. The USCα and *Methylocapsa*-assigned sequences were selected since the alignments showed conserved mismatches to the reference database (as shown for USCα sequences in Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The sequences were imported into an ARB *pmoA* database, quality filtered by removing sequences with frameshifts, translated to amino acid sequences and added to the *PmoA* tree by parsimony and then reanalyzed by neighbor-joining. The positions of the sequences analyzed in ARB are shown **(B)**. The new clades were named HY-1, HY-2 (Deng et al., [@B13]) and HY-4 (this study).](fmicb-05-00034-g0004){#F4}
In addition to biological diversity, there could also be technical errors that impede classification, such as sequencing noise or chimerism. Furthermore, falsely assigned sequences in the taxonomy file would also result in sequences failing to be classified at the lowest level. Both of these situations can generally be detected by visually analyzing the BLAST alignments, as described in the following section.
### 7.1.4. Lowest-level diversity: examination of hits and alignments
The final level of novelty can be detected by examining the hits and alignments against the database. BLAST alignments of individual reads (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) or summary alignments for groups of sequences (Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) can be examined in MEGAN. Examining individual reads gives an impression of how closely related a sequence is to members of the assigned taxon compared to the next-nearest taxon. In the example shown (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), the top hit had 97% identity to a JRC_3 (702 bits) and the next best hit of only 89% identity (272 bits) to RPC_1. In this example, it is evident that the sequence is genuinely JRC_3. In contrast, the hits to *Methylocapsa* had maximum identities of only 95% (not shown), suggesting that these might represent a closely related novel cluster. An analysis by NJ of these sequences indicated that indeed they formed a new branch close to *Methylocapsa* (termed HY-2) (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
The second option is to invoke the alignment of the hits to a taxon. Here it is possible to see evidence of novelty within a group of sequences classified to a particular taxon. For example, in some cases numerous conserved mismatches against the top database reference can suggest that the sequences belong to a divergent clade mostly related to the assigned taxon. For example, about 40 conserved mismatches were present within the assignment to USCα in the HYa-1 dataset (Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). A closer analysis by NJ of these sequences indicated they were a novel lineage most closely related to USCα (termed HY-1) (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
8. Data comparisons and downstream analysis
===========================================
MEGAN has several built-in functions that offer possibilities to visualize and analyze the results. Comparisons between samples can be easily made using various visualization options. Trends in the data can be observed and demonstrated, such as the relative coverage of the two primer sets and the elevated abundance of RPCs in hollow soils (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). MEGAN can also calculate matrices of pairwise distances using six ecological measures: Euclidian, Goodall, Chi-Square, Kulczynski, Bray-Curtis, and Hellinger (Mitra et al., [@B29]). Data can also be easily exported into statistical software programs. Of course, the classification of sequence data to taxa is only one step in the analysis of HTS amplicon data of protein-coding genes and should be complemented by classification-independent analyses.
![**MEGAN comparison view of *pmoA* classifications from the Riganqiao *pmoA* pyrosequencing datasets (Deng et al., [@B13])**. The *pmoA* datasets were obtained from triplicate samples from hummock (HYa) and hollow (HYb) sites. PCRs were performed with two primer combinations (A189f/A682r or A189f/mb661r), as indicated. The option to subsample datasets (3309 sequences) was chosen for the comparison. Assignments to internal nodes are not shown. MEGAN only shows taxa detected in at least one sample. The height of the bars was scaled to the number of reads assigned in each dataset and color-coded as indicated in the legend. The labeling at the top of the columns was added.](fmicb-05-00034-g0005){#F5}
9. Conclusions {#s2}
==============
Although the naïve Bayesian and BLAST/LCA methods provided similar classifications of the high-throughput *pmoA* sequence data examined in this study, the BLAST/LCA approach had several advantages, such as being less sensitive to false classification of contaminant sequences and offering several options for novelty detection at various levels of sequence divergence. The BLAST/LCA method has another advantage that a researcher can visually interpret the calculations, in the form of alignments, therefore enabling the results to be verified and judged.
Conflict of interest statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material {#s3}
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00034/abstract>
######
Click here for additional data file.
[^1]: Edited by: Kevin John Purdy, University of Warwick, UK
[^2]: Reviewed by: Anthony Yannarell, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Marco J. L. Coolen, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
[^3]: This article was submitted to Terrestrial Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.
| 2023-12-18T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3766 |
1. Field
The technology described herein relates in general to long range transmission of RFID signals over coaxial cables to transmitter antennae and in particular to a system for maintaining a desired RF signal level at the input to an antenna by substantially compensating for attenuation effects over the coaxial cable length.
2. Related Art
In one of applicant's systems, as described in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/254,250 which is incorporated hereby by reference, a single BRT (Backscatter Receiver/Transmitter)/hub (a Spider) with antennae attached to multiple transmit and receive ports by coaxial cable may be used to radiate instruction signals to tags associated with retail merchandise displays and receive RF signals from the tags over an entire establishment, such as a drug store, as well as a sizable portion of grocery and mass merchandising stores. Entire grocery and mass merchandise outlets can be covered by a small number of Spiders.
With the Spider described above, each of a plurality of RFID tags located in spaced relationship to the other RFID tags in a retail environment can be interrogated by transmitted signals and respond by radiating information concerning commercial goods with which it is associated.
Long Range RFID systems that are capable of determining the location of RFID tags within a retail environment should have consistent and predictable performance over a variety of conditions. Such conditions include coaxial cable specifications, electronics aging, and temperature variations. This is particularly important when considering the RF signals applied to the transmitter antennae in such systems.
A predictable and consistent Effective Radiated Isotropic Power (ERIP) will aid in the tag location determination. Applicant's present display monitoring system uses a central transmitter and receiver known as the Main Electronics Unit (MEU) that connects with remote active receive and transmit antennae via coaxial cable. As is well known, RF power transmitted over coaxial cable loses strength from the input to the output of the cable. Two parameters generally define the loss for a particular type of cable. These parameters are cable length and frequency of the RF signals transmitted over the coaxial cable.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the lengths of coaxial cables installed in long range RFID systems can vary from one installation to the next. In one system, a transmit antenna may be connected to the MEU with a 25′ cable while in another system, an 85′ cable (or longer) may be required. Applicant's display monitoring system presently operates in the 915 MHz ISM band. A typical loss for plenum rated coaxial cable is 0.15 dB/ft. This equates to a signal loss of 3.75 dB for a 25′ coaxial cable and 12.75 dB for the 85′ coaxial cable, a difference of 9 dB. This is a huge variation and creates an undesirable variable when computing RFID tag locations.
It would be desirable to have a power tracking loop (gain control system) incorporated into the transmitter antenna circuitry to address the power variation problem. | 2023-09-22T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8976 |
The Twisted Doll (Short)
THE TWISTED DOLL
THE SETUP
Firstly, I’d just like to say thank you to Writer/Director, Andrew de Burgh for allowing me early access to an online screener of his 8 minute, Horror/Mystery short “The Twisted Doll”. Through a mutual friend, Pooja (played by lovely Bollywood actress, Elisha Kriis) and Jack (Isaac Anderson) are paired, but all is not as convenient as it seems when hidden agendas come to the surface. The film also stars Raksha Colaco. It wasn’t all that long ago that I inquired about Burgh’s previous short film “Just One Drink”, but I wasn’t able to watch it at the time as it was busy doing the festival rounds. So with that in mind, I was surprised to get an email from Andrew about his self-described, Christopher Nolan (The Prestige) meets George Melies (A Trip To The Moon) inspired short, The Twisted Doll.
THE GOOD
I believe The Twisted Doll is Burgh’s fourth short film, but this is of course my first venture into his work. I was intrigued when he mentioned Nolan and Melies as influences for the film. I can only imagine he was talking about Nolan’s early Mystery/Thriller, “Following”. Which if memory serves me correct, he shot back in his days of university. The obviously matching black and white presentation is only part of it, I can see an air about the aforementioned film in terms of the way Pooja develops that relationship with her mark. George Melies was perhaps the first notable film maker of the 20th century, with some of his early silent films recognized as where the birth of cinema truly began. In a round about way Bluebeard came to mind while watching this one, though it may have just been the fact that both are silent films, I’m not sure. Being a silent film, the music and score are usually paramount. I was pleased to hear some heavy synth pumping through those opening minutes, very 70’s/80’s in style. I’ll be the first to admit that I’m a sucker for the black and white format (when it’s done right and justified) and combining that with the element of silence is daring to say the least, especially in this day and age. Elisha has that seductive appeal about her, she’s an incredibly beautiful women. I like the subtleties in her facial expressions which timely suggest the things to come.
THE BAD
Initially the black and white production was enough to get me in but I wasn’t a huge fan of the cinematography style. There’s a number of shots that weren’t framed as well as they could have been (just a personal preference) and a more cinematic approach probably would have raised the production value. I noticed a line of dialogue between Pooja and Jack that didn’t make a lot of sense. She mentions something about a form of yoga and a Hindi god (I think it was?), to which he’s confused on the meaning of and replies with “I was up really early for work” or something along those lines, it was clunky. The climax of the short isn’t all that unexpected, and due to the absent dialogue audio (intended) I’m not sure it carries the desired weight.
The Twisted Doll definitely has an experimental appeal about it and that makes for a solid introduction to Andrew de Burgh as another up and coming filmmaker. I respect his boldness to name those artists that inspired the film (too many are worried about public perception) and I do like the additions of the black and white and silence. The music drove it and Pooja makes for a captivating protagonist. From a technical stand point I can’t fault the way the film was shot, but I’d have preferred some more diverse shot choices and omitting those odd angles. Andrew’s script is fairly straight forward, so without an audio track I don’t think it quite hits home as hard come the resolution. All that said, cinephiles will find plenty to like here and if you enjoy your mystery’s short and snappy, keep an eye out for this one soon! Check out the trailer below! | 2023-10-18T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8440 |
Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina
Emma Kaʻilikapuolono Metcalf Beckley Nakuina (March 5, 1847 – April 27, 1929) was an early Hawaiian female judge, curator and cultural writer. Descended from an American sugar planter and a Hawaiian high chiefess, she was educated in Hawaii and California. She served as curator of the Hawaiian National Museum from 1882 to 1887 and as Commissioner of Private Ways and Water Rights from 1892 to 1907. In her role as a government commissioner, she is often regarded as Hawaii's first female judge. During the early 1900s, she became a supporter of the women's suffrage movement in the Territory of Hawaii. Nakuina was also a prolific writer on the topic of Hawaiian culture and folklore and her many literary works include Hawaii, Its People, Their Legends (1904).
Early life and family
Nakuina was born March 5, 1847, at her family's homestead in Kauaʻala in the Manoa Valley, at what is now the campus of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Her father Theophilus Metcalf, originally from Ontario County, New York, arrived in Hawaii on May 19, 1842, and was naturalized as a citizen on March 9, 1846. He worked as a sugar planter and government land surveyor during the Great Mahele. Her mother, Kaʻilikapuolono, was a descendant of the aliʻi lineages of Oahu, which was traditionally associated with the Kūkaniloko Birthstones, where the highest-ranking chiefs of the islands were once born. Her maternal great-grandfather was Nahili, a chief from the island of Hawaii and one of the generals of King Kamehameha I during his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands. Her maternal family was considered to be of the Hawaiian kaukau aliʻi class, or lower ranking chiefs in service to the royal family.
Nakuina was educated at Sacred Hearts Academy and Punahou School in Honolulu. She was later sent to the Young Ladies Seminary in Benicia, California, and was also privately tutored in many languages by her father including Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French, German, English, and Hawaiian. According to later biographies, King Kamehameha IV ordered her to be trained in traditional water rights and customs.
On December 3, 1867, she married Frederick William Beckley Sr. (1845–1881), a part-Hawaiian noble like herself. She served as the lady-in-waiting of Queen Kapiʻolani, the wife of King Kalākaua, while her husband served as the Chamberlain of the Royal Household and in the Hawaiian government as a member of the House of Representatives and as the Royal Governor of Kauai. They had seven children, including son Frederick William Beckley Jr. (1874–1943) and daughter Sabina Beckley Hutchinson (1868–1935). Beckley Sr. died in 1881, leaving Nakuina a widow. In 1887, she remarried to the Reverend Moses Kuaea Nakuina (1867–1911). A nephew of Minister of Finance Moses Kuaea, he was twenty years her junior and also a descendant of Hawaiian nobility. They had two children: a short-lived son named Irving Metcalf Nakuina, who was born and died in 1888, and a daughter who contracted leprosy and was sent to the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement.
Career
After her first husband's death, Walter Murray Gibson, possibly at the suggestion of King Kalākaua, appointed Nakuina as the female curator of the Hawaiian National Museum and Government Library. She used the title curatrix in official documents. The salary from this governmental post helped her support her children. During her tenure as the governmental curatrix, Nakuina helped expand the collection of the museum, which was located on the upper floor of Aliiolani Hale, the governmental building, and also established herself as an authority on traditional Hawaiian legends and history with a number of publications. She assisted the writers Thomas G. Thrum and William DeWitt Alexander in many of their works, serving as a cultural advisor and translator. After the downfall of the Gibson administration in 1887, funding to the museum was cut and the collections were later incorporated into the Bishop Museum.
In 1892, she was appointed Commissioner of Private Ways and Water Rights for the district of Kona, on the island of Oahu, corresponding to the capital city of Honolulu and its surrounding areas. Nakuina was chosen for this post specifically because of her knowledge of traditional water rights, and she was tasked with the duties of resolving water usage and rights issues. She held this position from 1892 to 1907, at which point the powers were reassigned to the circuit courts. During her tenure, she worked under the monarchy until the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In order to remain in her governmental post, she took the oath of allegiance to the subsequent regimes of the Provisional Government, the Republic and the Territory of Hawaii. Although she never held the formal title, she is often regarded as Hawaii's first female judge.
In March 1893, she became a member of Hui Aloha ʻĀina o Na Wahine (Hawaiian Women's Patriotic League) or Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Women. This patriotic group was founded shortly after its male counterpart the Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Men to oppose the overthrow and plans to annex the islands to the United States and to support the deposed queen. Nakuina served as interpreter of the organization for a month until a dispute arose between two factions of the group. The rift centered on the wordings to a memorial seeking the restoration of the monarchy to be presented to the United States Commissioner James Henderson Blount who was sent by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the overthrow. The original memorial used the word “Queen” leaving out Liliʻuokalani’s name and was opposed by the small faction consisting of elderly, full-blood Hawaiian women who suspected that it was a ploy by the younger, educated part-Hawaiians to put either Kapiʻolani or Kaʻiulani on the throne instead. A second memorial was drafted including Liliʻuokalani’s name and the original architects of the first memorial including Nakuina either resigned or were replaced. Nakuina was replaced by Mary Ann Kaulalani Parker Stillman.
In 1895, Nakuina helped founded the Hawaiian Relief Society in her office to assist the victims of a cholera epidemic in the islands. She co-founded the organization with other leading Hawaiian women including Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau, Abigail Kuaihelani Campbell and Emilie Widemann Macfarlane, who had all been members of Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Women.
In 1897, Nakuina was mentioned in an article by Janet Jennings, of the Chicago Times-Herald, about the important role and status of part-Hawaiian women in the Hawaiian nation, which described her as "a clever and accomplished woman, whose scholarly attainments make her a unique figure in political and social circles of Honolulu."
Later life
In later life, Nakuina returned to writing. She became one of the first female members of the Hawaiian Historical Society and joined the civic organization Daughters of Hawaii. In 1904, she wrote her only book, Hawaii, Its People, Their Legends, published by the Hawaiian Promotion Committee. It was meant to introduce tourists to the culture of Hawaii, but was also imbued with her own sense of pride for her Hawaiian heritage and bitterness at the negative effects of foreign influence in the islands. According to Cristina Bacchilega, this publication was a covert example of feminine defiance against the Western world.
In 1917, Nakuina hosted a party for Almira Hollander Pitman, a leading suffragist from the mainland United States, and her husband Banjamin Franklin Pitman. The gathering attracted many upper-class Honolulu suffragists including Wilhelmina Widemann Dowsett, president of the National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawaii, and Emma Ahuena Taylor, who asked Almira Pitman to espouse the cause of the women of the Territory of Hawaii. This meeting and subsequent meetings with the Honolulu Women's Club prompted Almira Pitman to write to her connections back home, which helped push a bill through Congress authorizing the Hawaii Territorial Legislature with the power to legislate on the issue of women's suffrage. A local bill was planned in 1919 to enfranchise the women of Hawaii. It was superseded before it could be adopted when, in the following year, Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, granting all women in the United States the right to vote.
Nakuina died on April 27, 1929, in her son's house, at the age of eighty-two. She was buried at the Oahu Cemetery with her second husband, Moses Nakuina. In 2017, Hawaiʻi Magazine listed Nakuina among the most influential women in Hawaiian history.
Publications and works
List below are the known works of Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina in chronological order:
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:1847 births
Category:1929 deaths
Category:American women writers
Category:Hawaiian ladies-in-waiting
Category:Hawaiian nobility
Category:Kingdom of Hawaii politicians
Category:Mills College alumni
Category:Native Hawaiian politicians
Category:Native Hawaiian women in politics
Category:Native Hawaiian writers
Category:People from Honolulu
Category:Punahou School alumni
Category:Republic of Hawaii politicians
Category:Women judges
Category:Women curators
Category:Writers from Hawaii | 2024-01-13T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6353 |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of clinical findings consisting of abdominal obesity, high glucose, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and hypertension \[[@CR1]\]. Metaflammation in adipose tissue, characterized by infiltration of macrophages, local gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, especially IL-6 and IL-1β \[[@CR2]\], is considered a potential factor contributing to development of the metabolic syndrome \[[@CR1]\]. Moreover, it is notable that inflammatory signaling molecules including relA (NF-κB p65) and MAPK family members \[i.e. p44/42 (ERK1/2)\] activated in adipose tissue during metabolic syndrome, could trigger metaflammation and insulin resistance \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\]. It is therefore important to determine whether IL-6 or IL-1β mediates adipose tissue metaflammation during macrophage infiltration via modulating MAPK or NF-κB pathway, to help further elucidate the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome.
Attenuating adipose tissue metaflammation promotes insulin sensitivity \[[@CR5]\], and might be a potential strategy to treat or prevent metabolic syndrome. Accumulated evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in influencing the proliferation, survival and differentiation of preadipocytes \[[@CR6]--[@CR10]\], which are essential in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis \[[@CR11]\]. Most importantly they might even induce or aggravate metaflammation by stimulating preadipocytes to express and secrete a variety of cytokines, most of which are pro-inflammatory \[[@CR12]--[@CR14]\]. In vitro studies have shown that 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ exerts anti-inflammatory actions on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and macrophage-stimulated adipocytes, by reducing the release and gene expression of major pro-inflammatory factors including IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 \[[@CR15], [@CR16]\]. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ on macrophage-stimulated preadipocytes, remains to be explored in detail.
In this study, we aimed firstly to test whether IL-6 or IL-1β is critical in mediating inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, in terms of pro-inflammatory gene expression and secretion; and secondly to determine the inflammatory signaling pathways activated by examining the phosphorylation of signaling molecules including relA of the NF-κB pathway and p44/42 MAPK. Finally, we investigated whether 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~, could attenuate the inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, and explored the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Preparation of MacCM {#Sec3}
--------------------
The human THP-1 monocytic cell line was kindly provided by Professor Helen R Griffiths (Aston University, UK). Monocytes were cultured in T75 flasks in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and incubated at 37 °C in 95% air and 5% CO~2~. When the monocyte density reached 1 × 10^6^ cells/ml, the differentiation to pro-inflammatory M1 dominant macrophages was induced by 100 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) for 48 h, and then activated by 1 μg/ml LPS \[[@CR17]\] and 1 mM ATP (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) for a further 24 h in RPMI-1640 before medium collection. The MacCM was filtered through 0.22 μm filters and stored at − 80 °C.
Culture of human white preadipocytes {#Sec4}
------------------------------------
Human white preadipocytes derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue of a female Caucasian subject (BMI 21; age 44 years) were obtained from PromoCell (Germany). The preadipocytes were cultured in T25 flasks then sub-cultured into 12-well plates (seeding density: 5000 cells per cm^2^) in preadipocyte growth medium (PromoCell, Germany) supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/ml amphotericin B, and incubated at 37 °C in 95% air and 5% CO~2~.
MacCM stimulation and blockade of IL-6 and IL-1β action {#Sec5}
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When confluence was reached, preadipocytes (n = 6 wells per group) were cultured for 24 h in preadipocyte growth medium, which was replaced with 25% MacCM (diluted in RPMI-1640) to elicit inflammatory responses, together with IL-6 antibody (300, 350 and 450 ng/ml) or IL-1β antibody (15 μg/ml as previously established \[[@CR18]\]) (R&D Systems, UK) to block IL-6 or IL-1β action by neutralization for a further 24 h before cell and supernatant collection. Isotype control mouse IgG at the same concentrations confirmed that non-specific binding did not block inflammatory responses (data not shown). The control received a mock treatment of 25% preadipocyte growth medium (diluted in RPMI-1640).
MacCM stimulation and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ pre-treatment and treatment {#Sec6}
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When confluence was reached, preadipocytes (n = 6 wells per group) were pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (ENZO Life Sciences, USA) (reconstituted in DMSO to a concentration of 1 μg/μl and diluted to final concentrations of 0.01--10 nM in preadipocyte growth medium). The pre-treatment was to boost the potential anti-inflammatory effects of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ as established previously \[[@CR18]\]. After 24 h the pre-treatment media were discarded. Then, 25% MacCM (diluted in RPMI-1640) was added together with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (0.01--10 nM) for a further 24 h before cell and supernatant collection.
Measurement of inflammatory responses {#Sec7}
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Cytokine release of the pooled cell supernatants (n = 6) were screened by Human Cytokine Array Panel A following the manufacturer's instructions (R&D Systems, UK) and Molecular Imager ChemiDoc XRS+ System (Bio-Rad, UK). The results were presented as pixel density relative to the references of the arrays. The secretion levels of major pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES were measured in duplicate using human ELISA kits following the manufacturer's instructions (R&D Systems, UK) and SPECTROstar Nano Microplate Reader (BMG LABTECH, Germany). The results were also normalized to total cell protein content (measured by Thermo Scientific Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit, UK) and presented as μg(cytokine)/mg(cell protein). The mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES in preadipocytes were measured in duplicate using TaqMan gene expression assays (Applied Biosystems, UK), qPCR core kit (Eurogentec, Belgium) and Stratagene Mx3005P instrument system. The results were normalized to the values of reference gene PPIA \[[@CR19]\] and presented as fold changes of Ct value relative to controls using the 2^−ΔΔct^ formula \[[@CR20]\]. The intracellular levels (densities) of inflammatory signaling molecules including relA, phosphorylated relA, p44/42 MAPK, phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK, p38 MAPK and phosphorylated p38 MAPK (New England BioLabs, UK) were measured using western blotting and Molecular Imager ChemiDoc XRS+ System (Bio-Rad, UK). The results were calculated as ratios of phosphorylated relA to relA, phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK to p44/42 MAPK and phosphorylated p38 MAPK to p38 MAPK, normalized to loading control vinculin (Abcam, UK), and presented as fold changes of density relative to controls. All the antibodies used were diluted according to the manufacturer's instructions. Methods of qPCR and western blotting were as previously described \[[@CR21]\].
Statistical analysis {#Sec8}
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Results are presented as mean ± SEM. For statistical analysis, unpaired Student's t test was used for individual group comparisons. One-way ANOVA for independent samples was used, followed by Tukey's test for individual group comparisons. A value of p \< 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. The analysis and presentation were performed using Prism 5 (GraphPad, USA).
Results {#Sec9}
=======
IL-6 and IL-1β mediate inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes {#Sec10}
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Infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue induces metaflammation \[[@CR2]\], which may contribute to metabolic syndrome \[[@CR1]\]. In the initial experiments, we treated human white preadipocytes with MacCM (25%) to elicit inflammatory responses. Cytokine release was screened using proteome array and the results revealed that (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}a, b) pro-inflammatory factors including IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES were secreted from MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, compared to controls. Surprisingly, IL-1β, which is vital in initiating and sustaining metaflammation in adipose tissue \[[@CR22], [@CR23]\], was not detected. However, (Figs. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}c--g and [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) further ELISA results (unnormalized and normalized) show that besides IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES, the secretion levels of IL-1β were also markedly increased, but relatively lower, possibly too low to be detected by the array. In contrast, the secretion level of serpin was mildly decreased from MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. Similarly, (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) the qPCR results show that the mRNA levels of these pro-inflammatory factors were generally enhanced in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, especially IL-1β and IL-6, which were approximately 767 and 404-fold higher, compared to the control.Fig. 1Effects of MacCM on cytokine release from human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), or with THP-1-MacCM (25%) for 24 h before supernatant collection. **a** Secreted cytokines were screened by cytokine array. **b** The results are presented as pixel density relative to the reference controls of the arrays. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors **c** IL-1β, **d** IL-6, **e** IL-8, **f** MCP-1 and **g** RANTES were also measured by ELISA. Data are shown as mean ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using unpaired Student's t test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p \< 0.001) Fig. 2Effects of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ on IL-6 and IL-1β-mediated pro-inflammatory secretion from MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), or with THP-1-MacCM (25%), or in the presence of IL-6 antibody (300 ng/ml), or IL-1β antibody (15 μg/ml) for 24 h. A further group of cells was pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for 24 h, followed by treatments with THP-1-MacCM (25%) and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for a further 24 h before supernatant collection. The release levels of pro-inflammatory factors **a** IL-1β, **b** IL-6, **c** IL-8, **d** MCP-1 and **e** RANTES were measured by ELISA and normalized to total cell protein content. Data are shown as mean ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p \< 0.001); to THP-1-MacCM by ^\#^(p \< 0.05), ^\#\#^(p \< 0.01) and ^\#\#\#^(p \< 0.001) Fig. 3Effects of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ on IL-6 and IL-1β-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression in MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), or with THP-1-MacCM (25%), or in the presence of IL-6 antibody (300 ng/ml), or IL-1β antibody (15 μg/ml) for 24 h. A further group of cells was pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for 24 h, followed by treatments with THP-1-MacCM (25%) and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for a further 24 h before cell collection. The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors **a** IL-1β, **b** IL-6, **c** IL-8, **d** MCP-1 and **e** RANTES were measured by qPCR. Data are shown as mean ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p \< 0.001); to THP-1-MacCM by ^\#^(p \< 0.05), ^\#\#^(p \< 0.01) and ^\#\#\#^(p \< 0.001)
The plasma level of IL-6 is almost exclusively determined by whole-body adiposity and thus closely associated with metabolic syndrome \[[@CR14]\]. Moreover, IL-6 has been found to stimulate the synthesis of C-reactive protein, which is one of the strongest indicators of metabolic risk \[[@CR24]\]. Hence, we speculated that IL-6 might mediate inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. To test this, we blocked IL-6 action from MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes using IL-6 antibody. In preliminary work, a range of IL-6 antibody doses were tested based on calculations using the manufacturer's instructions, and (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Fig. S1PA and S1PB) the results show that 300 ng/ml was the optimal dose to inhibit cytokine secretion and gene expression. In accordance with this, (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) the ELISA results (normalized) show that the secretion of IL-8 was considerably decreased by IL-6 antibody, which was 0.6-fold lower compared with MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. Likewise, the levels of MCP-1 and RANTES were moderately decreased by 0.3- and 0.2-fold, respectively. Although the concentrations of IL-1β were numerically lower, this did not reach statistical significance. The secretion of IL-6 (and IL-1β later) is not presented, since additional IL-6 (IL-1β) antibodies in the supernatant will affect the accuracy of the ELISA results. Moreover, blocking IL-6 action exerted potent inhibitory effects on cytokine gene expression, (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) as the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES were all significantly lowered by 0.4- to 0.7-fold. Therefore, IL-6 propagates and maintains inflammatory responses during adipose tissue metaflammation, since blocking IL-6 action inhibits the secretion and gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes.
A recent study from our group demonstrated that IL-1β could target preadipocytes to induce adipose tissue metaflammation \[[@CR25]\]. Likewise, the current results show that IL-1β is crucial in mediating inflammatory responses in macrophage-stimulated preadipocytes, (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) since by blocking IL-1β action from MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes with IL-1β antibody (15 μg/ml), the secretion levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were moderately reduced by 0.5-fold compared with MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. However, the release of MCP-1 and RANTES were not statistically different in the presence of MacCM compared with the control. In parallel, (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) blocking IL-1β action markedly decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES by 0.4- to 0.7-fold in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes.
IL-6 and IL-1β increase the phosphorylation of inflammatory signaling molecules in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes {#Sec11}
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A possible mechanism for induction of adipose tissue metaflammation is activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway via phosphorylation of transcription factor relA \[[@CR5]\]. In our study, (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}b) MacCM considerably increased the phosphorylation levels of relA by 180%, (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}a) though the levels of NF-κB were similar compared with the control. In accordance with that, the NF-κB signaling pathway could be activated by IL-1β \[[@CR5]\], (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}b) since the decreased phosphorylation levels of relA were significantly associated with blocking IL-1β action.
The conventional MAPKs including p44/42 and p38, are activated through phosphorylation, and are established as playing an important role in various biological processes, especially inflammation \[[@CR26]\]. Firstly, (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}a and Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Fig. S2A) compared to the control, MacCM had no effect on the levels of p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK. Secondly, (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}c) the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK were moderately increased by 60% in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. In parallel, (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Fig. S2B) MacCM remarkably increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which was 250% higher than observed in the control. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that IL-6 triggers inflammatory responses by activating the p44/42 MAPK signaling pathway \[[@CR27]\], as indicated by our observation that the phosphorylation levels of p44/42 MAPK were significantly decreased by blocking IL-6 action in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}c).
In addition, (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}c and Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Fig. S2B) show that after antibody blockade of IL-1β, the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK were slightly lower in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, but the difference from control was not statistically significant. Likewise, (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}b and Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Fig. S2B) blocking IL-6 action did not affect the phosphorylation levels of relA or p38 MAPK.
1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ inhibits pro-inflammatory secretion and gene expression in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes {#Sec12}
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We speculated that 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ might attenuate inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, as has previously been demonstrated in IL-1β-stimulated preadipocytes \[[@CR25]\]. Initially, MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes were pre-treated and treated with 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (which was a dose formerly established \[[@CR25]\]). With respect to pro-inflammatory secretion, (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) the ELISA results (normalized) show that compared with MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ markedly decreased the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by 0.5- and 0.6-fold, whereas the effects to reduce MCP-1 and RANTES release were moderate (0.3- and 0.2-fold lower, respectively). However, the secretion of IL-1β was not affected in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes by 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~. Next, to investigate whether the effects of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ on the inflammatory responses are dose-dependent, we pre-treated and treated MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes with 0.01 to 1 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ using the same methods. With respect to pro-inflammatory secretion, (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}) firstly, 0.01 to 1 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ did not affect the secretion of IL-1β and MCP-1 in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. Secondly, only 0.01 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ dramatically decreased the secretion levels of IL-6 by 0.7-fold, while though numerically lower, no statistically significant differences were seen with other doses. Finally, relatively high doses of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ were significantly associated with reduced levels of IL-8 and RANTES, as observed that 0.1 and 1 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ mildly decreased the secretion levels of IL-8 by 0.4-fold and RANTES by 0.2-fold, respectively.Fig. 4The decreasing effects of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ on pro-inflammatory secretion from MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), or with THP-1-MacCM (25%) for 24 h. Further groups of cells were pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (0.01--10 nM) for 24 h, followed by treatments with THP-1-MacCM (25%) and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (0.01--10 nM) for a further 24 h before supernatant collection. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors **a** IL-1β, **b** IL-6, **c** IL-8, **d** MCP-1 and **e** RANTES were measured by ELISA and normalized to total cell protein content. Data are shown as mean ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p \< 0.001); to THP-1-MacCM by ^\#^(p \< 0.05), ^\#\#^(p \< 0.01) and ^\#\#\#^(p \< 0.001)
In parallel, 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ exerted complex, but in general inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory gene expression in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. As shown in Figs. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, 0.01 to 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ inhibited the mRNA levels of IL-1β and RANTES by 0.5- to 0.8-fold. The mRNA levels of IL-8 were reduced 0.7-fold by 1 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~; other doses had similar but moderate inhibitory effects on IL-8 gene expression. The mRNA levels of IL-6 were decreased by 0.4- to 0.6-fold, by all doses except 0.1 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~, which had no effect. However, only 1 and 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ reduced mRNA levels of MCP-1 by 0.7- and 0.5-fold, respectively.Fig. 5The decreasing effects of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ on pro-inflammatory gene expression in MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), or with THP-1-MacCM (25%) for 24 h. Further groups of cells were pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (0.01--10 nM) for 24 h, followed by treatments with THP-1-MacCM (25%) and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (0.01--10 nM) for a further 24 h before cell collection. The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors **a** IL-1β, **b** IL-6, **c** IL-8, **d** MCP-1 and **e** RANTES were measured from cells by qPCR. Data are shown as mean ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p \< 0.001); to THP-1-MacCM by ^\#^(p \< 0.05), ^\#\#^(p \< 0.01) and ^\#\#\#^(p \< 0.001)
Therefore, 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ attenuates IL-1β and IL-6-mediated inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. In addition, (Figs. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ generally reduced pro-inflammatory secretion and gene expression, (Figs. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}) but there was no consistent dose--response relationship between the pro-inflammatory secretion or gene expression and the doses of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ used in our study.
1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ decreases the phosphorylation of relA of the NF-κB signaling pathway and p44/42 MAPK in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes {#Sec13}
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10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ had no effect on the levels of relA (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}a), but moderately decreased the phosphorylation levels of relA by 20%, compared to MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}b). Similarly, (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}a) the levels of p44/42 MAPK were not affected by 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~, but their phosphorylation was reduced by 30% (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}c). Although (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Fig. S2) 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ had no effect on the levels of p38 MAPK, those of phosphorylated p38 MAPK were not affected, either. Additionally, lower doses of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (0.01 to 1 nM) had no effects on any of the above signaling pathways (data not shown).Fig. 6Modifying effects of IL-6, IL-1β and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ on the phosphorylation of relA and p44/42 MAPK in MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), or with THP-1-MacCM (25%), or in the presence of IL-6 antibody (300 ng/ml), or IL-1β antibody (15 μg/ml) for 24 h. A further group of cells was pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for 24 h, followed by treatments with THP-1-MacCM (25%) and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for a further 24 h before lysate collection. **a** The levels of relA, phosphorylated relA, p44/42 MAPK and phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK were measured by western blotting. The results are presented as fold changes of ratios of **b** phosphorylated relA to relA, **c** phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK to p44/42 MAPK to controls. Data are shown as mean ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p \< 0.001); to THP-1-MacCM by ^\#^(p \< 0.05), ^\#\#^(p \< 0.01) and ^\#\#\#^(p \< 0.001)
Overall, 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ decreases the phosphorylation of inflammatory signaling molecules including relA and p44/42 MAPK in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, but only 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ exerted such effects in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes.
Discussion {#Sec14}
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The initial results show that in human white preadipocytes, MacCM massively enhanced the secretion and gene expression of major pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES, which have been measured as indicators of adipose tissue metaflammation in keeping with published studies \[[@CR14], [@CR24], [@CR28]--[@CR31]\]. Although downstream markers of adipose tissue inflammation such as leptin and adiponectin are of interest \[[@CR32]\], these adipokines are usually secreted by mature adipocytes; preadipocytes express and secrete extremely low levels of adiponectin and leptin, which we did test in this study (data not shown). Interestingly, we also found that TNF-α, one of the major pro-inflammatory factors released from adipocytes in metaflammation \[[@CR4]\], was not secreted at detectable levels from MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. Hence, it appears that preadipocytes have a unique secretome compared to mature adipocytes during metaflammation.
Considered as an adipokine \[[@CR14]\], IL-6 is also a multifaceted, pleiotropic cytokine and suggested to play a central role in the development of metabolic syndrome by inducing metaflammation and insulin resistance \[[@CR33]\]. Hence, rather than neutralizing IL-1β in MacCM as formally established \[[@CR18]\], we blocked IL-6 and IL-1β action during the stimulation, to determine whether either of them could mediate the inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. The present study showed that both IL-6 and IL-1β mediate MacCM-stimulated inflammatory responses in preadipocytes by increasing the phosphorylation of relA of the NF-κB pathway and p44/42 MAPK, respectively. Moreover, it might be suggested that IL-6 exerts broader inflammatory effects on preadipocytes, for most of the pro-inflammatory factors (though not IL-1β) were inhibited when IL-6 action was blocked, whilst the chemoattractants MCP-1 and RANTES were not significantly reduced by IL-1β blockade. However, it is clear that IL-1β is also important as its blockade did significantly attenuate the inflammatory responses.
Intriguingly, our results suggest that 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ could attenuate inflammatory responses in macrophage-stimulated preadipocytes during adipose tissue metaflammation, for 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory secretion from MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. Furthermore, 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ inhibits the mRNA of the major pro-inflammatory factors in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes probably by decreasing phosphorylation of relA, which is consistent with other relevant studies that phosphorylated (activated) relA enhances the expression of pro-inflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 \[[@CR34]\]. It is also possible that 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ could inhibit pro-inflammatory gene expression by antagonizing the action of relA in the nucleus \[[@CR35], [@CR36]\]. Besides the genomic effects, 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ can exert non-genomic actions in the cytoplasm by modulating the MAPK pathways \[[@CR37]\], which we also found, as 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ might inhibit the pro-inflammatory responses by reducing p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. Possible limitations of our study are that we did not test whether 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ could directly modulate the pro-inflammatory gene expression in the nucleus by chromatin immunoprecipitation, as 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ inhibits the expression of genes including IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, which are important in attenuating inflammatory responses in various tissues \[[@CR38]--[@CR41]\]. In addition, since the anti-inflammatory properties of 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ could be exerted in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes in single or multiple above-mentioned manners (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}), which might explain why there was no obvious dose--response relationship between 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ and the pro-inflammatory secretion or gene expression.Fig. 71α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ attenuates Il-6 and IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Accumulated macrophages infiltrating into white adipose tissue induce metaflammation, which is embodied by inflammatory responses including increased local gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, particularly IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES. Among these pro-inflammatory factors, by binding to its receptor, IL-1β initiates and sustains the inflammatory responses in macrophage-stimulated preadipocytes by enhancing the phosphorylation of relA of the NF-κB signaling pathway, while in the same ligand-receptor manner IL-6 mediates similar responses by enhancing the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK. Besides directly inhibiting the pro-inflammatory gene expression (not tested in our study), 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ attenuates IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses by decreasing the phosphorylation of relA in the nucleus. Moreover, 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ can exert a non-genomic action by decreasing the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK in the cytoplasm, to attenuate IL-6-mediated inflammatory responses
A body of evidence has revealed that metaflammation might be a critical link between metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease \[[@CR42]\]. Our results suggest that vitamin D might be an independent protective factor to cardiovascular risk due to its anti-inflammatory properties, and given that it also influences several phases of the atherosclerotic process, especially influencing vascular remodeling and atherothrombosis \[[@CR43]\]. Moreover, given the benefits of canakinumab seen in the CANTOS trial \[[@CR44]\], along with the present findings, IL-1β blocker and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ might complete each other to attenuate metaflammation in adipose tissue, thus to potentially help prevent metabolic syndrome and subsequent cardiovascular disease.
Conclusions {#Sec15}
===========
1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ attenuates IL-6 and IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses, probably by inhibiting p44/42 and relA phosphorylation in MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes.
Additional files
================
{#Sec16}
**Additional file 1: Figure S1.** IL-6 antibodies block inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), with THP-1-MacCM (25%), or in the presence of IL-6 antibody (300, 350 and 450 ng/ml) for 24 h before supernatant and cell collection. (Panel A) The release levels of pro-inflammatory factors (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-8, (C) MCP-1 and (D) RANTES were measured by ELISA and normalized to total cell protein content. (Panel B) The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-8, (D) MCP-1 and (E) RANTES were measured by qPCR. Data are shown as means ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p\<0.001); to THP-1-MacCM by \#(p\<0.05), \#\#(p\<0.01) and \#\#\#(p\<0.001). **Additional file 2: Figure S2.** Modifying effect of MacCM on the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), with THP-1-MacCM (25%), or in the presence of IL-6 antibody (300 ng/ml), or IL-1β antibody (15 μg/ml) for 24 h. A further group of cells was pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for 24 h, followed by treatments with THP-1-MacCM (25%) and 1α,25(OH)~2~D~3~ (10 nM) for a further 24 h before lysate collection. The p38 MAPK and phosphorylated p38 MAPK were measured by western blotting. The results are presented as fold changes of ratios of phosphorylated 38 MAPK to p38 MAPK to controls. Data are shown as means ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by \*\*\*(p\<0.001).
MAPK
: mitogen-activated protein kinase
IL
: interleukin
MacCM
: macrophage conditioned medium
MCP-1
: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
RANTES
: regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted
LPS
: lipopolysaccharide
ATP
: adenosine triphosphate
CB and JZ conceived the study. JZ performed the experiments and analyzed the results. JW and CB supervised the findings of this study. JW and JZ discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements {#FPar1}
================
Not applicable.
Competing interests {#FPar2}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials {#FPar3}
==================================
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article \[and its additional information files\].
Consent for publication {#FPar4}
=======================
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar5}
==========================================
Not applicable.
Funding {#FPar6}
=======
This work was supported by the China Scholarship Council, with a grant awarded to Jingjing Zhu (No. 201306920002).
Publisher's Note {#FPar7}
================
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
| 2023-11-23T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6365 |
Pluripotency factors Lin28 and Oct4 identify a sub-population of stem cell-like cells in ovarian cancer.
Lin28 and Oct4 are highly expressed in human embryonic stem (ES) cells and, along with two other stem cell marker proteins (Nanog and Sox2), together can convert human somatic cells to pluripotency. As an RNA-binding protein, Lin28 acts to stimulate the translation of a specific subset of mRNAs, and to inhibit the biogenesis of a group of microRNAs. Oct4 is a transcription factor essential for the maintenance of pluripotency and survival of ES cells. In this study, we report that a sub-population of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells co-expresses Lin28 and Oct4 as demonstrated in the analyses of both cell lines and patient tumor samples. We also observe that the combined expression of these proteins in tumor samples is correlated with advanced tumor grade. Intriguingly, when the expression of these two proteins is repressed in the same cells using RNA interference, there is significant reduction in cell growth and survival. We thus propose that Lin28 and Oct4 may have important roles in the initiation and/or progression of EOC, and consequently may serve as important molecular diagnostics and/or therapeutic targets for the development of novel treatment strategies in EOC patients. | 2023-10-16T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6925 |
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NEW YORK CITY – Andy Byford, the beleaguered head of the MTA who was brought in to fix the ailing transit system two years ago, announced his resignation Thursday. Mr. Byford was seen by many riders as hero but clashed frequently with Governor Cuomo over the policy and authority of the world’s busiest transit system. The chief will retire from the public eye and take up residence in wings of the New York Transit Museum in Brooklyn
In unrelated news, a masked vigilante has been spotted roaming the subway tunnels underneath the city. Reports of repaired signal boxes and cleared tracks have sprung up across the system, from the far reaches of the JZ in Queens to the nexus of Times Square itself.
Who is this masked man? Where did he come from and how does he know so much about the inner-working of the New York City subways?
We may never have the answers to these burning questions, but one thing is for sure: Trackman, as thankful riders have come to call him, is truly the hero we deserve.
“I’ve seen him leap from platform and remove 17 feral cats right from the track,” recounts Emilia Cruz of her chance encounter with the unknown subway savior at the Parkchester station. “He even helped an sick old lady off a car so it could leave the station promptly. I think she died, but we all got to Grand Central in record time.”
Not everyone is thrilled about Trackman’s efforts; Gov. Cuomo, angered by such a brazed affront to his authority 150 miles away in Albany, has issued a warrant for the vigilante’s arrest as well as a hefty reward for any information that may uncover his identity.
However, few have taken proffered details to the authorities. Amid the sprawling systems of tunnels and tracks that underlie our very lives, riders are now assured that at least one man, whoever he is, now keeps a watchful eye for all of us and our daily commute. | 2023-12-29T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7930 |
Coldharbour, City of London
Coldharbour, also spelled Cold Harbour, Cold Harborough, Cold Herbergh, Cold Herberge, and Cold Inn, were two London neighbouring estates in the since dissolved parishes of All-Hallows-the-Less and All-Hallows-the-Great, in today's Dowgate Ward of the City of London. From the 13th century to the mid-17th century Coldharbour occupied the area between Upper Thames Street and the Thames to the east of Cannon Street station. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. One of the estates was used by the Dukes of Exeter and briefly as a college of heralds.
History
Coldharbour was a liberty until 1608, when James I brought it within the jurisdiction of the City of London.
Coldharbour House
Coldharbour House, Cold Harbour, Cold Harborough or Cold Inn was a medieval mansion house on the north bank of the River Thames just upstream from London Bridge and close to the site of Cannon Street station.
The house was located in Upper Thames Street, a narrow riverside lane, along with other noblemen's mansions. The house was first mentioned in the reign of Edward II as belonging to the knight Sir John Abel. In 1334 it was bought by the merchant draper Sir John de Pulteney, who was four times Lord Mayor of London in the 1330s, and became known as Pulteney's Inn. At the end of the 14th century, it belonged to John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, a half-brother of King Richard II, whom he entertained in the house.
In 1410, King Henry IV granted the property to his son, the future King Henry V. Richard III gave Coldharbour to the College of Arms, of which he was patron, for storing records and to provide living space. Henry VII took possession of the house away from the college and gave it to his mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. The house later became the property of the Earls of Shrewsbury, and its name was changed to Shrewsbury House.
Coldharbour was either dismantled by the 6th Earl of Shrewsbury or destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, although a later building with the same name, constructed on the same site, was used as the hall of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen until 1778.
See also
List of demolished buildings and structures in London
Notes
References
See also
Watermen's stairs
Category:Buildings and structures in the City of London
City of London
Category:Former houses in the City of London
City of London, History of the
Category:History of the City of London
Category:Liberties of London
Category:1666 disestablishments | 2023-08-23T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1366 |
Taoiseach Leo Varadkar has said it is “far too late” in the Brexit process for the United Kingdom to tell the European Union what it wants as part of an exit deal.
Speaking in Dublin, Mr Varadkar was also dismissive of suggestions that British prime minister Theresa May may further postpone a vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement that is due to take place in the House of Commons this week.
Mrs May is battling to save her Brexit strategy as negotiations with the European Union remain “deadlocked”, amid warnings that the prime minister is heading for another crushing defeat in Tuesday’s crunch Commons vote.
Tory Brexiteers said rejection of the withdrawal agreement is “inevitable” unless Mrs May is able to secure significant changes to the Northern Ireland backstop. “Technical” talks between officials took place in Brussels over the weekend and the PM spoke to European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker on Sunday night. But a Downing Street source said the negotiations remained “deadlocked”.
Speculation in London has suggested Mrs May could replace the so-called meaningful vote with another vote which would allow MPs show what type of Brexit they would find acceptable.
The Taoiseach said such a prospect “really misses the point”.
“I do hear some suggestion that the votes may be called off in favour of a new vote as a result of which the House of Commons would tell the European Union what they want. That really misses the point,” Mr Varadkar told reporters. “We’re two and half years if not three years since the referendum. It is far too late for the United Kingdom to tell us what they want. The withdrawal agreement requires a compromise and this withdrawal agreement is already a compromise.”
“Obviously the first step on Tuesday is the next vote on the withdrawal agreement in the House of Commons. That may pass or it may not pass, I can’t predict the outcome of that vote but if it doesn’t pass I understand there will be a vote on Wednesday to take no-deal off the table and potentially a vote on Thursday then around an extension.”
The remaining 27 European Union members will have to agree to grant an extension of the negotiating period beyond Brexit day on March 29th, if one is requested by London. The Taoiseach said it has to be an “extension with a purpose”.
“I think if there is going to be an extension. It has to be an extension with a purpose. Nobody across the European Union wants to see a rolling cliff edge where tough decisions just get put off until the end of April and then to the end of May and then maybe until the end of July.
“The uncertainty around Brexit is already worrying citizens. It is damaging business confidence, it is effecting our agriculture in particular. It will affect other industries as well as the week goes on. I really think if there is going to be an extension it has to be with a purpose, that extension.”
The threat of a no-deal Brexit is not one “that the European Union or Ireland is making”, he added.
“The 29th March is a self imposed deadline and the United Kingdom parliament can take the threat of no deal — for Ireland, for Northern Ireland, for Britain, for Europe — off the table at any time.” | 2024-01-31T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4415 |
The nonpartisan Voter Participation Center says a group known as the Rising American Electorate (RAE) — which includes Millennials and Generation Z, minorities and unmarried women — is growing as a share of the electorate and is poised to have a major effect on the 2020 presidential election.
The group’s report, released Wednesday, found that the RAE is nearly 65 percent of the Nevada adult population. But it underperforms other groups in registration and turnout; the RAE accounts for just 56 percent of the state’s registered voters.
“You’re not going to win an election unless you speak to this group and you appeal to this group and their values — not only their needs but what they see as the country’s needs overall,” Page Gardner, founder of the Voter Participation Center, said in an interview, adding that she’s witnessed “increasingly desperate attempt to limit their power and their agency.”
Gardner says health care is consistently a top priority across the diverse members of the RAE, especially as it relates to coverage for people with preexisting conditions.
The number of RAE voters nationwide jumped more than 22 percent from 2014 to 2018, while the number of non-RAE voters jumped less than 6 percent. The 2018 election was the first time the group constituted a majority of voters in a midterm election, and it is expected to be a majority of the electorate in 2020.
Among those who did not register to vote, 38 percent of RAE voters said they were not interested in the election or politics. That’s lower than among non-RAE voters: 49 percent of those who did not register cited disinterest or lack of involvement.
A full 29 percent of RAE voters said they did not vote because they were too busy or had a scheduling conflict with work or school.
RAE adults were more likely than non-RAE adults to cite a list of structural barriers as a reason for not registering to vote. Among those issues was missing a deadline (13 percent), not knowing where or how to register (5 percent) and not meeting residency requirements (4 percent).
Gardner says the findings are a call to make it easier to vote, including by ensuring Election Day is not on a workday. Her organization, for its part, is actively sending out voter registration forms by mail to try to bring the registration process to the voters, rather than expecting them to seek out the opportunity at the DMV or elsewhere.
“Voting is difficult in this country,” Gardner said. “If we want to change our democracy, we have to change the rules.” | 2024-02-21T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4038 |
KARACHI: The domestic rate for gold on Tuesday hit a new peak for 2016, despite a declining trend in international bullion rate during the current month, highlighting the disparity in daily gold rates released by All Sindh Saraf and Jewellers Association (ASSJA)...
On Tuesday local yellow metal rate reached Rs51,850, up by Rs250 from Monday while per 10 gram rate went up by Rs214 to Rs44,442 based on international price of $1,321 per...
LONDON: Gold steadied on Wednesday after plunging to three-month lows the previous day in a sharp sell-off triggered by speculative selling and a break of key technical support levels, which pushed the metal below the key $1,300 level...
KARACHI: Pakistan 2 overcome fighting Pakistan 1 by 5-4 frames in agonising all-Pakistan final played for the first time in any global event to win the IBSF Team Event Snooker Championship in the Egyptian city of Hurghadha on Thursday evening...
Pakistan 2 was represented by the former world amateur snooker champion Mohammad Asif and Babar Masih while Pakistan 1 comprised national champion Mohammad Sajjad and runner-up Asjad Iqbal... ...
ISLAMABAD: The Asian Development Bank says that Pakistan’s economy has failed to achieve its growth potential in spite of benefiting from lower prices of oil which accounts for almost a third of its imports...
The ADB approved $1 billion for projects in Pakistan to improve transport and trade...
But even if Diamer-Bhasha reaches its funding goal, then what?The court summoned yesterday the CEOs of all bottled water companies to present data on the price of extracted water and the revenue they have made selling it...
We can question whether major bottlers are cartelised, and whether quality audits are functioning well, but let’s think here instead about what the price of water should be... | 2024-05-23T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5486 |
[Orally administered polaprezinc significantly improves taste disorders in ovarian cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy].
The subject was a 75-year-old female who was receiving paclitaxel and carboplatin(TC)chemotherapy every other week after surgery for ovarian cancer. She greatly complained of taste disorders after four cycles(of every other week administration) of TC chemotherapy. To understand how the taste disorder was caused by chemotherapy objectively, taste examinations were conducted for the patient in our department. These examinations were conducted after receiving the informed consent from the patient. The authors conducted taste examinations for the patient using serum zinc measurement, tongue cell culture, electrogustometry, and filter paper disc tests(before and after starting chemotherapy), and found that her serum zinc level fell significantly after four cycles of chemotherapy. Orally disintegrating tablets of polaprezinc were then administered to the patient, after which the subjective symptom of taste disorder improved. Her serum zinc level increased, and the electrogustometric threshold rapidly fell(an improvement). The filter paper disc test showed some improvement, particularly in the glossopharyngeal nerve and the greater petrosal nerve field. | 2023-09-04T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9586 |
Nucleoli in low-grade prostate adenocarcinoma and adenosis.
This study compares the frequency of prominent nucleoli in low-grade adenocarcinoma with that of its frequent mimicker, adenosis. One hundred thirteen transurethral resection specimens of stage A purely low-grade adenocarcinoma (only Gleason score 1 or 2) were evaluated. Eighteen cases of adenosis were evaluated for comparison. Prominent nucleoli were defined as those with a greatest dimension more than 1.6 microns as measured with an ocular micrometer. The frequency of prominent nucleoli in each focus was estimated as (1) none, (2) rare (< 5% of epithelial cells), (3) occasional (5% to 50% of epithelial cells), and (4) frequent (> 50% of epithelial cells). Twenty percent of cases of adenocarcinoma had, at most, rare prominent nucleoli. Eight percent of adenocarcinoma cases had no prominent nucleoli. Twenty-eight percent of cases of adenosis had at least one focus of occasional or frequent prominent nucleoli. We conclude that a small but significant subset of low-grade prostatic adenocarcinomas lack prominent nucleoli and, likewise, a significant proportion of cases of adenosis have prominent nucleoli. Like many other histologic features of these lesions, we feel there is a spectrum of frequency of prominent nucleoli, with overlap between the two. The significance of nucleoli should be taken in context with other cytologic and architectural features characteristic of prostatic adenocarcinoma and adenosis. In difficult cases basal cell-specific immunohistochemical stains may be helpful. | 2024-05-09T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/4597 |
3Ls McGinnis, Hernandez Receive Scholarships from the Lawyers' Club of San Francisco
3L Pedro Hernandez: “I am into rebellious lawyering. Community lawyering. It is a bottom-up approach.”
Two third-year law students who have devoted their careers to public service have won $2,500 scholarships from the Lawyers' Club of San Francisco.
Morgan McGinnis and Pedro Hernandez each hope to go into public interest law. “Morgan and Pedro demonstrate the best of UC Hastings and our longstanding commitment to public interest law, “ said Professor Eumi Lee. “As an institution, we strive to support students such as Morgan and Pedro who are committed to serving the community throughout their careers.”
Morgan McGinnis
Morgan McGinnis hopes to become a public defender representing juveniles. In her first and second years in law school, she was involved with the Hastings Public Interest Law Foundation (HPILF), which raises money to support students in public interest summer fellowships. She served as co-president, and this year she is an advisor to the group. “Our community really provides great opportunities for service, and is very supportive of those pursuing public interest work. I hope this commitment to service only continues to grow, because it’s one of the reasons I came to UC Hastings.”
McGinnis won an HPILF grant to help support her work as a policy intern for the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. She later served as a legal extern for Judge Harry Pregerson of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Last year she participated in the Community Economic Development Clinic, working on an ongoing project with community groups negotiating with California Pacific Medical Center over its plans for expansion to ensure substantial benefits for the communities directly surrounding the development.
“I hope to do the Individual Representation or the Criminal Practice Clinic in the spring,” she added. In the meantime, she teaches a class on criminal procedure to inmates at the San Francisco County jail in San Bruno. “I’m learning just as much from my students as they are from me. My partner and I provide a framework for discussing the theory; the students share their actual experience interacting with the criminal justice system,” she said.
She also serves as the Symposium Editor for the Hastings Race & Poverty Law Journal. The journal will host its annual event in February 2014, marking the 50th anniversary of President Johnson’s “War on Poverty.”
Pedro Hernandez
After graduation, Pedro Hernandez hopes to eventually return to his Central Coast hometown of Watsonville to create “individual and systemic change” in his community. “My community has definitely struggled with racial tensions, and opportunities for mobility and advancement,” he said.
The town is predominantly Latino, and has an unemployment rate of 24%. “Most of the jobs are in agricultural work. There aren’t many jobs that require advanced degrees,” he said.
Hernandez has been a community activist since his early college days, and has a particular interest in constitutional rights and education. He flew to Washington, D.C. to march with other activists outside the U.S. Supreme Court when it held oral arguments in Grutter v. Bollinger, a 2003 landmark case that upheld the affirmative action policies at the University of Michigan Law School.
During his first year summer, he worked at the Equal Justice Society, and was privileged to write part of an amicus brief filed in the U.S. Supreme Court affirmation action case, Fisher v. University of Texas. He also externed for the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights, and worked in the Watsonville office of California Rural Legal Assistance (CRLA). His CRLA work was funded in part by an HPILF grant.
Hernandez is Editor-in-Chief of the Hastings Race & Poverty Law Journal, and has been active in the La Raza Law Students at UC Hastings. He was instrumental in organizing one of the group’s most important events, Day at Law School. This year, La Raza hosted more than 240 middle and high school students from traditionally underrepresented communities, encouraging them to pursue higher education and introducing the concept of going to law school.
The Lawyers' Club of San Francisco
Each year, the Lawyers’ Club’s Scholarship Fund Foundation awards two scholarships and complimentary membership to local law students. Criteria include demonstrated involvement and commitment to a community outreach program, academic and professional achievement, and financial need.
University of California Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco is redefining legal education through our experiential, interdisciplinary, and international approach to the law. We integrate rigorous academics with hands-on practice, preparing our graduates to tackle the legal challenges—and leverage the opportunities—of the 21st century. | 2023-10-17T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9363 |
// Copyright (c) MOSA Project. Licensed under the New BSD License.
namespace Mosa.FileSystem.VFS
{
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public sealed class FileSystemFactory
{
/// <summary>
/// This function iterates all running file system drivers, which have registered themselves
/// beneath the /system/filesystems and ask them if they can mount this path.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="path">The path to the partition</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static IFileSystem CreateFileSystem(string path)
{
//string fullPath = path.Substring(1);
//// since we don't have /system/devices yet, just look for the partition devices in the DeviceManager
////Device[] partitions = DeviceManager.GetDevicesOf (typeof (IPartitionDevice), fullPath);
//IPartitionDevice partition = null;
//foreach (IDevice device in Mosa.Devices.Setup.DeviceManager.GetDevices(new DeviceManager.WithName(fullPath)))
// if (device is IPartitionDevice) {
// partition = (IPartitionDevice)device;
// break;
// }
//if (partition == null)
// return null;
//foreach (IDevice device in Mosa.Devices.Setup.DeviceManager.GetDevices()) {
// if (device is IFileSystemService) {
// GenericFileSystem fs = (device as IFileSystemDevice).Create(partition);
// if (fs.Valid)
// return fs.CreateVFSMount();
// }
//}
return null;
}
}
}
| 2024-06-26T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8210 |
Q:
curl_exec return false while try to connect to URL
i am trying to create a push notification application which will send messages from the server to the users device.
for now i get the registration ids but when i run the curl_exec function i get the following error:
Curl failed: couldn't connect to host
i don't know why is that and i made some checks and when i try to change the URL to "google.com" is pass.
from my browser if i try to reach the original URL its redirect me to :
"https://developers.google.com/cloud-messaging/"
this is the php code:
<?php
class GCM {
function __construct() {
}
/**
* Sending Push Notification
*/
public function send_notification($registatoin_ids, $message) {
// include config
include_once 'connection.php';
// Set POST variables
$url = 'https://android.googleapis.com/gcm/send';
$fields = array(
'registration_ids' => $registatoin_ids,
'data' => $message,
);
$headers = array(
'Authorization: key=' .GOOGLE_API_KEY,
'Content-Type: application/json'
);
// Open connection
$ch = curl_init();
// Set the url, number of POST vars, POST data
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE, CURL_IPRESOLVE_V4 );
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
// Disabling SSL Certificate support temporarly
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, json_encode($fields));
// Execute post
$result = curl_exec($ch);
if ($result === FALSE) {
die('Curl failed: ' . curl_error($ch));
}
// Close connection
curl_close($ch);
echo $result;
}
}
?>
A:
i found that my server containing a firewall which blocking my outgoing connections. so i just open it and its working now.
this is the solution which helped me to solve the problem with link to the relevant answer.
CURL error code 7 (CURLE_COULDNT_CONNECT)
is very explicit ... it means Failed to connect() to host or proxy.
The following code would work on any system:
$ch = curl_init("http://google.com"); // initialize curl handle
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
$data = curl_exec($ch);
print($data);
If you can not see google page then .. your URL is wrong or you have some firewall or restriction issue
this link help me to resolve this issue
| 2024-01-21T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8746 |
using System;
// Disable warnings for unused members.
#pragma warning disable 67
namespace AsmResolver.DotNet.TestCases.Events
{
public class MultipleEvents
{
public event EventHandler Event1;
public event AssemblyLoadEventHandler Event2;
public event ResolveEventHandler Event3;
}
} | 2023-11-05T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9960 |
---
external help file: MSFT_NetAdapterAdvancedProperty.cmdletDefinition.cdxml-help.xml
Module Name: NetAdapter
online version:
schema: 2.0.0
title: Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty
description:
keywords: powershell, cmdlet
author: andreabarr
manager: jasgro
ms.date: 2017-10-29
ms.topic: reference
ms.prod: powershell
ms.technology: powershell
ms.assetid: 9C35AF5F-3291-43E0-93AE-CCBB1B74931C
ms.author: v-anbarr
ms.reviewer: brianlic
---
# Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty
## SYNOPSIS
Returns the advanced properties for the network adapter.
## SYNTAX
### ByName (Default)
```
Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty [[-Name] <String[]>] [-IncludeHidden] [-AllProperties]
[-CimSession <CimSession[]>] [-ThrottleLimit <Int32>] [-AsJob] [<CommonParameters>]
```
### ByNameRegistryKeyword
```
Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty [[-Name] <String[]>] -RegistryKeyword <String[]> [-IncludeHidden]
[-AllProperties] [-CimSession <CimSession[]>] [-ThrottleLimit <Int32>] [-AsJob] [<CommonParameters>]
```
### ByNameDisplayName
```
Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty [[-Name] <String[]>] -DisplayName <String[]> [-IncludeHidden] [-AllProperties]
[-CimSession <CimSession[]>] [-ThrottleLimit <Int32>] [-AsJob] [<CommonParameters>]
```
### ByInstanceIDKeyword
```
Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -InterfaceDescription <String[]> -RegistryKeyword <String[]> [-IncludeHidden]
[-AllProperties] [-CimSession <CimSession[]>] [-ThrottleLimit <Int32>] [-AsJob] [<CommonParameters>]
```
### ByInstanceIDDisplayName
```
Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -InterfaceDescription <String[]> -DisplayName <String[]> [-IncludeHidden]
[-AllProperties] [-CimSession <CimSession[]>] [-ThrottleLimit <Int32>] [-AsJob] [<CommonParameters>]
```
### ByInstanceID
```
Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -InterfaceDescription <String[]> [-IncludeHidden] [-AllProperties]
[-CimSession <CimSession[]>] [-ThrottleLimit <Int32>] [-AsJob] [<CommonParameters>]
```
## DESCRIPTION
The **Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty** cmdlet gets the advanced properties for the network adapter.
By default this cmdlet returns advanced properties that have display name values, meaning that these advanced properties are visible in the Advanced pane of the Adapter Properties in the Windows UI.
Advanced properties that do not have display names require that the **AllProperties** parameter is specified.
Individual advanced properties can also be selected either by **DisplayName** or **RegistryKeyword** parameters.
Both of these parameters support the use of wildcard characters.
The advanced properties are normally found in the following location in the registry `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E972-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}\xxxxxxxx` where `xxxx` is a four character string representing an integer such as `0007`.
The standardized keywords have a RegistryKeyword name that begins with an asterisk (`*`).
The valid values for these keywords are available by piping the output into the Format-Listhttp://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=113302 cmdlet with the ValidDisplayValues or the ValidRegistryValues specified.
## EXAMPLES
### EXAMPLE 1
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name *
```
This example gets all of the advanced properties that have a display name from all visible network adapters.
### EXAMPLE 2
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name * -AllProperties
```
This example gets all of the advanced properties from all visible network adapters.
### EXAMPLE 3
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name * -RegistryKeyword *
```
This example gets all of the advanced properties from all visible network adapters.
### EXAMPLE 4
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name * -AllProperties -IncludeHidden
```
This example gets all of the advanced properties from all network adapters.
### EXAMPLE 5
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name * -RegistryKeyword * -IncludeHidden
```
This example gets all of the advanced properties from all network adapters.
### EXAMPLE 6
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name MyAdapter | Format-List -Property *
```
This example gets all of the unformatted, advanced properties from the network adapter named MyAdapter.
### EXAMPLE 7
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name * | Where-Object -FilterScript { $_.DisplayName -Like "TCP*" }
```
This example gets the advanced properties for network adapters that have a display name that starts with TCP.
### EXAMPLE 8
```
PS C:\>Get-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty -Name * | Where-Object -FilterScript { $_.DisplayName -Like "Inter*" }
```
This example gets the advanced properties for network adapters that have a display name that starts with Inter.
## PARAMETERS
### -AllProperties
Returns all the advanced properties of the network adapter.
If this parameter is not specified, then only advanced properties that have a **DisplayName** parameter are returned.
```yaml
Type: SwitchParameter
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:
Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -AsJob
ps_cimcommon_asjob
```yaml
Type: SwitchParameter
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:
Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -CimSession
Runs the cmdlet in a remote session or on a remote computer.
Enter a computer name or a session object, such as the output of a New-CimSessionhttp://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=227967 or Get-CimSessionhttp://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=227966 cmdlet.
The default is the current session on the local computer.
```yaml
Type: CimSession[]
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases: Session
Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -DisplayName
Specifies the advanced property name shown in the Advanced tab under the network adapter properties in Windows Server® 2012 and later.
```yaml
Type: String[]
Parameter Sets: ByNameDisplayName, ByInstanceIDDisplayName
Aliases: DispN
Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -IncludeHidden
Specifies both visible and hidden network adapters should be included.
By default only visible network adapters are included.
If a wildcard character is used in identifying a network adapter and this parameter has been specified, then the wildcard string is matched against both hidden and visible network adapters.
```yaml
Type: SwitchParameter
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:
Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -InterfaceDescription
Specifies the network adapter interface description.
For a physical network adapter this is typically the name of the vendor of the network adapter followed by a part number and description, such as `Contoso 12345 Gigabit Network Device`.
```yaml
Type: String[]
Parameter Sets: ByInstanceIDKeyword, ByInstanceIDDisplayName, ByInstanceID
Aliases: ifDesc, InstanceID
Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -Name
Specifies the name of the network adapter.
```yaml
Type: String[]
Parameter Sets: ByName, ByNameRegistryKeyword, ByNameDisplayName
Aliases: ifAlias, InterfaceAlias
Required: False
Position: 0
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -RegistryKeyword
Contains the name of the registry value to be read, such as one of the registry values found in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E972-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}\0007.
```yaml
Type: String[]
Parameter Sets: ByNameRegistryKeyword, ByInstanceIDKeyword
Aliases: RegKey
Required: True
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### -ThrottleLimit
Specifies the maximum number of concurrent operations that can be established to run the cmdlet.
If this parameter is omitted or a value of `0` is entered, then Windows PowerShell® calculates an optimum throttle limit for the cmdlet based on the number of CIM cmdlets that are running on the computer.
The throttle limit applies only to the current cmdlet, not to the session or to the computer.
```yaml
Type: Int32
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:
Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```
### CommonParameters
This cmdlet supports the common parameters: -Debug, -ErrorAction, -ErrorVariable, -InformationAction, -InformationVariable, -OutVariable, -OutBuffer, -PipelineVariable, -Verbose, -WarningAction, and -WarningVariable. For more information, see about_CommonParameters (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113216).
## INPUTS
### None
## OUTPUTS
### Microsoft.Management.Infrastructure.CimInstance#ROOT/StandardCimv2/MSFT_NetAdapterAdvancedPropertySettingData
The `Microsoft.Management.Infrastructure.CimInstance` object is a wrapper class that displays Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) objects.
The path after the pound sign (`#`) provides the namespace and class name for the underlying WMI object.
## NOTES
## RELATED LINKS
[Format-List](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=113302)
[Where-Object](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=113423)
[New-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty](./New-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty.md)
[Remove-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty](./Remove-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty.md)
[Reset-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty](./Reset-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty.md)
[Set-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty](./Set-NetAdapterAdvancedProperty.md)
| 2023-09-30T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9338 |
George Bush, you had ONE JOB. And that job was to pump the court system full of conservative judges who did nutty things like declare themselves "pro life" while strongly advocating in favor of less gun control and letting the President declare war whenever Saddam Hussein makes any future Presidents named Bush mad. But now, it seems that Bush, Sr. couldn't even pull that off — one of his appointees just threw out a lawsuit that complained that compelling employer-provided health insurance to cover birth control for employees was a violation of religious liberty. And she threw it out pretty damn righteously.
No, Judge Carol E. Jackson didn't crumple up a copy of the suit and pantomime like she was dribbling it over to her garbage can and then pretend to slam dunk it. But her written opinion was pretty great. Here's part of it, from Think Progress,
The burden of which plaintiffs complain is that funds, which plaintiffs will contribute to a group health plan, might, after a series of independent decisions by health care providers and patients covered by [an employer's health] plan, subsidize someone else's participation in an activity that is condemned by plaintiffs' religion. . . . [Federal religious freedom law] is a shield, not a sword. It protects individuals from substantial burdens on religious exercise that occur when the government coerces action one's religion forbids, or forbids action one's religion requires; it is not a means to force one's religious practices upon others. [It] does not protect against the slight burden on religious exercise that arises when one's money circuitously flows to support the conduct of other free-exercise-wielding individuals who hold religious beliefs that differ from one's own. . . .
[T]he health care plan will offend plaintiffs' religious beliefs only if an [] employee (or covered family member) makes an independent decision to use the plan to cover counseling related to or the purchase of contraceptives. Already, [plaintiffs] pay salaries to their employees-money the employees may use to purchase contraceptives or to contribute to a religious organization. By comparison, the contribution to a health care plan has no more than a de minimus impact on the plaintiff's religious beliefs than paying salaries and other benefits to employees.
Got that? Giving employees the right to use their compensatory benefits to purchase something an employer finds icky isn't a violation of jack squat, and employers don't have a right to push their choices onto their female employees.
Advertisement
And, as TP points out, this opinion establishes that employers are presumably already paying their female employees money which can be used to purchase all manner of anti-the-boss's-religion type things. Books about Satanism. Lady Gaga CD's. Cable subscriptions to HBO, which shows a lot of boobies. If it was okay for employers to mandate how their employees use one type of work benefit, then, one could argue that they also have the right to mandate how they spend their salaries. From now on, it's Chick fil A sandwiches only. Boss's orders. | 2023-10-13T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5178 |
Located in a residential district in Roubaix, this B&B offers stylish rooms with free Wi-Fi internet access. Barbieux Tramway Station is 700 metres away.Guest rooms feature parquet floors and are equipped with an LED TV. They each ...
Abri du Passant is a former house dating from the 19th century that offers bed and breakfast accommodation in Roubaix. The guest house provides free Wi-Fi in all of its guest rooms.Each spacious room has a private bathroom with bath or...
Set in a 1912's building, this B&B is located in Roubaix, 350 metres from Epeule Montesquieu Metro Station and 150 metres from the Tram Station. Guests can relax on the furnished terrace and Barbieux Park is a 4-minute walk away....
Set on the outskirts of Lille, Couleurs Lilas is located in the centre of Roubaix, just 650 metres from Roubaix Charles de Gaulle Metro Station. It offers B&B accommodation, a garden and a terrace. Free Wi-Fi access is available.Th...
Chambres d'hôtes Au 14 is an old architect’s house in the centre of Roubaix, just 500 metres from Eurotéléport Metro Station which goes to Lille. It offers free access to a shared kitchen.The rooms at Chambres d'hôtes Au 14... | 2023-10-11T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1602 |
Does access to open water affect the health of Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)?
Access to open water is considered good for the welfare of Pekin ducks. These studies investigated the effect that the type of water resource, provided over either straw bedding or a rubber mesh, had on measures of duck health. Pekin strain ducklings (n = 2,600) were managed in pens of 100 on straw over a solid concrete floor. In study 1, one of two water resources (nipple, n = 5 pens; wide-lip bell drinker, n = 5 pens), was located directly over the straw. In study 2, one of three water resources (narrow-lip bell drinker, n = 6 pens; trough, n = 5 pens; and bath, n = 5 pens) was located over a rubber mesh. On d 16, 24, 29, 35, and 43, (study 1) or d 21, 29, 35, and 43 posthatch (study 2), 10 birds were selected from each pen and weighed, and then feather hygiene, footpad dermatitis, eye health, gait score, and nostril condition scores were taken. Treatment had no effect on BW in either study, but in study 2, ducks in the open water treatments had higher scores (P < 0.001) than those in the narrow-lip bell drinker treatment by d 43. In study 1, treatment had no effect on hygiene scores, but scores increased over time (P < 0.001). In study 2, ducks in the narrow-lip bell drinker treatment were dirtier than those in the bath treatment (P = 0.01), with those in the trough treatment being intermediate. In both studies, ducks with bell drinkers had worse gait scores than those in the other treatments (study 1, P < 0.01; study 2, P < 0.05). Treatment had no effect on eye health scores. However, ducks were less likely to have dirty nostrils when provided with more open water resources in both studies (P < 0.01), or were less likely to have blocked nostrils in the trough and bath treatments than in the narrow-lip bell drinker treatment in study 2 (P = 0.01). Provision of open water, particularly over a properly constructed drainage area, improved some aspects of duck health (improved feather hygiene and BW, and fewer dirty and blocked nostrils). However, further work is needed to investigate these treatments on a commercial scale. | 2024-02-20T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7431 |
New Filesharing Index Shows Filesharing Is Now Mainstream
from the you-can't-fight-culture dept
The data shows just how mainstream filesharing is now. It isn't just members of Anonymous sitting behind their Macbooks downloading the obscure doom metal of Sunn O)))) the culprits are your next door neighbours, your relatives, your own kids and perhaps (probably) even you. That's the problem for the record labels who, along with the government, have tried to stigmatise the practice as much as possible. But those who have grown up getting whatever music they want for free are not suddenly going to become nostalgic vinyl-heads who are willing to pay £11.99 for a CD – to them it makes no sense and the rose-tinted memories of buying a physical record from an actual person don't exist. And the message that filesharing is stealing and equal with nicking a car doesn't hold much water when so many people are busy doing it.
I've sold 1.2 million albums, and the stat is that there's 8 million downloads of that as well illegally.
Nine million people have my record, in England, which is quite a nice feeling.
I'm still selling albums, but I'm selling tickets at the same time. My gig tickets are like £18, and my albums £8, so ... it's all relative.
iTunes has been successful but it depends on a user having an Apple product to put the music on after they've paid for it, and an average kid doesn't have money lying about for an iPhone. Streaming sites like Spotify for music and Netflix, which offers a similar service for film and TV, are an interesting idea and growing rapidly, but at present they are still nowhere near popular enough to challenge torrents, filesharing and the attraction of free music.
Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community. Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis. While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. Thank you.
–The Techdirt Team
By now, many of you have probably read about Musicmetrics' new Digital Music Index. Musicmetrics took a whole bunch of filesharing data and approximated the location of each downloader in order to get a better understanding of who shares music. What it found isn't really surprising.. While that in itself is marginally interesting, what is even more interesting is the idea that music filesharing has become mainstream With the numbers and locations that the index shows, you can see that despite the harsh penalties imposed on those caught filesharing, people still don't care If so many people are filesharing despite the best efforts of groups like BPI to demonize the practice, what is there to be done? What do the actual musicians think? Well, this is where another interesting aspect of the index comes in. Not only does the index report on the location of those sharing, it also indexed the most downloaded artists. Using this data, Musicmetrics found that Ed Sheeran was the most downloaded artist in all of the UK. So what does he think? It helps him sell tickets If the record labels and the BPI were correct, Ed here would be slowly dying in a gutter somewhere, not selling concert tickets at £18 a pop. But the fact remains, he is. He is succeeding because these filesharers are becoming fans and want to support him. But why do they download instead of buy? What is stopping them? There are too many barriers or not enough options according to the Guardian.The recording industry has itself to blame here. With the high licensing fees it requires from online services like Pandora and Spotify, these services just can't grow to where they can actually compete. This is holding back the music industry more than it helps it. If people can't get the music they want from legal services, they will go to something else that is culturally accepted even if it is not legal.We have already considered what an alternate reality would look like if the music industry had actually accepted change and innovated instead of following its current fight-and-impede approach. By sticking with its current approach of fighting the will of fans, the industry has not only left money on the table, but has made itself culturally obsolete. The fans have already moved on from what the record industry is offering to something better. They have built up a culture around filesharing, and that culture has become mainstream.
Filed Under: file sharing, mainstream | 2024-07-09T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1599 |
Double-blind trial of thiothixene and chlorpromazine in acute schizophrenia.
In a double-blind trial of chlorpromazine and thiothixene conducted with 79 acutely ill, newly hospitalized schizophrenic patients, chlorpromazine and thiothixene were shown to be equally effective in producing meaningful symptomatic improvment over an average period of approximately 3 weeks, as measured by Global Assessments (CGI), BPRS, and NOSIE. | 2023-10-05T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7094 |
Local volunteer receives Civic Award
Colin French, Chairman of the Warminster Cycle Club, was presented with the Civic Award by Mayor Rob Fryer on Saturday in front of a gathering of cycling enthusiasts at the Civic Centre who were attending a film Colin had put on as a fundraiser.
On handing Colin the award, the Mayor said:
“I am delighted to present this year’s Civic Award to Colin French in recognition of his services to the community of Warminster.
Colin has been the instigator and the organiser of many local events, community projects and charities. His major achievement is undoubtedly the setting up of the Warminster Wobble in 2008. This annual weekend of cycling has gone from strength to strength entirely due to Colin’s organisational skills and sheer hard work.
Colin organised the clearance of Smallbrook Lane for cyclists and walkers, worked on the Warminster circular safe cycling route and helped organise the clearance and widening of Bartholomew Lane and Glovers Lane for cyclists and pedestrians.
Saturday cycle rides have been developed by Colin to encourage local riders and health and fitness riders to gain confidence. He works closely with local planners and developers to plan and discuss the best cycle routes for the ongoing safety and benefit of Warminster’s cyclists.
In addition to his focus on improving the town’s cycling routes, Colin was the visionary for the Warminster Community Orchard. He was involved in the planning stage, clearing the area, and choosing and planting the trees with a group of volunteers that he had organised and encouraged. The maintenance of the orchard and the organisation of its community events, including apple pressing days, are overseen by Colin.
It gives me great pleasure to present Colin with the Civic Award which he so richly deserves.”
Colin thanked the Mayor for the great honour which had taken him completely by surprise. | 2023-09-24T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9126 |
---
abstract: 'A lattice gas model is used to study the equilibrium properties and desorption kinetics of CO on Ru(0001). With interactions obtained from density functional theory (DFT) the phase diagram and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) spectra are calculated up to a coverage of 1/3 ML using top sites only. For coverages beyond 1/3 ML hollow sites are included. Good agreement is obtained between experiment and theory for coverages below 1/3 ML using top sites only. When including hollow sites, DFT calculations fail in predicting the correct binding energy differences between top and hollow sites giving disagreement with TPD, low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and heat of adsorption experiments.'
author:
- 'J.-S. McEwen'
- 'A. Eichler'
title: |
Phase Diagram And Adsorption-Desorption Kinetics Of $CO$ On $Ru(0001)$:\
Present Limitations Of A First Principles Approach
---
Introduction
============
Adsorbate systems with commensurate structures can be described successfully with a lattice gas model with one or more adsorption sites. The energetics are contained in a few parameters such as binding energies, vibrational frequencies and lateral interactions. In a “complete” theory these parameters would be obtained from first principles quantum mechanical calculations, for instance based on density functional theory. This has been demonstrated successfully for oxygen on Ru(0001) for both equilibrium and desorption kinetics [@cathy; @mcewen]. An attempt to repeat such an approach for CO/Pt(111) has been shown to fail [@mcewen2], most importantly due to the fact that DFT does not produce the right energetic order of the binding sites for many transition and noble metal substrates [@Feibelmann01; @marek; @kresse]. Nevertheless a satisfactory explanation of all available equilibrium and kinetic data could be achieved by treating a minimal set of the lattice gas parameters as phenomenological fitting parameters [@mcewen2]. In this paper we will show that for CO/Ru(0001) DFT yields parameters that give a good account for data below 1/3 ML provided only top sites are included, but fails when bridge and hollow sites come into play.\
\
Let us begin with a quick survey of the experimental data needed to model this system appropriately; details and actual data will be given later. At low coverage ($\theta \le 1/3$ ML) and temperature (T $<$ 150 K) CO binds to on-top adsorption sites only resulting in a $(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ ordered structure at 1/3 ML [@pfnur; @menzel; @weinberg; @menzel2]. As the coverage is increased beyond 1/3 ML three fold hollow sites become occupied forming a $(2\sqrt{3}\times2\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ structure at 1/2 ML, with equal population of top, hcp and fcc sites, for which two different geometries have been proposed [@steinruck; @pfnur2]. For coverages beyond 1/2 ML, a p($7\times7$) structure at 0.55 ML with top and bridge sites [@steinruck] and a $(2\sqrt{3}\times2\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ structure at 7/12 ML [@steinruck; @pfnur2] have been suggested. Finally, a $(5\sqrt{3}\times5\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ saturation structure at 49/75 ML was observed using He scattering experiments [@Woll]. A summary phase diagram was given by Pfnür [*et al.*]{} [@pfnur2]. Equilibrium isobars and the isosteric heat of adsorption [@menzel3] have been measured, too, as well as the temperature programmed desorption spectra [@menzel3; @steinruck2]. The sticking coefficient was measured directly with molecular beam scattering as a function of temperature, coverage and kinetic energy of the incident beam [@steinruck2] and by coverage vs. exposure curves [@menzelstick]. Measurements have also been done for the CO stretch frequency using infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy (IRAS) [@menzel2; @weinberg2; @jacob2]. The other frequency modes of the on top species have been determined using helium scattering experiments [@Woll] and IRAS measurements [@jakob]. In the next section we briefly introduce the lattice gas model, the DFT setup as well as the methods used to calculate the equilibrium and kinetic data. In section 3 we consider the modeling of CO/Ru(0001) with top sites only up to 1/3 ML and in section 4 we show and discuss the modeling of this system with top and hollow binding sites up to 1/2 ML. The paper ends with a discussion to what extent present DFT methods can be used to model CO/Ru(0001).
Theoretical Methods
===================
Lattice gas formalism
---------------------
To set up a lattice gas model for CO/Ru(0001) we require a Hamiltonian, which we write down for top sites only as: $$\begin{aligned}
H &=& -\left(V_0+k_BT\ln(q_{\rm 3}q_{\rm int})\right) \sum_i t_i \\ \nonumber
&+& \frac{1}{2}\sum_n^3 \sum_i \sum_{a_n} V_n t_i t_{i+a_{n}}
+ \frac{1}{3}\sum_i \sum_{a,b} V_{\rm trio} t_i t_{i+a} t_{i+b}
\end{aligned}$$ with obvious generalizations to a multi-site system [@cathy; @mcewen2]. Here the sum on $i$ exhausts all lattice cells; $i+a_n$, $i+a$ and $i+b$ label neighboring cells and we have introduced occupation numbers $t_i=0$ or 1 depending on whether a site in cell $i$ is empty or occupied. $V_0$ represents the depth of the adsorption potential well with reference to the gas phase molecule. Moreover, $V_{1}$, $V_{2}$ and $V_{3}$ denote first, second and third nearest neighbor interactions respectively. $V_{\rm trio}$ includes $V_{lt}$, $V_{bt}$, $V_{tt}$ which denote linear, bent and triangular trio interactions involving first and sometimes second nearest neighbor interactions [@cathy; @mcewen2]. Furthermore, $q_{\rm 3}=q_{\rm z}q_{\rm xy}$ is the vibrational partition function of the adsorbed molecule for its center of mass vibrations with respect to the surface with $q_{\rm z}$ being the component perpendicular to it. Likewise, $q_{\rm xy}$ is the partition function for the motion parallel to the surface. We have also allowed for the fact that the internal partition for rotations and vibrations of an adsorbed molecule is changed from its free gas phase value, $Z_{\rm int}$ to $q_{\rm int}$, if some of the internal degrees of freedom are frozen out or frustrated [@kreuzer_review].\
\
We determined the temperature-coverage phase diagram by calculating the corresponding $(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ order parameter [@landau]. Second order phase transitions were defined at a given temperature by the inflection point of the order parameter [@piercy; @mouritsen] as a function of the chemical potential. First order phase transitions were marked when it was discontinuous [@mouritsen; @landau2]. To calculate the resulting TPD spectra we used the theoretical framework described in [@kreuzer_review]. The desorption rate depending essentially on the sticking coefficient $S(\theta, T)$ and the chemical potential of the adsorbate $\mu(\theta, T)$ (which includes its binding energy and the frequencies of the CO molecule in the gas phase and on the surface).
Monte Carlo Methods
-------------------
The TPD, isobars and the phase diagram were calculated with Monte Carlo methods. Simulations were performed in both the grand canonical and canonical ensembles (chemical potential and coverage specified, respectively) using the Metropolis algorithm (with spin flip and infinite Kawasaki dynamics) [@binder]. Equilibration times of the order $2^{14}$ up to $2^{18}$ Monte Carlo sweeps were allowed for each coverage or chemical potential point. When dealing with top sites only, we initialized the system in a $(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ structure for the first temperature-coverage, temperature-chemical potential point, respectively. For coverages beyond 1/3 ML, we occasionally initialized the system with a p$(2 \times 2)$ structure (with equal populations of top and hcp sites at 1/2 ML) or with a clean substrate. Thereafter, to fasten equilibration, initialization of the system occurred with the final configuration of the previously calculated point. When calculating the phase diagram, we performed averages over a maximum of five independent samples. For the canonical ensemble, the particle insertion method of Widom [@widom] was used in order to calculate the chemical potential with Monte Carlo methods; a method which was developed to be applicable especially for the interaction parameters derived from DFT calculations. To allow adsorption on hollow and top sites we used three interpenetrating $42\times 42$ or $60\times 60$ lattices, with periodic boundary conditions. This lattice size was chosen to allow commensurate low-coverage ordered structures with periods of 3 and 6.
Density Functional Theory setup
-------------------------------
We have calculated all necessary interaction parameters with the Vienna ab initio simulation package VASP [@kre96a; @kre96b; @vasp], a plane-wave DFT program, which is based on the projector augmented wave method [@kre98]. A cut-off energy for the expansion of the plane waves of 400 eV was found to be sufficient for an accurate description. For exchange and correlation the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) according to Perdew et al. [@per92] was applied. The surface was modeled in $p(2\times2)$ and $p(3\times3)$ cells at the theoretical lattice constant of a=2.725 Å and c/a=1.579, with slabs consisting out of 6 layers, of which the uppermost two layers were structurally optimized where mentioned in the text. The Brillouin zone was sampled by a grid of $(3\times2\times1)$ k-points.
The adsorption energy for an isolated CO molecule ($-V_0$) is defined as the adsorption energy for 1/9 ML coverage ($E_a^{\theta=1/9}$) derived from the total energies of the adsorbate/substrate system ($E_{total}^{CO/Ru}$), the bare surface ($E_{total}^{Ru}$) and the free CO molecule ($E_{total}^{CO}$): $$-V_0 = E_a^{\theta=1/9} = E_{total}^{CO/Ru} - E_{total}^{Ru} -
E_{total}^{CO}$$ The interaction parameters where determined by calculating the energy of the system for ten configurations at various coverages between 1/9 and 1 ML [@cathy]. The energy of the system at a coverage of 1 ML was calculated twice: once with the $(3\times3)$ unit cell and again with a $(2\times2)$ unit cell. Consequently, all our interaction sets had more ordered structures than lattice gas Hamiltonian parameters so that we have fitted, using a least squares procedure, for the resulting interactions. Maximum deviations from the calculated energies of the ordered structures with respect to what was obtained from the interaction parameters, were never greater than 5 meV.\
\
Modeling with on-top sites at low coverage
==========================================
CO/Ru(0001) has already been modeled successfully in the past using a lattice gas model with top sites only. The interaction and binding energy parameters were obtained phenomenologically by matching the phase diagram [@nagai], the TPD spectra and the isosteric heat of adsorption [@kreuzer5].
In this work, three strategies were used to obtain these energies:
- In the first ([*method A*]{}) the top two layers of the bare substrate were completely relaxed and then kept fixed at these positions for the description of CO adsorption. The geometry of the adsorbed CO molecule was optimized only for the 1/9 ML configuration. For higher coverages, the same CO bond length and adsorption height was used.
- In [*method B*]{} the position of the CO molecules as well as the first two layers of the substrate were allowed to relax for all of the ordered structures.
- For comparison, we have also looked at the resulting interaction parameters when fixing laterally the CO molecules for the structure at 2/9 ML (which is the only configuration for which lateral forces on the CO molecule are symmetrically allowed) with all the other ordered structures fully relaxed (the CO molecules and the first two layers of the substrate). This third approach ([*method C*]{}) was used for O/Ru(0001) [@cathy].
In Table 1, we show the resulting energies using all of the above three methods together with the standard deviation $\sigma$ describing the average deviation between the calculated energies and the parametrization. We used the minimum number of parameters so as to have an acceptable value of $\sigma$. These interaction sets show that the second neighbor interaction between top sites, $V_2$, is repulsive for the relaxed calculations. This is clearly at odds with the experimental phase diagram which implies a coexistence between the $(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ structure and a lattice gas, and requires $V_2$ attractive. In addition, the calculated TPD spectra using transfer matrix techniques with method B and C give low initial-coverage spectra peak positions that do not correspond to experiment and are much too broad. On a more positive note, the first neighbor interaction between ontop sites for method B (cf. Table \[tab;intdft2\]) is closer to what was obtained by previous phenomenological models of this system using only one binding site [@kreuzer5].
Interestingly, for method C $V_2$ becomes negative ($-$6 meV) if the same set of parameters ($V_1$, $V_2$, $V_{lt}$, $V_{tt}$) is used as for method A. However, in this case the standard deviation increases significantly to 19 meV.
Because of this obvious discrepancy for the relaxed calculations, we restrict the further analysis, to the results obtained within method A. The reason for this behavior can be found probably in local relaxations for specific configurations used for the determination of the parameters, which are not representative for the interaction of CO on Ru(0001) in general. For the unrelaxed setup in method A, the CO molecule and the surface is treated completely identically in all configurations, entirely in the spirit of the lattice gas like interaction. For the relaxed setups, however, the number of input configurations would probably have to be increased such that relaxation effects, which are only characteristic of one specific arrangements of molecules, but not of the interaction between molecules itself, are averaged out.
The resulting phase diagram and TPD spectra with the parameters of method A are given in Fig.\[coru0001t\] and show reasonable agreement with experiment provided we lower the binding energy of a single CO molecule by -174 meV (our unadjusted binding energy places the model curves 55 K too high). The experimental sticking coefficient was used [@menzelstick]. Even with this adjustment there is still some disagreement for the spectra with an initial coverage of 1/3 ML. One way to correct for this would be to allow for hollow sites in our model for which there would be a small but finite number around these temperatures and coverages.
The phase diagram calculation does not depend on the binding energy of the top sites. It is dominated by two phases, the $(\sqrt3\times\sqrt3)R30^{\circ}$ structure, which saturates at 1/3 ML and a non-ordered lattice gas (l.g.) phase. To access the high temperature part of the phase diagram experimentally would require pressures up to $10^{-4}$ mbar, which is not accessible with LEED [@menzel]. It has in fact been predicted that $T_c$ must be at least 550 K at 1/3 ML. This is in agreement with our calculations, which predict an order disorder temperature of 1000 K at 1/3 ML under the restriction of on top adsorption only. We remark that this value will be considerably lowered if there is a spillover into other types of binding sites for coverages beyond 1/3 ML, resulting in a continuous reduction in temperature (and chemical potential) of the hight of the order phase boundary around 1/3 ML. Moreover, the value of $V_2$ can be directly read from the experimental phase diagram [@nagai] with the value of the tricritical point given by $\approx 1.06 V_2$. Experimentally, the tricritical point is around 150 K [@pfnur2] for which there is some evidence from slow diffusion of the CO molecules [@menzel]. This could be the source of the small discrepancy between our calculations and experiment for the first order transition points.
From these comparisons with experiment we can conclude that DFT does reasonably well in at low coverage ($\theta<$ 1/3 ML) and since even in this coverage regime hollow sites come into play at high temperatures (T $>$ 150 K) it does even better at low temperature. Similarly, the adsorption isobars at 1.3$\times10^{-4}$ mbar and 1.3$\times10^{-6}$ mbar are limited to 1/3 ML for T $>$ 400 K.\
\
Moreover, one may question the relevance of incorporating trio interactions for coverages below 1/3 ML. Indeed, with such a large nearest neighbor interaction these trios will practically never occur below 1/3 ML, even at desorption temperature and despite the attractive triangular trio interaction. However, fitting the calculated energies with $V_1$ and $V_2$ alone using method A results in $V_1=0.216$ eV and $V_2=-0.060$ eV with $\sigma= 4$ meV. This would give a phase diagram similar to that given in Fig. \[coru0001t\] but with a tricritical point that one can estimate [@nagai] to be 75 K instead of $\sim$ 120 K as shown in Fig. \[coru0001t\]. For coverages beyond 1/3 ML, it is quite plausible that trio interactions become important. Indeed, this would help to explain the asymmetry in the experimental phase diagram. However, as been noted before, the asymmetry of the phase diagram can be explained either with a spillover into other binding sites [@piercy] or with trio interactions [@mcewen], but it is quite possible that there is a combination of both. Since from the experimental data we know that a spillover must occur for coverages beyond 1/3 ML one cannot argue from symmetry arguments alone that one must have trio interactions. This makes it necessary to analyze the experimental data for coverages beyond 1/3 ML to consider the relevance of trio interactions for this system. With all of these facts in mind, we now proceed to model the adsorption behavior at higher coverages.
Method $E_{top}$ $V_{1}$ $V_{2}$ $V_{3}$ $V_{lt}$ $V_{bt}$ $V_{tt}$ $\sigma$ (meV)
-------- ----------- --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------
A -1.796 0.230 -0.010 - - 0.010 -0.048 3
B -1.948 0.137 0.002 0.022 0.104 0.066 -0.231 2
C -1.948 0.263 0.002 0.022 -0.021 0.004 -0.042 2
: Interactions energies (eV) derived within the DFT framework with three different strategies (A,B,C, cf. text) for the CO/Ru(0001) system for top sites together with the corresponding standard deviation ($\sigma$). $E_{top}$ denotes the binding energy of the top site, the definition of the interaction parameters is given in the text.
\[tab;intdft2\]
\
\
\
Modeling with on-top, hcp and fcc sites
=======================================
The interaction energies between sites of the same type for fcc and hcp sites were calculated with the same procedure as for the top sites. For the same reason as for the low coverage regime, we present here the results of method A only. In addition, we show in Table \[tab;intdftraw\] the adsorption energies per CO molecule for all investigated structures. These results are in line with previous DFT calculations that predict that the top sites are the most favorable binding site at low coverage [@norskov; @stampfl].
site $E_a^{\theta=1/9}$ $E_a^{\theta=2/9}$ $E_a^{\theta=1/4}$ $E_a^{\theta=1/3}$ $E_a^{\theta=1/2}$ $E_a^{\theta=2/3}$ $E_a^{\theta=3/4}$ $E_{a,(2\times 2)}^{\theta=1}$ $E_{a, (3\times 3)}^{\theta=1}$
------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------- --
top -1.796 -1.686 -1.793 -1.827 -1.572 -1.452 -1.371 -1.172 -1.176
hcp -1.750 -1.635 -1.774 -1.755 -1.509 -1.389 -1.281 -1.118 -1.127
fcc -1.672 -1.557 -1.660 -1.676 -1.426 -1.323 -1.231 -1.097 -1.104
\
\[tab;intdftraw\]
We note that the energy for the (1$\times$1)-CO structure using a $(2\times2)$ and a $(3\times3)$ unit cell differ by 7 meV for fcc sites and 9 meV for hcp sites. When determining the corresponding interactions, we needed to include linear trios as well as third nearest neighbor interactions to obtain a reasonable value of $\sigma$. Thus, we have also included them for the top sites for consistency. The resulting interaction parameters are shown in Table \[tab;intdft3\]. For each interaction between different types of sites we used the calculated energy per CO molecule ($E_{\rm structure}$) for a single co-adsorption configuration in the $p(3\times3)$ cell. Each interaction was deduced by: $E_{\rm structure}=(E_a+E_b+V_{ab})/2$, where $E_a$ and $E_b$ refer to the adsorption energy of the two different binding sites (Table \[tab;intdftraw\]) and $V_{ab}$ is the parameter describing the interaction between the two sites of different type.
site $V_0$ $\Delta E_{\rm site}^{\rm top}$ $V_{1}$ $V_{2}$ $V_{3}$ $V_{lt}$ $V_{bt}$ $V_{tt}$ $\sigma$ (meV)
------ ------- --------------------------------- --------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------
top 1.796 - 0.220 -0.010 0.001 0.008 0.014 -0.061 2
hcp 1.750 0.046 0.240 -0.001 -0.008 0.034 0.006 -0.102 3
fcc 1.672 0.124 0.225 -0.001 0.004 0.015 0.003 -0.088 3
\
sites $V_{1}$ $V_{2}$ $V_{3}$
---------- -------------- --------------- ---------------
distance $\sqrt{3}/3$ $2\sqrt{3}/3$ $\sqrt{21}/3$
top-hcp $\infty$ 0.049 -0.017
top-fcc $\infty$ 0.046 -0.014
hcp-fcc $\infty$ 0.044 0.004
\[tab;intdft3\]
Site $\nu_{x}$ $\nu_{y}$ $\nu_z$ $\nu_{vib}$ $\nu_{rot}$
--------------- ----------- ----------- --------- ------------- -------------
top 46.0 40.4 392.7 1989 378.7
exp. (1/3 ML) 46.0 46.0 445.0 2025 413.0
bridge 163.0 41.8 344.3 1789 170.9
fcc 95.3 62.9 300.6 1759 158.3
hcp 149.8 140.7 313.3 1720 196.1
: Frequencies (cm$^{-1}$) at 1/9 ML coverage obtained within the DFT framework (method A) together with experimental results from Refs. [@Woll; @jakob].
\[tab;intfreq\]
The calculated frequencies at low coverage (1/9 ML) are compiled in Table \[tab;intfreq\]. The top site frequencies agree reasonably well with experimental data and previous DFT calculations for 1/3 ML [@norskov]. Until very recently [@jacob2], only one peak in the typical on-top region was observed by IRAS experiments [@menzel2; @weinberg2] for coverages exceeding 1/3 ML, indicating either strong coupling and/or a very low infra red intensity of the molecules adsorbed in non atop sites. On the other hand, hollow and bridge sites have been inferred from Helium scattering experiments, but the precise values of their frequencies cannot be determined at the present time [@Woll]. However, our calculated stretch frequencies for hcp and bridge sites are in good qualitative agreement with previous DFT calculations at 1/3 ML that have their stretch frequencies at 1800 cm$^{-1}$ and 1885 cm$^{-1}$ respectively [@norskov].
As can be seen from Table \[tab;intdft3\], one has such a small binding difference between top and hcp sites that at desorption temperatures (T $>$ 300 K) a significant (greater than 0.1 ML) population of hcp sites below 1/3 ML occurs, completely at odds with experiment. The resulting isobars from these interaction parameters and frequencies [@kreuzer5] is shown in Figure 2a, with an adjustment of the binding energy of -174 meV (the same shift needed for the TPD spectra). At first glance, the curves seem to agree well with the experimental data points included in the figure. However, a closer investigation reveals, that the inflection at 1/3 ML is not captured correctly in the calculation. This disagreement is more clearly seen when the resulting isosteric heat of adsorption is calculated from these isobars using the ASTEK software [@astek]: the calculated heat of adsorption does not rise at 1/3 ML unlike experiment which rises from $\sim$ 155 kJ/mol to over 180 kJ/mol at 1/3 ML as seen in Figure 2b. This is a consequence of having a significant population of hcp sites below 1/3 ML. It has been argued [@kreuzer5] that the experimental value of the heat of adsorption is too high by about 8 kJ/mol at 1/3 ML, but this does not improve significantly the agreement with our calculations. A similar disagreement occurs for the TPD spectra (Figure \[coru0001t\]c) when using the same sticking coefficient as with top sites only: The absence of a significant rise in the heat of adsorption at 1/3 ML is reflected in a shallower minimum in the desorption rate around 440 K for initial coverages greater than 1/3 ML. Correspondingly, the calculated rate, at around 450 K, does not peak as sharply as in experiment. (The small spike in the desorption rate at 430 K results from a small change in the chemical potential at this coverage (0.36 ML). An examination of the [*calculated*]{} sticking coefficient [@mcewen2] here shows that this spike will be eliminated in a full model calculation.) Moreover, the binding difference between fcc and top sites is much larger than between hcp and top sites. This excludes a $(2\sqrt{3}\times2\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ structure, for which equal population of hcp and fcc sites has to occur at 1/2 ML.
We also remark that the inflexion point at 1/2 ML for both pressure isobars is due to a (4$\times$2) structure with equal populations of hcp and top sites. This ordered structure is reflected in the rise of the heat of adsorption and its subsequent sharp drop to about 50 kJ/mol around 0.55 ML. In the TPD spectra the peak at 390 K confirms the presence of the (4$\times$2) structure. However, because of fluctuations in the calculated chemical potential at this coverage and temperature we have estimated the height of the peak to have an uncertainty of 20 %. On a more positive note, DFT calculations seem to agree with LEED experiments that suggest that the hollow sites have a binding energy between that of the top sites and the bridge sites, the latter been calculated to have a binding difference with respect to the top sites of 147 meV (obtained from the adsorption energy per CO molecule at 1/9 ML giving $-1.649$ eV). Finally, we note that the third nearest neighbor interaction between top and hollow sites is attractive which does favor the $(2\sqrt{3}\times2\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ structure, but which is not sufficiently large to give it.
\
\
Conclusions
===========
The phase diagram and TPD spectra were calculated from first principles and, apart from a difference in overall binding energy, agree well with experimental findings up to 1/3 ML if only top sites are included in a lattice gas model. To model the system beyond 1/3 ML we included top and three fold hollow sites. The resulting binding difference between hollow and top sites was determined to be too small to reproduce the isobars and heat of adsorption and, because of the non-zero binding energy difference between hollow sites, does not reproduce the $(2\sqrt{3}\times2\sqrt{3})R30^{\circ}$ as observed in LEED experiments. These results seem to indicate that present GGA functionals are able to reproduce the interaction between same adsorption sites, but in order to describe the energy differences between different adsorption sites further improvement is necessary. This shortcoming is not only limited to the CO/Ru(0001) system, but is well known for CO adsorption on transition metals in general [@Feibelmann01; @marek]. The reason for this is an insufficient description of the energy difference between the highest occupied ($2\pi^\ast$) and the lowest occupied molecular orbital ($5\sigma$) of the CO molecule, which contribute with different intensity at various adsorption sites. Hence, inter-site energy differences are affected. Recently, first attempts have been undertaken to cure this problem and the results look very promising [@kresse].
Acknowledgments
===============
One of the authors (JSM) would like to thank WestGrid of Canada for the use of their computer resources as well as the Sumner foundation and the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada for financial support.
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| 2024-05-28T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3563 |
U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers at the San Ysidro Port of Entry near Tijuana Photo : Handout/U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Last year, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) searched through the electronic devices of more than 29,000 travelers coming into the country. CBP officers sometimes upload personal data from those devices to Homeland Security servers by first transferring that data onto USB drives—drives that are supposed to be deleted after every use. But a new government report found that the majority of officers fail to delete the personal data.
The Department of Homeland Security’s internal watchdog, known as the Office of the Inspector General (OIG), released a new report yesterday detailing CBP’s many failures at the border. The new report, which is redacted in some places, explains that Customs officials don’t even follow their own extremely liberal rules.
Customs officials can conduct two kinds of electronic device searches at the border for anyone entering the country. The first is called a “basic” or “manual” search and involves the officer visually going through your phone, your computer or your tablet without transferring any data. The second is called an “advanced search” and allows the officer to transfer data from your device to DHS servers for inspection by running that data through its own software. Both searches are legal and don’t require a warrant or even probable cause—at least they don’t according to DHS.
It’s that second kind of search, the “advanced” kind, where CBP has really been messing up and regularly leaving the personal data of travelers on USB drives.
According to the new report [PDF]:
[The Office of the Inspector General] physically inspected thumb drives at five ports of entry. At three of the five ports, we found thumb drives that contained information copied from past advanced searches, meaning the information had not been deleted after the searches were completed. Based on our physical inspection, as well as the lack of a written policy, it appears [Office of Field Operations] has not universally implemented the requirement to delete copied information, increasing the risk of unauthorized disclosure of travelers’ data should thumb drives be lost or stolen.
It’s bad enough that the government is copying your data as you enter the country. But it’s another thing entirely to know that your data could just be floating around on USB drives that, as the Inspector General’s office admits, could be easily lost or stolen.
The new report found plenty of other practices that are concerning. The report notes that Customs officers regularly failed to disconnect devices from the internet, potentially tainting any findings stored locally on the device. The report doesn’t call out the invasion of privacy that comes with officials looking through your internet-connected apps, but that’s a given.
The watchdog also discovered that Customs officials had “inadequate supervision” to make sure that they were following the rules, and noted that these “deficiencies in supervision, guidance, and equipment management” were making everyone less safe.
But one thing that makes it sometimes hard to read the report is the abundance of redactions. As you can see, the little black boxes have redacted everything from what happens during an advanced search after someone crosses the border to the reason officials are allowed to conduct an advanced search at all:
Screenshot : Department of Homeland Security/Office of the Inspector General
The report notes that an April 2015 memo spells out when an advanced search may be conducted. But, again, that’s been redacted in the report.
Screenshot : Department of Homeland Security/Office of the Inspector General
But the Department of Homeland Security’s own incompetence might be our own saving grace for those concerned about digital privacy. The funniest detail in the new report? U.S. Customs and Border Protection forgot to renew its license for whatever top secret software it uses to conduct these advanced searches.
Screenshot : Department of Homeland Security/Office of the Inspector General
Curiously, the report claims that CBP “could not conduct advanced searches of laptop hard drives, USB drives, and multimedia cards at the ports of entry” from February 1, 2017 through September 12, 2017 because it failed to renew the software license. But one wonders if, in fact, the issue wasn’t resolved for almost a year, then what other “advanced search” methods were being used?
Gizmodo has reached out to the DHS OIG Office of Public Affairs in search of an answer but did not immediately receive a reply. We’ll update this article when we hear back.
The report also notes that electronic device searches at the border are often documented improperly. A whopping 67 percent of the cases that the watchdog looked at included insufficient or inaccurate information and a lack of oversight from supervisors. So even if there was another method of conducting “advanced searches” at the border, we can’t necessarily count on it being properly documented.
I guess the Department of Homeland Security calls that a win-win. Or, as is more often the case, a redacted-redacted.
[DHS OIG] | 2023-12-09T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1384 |
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| 2024-02-01T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5792 |
# Actual file used is kept in scantron/ansible-playbooks/roles/console/templates/django_connector.py.j2
# Modifying this file will do nothing if you are using the Ansible playbook.
import os
import sys
# Django connector information.
import django
project_path = "."
sys.path.append(project_path)
os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "config.settings.production")
django.setup()
# fmt: off
from django_scantron.models import ( # noqa
Scan,
ScheduledScan,
Site,
)
# fmt: on
| 2024-01-02T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3860 |
Bolivarianism
Bolivarianism is a mix of pan-American, socialist and national-patriotic ideals fixed against injustices of imperialism, inequality and corruption named after Simón Bolívar, the 19th-century Venezuelan general and liberator from the Spanish monarchy then in abeyance, who led the struggle for independence throughout much of South America.
Bolivarianism of Hugo Chávez
In recent years, Bolivarianism's most significant political manifestation was in the government of Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez, who from the beginning of his presidency called himself a Bolivarian patriot and applied his interpretation of several of Bolívar's ideals to everyday affairs, as part of the Bolivarian Revolution. That included the 1999 Constitution, which changed Venezuela's name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and other ideas such as the Bolivarian Schools, Bolivarian Circles and the Bolivarian University of Venezuela. The term "Bolivarianism" is often used specifically to refer to Chávez's rule.
The central points of Bolivarianism as extolled by Chávez are the following:
Latin American economic and political sovereignty (anti-imperialism)
Grassroots political participation of the population via popular votes and referendums (participative democracy)
Economic self-sufficiency (in food, consumer durables and so on)
Instilling in people a national ethic of patriotic service
Equitable distribution of (South America's) vast natural resources
Eliminating corruption
Chávez's version of Bolivarianism, although drawing heavily from Bolívar's ideals, was also drawn from the writings of Marxist historian Federico Brito Figueroa. Chávez was also influenced by the Hispanic American tradition of cooperativism early in his life, such as that practiced by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Salvador Allende. Other key influences on Chávez's political philosophy include Ezequiel Zamora and Simón Rodríguez. Although Chávez himself referred to his ideology as bolivarianismo ("Bolivarianism"), Chávez's supporters and opponents in Venezuela refer to themselves as being either for or against chavismo ("Chavism"). Chávez supporters refer to themselves as chavistas.
Later in his life, Chávez would acknowledge the role that democratic socialism (a form of socialism that calls for democratic institutions in the economy) plays in Bolivarianism. Chávez declared his support for democratic socialism as integral to Bolivarianism, proclaiming that humanity must embrace "a new type of socialism, a humanist one, which puts humans, and not machines or the state, ahead of everything". He later reiterated this sentiment in a 26 February speech at the 4th Summit on Social Debt held in Caracas.
Other definitions and dispute
Historically, there has been no universally accepted definition as to the proper use of the terms "Bolivarianism" and "Bolivarian" within all the countries in the region. Many leaders, movements and parties have indistinctly used them to describe themselves throughout most of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Pan-Americanism
People who have called themselves bolivarianos claim to follow the general ideology expressed in Bolívar's texts such as the Carta de Jamaica and the Discurso de Angostura. Some of Bolívar's ideas include forming a union of Hispanic American countries, providing public education and enforcing sovereignty to fight against foreign invasion, which has been interpreted to include economic domination by foreign powers. An example of such a union was Gran Colombia, a block of countries consisting of Venezuela, Colombia, Panamá (part of New Granada in that time) and Ecuador.
The Colombian insurgent group FARC has in recent years also considered itself to be inspired by Bolívar's ideals and by his role in the 19th century independence struggle against Spain. It has also publicly declared its sympathy towards Chávez and his Bolivarian Revolution, though none of the either confirm or deny any involvement with the insurgent group.
A Venezuelan guerrilla organization, the Bolivarian Forces of Liberation, also espouses Bolivarianism, although it is not known if they have any ties to the Venezuelan government.
Chavismo
Bolivarianism in Venezuela is also referred to (sometimes pejoratively by its opponents) as Chavismo or "Chavezism". Adherents are referred to as Chavistas.
Several political parties in Venezuela support Chavismo. The main party, directly affiliated with Chávez, is the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which replaced the Fifth Republic Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Quinta Republica, usually referred to by the three letters MVR). Other parties and movements supporting Chavismo include Communist Party of Venezuela, Venezuelan Popular Unity and Tupamaros.
The left-wing Fatherland for All (Spanish: Patria Para Todos or PPT), Movement for Socialism (Spanish: Movimiento al Socialismo or MAS), Radical Cause (Spanish: Causa R) and For Social Democracy (Spanish: Por la Democracia Social) initially supported Chavismo, but they have since distanced themselves from it and now oppose it.
A 2002 article in The Boston Globe said Chavismo "fueled the eruption of public fury that swept the charismatic and confrontational president back into power after a group of military officers deposed him for two days in April in favor of a businessman-president", adding that the "Chavismo phenomenon has almost religious qualities".
Spread
Bolivarianism was emulated in Bolivia and Ecuador, which experienced crises of political parties. According to a 2017 study, Bolivarianism failed to spread further through Latin America and the Caribbean "in nations where political parties and democratic institutions remained functioning, and where the left and civil society valued democracy, pluralism, and liberal rights due to brutal autocratic experiences". The study also found that "the fear of Bolivarianism also led to a coup against president Zelaya in Honduras".
Aspects of Bolivarianism were adapted by the Spanish political party Podemos.
See also
Bolivarian propaganda
List of political parties in Venezuela
Socialism of the 21st century
Notes
Category:Political movements | 2023-08-31T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7290 |
Pyongyang fun fair
I tried to get a visit to the old Mangyaongdae fun fair in my itinerary but we ran out of time, there was too much going on during 100th year birthday celebrations for Kim Il Sung for us to get out here. | 2023-10-30T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3516 |
Posts written in June 2013
At the end of October 2012, EE launched its 4G services in the UK, kicking off the technology’s implementation in the UK, the fourth largest mobile broadband industry in the world. Since then, the company has expanded its coverage to over 50 cities nationwide. This blog will evaluate the case for 4G services in the UK, how effective EE’s rollout of the service has been, and future challenges posed by the company’s rivals. There are two main variations of current technology that can be classed as 4G: Long Term Evolution… Read more
Although the UK RTD (ready to drink) sector is in long-term decline, Diageo has been innovating with a new range of canned premixed ready to drink spirit and mixer serves. Trading heavily on their low-entry price points and convenience credentials, this article looks at Diageo’s stable of premix alcoholic beverages, and the Smirnoff and Cola SKU in particular, and examines how they have created a distinct segment in the UK alcoholic beverages market. Convenience is not as big a consumer pull in alcohol as in other areas of CPG, such… Read more
Amid the economic downturn, price has become the key issue in the UK alcohol market with consumers turning to the off-trade where prices are lower and, in doing so, trading down to cheaper brands. The brands that have performed well in the UK wine category are those aligned with consumers’ ‘recessionary mindset’. This article explores one such brand, FirstCape—a South African wine brand—and determines that it has been successful by taking its marketing cues from the wider CPG arena in developing promotions, product tiering, branding, range, and pack sizes and… Read more
Xinhua, the official news agency of the People’s Republic, belatedly explained monetary policy action taken last Thursday, as “It is not that there is no money, but the money has been put in the wrong place”. Although no explicit statement of government policy or intent, Xinhua, considered as an official – in all but name – news agency of the state, explained that the reason the Chinese central bank has allowed interbank lending rates (Shibor) to surge on Thursday was because although banks, the stock market, and SMEs all lacked… Read more
Microsoft’s U-turn on its Xbox One DRM and Internet connectivity policies has completely changed the dynamics of the upcoming battle for next generation console dominance. The decision to go back on previously asserted policies has meant that many of the competitive advantages held by competitor Sony’s machine, the PlayStation 4 (PS4) have been negated. However, the decision has also confused Microsoft’s strategy, and the Xbox One’s higher price tag remains an issue. One step forward, two steps back: Microsoft’s initial DRM policies, which placed restrictions on the lending of physical… Read more
With declining beer volumes throughout Europe, brewers have looked at diversifying their product portfolios and seek out new revenue streams from alcohol categories adjacent to beer. Carlsberg, one of the world largest brewers, has expanded its product portfolio with the addition of the Somersby cider brand. The brand, which was first launched in Denmark and Norway in 2008, is now available throughout northern Europe and Belgium and has most recently been launched in Croatia and, most significantly, Russia. Somersby cider is an example of a successful premium product launch outside… Read more
As consumer media consumption patterns are changing, CPG marketers are adjusting their marketing budgets to dovetail with shifting consumer audiences. As such, digital social media, e.g. Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter, have become more important to the marketing mix. Indeed, for many brands, social media has become their biggest relationship-marketing provider. This blog entry focuses on two brands in the men’s personal care sector which have successfully integrated social media into their respective marketing campaigns, namely: Old Spice and King of Shaves. The primary focus of this article is the Old… Read more
Coconut water has experienced a lot of initial success in the US due to its unique taste profile and sports nutrition benefits. Now is a pivotal time to further consolidate and grow the market, lest it be dismissed as just another ‘fad’ category. The myriad of health benefits associated with consumption means that a natural positioning for coconut water has been a healthier alternative to sports nutrition drinks. This has particular appeal to athletes who have become reticent in recent times to consume some of the more commercially popular sports… Read more
In recent decades, seasonal packaging has emerged as a promotional tool used by manufacturers to establish a point of difference in a consumer landscape overloaded with choice. Today, however, seasonal marketing no longer represents a novel promotional tool but rather a necessary strategy used by the majority of brands. This article will examine ways in which various brands have successfully developed innovative seasonal packaging designs, which go beyond the visual and respond to core consumer needs. For consumers faced with too much choice, packaging plays an integral role in awaking… Read more
After a sharp drop in global demand for luxury cosmetics following the economic recession, sales of premium brands now appear to be recovering. L’Oreal, the world’s largest cosmetics firm, reported higher than expected profits of £1.2bn in the first half of 2010, and in addition displayed its fastest pace of organic growth for three years, both of which were driven by accelerated sales of its luxury lines. This article will examine the ways in which L’Oreal’s premium brands have responded to the changing demands of a “new” affluent consumer base,… Read more
There is widespread disappointment with the recovery of the US economy, but the American economic stimulus is rendering more fruits then the fiscal consolidation packages undertaken by European governments. This is reflected in the difference in new business opportunities currently presenting themselves on either side of the Atlantic. During the economic free-fall of the developed world, the European and the American market shared a comparable decline in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, the GDP in the US is showing a more robust increase than many European countries, with the… Read more
Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) Chief Executive Stephen Hester is to step down it was announced yesterday, causing much speculation over the reasons behind the decision. In recent months, Hester had spoken of his desire to see the project through to completion and so the surprise announcement begs the question of whether he was pushed. Hester succeeded disgraced former CEO Fred Goodwin in September 2008 after the bank was forced to go cap-in-hand to the UK government to ask for a £45bn capital injection. Hester has been central to the… Read more
Savory snack giant Frito-Lay re-launched its popular SunChips healthier snacking range in the US and Canada in plant-based, 100%-compostable packaging, but the noise created when the product was used led to a significant consumer backlash. As a result, the company has reverted to conventional packaging for most of its SunChips lines in the US, although it has retained the compostable packaging in Canada. This article examines how a lack of attention paid to the packaging’s sensory qualities, to consumers’ key needs from snack packaging, and to managing potential problems in… Read more
Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft) and Sony Corporation (Sony) took to the stage yesterday for their E3 2013 press conferences, with Microsoft focusing on exclusive games, and Sony focusing on the PlayStation 4 itself. In terms of strategy, Sony has opted for a value, gamer focused proposition, which gives it an advantage, while Microsoft’s console will retail at a higher price point, but will include a Kinect sensor. Online services will continue to see a greater focus in the next generation, but digital rights management (DRM) strategy may become the main differentiator… Read more
Amid data showing that the craft beer sub-sector has posted strong growth in an otherwise dismal US beer category, brewer MillerCoors has pooled all its craft-style domestic and international brands into a new craft-focused division called Tenth and Blake. The UK real ale sub-sector is also showing positive growth in a poor overall environment. The success of craft beer has arisen as it dovetails with various important consumer trends: it fits with the general trend towards trading up; it capitalizes on desires to purchase authentic products; it goes with the… Read more
In June 2010, Gillette launched its new Fusion ProGlide razor. Boasting seven new technological advances, the Fusion ProGlide claims to provide males with enhanced shaving performance and optimal comfort. Within 10 weeks of being launched, Gillette had sold 2.5 million Fusion ProGlide razors; exceeding sales achieved by Gillette Fusion in 2006 and becoming the world’s best selling razor. This article will examine how Gillette has evolved its marketing strategy to establish a more consumer-focused approach and how, in doing so, it has successfully instilled brand confidence among an increasingly skeptical… Read more
Online social gaming has been one of the key growth stories of 2010, with millions of people worldwide driving multimillion dollar valuations for games such as Farmville and Angry Birds. Consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies are becoming increasingly skilled at using online social media to promote their products, but most have not yet fully exploited the potential in online social gaming. There are opportunities both in sponsorship of existing mass-market social games, and in creating brand-focused games to develop social media strategies and drive consumer engagement. CPG companies have so… Read more
Dairy manufacturer Müller’s Müllerlight Inspired By cheesecake brand extension has sold over 9 million units in the UK since its launch in mid-2010. The brand appears to have been effective in solving consumers’ conflicting desires for healthy foods and indulgent foods – which is still one of the most important unmet needs for the food industry to address. The success of Inspired By highlights several ways to overcome the problem, and the rewards available to companies that do. Datamonitor’s 2010 Consumer Survey found that across all parts of the world,… Read more
According to the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) financial monitor, airlines share prices were 3% higher than the FTSE Global All Cap in the first 4 months of 2013. Its share prices are outperforming the market as investors are optimistic about the short-term recovery of the industry. The recovery of the share price is particularly strong in the US. It has risen by 35% this year following the improved financial performance of the American airline companies after the implementation of restructuring plans. The combined net profit of the American airlines… Read more
The latest model to bear the Jaguar marque is beginning to roll out of the factories and into the showrooms. The model is called the Jaguar F-Type and fits into the two-seater luxury sports car category. It has so far been suggested that the model is designed to put pressure on some of the biggest players in this section of the market. Some of the F-Type’s key rivals are suspected to be the BMW Z4, Mercedes SLK and the Audi TT. It is also believed that the model is expected… Read more | 2024-03-05T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8698 |
Association between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and therapeutic response to olanzapine in schizophrenia patients.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that plays a major role in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, and in the modulation of several neurotransmitter systems including the dopaminergic system. There are mixed reports about the association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, schizophrenia, and treatment response to antipsychotic drugs. The present study evaluated the association of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism with treatment response to atypical antipsychotic olanzapine in schizophrenia and the possible predictive value of the BDNF Val66Met genotype status in treatment response to antipsychotic medication. The study included 590 ethnically homogenous Caucasian patients with schizophrenia (diagnosed using the SCID), 40.2 ± 12.0 years old, treated with olanzapine monotherapy (10-20 mg/day), or with other antipsychotics such as risperidone (3-6 mg/day), clozapine (100-500 mg/day), haloperidol (3-115 mg/day), fluphenazine (4-25 mg/day), and quetiapine (50-800 mg/day). Patients were subdivided into responders and non-responders according to a 50 % reduction in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total and subscale scores after 8 weeks of treatment. The results, corrected for possible effects of gender and age, showed a significant association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and treatment response to olanzapine in patients. The Val/Val genotype was observed more frequently in treatment responders to olanzapine, and this genotype was associated with an improvement in clinical symptoms. Our results suggest that BDNF Val66Met variants might influence the response to 8 weeks of monotherapy with olanzapine, in a relatively large sample of patients with schizophrenia. | 2024-06-11T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9254 |
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
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Recent news from WHO
A new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics has been identified, according to an article published online in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010. This finding draws attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance, a global public health issue that could hamper the control of many infectious diseases. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multidrug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.
WHO Director-General, Dr Margaret Chan, announced the end of phase 6 of the influenza A H1N1 pandemic. “We are now moving into the post-pandemic period. The new H1N1 virus has largely run its course,” she said. “Based on experience with past pandemics, we expect the H1N1 virus to take on the behaviour of a seasonal influenza virus and continue to circulate for some years to come. Recently published studies indicate that 20–40% of populations in some areas have been infected by the H1N1 virus and thus have some level of protective immunity.”
On 9 September, more than 350 health experts met in Bangkok, Thailand, to discuss ways to improve access to life-saving medical devices in developing countries. There are around 10 500 different types of medical devices on the market and revenue from sales of medical devices worldwide was estimated at around US$ 210 billion for 2008. A WHO survey of medical device use in 140 countries reveals that too many people are currently excluded from their benefits. For example, the average availability of computed tomography (CT) scanners is one per 64 900 people on average in high-income countries, but one per 3.5 million people in low-income countries. Ten countries have so far reported that they have no radiotherapy unit at all, meaning almost 100 million people do not have access to cancer treatment.
Up to 85% of people with mental and psychosocial disabilities have no access to treatment, according to a WHO report, Targeting people with mental health conditions as a vulnerable group, which was launched on 16 August at the United Nations in New York. Even though development actors have pledged to focus their work on the most vulnerable in a community, the majority of development and poverty alleviation programmes do not reach people with mental or psychosocial disabilities. “The lack of visibility, voice and power of people with mental and psychosocial disabilities means that an extra effort needs to be made to reach out to and involve them more directly in development programmes,” says Dr Ala Alwan, Assistant Director-General for Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health at WHO. An estimated one in four people globally will experience a mental health condition in their lifetime. WHO is working jointly with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) to integrate mental health into development programmes in countries.
The number of women dying due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth decreased by 34% from an estimated 546 000 in 1990 to 358 000 in 2008, according to a report, Trends in maternal mortality, released on 15 September by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and The World Bank. While this progress is notable, the 34% decline since 1990 translates into an average annual decline of just 2.3%, which is less than half of what is needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goal target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015. This will require an annual decline of 5.5%. Pregnant women still die from four major causes: severe bleeding after childbirth, infections, hypertensive disorders and unsafe abortion. In 2008, about 1000 women died due to these complications every day.
For more about these and other WHO news items please see: http://www.who.int/mediacentre | 2023-08-31T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6100 |
Elizabeth Warren, who is doing a far better job humiliating Donald Trump than Hillary Clinton’s own campaign, let loose a scathing string of tweets earlier this evening. I cannot recommend them highly enough.
Trump, for his part, managed to work in the words “goofy” and “heritage,” adding significantly to his current working vocabulary.
Let’s properly check goofy Elizabeth Warren’s records to see if she is Native American. I say she’s a fraud! — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) May 6, 2016
Goofy Elizabeth Warren, Hillary Clinton’s flunky, has a career that is totally based on a lie. She is not Native American. — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) May 6, 2016
Then it was Warren’s turn.
I called out @realDonaldTrump on Tuesday. 45 million saw it. He's so confident about his "counter punch" he waited until Friday night. Lame. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
“Goofy,” @realDonaldTrump? For a guy with "the best words" that’s a pretty lame nickname. Weak! — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
We saw what happened when birthers like @realDonaldTrump attacked @BarackObama. They lost big. American voters knew better. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
We saw when Scott Brown attacked my family & his staff made tomahawk chops & war whoops. They lost big. MA voters knew better. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
.@realdonaldtrump is a bully who has a single play in his playbook -- offensive lies thrown at anyone who calls him out. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
.@realDonaldTrump spews insults and lies because he can’t have an honest conversation about his dangerous vision for America. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
But here's the thing. You can beat a bully -- not by tucking tail and running, but by holding your ground. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
If you think recycling Scott Brown's hate-filled attacks on my family is going to shut me up, @realDonaldTrump, think again buddy. Weak. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
The @GOP's hate-filled lies didn’t scare me before, @realDonaldTrump. And they don't scare me now. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
.@realDonaldTrump lied his way through the primaries without being held accountable. That’s over. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
Whatever @realDonaldTrump says, we won't shut up. We won't back down. This election is too important, & he won’t step foot in White House. — Elizabeth Warren (@elizabethforma) May 7, 2016
And Donald? What do you have to say for yourself?
Goofy Elizabeth Warren and her phony Native American heritage are on a Twitter rant. She is too easy! I'm driving her nuts. — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) May 7, 2016
Goofy Elizabeth Warren is weak and ineffective. Does nothing. All talk, no action -- maybe her Native American name? — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) May 7, 2016
On the bright side, it’s only a matter of time before Trump officially announces his running mate, Adam Sandler. | 2024-03-14T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8880 |
Sidecar, uberX halt pickup service at Los Angeles airport
Harriet Baskas, Special to CNBC
Friday, 31 Jan 2014 | 8:56 AM ETCNBC.com
SHARES
Ride-sharing services provided by companies such as Lyft, Sidecar and uberX have become popular, if somewhat controversial, lower-cost alternatives to traditional taxicabs in many cities and at many airports.
The services match people who need rides with mobile app-dispatched citizen drivers willing to provide rides and accept a fee.
But, citing an aggressive stance by authorities at Los Angeles International Airport for issuing citations to drivers picking up passengers there, Uber and Sidecar have recently pulled the plug on that part of their LAX service.
Getty Images
"Although we look forward to working with the authorities to resolve these issues quickly, this unwarranted action by authorities to punish drivers and riders cannot continue," Uber spokesman Andrew Noyes wrote in a company blog post a week ago. "That's why we're temporarily halting uberX pick-ups at LAX effective immediately."
(Read more:Taxi foe Uber suddenly hits rough road)
Noyes told CNBC there were no projections on when the uberX pickup service might resume, but that for now uberX drivers are still dropping off passengers at LAX. The company's other services, UberBLACK and UberSUV, which work with licensed commercial drivers, continue both pickups and dropoffs at LAX, he said.
Sidecar spokeswoman Margaret Ryan said via email that because the company has heard of the increased enforcement action at LAX, "we've advised Los Angeles drivers to avoid picking up passengers at LAX as well."
In an email, Los Angeles Airport Police spokeswoman Sgt. Belinda Nettles said "no special enforcement is taking place" against uberX, Sidecar or other ride-share drivers. Only that "airport police officers are enforcing airport rules and regulations, as well as any violations pertaining to the penal code, vehicle code and the Los Angeles municipal codes as appropriate."
At issue are the first round of rules issued by the California Public Utilities Commission for regulating companies such as Uber, Sidecar and Lyft, which the commission calls transportation network companies. "The question of picking up passengers by TNCs is still under review" by the commission, and TNCs wishing to serve the airport also need licenses or permits, and insurance, to do business at LAX, Nettles said.
Nettles said Thursday she was unable to provide information on what types of citations were issued to uberX drivers. "We cite for airport rules and regulation violations and California vehicle and penal code violations as appropriate daily," she said.
LAX is not the only airport that has taken action against ride-sharing companies.
In April, San Francisco International Airport issued a cease and desist order to ride-sharing services operating there. "These were enforced primarily through admonishments, and some citations were also issued," said SFO spokesman Doug Yakel.
Like many other airports, San Francisco has rules stating that each business that provides ground transportation, rental car or airport parking services must get an airport permit .
In response, Uber published a blog post in August with tips for riders at SFO noting that pickups by Uber services were unaffected, but that "SFO has taken an aggressive stance against uberX and has begun citing some drivers." The company suggested fliers instead use another Uber ride service, such as UberBLACK or UberSUV.
Coming soon: Uber-luxury Rolls Royce SUV?
Rolls-Royce is "intensely" looking into expanding its line up to include SUVs, CEO Torsten Muller-Otvos told CNBC.
Ryan said Sidecar is working with the state utilities commission to work out a solution but that in response to the cease and desist order, "we've advised San Francisco drivers to avoid trips to SFO until we've figured it out."
Lyft has not yet responded to a request from CNBC for the status of its services at LAX or SFO.
For its part, SFO airport, which recently came to an agreement with car-sharing service Relay Rides, remains "open to new business models that provide our customers with a variety of transportation options," said Yakel.
He said while the decision by the California Public Utilities Commission to regulate transportation network companies provides a framework to move forward with a permitting process at SFO, "we have yet to receive word of any TNC attempting to operate at SFO being permitted through the CPUC." | 2024-01-16T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9856 |
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Morocco Desert Challenge 2019
MFE-Live.com - Actus des Bajas
- Terranova and Hirvonen finish second and third respectively- Przygonski comes sixth
On Sunday, one day after the finish of the Silk Way Rally, the Baja Aragon competitors also rolled over their finish podium. All three MINI that contested the event made it to the top 10, with two of them even securing a podium. Orlando Terranova (ARG) / Paulo Fiúza (POR) took their MINI ALL4 Racing to second place, right ahead of Mikko Hirvonen (FIN) / Andreas Schulz (GER) in their MINI John Cooper Works Rally. Jakub Przygonski (POL) / Xavier Panseri (FRA) in the second MINI John Cooper Works Rally finished sixth.
On Saturday morning, in the second special stage, Terranova took the overall lead but in the afternoon, his team-mate Hirvonen passed him for the lead – only to be defeated by Nasser Al-Attiyah in the final stage. “It was a tough battle right from the start,” explained Terranova. “The car was just great. Contesting the Baja one again was big fun and even more so as so many spectators lined the route. On Sunday, however, we unfortunately weren’t fast enough.”
For Hirvonen, it was the first event he contested together with his new navigator Andreas Schulz. On Sunday, he wasn’t able to defend his lead and had to settle for finishing third. “Being first on the road wasn’t that easy,” revealed the Fin. “Of course, it’s a bit of disappointing to finish third in the end. On the other hand, my first rally with Andi ran really well and I can say that we have begun our preparations for the Dakar.” Meanwhile, Przygonski had a lot of bad luck, on the final day: gearbox problems and a puncture cost the young Pole a lot of time and he consequently finished sixth.
The next round on the FIA Cross Country Rally World Cup calendar is the Hungarian Baja, held from 10th to 13th August in Hungary. | 2024-04-20T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/5161 |
One of the three students charged with first degree robbery told police about their plan to rob a man under the guise of a drug deal.
Court records, which detail the student’s account, say the three students and 28-year-old James Nathaniel Gordon lured a man to the 500 block of Woodland Avenue, about a block from the Woodland Glen residence halls.
The student told police that he and Alex Ferrell, a freshman in the College of Arts and Sciences, waited for the robbery victim to arrive while the other two men hid in bushes nearby. The other two, according to the student’s account, were wearing masks and had a handgun.
The victim arrived, and as the drug deal was occurring, the other two men jumped out of the bushes and tried to rob the victim. The victim then pulled out a handgun and shot Gordon and Nicholas Vincent Coriaci, an 18-year-old business freshman. Gordon died of his wounds at the UK Chandler Hospital, but Coriaci survived, suffering a gunshot to the shoulder.
A Lexington Police officer heard the gunshots and responded to the scene at about 2:18 a.m.
The student told police the four of them robbed the victim with the hopes of taking his money and drugs.
All three students — Coriaci, Ferrell and Jaydon Bryce Whalen, a 19-year-old education freshman — are scheduled to appear in court at 8:30 a.m. on April 22.
The shooter, who has not been identified, is claiming self-defense and is not facing any charges at this time.
Lt. Brad Ingram of the Lexington Police Department said in a press conference that detectives have identified everyone involved in the shooting, and he does not believe the public is in any danger. He also said there could be additional charges placed on the people involved.
+3 Police charge UK students in connection to fatal near-campus shooting Two UK students were arrested and charged with first degree robbery in connection to Saturday’s fatal shooting on the 500 block of Woodland Avenue near campus.
“It’s not over,” Ingram said in the press conference.
The UK Police Department is assisting in the investigation. If any of the involved students violated the student code of conduct, UK Police Chief Joe Monroe said the university will respond accordingly.
Monroe said UK Police will continue patrolling Woodland Avenue as they normally do, but they will not increase patrols.
Within the past year, there have been at least five shootings in student neighborhoods or in student-occupied apartment buildings, four of which included fatalities.
In April 2015, UK student and Kentucky Kernel photo editor Jonathan Krueger was shot and killed while walking home in the early morning on East Maxwell Street.
In December, a UK student was shot in his apartment at University Trails on Red Mile Road. That student survived what he described as a robbery.
On Jan. 3, a nonstudent was shot and killed at University Trails during an argument, according to police records.
Later in January, two people were shot in the mostly student-occupied neighborhood on University Avenue. One of those two died in the shooting, but neither were UK students.
Lexington Police Lt. Jonathan Bastian said violent crime near campus is uncommon, and that most of the crime in student neighborhoods is property crime, like the stealing of bikes or backpacks. | 2023-11-02T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/2590 |
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Tank mate selection is easy. If it fits in the Frogfish's mouth and moves, it's food, with the exception of snails, starfish, urchins, and maybe hermits. Other than that the Frogfish is more likely to be the pickee as opposed to the picker of trouble. Surprisingly the hardest part of keeping them is keeping them fed. They're an ambush predator to the max, and prefer to have their food come to them, so they often don't compete well for food. Make sure the fish is accustomed eating frozen food from feeding tongs or from hand.
Judge not lest ye be judged creates a cesspool. Judge others and prepare to be judged by them.
Just know when to keep the verdict to yourself.
I keep a Sargassum Angler or Frogfish (histrio histrio) which is what I assume you are discussing, there are several other types of fish known as "sargassum fish," all hailing from the same location, the sargassum sea. The one I have is very aggressive, but if you keep them well fed they tend to stay away from other fish. They grow really fast though, so be prepared for that when you are placing them in a smaller tank. I keep mine with a yellow goby and his partner pistol shrimp (who may be dead, I haven't heard or seen him in 3 days now), royal gramma, several hermits (small enough to eat, but he really isn't interested in anything once it has touched the ground), several snails, 4 different types of mushroom coral, and a maxi-mini anemone. I hope the stocking list helps, need anything else concerning sargassum anglers?
Hello.
I would recommend that unless you have a fairly large tank, start with a smaller species of Frogfish/anglerfish. That particular species grows large and fast. Also they are best kept in a species only tank. Arowana your shrimp has probably been eaten by the sargassum fish; live shrimp are their favorite meals. Your fish are at risk also as they will eat anything they can fit in their mouth and then some. Seen a sargassum fish eat a tang that was twice his size in a friends tank. I have kept a clown frogfish for a number of years but I am very lucky and have access to live feeder saltwater shrimp. Live about 3 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. They love and thrive on live feeder shrimp, just do not feed to many at one time. I keep mine in a species only 20 gal tank with live rock. Regular weekly maintenace and 25% weekly water change. But these guys are preditors, so keep an eye on your nitrates. | 2023-09-02T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8329 |
Mary Frances Berry Not Bitter After Racist Remark
Berry takes a few seconds to respond to an email sent by chief of the Justice Department’s voting section, John Tanner in which he calls the former chairwoman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights “black and bitter.” Also read Berry’s op-ed in the NYTin which she calls for Obama to create a new commission that will “address the rights of many groups, including gays.” | 2024-06-17T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7399 |
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lookup templates, i.e. view paths and details. The LookupContext is also
responsible to generate a key, given to view paths, used in the resolver
cache lookup. Since this key is generated just once during the request, it
speeds up all cache accesses. | 2024-01-23T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/2069 |
Photo: Daily Intelligencer; Photos: Getty Images
Article by: Dr. A. Mansouri
The Russian Federation was falsely perceived as a partner to the United States and NATO after the fall of the Iron Curtain and any illusions of this notion should have been vaporized in 2008 when the Russian army attacked NATO candidate Georgia. This kind of Russian aggression expanded later into Ukraine in 2014 when Ukrainians chose to embrace the West rather than remain in the Russian orbit. Yet the real declaration of war on the U.S. was the direct hacking of U.S. institutions by the Russian government’s cyber agencies. That is when the war between U.S. and Russia expanded on three fronts: the less-obvious information warfare, proxy warfare, as known from the Cold War era, and the new frontier of cyber warfare.
For Donald Trump to side publicly with an enemy of the United States, and even go so far as to express praise for its authoritarian and kleptocratic president, is unheard of and truly alarming. Senator John McCain described Putin as a “thug and murderer,” but the atrocities that this ex-KGB operative has ordered in Chechnya and Syria would qualify him as a mass murderer.
Trump has shifted opinion on various topics throughout the last year, but he didn’t change course on his opinion of the Putin regime and the unprecedented appeasement of Russia’s national interest.
During his campaign he expressed doubts about NATO and his advisors voiced criticism over NATO expansion, which is the classical excuse for Russian aggression toward its neighbors.
Once the Eastern European countries were liberated from Soviet occupation in 1989, they were eager to join NATO – the most powerful military alliance in the world – to prevent a repeat of history and another Russian invasion. All of these countries joined NATO (and the EU) in a democratic process supported by the majority of the people. Hungary, for example, held a referendum in 1997 which resulted overwhelmingly in favor of NATO membership. This came at a time when Russia was bombing Grozny and other towns in Chechnya, in reaction to their aspirations for independence. According to the United Nations, around half a million Chechens were killed by Russia’s brutal military operations in the Caucasus.
This kind of Russian aggression reminded these Eastern European countries of their own experiences with their bullying neighbor to the East, and fostered an urgent need to be part of a strong defensive alliance.
It might seem as though Putin has chosen Trump to be his Trojan horse to eventually destroy America from within and enable Russia to pursue its national interests; however, there is one problem with this narrative. If this were really the case, it would, like most conspiracies, be kept secret, or at least they would try to keep it secret. I believe Trump’s adamant and amplified public appeasement towards Russia serves a purely commercial agenda.
His own son, Eric, a senior executive at Trump Organization, admitted that they have many customers from Russia and they see a lot of money coming in from Russia. It is clear they want to continue to appeal to Russian multi-millionaires who seek to put their money in safe havens outside of volatile and unpredictable Russia. The Trump family want to make sure most of it is directed to their real estate developments. Until 2014, before Russia invaded Crimea and sanctions were imposed, most of the buyers of high-end luxury developments in Manhattan were Russian millionaires and oligarchs. In fact, there are rumors they directly financed a lot of the Trump projects (we won’t know for sure until Trump releases his finances).
Trump simply doesn’t want to alienate any potential Russian buyers and investors, but would rather see them flock to his projects not only in the U.S., but also in places such as Dubai (very popular with Russians), where Trump has business interests, including a big residential golf course project with his partner Hussain Sajwani of DAMAC. The over-advertised Akoya project hasn’t attracted many buyers so far, due to Dubai’s slowing housing market in 2016.
As for Russia, a Trump presidency will probably help diffuse the hostility between Russia and the U.S./Europe. Putin desperately needs sanctions relief, as Russia is currently running out of currency reserves and needs financing for their oil & gas projects. Having China as the only cash rich financier gives them difficult bargaining positions. China knows Russia can’t turn to Europe or U.S., and, so, low-balls them.
Russia also needs money for its military ventures in Syria and Eastern Ukraine. While the latter has been somewhat of a success, with their proxy Assad retaining control of Aleppo, Ukraine has been a disaster, comparable to Afghanistan in 1980. According to leaked data, Russian casualties amounted to 2000 soldiers dead and 3000 disabled as a result of Putin’s war against Ukraine. Putin wanted to regain Russia’s former glory by dismembering Ukraine and annexing those lands to boost his popularity, while punishing Ukraine and setting an example for other countries such as Armenia or Moldova, who are still under Russian domination. The initial plan with “Operation Novorossiya” was for the Russian regular army, spec ops and pro-Russian insurgents – fully armed and supplied by Russia – to quickly take control of vast territories of Eastern Ukraine. But they were not able to advance to the ultimate prize, Odesa, nor the vital land corridor to Crimea. The fierce and unexpected Ukrainian defense has kept the Pro-Russian forces at bay in a rather small area in Donbas.
This failure puts Russia in a more desperate financial situation; sustaining Crimea is now much more expensive without a land connection and most of the residents of Crimea are complaining about hyperinflation and frequent power cuts.
Russia is losing money and wants the sanctions removed as a way of getting some relief and being able to raise capital. They see Trump as the man who can make the world slowly look past the annexation of Crimea by initiating rapprochement and lifting sanctions. It’s either that or they have to wait and hope for the oil price to spike up again.
In appointing Rex Tillerson, a close friend of Putin, as Secretary of State, Trump hopes to bring an end to the suspicious element in the current perception Russians hold of America, which will also benefit the Trump Organization. Trump also sees the presidency as a great opportunity to boost his hospitality brand on the international level, where he hasn’t been very successful in the recent decades, especially when compared to competitors like Hilton or Simon Property Group for example. Ivanka has also faced hurdles in promoting her fashion brand in places like Japan, which is why she was so eager to sit in the meeting with prime minister Abe.
It is very difficult to give president-elect Trump the benefit of the doubt regarding conflicts of interest. Naturally he will do everything to promote his business, even as president, because the presidency will end after 4 or, at most, 8 years, but the Trump organization will remain his primary business both for him and his family.
Trump will enter the White House with that thought foremost in his mind. He doesn’t strike me as a person capable of putting U.S. national interests above his own. He avoided serving in the armed forces. His efforts and actions in the past resemble a drive for self-centered gratification rather than patriotism or even a vested interest in contributing to the community and the American people.
Dr. A. Mansouri is a Senior Political Analyst at Journalist Club Vienna
Dear readers! We need your help. COVID-19 has hit independent media outlets hard, but even more so in Ukraine, where most outlets are controlled by oligarchs. To make matters worse, several English-language media sources from Ukraine have closed recently. And even worse, this comes at a time of troubling government tendencies and amid a pro-Russian resurgence in Ukraine. Help keep us online and reporting on the most important of Ukrainian issues for you in these troubling times, bringing the voices of civic society to the forefront of the information war. Our articles are free for everyone to use but we depend on our readers to keep going. We are a small independent journalist team on a shoestring budget and have no political or state affiliation. If you like what you see, please Help keep us online and reporting on the most important of Ukrainian issues for you in these troubling times, bringing the voices of civic society to the forefront of the information war. Our articles are free for everyone to use but we depend on our readers to keep going. We are a small independent journalist team on a shoestring budget and have no political or state affiliation. If you like what you see, please support us with a donation
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Tags: international, Russia, Trump, USA | 2023-08-07T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8282 |
[Neuroradiological examination of the intracranial visual pathway. Part I].
The clinical symptoms of lesions affecting the intracranial visual pathway vary as widely as their aetiology. The anatomy, the basics of neuro-ophthalmology and MRI protocols are touched on in the first part of this serial paper; in addition the most important pathological entities affecting the sellar region are presented. The focus is on the differentiation between extrinsic and intrinsic lesions, but in addition to this vascular lesions are presented with reference to illustrative cases. | 2023-11-17T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8488 |
We all have goals, big or small, things we want to achieve within a certain time frame. Some people want to make a million dollars by the time they turn 30. Some people want to lose 20 pounds before summer. Some people want to write a book in the next six months. When we begin to chase an intangible or vague concept (success, wealth, health, happiness), making a tangible goal is often the first step.
Habits are processes operating in the background that power our lives. Good habits help us reach our goals. Bad ones hinder us. Either way, habits powerfully influence our automatic behavior.
The difference between habits and goals is not semantic. Each requires different forms of action. For example:
We want to learn a new language. We could decide we want to be fluent in six months (goal), or we could commit to 30 minutes of practice each day (habit).
We want to read more books. We could set the goal to read 50 books by the end of the year, or we could decide to always carry a book with us (habit).
We want to spend more time with our families. We could plan to spend seven hours a week with them (goal), or we could choose to eat dinner with them each night (habit).
The Problems With Goals
When we want to change an aspect of our lives, setting a goal is often the logical first step. Despite being touted by many a self-help guru, this approach has some problematic facets.
Goals have an endpoint. This is why many people revert to their previous state after achieving a certain goal. People run marathons, then stop exercising altogether afterward. Or they make a certain amount of money, then fall into debt soon after. Others reach a goal weight, only to spoil their progress by overeating to celebrate.
Goals rely on factors which we do not always have control over. It’s an unavoidable fact that reaching a goal is not always possible, regardless of effort. An injury might derail a fitness goal. An unexpected expense might sabotage a financial goal. A family tragedy might impede a creative-output goal. When we set a goal, we are attempting to transform what is usually a heuristic process into an algorithmic one.
Goals rely on willpower and self-discipline. As Charles Duhigg wrote in The Power of Habit:
Willpower isn’t just a skill. It’s a muscle, like the muscles in your arms or legs, and it gets tired as it works harder, so there’s less power left over for other things.
Keeping a goal in mind and using it to direct our actions requires constant willpower. During times when other parts of our lives deplete our supply of willpower, it can be easy to forget our goals. For example, the goal of saving money requires self-discipline each time we make a purchase. Meanwhile, the habit of putting $50 in a savings account every week requires little effort. Habits, not goals, make otherwise difficult things easy.
Goals can make us complacent or reckless. Studies have shown that people’s brains can confuse goal setting with achievement. This effect is more pronounced when people inform others of their goals. Furthermore, unrealistic goals can lead to dangerous or unethical behavior.
The Benefits of Habits
“Habit is the intersection of knowledge (what to do), skill (how to do), and desire (want to do).”
— Stephen Covey
The purpose of a well-crafted set of habits is to ensure that we reach our goals with incremental steps. The benefits of a systematic approach to achievement include the following:
Habits can mean we overshoot our goals. Let’s say a person’s goal is to write a novel. They decide to write 200 words a day, so it should take 250 days. Writing 200 words takes little effort, and even on the busiest, most stressful days, the person gets it done. However, on some days, that small step leads to their writing 1000 or more words. As a result, they finish the book in much less time. Yet setting “write a book in four months” as a goal would have been intimidating.
Habits are easy to complete. As Duhigg wrote,
Habits are powerful, but delicate. They can emerge outside our consciousness or can be deliberately designed. They often occur without our permission but can be reshaped by fiddling with their parts. They shape our lives far more than we realize—they are so strong, in fact, that they cause our brains to cling to them at the exclusion of all else, including common sense.”
Once we develop a habit, our brains actually change to make the behavior easier to complete. After about 30 days of practice, enacting a habit becomes easier than not doing so.
Habits are for life. Our lives are structured around habits, many of them barely noticeable. According to Duhigg’s research, habits make up 40% of our waking hours. These often minuscule actions add up to make us who we are. William James (a man who knew the problems caused by bad habits) summarized their importance as such:
All our life, so far as it has definite form, is but a mass of habits — practical, emotional, and intellectual — systematically organized for our weal or woe, and bearing us irresistibly toward our destiny, whatever the latter may be.
Once a habit becomes ingrained, it can last for life (unless broken for some reason).
Habits can compound. Stephen Covey paraphrased Gandhi when he explained:
Sow a thought, reap an action; sow an action, reap a habit; sow a habit, reap a character; sow a character, reap a destiny.
In other words, building a single habit can have a wider impact on our lives. Duhigg calls these keystone habits. These are behaviors that cause people to change related areas of their lives. For example, people who start exercising daily may end up eating better and drinking less. Likewise, those who quit a bad habit may end up replacing it with a positive alternative. (Naval and I talked about habit replacement a lot on this podcast episode.)
Habits can be as small as necessary. A common piece of advice for those seeking to build a habit is to start small. Stanford psychologist BJ Fogg recommends “tiny habits,” such as flossing one tooth. Once these become ingrained, the degree of complexity can be increased. If you want to read more, you can start with 25 pages a day. After this becomes part of your routine, you can increase the page count to reach your goal.
Why a Systematic Approach Works
By switching our focus from achieving specific goals to creating positive long-term habits, we can make continuous improvement a way of life. This is evident from the documented habits of many successful people.
Stephen King writes 1000 words a day, 365 days a year (a habit he describes as “a sort of creative sleep”). Athlete Eliud Kipchoge makes notes after each training session to establish areas which can be improved. These habits, repeated hundreds of times over years, are not incidental. With consistency, the benefits of these non-negotiable actions compound and lead to extraordinary achievements.
Productivity is all the rage. People want to get more done in less time. Productivity systems abound: Getting Things Done, Pomodoro, the Seinfeld thing, etc. There’s certainly something to be said for each of them.
But have you thought about something a little simpler and more basic: How to focus? Like, really how to focus your mind on one hard, long project until it’s done?
Productivity systems are great in that they keep you accountable for getting lots of task-oriented work completed. But they don’t answer the larger question, which is: What do you do that creates value in your career? And more than that, what are you doing that’s going to have a cumulative effect, that’s really going to matter years down the road?
I see these two concepts as intertwined and incredibly important, and ignored by overly task-oriented productivity methods.
The first is figuring out where you’re going to create a massive amount of value in your career, The second is figuring out how you’re going to carve out the time and energy to focus deeply on the first.
The thing is, that type of work — whether it’s building a new product, writing a book, learning a hard subject, building a keynote speech, writing a complicated piece of software, whatever — doesn’t happen by saying “I’ll get to it”, and then allocating 15 minutes here or there in between checking your email and going to meetings.
It happens by stringing together sessions of deep, focused effort. Hours at a time, over and over. The intense kind where you sort of lose yourself and wake up later with a lot of awesome work done.
Learning how to do that kind of work, I think, is something of an art.
I say “art” for a reason. I see a lot of people out there promoting their “science-based” system for getting a lot done. Let me tell you something: The word science is being used to fool you and trick you. To make you salivate, Pavlov-style. “Science” is not some monolith that tells you how to create really meaningful work. There’s no “science” of success. There’s no “science” of productivity. That’s pure charlatanism.
Doing great work is an art. A group of researchers can’t answer the complex question of how to live and work correctly; the real world is too varied. We don’t live in a controlled experiment and we’re not lab rats, or worse, college students in psych labs.
Some scientific research papers can certainly give you hints on how the mind works, sure. They might even tell you a few things about information retention and task-based memory. I can see how that might be useful.
But that’s a long way away from creating a career you care about, where you regularly do focused, meaningful work that feels satisfying. Your life is not the one measured in the labs: You’re not trying to memorize flashcards or strings of numbers; what I’m talking about cannot be boiled down to rigorous science. (And anyone who reads Farnam Street knows the deep respect I have for real science.)
No — it’s art! Or more properly, artisanship. And the essence of being an artisan is that it’s deeply personal: It has to speak to you. You must be willing to put your soul into the game. This means everyone will go about the Art of Focus in their own way. It takes experimentation, dedication, and an understanding that no one can do it for you.
I even called a course I put together The Art of Focus, for this very reason. I don’t claim to have all the answers, or to “scientifically” solve your problems or fix your brain, like you’re a mouse in a lab. I just wanted to give people all of the tips and tricks I knew about doing focused, meaningful work, so they could build a system themselves.
Because the truth of the matter is that, however you go about it, you do need to build your capacity for hard, focused work. That is vital in an age of complexity, where we need to carve out a niche. Most of us aren’t making widgets anymore, and much of that work is being replaced by machines anyways.
And if you’ll let me be controversial for a second, I think that’s a good thing for humanity. Humans aren’t meant to live on a factory assembly line (or the white-collar equivalent – spreadsheets and Powerpoint). We’re meant to lose ourselves in valuable and satisfying work that smacks of originality and humanity.
I know a lot of finance people who want to switch into some related craftsmanship, or writing, or software-building, but not the other way around. Do you know any woodworkers who want to switch into finance? Do you know any writers who want to switch into corporate accounting? Me neither.
But in order to build an awesome career doing hard but satisfying long-term work, you need to build your ability to focus for hours at a time. You need to learn hard skills. You need to let go of multitasking, distraction, and the temptation to be “busy.”
I built the Art of Focus to get people started on that path, but I recommend doing it any way you feel comfortable. With apologies to Phil Knight, just do it.
I will say this, I know no wise person who doesn’t read a lot. I suspect that you can read on the computer now and get a lot of benefit out of it, but I doubt it will work as well as reading print worked for me.
I think people that multitask pay a huge price. They think they’re being extra productive, and I think they’re (out of their mind). I use the metaphor of the one-legged man in the ass-kicking contest.
I think when you multi-task so much, you don’t have time to think about anything deeply. You’re giving the world an advantage you shouldn’t do. Practically everybody is drifting into that mistake.
Concentrating hard on something that is important is … I can’t succeed at all without doing it. I did not succeed in life by intelligence. I succeeded because I have a long attention span.
It sounds counter-intuitive but if you want to increase discretionary time and reduce stress you need to schedule time to think. The tiny fragments of time many of us find ourselves with have a negative effect on our ability to think deeply about a problem. Furthermore they impede our ability to learn — we stay at a surface level and never move into a deep understanding.
Deresiewicz warns: “You simply cannot (think) in bursts of 20 seconds at a time, constantly interrupted by Facebook messages or Twitter tweets, or fiddling with your iPod, or watching something on YouTube.”
The opposite approach is to focus on a problem or subject and try to achieve a deep fluency. How many of us, however, have time? We don't do the work required to have an opinion. Instead we operate with surface knowledge. We tackle problems with the first thought that comes to mind. Because we make a poor initial decision, we spend countless hours attempting to correct it. No wonder we have no time to think. We're not heeding the advice of Joseph Tussman and letting the world do the work for us.
We sound good and yet and we fail to learn — in part because everyone else is doing the same thing. Well, when you do what everyone else does, don't be surprised when you get the same results everyone else gets.
When he began working with overtaxed executives, he saw the problem with the traditional big-picture type of management planning, like writing mission statements, defining long-term goals, and setting priorities. He appreciated the necessity of lofty objectives, but he could see that these clients were too distracted to focus on even the simplest task of the moment. Allen described their affliction with another Buddhist image, “monkey mind,” which refers to a mind plagued with constantly shifting thoughts, like a monkey leaping wildly from tree to tree. Sometimes Allen imagined a variation in which the monkey is perched on your shoulder jabbering into your ear, constantly second-guessing and interrupting until you want to scream, “Somebody, shut up the monkey!”
“Most people have never tasted what it’s like to have nothing on their mind except whatever they’re doing,” Allen says. “You could tolerate that dissonance and that stress if it only happened once a month, the way it did in the past. Now people are just going numb and stupid, or getting too crazy and busy to deal with the anxiety.”
Instead of starting with goals and figuring out how to reach them, Allen tried to help his clients deal with the immediate mess on their desks. He could see the impracticality of traditional bits of organizational advice, like the old rule about never touching a piece of paper more than once— fine in theory, impossible in practice. What were you supposed to do with a memo about a meeting next week? Allen remembered a tool from his travel-agent days, the tickler file. The meeting memo, like an airplane ticket, could be filed in a folder for the day it was needed. That way the desk would remain uncluttered, and the memo wouldn’t distract you until the day it was needed.
[…]
Besides getting paperwork off the desk, the tickler file also removed a source of worry: Once something was filed there, you knew you’d be reminded to deal with it on the appropriate day. You weren’t nagged by the fear that you’d lose it or forget about it. Allen looked for other ways to eliminate that mental nagging by closing the “open loops” in the mind. “One piece I took from the personal-growth world was the importance of the agreements you make with yourself,” he recalls. “When you make an agreement and you don’t keep it, you undermine your own self-trust.
Zeigarnik effect: Uncompleted tasks and unmet goals tend to pop into one’s mind. Once the task is completed and the goal reached, however, this stream of reminders comes to a stop.
Until recently we thought this was the brain's way of making sure we get stuff done. New research, however, has shed preliminary light on the tension our to-do lists cause in our cognitive consciousness and unconsciousness.
[I]t turns out that the Zeigarnik effect is not, as was assumed for decades, a reminder that continues unabated until the task gets done. The persistence of distracting thoughts is not an indication that the unconscious is working to finish the task. Nor is it the unconscious nagging the conscious mind to finish the task right away. Instead, the unconscious is asking the conscious mind to make a plan. The unconscious mind apparently can’t do this on its own, so it nags the conscious mind to make a plan with specifics like time, place, and opportunity. Once the plan is formed, the unconscious can stop nagging the conscious mind with reminders.
If you have 150 things going on in your head at once, the Zeigarnik effect leaves you leaping from “task to task, and it won't be sedated by vague good intentions.”
If you’ve got a memo that has to be read before a meeting Thursday morning, the unconscious wants to know exactly what needs to be done next, and under what circumstances. But once you make that plan— once you put the meeting memo in the tickler file for Wednesday, once you specify the very next action to be taken on the project— you can relax. You don’t have to finish the job right away. You’ve still got 150 things on the to-do list, but for the moment the monkey is still, and the water is calm.
This is how David Allen solved Drew Carey's organizational problems.
“Whether you’re trying to garden or take a picture or write a book,” Allen says, “your ability to make a creative mess is your most productive state. You want to be able to throw ideas all over the place, but you need to be able to start with a clear deck. One mess at a time is all you can handle. Two messes at a time, you’re screwed. You may want to find God, but if you’re running low on cat food, you damn well better make a plan for dealing with it. Otherwise the cat food is going to take a whole lot more attention and keep you from finding God.”
We live in a digital time, which Schwartz and Loehr capture so eloquently:
We live in digital time. Our rhythms are rushed, rapid fire and relentless, our days carved up into bits and bytes. We celebrate breadth rather than depth, quick reaction more than considered reflection. We skim across the surface, alighting for brief moments at dozens of destinations but rarely remaining for long at any one. We race through our lives without pausing to consider who we really want to be or where we really want to go. We’re wired up but we’re melting down.
Most of us are just trying to do the best that we can. When demand exceeds our capacity, we begin to make expedient choices that get us through our days and nights, but take a toll over time. We survive on too little sleep, wolf down fast foods on the run, fuel up with coffee and cool down with alcohol and sleeping pills. Faced with relentless demands at work, we become short-tempered and easily distracted. We return home from long days at work feeling exhausted and often experience our families not as a source of joy and renewal, but as one more demand in an already overburdened life.
We walk around with day planners and to-do lists, Palm Pilots and BlackBerries, instant pagers and pop-up reminders on our computers— all designed to help us manage our time better. We take pride in our ability to multitask, and we wear our willingness to put in long hours as a badge of honor. The term 24/ 7 describes a world in which work never ends.
This is the power of full engagement. “Every one of our thoughts, emotions and behaviors has an energy consequence,” they write. “The ultimate measure of our lives is not how much time we spend on the planet, but rather how much energy we invest in the time that we have.”
There are undeniably bad bosses, toxic work environments, difficult relationships and real life crises. Nonetheless, we have far more control over our energy than we ordinarily realize. The number of hours in a day is fixed, but the quantity and quality of energy available to us is not. It is our most precious resource. The more we take responsibility for the energy we bring to the world, the more empowered and productive we become. The more we blame others or external circumstances, the more negative and compromised our energy is likely to be.
To be fully engaged, we need to be fully present. To be fully present we must be “physically energized, emotionally connected, mentally focused and spiritually aligned with a purpose beyond our own immediate self-interest.”
Conventional wisdom holds that if you find talented people and equip them with the right skills for the challenge at hand, they will perform at their best. In our experience that often isn’t so. Energy is the X factor that makes it possible to fully ignite talent and skill.
***The Four Energy Management Principles that Drive Performance
Here are the four key energy management principles that drive performance.
Principle 1: Full engagement requires drawing on four separate but related sources of energy: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual.
Human beings are complex energy systems, and full engagement is not simply one-dimensional. The energy that pulses through us is physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual. All four dynamics are critical, none is sufficient by itself and each profoundly influences the others. To perform at our best, we must skillfully manage each of these interconnected dimensions of energy. Subtract any one from the equation and our capacity to fully ignite our talent and skill is diminished, much the way an engine sputters when one of its cylinders misfires.
Energy is the common denominator in all dimensions of our lives. Physical energy capacity is measured in terms of quantity (low to high) and emotional capacity in quality (negative to positive). These are our most fundamental sources of energy because without sufficient high-octane fuel no mission can be accomplished.
[…]
The importance of full engagement is most vivid in situations where the consequences of disengagement are profound. Imagine for a moment that you are facing open-heart surgery. Which energy quadrant do you want your surgeon to be in? How would you feel if he entered the operating room feeling angry, frustrated and anxious (high negative)? How about overworked, exhausted and depressed (low negative)? What if he was disengaged, laid back and slightly spacey (low positive)? Obviously, you want your surgeon energized, confident and upbeat (high positive).
Imagine that every time you yelled at someone in frustration or did sloppy work on a project or failed to focus your attention fully on the task at hand, you put someone’s life at risk. Very quickly, you would become less negative, reckless and sloppy in the way you manage your energy. We hold ourselves accountable for the ways that we manage our time, and for that matter our money. We must learn to hold ourselves at least equally accountable for how we manage our energy physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually.
Principle 2: Because energy capacity diminishes both with overuse and with underuse, we must balance energy expenditure with intermittent energy renewal.
We rarely consider how much energy we are spending because we take it for granted that the energy available to us is limitless. … The richest, happiest and most productive lives are characterized by the ability to fully engage in the challenge at hand, but also to disengage periodically and seek renewal. Instead, many of us live our lives as if we are running in an endless marathon, pushing ourselves far beyond healthy levels of exertion. … We, too, must learn to live our own lives as a series of sprints— fully engaging for periods of time, and then fully disengaging and seeking renewal before jumping back into the fray to face whatever challenges confront us.
Principle 3: To build capacity, we must push beyond our normal limits, training in the same systematic way that elite athletes do.
Stress is not the enemy in our lives. Paradoxically, it is the key to growth. In order to build strength in a muscle we must systematically stress it, expending energy beyond normal levels. … We build emotional, mental and spiritual capacity in precisely the same way that we build physical capacity.
Principle 4: Positive energy rituals—highly specific routines for managing energy— are the key to full engagement and sustained high performance.
Change is difficult. We are creatures of habit. Most of what we do is automatic and nonconscious. What we did yesterday is what we are likely to do today. The problem with most efforts at change is that conscious effort can’t be sustained over the long haul. Will and discipline are far more limited resources than most of us realize. If you have to think about something each time you do it, the likelihood is that you won’t keep doing it for very long. The status quo has a magnetic pull on us.
[…]
Look at any part of your life in which you are consistently effective and you will find that certain habits help make that possible. If you eat in a healthy way, it is probably because you have built routines around the food you buy and what you are willing to order at restaurants. If you are fit, it is probably because you have regular days and times for working out. If you are successful in a sales job, you probably have a ritual of mental preparation for calls and ways that you talk to yourself to stay positive in the face of rejection. If you manage others effectively, you likely have a style of giving feedback that leaves people feeling challenged rather than threatened. If you are closely connected to your spouse and your children, you probably have rituals around spending time with them. If you sustain high positive energy despite an extremely demanding job, you almost certainly have predictable ways of insuring that you get intermittent recovery. Creating positive rituals is the most powerful means we have found to effectively manage energy in the service of full engagement.
Our failure rate keeps climbing as the lists keep getting longer. At any one time, a person typically has at least 150 different tasks to be done, and fresh items never stop appearing on our screens. How do we decide what goes on the list and what to do next?
“The first step in self-control is to set a clear goal.”
The technical term researchers use for self-control is self-regulation, and the “regulation” part highlights the importance of a goal. Regulating means changing, but only a particular kind of intentional, meaningful changing. To regulate is to guide toward a specific goal or standard: the speed limit for cars on a highway, the maximum height for an office building. Self-control without goals and other standards would be nothing more than aimless change, like trying to diet without any idea of which foods are fattening.
The problem isn't a lack of goals, however, it's too many of them.
We make daily to-do lists that couldn’t be accomplished even if there were no interruptions during the day, which there always are. By the time the weekend arrives, there are more unfinished tasks than ever, but we keep deferring them and expecting to get through them with miraculous speed. That’s why, as productivity experts have found, an executive’s daily to-do list for Monday often contains more work than could be done the entire week.
Even the great Ben Franklin fell victim to having too many goals.
Franklin tried a divide-and-conquer approach. He drew up a list of virtues and wrote a brief goal for each one, like this one for Order: ‘Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.’ There were a dozen more virtues on his list— Temperance, Silence, Resolution, Frugality, Industry, Sincerity, Justice, Moderation, Cleanliness, Tranquility, Chastity, and Humility— but he recognized his limits. “I judg’d it would be well not to distract my attention by attempting the whole at once,” Franklin explained, “but to fix it on one of them at a time.” The result was what he called a “course,” and what today would be marketed as 13 Weeks to Total Virtue.
But the virtues were often in conflict with one another.
When, as a young journeyman printer, he tried to practice Order by drawing up a rigid daily work schedule, he kept getting interrupted by unexpected demands from his clients— and Industry required him to ignore the schedule and meet with them. If he practiced Frugality (“ Waste nothing”) by always mending his own clothes and preparing all his own meals, there’d be less time available for Industry at his job— or for side projects like flying a kite in a thunderstorm or editing the Declaration of Independence. If he promised to spend an evening with his friends but then fell behind his schedule for work, he’d have to make a choice that would violate his virtue of Resolution: “Perform without fail what you resolve.”
“The result of conflicting goals is unhappiness instead of action,” Tierney and Baumeister write, arguing the byproduct of this is that you worry more, get less done, and your physical health suffers.
The takeaway? Skip the to-do list and schedule your time. If you must have a to-do list, keep it short. | 2023-11-15T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1600 |
252 S.W.3d 511 (2008)
Dighton PACKARD, M.D., Emergency Health Services Associates, EmCare, Inc. and EmCare Holdings, Inc. and Leonard M. Riggs, Jr., M.D., Appellants,
v.
Lillian GUERRA, Individually and as next friend of Marcela Lillian Guerra and Marcelino Guerra, Appellees.
No. 14-06-00546-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (14th Dist.).
February 28, 2008.
Rehearing Overruled April 24, 2008.
*512 Mary Olga Lovett, Christopher Cord Miller, Andrew J. Wupper, Houston, for appellants.
James M. Stewart, Brent Ryan Walker, Dallas, Dallas, for Leonard M. Riggs.
Jack E. McGehee, John S. Serpe, Christopher Dean Demeo, Houston, for appellees.
Panel consists of Justices ANDERSON and FOWLER and Senior Justice EDELMAN.[*]
MAJORITY OPINION
WANDA McKEE FOWLER, Justice.
This is a health care liability claim in which the plaintiffs allege that Marcela Guerra received permanent brain injuries because of the actions and non-actions of the attending emergency room doctor at Polly Ryon Hospital immediately after her birth. The Guerras allege that one or more of the defendant companies and individuals contracted to staff and run the emergency room at Polly Ryon Hospital.
In this interlocutory appeal, we are asked to consider whether the medical expert reports of several doctors can be considered collectively to meet the requirements of an expert report and whether they meet the requirements of expert reports even if they are considered together. And, in a case of first impression, we also are asked to decide if, under sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, for good cause the trial judge could properly consider *513 the non-medical expert report of a lawyer who explained the duties and responsibilities of several business/corporate entities and the two doctors who were officers and/or directors of the companies.
We hold that the expert reports of the doctors can be considered together to supply the expert testimony on standard of care, breach and causation. We also hold that the trial court properly relied on the expert report of a corporate lawyer to define and explain what appellants promised to do for Polly Ryon Hospital (i.e., allegedly manage and staff its emergency room with doctors), and what level of responsibility each had in fulfilling that promise. Finally, we hold that the expert reports in the aggregate adequately address the standard of care, breach of the standard of care, and causation on the part of each defendant/appellant.
Factual and Procedural Background
The Factual Allegations
In January 2005, Lillian and Marcelino Guerra sued Clement Ugorji, M.D., alleging medical negligence in the care and treatment of herself and her newborn infant, Marcela,[1] at Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital. Among other things, the Guerras alleged that Dr. Ugorji was absent when Marcela was born and absent for the following four to five minutes. Following her birth, Marcela was in need of respiratory assistance. But, when Dr. Ugorji attempted to rectify Marcela's breathing difficulties, they allege he misplaced an endotracheal tube intended to assist Marcela's respiration, causing further respiratory problems. And they claim that Dr. Ugorji also failed to give Marcela glucose. The Guerras claimed that these and other mistakes caused Marcela's permanent, severe brain damage.
The Guerras later amended their petition to allege direct and vicarious liability for Dr. Ugorji's treatment against entities they claimed were in charge of managing and staffing the emergency roomEmergency Health Services Associates ("EHSA"), EmCare, Inc., EmCare of Texas, Inc., EmCare Holdings, Inc., EmCare O.P., L.P., EmCare (a registered trademark), Emergency Medical Services, L.P., Leonard M. Riggs, Jr., M.D., and Dighton Packard, M.D.[2] Neither Dr. Riggs nor Dr. Packard treated Lillian or Marcela Guerra, but the Guerras alleged Dr. Riggs and Dr. Packard were liable in both their individual capacities and their corporate capacities based on their positions as officers, directors, members, shareholders, or employees of the defendant entities.[3]
*514 The Guerras alleged that the entities were engaged in the practice of medicine in Texas, and that the entities were responsible for staffing, supervising, and providing medical care to patients in the emergency department at Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital, and that their failures in these responsibilities caused Marcela's brain damage.[4]
The Guerras also claimed that Dr. Packard and Dr. Riggs were directly liable, but included allegations of liability based on alter ego, piercing the corporate veil, single business enterprise, joint venture, and vice principal.[5]
The Expert Reports are Filed
The Guerras first filed the expert report of Timothy Cooper, M.D., pursuant to section 74.351 of the Texas Medical Liability Act.[6]See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.001-.507. Dr. Cooper's report was directed to the breaches of Dr. Ugorji and the "Entities," which included the corporate entities and Drs. Packard and Riggs individually and in their employment capacities. The defendants challenged the adequacy of Dr. Cooper's expert report and moved to dismiss the Guerras' claims against them. The trial court denied the challenge to the adequacy of the expert report as to Dr. Ugorji, and this ruling was not appealed. In response, the Guerras filed an additional expert report by Andrew P. Garlisi, M.D., regarding EmCare, Inc., EmCare of Texas, Inc., EmCare Holdings, Inc., EmCare, EHSA, EmCare O.P., L.P., Dr. Packard, and Dr. Riggs.[7] The defendants again objected to the adequacy of the Guerras' expert reports and moved to dismiss their claims.
The trial court ruled that the expert reports of Drs. Cooper and Garlisi were "deficient, but good faith efforts to comply with Section 74.351." Specifically, the court found the reports to be "conclusory" as to Drs. Packard and Riggs, and further found that Dr. Garlisi's report seemed to assume that the contractual duties with Polly Ryon Hospital defined the standard of care relating to the medical care given to Marcela. The court ordered that the Guerras correct these deficiencies within thirty days.
In response to the trial court's order, the Guerras supplemented their expert reports. The supplement included copies of the earlier expert reports of Drs. Cooper and Garlisi, supplemental reports by Dr. Garlisi, and new reports from Albert C. Weihl, M.D., and from Adrienne Randle Bond, a non-physician corporate lawyer. For a third time, the defendants moved to dismiss the Guerras' claims for failing to timely file a compliant expert report and sought attorney's fees.
The trial court first denied Dr. Riggs' motion to dismiss. In its order, the trial court noted that it "did not rely upon Ms. Bond's report for any causation opinions she may have rendered." Further, the court stated the following after citing to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d):
[T]he Court finds good cause to permit plaintiffs to file, and for their expert report physicians to rely upon, the report of Adrienne R. Bond, a non-physician expert in legal and corporate contracts. Specifically, the Court finds that *515 the contractual and corporate inter-relationships of the various defendants, including specifically Dr. Leonard Riggs and several of the corporate defendants, render such an expert report helpful (if not absolutely necessary) to demonstrating the duties owed and to assisting the physician experts in their presentations of the applicable standards of care. Such corporate and legal testimony would not be within the experience of a typical physician otherwise qualified to render a report in this case.
And, the trial court, in a reformed order, denied the motion to dismiss as to the Guerras' claims of direct liability against Dr. Packard, EmCare, Inc., EmCare Holdings, Inc., and EHSA.[8] In its order concerning these defendants, the trial court included the following:
In so ruling, the Court considered and relied upon the non-medical expert report of Adrienne R. Bond, for the good cause stated in the Court's Order, of June 14, 2006, denying Dr. Leonard Riggs' Motion to Dismiss. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE Sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d). The Court did not consider nor rely upon the Bond report for any issue pertaining to medical causation.
This interlocutory appeal followed. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(9).
Analysis of Appellants' Issues
On appeal, appellants contend generally that the trial court erred in denying their motions to dismiss the Guerras' claims because the Guerras' expert reports are insufficient.[9] They claim the doctors' reports cannot be read collectively and that, individually, they do not address the three items of proof necessary for an expert reportstandard of care, breach, and causation. Appellants also claim that Adrienne R. Bond's report cannot be relied on for any reason because she fails to meet the qualifications necessary for an expert in a health care liability claim.
A. Standard of Review.
We review a trial court's decision on a motion to dismiss under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 74.351 for an abuse of discretion. See Estate of Regis ex. rel. McWashington v. Harris County Hosp. Dist., 208 S.W.3d 64, 67 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.). When reviewing matters committed to the trial court's discretion, we may not substitute our own judgment for that of the trial court. See Bowie Mem'l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex.2002). However, to the extent resolution of the issues presented requires interpretation of the statute, we review the order under a de novo standard. See Buck v. Blum, 130 S.W.3d 285, 290 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.).
B. Expert Reports and Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section 74.351.
We begin our discussion with section 74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which requires an expert report in a health care liability claim.
(a) In a health care liability claim, a claimant shall, not later than the 120th day after the date the claim was filed, serve on each party or the party's attorney one or more expert reports, with a *516 curriculum vitae of each expert listed in the report for each physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is asserted.....
See Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 875, amended by Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590, 1590 (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(a)). In a health care liability claim, which this suit is, an expert report must meet certain requirements. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.001(13).
To be adequate under section 74.351, an expert's medical liability report must establish his or her qualifications, the applicable standard of care, how the standard was breached by the particular actions of the defendant, and how that breach caused the plaintiff's alleged damages. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(l), 74.351(r)(5)-(r)(6). To constitute a good faith summary of the expert's opinions, a report must do more than merely state the expert's conclusions. It must fulfill two purposes: (1) inform the defendant of the specific conduct that is being called into question, and (2) provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the plaintiff's claims have merit. Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 879 (Tex.2001).
C. The Expert Reports.
Because the expert reports are the focal point of this appeal, we summarize and set out parts of them below.
1. Dr. Cooper's and Dr. Garlisi's Initial Reports Re-filed.
In their supplemental reports, the Guerras included the expert reports previously offered and found by the trial court to be deficient, but good faith efforts to comply with the statutory requirements. The purpose of Dr. Cooper's report was to explain the standard of care, the breach of the standard of care, and causation for the medical care Dr. Ugorji provided.[10] Dr. Cooper's report focused primarily on Dr. Ugorji's actions and non-actions, but also opined that appellants were responsible for Ugorji's negligence and gross negligence, based on appellants' relationships with Dr. Ugorji and their corporate duties and responsibilities. Dr. Cooper's report referred collectively to the "Entities." Dr. Garlisi's initial report was offered to outline the standard of care and causation as to each individual appellant.
2. Dr. Weihl's Report.
Dr. Weihl's report explains (1) that the standard of care required appellants to implement a quality assurance program, (2) that Marcela's injuries were caused by the appellants' failures to implement and/or follow a quality assurance program, and (3) what a quality assurance program consistent with the standard of care should have included. The substance of his report is as follows:
While I cannot provide a 100% guarantee, it is my expert opinion that, in reasonable medical probability, had appropriate on-site supervision, training and management of Dr. Ugorji been provided with respect to the medical care provided by Dr. Ugorji in the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department, Marcella Guerra's injury on November 2, 1998 would have been avoided. In reasonable medical probability, the development and training and management of Dr. Ugorji would have identified Ugorji's lack of knowledge and qualifications in dealing with neonatal resuscitation, including his inability to: *517 adequately perform neonatal intubation; timely determine, recognize and correct improper intubations, including esophageal and right main-stem bronchus intubations; timely and adequately determine glucose levels and glucose needs of neonates; and timely respond to circumstances requiring the immediate engagement of a specialist. The identification of Dr. Ugorji's lack of knowledge and qualifications would have resulted in the removal of Dr. Ugorji or the provision of adequate training for Dr. Ugorji. As a result, in reasonable medical probability, the injury to Marcella Guerra would have been prevented.
3. Attorney Adrienne Bond's Report.
The Guerras also tendered the report of Adrienne Randle Bond, a corporate attorney.[11] Ms Bond's expert report addressed the issues of corporate and director responsibility on the part of Dr. Packard, Dr. Riggs, and the EmCare Entities with respect to (1) Dr. Ugorji's status as an agent and/or employee of the EmCare Entities; (2) the relationships of control among the various entities, Dr. Packard, Dr. Riggs, and Dr. Ugorji; (3) the responsibilities of the EmCare Entities and Dr. Packard and Dr. Riggs as officers of EmCare, Inc. and interest-holders of EHSA to implement their own corporate policies and procedures; and (4) the relationships and facts underlying vice principal liability, alter ego liability, and single business enterprise liability. In forming her opinions, Bond considered, among other things, corporate documents, depositions, and information from public sources. Bond set out in detail the basis for each of her opinions that Dr. Packard, Dr. Riggs, and the EmCare Entities are directly liable for the November 2, 1998 incident involving Marcela Guerra. For example, as to EHSA, Bond opined as follows:
Based on the review of the facts with respect to the relationship with Ugorji, he was, in fact, an employee of EHSA and Emcare, and was certainly an agent of EHSA and Emcare. First, EHSA, was the entity under contract with Polly Ryon Hospital to provide emergency room physicians. Further, EHSA was a Texas professional association, the state law entity that could legally provide medical services. EHSA and Dr. Riggs further had (a) a contractual obligation to supervise the physicians retained by it for the benefit of Polly Ryon Hospital, and (b) to implement a quality assurance program. Ugorji, as a licensed physician, was employed or retained to provide emergency room services on behalf of EHSA, based on EHSA's contract with Polly Ryon. Ugorji's relationship was that of an employee of, and also an agent of EHSA, thus rendering EHSA liable. Additionally, EHSA and Dr. Riggs are directly liable for failure to supervise, and to implement quality control procedures that were already in place and to appoint a physician on site *518 for quality assurance purposes, as required under law and under its contractual agreements with Polly Ryon Hospital. EHSA and Dr. Riggs are directly responsible for failing to follow its established quality assurance programs and procedures.
Concerning EmCare, Bond opined:
Emcare, however, is also directly liable as an employer/principal through its relationship with Ugorji and EHSA. With respect to Emcare's relations with Ugorji, in all of the written employment records of Ugorji, Emcare is the entity with whom Ugorji had contact. His application for employment with, and all correspondence concerning that application was made to Emcare. All of Ugorji's personnel files and medical records were maintained by Emcare, and he reported the hours that he billed to Emcare. During the time in question, Emcare was in the process of nominally changing the name of its relationship with Ugorji to that of "employee" since Emcare could not legally sustain the argument that Ugorji was not an employee.
Next, upon review of the legal structure of Emcare and EHSA described above, including the Management Services Agreement, the Succession Agreement, the Stock Transfer and Option Agreement, and as described in the SEC reports and notes to Emcare's audited financial statements, Emcare wholly controlled EHSA. Emcare controlled all of the activities conducted by EHSA, including the control of all funds, control of billing and collection, control of accounting, control of scheduling of Ugorji, and maintenance of all required activities of EHSA, except for the one limited matter of making a medical diagnosis, although Emcare remains fully liable as the employer/principal of the physician that makes any diagnosis. The legal structure of Emcare OP, L.P. also holds Emcare, Inc. fully liable under the Management Agreement, since Emcare was the general partner of that limited partnership. As a general partner under state law, there is no liability shield and Emcare is wholly and completely liable thereunder.
Emcare also admits in its SEC reports that the use of the EHSA structure was solely to avoid state laws prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine. Emcare is further liable directly for failing to follow its own internal procedures (as described in their management contracts and corroborated in their SEC reports) for implementing a quality assurance program at Polly Ryon Hospital and for failing to appoint a physician on site to monitor the quality assurance program. Emcare is directly responsible for failing to follow its established quality assurance programs and procedures.
Emcare also had the benefit of all of the net revenues of EHSA, and, according to its SEC reports, so completely controlled EHSA that the certified public accountants who audited the financial statements of Emcare for SEC reporting purposes attributed all of EHSA's revenues to Emcare. Since Emcare wholly controlled EHSA, Emcare was, in fact, practicing medicine and was the employer of Ugorji. One particularly telling fact about the complete control of EHSA by Emcare is that they did not maintain any "tail" coverage for EHSA with respect to Polly Ryon Hospital. Had EHSA truly been independently managed, it would have enforced its rights to have Emcare assure that "tail" malpractice coverage was in place for the benefit of EHSA physician/employees at Polly Ryon Hospital. Since Emcare was practicing medicine by its complete control of EHSA, Emcare is directly liable for failure to supervise or *519 provide for quality assurance programs as required under law and under its contractual agreements with Polly Ryon Hospital. As a result, as an entity practicing medicine and as an employer and principal of Ugorji, Emcare and its assets [are] fully and directly liable for the incident on November 2, 1998.
Additionally, as to Riggs' and Packard's direct liability, Bond opined as follows:
Riggs was the sole owner of EHSA and an officer and director of EHSA and Emcare. In all of those capacities, he has personal responsibility for the preparation and implementation of procedures for quality assurance, both in his capacity as an officer and director, and also as a result of his responsibility for the contractual obligations of EHSA and Emcare. Packard was the Chief Medical Officer of Emcare, and of EHSA, and he was the officer specifically in charge of quality assurance and risk management. Therefore he has personal responsibility for the preparation and implementation of procedures for quality assurance. Both of them testified that they had no idea of the activities or quality assurance programs at Polly Ryon Hospital. As a result, Riggs and Packard are fully and directly liable for the failure to supervise or provide for quality assurance programs [as] required under law and under Emcare's and EHSA's contractual arrangements with Polly Ryon Hospital.
4. Dr. Garlisi's Supplemental Reports.
The Guerras also included supplemental reports from Dr. Garlisi for each of the defendants. These reports were substantively similar, except for substituting the names of each appellant and certain specific allegations in separate reports. Based upon Adrienne Bond's report, Dr. Garlisi ascribes the same standard of care and breaches of the standard of care to Dr. Riggs, Dr. Packard, and the EmCare Entities.
To illustrate Dr. Garlisi's reports as to the EmCare Entities, we set forth the substance of his report as to EHSA. For the convenience of the reader, we have added bolded, bracketed notations identifying the basis of liability being addressed in some parts of the report:
As set forth in my 120-day report dated September 11, 2005 and in Dr. Cooper's deposition, it is my opinion that Dr. Clement Ugorji, as the agent of Emergency Health Services Associates (hereinafter "EHSA"), Dr. Riggs, Dr. Dighton Packard, EmCare, Inc., EmCare Holdings, Inc., and EmCare, provided medical care to Marcella Guerra on November 2, 1998 that was in breach of the applicable standard of care and that in reasonable medical probability caused the devastating and permanent brain injury suffered by Marcella Guerra. As additionally set forth in my September 11, 2005 120-day report, it is also my opinion that EHSA, acting through Dr. Leonard M. Riggs, Dr. Clement Ugorji, and its other agent(s) was responsible for the medical care provided by Dr. Ugorji and the injury to Marcella Guerra that in reasonable medical probability was caused by Dr. Ugorji's breach of the standard of care. The following opinions are in clarification and supplementation of my opinions set forth in my September 11, 2005 120-day report that EHSA, acting through its agent, Dr. Ugorji, was responsible for Marcella Guerra's injury:
1. Dr. Ugorji was the agent of ESHA at Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital on November 2, 1998. Therefore, EHSA is directly responsible for the care provided to Marcella Guerra by Dr. Ugorji on November 2, 1998. As set forth in its Articles of Association, *520 EHSA was formed for the sole purpose of "engaging in the practice of medicine." Subsequent to its formation, EHSA entered into a contract with Polly Ryon Hospital Authority "to provide medical services to the Emergency Department" of Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital. Dr. Ugorji provided medical care in the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department to Marcella Guerra on November 2, 1998 as the agent of ESHA and EmCare, Inc. The provision of medical care is a non-delegable duty. Therefore, EHSA, acting by and through Dr. Leonard M. Riggs (the 100% shareholder of ESHA, the sole officer and sole member of the board of directors of ESHA, and officer of EmCare, Inc. and EmCare Holdings, Inc.), Dr. Dighton Packard (the Chief Medical Officer of EmCare, Inc., an entity in control of EHSA, and an officer of EHSA and party to a succession of control agreement regarding the control of EHSA that was entered into for the benefit of EmCare, Inc. and EmCare Holdings, Inc.), and its other agent(s), was directly responsible for the medical care provided to Marcella Guerra by Dr. Ugorji, including any breach of the standard of care and resulting injury. The provision of that medical care was EHSA's direct responsibility and it was provided in breach of the standard of care to the injury of Marcella Guerra as set forth in detail in my September 11, 2005 120-day report.
2. As set forth in detail below, EHSA is also responsible for Dr. Ugorji's breach of the standard of care and resulting injury to Marcella Guerra for failure to implement quality control procedures and programs that would in reasonable medical probability have prevented the injury to Marcella Guerra. [Standard of care follows.] EHSA, as an entity whose sole purpose was to practice medicine, had a duty to ensure that any physician practicing medicine through the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department on November 2, 1998, did so consistent with the standard of care. This duty existed independently of any contractual obligation due to the fact that EHSA was responsible for providing, and was in fact providing, medical care through the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department. This duty required EHSA, through Dr. Riggs, Dr. Packard or their designated agent(s), to provide on-site supervision and management of physicians, including Dr. Ugorji, who provided medical care through the Polly Ryon Memorial Emergency Department to ensure that such physicians, including Dr. Ugorji, had the requisite skills, as well as competency in performing those skills, to provide the medical procedures and services needed by patients coming to the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department for medical care. It was insufficient for them to rely on the Hospital Trustees who had granted privileges in the past to Dr. Ugorji or on Dr. Ugorji's ACLS and/or ATLS cards. This duty also required EHSA, through Dr. Riggs, Dr. Packard or their designated agent(s), to develop and implement quality control procedures and programs to monitor competency and continued competency and provide continued training to physicians, including Dr. Ugorji, who were providing medical care through the Polly Ryon Memorial *521 Hospital Emergency Department. [The elements of a quality control program.] Among other things, that program would have included monitoring and training in: neonatal intubation, determination of proper intubation, determination of esophageal and other improper intubation, recognition of esophageal intubation, recognition of signs and symptoms of esophageal intubation, correction of improper intubation, administration of glucose and monitoring of glucose levels, and determination of circumstances requiring the immediate engagement of a specialist.
[Breach.] According to Dr. Riggs' and Dr. Ugorji's testimony, none of the above responsibilities were met. (Dr. Packard, whose responsibilities, as the Chief Medical Officer of EmCare, Inc., the entity that controlled EHSA, included development, implementation and oversight of the above programs, testified that he didn't know anything about what was going on at Polly Ryon, thereby admitting disregard of his duty.) There was no on-site medical director from EHSA or any EmCare entity monitoring or supervising Dr. Ugorji's competency. There was also no quality assurance program in place or implemented by EHSA or any EmCare entity at Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital to monitor and supervise Dr. Ugorji in the above procedures. [Causation.] Had regular and periodic supervision, monitoring and quality assurance programs and procedures been in place, in reasonable medical probability Dr. Ugorji's obvious incompetence to timely recognize and correct an improper intubation and properly administer glucose would have been determined and he would have either been removed or trained so that he could competently perform the above procedures and make the appropriate determinations about the care needed by Marcella Guerra and her injury in reasonable medical probability would have been prevented.
Dr. Ugorji's incompetence to timely recognize and properly correct an improper intubation is evidenced in the medical records, the deposition of Dr. Cooper, the deposition of Dr. Weihl and in glaring form in Dr. Ugorji's own testimony insisting that he had not performed an esophageal intubation or other improper intubation on Marcella Guerra, despite clear evidence in a chest x-ray and other indications in the medical records of physical manifestations that he and/or his supervisee had in fact first performed an esophageal intubation and second an intubation in the right mainstem bronchus depriving Marcella Guerra's brain of vital oxygen and causing permanent, devastating and irreversible injury to her brain. Dr. Ugorji's incompetence to determine Marcella Guerra's need for immediate glucose administration and monitoring is also evidenced in the medical records, which indicate that no glucose was ordered until midnight and the Dr. Ugorji allowed Marcella Guerra's glucose level to drop to 5.
3. As set forth in detail below, EHSA is also responsible for the brain injury to Marcella Guerra caused by the medical care provided to her by Dr. Ugorji in breach of the standard care because under the terms of the contract between Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital and EHSA, and the "Management Services Agreement By and Between EmCare, OP, L.P. and EHSA", EHSA had an obligation through Dr. Riggs, Dr. Packard, and/or their designated *522 agent(s), to "confirm," either personally or through an agent, that Dr. Ugorji "assessed every patient who presented to the Emergency Department for treatment by an Emergency Physician to ensure that the immediate medical needs of such patient were not jeopardized" and "treated patients consistently with the facilities available and the standards established in the medical community of which the Hospital is a part." EHSA, through Dr. Riggs, Dr. Packard, or their designated agent(s), also had an obligation to implement, either personally or through an agent a "quality assurance program to monitor and evaluate the quality and cost-effectiveness of Emergency Department Medical Services provided by physician personnel," whether employees or independent contractors, of EHSA and to "resolve medical competence issues." The Management Services Agreement also provided that EHSA "through its physicians shall have complete authority, responsibility, supervision, and control over the provision of all Emergency Department Medical Services" and that it was to work with the hospital to make "formal written policies and procedures" to ensure quality care.
The medical records and Dr. Ugorji's testimony confirm that Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department had the facilities available to properly intubate Marcella Guerra, to determine and immediately correct any incorrect intubation of Marcella Guerra, and to properly monitor glucose levels and provide appropriate and timely glucose to Marcella Guerra. Yet, as set forth in detail in my September 11, 2005 120-day report, the medical records, the testimony of Dr. Ugorji, Lillian Guerra and other witnesses, and the depositions of Dr. Cooper and Dr. Weihl establish that Dr. Ugorji's care of Lillian and Marcella Guerra jeopardized the immediate medical needs of Marcella and Lillian Guerra and was inconsistent and in breach of the medical standards of care established by the medical community of which the Hospital is a part. In addition, the testimony of Dr. Riggs, Dr. Packard and Dr. Ugorji establishes that no steps whatsoever were taken to meet the above obligations under the EHSA contract with Polly Ryon Hospital Authority or the contract between ESHA and Emcare OP, L.P. There was no on-site medical director in place to monitor or supervise care nor was there any quality assurance program in place or implemented to ensure that the above obligations were met. The above obligations required that at a minimum the competency of Dr. Ugorji be monitored and supervised and that continued training be provided to physicians, including Dr. Ugorji, who were providing medical care through the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department. Among other things, that program would have included monitoring and training in: neonatal intubation, determination of proper intubation, determination of esophageal and other improper intubation, recognition of esophageal intubation, recognition of signs and symptoms of esophageal intubation, correction of improper intubation, administration of glucose and monitoring of glucose levels, and determination of circumstances requiring the immediate engagement of a specialist.
According to Dr. Riggs' and Dr. Ugorji's testimony, none of the above responsibilities were met. There was *523 no on-site medical director from EmCare, Inc., EHSA or any EmCare entity monitoring or supervising Dr. Ugorji's' competency. There was also no quality assurance program in place or implemented by EmCare, Inc., EHSA or any EmCare entity at Polly Ryon memorial Hospital to monitor and supervise Dr. Ugorji in the above procedures. Had the above periodic and regular supervision, monitoring and quality assurance programs and procedures been in place, in reasonable medical probability Dr. Ugorji's obvious incompetence to timely recognize and correct an improper intubation and properly administer glucose would have been determined and he would have either been removed or trained so that he could competently perform the above procedures and make the appropriate determinations about the care needed by Marcella Guerra and her injury in reasonable medical probability would have been prevented.
Dr. Ugorji's incompetence to timely recognize and correct an improper intubation is evidenced in the medical records, the deposition of Dr. Cooper, the deposition of Dr. Weihl and in glaring form in Dr. Ugorji's own testimony insisting that he had not performed an esophageal intubation or other improper intubation on Marcella Guerra, despite clear evidence in a chest x-ray and other indications in the medical records of physical manifestations that he and/or his supervisee had in fact first performed an esophageal intubation and second an intubation in the right mainstem bronchus depriving Marcella Guerra's brain of vital oxygen and causing permanent, devastating and irreversible injury to her brain. Dr. Ugorji's incompetence to determine Marcella Guerra's need for immediate glucose administration and monitoring is also evidenced in the medical records, which indicate that no glucose was ordered until midnight and Dr. Ugorji allowed Marcella Guerra's glucose level to drop to 5.
In preparation for this supplement of my September 11, 2005 120-day report, I have reviewed the following materials in addition to those listed in the September 11, 2005 120-day report: the contract between EHSA and EmCare, OP, L.P., the contract between EmCare, Inc. and EmCare, OP, L.P., the Articles of Association of EHSA, the expert report of Ms. Adrienne Bond, the depositions of Dr. Dighton Packard, Dr. Clement Ugorji, Dr. Cooper and Dr. Weihl.
I have formed the above opinions and conclusions based upon the information reviewed and based upon my knowledge and experience as a licensed and practicing medical doctor and director of emergency rooms. The opinions expressed herein are based upon reasonable medical probability.
Concerning Dr. Packard, the portions of Dr. Garlisi's supplemental report as to him included the following. Again, we have added the bolded information in brackets:
1. Although Dr. Packard was not physically present in the emergency room on November 2, 1998, he was responsible for ensuring that the care provided to Marcella Guerra by Dr. Ugorji on that date met the standard of care. On November 2, 1998, Dr. Packard was a[sic] not only a practicing physician, but the Chief Medical officer of EmCare, Inc. on that date. Dr. Packard also had a contractual right of control over EHSA for the benefit of himself and EmCare, Inc. in the event of Dr. Riggs' incompetence or other defined events. . . . Dr. Dighton *524 Packard, as the Chief medical officer of EmCare, Inc., and as an interest holder who had a contractual right of control over EHSA in the event of Dr. Riggs' incompetence and/or other contractually defined events, was responsible for ensuring that the medical care provided to Marcella Guerra met the standard of care. It did not. Therefore, Dr. Packard is responsible for the injury to Marcella Guerra just as if he had been providing the care himself as set forth in detail in my September 11, 2005 120-day report and in further detail and clarification below.
Dr. Packard is responsible for Dr. Ugorji's breach of the standard of care and resulting injury to Marcella Guerra for failure to implement quality control procedures and programs that would in reasonable medical probability have prevented the injury to Marcella Guerra. [Standard of care.] As the Chief Medical Officer of EmCare, Inc., an entity that controlled EHSA, an entity whose sole purpose was to practice medicine, Dr. Packard had a duty to ensure that any physician practicing medicine as Dr. Packard's, Dr. Riggs', EmCare, Inc.'s and/or EHSA's agent through the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department did so consistent with the standard of care. . . . This duty required Dr. Packard, either personally or through an agent, to provide on-site supervision and management of physicians, including Dr. Ugorji, who provided medical care through the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department, to ensure that such physicians, including Dr. Ugorji, had the requisite skills, as well as competency in performing those skills, to provide the medical procedures and services needed by patients coming to the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department for medical care. This duty also required Dr. Packard, either personally or through an agent, to develop and implement quality control procedures and programs to monitor competency and continued competency and provide continued training to physicians, including Dr. Ugorji, who were providing medical care through the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital Emergency Department.....
3. Dr. Packard is also responsible for the brain injury to Marcella Guerra caused by the medical care provided to her by Dr. Ugorji in breach of the standard of care on the following basis. Under the terms of the contract between Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital and EHSA, and the "Management Services Agreement By and Between EmCare, OP, L.P. and EHSA," Dr. Packard, as a contractual interest holder in EHSA and as the Chief medical officer of EmCare, Inc., an entity that controlled EHSA, had an obligation to "confirm," either personally or through an agent, that Dr. Ugorji "assessed every patient who presented to the Emergency Department for treatment by and Emergency Physician to ensure that the immediate medical needs of such patient were not jeopardized" and "treated patients consistently with the facilities available and the standards established in the medical community of which the Hospital is a part.". . . .
[Breach.] Dr. Riggs and Dr Ugorji testified that none of these responsibilities were met. Dr. Packard, as Chief Medical Officer of EmCare, Inc., an entity that controlled EHSA, was responsible for developing, implementing and supervising the above programs, claimed ignorance about *525 EHSA and Polly Ron Hospitala clear disregard of his responsibilities. There was no on-site medical director from EHSA or any EmCare entity monitoring or supervising Dr. Ugorji's competency. There was also no quality assurance program in place or implemented by EHSA or EmCare at Pol[l]y Ryon Memorial Hospital to monitor and supervise Dr. Ugorji in the above procedures. [Causation.] Had the above supervision, monitoring and quality assurance programs and procedures been in place, in reasonable medical probability Dr. Ugorji's obvious incompetence to timely recognize and correct an improper intubation and properly administer glucose would have been determined and he would have either been removed or trained so that he could competently perform the above procedures and make the appropriate determinations about the care needed by Marcella Guerra. As a result, Marcella Guerra's injury in reasonable medical probability would have been prevented. . . .
Concerning Dr. Riggs, Dr. Garlisi explained the parameters of Dr. Riggs' responsibility as follows:
1. Although Dr. Riggs was not physically present in the emergency room on November 2, 1998, he is directly responsible for the care provided to Marcella Guerra by Dr. Ugorji on that date. As set forth in its Articles of Association, Emergency Health Services Associates (hereinafter "EHSA") was formed for the sole purpose of "engaging in the practice [of] medicine." . . . Dr. Ugorji provided medical care in the Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital emergency department to Marcella Guerra on November 2, 1998 as the agent of EHSA. The provision of medical care is a non-depletable duty. Therefore, Dr. Leonard M. Riggs, as the 100% shareholder of EHSA, the principal physician, the sole officer and sole member of its board of directors, was directly responsible for the medical care provided to Marcella Guerra, including any breach of the standard of care and resulting injury, just as if he had been in the emergency room providing the care himself. The provision of that medical care was his direct responsibility and it was provided in breach of the standard of care to the injury of Marcella Guerra as set forth in my September 11, 2005 120-day report.
Most of the contents of the expert reports for Drs. Riggs and Packard on the standard of care, breach of the standard of care, and causation is substantively the same.
D. The Complaints Regarding the Expert Reports Do Not Show an Abuse of Discretion.
1. We Review the Expert Reports Together to Determine Their Sufficiency.
The EmCare Entities first claim that each expert report must meet all of the requirements of an expert report. As noted above, after the Guerras' initial expert reports were found to be insufficient, they served supplemental reports on appellants. Appellants contend the supplemental reports did not constitute a good-faith attempt to comply with the requirements of section 74.351(r), because (1) the re-filed initial reports of Dr. Cooper and Garlisi, which the trial court found were deficient, could not have cured their own deficiencies and so should not have been considered by the trial court; (2) Dr. Weihl's report, which mentions only the conduct of Dr. Ugorji and does not mention any of the appellants by name, does not constitute an expert report as to appellants because it does not address their actions; (3) attorney *526 Adrienne Bond is unqualified to tender an expert report and her report does not explain the standard of care; and (4) Dr. Garlisi's supplemental report, the only one that should have been considered at all, does not cure the deficiencies of the original reports because his opinions are based on legal conclusions drawn from his review of Bond's report, and Dr. Garlisi is not qualified to render legal opinions concerning appellants' contractual duties or evaluate the legal opinions of others.
The Guerras respond that it is improper to consider each of the reports individually to determine sufficiency; rather, they argue, in assessing the sufficiency of the reports, we consider them as a whole. The Guerras point to the following provision of Chapter 74:
Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a claimant may satisfy any requirement of this section for serving an expert report by serving reports of separate experts regarding different physicians or health care providers or regarding different issues arising from the conduct of a physician or health care provider, such as issues of liability and causation. Nothing in this section shall be construed to mean that a single expert must address all liability and causation issues with respect to all physicians or health care providers or with respect to both liability and causation issues for a physician or health care provider.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(i). The Guerras also cite Martin v. Abilene Reg'l Med. Ctr., No. 11-04-00303-CV, 2006 WL 241509, at *4 (Tex. App.-Eastland 2006, no pet) (mem. op.), in which the court held that, to the extent the trial court may have reviewed a physician's report in isolation, the trial court abused its discretion because section 74.351(i) "expressly provides that a claimant may satisfy any requirement of the Act by providing reports of separate experts."
We agree that section 74.351(i) does not require that a single expert address all liability and causation issues with respect to a defendant. Thus, we may consider the Guerras' expert reports in the aggregate to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion when it determined that the Guerras' submitted expert reports constituted an objective good faith effort to comply with the definition of an expert report in section (r)(6). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(l).
2. The Complaints Concerning Dr. Cooper's and Dr. Garlisi's Initial Reports Refiled.
As noted above, the trial court found Drs. Cooper's and Garlisi's initial reports deficient because they were conclusory. Specifically, the trial court's order reflected that the court found as follows:
The expert reports of Drs. Cooper and Garlisi, tendered by plaintiffs with respect to their claims against Dr. Packard and Riggs, are hereby found to be deficient, but good faith efforts to comply with Section 74.351. Specifically, the Court finds the reports to be conclusory with respect to any actual actions that these Doctors took, but should not have taken; or failed to take, when they should have done so. Additionally, Dr. Garlisi's report seems to assume that these individuals' duties as set forth in the contract documents he reviewed defines the standard of care relating to the medical care that was provided to the minor plaintiff, Marcela Guerra. The Court cannot make this assumption from the four corners of the report, absent expert testimony expressly stating the standard of care that applies. See, e.g., Battaglia v. Alexander, 177 S.W.3d 893, 899-900 (Tex.2005).[12]
*527 a. Dr. Cooper's and Dr. Garlisi's reports should not be viewed in a vacuum.
On appeal, Dr. Packard and the EmCare Entities complain that Dr. Cooper's report does not explain how each individual appellant breached the standard of care, and does not provide a causal nexus between each appellant's alleged malpractice and the Guerras' damages. According to these appellants, the trial court abused its discretion when it accepted the same report after initially ruling it was insufficient. In a similar vein, Dr. Riggs contends that neither Dr. Cooper's initial report nor Dr. Garlisi's initial report may be considered because they were determined to be deficient and thus do not constitute expert reports.
We perceive these arguments to require us to review Dr. Cooper's and Dr. Garlisi's reports in isolation, rather than in conjunction with the other reports. As previously noted, section 74.351(i) permits a claimant to satisfy any requirement of section 74.351 for serving an expert report by serving reports of separate experts. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(i). If a plaintiff can rely on more than one report to satisfy the standard of care, breach, and causation, we see no violation of section 74.351(i) just because a plaintiff attempted to cure an insufficient report with supplemental reports and refiled expert reports some of which initially were found to be insufficient.
b. When read as a whole, the reports address each of the defendants separately.
Dr. Packard and the EmCare Entities also cite several cases for the proposition that a single expert report may not assert that multiple defendants are collectively negligent for failing to meet the standard of care. See, e.g., Taylor v. Christus Spohn Health Sys. Corp., 169 S.W.3d 241 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.); Doades v. Syed, 94 S.W.3d 664 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2002, no pet.); Rittmer v. Garza, 65 S.W.3d 718 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.). However, these cases are distinguishable from the present case, in which the focus is on the duties and responsibilities of the EmCare Entities and Dr. Packard and Dr. Riggs as officers, directors, and/or employees of the EmCare Entities. When Dr. Cooper's report is read in conjunction with Dr. Garlisi's reports, any complaint that the individual appellant is not specifically named is cured.
c. The reports are not defective simply because they state that appellants each had the same duties.
As discussed further below, the Guerras' experts opine that these appellants had the same or similar duties in this context. Thus, to the extent appellants contend the Guerras' expert reports must fail because they assign the same duties and obligations as to each of them, we reject this contention. See In re Stacy K. Boone, 223 S.W.3d 398, 405-06 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2006, orig. proceeding) (holding expert report was adequate on standard of care for multiple defendants when each defendant was involved in same type of care and expert explained that standard was the same for each).
2. The Complaints Concerning Dr. Weihl's Report.
Appellants complain that Dr. Weihl's report does not mention any of the appellants by name or sufficiently address the applicable standard of care, breach of the standard of care, or causation as to each appellant. Consequently, they urge that it does not represent a good faith effort to *528 comply with the statutory definition of an expert report and so should not have been considered by the trial court. However, we disagree.
Dr. Weihl's report addresses causation and the requisites of a quality assurance program consistent with the standard of care, and compliments Dr. Garlisi's reports as to each defendant on these issues. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(i); In re Stacy K. Boone, 223 S.W.3d at 405-06. We reject appellants' claim that the trial court should not have considered Dr. Weihl's expert report.
3. Attorney Adrienne Bond's Expert Report.
We turn now to Adrienne Bond's expert report. For several reasons, appellants contend the trial court abused its discretion by considering and relying upon Bond's report.[13] Chief among them, appellants emphasize that Bond is an attorney, not a physician or healthcare provider, and so she is not an expert qualified to tender an expert report against a physician or health care provider. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(r)(5)(A)-(C); see also id. § 74.401(a) (qualifications of expert witness in suit against physician); § 74.402(b) (qualifications of expert witness in suit against health care provider). Although sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) provide for exceptions that appear to allow experts other than doctors and health care providers to give expert testimony, appellants claim these sections are available only at trial.
a. The trial court relied on sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) as authority to admit Bond's Report.
The trial court did rely on sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) of the Medical Liability Act in determining that it would consider Adrienne Bond's report.[14] As we *529 noted, these two sections do provide for a limited exception to the statutory requirements relied on by appellants. Section 74.041(d) provides that in a suit against a physician:
The court shall apply the criteria specified in Subsections (a), (b), and (c) in determining whether an expert is qualified to offer expert testimony on the issue of whether the physician departed from accepted standards of medical care, but may depart from those criteria if, under the circumstances, the court determines that there is a good reason to admit the expert's testimony. The court shall state on the record the reason for admitting the testimony if the court departs from the criteria.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.401(d) (emphasis added). Section 74.402(d) contains similar language applied to suits against health care providers. See id. § 74.402(d). The trial court relied on these provisions in finding good reason to admit Bond's testimony.
In the trial court's June 14, 2006 order denying Dr. Rigg's motion to dismiss, it expressly cited to sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d), and then stated the following:
The Court finds good cause to permit plaintiffs to file, and for their expert report physicians to rely upon, the report of Adrienne R. Bond, a non-physician expert in legal and corporate contracts. Specifically, the Court finds that the contractual and corporate inter-relationships of the various defendants, including specifically Dr. Leonard Riggs and several of the corporate defendants, render such an expert report helpful (if not absolutely necessary) to demonstrating the duties owed and to assisting the physician experts in their presentations of the applicable standards of care. Such corporate and legal testimony would not be within the experience of a typical physician otherwise qualified to render a report in this case.
*530 Similarly, in denying Dr. Packard and the EmCare Entities' motion to dismiss, the trial court stated the following:
In so ruling, the Court considered and relied upon the non-medical expert report of Adrienne R. Bond, for the good cause stated in the Court's Order, of June 14, 2006, denying Dr. Leonard Riggs' Motion to Dismiss. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE Sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d). The Court did not consider nor rely upon the Bond report for any issue pertaining to medical causation.
b. Sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) are not limited to experts at trial.
We consider first the claim that the trial court should not have relied on sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) because these sections apply only at trial. Appellants claim this because the section uses the word "testimony" to describe the information the expert presents to the court. For several reasons, we do not read sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) so narrowly.
First, testimony is not a phenomena reserved only for trial. Testimony is often given pre-trial in summary judgments in the form of depositions. It is presented to the court pre-trial in the form of affidavits. And, the expert reports themselves, given pursuant to 74.351, are akin to testimony, yet they are given pre-trial. In fact, section 74.351, which governs expert reports, defines an "expert" in the context of expert reports as a "person giving opinion testimony regarding whether a physician departed from accepted standards of medical care. . . ." See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(r)(5)(A); see also id. § 74.351(r)(5)(B).
Second, the plain language of the Medical Liability Act does not limit the two sections to trial. To start narrowly, the headings of sections 74.401 and 74.402 are entitled, "Qualifications of an Expert Witness in Suit Against a [Physician/Health Care Provider]"; they do not limit the sections to experts testifying at trial. Even more obviously, sections 74.401(f) and 74.402(f) discuss pre-trial objections to the qualifications of an expert witness, making it appear that the sections cover the whole spectrum of expert witnesses in a health care liability suit from pre-trial to trial. Another section in the Act also suggests a broader interpretation. Subsection 74.351(r)which contains the definitions for section 74.351, entitled "Expert Reports"defines an expert who is qualified to give an expert report (pre-trial) as one who is qualified to testify under sections 74.401 and 74.402. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(r)(5)(A)-(B).[15] It does not limit the qualifications to 74.401(a)-(c) and 74.402(a)-(c)those sections referring specifically to physicians and health care providers. It includes all of sections 74.401 and 74.402, including the exceptions contained in 74.401(d) and 74.402(d). Thus, an expert report, which is filed only 120 days after suit and will before trial, includes the report of an expert described in the "good cause" exception of sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d). This plain language also does not seem to support a presumption that the good cause exceptions contained in sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) apply only at trial.
*531 Finally, a third reason exists for not adopting appellants' position. Their position would create an expert report "Catch-22" for plaintiffs litigating against corporate/business health care entities that have complex or layered corporate structures or relationships.
The Guerras sued a number of entities. At one point in time, seven related entities were suedEmergency Health Services Associates ("EHSA"), EmCare, Inc., EmCare Holdings, Inc., EmCare O.P., L.P., EmCare (a registered trademark), EmCare of Texas, Inc., and Emergency Medical Services, L.P.and two individuals, Drs. Riggs and Packard, who held various corporate capacities, such as officers, directors, members, shareholders, or employees, in these companies.
When Adrienne Bond was asked to prepare her report, each of these companies was still a defendant in the case. Yet the report she gave to the court opined only on three of the companiesEmCare, Inc., EmCare Holdings, Inc., and EHSA and the two individual doctors connected with the companies, Drs. Riggs and Packard. In her expert report, Bond "connected the dots" between the companies and Drs. Riggs and Packard for Drs. Cooper, Weihl, and Garlisi. She acquired this level of knowledge based on reviewing the following documents, among others:
the articles of association of EHSA;
the corporate structures, contracts, and board of directors' meetings of EmCare Holdings, Inc., Emcare, Inc., and EHSA;
the corporate records of EHSA;
the Management Services Agreement between EmCare and EHSA;
the Succession Agreement among EHSA and Drs. Riggs, Packard, and Cooley;
the Stock Transfer and Option Agreement between EmCare, Inc. and Riggs;
filings of EmCare Holdings, Inc. and EmCare, Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission;
the Exclusive Management Agreement between Polly Ryon Hospital and EHSA;
financial documents such as banking records and loans for each entity; and
Dr. Ugorji's employment file.
Bond's corporate expertise enabled her to present a much sharper and more accurate picture of the relationships that matter in this suit.
Few, if any, doctors would be qualified to examine the records Bond reviewed and acquire the same depth of knowledge or clarity. Few, if any, doctors would be able to focus in so sharply on the relationships they claim are important. Yet, this was the expertise that was required to winnow the unnecessary parties from the necessary parties and to connect the dots among the corporate and individual responsibilities.
If Bond were not allowed to "connect the dots" between each entity (and individual) and its (or their) responsibility for training programs or management of emergency rooms, Drs. Garlisi, Weihl, and Cooper would not be able to prepare a sufficient report for each entity (and individual). In fact, initially, Cooper and Garlisi were unable and/or unqualified to "connect the dots" and the trial court found their reports insufficient. But with Adrienne Bond's report explaining the "contractual and corporate inter-relationships of the various defendants" along with their duties to each other and to Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital, Dr. Cooper's, Dr. Weihl's, and Dr. Garlisi's new reports sufficiently explained each of the defendant's standard of care, breach, and causation. Adrienne Bond's report connected the dots for the physicians.
*532 For these reasons, we hold that sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) are available for use at the expert report phase of a health care liability claim.
c. The trial court property applied sections 74.401 and 74.402.
Next, appellants claim that the trial court was required to apply the criteria of sections 74.401(a)-(c) and 74.402(a)-(c) on the record before finding "good cause" to admit Ms. Bond's report. They rely on section sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) in making this claim. These sections do require the trial judge to put certain information on the record. Specifically, these sections require the trial judge to state on the record the reason for resorting to the good cause exception. The trial court here did just that. We can find no language in sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d) that supports appellants' claim. In any event, for all practical purposes, a judge must apply the criteria of sections 74.401(a)-(c) and 74.402(a)-(c) and find them lacking before he can conclude that he must resort to the "good cause" exception.
d. The trial court did not improperly peer outside the four corners of an expert report and rely on extrinsic data.
Appellants also claim that, by considering Bond's report, the trial court was not merely jointly reading one or more expert reports in order to have an understanding of the standard of care and proximate causation in the context of the plaintiffs' allegations, which presumably they concede is appropriate under 74.351(i). Instead, appellants claim the trial court did what the Texas Supreme Court told it not to do in Battaglia, 177 S.W.3d at 899 peer outside the four corners of an expert report and rely on extrinsic data to find the standard of care and causation. We disagree that the trial judge took steps contrary to either Battaglia or Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878.
In Battaglia, the plaintiffs advocated that the contract between the hospital and Battaglia's professional corporation set the applicable standard of care and was evidence of the applicable standard of care for a health care liability claim. Battaglia, 177 S.W.3d at 899. The Supreme Court disagreed, holding that "[t]he standard of care in this case, as in most health care liability cases, must be established by competent expert testimony." Id.
Palaciosthe case in which the Court used the phrase "the four corners" of the report and in which the Court established the standards for reviewing an expert reportalso does not support appellants' claim that the doctors could not refer to Bond's report. See Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878. The Court referred to the "four corners" because of a dispute between the parties in that case on how the court must determine a report's adequacy. The defendant claimed the court should engage in a two-step process: (1) determine if the report is a fair summary of the expert's opinions, and (2) if the report is not a fair summary, look outside the report at the plaintiff's conduct to determine if the plaintiff made a good faith effort to meet the statutory requirements. Id. The plaintiffs argued "that the statute requires only one inquirywhether the report evidences a good-faith effort to provide a fair summary of the expert's opinions." Id. "According to the [plaintiffs], the trial court does not have to make any factual determinations because the only relevant information is in the report itself." Id. The Court agreed with the plaintiffs, and thus held that the plaintiffs' efforts to meet the statutory requirements was not a relevant inquiry when considering the adequacy of an expert report. Id. Clearly, this type of evidence does not establish or assist in establishing the three elements of a satisfactory reportstandard of care, breach, and causation. See id.
*533 Here, the Guerras have not relied on facts or information irrelevant to the expert report. This court and the trial court agree that Bond's report assisted the medical experts in addressing the standard of care, breach, and causation for each entity and individual. So, unlike Battaglia and Palacios, in which the defendants wanted the court to consider facts that did nothing to aid in assessing the adequacy of a report, here we are considering facts relevant to the standard of standard of care, breach, and causation, given by an expert recognized under sections 74.401(d) and 74.402(d), and placed in a report recognized as an expert report in section 74.351(r)(5)(A)-(B). Although these facts themselves do not establish the standard of care, breach, and causation, they enabled the medical experts to set the standard of care, breach, and causation for appellants. Because Bond's report is no different from the expert reports of the doctors, theyand wemay refer to and rely on the Bond report.
For these reasons, Adrienne Bond's report does not violate either Battaglia's or Palacios's proscription against going outside the four corners of an expert report to rely on extrinsic data.
e. Bond's report did not improperly provide opinions about issues of law that are the sole province of the court.
Finally, appellants claim that Bond's report usurped the judge's role by providing opinions about issues of law that are the sole province of the court. Again, we disagree for several reasons.
First, an expert is allowed to opine on issues involving technical or other specialized knowledge that will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact at issue in a case. TEX. R. EVID. 702. This is precisely what Adrienne Bond's opinion testimony did. It explained the various inter-relationships with, and responsibilities to, Polly Ryon Memorial Hospital. As we said earlier, it connected the dots. A fact finder would need to know this information before deciding whether to impose liability based on the standard of care, breach, and causation testimony (just as the doctors, who were not experts in corporate law, needed this information before opining).
Appellants refer us to two cases in which courts did not allow testimony of an expert because it encroached on the court's role; however, neither is relevant. In the first case, expert testimony was struck because an expert offered to give his interpretation of the terms of an unambiguous lease. See Akin v. Santa Clara Land Co., Ltd., 34 S.W.3d 334, 339 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2000, pet. denied). In the second, the court of appeals held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding from the bench trial testimony as to whether the evidence contained the legal elements required to establish an implied easement, an easement by estoppel, or a public dedication. See Holden v. Weidenfeller, 929 S.W.2d 124, 133-34 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1996, writ denied). In contrast to these cases, this trial court held that Adrienne Bond's report was useful both for him and for the doctors. In this case, this decision was not an abuse of discretion.
Second, and more importantly, none of the reports, including Bond's, is anything more than a preliminary showing that the plaintiffs have a viable claim that is not frivolous or without support of experts. No ultimate conclusions have been made, no liability has been set, no decisions on issues of law have been made. These issues are for trial. At this stage of the proceeding, the requirement of a sufficient expert report is simply to: (1) inform the defendant of the specific conduct that is being called into question, and (2) provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that *534 the plaintiff's claims have merit. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879.
4. Dr. Garlisi's Supplemental Report.
a. Appellants' complaints generally.
Next, appellants contend that the trial court should have considered only Dr. Garlisi's supplemental report in determining whether the Guerras cured the deficiencies of the original reports and satisfied the statutory requirements of the Act, but contend that it too is insufficient and so fails to cure the insufficiencies of the initial reports. As previously noted, the trial court found the Guerras' initial expert reports of Dr. Cooper and Dr. Garlisi to be deficient, but good faith efforts to comply with section 74.351; the court found that they were conclusory with respect to the doctors' actions and inactions. Additionally, the trial court found that Dr. Garlisi's report seemed to assume that the contract documents defined the standard of care relating to the medical care provided to Marcela Guerra.
Appellants complain that Dr. Garlisi's opinions concerning the standard of care, breach, and causation are conclusory as to each of them individually, and do not distinguish between the physicians, who were not present when Dr. Ugorji treated Marcela, and the EmCare entities.[16] Appellants also contend that Dr. Garlisi, an expert in the area of emergency medicine and internal medicine, is not qualified to render legal opinions or evaluate the legal opinions of others, such as Bond, or to interpret contracts. Finally, they contend he does not show that he has any expertise in the area of staffing, healthcare business services, or any other services allegedly provided relevant to this lawsuit.
b. Dr. Garlisi's supplemental report, when read with the other reports, is sufficiently specific.
We disagree with appellants. We find Dr. Garlisi's report on these issues, read in conjunction with his initial reports and the reports of Dr. Cooper, Dr. Weihl, and Bond, sufficiently specific to notify appellants of the claims against them and to provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that the Guerras's claims have merit. See Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879. We have previously addressed many of appellants' complaints in the preceding sections and those arguments apply equally here.
We add in response to appellants' repeated contentions that the reports must fail because they "collectively" address the standard of care, breach, and causation, the Texas Supreme Court rejected this premise in Battaglia, where plaintiffs alleged that physicians and their professional associations were all negligent in providing professional services in "precisely the same respects." See Battaglia, 177 S.W.3d at 901. There, the Court stated:
It is possible to imagine, in the abstract, that a physician in such circumstances could wear two hats. While a professional association with a single principal can act only through that person, the person can act outside the scope of his employment as principal of the association. But that did not happen here. Each professional association and its physician-principal acted as one in providing professional services. Neither the pleadings nor the evidence furnished any basis for drawing distinctions between the physicians and their respective professional associations, and the *535 trial court should not have permitted such distinctions. Each professional association had direct liability for the actions of its physician-principal in the course of his employment, and vicarious liability for the actions of its agents and employees in the course of their employment. If the physicians were negligent, the professional associations were likewise negligent, since each association acted only through its physician-principal.
Id. at 901-02 (internal omitted).
Thus, in the universe of the Guerras' pleadings and the expert reports before it, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the Guerras' expert reports, taken together, satisfied the requirements of section 74.351.
c. Dr. Garlisi is qualified to opine on the matters he addresses.
Finally, we address appellants' contentions that Dr. Garlisi is not qualified to opine on legal or contractual issues, or to evaluate the legal and contractual opinions of others, and that he has no expertise in the areas of staffing, management, or related administrative or professional services.
In his supplemental reports, Dr. Garlisi summarizes his credentials as follows:
I am a Board-Certified physician in Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine. I am also certified in Advanced Trauma Life Support and Advanced Pediatric Life Support. I am licensed to practice medicine in the States of Indiana and Ohio. I am currently practicing emergency medicine in Ohio. I was the Director of the Emergency Room at St Anthony's Hospital and had a clinical and hospital based practice at the time of this incident in 1998.
Specific to the relevant issue, in his initial reports, Dr. Garlisi states the following:
I have over 20 years of experience as an emergency room physician and over ten years of experience as a director of hospital emergency rooms. My experience as a hospital emergency room director has included the review, analysis, and implementation of contractual relations with other physicians and entities for the provision of emergency room services, along with the attendant duties with respect to the various persons and entities involved in providing emergency room medica care and management.
We conclude that Dr. Garlisi is qualified to opine on the standard of care, breach, and causation in this case. The Guerras have alleged corporate malfeasance directly and vicariously arising from appellants' actions and failures to act as required under their contractual obligations and any related medical obligations. As the trial court recognized, there would be few professionals that would satisfy the requirements as appellants have drawn them. Dr. Garlisi is well qualified to address the medical aspects of emergency room procedures, and his experience as an emergency room director for over ten years, which has included "the review, analysis, and implementation of contractual relations with other physicians and entities for the provision of emergency room services," is sufficient to render him qualified to provide the foregoing opinions. And, it is likely that if the Guerras provided a hospital administrator or person in a similar position, appellants would just as strenuously complain that such persons were unqualified because they were not physicians with experience in working in and directing the operation of hospital emergency rooms. We therefore reject appellants' contention that Dr. Garlisi is unqualified to opine on the standard of care, breach, or causation in this case.
d. Dr. Garlisi justifiably relied on Bond's report.
*536 Finally, appellants complain again that Garlisi relied on Bond to establish the standard of care. Although we believe we have addressed this claim in preceding sections, we address it here one final time to ensure no misunderstanding. Adrienne Bond's report did not address the standard of care, breach, or causationand it could not have properly discussed these topics because she is not a physician or health care provider. Instead, Adrienne Bond's report explained the legal relationships between and among appellants and between them and Dr. Ugorji and the hospital.
These legal relationships define and explain what appellants allegedly promised to do for the hospital (i.e., manage and staff its emergency room) and what role each had in fulfilling that promise. Adrienne Bond concluded that all of the appellants were legally responsible for managing and staffing the emergency room. Armed with this useful information, Garlisi and the other medical experts were able to apply their medical expertise to each appellant and explain (1) the standard of care for one who has agreed to manage and staff an emergency room, (2) how each appellant breached the standard of care, and (3) how the breach proximately caused the Guerras' injuries. Adrienne Bond, the legal expert, did not supply the standard of care; Dr. Garlisi and the other medical experts did.
In summary, having considered and overruled all of appellants' issues, we affirm the trial court's order.
Senior Justice EDELMAN concurring without opinion.
NOTES
[*] Senior Justice Richard H. Edelman, sitting by assignment.
[1] Marcela's name sometimes appears in the record as "Marcella." We will spell Marcela's name as it appears in the caption of the Guerras' original petition, but may use the other spelling as necessary when quoting the record.
[2] Other entities may also have been sued; however, the parties did not include all of the amended petitions, and so we cannot determine with certainty all defendants that may have been named during the pendency of the suit. We are able to list these specific entities because they are listed in the Guerras' fourth amended petition or in the trial court's order denying the motions to dismiss as to some of the entities and granting the motions as to some. Again, as we have already noted, only the direct liability of the appellants is involved on appeal.
[3] The Guerras alleged that Dr. Riggs was the sole officer, physician, principal, member, director and employee of EHSA, and the CEO of EmCare, Inc., and EmCare Holdings, Inc., and that Dr. Packard was the Chief Medical Officer for EmCare, Inc. They further alleged that Dr. Ugorji was the agent of Riggs, Packard, and the entities. Attorney Adrienne Bond identified additional corporate relationships in her report. The record does not include the contracts and other documents on which the alleged relationships are based.
[4] The petition alleged many other breaches of responsibilities by the entities, but they are either irrelevant to this appeal or will be discussed in more detail during the discussion of the expert reports.
[5] The Guerras added other allegations against other defendants but, again, they are unnecessary to this discussion.
[6] This report was filed in May of 2005.
[7] This first report by Dr. Garlisi was filed in September of 2005.
[8] The trial court dismissed with prejudice the Guerras' claims of direct liability against EmCare, EmCare of Texas, Inc., EmCare O.P., L.P., and Emergency Medical Services, L.P. The trial court's order specifically noted that the order did not affect any of the Guerras' theories of indirect or vicarious liability against any defendant.
[9] We will refer to appellants EmCare, Inc., EmCare Holdings, Inc., and EHSA as the "EmCare Entities" as the context requires.
[10] As we noted earlier, as to Dr. Ugorji, the trial court held that Dr. Cooper's report was sufficient, and that decision was not appealed.
[11] Part of Bond's summary of her qualifications, which appellants have not attacked, is as follows:
I earned a J.D. degree from Columbia University School of Law in 1980, a B.A. degree from Rice University in 1980 and was admitted to the Texas State Bar in 1980. Since 1980, I have been in the private practice of law in Houston, Texas specializing in securities law, corporate and partnership law and merger and acquisition transactions. I am currently in private practice in my own office. I have taught Business Organizations and Securities Regulation as an adjunct professor of the University of Houston, and since 1983, I have taught extensively for the continuing education programs in the areas of corporate and securities law for the State Bar of Texas, the University of Texas, the University of Houston, South Texas College of Law and the Practising Law Institute, and in connection therewith have published many articles in these areas.
[12] Dr. Packard and the EmCare Entities suggest that the trial court must have intended to cite American Transitional Care Ctrs., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Tex.2001), in which the Texas Supreme Court held that the court look no further than the four corners of the report itself to determine the sufficient of the report.
[13] Although each of the appellants do not raise each issue we address in this section, for purposes of clarity, we ill nonetheless refer to the points as having been raised by all of the appellants.
[14] Section 74.401 of the Medical Liability Act provides as follows:
§ 74.401. Qualifications of Expert Witness in Suit Against Physician
(a) In a suit involving a health care liability claim against a physician for injury to or death of a patient, a person may qualify as an expert witness on the issue of whether the physician departed from accepted standards of medical care only if the person is a physician who:
(1) is practicing medicine at the time such testimony is given or was practicing medicine at the time the claim arose;
(2) has knowledge of accepted standards of medical care for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved in the claim; and
(3) is qualified on the basis of training or experience to offer an expert opinion regarding those accepted standards of medical care.
(b) For the purpose of this section, "practicing medicine" or "medical practice" includes, but is not limited to, training residents or students at an accredited school of medicine or osteopathy or serving as a consulting physician to other physicians who provide direct patient care, upon the request of such other physicians.
(c) In determining whether a witness is qualified on the basis of training or experience, the court shall consider whether, at the time the claim arose or at the time the testimony is given, the witness:
(1) is board certified or has other substantial training or experience in an area of medical practice relevant to the claim; and
(2) is actively practicing medicine in rendering medical care services relevant to the claim.
(d) The court shall apply the criteria specified in Subsections (a), (b), and (c) in determining whether an expert is qualified to offer expert testimony on the issue of whether the physician departed from accepted standards of medical care, but may depart from those criteria if, under the circumstances, the court determines that there is a good reason to admit the expert's testimony. The court shall state on the record the reason for admitting the testimony if the court departs from the criteria.
(e) A pretrial objection to the qualifications of a witness under this section must be made not later than the later of the 21st day after the date the objecting party receives a copy of the witness's curriculum vitae or the 21st day after the date of the witness's deposition. If circumstances arise after the date on which the objection must be made that could not have been reasonably anticipated by a party before that date and that the party believes in good faith provide a basis for an objection to a witness's qualifications, and if an objection was not made previously, this subsection does not prevent the party from making an objection as soon as practicable under the circumstances. The court shall conduct a hearing to determine whether the witness is qualified as soon as practicable after the filing of an objection and, if possible, before trial. If the objecting party is unable to object in time for the hearing to be conducted before the trial, the hearing shall be conducted outside the presence of the jury. This subsection does not prevent a party from examining or cross-examining a witness at trial about the witness's qualifications.
(f) This section does not prevent a physician who is a defendant from qualifying as an expert.
(g) In this subchapter, "physician" means a person who is:
(1) licensed to practice medicine in one or more states in the United States; or
(2) a graduate of a medical school accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education or the American Osteopathic Association only if testifying as a defendant and that testimony relates to that defendant's standard of care, the alleged departure from that standard of care, or the causal relationship between the alleged departure from that standard of care and the injury, harm, or damages claimed.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.401. Section 74.402, the section governing the qualifications of an expert witness in a suit against a health care provider, is substantively identical to section 74.401 except that it applies to health care providers.
[15] The relevant portions of section 74.351(r)(5) define "expert" to mean "(A) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony regarding whether a physician departed from accepted standards of medical care, an expert qualified to testify under the requirements of Section 74.401" and "(B) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony regarding whether a health care provider departed from accepted standards of health care, an expert qualified to testify under the requirements of Section 74.402." See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(r)(5)(A)-(B).
[16] Appellants also contend that the trial court abused its discretion when it permitted Dr. Garlisi to base his opinions on Bond's report and contracts not attached to the report, as Bond's opinions and the contract documents were not within the four corners of Dr. Garlisi's report. We have addressed this complaint supra under our discussion of Adrienne Bond's report.
| 2023-12-31T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3305 |
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Q:
Read Image from Outside server in java
I need to display an image in a jlabel Image icon when entering the search of a person, I had the intention to do it by URL, since it reads me the images of the local host, but when trying to read the server that I have above this gives me a "file not found exception" or the known error code "404", I am more than sure that the address of the image in question is fine, but I do not know why it does not work if someone can help me. I would really appreciate it.
I attach the code that I have
try {
URL url = new URL("http://999.99.99.9/usr/share/tomcat8/webapps/ROOT/img/acm/id157010603.png");
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
conn.connect();
System.out.println("code:"+conn.getResponseCode());
InputStream is = conn.getInputStream();
ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buf = new byte[4096];
int n;
while ((n = is.read(buf)) >= 0)
os.write(buf, 0, n);
os.close();
is.close();
conn.disconnect();
byte[] data = os.toByteArray();
this.binaryImage = data;
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
PD: the ip:999.99.99.9 its only for one example.
A:
The path /usr/share/tomcat8/webapps/ROOT/img/acm/id157010603.png is where the image you are trying to get is located on the server file system. Tomcat exposes this resource to the world without giving its internal path. You probably can access it using the following url:
http://999.99.99.9/img/acm/id157010603.png
| 2024-04-14T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/2187 |
Q:
Cannot find declaration of element handler-chains Jboss Developer Studio
I have a handler-chain configuration for my Webservice handler
At my Webservice class I have;
@HandlerChain(file = "jaxws-handlers-server.xml")
public class RoleMemberServiceSoap11Impl{...}
and my jaxws-handlers-server.xml is ;
<handler-chains xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<handler-chain>
<protocol-bindings>##SOAP11_HTTP</protocol-bindings>
<handler>
<handler-name>TransactionBridgeHandler</handler-name>
<handler-class>org.jboss.jbossts.txbridge.inbound.JaxWSTxInboundBridgeHandler
</handler-class>
</handler>
<handler>
<handler-class>com.arjuna.mw.wst11.service.JaxWSHeaderContextProcessor
</handler-class>
</handler>
</handler-chain>
</handler-chains>
In that xml file i got the following error for element.
Cannot find declaration of element handler-chains
I ve searched and tried various workaround about changing xmlns:xsd urls. Also I tried the workaround that given at https://issues.jboss.org/browse/JBIDE-17859
but that does not help.
IDE : Jboss Developer Studio.
Project: Dynamic Web Project 2.4
Server Jboss 6.1+
Java : 1.6
Any suggestions will be appreciated.
Thanks.
A:
I resolved the issue by replacing
<handler-chains xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
to
<handler-chains xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:jaxb="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/javaee_web_services_metadata_handler_2_0.xsd">
A:
I had a similar problem in Eclipse + JDK 1.8 that was resolved by changing the address of the XMLNS attribute.
From:
<javaee:handler-chains xmlns:javaee="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
To:
<javaee:handler-chains xmlns:javaee="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
See the link below that Oracle has changed the address of the new schemas:
http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/jsc/xml/ns/javaee/index.html#7
| 2023-12-28T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/1003 |
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Q:
WebElement to do a google search
I am using selenium and its WebDriver API to do a quick google search for something.
The examples that are usually given include this:
driver.get("https://www.google.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
element.sendKeys("Cheese");
element.submit();
Apparently this will search for 'Cheese' in google. But I'm not sure where they got 'q' from or how it relates to google's search bar?
Thanks
A:
Inspect the html of the search bar in google search page. And this is what you get -
<input class="gsfi" id="lst-ib" maxlength="2048" name="q" autocomplete="off" title="Search" type="text" value="" aria-label="Search" aria-haspopup="false" role="combobox" aria-autocomplete="both" dir="ltr" spellcheck="false" style="border: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; height: auto; width: 100%; position: absolute; z-index: 6; left: 0px; outline: none; background: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw%3D%3D) transparent;">
From here you can see different attributes like name etc.
| 2023-08-27T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3673 |
Pete Buttigieg (pronounced BOOT-edge-edge). Photo: Bobby Doherty for New York Magazine
By the time Pete Buttigieg arrived at the Currier Museum of Art in Manchester, New Hampshire, on the night of April 5, the space was at capacity and the crowd had swelled to fill half the parking lot. It was drizzling, but word quickly spread that Buttigieg would speak before heading inside, so those denied admission stayed put, preparing to lift up their phones to document this moment in the twilight, when the suddenly famous mayor of a small city in a state they’d probably only ever visit by accident or under force would make the case for his campaign to be the savior who delivers America from President Donald Trump.
The mayor of South Bend, Indiana (pop. 102,245), for the past eight years and a candidate in the 2020 Democratic primary (pop. 18 and expanding) since January, Buttigieg is in the middle of what the mainstream media likes to call “a moment,” that dreamy season between obscurity and overexposure when all anyone asks is “Who is Pete Buttigieg?” or “How do you pronounce Buttigieg?” or “Should I care about Pete Buttigieg?” Which is mostly a way of asking, “Is this for real?”
“Candidly, I don’t even know all the reasons why this is going so well,” Buttigieg told me, and (candidly) I don’t quite believe him. But somehow it is, and Buttigieg (BOOT-edge-edge) is now running alongside or out in front of just about everybody except for Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders, the candidates whose names are most familiar to voters. In a New Hampshire poll released on April 10, he placed third, as he did in an Iowa poll from March 24. A few one-off polls a year before a primary might not mean anything, of course. There’s a possibility that Buttigieg is to the 2020 Democratic primary what Jon Huntsman was to 2012’s Republican one. But as we now know [gestures broadly] way crazier things have happened than a candidate maintaining his or her unexpected popularity all the way through to the conventions, and Buttigieg’s campaign has benefited from more than a month of fawning from media elites and genuinely impressive fund-raising numbers — it raised more than $7 million in the first quarter, the campaign says, which was apparently much more than those inside the campaign were expecting or knew exactly what to do with.
“I think everything about this is as improbable as it is well aligned,” Buttigieg told me. “There’s that line about me being a laboratory concoction of what a politician might be. I get where that comes from, but then again, in what laboratory would you have cooked up as your entry in a presidential contest ‘mid-size-city midwestern mayor who’s not even 40 yet,’ you know?” He’s 37, and it doesn’t take much imagination to see why a skeptic might assess what’s on offer here and come away in disbelief that a single, organically grown person prone to consultantspeak could check so many boxes relevant to this moment, including, I guess, those for the always advantageous political qualities of “false modesty” and the “ability to be all things to all people.”
Sick of old people? He looks like Alex P. Keaton. Scared of young people? He looks like Alex P. Keaton. Religious? He’s a Christian. Atheist? He’s not weird about it. Wary of Washington? He’s from flyover country. Horrified by flyover country? He has degrees from Harvard and Oxford. Make the President Read Again? He learned Norwegian to read Erlend Loe. Traditional? He’s married. Woke? He’s gay. Way behind the rest of the country on that? He’s not too gay. Worried about socialism? He’s a technocratic capitalist. Worried about technocratic capitalists? He’s got a whole theory about how our system of “democratic capitalism” has to be a whole lot more “democratic.” If you squint hard enough to not see color, some people say, you can almost see Obama the inspiring professor. Oh, and he’s the son of an immigrant, a Navy vet, speaks seven foreign languages (in addition to Norwegian, Arabic, Spanish, Maltese, Dari, French, and Italian), owns two rescue dogs, and plays the goddamn piano. He’s actually terrifying. What mother wouldn’t love this guy?
There’s that line about me being a laboratory concoction of what a politician might be. I get where that comes from.
When I asked him if he was drawn to politics early on, the type of child who was president for Halloween, he said, “I think I actually did dress up as a politician once on Halloween.” He tried to move on, talking about his boyhood dream of being a pilot. But wait — which politician was it, I asked? “It was just a politician in general,” he said. “I remember I made, like, a little — for whatever reason, I noticed the little microphones, the little mics that politicians wear, and I, like, made a little one of those out of paper and clipped it to myself and wore a little suit.”
Outside in Manchester, I couldn’t even see him at first, when the crowd, a dense mass of white people wearing Patagonia, suddenly swarmed to the right. There was cheering and chanting, then finally his recently identifiable face sprouting on the stalk of his five-foot-nine-inch frame from amid the forest of iPhones and cameras and mics. “I heard the way you ingratiate yourself to voters is to stand on things, so I found this park bench here,” he said.
This was a joke at the expense of Beto O’Rourke, another candidate in the Democratic primary who has earned some notoriety for his Tom Cruisian habit of perching himself on surfaces not ordinarily designated for such activity. And it killed — a reflection of Buttigieg’s deft delivery, sure, but also of his audience.
Mayor Pete, as he’s known (though people who seem to really know him, including his husband, call him Peter), was surrounded by adoring or at least very curious people. He began to deliver a short version of his stump speech. By definition, a stump speech is something that gets repeated often. I can unfortunately still clearly recall the portions of Ted Cruz’s speech relating to his dad sewing money into his underwear when he first came to America from Cuba — and the last time I heard it was during the Republican primary that ended three years ago. Politicians also just repeat themselves a lot in general once they decide how they’ll talk about issue X or Y. Life is less complicated and less dangerous that way.
But judging him by this standard, Buttigieg is still unusually controlled. Even his modulations are the same from speech to speech and interview to interview. In most of them, he uses the phrase “theory of the case,” meaning his belief that defeating Trump — and Trumpism — is a job for someone who understands the folks who put him in office well enough to convince them that there’s another way. “I don’t think you can ever have an honest politics that revolves around the word again,” he likes to say, an indirect criticism of the slogan that defines the president’s worldview.
Speaking in Manchester, he asked, “What will America look like in 2054, when I reach the current age of the current president?” It’s a line he employs with “Lock her up!” frequency. He said his campaign “will not only win an election but help us begin to win an era.” And by this he doesn’t mean the same thing Bernie Sanders does by “revolution,” but something much more like what Obama meant by “change.” Even on the trail, he talks a lot more about democratic reforms and the party’s long game than you’d think voters would have any tolerance for, as they stare down what many seem to consider the most important election of their lifetime, and possibly the country’s.
David Axelrod, Obama’s longtime strategist and now Buttigieg’s friend, observed that Buttigieg has something in common not only with Obama but with the two Democratic presidents before him: faith. “His fluency on faith and his willingness to speak about it is an asset,” he said. “Carter, Clinton, and Obama — they all shared that quality. It was one of the cues that opened the door to voters.”
Eric Lesser, now a Massachusetts state senator, is a friend of “Peter’s” from Harvard. He worked on the 2008 campaign and then for Axelrod in the Obama White House. “He reminds me of the very early phases of President Obama,” Lesser said. “Just the fact that he is so deeply thoughtful and intellectual, and also somebody who is relatable.”
Axelrod said there are “two ways” to look at the race: You either “beat Trump at his own game,” and alienate crucial voters in the process, or you “build a bridge for people who may have voted for Trump and who may like some of the things he’s done but are troubled by him.” Buttigieg is uniquely able — and willing — to do this, Axelrod said, because such voters helped get him reelected (with 80 percent of the vote) when Mike Pence — a born-again Christian and zealous opponent of the LGBTQ community — was the governor of Indiana. Buttigieg is often asked how he would defend himself against Trump on the debate stage, or once the insult-comic campaign alter ego logs back on full time. He always says the same thing, that you’ll never be able to beat him with a savage one-liner, that beating him will mean ignoring him, to some degree, so that someone else — and their ideas — can get some oxygen.
But before he gets to present his theory of the case against Trump, he’s got to get through his case against the other Democratic contenders. Or at least that’s how I thought a primary worked. Buttigieg either sees things differently or wants to avoid meaningful bickering at this early stage with his competitors, and so he’s pretending to. “I think the thing about having so many of us in the field is that, for somebody like me, you’re not competing against any individual. You’re competing against the house,” he said. “And it’s possible, in that way, to — I think — run your own plan and talk about your own case and let others figure out for themselves all the ways in which I am simply not like any of the others.” Operationally, the strategy of his campaign seems to be: Pick up enough Democrats who found Trump’s message appealing to actually win in Iowa and New Hampshire, then ride the momentum and publicity (he’ll say yes to any interview; see here, and here) into Super Tuesday. And from there …
“He has an eye for making his brand seem bigger and larger than it is,” one senior Democratic consultant told me. “And eventually, if you fake it enough, that becomes true. Everything he’s projecting makes it look like a real campaign.”
Buttigieg with supporters in Manchester, New Hampshire, on April 5, 2019. Photo: M. Scott Brauer
Buttigieg was elected mayor at 29 years old, in 2011, a boy wonder whose career as a McKinsey consultant (an expression of conventional mid-aughts corporate ambition for a graduate of a place like Harvard, but in 2019 at least theoretically problematic for the Democratic electorate) was neutralized by a résumé that suggests civic-minded aspirations: the degrees from Harvard and Oxford, stints working and volunteering for the presidential campaigns of John Kerry and Obama, respectively, one recent failed campaign of his own for state treasurer, and eight years of service as an intelligence officer in the Navy Reserve. “I feel that I did good work there,” he told me of his time at McKinsey. “Obviously, the firm’s made some mistakes, uh, which are embarrassing to the firm. And I only worked on things that I believed in but also decided to leave private practice to come home to my community in the Midwest and make a difference there.” What Buttigieg believed in then was grocery-store pricing, which is what he says he worked on at the firm.
As South Bend goes, so goes the nation, and as soon as Buttigieg was elected mayor, he was talked about as a future presidential hopeful. I’m just kidding.
But he did bring with him a technocratic vision for the future of his city, which had decayed over the previous half-century as industry collapsed throughout the Rust Belt. On Election Night, Buttigieg promised “to apply new tools,” address vacant housing, “forge new alliances,” improve the school system, “find every way possible” to deal with crime and violence, and “create a new culture of customer service” to advance the efficiency, transparency, and cost-effectiveness of city services. “We’re going to think bigger about South Bend’s borders,” he said. “We’re going to find new ways to find partnerships — not just across the region but around the world — so that South Bend is truly a global city.”
His own horizon seemed a little more limited. In a place like Indiana, a liberal like Mayor Pete could never win a statewide office. (He tried, once, for state treasurer, and was humiliated.) But maybe he could somehow vault himself into national politics, presenting himself as a moderate voice from the heartland even if all he’d ever won was the mayoralty of a college town. Of course, Buttigieg was still in the closet at that point.
He joined the Navy Reserve before coming out, and before the repeal of “don’t ask, don’t tell.” It was a strange time to be signing up for military service, 2009, when a Democratic president had just won a landslide victory as an antiwar candidate. Buttigieg’s decision, he told me, came from “an awareness that somebody was going to be tasked with those duties, and if it was gonna be somebody, then why wouldn’t it be me?” By the time he was actually deployed, nearly everyone on both sides of the aisle had decided the war was a disaster. During a 2017 interview with his friend and mentor Axelrod, Buttigieg was asked if his decision had been motivated in part by politics. As Axelrod put it, “The cynic would say [it was] a résumé enhancer.” Buttigieg said, “Not really. I mean, it was more of the family tradition. I have reflected on that. The thing I asked myself was, If it was as damaging politically as it is actually helpful politically, would I have still done it? I hope the answer is yes. There’s no way to know. There’s no way to run that experiment, I guess.”
When I asked him to elaborate, he told me, “There are a lot of motivations for service, and the quest for honor has been one of them since antiquity. But something like serving in the military — especially the extent to which it has a real price, and I don’t just mean the risk of coming into harm but the moral cost of becoming involved even peripherally in killing — means it’s not something you do lightly. And it’s not something you do unless you trust your own motivations for doing it.” He added that, while military service is popular now, and “people are tripping over themselves to hug a service member,” that’s not always the case. “You really wanna make sure that you’re making this choice as independently as you can from the question of what other people would think. Because what other people will think is gonna change.”
After he returned in 2015, he made the decision to publicly come out, at the age of 33, five months before voters took to the polls to decide whether to reelect him. “The first time I knew that you could be gay and still be in politics, I guess, was when I became aware of Barney Frank, who’s also just a remarkable mind and a very interesting person to watch,” Buttigieg told me. “I was vaguely aware of Harvey Milk, and have come to understand more and more his significance. But there were not a lot of gay political role models that I could look to, certainly in my own geography, when I was getting started.” He has said that if there had been “a pill” he could have taken to stop being gay, “I would’ve swallowed it before you had time to give me a sip of water,” and that if he could’ve found the part of him that made him gay, he would’ve “cut it out with a knife.” He told me, “It took me a very long time to be ready.” As he struggled for acceptance, he “became involved with some extraordinary women, out of a desire to find whatever part of me might be straight and give it every last shot.”
He started to tell me that story: “When I came out in my late 20s,” he began, before I cut him off: “In your book, you wrote you came out at 33, no?” “Oh, sorry,” he said, “I guess it was 33.” But that was only the last stage in the process, he explained. By his late 20s, as he prepared to lead South Bend, he had already come out to a close friend. “That was something that I knew I should do before taking office as mayor, because I didn’t think that I should have a position of that level of responsibility while something as important in my own self was unresolved.”
In this race, candidates like Biden and Beto have received criticism for their privilege as straight white men. Buttigieg’s homosexuality — which also may confer a fundraising opportunity — has served to insulate him somewhat. But not entirely. Jason Johnson, editor of The Root, said the “mostly white” reporters are “kissing his butt,” and, “looking for a white guy who makes them feel good about themselves.” Buttigieg’s record on race in South Bend, whose residents are 40 percent black and Latino and 25 percent below the poverty level, has come under scrutiny. He was forced to explain why, in 2015, he said that, “all lives matter,” (the phrase, he explained, hadn’t yet been weaponized by the right as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement). And the crowning jewel of his data-driven revitalization initiatives, a project to fix or demolish 1,000 homes that were vacant or not up to code, has been cast by critics as a form of soulless gentrification.
A campaign volunteer from Connecticut earlier this month. Photo: M. Scott Brauer
In Washington, D.C., earlier this month, Chasten Buttigieg made the rounds at the LGBTQ Victory Fund National Champagne Brunch, where Pete was scheduled to speak. Pete repeated a line he has been using for months in interviews on national television — if Mike Pence and others like him have a problem with his sexuality, “your problem is not with me. Your quarrel, sir, is with my creator” — but this time, with the world listening, it created an entire news cycle and received a response from Pence himself, who said Buttigieg “knows better” than to be “critical of my Christian faith and about me personally.” Chasten has become an object of fascination thanks to his Twitter and Instagram accounts, where he’s quick and funny and acts, consciously or not, to humanize his husband. The campaign recognized his value early. The night before the event in the capital, Chasten was making his own appearance in Houston, giving a speech before the Human Rights Campaign.
“I want to introduce myself. I work for Smucker’s,” a man said as he approached Chasten and shook his hand. “Really!” Chasten said. “Well, with a name like Smucker’s …” The man stared blankly, prompting Chasten to glance self-consciously at the people around him. “I’m looking around, like, anyone?” he said later. The Smucker’s man told Chasten that the company, which also owns Jif peanut butter, wanted to donate a pallet of it to a shelter on behalf of the campaign, which is not as odd as it may sound — in Pete’s book, he explains that when his father-in-law was growing up, in poverty, Jif in the cupboard was a sign that things were going okay. Chasten now has the colors of the Jif label tattooed, flaglike, on his arm.
Speaking to reporters after the peanut-butter-donation exchange, Chasten was cautious. “I don’t really want to answer any political questions and things like that right now,” he said. Then, he got caught in the same elevator with those reporters. The elevator went to the wrong floor. Then it picked up an older couple. This is the hazard of being on the trail. “I feel like, if you guys wanna talk about the dogs, ice cream, you know, the weather, I can answer all those questions,” he said, “but I just wanna make sure I do everything right for the team.”
There was a beat, and then a reporter asked, “Which is your favorite dog?”
Buttigieg during a campaign event in New Hampshire on April 6. Photo: M. Scott Brauer
After the 2016 election, Buttigieg wrote a post on Medium called “A Letter From Flyover Country,” in which he proposed a new way forward for the Democratic Party. A couple weeks later, he joined the race to be Democratic National Committee chair, an unglamorous and ultimately unsuccessful effort. Rather than walking away humiliated after dropping out — the best option, with the other being third place in what most people considered a two-man race — he left with even loftier ambitions. “A lot of things went through my mind after the DNC process,” he said. “I learned a lot about the country, about the party. I was also reminded how much I loved my job as mayor, and so I wasn’t sad to come back to this work.” Buttigieg often says how much he loves being mayor of South Bend, but it’s worth pointing out that he has left or attempted to leave the job temporarily or permanently three times: when he deployed, when he ran for the DNC, and now as he campaigns for president. Perhaps getting ahead of such questions, he told me that he was never eager to serve a third term as mayor because most mayors “wear out their welcome” after two. Mostly, he said, “I was just trying to read the moment.”
Jennifer Holdsworth, his campaign manager for that race, who is informally advising his presidential campaign, said that when he dropped out, “we had dozens of people walking out of their suites and running up to us, and basically being like, ‘Why are you dropping out? We have nowhere to go now after the first vote. We need you to stay in this, and if you don’t stay in this, then you better run for president.’ ” But she didn’t take it seriously at first, and neither did the rest of the staff. “We were like, Okay, well, that’s a big leap,” she said. “There was really no discussion of it, literally at all, within the team during the race.”
Buttigieg was more open to the crazy idea. “People said — a few people, a very small, few people said — that I should think about running for president, and I wasn’t sure whether to take that seriously or whether it’s just kind of a nice thing you say to any person you know personally who’s in elected office. And yet it lined up enough with the situation I saw around me that it began to remind me of moments when I decided to run for other offices. I saw a need that the office called for, and I saw it match in some way with what I had to offer.” He said he knew it would be an “underdog project” and that it would be “audacious, maybe even offensive, to some people, for me to try to undertake it.”
He was also concerned about losing again. “It was pointed out to me that you could only go so far collecting participation ribbons,” he said. “So running for DNC and, frankly, losing worked out really well for me. Running and losing for something twice in a row usually means you’re gonna be done with politics for at least a while.”
“He has no way out of South Bend other than doing this, really,” the senior Democratic consultant I spoke to said. “The DNC race was really smart because it put him in front of all of these people nationally. The mechanics of running for president — there’s really only a few hundred people who help prop you up until the first vote is cast, and they all had him on their radar. He has a mind for networking.” Hiring Lis Smith, now his campaign spokeswoman, for the DNC race was a kind of aggro move for Buttigieg. She is well known and well liked by the national media but disliked by many of her fellow Democratic stagehands, in that particular way a certain kind of woman often finds herself disliked. Smith, is the highest-profile member of a staff that tallies in the 30s. “If he can keep himself in the spotlight, he’ll attract good hires,” the senior Democratic consultant said. “The problem is all of these candidates are going to have their moment in the sun. When the spotlight isn’t on him, and the world isn’t moving organically for him, will it all still work?”
Lesser — who, serving the people of Massachusetts, has endorsed Elizabeth Warren’s campaign — said Buttigieg was “never the type of person on campus who ran around in a pinstripe suit glad-handing everybody.” Instead, he would “reach out to and chat with and buck up students who had setbacks,” a subtler and more effective form of making a political impression. When, as a recent Harvard graduate, Lesser was in charge of luggage on Obama’s 2008 campaign, Buttigieg drove out to Gary, Indiana, “just to help me unload everything and then left.” Obama wasn’t ever going to be there, he said. “There was no glory in that. He wasn’t getting face time with the senator.” Lesser, who, again, has endorsed Warren, said, “A set of historic and once-in-a-lifetime events have coalesced around bringing him to this moment. He is not someone who was looking for power for power’s sake.”
Corey Johnson, speaker of the New York City Council, said he’d never met Buttigieg when he received a call from him earlier this year, asking him to attend a dinner hosted in his honor by the author and liberal Twitter personality Molly Jong-Fast. The day of the event, Buttigieg followed up the call with a text urging him to come. They met and talked, and soon Johnson watched in awe as the spark he saw “turned into a bonfire.” He said he’d introduced Buttigieg at a fund-raiser just a few months later and was “literally bombarded” with messages from “people who I know and who I don’t know who follow me on social media, gay and straight,” who were upset that they didn’t get a chance to attend the event and meet the candidate. “In New York City, I felt a real groundswell of organic support for him.” That’s likely why, after Buttigieg formally kicks off his campaign on April 14 in South Bend, he’ll be flying to New York, then Iowa, then New York again, and finally New Hampshire.
Which is where we were, walking down a main street in Concord, surrounded by photographers who walked backward in front of us to document the scene. “There’s a kind of whiplash to it,” Buttigieg said, “but it’s a good thing. The speedup of it, the trajectory of it, has definitely been more dramatic than we had expected. But we also prepared by putting together a good team, knowing that, sooner or later, if our theory of the case was right, we were going to grow. We didn’t know that we’d explode onto the scene this early in the year, and that creates the challenge of making sure that we can sustain that energy. But I think the way you outlive the flavor-of-the-month period is through substance. We’re gonna have a substantive process.”
What does that mean? I have no idea. The campaign website, Pete for America, doesn’t feature a policy section, something that has caught the attention of critics who say Buttigieg is an empty suit — or, in his case, empty dress pants plus a white or blue shirt with the sleeves rolled up (tie, but no blazer). Buttigieg talks in specifics about the Electoral College (he wants to get rid of it) and the Supreme Court (he imagines an extreme reconfiguration, with 15 judges instead of nine, five of them confirmed by unanimous vote of the other ten, a way of ensuring nonpartisanship, he says). On other matters, he is less detailed. “I’m very specific on policy. I just think that we need to talk about values first. You can’t just expect people to be able to derive your values by looking at the minutiae of your policy proposals,” he told me.
“Elizabeth Warren is sort of running laps around people right now in terms of producing policy,” Axelrod told me. “He will have to build out some of his policy ideas. But the main thing is, how do you go from an organization that won a race in a venue that is smaller than a congressional district and scale that up to a national campaign? That’s challenging. In that regard, the early success is a mixed blessing.” He added, “Now you’re in the game and you’re drinking from a fire hose, and you have to scale up very, very quickly.”
Speaking by phone a few days later, I asked Buttigieg if he was afraid he would fuck this up. “Anytime you’re in a position of responsibility, you’re afraid of fucking it up. Not only when your own projects or future are at stake but, especially, when others are counting on you,” he said. “I also don’t want to get too far ahead of ourselves talking about why this is working, because not a vote has been cast. I haven’t won anything other than a few media cycles.”
*This article appears in the April 15, 2019, issue of New York Magazine. Subscribe Now! | 2024-03-05T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/3968 |
Good morning, this is Helen Sullivan bringing you the main stories and must-reads on Wednesday 3 July.
Top stories
Chinese border police are secretly installing surveillance apps on the phones of visitors and downloading personal information as part of the government’s intensive scrutiny of the remote Xinjiang region, the Guardian can reveal. The investigation found that border guards were taking the phones of travellers and installing an app that extracts emails, texts and contacts, as well as information about the handset itself. Tourists said they had not been warned by authorities in advance or told about what the software was looking for, or that their information was being taken.
The booming liquefied natural gas industry will play at least as big a role as new coal investments in bringing on a climate crisis if all planned projects go ahead, US-based energy analysts and campaigners say. The report by the Global Energy Monitor appears at odds with comments by Australia’s emissions reduction minister, Angus Taylor, who has said the country could be proud that the rapidly expanding LNG export industry was displacing coal power overseas. Government analysis identified LNG as the main reason Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions have risen each year since 2015, but the minister and industry say Australian gas deserves credit for lowering global emissions.
Systemic corruption remains rife in Queensland, according to the former attorney general who implemented many of the recommendations of the landmark Fitzgerald inquiry. Dean Wells spoke to Guardian Australia to mark 30 years since Tony Fitzgerald handed down the most wide-ranging and significant anti-corruption findings in Australian history. Having watched the evolution of the state’s corruption watchdog, now the Crime and Corruption Commission, he believes the state needs a new inquiry to address creeping problems with oversight of police and the public sector. “Process corruption is still rife in Queensland,” Wells said.
World
Facebook Twitter Pinterest Cattle grazing in an embargoed area of the Amazon. Photograph: João Laet/The Guardian
The rampant deforestation of the Amazon is being driven by global greed for meat, a Guardian investigation has revealed. The investigation found hundreds of cattle grazing on land embargoed by the Brazilian government for illegal deforestation.
Syria has accused Israel of “heinous aggression” after alleged Israeli airstrikes killed several civilians. Strikes south of Damascus and in Homs province near the border with Lebanon overnight on Sunday killed at least 15 people.
Russia has revealed a fire onboard a top-secret navy submersible has left 14 sailors dead in a after they inhaled poisonous gas while serving in one of the country’s most shadowy military projects.
A West Papuan independence group says it is “ready to take over the country”. Three rebel armies have joined forces under the control of the independence movement, led by the exiled leader Benny Wenda.
Nike has withdrawn a pair of shoes featuring an early version of the US flag that has been embraced by white nationalists, after the former NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick reportedly pointed out that the symbol was offensive.
Opinion and analysis
Facebook Twitter Pinterest Karen Nettleton and the orphaned children of Khaled Sharrouf. Photograph: ABC News
What can Australia do for children forced to live under Islamic State? “When the Australian terrorist Khaled Sharrouf proudly posted a photo of his young son holding the severed head of a murdered Syrian solider in 2014, it seemed to confirm the world’s worst fears about the children of Islamic State,” write Michael McGowan and Helen Davidson. “Sharrouf’s photo demonstrated in the most shocking way possible how children living with Isis were being exposed to a world of almost unimaginable barbarity. Now, governments of these nationals are scrambling to deal with them – how to get them home, if they even should, and what to do about them when it happens.”
When doctors injure patients, transparency is the best medicine, writes Ranjana Srivastava. “Hospitals and insurers remind doctors that being open and demonstrating remorse is the way to not get sued by an angry patient,” she writes. “Experienced clinicians say the forgiveness that follows is the most powerful, and possibly the only, catharsis. Nonetheless, the fear of litigation, damage to reputation and diminished income looms large in the minds of concerned doctors.”
Sport
Facebook Twitter Pinterest The US celebrate after Steph Houghton’s penalty is saved. Photograph: Alessandra Tarantino/AP
The US are through to the final of the women’s World Cup after beating England 2-1 in a thrilling semi-final. England crashed out in traditional style, with Steph Houghton missing a late chance to equalise from the penalty spot.
Ash Barty has sailed through the Wimbledon first round in straight sets. The new world No 1 began her quest for a first Wimbledon title with a straightforward 6-4, 6-2 win over Saisai Zheng of China on Tuesday. The biggest shocks of the day were the departure of Maria Sharapova through injury and defeat for Garbine Muguruza.
Australia beat England by two wickets in the opening ODI of the women’s Ashes, taking two points after edging a low-scoring match littered with batting errors.
Thinking time: Why are we fascinated by places of death and disaster?
Facebook Twitter Pinterest Abandoned buildings in Pripyat, Ukraine, near the site of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Photograph: Jessica Alice
Visiting the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site is a strange experience. You are body scanned at the border to test radiation levels and required to sign a waiver acknowledging the risks associated with encountering radiation. The theatre of that aside, the levels within the zone are safe – given that you stay only for a short time.
There has been a slew of stories about Chernobyl selfies, snapshots taken against macabre backgrounds that give the impression that tourism to these places is suddenly booming, heightened in the wake of the acclaimed HBO dramatisation of the disaster. Last year David Farrier’s TV series Dark Tourist captured narco-tourism in Colombia and Mexico, nuclear tourism in Fukushima, shooting ranges in Phnom Penh and tours of the Manson family murder sites in the US. But this kind of tourism is not new. Early examples of dark tourism – travel to places where death or tragedy has taken place – are familiar in the form of medieval public executions or pilgrimages to cemeteries and battlefields.
Media roundup
The Reserve Bank’s interest rate cut is prominent on this morning’s front pages, with the Australian Financial Review saying the RBA will go lower if needed, the Australian predicting the cut will lead to a jump in house prices, and the Sydney Morning Herald reporting that the RBA “has made a rare public appeal to the Morrison government to do more to boost a sliding economy after it sliced official interest rates to one of the lowest levels in the world”.
Coming up
Parliament sits to hear condolence motions for Bob Hawke, who died on 16 May.
The royal commission into Victoria’s mental health system will hold its second day of public hearings. | 2024-02-10T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/7306 |
The Change Up V2.0 is a chameleon of sorts as it can change from belt pack to shoulder bag to chest pack via the included harness system. It is this versatility that makes this bag perfect for photographers shooting in changing environments and explains why Pros will love this bag. In addition, it is Modular Component compatible allowing you the ability to add extra pouches to increase carrying capacity as needs change. Designed to carry a standard-size DSLR and a 70 - 200 f/2.8, (detached), it has a significant amount of capacity in a lightweight body-conforming shape. Alternately, it will hold a standard-size DSLR with 24 - 70 f/2.8 attached, plus 1 - 3 additional lenses.
Think Tank Photo is a group of designers and professional photographers focused on studying how photographers work, and developing inventive new carrying solutions to meet their needs. By focusing on “speed” and “accessibility,” we prepare photographers to Be Ready “Before The Moment,” allowing them to document those historic moments that reflect their personal visions and artistic talents. For some companies, it is only about the product. For us, it is more: It is about supporting photographers doing their job. If we can design products that help photographers travel easier, take pictures faster, and organize their gear more efficiently, then we will have accomplished something beyond the bags themselves.
*Be Social - Get an extra 500 Reward Points by liking the contest, using #viewbug on your submission on instagram or by sharing it on Pinterest. One random person will be selected. | 2024-01-15T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/9581 |
Sirtuins are a class of enzymes known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)- dependent deacetylases. Humans have seven sirtuins, SIRT1-7, that have been shown to regulate a variety of biological processes, including aging, transcription, and metabolism. However, among the seven human sirtuins, only SIRT1, 2, and 3 have robust deacetylase activity, while SIRT4-7 have very little or no deacetylase activity. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that SIRT5, which has very weak deacetylase activity, can catalyze the hydrolysis of malonyl and succinyl groups from lysine residues very efficiently. Furthermore, several malonylated and succinylated proteins were identified from bovine liver mitochondria, demonstrating that lysine malonylation and succinylation are previously unrecognized protein posttranslational modifications. This discovery raised many interesting questions. For example, do protein malonylation and succinylation occur to many proteins or are they only limited to a few proteins? What is the physiological function of protein malonylation/succinylation and SIRT5-catalyzed demalonylation/desuccinylation? How do malonylation/succinylation regulate protein function? Cell- permeable SIRT5-specific inhibitors will be extremely helpful for addressing these questions. Such inhibitors can be used in cells or model organisms to accumulate malonylated and succinylated proteins to facilitate the identification of these proteins, to help study how malonylation/succinylation affects the functions of the proteins, and to provide insights into the biological function of protein malonylation/succinylation. In this proposal, we detail a plan to develop a high-throughput assay that can be used to screen for compounds that can specifically inhibit SIRT5. This assay will utilize a fluorogenic succinyl peptide, which by itself is not fluorescent but becomes fluorescent upon the hydrolysis of malonyl/succinyl by SIRT5. Inhibitors identified this way will then be subjected to a commercially available deacetylase screen to eliminate those that can also inhibit other sirtuins to give SIRT5-specific inhibitors. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Sirtuins, a class of enzymes known as NAD-dependent deacetylase, have been shown to regulate many important biological processes. Our laboratory recently discovered that SIRT5, one of the seven human sirtuins that has weak deacetylase activity, can efficiently remove two novel protein posttranslational modifications, lysine malonylation and succinylation. SIRT5-specific inhibitors are urgently needed for studying the physiological function of these novel protein posttranslational modifications. This project aims to develop a high-throughput screening assay to develop cell permeable SIRT5-specific inhibitors. | 2024-05-06T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/6985 |
Q:
How does the charAt() method work with taking numbers from strings and putting them into new strings in Java?
public String getIDdigits()
{
String idDigits = IDnum.charAt(0) + IDnum.charAt(IDnum.length() - 1) + "";
return idDigits;
}
In this simple method, where IDnum is a 13 digit string consisting of numbers and is a class variable, the given output is never what I expect. For an ID number such as 1234567891234, I would expect to see 14 in the output, but The output is always a three-digit number such as 101. No matter what ID number I use, it always is a 3 digit number starting with 10. I thought the use of empty quotation marks would avoid the issue of taking the Ascii values, but I seem to still be going wrong. Please can someone explain how charAt() works in this sense?
A:
Try this.
public String getIDdigits()
{
String idDigits = "" + IDnum.charAt(0) + IDnum.charAt(IDnum.length() - 1);
return idDigits;
}
When you first adding a empty it's add char like String if you put it in end it first add in number mode(ASCII) and then convert will converts that to String.
A:
You are taking a char type from a String and then using the + operator, which in this case behaves by adding the ASCII numerical values together.
For example, taking the char '1', and then the char '4' in your code
IDnum.charAt(0) + IDnum.charAt(IDnum.length() - 1)
The compiler is interpreting this as the ASCII decimal values and adding those
49 + 52 = 101
Thats where your 3 digit number comes from.
Eradicate this with converting them back to string before concatenating them...
String.valueOf(<char>);
or
"" + IDnum.charAt(0) + IDnum.charAt(IDnum.length() - 1)
A:
You have to be more explicit about the string concatenation and so solve your statement like this :
String idDigits = "" + IDnum.charAt(0) + IDnum.charAt(IDnum.length() - 1);
The result of adding Java chars, shorts, or bytes is an int:
| 2023-10-24T01:26:29.851802 | https://example.com/article/8815 |
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