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Mehbooba said Shardapeeth in Pak-administered Kashmir is an outstanding relic of Kashmir’s glowing history.
SRINAGAR: Former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister Mehbooba Mufti Saturday wrote to Prime Minister Narendra Modi seeking opening of the Shardapeeth pilgrimage site across the Line of Control (LoC).
Mehbooba said Shardapeeth in Pak-administered Kashmir is an outstanding relic of Kashmir’s glowing history. “The initiatives taken by (the) government of India under your distinguished predecessors in office have resulted in the opening of Muzaffarabad and Rawalkot routes.
Though their full potential has yet to be realised, the opening of Kartarpur has presented as with another window of opportunity,” she said.
The PDP president said her party has always considered people-to-people contact between India and Pakistan as an important confidence-building measure.
“Though it generally connects the people here with their cultural and intellectual roots, for the (Kashmiri) Pandits it is an important place of pilgrimage which was frequented by them till independence.
Their urge to open it to pilgrimage has been projected ever since the reopening of Srinagar Muzaffarabad Road,” she said.
“Kartarpur has encouraged the (Kashmiri) Pandit community to see a possibility of the Pilgrimage to Shardapeeth in the same spirit and our belief is strengthened by the reported offer of Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan to allow it along with pilgrimage to Katas Raj,” the PDP president said in the letter.
Mehbooba said a few members of the Kashmiri Pandit community discussed the issue with her and urged her to take up the matter with the prime minister.
“I am sure you would kindly have this request considered on priority.
Though it will be a measure specific to the Pandit community, I have no doubt it would be welcomed by every citizen of the state and would considerably help in addressing the feeling of despondency in a major section of population,” she said.
Mehbooba said it would “fit very well in the vision of pulling Jammu and Kashmir out of its miseries through diplomatic and political means away from death and destruction we witness with unending regularity”. | 2023-09-24T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2022 |
Friday, September 14, 2012
Earth 2 #0 - A Review
Earth 2 #0 deviates from the pattern set by most of the Zero Month issues in two key ways. First, by not focusing upon the main protagonists of the series and instead telling a tale from the viewpoint of a fairly minor character who has barely figured into the story so far. Secondly, it focuses upon a villainous character - or at least a character who would be considered a villain by most reasonable standards.
We see the beginnings of Earth 2's war with Apokolips and get a few more details of the time before when the series opening. We learn that there were eight superheroes back in those days, seven of whom are accounted for in this issue. One is left a mystery and the seventh is the super-intelligent Terry Sloan a.k.a. Mr. 8.
A technological genius reminiscent of LexLuthor, Sloan is a master strategist capable of creating new colors of Kryptonite and spying on other dimensions. This later ability causes Sloan to reach some frightening conclusions regarding the battle with Apokolips as he sees how various plans play out in alternate timelines. Sloan believes that in order to bring about the best of all possible worlds, the heroes of Earth 2 must die along with half of the Earth's population!
At first, James Robinson's script seems light on characterization but high on action. We get little insight into Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman, whom the action primarily focuses on. But like Mr. 8's plans, this is all a feint and the purpose of this issue is to show us Terry Sloan through his own eyes. Sloan comes off as as an amoral genius. He does not consider himself mad. Indeed, he may be far too sane. Sloan is acutely aware of how monstrous his actions are and while he may regret them personally, he does not regret their necessity. He knows he is committing evil acts but he performs them with a seemingly greater good in mind.
Tomas Giorello handles Robinson's script beautifully. Best known for his work on various pulp-based comics and science-fiction works (Conan the Barbarian, Heavy Metal Magazine, various Star Wars comics for Dark Horse), Giorello's style proves to be picture-perfect for telling this story, based as it is in weird-science and Terry Sloan being something of an evil version of Doc Savage. | 2023-09-30T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1388 |
Q:
Why are particles described with Poincaré symmetry even though space seems inhomogeneous?
Poincaré transformation consists of translation, rotation, and boosting. And by assuming the physical quantities are invariant and equations are covariant under the transformations, we build the models on particles. The invariance and covariance make sense if space is the same under the transformations. Space has symmetry in the case.
But from Einstein's field equation,
$$
R_{\mu\nu} - \frac{1}{2}Rg_{\mu\nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu}
$$
space is curved when energy is placed on it.
So the very existence of particles would make the space irregular by making dents randomly. And with this process, space would not keep the symmetry anymore. The earth itself would distort the space by a large amount.
But the particles are described with the Poincaré symmetry and the experiments on earth verify the theories constructed with the symmetry.
Why does the Poincaré symmetry work to describe the particles even though space doesn't seem homogeneous?
P.S. The several answers point that the symmetry holds approximately. But I feel difficulty with the approximation view. For example, there is the spin-statistics theorem. The theorem relies on the exchange symmetry:
$$
\phi(x)\phi(y) = \pm \phi(y)\phi(x)
$$
The equation represents equality between the left and the right side and there is no room for approximation. If the particles are approximate entities, I guess the spin-statistics theorem would not work.
A:
The quick and easy answer is that the amount of spacetime curvature created by particles is so small compared to the effects of the electromagnetic, strong, and weak interactions that gravity can be ignored when studying particle interactions in the lab.
A:
By analogy, one can consider Euclidean planar geometry as a useful model approximating
the geometry of your table, which is intermediate between the microscopic scale that sees the irregularities in the wood and the larger scale that sees the curvature of the non-flat earth.
Poincare symmetry should probably be thought similarly of as a useful model approximating symmetries seen at a particular scale, certainly intermediate between the very small (where spacetime might not make sense and/or the spacetime might not be like $R^4$) and the very large (where significant spacetime curvature at extreme-astrophysical or cosmological scales might arise and/or the spacetime might not be like $R^4$).
(It may be that "the very-very small and smaller" or "the very-very large and larger" shows Poincare symmetry... but, for at least the intermediate range of scales that we work with right now, there are lower and upper bounds.)
As others have noted, the effect of gravitation (curvature of spacetime) is relatively small at typical particle-physics scales (in space and time).
A:
The homogeneous and isotropic property of the space holds in appoximate sense, or when looking at large enough distances. Definitely, the world around us is not a homogeneous mass, we have stars, planets, galaxies, or on shorter distances - mountains, lakes, trees.
At these scales, the existence of localized density clusters breaks the translational and rotatitonal invariance. However, when investigating the properties of universe on cosmological scales, larger than the galaxy clusters, the matter would be distibuted almost uniformly and isotropically (however, the CMB has an anisotropy of $\sim 10^{-5}$ ).
| 2024-03-23T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3233 |
CinemaBlend: Did The Blacklist 2019 Finale Just Introduce The Real Ilya?http://bit.ly/2YHbYl4
// 5/18/2019
TVGuide, Cory Barker: How the Blacklist Finale Set Up a Stronger Season 7http://bit.ly/2LRzvhj
// 5/17/2019; Note: Cory Barker’s reviews are usually decent, but this one is ridiculous. He seems to have pre-written it assuming the Cabal was involved and then panned the episode as if it was. In fact, he didn’t even bother to rewrite his first half of the review to reflect that the assassination plot didn’t involve the Cabal, just threw in some words about how disappointing it was, then panned the entire second half of the season. Obviously, this was not the episode he wanted to review. It was better. He got played. Good. But his job is to review the episode as it was written, not the one he expected to be disappointed by. He should apologize. He should also rewatch the actual episode again and review it as is. TV Guide should expect better. Reviewers should elucidate, not judge based on personal piccadilloes.
TVGuide, Cory Barker: The Blacklist Continues to Make Us Wait for Answershttp://bit.ly/2uQDwY3
// 4/5/2019
While Aram took some convincing to begin the process of moving on, Liz (Megan Boone) yet again seemed fully committed to it. Rather than using Reddington’s return to the task force as a way to recalibrate her investigation, Liz appears affected by her fake father’s prison stint — and her role in making that happen. Ressler pushed back against Liz’s change of heart, but she didn’t budge.
There are a few ways to look at this development. On one hand, it’s easy to track this reaction from Liz. Though she can occasionally operate like her not-dad, she never handles it particularly well. She was already guilty for having put Reddington in prison. Everything that happened after that — the reveal that the original Reddington wasn’t a traitor, the rushed trial, the potential death sentence — only shook her further. As she said in this episode, this man did protect her for years and mostly continues to do so. He’s important to her, maybe more important than the truth. That’s more compelling character-driven story.
… The concluding moments of “Umbrella Corporation” were legitimately moving, playing off of [Mozhan Marnó’s and Amir Arison’s] strengths and years of character history. … [T]here’s an emotional connection with the audience and those characters. Devasting Aram, he still of mostly pure heart, is the one card the show can always play, and it played very well here.
Injecting Reddington into the middle of the couple’s challenging circumstances further increased the tension and ultimate emotional wallop. Aram punching Reddington in utter heartbreak, and Reddington simply taking it because he understood the emotional context, was one of the better moments of the season. Arison and Spader played that moment perfectly. Mozhan has always been restrained as Samar, but she loosened it up effectively as Samar made such a difficult choice.
… According to Mozhan Marno, Samar is gone for good, and her departure should create new storytelling opportunities for Aram and the task force as the season nears its conclusion….
Cinemablend: Why The Blacklist’s Aram Is Now At War With Red After Samar’s Heartbreaking Decisionhttp://bit.ly/2uCyy15
// 3/31/2019
… It is Aram versus Red following this week’s two-parter. The reason? Red helped Samar start a new life, leaving Aram behind to live his.
After having her burn notice served, Samar and Aram were on the run for her life. Samar’s former employers put a hit out after Aram told her handler, Levi, that she had gotten diagnosed with vascular dementia.
… Samar faced a conundrum. She will always have assassins trying to kill her out of fear she will accidentally share their secrets. Aram wanted to go on the run with her and — thanks to the Task Force — all of the arrangements had gotten made.
That is when Red came to the warehouse Aram was meeting the Task Force at to get his and Samar’s documents.
After hanging up with her, his fury took on the form of a physical outburst. Aram punched Red. Soon after, a declaration of war. Aram told Red that he would never forgive Red for taking Samar away from him.
… Between losing Samar, and then Aram’s dynamic with Red, The Blacklist is showing relentless emotional aim. Speaking of which, how amazing were Amir Arison and Mozhan Marnò throughout the two-parter?
They are such bright stars and to see them burn with such intensity in this episode was phenomenal for this viewer. Amir Arison and Mozhan Marnò’s turns were awards-worthy. The goodbyes between Aram and Samar were crushing. …
The Blacklist has taken away a romance and given viewers a new rivalry. How much damage will Aram inflict before he calms down? Will he ever forgive Red? Can Aram and Red ever go back to the way things were between them? …
The best entertainment makes you feel like something you know can’t happen is about to happen, or at least can’t happen in the way it appears. …
The clock nearly ran out. Harold, Dembe, and Liz failed, insomuch that the White House didn’t budge. Reddington accepted his fate. He was given his last meal and hooked to the chair for his lethal injection. Then the episode ended.
There’s no way that Reddington dies. The cliffhanger promised something that won’t come to pass. And yet this was one of the best episodes of the season. …
Though the plot machinations leading to Reddington in the chair were compelling, it was really the intimate conversations between the man and those in his life that buoyed the episode. … Liz desperately wanted to ask Reddington about his identity swap, knowing the end could be near. But when it came down to it, all she really wanted to say was “I love you.”
That emotional payoff, illustrating the complexities of this relationship, was far more satisfying than any major twist related to the identity could be. Both Boone and Spader were phenomenal in the scene, with the latter delivering a kind of gobsmacked reaction that truly only he could do — half-opened mouth and shocked. At that moment, Reddington grew comfortable with his fate. …
That’s not to say that “the real Blacklist is the friends we made along the way,” but… it kind of is. This is how all long-running TV shows operate. They ultimately become about the connections between the people above any plot details, to the point where the audience can go along with a death penalty cliffhanger because they want to see the people react to that moment.
Compare that to the episode’s other big reveal, which is that the U.S. president is directly involved in the cabal conspiracy. Like, actively involved in it. It suddenly felt like an episode of 24 up in here. There’s no payoff to that reveal that can be anywhere as compelling as some of the emotionally charged conversations in this episode. If only The Blacklist could find more of those conversations amid the cabal conspiracy once Reddington doesn’t die, or comes back to life.
TVGuide, Cory Barker: The Blacklist: More Truths About (the Real) Reddington Are Revealedhttp://bit.ly/2U5aZZR
// 2/22/2019
… The Blacklist has thrived … in exploring the complications between Red and Liz. That’s really what it comes down to.
… It’s far more interesting to consider why Not Red continues the lie because of his similarly large emotional connection to Liz, even in the face of the death penalty. And it’s far more interesting to think about how secondary characters like Ressler and Jennifer get stuck in the orbit of this complex relationship and struggle to maintain their own connections to Liz.
Really then, this is all about not just two versions of Raymond Reddington. It’s about the two versions of The Blacklist. There’s the show that gets gassed up on its twists, and the show that highlights the ongoing toll of its central relationship. The Blacklist probably isn’t a success without both, but at this point in the run, the latter version is more compelling. That version needs to win out moving forward.
CinemaBlend, Britt Lawrence: Did The Blacklist’s Dembe Story Tease A Major Red Reveal Ahead?http://bit.ly/2BDcZ4o
// 2/17/2019
Along with affirming Liz’s assertions about how much he knows, Dembe also assured her she is a lot like her mother. Hearing it from Dembe seemed to relieve Liz, who is now treating everything Red says as lies.
Dembe’s confirmation of knowing all of Red’s secrets coupled with Red saying that Dembe always saved his life could be huge. What if, by helping Red assume Raymond Reddington’s identity, Dembe was saving Red’s life?
The hunt for the titular Ethicist, a contract killer who made “ethical calculations” regarding who should live or die, spurred a few hammy monologues about the value of human life, but it also exhibited the kinds of choices Liz is now willing to make to discover the truth. She lied about the origins of the case and she lied to Ressler about communicating with Red to find more information. Most importantly, she agreed with the Ethicist’s calculation that the only way to protect her rogue investigation would be to let the Blacklister kill himself.
… [T]his kind of behavior is the slippery slope ideal personified. The Ethicist may have made claimed to make necessary calculations to determine life and death, but that’s just a framework he created to justify evil behavior. Though Liz isn’t at that point yet, it’s been obvious for a long time that she is, in many ways, the daughter of the man pretending to be her father — DNA be damned.
Even with this show closer to the end than the beginning, it’s hard to imagine a world where Liz fully gets the upper hand on Red. However, the more that The Blacklist turns in episodes like this, in which Liz personifies the toxic Reddington effect, the better off any potential conclusion will be. …
CinemaBlend, Britt Lawrence: The Blacklist Set Up Both Red And Liz For The Death Penaltyhttp://bit.ly/2t4fPLc
// 2/2/2019
By betraying Red, Liz has put herself at risk of receiving the death penalty. Agnes already lost her father, and now Liz’s actions could mean her losing her mother too. Liz knows what happened with Mr. Kaplan and how Red feels about betrayal. She should not have risked it.
The Blacklist has not put Red and Liz’s life in any less danger with “Alter Ego.” It has ratcheted up their endangerment ten-fold. Since they are the stars of the show, they will have to survive their current predicaments. Right? …
… Nobody knows how to turn a negative into a positive like The Blacklist’s Raymond Reddington (James Spader). Recent episodes have shown that, for Red, prison offers only physical barriers to his influence over the world’s one-percenters and evil-doers. Two episodes ago he successfully defended himself in court — and flirted with the judge in the process. In the most recent episode, he became king of the yard in less than a week by using messenger rats.
[ //➔ What I actually loved about the messenger rat what how peripheral it was to the procedural storyline. In the end, it did not save Red in the prison yard – “that mouth” did. The rat was cute and fun and it seemed it would let Red communicate to Dembe on a prison break or something spectacular. Instead, it was a misdirect, a way for Red to bring in some contraband – champagne, no less! – to cement his friendship with Vontae and highlight the importance of “the small things in life.” Also a thing I love about the show: expect to be surprised up to the last phrase (or word, as in Episode 6:2). – LB90 ]
Perhaps recognizing the trend of victories for the Big Red Machine, this week’s Blacklist toyed with the formula just a little. Rather than spending more time with Red as the don of the clink, “Alter Ego” explored the limits of Red’s power in two contexts to mixed results.
In one story, Red returned to the courtroom to complete the hearing on the admissibility of the gun he had at the time of arrest. Much like the courtroom scenes a few episodes back, the back-and-forth squabbling between Spader’s Red and Ken Leung’s aggrieved lawyer made for a fun time.
The show always asks the audience to accept that Red is the smartest person in every room. His strategic manipulation of his arresting officer at least demonstrated how he does it — he talks and talks and finds people’s pressure points just enough to get exactly what he wants from them. Sometimes, like with Liz (Megan Boone), the pressure ramps up over a long period. Here, he broke down the cop’s claims much faster, but no less effective, and threw in a number of lines about the beautiful color of his suit and his sexual proclivities to boot. Spader as a lawyer, or even a self-defending criminal, is simply TV gold. …
The case did feature my favorite Blacklist flourish: extremely unsettling corporate business models. In many cases, the horrors of capitalism manifest through pseudoscience …
CheatSheet: ‘The Blacklist:’ The Real Reason James Spader Loves Being on the Showhttp://bit.ly/2D5P79y
// 2/1/2019; bio highlights and partial filmography
Spader is more into playing quirky characters than seeking out boring roles that pay a lot of money. That’s why he loves playing Red. He constantly talks with the show’s writers about his character, and they tailor Red to his interests.
Another thing Spader enjoys about The Blacklist are the seemingly constant plot twists and turns that happen. Red is certainly one of the most fun characters he’s inhabited over the years, and The Blacklist plot twists in Season 6 could take it to the next level.
When the show first started, he earned $160,000 per episode, according to The Hollywood Reporter. That comes out to more than $3.5 million each season. Lately, he’s making much more than that. Spader makes $300,000 an episode or $6.6 million each season, making him the highest paid star on NBC these days.
As a producer on The Blacklist, he has more creative control and takes a bigger slice of the pie when payday comes. Filling both roles helps NCIS star Mark Harmon’s net worth, and we’re guessing Spader earns more for his show than we know about.
The relationship between Red and Elizabeth is one of the main themes of the show and it is something that is explored in every season. The way that this relationship has progressed is something that can be clearly tracked throughout each season and is one of the main ways that the evolution of the show is defined. The idea that Red could have been her father was one that was introduced fairly early on. He insisted that she was the only person that he wanted to work with, and most of the actions that he took in the first season were seemingly to protect her. We also learnt that Elizabeth’s father was killed in a fire and in the season one finale Red was shown to have scars from severe burns on his back. However, despite this in the following seasons there were other things that suggested that he was not her father after all and this is something that he has repeatedly denied when she has asked him. At the end of season five it was revealed that the man they all know as Raymond Reddington was an imposter and while the real Ray may have been her father, she has no biological connection to the man that has been impersonating Reddington for all this time. This is something that will no doubt be explored further in season six and fans may finally start to get some answers. …
Despite the falling ratings, The Blacklist remains one of the most popular TV shows that is airing at the moment. It is one of the most successful drama shows that NBC have ever produced. There is a very good chance that it will renewed for a seventh season which will allow fans to see how the show is going to evolve even more in the future. As long as there are still criminals on Red’s ‘blacklist’ then there is a premise for the show to continue.
… [T]he longer the show explores Red’s incarceration, the better. However, while the task force continued its work in the shadows — hunting a rogue, “bio-hacker” pharmacist — the A-plot of the episode saw Red pull the most Red move possible: firing his public defender and electing to represent himself in court.
In almost all cases across scripted entertainment, this decision is silly and dramatically inert. Even Red’s performance in front of the court here isn’t the exception that proves the rule, but it did allow Spader the opportunity to harken back to his days on The Practice and Boston Legal for which he won three Emmys for his performance as Alan Shore. That’s right, three.
… [A]s usual, Red got the upper hand on everyone. When the prosecutor pushed Red and Harold to answer questions about the purpose of the task force and Red’s adherence to the immunity agreement, Red countered with a charged monologue about our post-truth fake news society — and effectively sold the judge in the process.
… Spader made it as believable as could be. He so perfectly embodies Red in moments where the character has to sell total BS. Everyone knows it’s a con! There aren’t too many performers who could make that work so effectively.
Romper, Chrissy Bobic: 11 Theories For ‘The Blacklist’ Season 6 To Help You Make Sense Of All The Twistshttp://bit.ly/2RCBmnY
// 1/11/2019
1. Reddington Had A Twin
2. Red Changed His Identity For An Important Reason
3. Dr. Koehler Played A Role In Red’s Identity Switch
4. The “Redarina” Theory
5. Liz Also Has A Different Identity
6. Red Has Always Been A Secret Agent
7. Red Was A Russian Spy
8. Katarina Will Return By The End Of The Season
9. Red Is Still Liz’s Father, But Not The Real Red
10. He’s Actually Liz’s Uncle On Her Mother’s Side
11. Jennifer Is The Real Impostor
TVGuide, Liam Matthews: The Blacklist Boss on What’s Next for the Impostor Raymond Reddington in Season 6http://bit.ly/2QaUWah
// 10/30/2018
The Blacklist ended Season 5 with another shocking twist: The bones Raymond “Red” Reddington (James Spader) had been seeking all season belonged to the real Raymond Reddington, and the criminal mastermind fans have come to know and love — the man Agent Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone) had come to believe was her biological father — was an impostor who assumed the identity of the late naval officer (and Liz’s real father) around 30 years ago.
“That’s something that I hope the audience understands,” says Blacklist creator Jon Bokenkamp, “is that Spader, this impostor, this person who has taken the identity of Reddington, has probably lived as Reddington longer than Reddington ever did, and was far more interesting, and far more dangerous, and far more funny, and is the guy that we want to watch.” Or as Spader himself puts it in the season’s sneak peek, “The Raymond Reddington that everybody’s become familiar with over the last five and a half years is considerably more Raymond Reddington than the Raymond Reddington was 30 years ago. They wouldn’t have made a TV show about that guy.
TheWrap, Jennifer Maas: ‘The Blacklist’ Season 6: Liz Explains How She Plans to Prove Red Isn’t the Red That Red Says He Is (Exclusive Video) http://bit.ly/2CAwHhY How hard could it be?
// 12/27/2018
The Red [Liz] knows was also there the night of the fire that changed everything. He has saved her life, time and again. Whoever Red is, he clearly cares for her. For her part, Liz has also, begrudgingly, grown to care about him deeply.
Liz does not necessarily know enough to proclaim Red her enemy. After all this time, he has earned the benefit of the doubt. Liz should be learning from previous experiences, and not jump to conclusions without giving Red the chance to clear things up. With everything they have been through together, doesn’t she at least owe him a clarifying question or two?
While he has been deceptive, it may not be the domino of truth she thinks it is. What does Red’s true identity prove? That is a crucial mystery Season 6 will hopefully uncover quickly. For his part, Red also needs Liz. She has given him something to fight for. What is he without her?
In having their relationship disrupted to this extent, The Blacklist risks forever altering the relationship that has been at its fore. The show’s very DNA is founded in the complicatedly tangled relationship that is Liz and Red’s. Whether he is or is not her biological father, they have had a daughter/father relationship.
If Liz does irrevocable harm to Red, The Blacklist cannot take it back. It all depends on how far the show takes her vendetta. It is difficult to imagine that viewers have been witnessing the prelude to Red’s downfall all these seasons.
Red forgave Liz for betraying him by her faking her death. Even if he sees it from her perspective, there are lines that Red will never accept her having crossed. Things between Red and Liz need to be repaired before The Blacklist crosses over its own lines.
Under #13: With a show like The Blacklist, which is built on mystery and intrigue, we have to wonder if they know where this is going. Are they making it up as they go along? Anyone who watched Lost can attest to the pain and disappoint that awaits the overly trusting viewer. There is a great deal of trust that goes into becoming emotionally and mentally invested in a long-spanning story. You put your time, your interest, your energy, and your enthusiasm into the hands of the storyteller. For storylines that take years to unfold, that is quite the commitment. No one wants to find out that that trust has been misplaced. No one wants to get wrapped up in a mystery, only to find out that the person who asked the question didn’t know the answer.
As the tension mounts and the thread unravels, dedicated fans of The Blacklist are no doubt asking themselves how this is all going to end. Well, we have good news: there is a plan! This is, in fact, going somewhere!
Jon Bokenkamp (the show’s creator) dispelled any doubts in his recent interview with Variety Magazine http://bit.ly/2QOdTE1. “We’ve thought about the whole series and we’ve had conversations with everyone involved. We definitely have an end game in mind.” Bokenkamp said. “There is a bible in our writer’s room that tracks every character, every plotline. If we didn’t have our endgame in mind it would be very difficult to tell the story we’re telling.”
[T]he mysterious bones in the duffel bag that has been passed around The Blacklist for a while now belong to Raymond Reddington, but not the Raymond Reddington fans thought we knew for the past five years. As it turns out, the real Raymond Reddington died 30 years ago, and the man we’ve thought was Red was an imposter all along. James Spader has not been playing the genuine Raymond Reddington, although I’m sure we’ll be referring to his character as “Red” for the foreseeable future. Liz’s discovery that the real Reddington is the dead man whose bones were in the bag means she realized that her real father is dead and another man has been attempting to fill that role for her, which… is creepy.
To emphasize the point that Red has been trying to keep his secret for the entire run of the series, “Sutton Ross” featured a flashback montage of all the characters who have died trying to expose Red’s secret and how they died/were killed. Despite all the death and destruction, Red was not able to destroy the secret before it got out. While he did get his hands on the bones and burnt them at the end of the episode, it wasn’t before a DNA test was conducted on the bones that proved them to belong to the real Raymond Reddington. Thanks to her deal with Ross and reunion with her half-sister, Liz was able to see the DNA results for herself. …
… [T]he show’s frustrating tactics throughout Season 5 made the turn late in “Sutton Ross” much more satisfying. Despite Red’s gloating, the final moments saw Liz return to Tom’s (Ryan Eggold) grave, speak to his ghost and reveal a master plan.
She swerved Red into thinking he captured the duffel and buried his big secret forever. Instead, Liz staged a kidnapping with the titular Blacklister and her supposed sister to uncover the truth: that the bones belong to the real Raymond Reddington, the man whom our Red has been pretending to be for decades.
As far as last-minute twists and seasonal pay-offs go, this was a solid one. It re-contextualizes many past events and sets up a legitimately compelling showdown between fake father and fake daughter in Season 6 — something The Blacklist has been teasing for years. …
… [I]n the context of the season and even the entire series, Liz’s speech to Tom’s ghost served as a triumphant moment. The character has been consistently outwitted or beaten down so that Reddington can shine. She’s been positioned as reactive to his genius actions. Thus, both the plan to con Red and the speech illustrated how important this secret and finding some semblance of peace over Tom’s death was to Liz.
It also signaled that, despite the lack of real blood lineage between the two characters, Red’s influence on Liz is undeniable. She may have outsmarted him, but she had to mirror his tactics to do it. That’s a strong reflection of how well the show has developed the relationship between the two characters, even while favoring one character over another.
… Liz has lost so much — including the continued distance with her own young child — because of the man claiming to be Raymond Reddington. Indeed, that he has done all of this and is, in fact, not her father only makes the collateral damage that much more disheartening.
They do, however, offer a potential new road, one where Liz truly gets the upper hand on the person who has terrorized her since childhood. Given the last five seasons, it’s fine to be skeptical that The Blacklist can fully execute that potential truly satisfying conclusion, but this is a really strong indicator that the show has a meaningful plan in mind for its end game.
In an episode that included more than one oddity – yes, that was cult filmmaker John Waters appearing as himself in a cameo at a tailor shop, getting fitted for one of his trademark bespoke suits – FBI agent Liz Keen (Megan Boone) and super criminal Raymond “Red” Reddington (James Spader) were on a collision course with special guest Blacklister Sutton Ross (Julian Sands), a 1980s-era stealer of international trade secrets who got harshly duped way back when by Red himself.
Ross, out for vengeance, knows the secret of the bones – who they belong to and why they’re so important to Red. Turns out – and truly, stop here if you don’t want to know – the bones are Red.
The episode, written by John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp & Lukas Reiter and directed by Bill Roe, built to one of the series’ twistiest moments ever, with Liz revealing – to the ghost or perhaps memory of her late husband Tom, no less (Ryan Eggold, in a surprise graveside appearance) – that she’d been in cahoots with Ross all along, and that divulged that the bones in the bag were those of the real Raymond Reddington, and that the Red who Liz (and viewers) have known these past five seasons is an imposter. …
In any case, The Blacklist pulled off something even a rarer than a mere double-cross: Tonight’s finale was a reverse-Vader. Liz, Darth Spader is not your father.
The Rashomon-style final scene, in which we revisit earlier moments from the episode but with new knowledge (of Liz’s scheming with Ross, chiefly) and perspective, also reminded us of earlier victims of the bones mystery. In flashbacks, we see the final, sometimes bloody, moments of characters played by, among others, Jane Alexander and Mary-Louise Parker. …
Ghosts, fake dads, John Waters, mysterious skeletons and Etta James. No one can say The Blacklist doesn’t go for broke …
… “Cape May” provided some insight into one of the most important plotlines running throughout The Blacklist, though in the end, said insight proved to be rather misleading in its own right. In short, the question of whether Red is Liz’s biological father or not was a very important question for The Blacklist. However, that question is bound in an inextricable manner with a number of other questions such as the identity of Liz’s mother, the exact nature of Red’s relationship with Liz’s mother, and what happened between the two in the “past” of the series. “Cape May” provided a fair amount of insight into Red’s thoughts upon the matter, though the information that it presented wasn’t as simple and straightforward as it might have been under other circumstances because of Red’s state in the episode as well as the means by which it was presented.
Though The Blacklist is typically anchored by Liz and Red’s tumultuous relationship, the NBC drama shifted focus this week to Samar and Aram’s ongoing love story. The result? A lovely showcase for Amir Arison, who so sensitively portrayed Aram’s desperation and hope while on the search for an abducted Samar. All at once, Aram was fiercely determined to find his love and completely terrified he would never locate her — a tricky balance that Arison nailed. But the highlight of the episode came in its final minutes, when Aram sweetly proposed to Samar at her hospital bedside. Arison’s performance was so sincere, so tender, that we nearly changed the channel to give these two some privacy.
This episode, like much of the show’s exploration of Aram and Samar, was totally fine. The rush to find Samar with the titular kidnapper (a go-to hired goon for last week’s Blacklister, Nicholas T. Moore), forced Amir to bend the rules of legality in a way he usually doesn’t. The late-episode sequence, with a drowning Samar calling Amir to inform him that she would have said yes had he asked her to marry him, was stirring and well performed by Arison and Marno — particularly given that the conversation took place over the phone. …
In the context of the end of the season, Samar’s kidnapping surely enabled the writers to drag out the meaningful duffle bag-related drama just a little bit longer. Red came up empty handed in his sojourn to Costa Rica, only to be quickly met by Liz. If there’s one positive development with this storyline, it’s how persistent Liz has been in reminding her father of his broken promises and general assholery. …
CinemaBlend, Laura Hurley: Is The Blacklist For Real With That Huge Reddington Family Twist?http://bit.ly/2EG51Ga
// 4/11/2018
Spoiler Alert: If you have not yet watched Episode 5:18 Zarak Mosadek.
The second half of The Blacklist Season 5 has been one of the most intense runs of the entire series to date, and that’s saying something. The death of Tom Keen set Liz on a dangerous path for revenge and Red’s ongoing search for the duffel bag has only made things messier. Now, The Blacklist has served up what could be the messiest twist to date for Liz and Red with a huge Reddington family bombshell in the latest episode. The hour ended with Liz chatting with a woman, seemingly named Lilly, who had been seen hugging Ian Garvey, who murdered Tom. Liz got more than she bargained for out of the chat when Lilly revealed that Garvey put her in witness protection to keep her from her dangerous father: Raymond Reddington.
Liz was not expecting that the woman who had been seen hugging her husband’s murderer was her own sister, and the episode ended before she had much time to process the bombshell dropped by Lilly. Since this is The Blacklist we’re talking about, we shouldn’t necessarily take the bombshell as 100% the truth without some assurance. Fortunately, The Blacklist executive producer Jon Bokenkamp weighed in on the reveal and whether or not we should take it with a grain of salt:
It is most likely the truth. Viewers might remember that as far back as season 2, we had introduced a character whose name was Jennifer Reddington and who was MIA. Reddington was looking for her. The woman’s mother, Naomi Hyland, played by Mary-Louise Parker, was protecting her and wanted nothing to do with Reddington. Reddington had no access, no way to contact her and couldn’t find her. And so there is a character out there who we know to be Reddington’s daughter and this woman, it seems that her foot may fit the slipper.
In case you’ve forgotten about Jennifer Reddington, she’s the product of Reddington’s relationship with his wife, Naomi Hyland, whereas Liz is the daughter of Katarina Rostova. At this point, the big question we should be asking may be more of what Ian Garvey wants with Jennifer than whether or not she’s the real deal. …
TVGuide, Cory Barker: The Blacklist: Is It Time to Dump Red’s Shenanigans?http://bit.ly/2IYIsPH
// 4/4/2018
Previously on The Blacklist: Liz (Megan Boone) was left in a compromising position because Reddington (James Spader) betrayed her once again. While that could describe at least 65 percent of The Blacklist episodes, this week’s installment at least directly addressed the frustrating sameness of Red’s actions as the show began its stretch run for Season 5.
Fed up with Red’s nonsense, Liz made it very clear that she knew he nabbed — and subsequently eliminated — the one informant who could help her bring Ian Garvey (Jonny Coyne) down by legitimate means. In fact, our beleaguered hero even got physical with her father, pushing him up against a wall and ordering him to answer a simple and direct question. In that moment, Liz perfectly personified my annoyance with Red.
… [F]or the show, Red’s rhetorical tap dancing is an attempt to justify further tension between he and Liz without any real change possible. It appears that we’re supposed to view Red’s half-cocked honesty about his actions as a major development; yet, it still promotes the status quo the show has fostered for four-plus seasons. …
It’s not that this storytelling makes for bad television. It’s simply that The Blacklist’s storytelling operates from the default setting that Red’s way is the right, or at least most successful, way. No matter where a story begins or goes at the mid-way point, Liz and others eventually partner with him, bend to his will or give him what he wants.
On one hand, of course this makes sense. James Spader is the star of the show. Red is a great, entertaining character. His methods are an entertaining riff on typical law enforcement procedurals.
On the other hand, if there’s ever been a season of The Blacklist where things should be different, it’s this one. Given the context of this season, this should be Liz’s story. She should triumph over Garvey in a compelling way that doesn’t have to involve her father negotiating for a bag of bones and then delivering Garvey on her behalf. By consistently leaning towards Red, the show compromises what could more powerful stories.
CinemaBlend, Laura Hurley: When The Blacklist Will Give Liz The Chance For Revengehttp://bit.ly/2pfqGR0
// 3/15/2018
The second half of The Blacklist Season 5 has set Liz Keen on her darkest path of the series to date. The death of Tom in the midseason finale broke something inside of her, and even Red has been troubled by what she’s willing to do on her quest to avenge his death. Unfortunately for Liz (and for fans who want to see Tom’s killer pay for his death), she hasn’t been able to get her hands on Garvey to exact her revenge. The good news is that she probably won’t have to wait too much longer, barring another coma.
Liz will face off against Ian Garvey in the first half of a two-parter that will air this spring. No air date for the episode has been released at this point, but TVLine reports that their confrontation will be “fairly dramatic.” Based on everything we’ve seen of Liz in the second half of Season 5, I think it’s safe to say that the dramatic scene could very well end with Liz killing or attempting to kill Garvey. While she may be smart and an excellent agent who can play a long game, I’m not sure that she could hold back from just trying to end him if the circumstances are right (or wrong). …
Although Red spent the majority of the latest episode tailing, taunting, and threatening Garvey, his endgame is currently getting back that box of bones that has caused so much trouble. By the end of the hour, Red let Garvey just walk away, which we can bet Liz would not be happy with if she saw. Red’s promise to kill Garvey after he finds the bones and do him some serious damage if he harms Liz were nice to see, but she may not be okay with what he did if/when the truth comes out. …
… [I]n a juicy role as Dr. Sharon Fulton, crusading FBI shrink [uses] her inside information on damaged agents to recruit them into dispatching of serial killers. Not only did this conceit inject major life into the show’s procedural energy — which has been lacking a bit throughout the 2018 episodes — but it offered some solid moments of reflection for Liz (Megan Boone) in this never-ending conversation about right and wrong, crossing lines, and so on.
The Blacklist is always better when it lets Liz go “off book,” or at least not serve as a stick in the mud to the more adventurous and charming Red (James Spader). … [T]he episode made a smart decision to dig deeper into Liz’s perspective on “justice.” … Plimpton’s nefarious Fulton perfectly invoked Liz’s precarious placement in the bureau, on the task force and in the world.
That Fulton would exploit Liz’s indecision over how to proceed made for a strong case of the week, with Liz having to further consider how she felt about an agent using bureau resources to track and kill serial killers outside the confines of normal procedure. It also wonderfully dovetailed with another string of lies from Red, who predictably made contact with Garvey [and] negotiated for the bag of bones …
Liz, therefore, faced yet another moment of crisis at an inopportune time. Once again, the traditional methods failed her, and once again, she’s left questioning her father’s intentions. That meant that she didn’t have much of problem letting Fulton walk free — in fact, she utilized the Reddington family playbook to lean on Fulton for potential assistance in the future.
Finally, all the traumas of Liz’s life are influencing her decisions in a meaningful way, and The Blacklist can be better for it.
This killer’s name [“The Capricorn Killer”] is an obvious reference to the Zodiac Killer, who terrorized Northern California in the late ’60s and early ’70s and has never been caught. So maybe Liz will be taking a trip to San Francisco in search of an old foe. It’ll be good for her, as it will take her mind off Tom for a little while and give her the chance to close a case that’s eluded her for years.
Viewers will not see Liz transformed back into her old self just because she’s back in her old surroundings and surrounded by her coworkers again. For once, Liz is going to be the devious secret-keeper of sorts. Judging by Jon Bokenkamp’s comments to EW, Liz may simply start crossing more lines now that she’s officially back with law enforcement. She’ll likely be under more of a watchful eye; it may require some drastic actions to keep moving forward on her mission for revenge against the people who killed Tom.
All things considered, as jarring as it will likely be to see Liz keeping secrets and hiding her own agenda from the Task Force, it wouldn’t make a whole lot of sense if she was suddenly reformed back into the agent she was before Tom was killed and she was left comatose. Red has warned that she may not be able to live with her actions once she “crossed the abyss,” but that hasn’t stopped her from doing everything from killing to disposing of a body. Liz is still smack dab in the middle of her abyss, and it will take a lot more than a change of scenery and more involvement with the Task Force for her to see the light again.
The good news is that a devious Liz on the Task Force is proof that The Blacklist is still quite capable of trying new things even after more than 100 episodes on the air, and that could bode well for the chances of a Season 6. Jon Bokenkamp has already revealed that Season 5 will end on a great cliffhanger that isn’t what the end of the series ought to be; we can only hope that NBC is happy with how the series performs moving forward.
The Blacklist has taken some intense twists and turns in Season 5, largely due to the death of Tom Keen back in the midseason finale. He was brutally killed in an attack that left Liz comatose for months and set her on a devastatingly dark path toward revenge. Her quest for vengeance has changed the dynamic between Liz and her dad; soon, we’ll get to see her dynamic with another member of her family. Brian Dennehy will be back as her maternal grandfather Dom, and Liz will finally get to meet him. …
Jon Bokenkamp’s further comments to EW about Dom’s relationship with Red may indicate that we’ll see more of that not-so-dynamic duo in the next episode. Red has been the major connection to Dom over the series so far due to his relationship with Liz’s mother Katarina, who may or may not be dead. Personally, I’m hoping we get to see Liz react to the realization that Red and Dom have had more of a relationship that she could have guessed.
CinemaBlend, Laura Hurley: How The Blacklist Just Set Liz On A Bloody Path For Revengehttp://bit.ly/2meffGI
// 1/4/2018
This is not the first time — even this season — where The Blacklist faced the aftermath of a momentous event. From departures and deaths to shocking reveals and births, the show has produced some great, big moments across its run. But it has, in all those instances, hustled to return to the status quo — with the relationships between characters, with the Blacklister case of the week structure, the whole deal.
Not this time, at least for one episode. …
While the team celebrated Tom’s memory over drinks, Liz despondently looked into the distance. As Red urged her to let go of the anger and truly grieve her husband’s death, she moved the conversation along to focus on the need to continue the work of the Blacklist itself. In both the past and present scenes, the camera lingered on Liz’s face just long enough to underline her status as a bomb, slowly ticking down to a powerful explosion that everyone else — including us — knows is coming. …
[R]ather than going fully unhinged, Liz methodically executed some bad dudes, uncorking all the ugly feelings inside of her. While she ultimately returned to NYC at the end of the episode, thus suggesting a soft reboot and return to normalcy next week, the character feels legitimately changed by this experience. She’s ready to get revenge, and even Red is a little spooked.
So much credit goes to Megan Boone for this episode. It was a strong change of pace in aesthetics and tone, but it wouldn’t have worked half as well without her very, very strong performance. She’s underrated and sometimes saddled with circumstances that frustrate, but she was powerfully muted here. This was her best work yet. Hopefully the show gives her space to continue to explore this version of Liz in the coming episodes.
HuffPo, David Hinckley: You Think Negan Likes Killing People? Check Out What Liz Keen Does to Bad Guys on ‘The Blacklist’http://bit.ly/2lKj7Qt
// 1/3/2018
Not since the golden age of the Steven Seagal / Sylvester Stallone / Clint Eastwood / Charles Bronson vigilante flicks has a character gotten more sheer pleasure out of killing bad guys than Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone) gets in this week’s return of The Blacklist. …
The second half of the Blacklist season kicks off at 8 p.m. ET Wednesday, and as fans would expect, the death of Liz’s husband Tom Keen (Ryan Eggold) has reset all the characters and some of the rules.
The episode wisely focuses on Liz, who has been shattered into tiny pieces by the unsolved crime. Tom ran in a shady, dangerous world and she knew it, but that makes no her less determined to now implement her own version of justice.
Liz is an FBI agent, of course, but she’s also the daughter of Raymond Reddington (James Spader), who routinely handles things outside the parameters of the law even though he works with the FBI to apprehend mega-criminals.
Liz’s bounce to the dark side doesn’t represent a sudden wholesale shift. Nonetheless, it’s emphatic, and Boone makes the transition both credible and compelling. …
She got that answer slowly. Her relationship to Reddington also unspooled in small increments, while Tom Keen wove in and out of the story without ever fully revealing himself. Good guy, bad guy? We never could be quite sure. Even his last mission, to find a mysterious piece of information for Liz, was never exactly spelled out. Tom seemed to think it would turn her against Reddington for good, and as far as we know the information could still be in play.
CarterMatt: Why The Blacklist season 5 episode 9 is poised to be series classichttp://bit.ly/2lDrywD
// 12/29/2017
Are you ready for The Blacklist season 5 episode 9 to arrive on NBC? You really should be. This episode, entitled “Ruin,” is one you’re absolutely going to watch live. Not only does it serve as the jumping-off point for the second half of the season, but it’s a fantastic showcase for Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen tries to piece together her life.
TVGuide, Liz Raftery: The Blacklist: What’s the Inspiration for All of Red’s Crazy Adventures?http://bit.ly/2zvgQ4p
// 11/23/2017
HuffPo, David Hinckley: ‘Blacklist’ Shocker: Sometimes, As Major Strasser Said, Human Life is Cheaphttp://bit.ly/2A0gzmW
After Wednesday night’s Blacklist, it just got a little harder to argue that prime-time TV isn’t becoming Game of Thrones. Getting hired as a main character just isn’t the immunity card that it used to be. …
Jon Bokenkamp, the show’s creator, reiterated at the start of this fifth season that Tom was almost erased at the end of the first, when his wife Liz (Megan Boone) found out he’d been lying to her about pretty much everything, possibly including his name. Annoyed, she chained him up and waved a gun at him. Thanks, Hon. …
He was a shadowy character from start to finish, and The Blacklist dropped regular hints that anyone who thought they’d figured him out, or even knew if he were a bad guy or a good guy, might not want to bet too heavily on it. …
Random death has always been an occasional factor in prime-time shows, either because an actor actually died or, more often, wanted to leave. From Dan Stevens of Downton Abbey to McLean Stevenson of M*A*S*H, it has often been convenient for writers to terminate a departing actor with extreme prejudice. …
But major deaths can change a show, which can be risky or can be good. The Blacklist, it’s safe to say, is thinking this will deliver a shot of adrenalin. …
Bokenkamp said in a statement Wednesday that the return episode “will be like nothing we’ve ever done before.”
Hollywood Reporter: ‘The Blacklist’ Parts Ways With an Original Series Starhttp://bit.ly/2A1OQFw
// 11/15/2017
“Of all the words I’ve written on the show, two of the hardest were when Red [James Spader] told Liz [Megan Boone]: ‘Tom’s dead.’ Nooooo! We’ll miss the intensity, range and just plain bad ass-ness Ryan [Eggold] brought to the part. Won’t come as any surprise — but he went down swinging!” Eisendrath, who wrote Wednesday’s episode with Bokenkamp, said in a statement to The Hollywood Reporter. …
“I feel incredibly lucky to have played a role with such a uniquely dynamic evolution,” Eggold said in a statement to THR. “I’m grateful for the time spent working with Megan, James and the entire cast. I’m thankful to the incredibly hard-working crew for consistently making the show better. Sony and NBC have both been deeply supportive, conscientious and adept in managing the show. Mostly I’m indebted to Jon Bokenkamp, John Eisendrath and the writers for continuing to elevate the show creatively and always impassioning me to further explore the true nature of this character. I will miss this TV family immensely and diligently look forward to the opportunity to embody new characters and tell new stories.”
Last night’s emotional tour de force “The Kilgannon Corporation” was the best episode The Blacklist has ever done, and no I’m not exaggerating. The characters were perfectly balanced, the writing was spectacular, the plot was intense and emotional, and the monologues given by Red and Dembe no doubt brought even the strongest viewers to tears. Not to mention that the brilliant Hisham Tawfiq was the star of the episode as Dembe, a character who usually says about one to two words every now and then.
The Blacklist is at its best when it focuses on the emotional cores of the characters and their intimate relationships with each other, and I don’t mean this is in a romantic way. The relationship between Dembe and Red is the deepest, most beautiful and loving one in the show, and focusing on that makes The Blacklist sail to new heights; heights that they have come close to hitting before–but never reached in the way that “The Kilgannon Corporation” did. …
The smile between Red and Ressler at the end of the episode when The Task Force had brought a group of ten migrants to him to safely relocate, instead of turning them over to the police to get deported, meant so much.
They both reveled in the feeling of saving innocent people looking for a better life because they have more in common than they realize. …
So rarely does it happen that a show fixes the problems of its past season and returns to the quality that it first started with, but The Blacklist has done it. This season has returned to the roots and standard of the show that we all fell in love with, and all I can say is–Bravo.
One of the more frustrating things … is the frequent disrespect shown to network shows, often the backbone of what we cover and some of the most entertaining programs week in and week out. From the excellent and fiercely dramatic conclusion of the Mr. Kaplan arc of season 4 to the lighthearted and high-octane reinvention of the show in season 5, this is The Blacklist at it’s best. It’s discovered its groove once more since it’s incredible first season and it certainly helps that the show is anchored by the always-outstanding James Spader as Raymond Reddington.
Cinemablend, Laura Hurley: The Bloody Way The Blacklist Just Raised The Stakes With The Mysterious Suitcasehttp://bit.ly/2zoSIvH
// 10/19/2017
It’s still not clear whether or not Tom really will be killed when the action in the present catches up with the flash-forward, but the flash-forward does prove that the suitcase will probably change hands yet again. It’s looking like Tom will get the case back in his possession, although it’s impossible to say how long he’ll be able to keep it. This is a suitcase that people are willing to kill for, and Nik’s death can’t exactly be swept under the rug. He has powerful friends, and Liz will likely take a particular interest in solving his death, given her guilt after driving him away in “The Endling.” It should be interesting to discover if Red’s allies are responsible or if a third party has suddenly entered the game.
[W]hile the mailman thought making an extra hundred grand on the side was good business, he had no idea how much his business would grow with just a few tweaks from Red.
What a great idea to make these places safe houses for criminals! Only Red would come up with an idea like that. Not only is he going to make buttloads of money, he’s going to make himself invaluable to his criminal counterparts.
How come no one ever thought to do something like this before?
But that’s Red for you. His mind is always working. One little spark and his imagination goes wild. Now he has some cash, a plane, and a multitude of houses to fit his every need. And he still has the Task Force on his side.
It was surprising that Red had no ulterior motive for handing over a Blacklister. Liz was surprised about that, too. It may have been a way to show Liz, in case she didn’t know already, how devoted Red is to her and that he would do anything for her including giving his life to save hers.
As much as the Nirah was trying to do the right thing to save her son, she was incredibly selfish doing her dirty deeds for that purpose. It’s true that a mother’s love knows no bounds, but her vision was screwed up.
I disagree with Red that she was a sinner turned to a saint because of what she did. Yes, she made the ultimate sacrifice but only because she was forced to. Red gave her no choice. If she wouldn’t have killed herself, there’s no doubt in my mind that he would have pulled the trigger himself.
The boy would have gotten her heart either way with or without her consent. …
Poor Nik was never able to escape from under Red’s thumb. And now the guy is dead because of him. Ultimately it was Tom’s fault, but all roads lead back to Red.
… [W]ho killed Nik and took the bones? It had to be triggered by Liz’s FBI I.D. and that puts the mystery in even more dangerous territory because you know someone is going to question Liz about it.
She’s going to get sucked up into the mystery of the bones, and there’s nothing anyone can do about it. Tom made a poor choice using her ID to help identify the bones. He put Liz right into the thick of it with that idiotic mistake.
I’m going to guess that this is how Red ends up confronting Tom and possibly killing him. Liz will be questioned, she’ll go to Red and Red will go to Tom. …
TVGuide, Cory Barker: The Blacklist: Liz Makes a Controversial Decision, but Was it the Right One?http://bit.ly/2yEKYZD
// 10/18/2017
This week, however, The Blacklist pivoted ever so slightly to shine the spotlight on the third member of its leading trio, the character with the least amount of surface intrigue but who perhaps has the most potential for evolution in this version of the show. Liz (Megan Boone) yet again has these scheming and duplicitous men in her immediate vicinity; but unlike in the show’s early seasons, she is, in theory, far more aware of the ways in which her father and her lover manipulate her. That makes for fertile storytelling ground, if handled correctly.
It’s the perfect kind of half-step toward a slightly different view of the world where Red’s influence is more visible. On one hand, as Liz noted late in the episode, she helped a sick and innocent child survive (and eliminated a threat in the process). On the other hand, as Cooper (Harry Lennix) argued, she stood by and let an evil person off the hook, disobeying protocol to decide who gets to live and die. The ultimate results of her decision were good; the processes she followed to get there are less good — though not overtly evil. Red-esque, if you will.
ETOnline, Philipiana Ng: From Script to Screen: How ‘The Blacklist’ Turned to a Fan Favorite to Ramp Up the Funny (Exclusive)http://et.tv/2ynrPL5
// 10/11/2017
Red’s quip about Glen’s living situation — that he’s a millionaire still living with his mother — came from conversations Bokenkamp and Spader, also an executive producer, had over the years. “The more I started thinking about it, the more it made sense. It is a little bit of a dig to the character of Glen. That’s how Red feels about him,” Bokenkamp says. “They don’t get along, but there is an affinity for the other. And at the end of the day, Glen is one of the people in Red’s inner circle who didn’t abandon him. I think Reddington is deeply grateful for that.”
Bokenkamp dug into the constraints that often come with having a show on a broadcast network, crediting the “limitations” as making The Blacklist “a better show.” “What surprises me is what we can show versus what we can say. We can’t show the top two inches of the rear of a man’s buttcrack, but we can show people being murdered straight up every week, which blows my mind,” he admits, referencing Glen’s PG-13 version of swearing, as noted in the script below. “I’m sure, in the cable version, he’d say, ‘Are you f***ing with me?’ But it’s almost more fun that he says, ‘Are you dickin’ with me?’ Who talks like that?”
[ more annotated script pages at link ]
TVGuide, Cory Barker: The Blacklist: What Does Red Know About Ressler?http://bit.ly/2hGDXgT
// 10/11/2017
…The Blacklist has stayed hot into week two, even though I have some qualms with some of the way they’re handling things. By Season 5, I never expected that they could continue to create such a compelling show …
There was much that pleased me about “Greyson Blaise” as a whole. Namely that star of TURN: Washington’s Spies, Owain Yeoman, flawlessly played the white collar blacklister. It was wonderful to have him back on my TV screen so soon. But aside from that, the one-off story surrounding Greyson Blaise was high stakes and twisty, something that not every Blacklist episode captures. Reddington gaining his trust and then burning him was a delightful heist driven story with high stakes, and supplemented by Yeoman’s bravado. Yeoman and Spader worked well together and since Greyson Blaise only went to jail, I hope to see him again.
CinemaBlend, Mick Joest: The Major Blacklist Event That Might Finally Happen In Season 5http://bit.ly/2fYQBuJ
// 10/6/2017
If marriage is in the future for Tom and Liz, letting her know about the significance of that suitcase will likely put him in his father-in-law’s bad graces, which appears to happen regardless according to that flash forward.
TVGuide, Cory Barker: The Blacklist: Is Liz Becoming Too Much Like Her Father?http://bit.ly/2xV1Ds1
// 10/4/2017
The Blacklist has always tried to paint Red as this partially conflicted, fully charismatic dude, but there’s a level of needed malice behind Spader’s performance that sometimes makes it hard to appreciate the character or the performance. But here? Here we got a completely uncorked Spader, with Red wheeling and dealing his way into one selfish pursuit after another.
Across the episode, Red convinced Cooper (Harry Lennix) of the need to bankroll his courting of the titular Blaise (an always solid Owain Yeoman, rocking his natural accent) abroad, then talked Blaise into coming to a party at a house he didn’t have, then intimidated a wealthy couple into letting him use the house, and then gained Blaise’s trust only to narc on him, exploit his resources, and fall backwards into a free Picasso. Boy did he have fun doing it, making everyone — including Liz — look like an intellectual lightweight in comparison.
Without the use of violence or talking points about code names and conspiracies, Spader’s performance really hums. His ability to represent Red’s glee over being the smartest person in the room is simply joyous in episodes like this where the character is courting and conning everyone around him for even the most ridiculous purposes like turning a rival’s compound into hysteria simply to retrieve a coin that Blaise had outbid him on earlier in the case. Respect to that level of petty.
Red’s charmed assault on Blaise also nicely demonstrated how Liz, deep down, enjoys her father’s showmanship and skill — and might share them more than she’d like to admit. She was a willing compatriot throughout the episode, once blaming it on the alcohol during the fancy party rouse but ultimately admitting she just liked conning another con, with the master con.
In the short-term, this makes for a nice change of pace for The Blacklist. The two central characters get to explore their relationship with lighter baggage. And in the long-term, it will make whatever awful thing(s) Red eventually does to Liz or Tom that much more painful. …
… [T]he episode’s final moment, with Red, Tom and Liz awkwardly pretending like there’s no awkwardness between them, was a strong button on another fun episode — and a clear indication that the fun, as I’m defining it, is probably over. No one knows exactly what the others know, but they’re certain something is going on — and they’re all correct. Is it ridiculous that we’re going down this road again with these three characters? Absolutely. But the constant push and pull between them and the annoying father-in-law on steroids story is what makes The Blacklist tick.
CinemaBlend: The Blacklist May Have Just Revealed How One Huge Character Is Going To Diehttp://bit.ly/2xSJElz
// 9/28/2017
Here’s what happened. Tom, who had been toting that suitcase around for the majority of the episode, reunited with Liz at their apartment at the very end to deliver his news. Before he could tell her about the suitcase, however, she dropped the bomb that Red is her father. Tom then decided not to involve her in the suitcase situation, and we got a flashforward that featured what looked an awful lot like Tom’s death.
In the flashforward, we see Red and Dembe enter the apartment to find a very bloody Tom lying on the floor, clearly having taken a severe beating. Red stood over Tom, pointed his gun, and fired twice at Tom. Although we don’t see the actual wounds, Tom’s eyes seemed to be staring pretty blankly up at the ceiling after the gunfire. It looks like he might be biting the dust. For a guy who already lost his spinoff, death is a pretty big bummer.
CinemaBlend: The Blacklist Season 5 Reveals First Look At Liz And Tom’s Big Reunionhttp://bit.ly/2wgkp8V
// 7/4/2017
Inquisitr: ‘The Blacklist’ Season 5: Current Reddington A Fake? Contents Of Suitcase Could Set Plot Next Seasonhttp://bit.ly/2wRhqmT
// 7/16/2017
The Blacklist is a show known for leading its audiences one way only to have their assumptions shattered as the show progresses. A great example is when everyone believed Liz to be dead, only to be revealed a season later that it was just a fake death meant to fool Red. Given this precedent, it is understandable that fans would be a bit wary of Season 4’s revelation that Red is Liz’s father. While the DNA test result might be true, there could be a twist that might be introduced when Season 5 returns this fall.
Some untrusting The Blacklist fans were quick to point out that there is one potential flaw with the DNA test result. The sample used for the testing was taken from Reddington decades ago and not from the current Red. Thus, it opens the possibility that the current Red may not be the same person who was the source of the sample.
If the current Red is not the Redding of the past who is the source of the DNA tested, who could he be then? Well, depending on who you ask, answers vary greatly. For instance, there are those who believe that, for still unknown reasons, someone took over Reddington’s identity when Liz killed him on the night of the fire as stated in this The Blacklist fan site, which also contains an impressive collection of evidence to support the impostor theory. Of course, there are also those who are convinced that the current Red is actually Katarina, Liz’s mother.
But it appears the suitcase full of bones will set the plot for Season 5. In last season’s finale, the suitcase is in the possession of Tom, who may or may not give it to Liz.
Of course, the pertinent question is whose bones could be inside the suitcase. Again, a lot of theories have been put forward with some saying that it could contain Katarina’s bones due to the letter K marking on it. On the other hand, there are fans who believe that it could contain the bones of the real Reddington. If the latter is true, it also explains why the impostor Red is bent on intercepting the bones to keep them from reaching Liz.
EP Bokenkamp already confirmed that the suitcase reaching Liz could spell trouble for Red. When EW questioned Bokenkamp whether the bones belong to the real Reddington, the EP confirmed that the bones are the key for Liz to unlock the bigger picture, something that Red, impostor or not, is not quite ready for yet.
“That could also be a good theory. I love the way you look at this. Look, they could be anyone, right? But they’re going to be a problem, a real problem, Liz finds out about them. These bones are a key to unlocking everything, and Red is not ready for that yet.”
I mean it. The Blacklist has improved by leaps and bounds since Tom Keen left to do his own thing. Almost all of the complaints I had about the show evaporated into Redemption. What remains is a half-procedural, half character-driven drama series that explores ideals, hopes, and dreams of all different kinds of Americans…who happen to be FBI agents and criminals. Still, largely, the show’s improvement since cutting the dead weight has been apparent.
… The Blacklist still feels a little bit like the Red and Liz show, with other characters sprinkled in the background. I’m not saying that shouldn’t be the case, because James Spader is one of the best actors on television right now, and Reddington by far one of the most compelling characters in the same spectrum. Still, this episode highlighted one of my remaining apprehensions about the show, which is simply that the other task force members don’t get enough screen time. … All of the supporting cast, even Dembe, have proven to be ridiculously compelling when given a chance to shine.
All told, I’m still extremely curious at what secrets Liz could be hiding from herself. I think the series has been hinting for some time that Katarina Rostova could still be alive. … I’m just speculating, of course, but I sincerely hope that the mystery is worth the build up.
“During a recent conference, [NBC chief Jennifer] Salke said the numbers are low but the show is a big performer overseas:
“‘[The Blacklist is] very profitable for Sony and an important show for us. Even though the linear rating is nothing to write home about, we define it differently and look at how it performs over a few days. It’s huge overseas.’
“The creators of The Blacklist will pitch a new season to NBC next week.”
CarterMatt: The Blacklist: What James Spader series needs to do to secure season 5 renewalhttp://bit.ly/2m1fVRM
// 2/26/2017
EntertainmentWeekly: Did The Blacklist reveal Red’s real betrayer?http://bit.ly/2mkjj7C
// 2/23/2017, Interview with Jon Bokenkamp ⋙ for excerpts, see Interrogations
The Blacklist returns on Thursday, April 20 with a two-hour episode.
While The Blacklist is “a cop show in many ways, this is a spy show,” EP John Eisendrath said about the series’ latest spin.
Redemption follows Ryan Eggold’s operative character Tom Keen as he begins to learn facets about his past, specifically his mother, military intelligence op Susan Hargrave (Famke Janssen), who lost him when he was a toddler. …
Essentially, the 15th episode of The Blacklist feeds right into Redemption as NBC will devote a two-hour block to the franchise. “Tom Keen walks from one episode into the next,” says Eisendrath. …
One big question: How does Redemption fold in Keen’s baby and his relationship with Liz?
Teased Eggold: “He never had a family life or intimate relationship. This love is important to him, and it’s not going to go away lightly. So we’ll see the struggle of his balancing a work life with espionage abroad and a home life.”
EntertainmentWeekly: The Blacklist: Redemption team on why Tom Keen is heading to the spin-offhttp://bit.ly/2khF0qt
// 1/18/2017
The Blacklist: Redemption finds the world’s most elusive criminals from Red’s (James Spader) infamous list coming together to form an elite mercenary team as they try to regain their self-worth after a lifetime of inflicting damage on the world. Blacklist undercover operative Tom Keen (Eggold) joins the team’s brilliant and cunning chief, Susan “Scottie” Hargrave (Famke Janssen) — who is apparently his mother while Terry O’Quinn is his father! — as well as lethal assassin and Tom nemesis Matias Solomon (Edi Gathegi). …
“Right off the bat, we say she is his mother,” Eggold told reporters at the Television Critics Association’s press tour on Wednesday.
On the flip side, however, Scottie is in the dark about the truth. “We’re playing that I don’t know at the moment that he is my son,” Janssen said. “Also, the source, we have to consider where it came from, which is Red. We don’t really know, so there’s a lot of intrigue and suspense when it comes to this relationship.”…
The question remains whether Red’s far-reaching influence will find its way into Redemption — and the producers aim to answer that if the show is renewed for a second season. For now, Eisendrath said, “Redemption stands on its own. Redemption is a world that is independent of The Blacklist.
The spin-off is particularly different when it comes to its genre. Where Blacklist is more of a cop drama, the spies of Redemption have to use unconventional means to achieve their goals. “It’s an espionage thriller,” Eisendrath said, though stressing that the DNA of Blacklist lies within. …
As for whether Tom is gone from the flagship series, Eisendrath said he will definitely be back. “The answer is he’s always going to be part of The Blacklist family,” Eisendrath said. “He’s not leaving The Blacklist with a period; it’s more of a comma. … It is very important to us that Tom Keen’s character, who is a young guy, fun, sexy, a great undercover operative, but also is someone who is vulnerable and accesses his emotions and is responsible for the things that matter in life, and that includes Agnes.”
It’s a surprising turnaround for the producers to spin off the character after having very different plans for him. In the initial conception of The Blacklist, Tom Keen was slated to die in the pilot, but an executive at TNT — where the producers also pitched the show before it landed at NBC — said the character should stick around. At the close of the first season, they also mulled killing off Tom. “We never did it in large part because Ryan became so undeniably significant in The Blacklist,” Eisendrath said. “Instead of writing him out and killing him, we just wrote more and more for him until it became clear it was a character we could build a show around.”
… [O]nce Dembe realizes that Red’s actions were merely an elaborate ploy to replace Kate, with a couple of casualties along the way, he goes rogue and heads straight for Liz and Tom’s new apartment (where, by the way, Liz is not ready to welcome Red just yet, despite the fact that he went to the trouble of convincing the president of the United States to issue her a pardon).
What will Liz do with the information? That remains to be seen. But if anyone needs to watch their back, it’s Dembe — because we all know what Red Reddington does with people he feels he can no longer trust.
The series actually performs astoundingly well in DVR viewing in the days following the live airing.
For the first eight episodes of Season 4, The Blacklist averaged 5.8 million viewers and a 1.14 in the valuable 18 – 49 age demographic in Live+same day ratings. Neither of those numbers is particularly great, especially for a Big 4 network like NBC. What may save The Blacklist is the fact that the Live+7 numbers that take DVR viewership into account bump the average up to 10.6 million viewers and a 2.37 in the 18 – 49 demo. The demographic rating jumps a whopping average of 108% from Live+same to Live+7, and the 4.8 million extra viewers are impressive. The show is also doing well in wealthy homes, which likely means that NBC makes a pretty penny off of advertising revenue.
The DVR numbers should come as a relief to any fans who have been afraid that The Blacklist is on its last legs on NBC. … Going by the DVR numbers, … the drop might … connect to the change in the show’s time slot. NBC bumped The Blacklist from a 9 p.m. to a 10 p.m. time slot, which could have cost the show some members of the audience who happen to go to bed before episodes air.
Throw in the fact that the Thursday 10 p.m. time slot is rough on the other Big 4 networks, and the ratings for The Blacklist aren’t too alarming. In fact, The Blacklist ranks #2 in every key demographic in the 10 p.m. slot against competition from ABC and CBS. … Cross-posted under News
StopRU: The Blacklist season 4: Jon Bokenkamp “Alexander Kirk has many truths about the past of Liz!” http://bit.ly/2cIlxYN
// 9/14/2016
NBC: Get Ready for Season 4 of The Blacklisthttp://bit.ly/2clTD7I previews, S3 clips, access to S3 episodes, & a 22min “Behind the Scenes”
NBC: Get Ready for Season 4 of The Blacklist http://bit.ly/2clTD7I previews, S3 clips, access to S3 episodes, & a 22min “Behind the Scenes”
// undated
RottenTomatoes: Supergirl, The Blacklist, and More Available on Netflix This Weekhttp://bit.ly/2cb1LEF
// 9/13/2016
1. The truth behind Red and Liz’s relationship2. Red and Liz reuniting3. How the FBI task force will handle Liz’s return4. More Dembe5. Dembe with new hats6. A new character to join the team7. Tom finding more out about his mom8. The return of Solomon9. Aram finding love10. An after work hangout session11. The fate of Mr Kaplan12. An interesting and engaging antagonist13. Clever quips and monologues from Red
———————I would add: 14. More about Naomi and Jennifer (Red’s ex-wife and daughter)15. An explanation for the story Red told to Madeline Pratt (“Bloody Christmas”)16. A love interest for Red … c’mon – we watch this show for 🔥 Hot Spader 🔥
NYT, AO Scott: Poking at Politics, Without a Stick, on Big and Small Screenshttp://nyti.ms/293cf7G “The European postwar order is a shambles”
// 6/30/2016, Though not about The Blacklist, this article is an interesting look at how pop culture and politics are intertwined.
● “The European postwar order is a shambles. A rich celebrity with no political experience and a flagrant disregard for the niceties of political behavior has become the presumptive nominee of a major American political party. I’ll leave it there for now, though the litany of the dreadful, the unlikely, the inexplicable and the absurd could be extended in every direction. Over in the other major party, the wife of a former president fought off a serious challenge from a 74-year-old socialist. The political institutions that have taken turns governing Britain for most of the last century are in chaos. Let’s not even talk about what’s happening in Russia, Bolivia and Brazil. [ Or worse, Venezuela ] Who could make this stuff up?”
● “The world right now is more farcical than the most ridiculous big- or small-screen comedy; more extravagantly and bombastically preposterous than any superhero franchise movie; and a whole lot scarier than any zombie apocalypse or paranormal shriek-fest”
● “The movie studios, the cable and broadcast channels, and the producers and creators who feed them stories don’t just represent a constellation of talent or competing agglomerations of corporate power. They also constitute an Establishment, an elite devoted to preserving their influence and accustomed to regarding their constituents with a mixture of entitlement, sincere concern and condescension”
● “[A]t present the genre’s default ideology is a variant of the masters-of-the-universe libertarianism that energizes some of the most vocal sectors of the American ruling class. The supermen are doing good, and they know what’s good for us, and they have never needed pusillanimous institutions — the cops, the press, the government — to tell them what to do. What they need is the support and gratitude of the masses, and when they don’t get that affirmation, they can get a little sulky”
● “The superhero franchise movies can be interpreted as psychological case studies of the powerful, but they are also defenses of power. Their protagonists see themselves as outsiders, as rebels against weak or corrupt civic authority, and at the same time as avatars of a more benevolent and less accountable form of strength, whose exercise is justified by the absolute evil they must combat. This kind of politics has a precise name, one that’s been rather astonishingly bandied about during the Republican primary season. But I’m not going to call Captain America a fascist. Not yet anyway.”
GoldDerby: Experts’ Predictions: Best Drama Actorhttp://bit.ly/29unCXU not good news; very much an echo chamber, unfortunately The Blacklist
// as of 6/30/2016
GoldDerby, Buchanan: Emmy spotlight: James Spader (‘The Blacklist’) outdid himself as a man in mourning in season 3http://bit.ly/29iSP1c
// 6/26/2016
“The role [of Red Reddington] offers the actor ample opportunities to demonstrate his incredible range: in each episode he is both menacing and comic as he eviscerates his on-screen foes. He also somberly reflects on his many sacrifices and his lost opportunities for a peaceful, familial existence.
● “Spader’s arc this year provided him with some of his best material to date. After Elizabeth’s shocking death, Red abandons all of his obligations in order to grieve privately. The resulting episode, “Cape May,” proved to be an extreme departure from the usually procedural and ensemble nature of the series; Spader spends the entire episode either alone on screen or opposite a mysterious woman (“Outlander” actress Lotte Verbeek) who seems to be from Red’s past. Spader is brilliant in the episode, conveying Red’s overwhelming grief, searching his conscience and probing his past for solace and redemption. In particular, Spader’s monologue about the effects of suicide on one’s family is both beautiful and heart-wrenching, and it helps solidify the episode as a fantastic Emmy submission.”
● “Spader is no stranger to the TV awards circuit. His performance as Alan Shore garnered him three Emmy wins for Best Drama Actor (2004 for “The Practice,” 2005 and 2007 for “Boston Legal”), as well as four individual SAG Award nominations (2006-2009) and a Golden Globe bid (2005). For “The Blacklist,” Spader contended at both the 2014 and 2015 Globes but this performance has not yet been acknowledged by SAG or the Emmys.”
The Blacklist is a terrific, inventive, entertaining and eccentric show by network standards. Indeed, by any standards. From the get-go, James Spader’s hammy, overripe performance as Raymond (Red) Reddington, a bombastic villain turned informant, has been its excellent anchor. He’s so arch and sometimes insufferable, you can’t take your eyes off him. Network drama isn’t dead as long as something like The Blacklist can be created and thrive.
In one astonishing episode a few weeks ago, called Cape May, Red experienced what seemed to be an opium dream of lamentation. At an eerily bleak beach hotel in mid-winter, he encountered a woman, long dead, who might be Elizabeth’s mother, or might not. The entire episode was a striking example of a network show with the confidence to expand limits and brood on the characters. As always with The Blacklist too, the music was phenomenally good and appropriate.
From the beginning, I thought there was a fiercely theatrical quality to the series, something that only works while using an actor with Spader’s flamboyant tone. The entire series, rich in broad passions, tragedy and pathos, is one long revenge drama, Jacobean in style. The Blacklist does not have the chops of great premium-cable drama, but it has literary chops and an exuberance that is very entertaining.
“It also helps to have James Spader, who is the highlight of the series, carry an entire episode, and he definitely delivered again.
“Sure, we’ve seen Red spout off fantastic speeches and quippy one-liners, and we’ve seen him be the bad ass who is always one step ahead. But we really got a chance to see a much more vulnerable man, a man who couldn’t save the day.
“There was such a haunting feeling that surrounded his character, the setting on the cold beach and the general atmosphere as he spoke with the ghost of Katarina.
“Even in the way he talked about loving a woman, losing her, and trying to do right by the child was captivating. You felt his anguish, and he could have been talking about either Katarina or Liz. … He now lost two people for whom he deeply cared.
“And yet, with Red finding that locket and the ghost of Katarina talking about losing her but saving Liz, there was definitely a positive spin after what felt like a tragic hour. But did that mean Red came to terms with his past or something more?”
“James Spader carries this show. It’s incredible. The way he maneuver’s through the wide array of Reddington’s emotions is absolutely breathtaking. To feel along with Reddington the pain of his loss, the heartbreak, and, especially, the realization that he had been imagining and reliving all of the things he went through at Cape May. I genuinely hope that Spader is remembered come Emmy time, because he’s an absolute revelation. There is no character on television like Raymond Reddington, and Spader embodies the character.
“As the story leaned more on the serialized plot and less on the crutch of the procedural, it became better and better, and has evolved into its peak at this point, where there is no hint of procedural anywhere. I’m sure, so that the show’s premise doesn’t completely fade, that at some point the procedural element will return, but after this episode? I don’t miss it.”
April 3,2015BlacklistDeclassified:Tara Bennett, who wrote “Elizabeth Keen’s Dossier” along with Paul Terry, was kind enough to answer several questions for me.
Q: Can I ask you a few questions about “Elizabeth Keen’s Diary” and publish your answers on my blog? Most of them have to do with the degree to which fans can assume the content reflects “canon.” In other words, when I come across something I wasn’t aware of, can I assume that the show creators signed off (explicitly or implicitly)? The fact that @BlacklistRoom is promoting the book suggests there is some level of coordination and approval.
A: The book is indeed canon. We worked with the show and all of the materials came from the production & writing team (scripts, screen source documents from the episodes, photography, etc…) Also we worked with Nicole Phillips to ensure our copy was accurate and properly vetted by the show. We were writing the book as they were writing the first half of S3 so we had to adjust our writing per changes in their writing as it happens with books like these. The EPs had final review of the book. We made changes according to their notes for the final product.
Q: A couple examples of things that were new to me:
● Liz writing she would like to “un-hear” a comment Red made about an “erotic” experience with Madeline Pratt.
● I don’t remember the exact wording, but Liz suggesting “freedom” is important thematically.
As in he’s talking about her in a way that Liz doesn’t want to hear the dirty details :)
As to freedom being a theme, yes, Liz gaining knowledge through her profiling of her life in the book is about gaining her freedom in terms of knowing her past so it can finally give context to her present. Also the book’s conceit is this is an analog (thus safer) compilation of what she’s learned about everything via Red, the Blacklisters and her peers. She’s been compiling it since Red came into her life and when she was on the run with him at the top of S3, she continued to catalogue details that would eventually get inserted into the book in case she lost her freedom and needed to expose & contextualize everything that got her to this moment.
Q: Did you use the comics as a source? The reason I ask is I haven’t read them so I don’t know if you may have gotten material that I am not familiar with from them. This would imply to me I need to read those first (before writing about your book).
A: Yes, the comics are included in the book but only as a Blacklister in that section and some context copy. We were provided the scripts to Nicole’s comics as we were writing the book for inclusion but it was not the starting point, or the linchpin, to the book in any way.
Q: Did the show provide any of the “props” (documents etc) featured in EK’s Dossier?
A: Yes, we were provided all of the production designed materials from the series team but those were primarily the wanted posters, ID badge images and basic HR forms for the Blacklist agents. We also were provided the screen used images that often filed Aram’s screens when they were investigating a case. However, our wonderful design team, Amazing 15, created the spreads utilizing all of those images and turning them into files that Liz would just grab from the FBI archive.
“Elizabeth Keen’s Dossier is a lavish visual celebration of this hugely popular and critically acclaimed show. Liz has been compiling her notes and case files on Red, Tom, the Blacklist and her colleagues at the FBI since day 1. This book is the truth of what has happened so far. A dossier of in-world documentation, photographs, maps, newspaper cuttings and Liz’s detailed notes, it pieces together the puzzle that is Red’s Blacklist. A must have for any fan.”
“The details in each of the sections are thorough and provide welcome backstory. In fact, if you’re struggling to fully understand the Berlin and Cabal storylines (or can’t keep track of all of Red’s business associates), this book has illustrated sections that appear as crime boards that map out the connections between the various players.
“Lizzie’s commentary is sprinkled throughout the pages, detailing her thoughts on the characters she has interacted with as well as unanswered questions she has. If you’re the kind of fan with an eye for details, you may also spot close ups of things that only get a cursory showing on your TV screen. For example, you can delve more deeply into lab reports, crime scene photos or suspect profiles. You’ll also spot a manilla envelope with a familiar symbol tucked away in the back.”
VanityFair, Micah Nathan: Pretty in Pink Turns 30, and James Spader Remains the Only Reason to Watch Ithttp://bit.ly/1LM5xzW
// 2/26/2016
“The so-called high school classic has aged poorly, but Spader’s gleeful, authentic turn as a villainous cad keeps us coming back anyway.
“John Hughes’s Pretty in Pink turns 30 this month, and it has not aged well. The best of Hughes’s best teen movies—I’m thinking of The Breakfast Club and Ferris Bueller’s Day Off—at least tried to charm us, their polished alienation posing as spiky angst, their soundtracks offering the brood and bite that Hughes could not. Pretty in Pink doesn’t even try; it’s as though Hughes knew his audience would automatically root for any underdog, bonus points if she’s a poor girl with mussed hair and unadorned beauty, double bonus points if she makes her own clothes and suffers the sneers of rich kids, triple bonus points if the poor girl has a goofy best friend who nips at her heels yet seems incapable of ever jumping into her lap. …
“So why bother? You know the answer. James Spader. His performance makes the whole damn movie worth it. He shuffles about in linen suits, unbuttoned oxfords, and Egyptian-cotton robes. He shoots trap and rolls joints. He prowls the high-school halls, smoking a cigarette, a squinty flâneur who looks more like a hotshot real-estate developer casing the property than an 18-year-old waiting to hear back from his top three college choices. (My guess: Princeton, Yale, Stanford. Safety school: Skidmore.) Spader is so unbelievable as a high-school senior that his performance nearly crosses over into farce—maybe it does, the writers left him no choice—but there’s something authentic, nearly gleeful, in his turn as a villainous cad. A best-supporting-actor nomination should have followed. …
“The story goes that Pretty in Pink originally ended with Andie rejecting Blane and dancing prom night away with Duckie. Test audiences hated seeing Duckie sort of get the girl—I don’t blame them—so instead we get Blane and Andie kissing in the parking lot while OMD’s “If You Leave” lulls us into acceptance. Their union is the carnal equivalent of paint-by-numbers. But what about Steff? He didn’t get Andie, he lost Blane, and so what: the best revenge is getting ahead. Andie and Blane broke up that summer. Duckie fractured his neck in an Off Off Broadway performance of Peter Pan. Steff went to Yale and bedded the provost’s wife.”
● “The Oscars are silly. Why should we suppose that 6,000 members of an insular and entitled professional association would be reliable judges of quality?”
● “The days of the all-powerful critic are over. But that figure — high priest or petty dictator, destroying and consecrating reputations with the stroke of a pen — was always a bit of a myth” ⋘ not enough so, unfortunately
● “Criticism has always been a fundamentally democratic undertaking. It is an endless conversation, rather than a series of pronouncements. It is the debate that begins when you walk out of the theater or the museum, either with your friends or in the private chat room of your own head. It’s not me telling you what to think; it’s you and me talking”
● “Like every other form of democracy, criticism is a messy, contentious business, in which the rules are as much in dispute as the outcomes and the philosophical foundations are fragile if not vaporous.”
● ““It’s all good!” you might say. But you don’t believe that, any more than I do. Some of it is terrible. There is, axiomatically, no disputing taste, and also no accounting for it.”
● “The ability of critics to make a living may be precarious, but criticism remains an indispensable activity. The making of art — popular or fine, abstruse or accessible, sacred or profane — is one of the glories of our species. We are uniquely endowed with the capacity to fashion representations of the world and our experience in it”
● “[W]e have the ability, even the obligation, to judge what we have made, to argue about why we are moved, mystified, delighted or bored by any of it. At least potentially, we are all artists. And because we have the ability to recognize and respond to the creativity of others, we are all, at least potentially, critics, too.”
● “As consumers of culture, we are lulled into passivity or, at best, prodded toward a state of pseudo-semi-self-awareness, encouraged toward either the defensive group identity of fandom or a shallow, half-ironic eclecticism.”
● “In our roles as citizens of the political commonwealth we are conscripted into a polarized climate of ideological belligerence. Bluster substitutes for argument.”
● “The incentives not to think — to be one of the many available varieties of stupid — are powerful. But there is also genius around us, and within us.”
● “It’s the mission of art to free our minds, and the task of criticism to figure out what to do with that freedom.”
● “That everyone is a critic means that we are each capable of thinking against our own prejudices, of balancing skepticism with open-mindedness, of sharpening our dulled and glutted senses and battling the intellectual inertia that surrounds us. We need to put our remarkable minds to use and to pay our own experience the honor of taking it seriously.”
● “The real culture war (the one that never ends) is between the human intellect and its equally human enemies: sloth, cliché, pretension, cant. Between creativity and conformity, between the comforts of the familiar and the shock of the new. To be a critic is to be a soldier in this fight, a defender of the life of art and a champion of the art of living.”
TheAtlantic: Why Are So Few Film Critics Female?http://theatln.tc/1YHJoxZ The Blacklist @NBCBlacklist @MeganBoone
// 12/27/2015, (No specific mention on The Blacklist)
RollingStone: #TheBlacklist: Full House, Ace of Spadershttp://rol.st/1McsOjK doubles down on its oddball star and comes up a winner
// 10/20/2015
● RollingStone: “Nothing might sum up the crazy times we’re living in like the words ‘James Spader: Action Hero'” http://rol.st/1McsOjK The Blacklist
● “As The Blacklist takes off into its excellent third season, it remains one of a kind: the model for a well-built network cloak-and-dagger caper, so consistently clever it makes the whole genre look a breeze — except nobody else gets it right.”
● “So much of the show’s success comes down to Spader as Raymond “Red” Reddington”
● “But the gentleman spy Red is the perfect role for him: his intense eyes shielded by those manhole-cover lids, his control-freak deadpan, his patrician-stoner smirk. Pretty vacant, as the old song goes”
● “But the copy cats just show why it’s so hard to duplicate the ease and panache of The Blacklist; it depends on Spader’s serene arrogance to carry it off week by week. That quality has served him well his whole career, whether he’s been playing preppie scum (Pretty in Pink, Less Than Zero), kinksters (Secretary, Crash) or cartoon villains (Age of Ultron, 2 Days in the Valley). But he’s never had an asshole to play quite like Red.”
CarterMatt: ‘Shiptober: On ‘The Blacklist’ season 3 & the Liz-Red connectionhttp://bit.ly/1hO9BXl The Blacklist @NBCBlacklist
// 10/19/2015, by Mrs Carter, “The relationship between these two characters has become among the most interesting and complex on TV. At first, the biggest theory out there was that he could be her father, but the more we see of the show, the more obvious it becomes to us that this is not the case. For one, it’s too obvious; also, the chemistry that the two characters share is very different.”
● “As a matter of fact, if you look on social media these days, #Lizzington has become an incredibly-popular ‘ship for this show, and has a much more passionate following than anything that we’ve seen for Liz / Tom or Liz / Ressler. Where does this stem from? We feel like in part it is the element of mystery, the fact that the two have more in common than either would like to admit, and that they have been forced at times to care for one another because they have no one else to rely on.”
● “Why pair the two romantically? – For one, it is the most important relationship on the show. Without Reddington turning up, there’s no way Liz becomes involved in the task force, and there’s no way she could unlock many of the secrets from her past.”
● “He has some sort of predestined love and affection for her, regardless of where it stems from. He recognizes her potential, and values her safety even if he has a weird way of showing it from time to time.”
● “While adding a romantic component to this relationship was not something we were thinking about in season 1, it would at this point perhaps make the show even more layered and complex as more and more people in Liz’s world start to wonder what she sees in him. If she already feels like the world is against her, imagine what could happen after something like this.”
● “We don’t think that either one of them is going to be able to have a real relationship with someone else thanks to the closeness they share with each other, and that could be fascinating to explore.”
EW, Jodi Walker: The Blacklist 3:2 Marvin Gerardhttp://bit.ly/1Lfbhnk
// 10/9/2015, “I agree with Tom – we need to talk. But as opposed to whatever he and Ressler need to discuss (spoiler alert: it’s Lizzie), you and I… we need to talk about that scene. You know the one. THE scene. The one where Red and Lizzie walked out of a shipping container decorated like an X-Men villain’s secret lair, onto the deck of a cargo ship in the middle of an unknown ocean, and he told her that she’s his North Star. Because if there was ever any question that this show is about the relationship between Raymond Reddington and Elizabeth Keen – not just the connection between them, but their relationship: the people they are, the people they make each other – then season 3 is answering that with a loud and resounding, ‘This IS the story of Lizzie and Red, and here’s an itemized list of their childhood dreams to prove it.’ It’s doing that with confidence; it’s doing that with pizzazz; it’s doing it to the tune of ‘Our House” by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.”
LOL: “I’ve grown to really enjoy Elizabeth Keen as a character, but the woman cannot be left alone and still be expected to live.”
EW, Jodi Walker: The Blacklist: 3:3 Eli Matchetthttp://bit.ly/1kbmSuX
// 10/16/2015, “If there’s one message that this episode attempts to nail home a little more subtly, I think it’s this: Red isn’t lucky — Red makes his own luck. To use his own analogy from last week, Raymond Reddington doesn’t so much catch every green light; instead, he runs all the red ones. That means breaking the law; that means lying; that means working with criminals, murderers, people who have caused much pain, people who are undeniably bad; for Red and, now, for Lizzie that means killing: ‘I shot a cop…and killed the Attorney General of the United States.’ You sure did, Keen. Welcome to the show that just took you out of the protagonist’s seat.”
IBTimes: Watch The Blacklist season 3 premiere live online: Answers about Liz-Red relationship will be given in episode 1http://bit.ly/1KPYDuQ
ThinkChristian: The Blacklist and our need for sin-eatershttp://bit.ly/1VslzDp perceptive essay w background of the belief The Blacklist @NBCBlacklist
// 9/30/2015
ScreenSpy: THE BLACKLIST: Spader, Boone and Eggold on Season 3http://bit.ly/1MK7DT3 [interviews may be from last spring]
// 9/24/2015
Forbes, Merrill Barr: ‘The Blacklist’ Season 3 Review: A Relentless Game Of Cat And Mouse Beginshttp://onforb.es/1QGgs0K
// 9/24/2015, “There’s a lot to like about The Blacklist’s season premiere. It’s fun, it’s exciting but, most importaly, it’s full of passion.
● “Last year, what hurt the show more than anything, from a story perspective, was the Super Bowl episode. Despite being the highest rated broadcast in series history, … it did nothing for mythology beyond introducing what would become the group behind season two’s primary macguffin, The Fulcrum).”
● “Thankfully, with all of its timeslot madness now behind it, the show is now getting back to what it does best, putting Liz and Red in impossible situations they must figure a fantastical way out of.”
● “The hope, right now, is that it can both retain the audience of NBC’s big event of the fall, Heroes Reborn, while also helping to sustain the next big star driven series on the network’s slate, The Player …”
● “While the premiere does have its title blacklister of the week, named “The Troll Farmer,” the individual in question serves as small potatoes to the grander story of Red and Liz’s attempt to clear Liz’s name.”
● “But, more import is that fact that the arc doesn’t reach a conclusion by the end of the episode. Rather, come the final moments, we merely get to a point that leads to ‘the next chapter … and that’s totally fine if the show can maintain the level of excitement portrayed in its first episode back.”
EntertainmentWeekly: Liz and Red are just trying ‘to get out alive’ in season 3 of The Blacklisthttp://bit.ly/1gLP2tZ
// 9/22/2015, Liz “‘looks a lot more like her mother,’ Boone says of her character’s transformation, which includes a new blond ‘do. ‘She’s transforming into a woman that was a mystery to her before.’”
● “’She had a very idealistic world with a husband and a job, and everything was great,’ says exec producer John Eisendrath. ‘And the direction she’s been pulled is a rather dark path. She’s been drawn into Reddington’s world, and I think she’s seeing similarities in herself to him that she may not want to recognize.”’
● “But not everybody’s out gallivanting around Red’s underworld. ‘While the center of the show is always going to be Red and his relationship with Liz, we are going to get an opportunity to broaden the canvas and really tell a lot of great stories for all our characters this year,’ Eisendrath says. ‘This manhunt configuration really lends itself to everybody blossoming and getting to have their characters dramatized.'”
BlacklistDCd (8/1/2015): 🔴 Poll: Is Red Liz’s father?http://wp.me/pDKwi-1h9 The Blacklist @NBCBlacklist
// 7/18/2015 – 8/1/2015, 129 votes as of 8/1/2015
● 64 “No” (49.6%), 58 “Yes” (45.0%), 7 “Unsure” (5.4%)
● still about 50/50 (margin of error about 9); those who think Red is Lizzie’s father virtually unchanged from poll taken by The Blacklist Support group in March (52 or 50% “Yes” w 104 votes) http://bit.ly/1MqgHO3
MSNBC, Rachel Maddow Show: 1985 – The Year of the Spy (transcript) http://bit.ly/1Sn6zdvhttp://on.msnbc.com/1SQBREx (19 mins)
// 7/28/2015, Focus on Jonathan Pollard, who spied for the Israelis, but talks about a number of cases in 1985 in which men in Naval Intelligence and the CIA sold US secrets to the Russians
Tumblr, toutcequej’aime: ‘The Blacklist’ Season 3 Spoilers And Cast: Red Failed Liz? Upcoming Run To Center On Protagonist’s Struggle tmblr.co/ZV8-Am1oT5g-C
// 6/30/2015, sourced from IBTimes, Hollywood Reporter, Gospel Herald, Venture Capital Post
● IBTimes expects new Cabal-linked villain
● “…show’s structure is likely to undergo some change and may no longer follow the procedural format” according to IBTimes
● Jon Bokenkamp: ‘Red will continue to struggle with the sense that he failed Liz,’ IB Times continued.
● Bokenkamp “told The Hollywood Reporter, ’[This storyline] opens and takes us into a new chapter where she is no longer just an FBI agent – they have a real journey that they’re about to go on. They’re entering the third season as fugitives.’”
● “With Liz being a fugitive, it makes it very complicated if she and Tom will ever have their happy ending,” Gospel Herald reported.
● “The Venture Capital Post has stated that Liz Boone’s character is planning on taking center stage in season 3, as opposed to Red, played by James Spader, who always manages to steal the show in a very subtle way.”
NYT, Michael Woolf: How Television Won the Internethttp://nyti.ms/1R05FD6 trends in payment and types of programming
// 6/29/2015, “[S]ince adult household members pay the cable bills, TV content has to be grown-up content: ‘The Sopranos,’ ‘Mad Men,’ ‘Breaking Bad,’ ‘The Wire,’ ‘The Good Wife.'”
“Streaming video is now not only the hottest media draw — 78 percent of United States Internet bandwidth …”
“The fundamental recipe for media success, in other words, is the same as it used to be: a premium product that people pay attention to and pay money for. Credit cards, not eyeballs.”
Review of Reviews of Season 2 Finale: [2:22 Tom Connolly]
I found all 15 of The Blacklist season finale [2:22 Tom Connolly] reviews that showed up on the my first two Google pages and graded them for how helpful and insightful I thought they were http://wp.me/pDKwi-1bL.
I looked at their internet sites and graded those, too. Here, I was looking for functionality as well as for organization and interest.
Remember, as you read these: The grades next to the reviews are NOT grades given by the reviewer to the show, but rather how good the review itself was. Hopefully, the excerpts I included indicates how the reviewer felt about the show.
BuddyTV
By Lisa Cosas (contributing): ‘The Blacklist’ Season 2 Finale Recap: Liz Goes on the Run to Prove Her Innocencehttp://bit.ly/1IgiC1K
// 5/14/2015, “Overall, this was a satisfying season finale with just enough revealed to give us the illusion of making headway. It made sense for Red to be lying to protect Liz, to keep her innocent from the ugliness that occurred. Unfortunately, ugliness has a way of surfacing and it did when she shot Tom Connelly in cold blood. How will she recover from this? And what about a possible Liz/Ressler showdown? I was hoping for a take-down of another kind, but it looks like those Blacklist writers are going to have Donald in hot pursuit (emphasis on the word hot) of his former partner. Season three, we cannot wait!” [Review Grade: B]
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Site Grade: A: Synopses, articles, links, games, slideshows, etc http://www.buddytv.com/the-blacklist.aspx
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CarterMatt:
By Matt Carter: ‘The Blacklist’ season 3: Where should Megan Boone–James Spader series go from here?http://bit.ly/1BihH3J
// 6/13/015, “The problem with season 2 is one of focus. While it improved in the later weeks of the season, this story started off as a mess and was frankly all over the place, bouncing from one place and one character to the next.”
● “In a sense, we’d like to see the show go back to basics a little, and that involves Megan Boone and James Spader’s character working together, reluctant or otherwise, to take down some of the bad guys. Maybe you separate them further from the rest of the FBI, but the actors’ chemistry is one of the reasons why this show was so popular in the first place.”
EntertainmentWeekly
By: Jodi Walker: Masha Rostova’ – A game-changer of a finale finds Liz going on the runhttp://bit.ly/1R1gujc
// 5/15/2015, “When The Blacklist’s season 2 finale started, I had no idea that I needed it to end with Elton John. But I did. Of course I did. Because this entire season, as punctuated with an exclamation point in this finale, has circled again and again around all of the ways in which Red has had to hurt Lizzie in order to protect her—and that despite his best, most invasive efforts, he very much has not been able to. By attempting to purge Lizzie of her earliest sins, and secluding her from his own, the vacuum Red created has now sucked Lizzie—family, friend, whatever she is to him—into the life that he never intended for her. He’s a Rocket Man.”
● “Lizzie and Red being forced to leave the Task Force is such a disruption to the core of this story that its effects almost haven’t hit me yet. And the reveal that Liz shot her father is affecting—and I can’t believe they actually gave us a bit of the “everything” Lizzie remembered—but it’s not exactly revealing No, we didn’t get a lot of straightforward answers in tonight’s finale. Instead, we ended with everyone in utter turmoil, sure, but also knowing their missions. Lizzie has to get away, Red has to get her there, and the Post Office crew has to hunt them down.”
● “As a character, Lizzie has always clicked less than Red because she tends to lack focus. Her life has been so out of whack since the moment we met her that she can barely see one step ahead. She admittedly does not know what she wants. Ever. But going into the next season, it doesn’t matter what she wants, because everyone has a map laid out in front of them. Everyone has a job to do—they’re rocket men.”
● “… And no matter how Red tried to protect her or keep her pure, Lizzie is still running. But at least now she has company.”
● “I’m hoping this nosedive into Take Your Daughter to Work anti-hero territory will be better suited for Lizzie than being a hero was.” [Review Grade: A-]
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Site Grade: A: Synopses, occasional nterviews, active comments http://www.ew.com/topic/blacklist
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ScreenRant
By: Kevin Yeoman: ‘The Blacklist’: Can Viewers Trust Liz’s Origin Story?http://bit.ly/1QyLgoF
// 5/17/2015, “… The episode’s co-writers, John Eisendrath and series creator Jon Bokenkamp … managed to weave quite the tapestry regarding Liz and Red’s relationship, seemingly blowing up the idea that Raymond ‘Red’ Reddington, a.k.a. “The Concierge of Crime” is actually Liz’s father. … But how much of this is to be taken at face value, and how much of it is simply another fiction within the narrative that is simply supposed to ‘look like the truth’?
● “This is a common problem with shows that routinely like to trick the audience and its characters at the same time. There is a certain advantage to this particular storytelling ploy, as it allows every situation to feel suspenseful and potentially the moment where a massive reveal could happen. The downside is that it dilutes the moments when said reveals actually do occur, simply by virtue of the audience being acclimatized to not trusting certain information when it is handed to them.”
● “This is an important juncture for the series. Messing with Harold Cooper for the better part of a season is one thing, but feeding your audience potentially false information regarding the series’ main storyline is something else entirely. At a certain point, every show has to give the audience something concrete, something the audience can believe (not just believe in), something it knows to be true.” [Review Grade: B+]
ScreenRant
By: Kevin Yeoman: The Blacklist’ Season 2 Finale Review – A War Fought On Many Frontshttp://bit.ly/1MWkD7i
// 5/15/2015, “… While ‘Masha Rostova’ didn’t exactly deliver the kind of bombshell the series had been teasing (with regard to Liz and Red’s relationship), it didn’t exactly shy away from it either. ”
● “At what point is it better for a series to play into the audience’s expectations, than to swerve at the last moment in an attempt to skirt them? Those swerves may very well pay off by making The Blacklist a better show, one that is willing to switch up its formula in order to serve the larger story that has been unearthed this season. If that’s true, then these hard-to-believe choices will be easier to overlook …”
● “There’s a light at the end of the tunnel, however, and that is the question of what the future will bring. As mentioned above, season 3 will likely start out as a very different animal, and for a show whose basic premise already feels a little tired, that could be very rewarding.” [Review Grade: B-]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Site Grade: B-: Intermittent reviews http://screenrant.com/tag/the-blacklist/
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SpoilerTV
By Geo N: The Blacklist: Tom Connolly (No. 11) Season Finale Review: “The Sin Eater”http://bit.ly/1GIEasT
// 5/18/2015, “Last Thursday, The Blacklist aired its season two finale, “Tom Connolly”. I thought it an exceptional episode, which is what you want given how some other show’s finales have been this TV season. It closed out most of the questions we were concerned with and paved the way for a season three that, based on that ending, will re-ignite my love for this series.”
● “Throughout much of season two of The Blacklist (mostly after the “Berlin-centric” episodes) we were shown how much Liz has been a beacon of light to Red; a ray of light to guide him out of the darkness. If you noticed in that scene, where Liz was escaping the “Post Office”, Liz was in the dark and there was, literally, a ‘red’ light guiding her way to safety. He is as much her ‘ray of light’ as she is his.”
● “After a season of Liz fluctuating and wavering back-and-forth between loving and hating Red it appears she has finally accepted his role in her life, whatever that may be. It doesn’t matter if Red is Liz’s father or not – like the ‘Rocket Man’, Red is ‘not the man that we think he is at all’. What matters to Liz now, is the harmonious relationship they share; Red is her ‘Sin Eater’ and occasional guide through life and Liz is his ray of light and beacon of hope in a tumultuous world.”
● “I love the parallels that were drawn between Red and Liz’s life this season. This is made even more apparent as Liz’s photo is added right next to Red’s on the FBI’s Most Wanted List. Their relationship is truly a harmonious one and they are closer to each other than they (and we) think.” [Review grade: B+]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Site Grade: B-: Reviews/Synopses mixed w other shows; active comments http://www.spoilertv.com/search/label/The%20Blacklist
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Tell-Tale TV
By Jennifer Stasak: The Blacklist Season Finale Review: Masha Rostova (Season 2 Episode 22) http://bit.ly/1KTK9Lu
// 5/15/2015, “Well hallelujah, amen! We finally have answers as to who Elizabeth Keen really is, why her memories were blocked by Red, and what – exactly – happened the night of the fire that she has been struggling to remember ever since.
● “This season’s finale of The Blacklist is pretty subdued. This is a series that has been known to blow up buildings, set things on fire, and wreak bloody havoc on its characters in its episodes. But “Masha Rostova” is relatively tame in comparison to episodes like “Anslo Garrick,” for example. It is a culmination of the questions that have been building all season. They’ve been questions of identity and of secrecy, of lies and truth. And it’s wonderful.
● “It is poignant, to me, that the weapon of choice for Raymond Reddington is not a gun. It is not an explosive. It is not a material weapon at all. The weapon against the Cabal? The truth. Words.” //➔ Remember Berlin mocking Red: “Words. Words. Words”? – LizzieB90
● “So Ressler makes his choice and when the cameras turn back on, he lies and says that he just missed catching Liz. … I think that the Ressler/Liz dynamic is so interesting and so great. Here’s a man who gives pretty much everything in his life to his job and yet still chose to protect his partner, even though he knew that if anyone found out, it could cost him everything. He believes in Liz. He believes that she is stronger than she knows.”
● “… I loved Liz’s darker path this season because I recognized she was becoming more and more like Raymond Reddington. Now, she’s embodied all of those similarities, down to her name being next to his on the FBI’s Most Wanted list.” [Review grade: B]
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TV[.]com
By: Cory Barker: TheBlacklist Season 2 Finale Review: America’s Most Wantedhttp://bit.ly/1QDS7Yx
// 5/15/2015, perceptive review; “… The last stretch of episodes of Season 2 have felt purposeful, promising, and specifically structured to offer some real answers. And wouldn’t you know it, ‘Masha Rostova’ actually delivered on that promise. While this season finale wasn’t an exceptional episode by any regard, it was definitely one that The Blacklist needed.”
● “If you’ve followed my irregular coverage of the show you know that I’ve been critical of how willing The Blacklist has been to let Lizzie (Megan Boone) be manipulated and jerked around by the cunning men in her life—and sometimes by the men she doesn’t even really know are ‘in’ her life—but the back half of Season 2 made nice strides in illustrating that this was a woman who despite all the trauma, all the secrets, all the lies, was still willing to push ahead to find pieces of the truth.”
● “The late-season reveal that Lizzie’s mother was a KGB operative was a solid enough wrinkle to the ongoing questions about her family history, and the finale uncovered another substantial piece of that family history in spectacularly melodramatic fashion. Yes friends, anytime a fictional character SUDDENLY remembers a traumatic event that they’ve long suppressed by murdering someone is a good time in my book.”
● “… It was kind of great to see Lizzie decide, ‘You know what? Nah,’ and pop Connolly in the chest. It was brutal and will certainly have long-lasting consequences for a character who has already been put through the emotional ringer, but it was a big move for the character.
● “The few moments between Cooper and Lizzie here, particularly the one early on in the car, was so well acted by both Lennix and Boone that Lizzie’s ultimate decision to kill Connolly and get Cooper fired (presumably) was that much more moving. …
● “… This is still clearly Spader’s show (and if you need evidence of that look no further than the last four minutes of the episode), but there was real value in nudging Red to a slightly more supporting role in Lizzie’s quest to find answers and then clear her name. Of course, this is The Blacklist and we now don’t have any idea as to why Red would have gone so far out of his way to protect this particular truth from Lizzie for so long, but at least there’s a built-in ‘I wanted to protect you’ rationale.”
● “Now Lizzie and Red are on the run, a pair of the FBI’s Most Wanted taking a journey to the unknown. Hopefully this season’s traumas were what Lizzie needed to continuously take a more active role in the increasingly insane world around her, and considering that Ressler and the American Intelligence Apparatus and this dumb Cabal* are all coming for them, she’ll need to be.”
● “[F]rom the post-Super Bowl episode [2:9] onward**, there was more to like than not. Until Season 3!” [Review Grade: A-]
__________
*The Cabal is dumbly named, but I love the Cold War backdrop and how it provides the context for major political, social and ideological issues we currently face. See: TNR, Mark Lilla: The Truth About Our Libertarian Age – Why the dogma of democracy doesn’t always make the world better http://bit.ly/1sXX2gn – LizzieB90
** I’d say, starting with [2:8 The Decembrist], so Episodes 8-22. – LizzieB90
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Site Grade: B: Reviews and links http://www.tv.com/shows/the-blacklist/
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TVAfterDark
By: Christopher Bourque: The Blacklist Season 2 Finale Review: 2×22 “Tom Connolly”
// 5/18/2015, “Superb, emotional performances by Megan Boone and James Spader. Gutsy and powerful moments for Harry J. Lennix and enlightening twists that answer some questions and serve to deepen the mystery surrounding Liz’s past.
● “Reed Birney has been a joy to despise all season. Slowly integrating his sleazy approach to charm and manipulation into the serialized arc for Red, Liz and Harold instantly made him a fun character to hate.
● “Harry J. Lennix delivered his most endearing and emotional performance of the season as he and Liz discussed his illness. We were moved by Lennix and his vulnerability.
● “As she shared her revelation with Red, Spader was masterful. Red was clearly emotional during her confession.
● “By the time the hour was done, we genuinely did feel very much like Liz. Where was Red’s shoulder for us? We needed it.
● “The Blacklist managed to ramp up to the excellence we’ve come to expect in the last few weeks and the finale was certainly a worthy ending. We have no idea how all these pieces will get sorted, but you can bet we’ll be watching to find out when The Blacklist returns next fall!” [Review Grade: A]
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Site Grade: A: Reviews, Promo Photos & Synopses: http://tvafterdark.com/category/tv/nbc/the-blacklist/
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TVFanatic
By: Sean McKenna: The Blacklist Season 2 Report Card: Grade It! http://bit.ly/1R0LYWy
// 6/2/2015, nice look at entire season, picking out high & points in a fair & considered way, eg:
● “Best episode: There were actually a few episodes that could have taken this one, but I’ll give it to The Blacklist Season 2 Episode 18. We got a blacklister, Vanessa Cruz, who managed to escape from the Liz and the FBI, and yet, Red clearly has something in store for her in the future. Tom really was trying to prove himself to Liz on his journey for forgiveness, even revealing to her the big secret that Red hired him to watch Liz. We also got Liz emotionally confronting Red, even willing to give up the sacred fulcrum, right before the shocking moment of Red getting shot.
● “This was a well-crafted episode on all fronts that left you wanting to know more. And it really set the pace for those final episodes of the season.” [Review Grade: A+]
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Site Grade: A: Reviews of every episode, articles, interviews, links, photos, quotes: http://www.tvfanatic.com/shows/the-blacklist/
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TVLine
By: Rebecca Ianucci: The Blacklist Recap: 7 Biggest Moments From the Season Finale http://bit.ly/1FWQEYj
// 5/14/2015, more a recap than a review (w 7 ‘take-always’), but I liked this: “I’d like to suggest the alternate title Elizabeth Keen and the Terrible, Horrible, No-Good, Very Bad Life. (The hashtag might need some work, but I’m willing to rally around the #EKATTHNGVBL cause if you guys are.)” [B]
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TVOvermind
By: Nick Hogan: The Blacklist Season 2 Episode 22 Review: “Tom Connolly (No. 11)”http://bit.ly/1HLcmmF
// 5/15/2015, “What an exciting thrill ride the second season of NBC’s The Blacklist has been. It’s been such a fun show to write about, and the finale ended with quite a bang. This episode was a culmination of multiple seasons of plot, intrigue, and non-stop action, and was arguably The Blacklist’s best hour yet. It was certainly a game-changer.”
● “Wow. Any expectations I had for the final episode of this season were absolutely blown out of the water by this episode. It was action-packed, revealed lots of plot, and managed to do all of that while keeping a tight reign on my attention, never wavering. I cannot praise the direction of the show or its characters enough. I was surprised, but since I’m pretty good at predictions, I love it when a show keeps me on my toes. I don’t think there’s anything they could’ve done to get me more interested in Season 3.”
● “Megan Boone has been wonderful all season, and I’ve not been shy about saying so. She was never bad, but at the beginning, the show was about James Spader and no one else. … As details come out about Agent (well, I guess not any more) Keen’s past, the more that Boone embodies those traits in her nuanced but powerful portrayal. Many people believed (and some still do) that Reddington is Liz’s father, but from what the show has shown me so far, the past for the two of them is a much more complicated matter. Either way, I’m excited to find out.”
● “Of course, you really can’t talk about a finale without touching the main character, and James Spader is always deserving of the praise that everyone (myself included) gives him. He has a certain level of gravitas that is untouched by those around him, and his performances are always so powerful. …”
● “This episode has to be in the five best The Blacklist has ever done. It has everything you could want, and perfectly set up a game-changed new season.” [Review Grade: A]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Site Grade: C: None, each review listed separately
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Variety
By Brian Lowry: ‘Scandal,’ ‘The Blacklist’ Season Finales Go In Opposite Directionshttp://bit.ly/1A68NpJ
// 5/15/2015, “Yet while the NBC drama actually shifted course in an unexpected and invigorating way, the centerpiece of ABC’s “TGIT” lineup flung around absurd plot twists so promiscuously even die-hard fans will likely need the summer to recover.”
● “When NBC Entertainment chief Bob Greenblatt described “The Blacklist” finale as a “game-changer” during this week’s upfront presentation, the temptation was to roll your eyes. After all, the show had kicked the can down the road regarding FBI Agent Elizabeth Keen’s background so many times as to merit skepticism.
● “The episode, however … more than delivered on that promise, not just transforming Keen (Megan Boone) into a fugitive after she killed a member of the Cabal, but finally exposing what happened to her father when she was a child, and why Raymond Reddington (James Spader) had gone to such great lengths to conceal it from her.”
● “The finish set up all kinds of possibilities for season three, with Keen on the FBI’s “most wanted” list, former colleagues charged with tracking her down, and her on-and-off again bond with Reddington seemingly solidified, at least for now. Even his description of himself as a ‘sin eater,’ an archaic term, felt especially elegant and appropriate under the circumstances.” [Review Grade: A-]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Site Grade: B: Reviews, articles, ratings: http://variety.com/t/the-blacklist/
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WSJSpeakeasy
WSJ, Blacklist Blog, By Jason Evans: Synopseshttp://on.wsj.com/1sMrXMo [B]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Site Grade: C-: Although JE’s synopses are very good, the blog itself is ill-managed and inbred and given to exotic theories.
════════════════════
Wegotthiscovered
By: Adam A. Donaldson: The Blacklist Season Finale Review: “Masha Rostova” (Season 2, Episode 22)http://bit.ly/1ehQVhR
// 5/15/2015, “From the criminal and cop dichotomy, to the are they or aren’t they father/daughter relationship, it always seemed like they were made for each other, like peanut butter and jam. And now, at the end of the second season of The Blacklist, it turns out that they truly are peas in a pod. The finale firmly answered the question of Red’s potential paternity to Liz, and it set up a fascinating new dynamic for next season that will likely see Liz becoming more like Red in a way she never thought she would.”
● “There was something delightfully fatalistic about the moment when Liz shot Connolly. First it was like she came full circle, since the show sometimes likes to dangle the possibility that there’s more criminality to Liz then she’d like to admit. At the same time, it’s going to be harder for the writers to walk back Liz shooting the Attorney General dead than it would have been to just explain away that she was framed for the murder of a senator. It’ll be really hard to re-establish the status quo now, but I have a sneaking suspicion that the writers will try.” [Review Grade: B]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Site Grade: C: Synopses/Reviews, each listed separately, no individual link
════════════════════
༺✦ ⌘ ✦༻
FirstPost: James Spader: “I’m drawn to conflicted characters”http://bit.ly/1T6M3M9 The Blacklist @NBCBlacklist
// 6/4/2015, “What makes Spader’s portrayal of Raymond “Red” Reddington so popular is his ability to bring in doses of black humor in the most edge-of-your-seat moments. He has a straight face in any given situation, even as he plays a wanted criminal who surrenders to the FBI for immunity. It almost seems as if he maintains the mysteriously calm, yet bordering psychotic persona in all his characters.
“‘I read it [The Blacklist] and I was intrigued by the character, and the story, and the possibilities for the direction that the series could go,’ said Spader, also adding ‘The character’s sense of humor, I thought, was such an interesting juxtaposition to what the realities of his life were. The realities are very often dangerous, and quite dramatic and extreme. I saw the possibility for a sense of humor within that life. I responded to that immediately and have done everything I can to try and explore that as much as we can on the show.’
“Perhaps it’s his personal interest in the stories that are being told that makes Spader so involved in his characters. ‘The writers, John Bokenkamp, John Eisendrath, and myself have been collaborating very closely about every aspect of this character and how he fits within the life of the show since the very beginning, since the very first episode,’ he said.
“But make no mistake, for Spader, the edgier the better. One of the most striking things about The Blacklist as a show is your frustration with Reddington and his motivations. He’s a tough character to crack, and that adds to the charm of watching a thriller. This seems to be a deliberate move on Spader’s part: to not be a hero, but to never meander into villain territory as well. He admits to finding fascination in the grey.
“‘I’ve found that there has always been a long historical precedent in both film, and in television, and in literature of the anti-hero,’ said Spader. ‘It’s always been those characters that I’ve been the most drawn to, characters who are very conflicted, and not just conflicted but also very often very dichotomous or – as you say – they sort of live in the grey area.'”
The Blacklist remains NBC’s top-rated scripted drama – and NBC is moving toward more drama, not away from it. The fact that The Blacklist production group will be doing the show just after it shows they have confidence it them and in The Blacklist. They are keeping TBL on Thursdays to anchor two new shows. And VOD and L✛3D do matter. Advertisers just wish they didn’t.
CarterMatt: ‘The Blacklist’ season 2: Episodes still charting high in DVR ratingshttp://bit.ly/1INNDiH “We would be surprised to see this show conclude at any point before 2017”
// 5/5/2015
HollywoodReporter: Broadcast Ax: Networks just went on a cancelation bingehttp://bit.ly/1HkUt9R With one exception, NBC renewed all shows between 2 and 6 seasons (the one they cancelled had just completed 2 seasons)
// 5/8/2015
Variety: Ratings: NBC, CBS Win Season Titleshttp://bit.ly/1Pzjvvz
// 5/19/2015, “And though “The Blacklist” fell off as it moved to Thursday Island, it remained a big DVR draw; combined with its early-season Monday averages, the James Spader drama finished as the fourth most-popular broadcast drama among adults 18-49 (Live+7 for original episode)”
TV[.]com, Cory Barker: TheBlacklist Season 2 Finale Review: America’s Most Wantedhttp://bit.ly/1QDS7Yx perceptive review
// 5/15/2015, “the last stretch of episodes of Season 2 have felt purposeful, promising, and specifically structured to offer some real answers. And wouldn’t you know it, ‘Masha Rostova’ actually delivered on that promise. While this season finale wasn’t an exceptional episode by any regard, it was definitely one that The Blacklist needed.
“If you’ve followed my irregular coverage of the show you know that I’ve been critical of how willing The Blacklist has been to let Lizzie (Megan Boone) be manipulated and jerked around by the cunning men in her life—and sometimes by the men she doesn’t even really know are ‘in’ her life—but the back half of Season 2 made nice strides in illustrating that this was a woman who despite all the trauma, all the secrets, all the lies, was still willing to push ahead to find pieces of the truth.
“The late-season reveal that Lizzie’s mother was a KGB operative was a solid enough wrinkle to the ongoing questions about her family history, and the finale uncovered another substantial piece of that family history in spectacularly melodramatic fashion. Yes friends, anytime a fictional character SUDDENLY remembers a traumatic event that they’ve long suppressed by murdering someone is a good time in my book.
“But it wasn’t just that Lizzie finally ‘remembered’ the truth about her birth father’s death—Surprise! As a toddler, she couldn’t take the arguing and the domestic abuse in her family anymore and decided to shoot him dead—it’s the way that it happened. After being set up by the increasingly vicious Tom Connolly (Reed Birney) as well as the stupidly named Cabal and watching the same thing happen to Cooper (Harry Lennix), Lizzie simply had enough. Was shooting U.S. Attorney General Connolly dead in a public place a good move? Obviously not. Yet, in an episode where everyone from Red (James Spader) to Tom (Ryan Eggold) to Ressler (Diego Klattenhoff) tried to tell her what was best for her, it was kind of great to see Lizzie decide, ‘You know what? Nah,’ and pop Connolly in the chest. It was brutal and will certainly have long-lasting consequences for a character who has already been put through the emotional ringer, but it was a big move for the character.
“Lizzie’s murder of Connolly was also a surprisingly effective culmination of a couple of storylines, namely Connolly’s manipulation of the previously straight-and-narrow Cooper and the larger influence of the Cabal. … The few moments between Cooper and Lizzie here, particularly the one early on in the car, was so well acted by both Lennix and Boone that Lizzie’s ultimate decision to kill Connolly and get Cooper fired (presumably) was that much more moving. …
“… This is still clearly Spader’s show (and if you need evidence of that look no further than the last four minutes of the episode), but there was real value in nudging Red to a slightly more supporting role in Lizzie’s quest to find answers and then clear her name. Of course, this is The Blacklist and we now don’t have any idea as to why Red would have gone so far out of his way to protect this particular truth from Lizzie for so long, but at least there’s a built-in ‘I wanted to protect you’ rationale.
“Now Lizzie and Red are on the run, a pair of the FBI’s Most Wanted taking a journey to the unknown. Hopefully this season’s traumas were what Lizzie needed to continuously take a more active role in the increasingly insane world around her, and considering that Ressler and the American Intelligence Apparatus and this dumb Cabal* are all coming for them, she’ll need to be.
“… *[F]rom the post-Super Bowl episode [2:9] onward**, there was more to like than not. Until Season 3!”
__________
*The Cabal is dumbly named, but I love the Cold War backdrop and how it provides the context for major political, social and ideological issues we currently face. See: TNR, Mark Lilla: The Truth About Our Libertarian Age – Why the dogma of democracy doesn’t always make the world better http://bit.ly/1sXX2gn – LizzieB90
**I’d say, starting with [2:8 The Decembrist], so Episodes 8-22. – LizzieB90
GlobalTV (5/12): James Spader on Season 2 of The Blacklist and the finalehttp://bit.ly/1HhywbJ
// 5/12/2015, Q: “Looking back over Season 2, in what ways would you say that the relationship between Liz and Reddington has changed?
James Spader: In terms of that relationship, it has its hills and valleys and I think it has to continue to be that way. It’s a very, very complicated relationship between the two of them. As much as she doesn’t know the true nature of their relationship, I think it’s quite equitable for Reddington as well because I think he’s trying to grasp a hold of what the true nature of their relationship is now. Forget the past, regardless of what that the past represents. What is the nature of their relationship now and what are even the possibilities of a relationship with her. I think he’s enormously conflicted that he’s there. He certainly has a protective instinct but by the same token he does bring an awful lot of crisis and strife to her life. And I think he probably wrestles with that quite a lot.
Q:Do you think the revelation that Red was responsible for placing Tom into Liz’s life was a turning point for them?
James Spader: That’s a perfect example of where Reddington, with the finest of intent to be able to have some kind of arm’s reach to her life and her safety and well-being, introduced Tom into her life in a capacity that he soon discovered turned into something very different. But those good intentions blew up into something very different.”
HollywoodReporter: The Blacklist Creator on “Devastating” Finale Death, Liz and Tom’s Romantic Shockerhttp://bit.ly/1Fo1BEg
// 5/14/2015, “Executive producer Jon Bokenkamp tells The Hollywood Reporter that the episode’s conclusion had been in the works for the duration of the show’s run. ‘The image of Liz’s wanted poster going up next to Reddington’s wanted poster is something we’ve talked about for a long time and one of those signpost moments in the series that we knew we wanted to hit,’ he says.
“With the episode’s ‘devastating’ turn of events, Bokenkamp says that Liz’s ‘line of good and bad has become blurred,’ as the finale ‘hardens her in ways and makes her more jaded and careful and really more like Reddington in a lot of ways.'”
NYT, Dave Itzkoff: Interview: James Spader Prepares for ‘Avengers: Age of #Ultron’ ♤ http://nyti.ms/1OHYOYC The Blacklist @NBCBlacklist
// 4/22/2015
● “some essential part of him remains inscrutable & comfortably weird”
● “Mr. Spader speaks in perfectly formed sentences, a baritone voice, an automatic pace & an unpredictable volume”
● “You really can find yourself not being able to see the forest for the trees,” he said.
● “And then,” he added, his voice rising without warning or provocation, “at times not being able to see the trees for the forest”
● “My trajectory has not been an unbroken line. It’s always been piecemeal”
● “Colleagues say that he has always projected a mixture of confidence and eccentricity, naïveté and shrewdness”
● “Spader shed his reputation as a pretty boy & played intricate characters w unconventional erotic tastes” ⇈ ⇊
● “As to why he was so often cast in those roles, ‘I don’t know what the hell it says about me'”
● “There are times where you feel somewhat in control of the beast. I’m not really sure one entirely is”
● “never consider[s] whether [a film] possesses ‘a broader appeal, beyond my perverted sensibility'”
● Spader “latched onto … network pilot, which offered tantalizing* questions about his character & an FBI profiler played by Megan Boone” (*❗) ⇈ ⇊
● ⋙ Not sure when I last heard the word “tantalizing” used to describe a F/D relationship …
● Whedon: Ultron possesses “all the logic of artificial intelligence, but can’t control how his conclusions make him feel”
● Ultron is “an eight-foot robot wreaking havoc in his wake” – Spader
● Whedon: “James can do that it’s-coming-out-of-the-subwoofer voice, & then he can do the most hilarious hissy fit”
● “Downey said he took a certain delight that … Spader was now about to join him in ‘the ranks of the overexposed'”
● “I’m trying to serve my own curiosity & imagination first” – on picking roles
● “whatever perception his performances create, ‘I don’t concern myself with that very much — I just do the work'”
From Candice Bergen’s autobiography, A Fine Romance (2015): On James Spader bit.ly/1DQY90V via Tumblr: MesmerizingJamesSpader pic.twitter.com/1Btdi4M791
// 4/7/2015, “James Spader is one of our finest actors. He is truly eccentric, initially a tiny bit prickly, hyperfocused and hyperintelligent. He carved each character he plays by hand – gaining or losing weight, shaving or growing his hair, and making singular wardrobe choices. For the character of Alan Shore on Boston Legal, he wanted him to wear Lobb handmade shoes. James found a way of not smacking his gums exactly, but sort of champing on the bit that was very Alan Shore. He has an almost photographic memory, so he learns his lines at one viewing. David Kelley routinely wrote him five- or six-page monologues in court closings, and he would give them flawlessly, only to be sandbagged by a nervous actor who couldn’t remember his few words at the end. James never lost his temper with the actors and was always generous to work with. The only thing you had to do was be prepared because he not only knew every word of his lines, he knew every word of yours. Plus the punctuation. “Didn’t you have a semicolon there?” He asked when someone barreled through a long sentence. “I think you left out your ‘for.’” It came from respect for the writing and respect for the craft.
“James’s dressing room was at the farthest corner of the complex. It took days to reach. He had set up a sculpture studio there for his gorgeous, dear girlfriend Leslie Stefanson. That was the only way to ensure seeing her during the relentlessly long workweek. Leslie would often show up with their dog, Mr. Meagles.
“James, whom I love, is fiercely quirky. He had, evidently, a traditional series of actions that he went through before going to the sound stage when we were ready to shoot. A string of rituals. If he was interrupted in the sequence and it was unfinished, he would start over from the top. The assistant directors had to consider this when he was called. He would then use his handkerchief to open the heavy fire door to the set as a preventative to catching the myriad germs from the hundreds coming in and out. The crew understood he needed his time, and they waited patiently, without speaking, for him to enter the sound stage. He was given every consideration because they had such respect for his work. He never failed them. Every performance was a little masterwork.”
💙💙 TVAfterDark (3/22): The Blacklist Review: 2:16 “Tom Keen” http://bit.ly/1N7mmap
// 3/22/2015, very positive review: Rating: A+
● I don’t think I’ve ever read a more positive review of ANYTHING
● “The Blacklist just delivered a near perfect hour of television”
● TVAfterDark: “If there was any doubt @Ryan_Eggold could equal James Spader line for line, this episode should put that all to rest” The Blacklist
● TVAfterDark: “Ryan Eggold is a rare talent and we’re extraordinarily lucky to have him to play such a complex, nuanced and pivotal character”
● “Eggold absolutely crushed it in this episode”
● “we’re just hoping that we get more of Tom from here on out”
● Eggold “equaled Spader’s performance in every scene the two shared”
● “the eyes don’t lie when the acting is exceptional”
● “This show hit a monumental home run in casting [@MeganBoone] in this role”
● “Harry Lennix has made Cooper into someone we all respect”
● “in this episode, [@MeganBoone] laid out some of the finest work she’s done”
● “The first 10 minutes of this episode was some of the best work we’ve seen on this show and it only got better as things drew to a close”
● “entire episode … was absolutely full of moments that tugged at the heart-strings”
● “though we rarely root for Connolly, we certainly did as he pushed Denner right over the edge”
● Connolly (Reed Birney) “freely admits with the smile of a newborn that he has no principles to lose”
● “So many great things happened in this episode that writing a review seemed a daunting task”
● “How do you do greatness justice?”
● “we’d like to see a Ressler and Dembe spin-off later”
● “we really should learn not to underestimate this writing team and James Spader”
● “truly a master at his craft and we’re just lucky to get to watch”
● “we got a glimpse into perhaps some of what Red has felt toward Liz all this time and maybe—just maybe—some of the reasons why he’s done all he had to do”
● “Spader once again delivered an unforgettable, emotional moment”
● “Spader’s emotional delivery showed us that Red cares deeply for Liz”
● “we’re just going to enjoy the ride with this cast, team of writers and group of producers that have brought us an exceptional show in The Blacklist”
● “Not one word or second wasted. Every moment moved us, hit us emotionally, moved the plot forward or thrilled us. That’s rarified air for any television show, but this episode achieved it”
● “… sometimes, talent, hard work, impeccable timing, prefect circumstance and a little luck all converge to bring us that rare 43 minutes of near perfection that strikes a chord in complete harmony with all our expectations of what we hope television to be”
● “outstanding combination of writing and performance”
● “The Blacklist from the beginning … was far more than one hour of television”
● “Every moment, every emotion, every look and every word was enhanced by all we know about this show up to now”
●”‘Tom Keen’ may very well the finest episode of this series to date”
● “Someone watching The Blacklist for the first time might even be compelled to watch the rest of the series based on this episode alone”
● ‘To Jon & John:’ “You’ve created something special and you’ve set the bar high for what fans expect”
● “[I]’n an episode, where there wasn’t a wasted moment, a needless word or an out-of-place d emotional peak, you’ve pushed your own bar even higher”
● “we get the distinct impression a lot of this episode has been planned by the entire writer’s room for some tim”
● “the teleplay of this episode was jaw-dropping fantastic”
● “…Andrew McCarthy be brought back to direct as often as he is able and willing”
● “… those that had a direct hand in building this episode, from the big picture down to the smallest detail, deserve the tip of our Fedora for their efforts”
TVGuide: The Blacklist: How Far Will Liz Go to Protect Tom? Megan Boone Weighs Inhttp://bit.ly/1BpNOYw
// 3/11/2015
In a TVGuide.com poll, 63 percent of votes were against Tom and Liz together. But the Red-Liz (Lizzington) ‘shippers out there seem to be vocal.
Boone: I’m very well aware of them. They actually have the loudest ‘shipper’ voice on social media.
They must have been thrilled with the last episode when Red is about to be shot, and he calls out, “Lizzie,” right before he’s saved.
Boone: Yes, and when she says, “I care about you.” I think the interesting thing about Red Reddington is that ostensibly he’s a sociopath. Only terror lies before him, and there’s destruction in his wake. But the people who are closest to him love him dearly. Dembe (Hisham Tawfiq) and Lizzie both love Red. Even though Lizzie has a very conflicted relationship with that love because she knows who he is, she shows these people a side of him that not very many other people see. That is where the Lizzington crowd comes from. They sense that. And because the audience sees that side of Red, they want that side of Red to prevail.”
HuffPo: The Enjoyable and Oddly Gripping NBC Series ‘The Blacklist’http://huff.to/1Ec5SMA stresses the show’s continuous improvement
// 2/26/2015, “While the show without a doubt has a few shortcomings, from the occasional plot hole to some bad computer-generated graphics, it has quickly improved in quality, each episode more secure and confident than the last. But missteps aside, the true joy of the series lies in utterly delightful charm and menace with which Spader plays Red. Calm and collected, adorned in a three-piece suit and a fedora with his ever trusty bodyguard Dembe at his side, he is the holder of all the information. He is a walking and talking enigma, part shaman, part criminal mastermind, part sociopathic murderer, part worried guardian, who disguises his deadly nature with a disarmingly easygoing and charming smile that’s accompanied by wild stories that could be taken word for word out of the diary of The Most Interesting Man in The World. But, as many of the episodes in the series allude to, and as he admits himself, everything about him is a lie, but it’s difficult to dismiss even those you don’t trust when they become in a necessity in what you hope to achieve.”
“Utilizing Spader’s charms and wonderfully enjoyable display of acting, alongside a continually improving cast and high-end production quality, The Blacklist stands out among dramas on network television. … ”
HollywoodReporter: The Highest-Rated Broadcast Series of 2014 — and How People Watched Themhttp://bit.ly/1vGLE3U
// 12/30/2014, #5. The Blacklist
“Blacklist’s performance outside of traditional time-shifting is not altogether clear, as networks tabulate their own multiplatform scores and NBC tends to focus on freshmen, but it regularly adds the most viewers of any broadcast series each week, and its showing with adults 18-49 is only slightly diminished in its sophomore year. Time-slot replacement State of Affairs proves that it’s not just Voice magic driving interest in Blacklist — something that NBC should feel good about as February’s big Super Bowl episode and ensuing migration to Thursdays approach.”
“There are times when Spader seems to know that the show is falling apart around him so he does what can best be described as burping the show: like a skilled babysitter, he puts the entire series on his shoulder and pats it’s back and tells it everything is going to be alright. It’s an honestly impressive feat, sort of like watching Johnny Carson successfully interview a burrito. James stops short of blowing raspberries on your stomach and jiggling his keys in front of your face, but you get the point.”
“There are flashes here of a show much smarter than it lets on to be.”
“The show should not work. It often doesn’t. But not unlike a metaphorical Cadillac in an allegorical garage, it’s not about what it CAN do, but what it COULD do. Polish it up and fine tune it and you could have a real gem, but right now, thanks probably in part to network notes, The Blacklist is the body of a Cadillac with the engine of a Prius, looking the part but caught between what it wants to be and whats under the hood. Because car analogy.
“It’s gonna have to pick one or the other. It’s a highly popular smart show masquerading as a dumb show. One has to wonder what the show could be if it decided to be both highly popular and highly intelligent at the same time..” //➔ yes, please
“Comment: What is great about the show is that Spader is just so much fun to watch. He is just a captivating actor. His dramatic scenes are captivating and his lighter scenes are a blast. Without Spader this show wouldn’t have lasted a full season, with him it is must watch TV. The one thing that Spader never does is “phone it in”. He is working very hard in each and every scene.”
“Comment, John Hymer: Hipsters really shouldn’t be allowed to write reviews. They get too caught up in trying to express their snarky witticisms than they do actually paying attention to what they are trying to critique. The Blacklist has it’s formula and it is obviously a winning one. Much like NCIS, it has found something that works and is not going to screw with it’s formula. The fact that James Spader is one of the greatest actors in the business, living or dead, is the very spark of Life that makes the show breathe. Reddington is Alan Shore’s id after it’s slipped it’s leash. Pure oozy, chauvinism and smarm, that could not be pulled off by any other actor.” // ➔ Bravo! [emphases mine]
SpoilersTV: The Blacklist Season 2: Will Return With New Prominent Starshttp://bit.ly/1vjEEy3 this is exciting
// 11/12/2014, “NBC is looking to add a little A-list action to the Super-powered hour. A casting notice just went out seeking “star names” to play Jasper, the fiftysomething Director of the National Clandestine Services. Jasper’s in charge of the multi-national group that runs the worlds’ most powerful figures. He’ll also be around beyond Feb. 1, since the role is recurring”
SpoilerTV: Scenes of the Weekhttp://bit.ly/1u1DF04
// 11/16/2014 “Jimmy Ryan: James Spader delivered what I think is his best performance yet as Red on his hit series The Blacklist on Monday night. His presence on screen was incredible, and it culminated in the terrific closing scene of the year, as Red calls Tom to a bar, and gives perhaps the firmest demand I’ve ever seen one character give to another on television, to never see Liz again. It was an absolutely sensational bit of acting by Spader to close one of the series most outstanding episodes.”
“Q: How does the process work? I noticed last season that current events were woven in and references added to the dialogue to make it very timely.
“A: I really think that social media has changed the medium of television in a huge way. We are in the golden age of television. The interesting thing about network TV is that we are developing and shooting episodes at a much faster rate [than cable or streaming], so that means our air date and our wrap date are very close. When we get a response from our fans, we’re able to almost instantly respond to that within our story. Within a couple of episodes, fans will see something play out that they wished for, or something that they noticed will be somehow woven into the story.”
BleedingCool, Erik Grove: That Was Fun, Let’s Do It Again: The Blacklist Fall Finale http://bit.ly/14pNLDo
// 11/14/2014, “The Blacklist is NBC’s most successful original and genuinely compelling straight-down-the-middle one hour drama since ER. It’s not hard to figure out why. The show’s vitality and bite comes almost entirely from James Spader. Spader’s Raymond “Red” Reddington welcomes the audience with his easy charisma and moral ambiguity. He can go from haunting sadness to viciousness and then wry humor in the same scene. Spader’s performance and the character that he and the showrunners have created for him to play is an instant classic TV villain at once intoxicatingly likeable and absolutely horrifying.”
EW Spoilers: Anatomy Spoiler Room: Scoop on ‘The Blacklist,’ ‘Mentalist,’ ‘Grey’s’ and more http://bit.ly/1zXrytw @NBCBlacklist
// 11/14/2014, “What’s coming up when The Blacklist returns? — Brandon. It actually looks like Red does not have the Fulcrum, but he will set his sights on getting it. Unfortunately, so will another Blacklister. But in the process, Red will be forced to risk his life to protect Liz, who you may be surprised to hear might have a connection to the Fulcrum.”
NYMag, Peter Sassone: Where We Stand After The Blacklist’s Season Two Midpoint http://vult.re/1GTRacE 10 key points @NBCBlacklist
miss-musings:
NBC, plots are one thing. You can draw people in with interesting plots. But it’s the CHARACTERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS that keep people interested. It’s Writing 101. Pretty sure half of your fanbase is better at it than you. If you keep this shit up, I guarantee you, the ratings are going to drop tremendously once you make the shift to Thursday nights. Did I leave anything out, selinabln, lizzingtonshippers, redandlizzie, agentsofspader, eaglechica19, red-is-the-new-blackington, roominthecastle, the-blacklist-theory, and any other Blacklisters out there I forgot to include?
Nah, I think you covered it. Right there with ya! http://bit.ly/1uf1PrB
From AgentsOfSPADER:http://bit.ly/1xLNEuB //➔ A Lizzington shipper perspective ♡ ૂི•̮͡• ૂ ྀ♡
agentsofspader:
If Red’s ‘Bomb’ is as exciting as Liz’s ‘Secret’, it’ll be him telling Berlin that he’s
found Berlin’s daughter (Zoe/Jennifer).
“One…last…option,” Jon [Bokenkamp, head showrunner] whispers, his voice savage and raw with desperation. His fingers tremble over the keyboard, and the words tumble with unmistakable finality onto the page. He reads them aloud, as if speaking were the last step in his eldritch spell. There is a strange light in his eyes—the gleam of a madman and a prophet—as he clears his throat: ‘Lizzie…I am your father.’” Repent, heathens! Repent, and bring not the end times down upon us!
Darth Spader…❗
EW, Jodi Walker: The Blacklist recap: ‘The Decembrist’ – Red kills two vendetta-birds with one stone, and Lizzie finally caves to the pressure of everyone knowing so much more than her all the time http://bit.ly/1vinTFk
// 11/11/2014, “…Surely [Liz] knows she’s just a pawn in a game much bigger than she is. She breaks down about not being able to kill Tom; she told herself by not killing him she was using him, that it meant she was finally in control. Red tells her, ‘When you love someone, you have no control. That’s what love is—being powerless.’ They share a comforting embrace that should probably imply that Red loves Lizzie in such a way—yet his complete control, his power over every situation, suggests the opposite. Liz is living in a world she’s not equipped for, surrounded by people who are equipped for it—none more than Red….
● What was harder to stomach: Watching an Alan Fitch smoothie hit that wall, or watching Red and Berlin take down 10 shots of vodka in a row?
● Any theories on how Zoe (played by 32-year-old Scottie Thompson) was going to prison in 1991—or that timeline in general—are welcome.”
IGN: The Blacklist: “The Decembrist” Reviewhttp://bit.ly/1ENyoSi
// 11/11/2014 “First thing’s first: the show’s entire reason for being has always been and continues to be James Spader’s performance as Raymond Reddington… “The Decembrist” finally provides him an opportunity to play off some marvelous actual guest stars as he takes a central role in the proceedings.
“Lizzie’s unbelievable connection to Tom. The idea that she’s still in love with him rings false and the whole business with her holding him as a secret prisoner is unbelievable, both logistically and for her character.
“So The Blacklist goes into mid-season hibernation with a few hopeful signs that the plot’s going to move forward, but for the most part remains what it’s been from the start—a one-man show with a lot of filler.” http://bit.ly/1vBr3nQ
// 11/11/2014, L+7: So far this season, “Blacklist” is growing by +70% in 18-49 rating (from a 2.82 to a 4.79) and more than 6.2 million viewers (10.5 million to 16.7 million) going from L+SD to L+7.
Yahoo: The Blacklist: Interview Excerpts – James Spaderhttp://yhoo.it/1sjniM3
// 11/7/2014
Rough transcript of interview with James Spader on Season 2 and the mid season finale [possible spoilers] Yahoo http://yhoo.it/1sjniM3
● “The stakes are higher right from the jump. Everybody, every character on the show is facing greater adversity and is in disarray and the show’s opened up… There’s a resolution of sorts but any resolution on our show opens up another door and the resolution is always going to be painful and bittersweet.”
● “It started out where people were asking me wanting to know the true relationship between Elizabeth Keen and Raymond Reddington… People are still curious about that, which is good to sustain. I think it’s the burden is on us to sustain that. But I think the thing that I like is that no matter what the past is the nature of the relationship now[!] has become as compelling, and it should be.”
● I think that the journey is more important than the destination and in this case the destination is backwards, going into the past, what those characters are going through in the relationships and the nature of those relationships.’
❥ MediaLife: How Twitter helps boost DVR viewershiphttp://bit.ly/12bK02G
The most social programs see bigger gains in L+7 ratings
// 11/10/2014, “In these days of telecommuting and social networking, Twitter has become a virtual watercooler, where people go to talk about the day’s events, and that’s especially true when it comes to television.
● “A new Nielsen study on Twitter and television … found that a 10 percent increase in Nielsen Twitter TV Ratings, which measure which shows are being tweeted about the most, results in an average 1.8 percent increase in live-plus-seven-day-DVR viewership (L+7). ”
● “On one level, you can think of social media as providing insights to help network departments make better decisions, including research, ad sales, marketing, promotions, etc.”
● “At a broader level, social media changes the relationship that networks have with their audiences. It for the first time enables networks to create one-to-one relationship with fans, creating new approaches for building loyalty, engagement and enthusiasm.”
● “We know that the number of people who see tweets about programs can be 50 times larger than the number of people who Tweet. We know from prior Nielsen research that some people choose to view TV programs live specifically because they enjoy the added engagement around social TV.”
The Blacklist @NBCBlacklist
#TheBlacklist fall finale will change everything. Make sure you’re equipped with these three facts before it happens. http://youtu.be/0Wlx0zPU7ls
// 11/5/2014 approx
IBTimes: Episode 8 Spoilers: The Decembristhttp://bit.ly/1E51gD8
// 11/4/2014, “A lot goes down in [episodes 8 and 9]…there will be some huge, huge events that will change the direction of the show,” Amir Arison, who plays C.I.A. analyst Amar Mojtabai, explained. Arison added that the crux of the surprises coming might hinge on the relationship between Red [James Spader] and Liz [Megan Boone] saying, “It’s exciting to watch Red and Liz with their own agendas that intersect and may support or not support each other.“
NewsCom [AU]: Blacklist star James Spader says he’s clueless when it comes to playing the Hollywood gamehttp://bit.ly/1wwJTuB
// 11/4/2014, “It’s something that I don’t take for granted; I kind of just suck up everything that I see him do,” says Tawfiq. “Being the actor that he is, I just try to learn as much as I can working around him. And he’s just a humble man. I feel, like Dembe, I’m in the wings learning as much as I can from him.”
Today: James Spader strikes gold again on ‘The Blacklist’http://on.today.com/ZAflf5
// 10/14/2013, “It’s a lot of fun for me because it means I get to have a lot of secrets from the other characters and the audience,” Boone told TODAY. “She’s very purposefully ambiguous. I do love her heart. She is so madly in love with her husband and devastated by the cruel world she is being introduced to. It’s a tumultuous journey for her. In her case, it’s a story of a young woman coming into her own.”
“Although Red was introduced as a super villain, he now is possibly on the road to redemption.
“He does start out as someone who appears to be, by all reckonings, evil and dark and self-serving,” Eisendrath said. “Over time, our job is to develop him into a much more dimensional character who is all those things but also explains to the audience how he became the person we met in the pilot.”
“One of the things going forward that we’re going to find out is what matters to Red and what his vulnerabilities are,” executive producer Jon Bokenkamp added in the interview. “[Elizabeth] appears to be one of the few things thus far that he truly cares about.”
“I think you will discover that your feelings about who he is and what he’s up to will change directions and change directions again,” [Spader] said. “That’s one of the great surprises of the show. Just when you feel you might be getting comfortable, you haven’t. Just when you think you can get cozy with him, he does something to make you realize he’s not someone to be cozy with.”
“Anybody in the real world that would be a paradigm for Raymond Reddington, we wouldn’t know anything about him,” Spader said and laughed. “I look at things and I read things that relate to the world that he must operate in. And I read the paper every day. He lives in that world out there. He operates in that world out there. And he moves swiftly and frequently throughout that world. And it allows for your imagination to run wild.”
FutonCritic: “The Blacklist” Grows by a Season-High 65% in 18-49 Going from Live + Same Day to Live +3 – NBC further spins the numbers for Monday, October 20 http://bit.ly/1snqtlr
// 10/25/2014, viewers are migrating to L+3: “Grew by a season-high +65% in 18-49 (to a 4.05 rating from a 2.45) and 4.637 million viewers overall (to 13.975 million from 9.338 million) going from L+SD to L+3”; beat “The Voice”
❥ IAmRogue: Peter Stormare Talks ‘Autumn Blood,’ ‘The BIg Lebowski 2’ and ‘The Blacklist’ http://bit.ly/13oWEMW
// 10/22/2014 “There is a great revolution that has been happening on TV …”
“They have six or seven different scenarios, and I don’t know what direction they will go in. I do not envy the writers because they are really kicked from both sides all the time. They try to come up with the best solution, and sometimes they have to do rewrites over night. TV is a gruesome business. But there is a great revolution that has happened on TV. A lot of talent is moving in…”
CinemaBlend: How James Spader’s Ultron Is Different From Any Other Marvel Villain http://bit.ly/ZJGf3g
// 10/22/2014
☒ HollywoodReporter: Watch the Official ‘Avengers: Age of Ultron’ Trailerhttp://bit.ly/1wpO0qj
// 10/21/2014
❥ WSJ (Oct): Sorting Out TV’s New Metrics – Broadcast networks are gathering mounds of new info about viewing http://on.wsj.com/1HLsm74 thorough
// 10/16/2014, “Last season, only two broadcast series saw their total audience grow by more than 4 million when L7 viewing was added in, including NBC’s “Blacklist,” one of the few new hits of last year. By comparison, 11 series so far this season have had a jump of 4 million viewers or more”
❥❥ TheWeek: The outrageous, surprising, and prescient legacy of Boston Legalhttp://bit.ly/1sB2yCJ premiered 10yrs ago this month
// 10/15/2014, “Ten years after its premiere, the legal drama stands out for its unwavering commitment to pushing boundaries”
HuffPo: NBC Wonders Why Bother to Sign On http://huff.to/101Pc99
// 10/15/2014, “The Blacklist is the ONLY holdover for new shows from last season and that is only good because James Spader is truly “the man”. The rest of the cast is horrid. Some of the worst acting ever put on television and that’s saying something. The Blacklist is a fun show and it is a success but it is a testament to the great James Spader and how at this point he could be in anything and it would work. … If I were Robert Greenblatt I would give James Spader some serious Big Bang Theory money right now or your network will have nothing left but to ‘sign off’.”
PhilStar: Get on James Spader’s Blacklist http://bit.ly/1vQVLWE
// 10/6/2014 “At the inevitable end of the series you will be able to look back and realize that there were things that you found out along the way that you weren’t sure how to process them in terms of that issue and, all of a sudden, those things will connect. It’s almost like a puzzle and we are giving you pieces as we go on and eventually you sort of put them together and they fit!” – James Spader
CarterMatt: ‘The Blacklist’ season 2: James Spader defends actions, violence of Reddington http://bit.ly/1tr2Ppk
// 10/4/2014, “Part of the conflict that comes with this series is that you know that Reddington is a killer, a criminal, and capable of doing very terrible things. However, at the same time you still find yourself glued to the television, desperate to see more of what he is going to moving forward. You also want to think that there is a motivation somewhere in him that is good, and you have to wait and see what that is”
“The pained look in Red’s eyes as he reaches for [Naomi], but can’t bring himself to touch her is palpable. Spader’s emotional drive throughout Red’s confrontation with Berlin is punctuated by his remorse in that moment. It’s a stunning performance swing from steeled determination to pain. Spader is an emotional genius. And we’re just along for the ride.”
Crooks &Liars: If You Think James Spader’s ‘Blacklist’ Character Is Weird, Wait Until You Meet Himhttp://bit.ly/1n8tURq
// 9/29/2014
NYDailyNews: James Spader suggests his ‘Blacklist’ character Reddington’s true motives will soon be revealedhttp://nydn.us/1FamLD1
// 9/22/2014, “‘Red felt that the relationship between Elizabeth and her husband had reached a point where he was concerned for her safety and well-being,’ Spader says. ‘He felt it was necessary to make contact with her.’
Widespread speculation has Red being her real father, though he denied it when she asked.
Spader has said in the past that resolving their relationship that way might be ‘too easy.’
He’s now backpedaling a bit. ‘It is very very hard to predict the road map of a television series,’ he said last week. ‘Because it does not have a finite lifespan. Our show could last two years or seven.’
‘Once you’ve started taking all the back roads, they become much more interesting than even the destination. So it may be that the easiest and the simplest result is the right one. And even if it was predictable right from the start, there should be a satisfaction because the route was satisfying.
‘But given what our show is, I don’t think anything is as simple as it may appear.'”
● CG: I love watching your face during this show, so nuanced. JS: I mean, that’s a trick, you understand [the extreme close-up]
● CG: Okay, no, it’s not a trick, your still making things –
JS: Oh no, there’s things going on. There’s definitely things going on. I was very lucky. Someone once, when I was very, very young, just starting out as an actor (said) “a camera doesn’t just see your face. It looks through your eyes and into your head. And that’s true, I think. The camera cannot, though, decipher what you’re thinking. It can only see THAT you’re thinking.
And an audience projects an awful lot. So part of the trick of working as an actor is to be comfortable enough to just live and think and breathe in front of a camera and the camera takes care of a lot of the rest of it.
● CG: Do you have an idea of what you want the audience to be thinking, while they’re watching your face? JS: No, if you don’t make any attempt to show the audience anything, then the audience wants to look further and further and further and further… And I think that’s what that character does – he doesn’t show a great deal, but he draws you to look further in….
● CG: …Watch The Blacklist. It’s on – JS: Have you seen it?
● CG: Yes! That’s how I know about your face – JS: Did you like it?
● CG: Yes, I liked it very much.
● “[A] television show is your life. It swallows you whole and chews you up but refuses to spit you out. And on a brand-new television show, the writers don’t know how the fuck to write it yet. The actors don’t know how the fuck to play it yet. The editors don’t know how to edit it yet. Composers don’t know how to compose it yet. The crew doesn’t know how to shoot it yet. I work very hard on the show, and I’m lucky because it’s a wonderful character who’s great fun to play. I work closely with the people I make the show with. It’s a lot of time spent when all of us might rather be spending time with our families or doing something else.”
● “When viewers respond well to a character, there’s a natural tendency for them to say, ‘I want to know more. I want to know everything.” But I say, “’Well, you can’t. It would ruin the character for you. You just must trust me in terms of that.'”
● “We watched great films from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, like The Third Man and Humphrey Bogart movies. Charles Laughton in Hobson’s Choice, Bogart—those were the actors I liked best.”
● [On his love of vinyl: “I like the whole process. I like to get the record out. I like the way a turntable looks. I like to watch it work as the record plays. I like to read the liner notes when I listen to a record. I don’t understand what else people do if they’re listening to a record.”
● “I don’t sleep particularly well. If I wake up at night, everything inside turns on instantly and won’t stop. There’s a compulsion to address things. I just can’t let them fester or get pushed under the rug. I have to tie it up tightly in a box, throw it right out the fucking window into a river and let it sink to the bottom.”
● “I’m not a believer that good work comes out of antagonism, fear and punishment, but I think it can come out of discourse and argument, so long as you’re open, communicative, honest and able to listen to what others’ needs are.”
● “I like to travel, walk through a city and go to museums and galleries.”
● “I think the greatest works are always based on that prism of sexuality and relations. It’s been that way for me my whole career and has probably informed my choices more than anything else.”
“Playboy: Is it better to fantasize or to actually sleep with a co-star?
● “I think you can fuck things up, because anticipation and unrequited feelings are very powerful. Ultimately, in acting you’re always pretending you’re angry or a bad guy or that something is down the hall that isn’t actually there. But to look another human being in the eye and pretend you’re in love with them, that’s a very different thing.” ♤
● “But it seems to me that you have to fall in love with the person, because film looks right into your head. It’s wrenching, because you have to fall in love with that person but also accept it for what it is and turn it on and off. That’s a very important part of what is a sometimes schizophrenic job.”
● “I think you can fuck things up, because anticipation and unrequited feelings are very powerful. Ultimately, in acting you’re always pretending you’re angry or a bad guy or that something is down the hall that isn’t actually there. But to look another human being in the eye and pretend you’re in love with them, that’s a very different thing.”
● “…You’d be surprised at some of the people who have walked up and told me they’re great fans of Secretary. I’m always intrigued whether that’s a practice in their life or not.”
● “I like the saying “May you live in interesting times,” because I think things are great when we accept chaos in life. That goes against my being obsessive-compulsive and ritualistic, but I don’t mind adversity. The fight is okay with me. My life is wonderful. It’s a grand time, you know?”
// 8/18/2014, Sep 2014 issue
Seriable: The Blacklist To Last Seven Seasons? James Spader On Red’s ‘Unclear’ Path http://bit.ly/1wbxhc9
// 7/23/2014, Original #1 on Blacklist was Tom, until decided he was “not worthy.”
“We’ve talked a lot about [what the future holds for Red and what his backstory is] right from the beginning. We talked about it around the time of the pilot, and when it looked like we would be lucky enough to move forward into series, those conversations have been happening fast and furiously. But at the same token, without knowing what the inevitable lifespan of the series will be – one that has to be fluid to a certain degree, and there has to be a certain amount of flexibility because you don’t know how long you’re going to have to tell your story, or how many misdirects there may be, or how circuitous your route is going to be – to get to your endgame is unclear going from the first season into the second season.”
TVGuide: The Blacklist Postmortem: Who Fell Victim to Berlin? And Who Is Red, Really?http://bit.ly/1ui6Oea
// 5/13/2014
WSJ: Megan Boone on James Spader & ‘The Blacklist’ Season Finalehttp://on.wsj.com/1o80Udo
// 5/11/2014
Speakeasy: So, do they tell you what is going to happen down the road on the show?
Megan: [Executive Producer] Jon Bokenkamp tells me anything I want to know. I’ve heard that’s not how other shows work but they want our input. I have a sense of how Red (Raymond Reddington, played by Spader) and Liz (Elizabeth Keene, played by Boone) are connected and what his storyline and my storyline are going to be. It’s a story of Liz being brought into the harsh nature of Red’s world while Red is brought into the goodness of Liz’s life. They are a yin and yang who come together in balance.”
“How much is James Spader like Red?
Megan Boone: “You can’t create that charisma that James brings to Red. That’s who James is. He’s highly intelligent just like Red. I don’t think an actor can play a role without bringing elements of themselves to it. One of first things he said to me once the pilot got picked up was, “We are these characters now. What we bring to it is now going to be a major force in forming the show.”
❥ HollywoodReporter: Fall TV: ABC’s ‘Agents of SHIELD,’ NBC’s ‘Blacklist’ Dominate Social Media Conversationhttp://bit.ly/1FBLlPq
// 5/17/2014, “Overall, ABC’s Marvel’s Agents of SHIELD was the top show with the most engagement out of all the networks, followed by NBC’s Blacklist and CBS’ The Crazy Ones.”
“Networked Insights, a social media analytics technology company that has worked with MTV, CBS and Samsung, has ranked the new shows dominating the social network landscape (Facebook, blogs, forums, comments, but mostly Twitter) — and the ones that aren’t — with the help of its marketing platform SocialSense. The company measured sheer volume, viewer sentiment and acceleration to determine its findings.
“Additionally, Networked Insights broadcast its “buy”/”don’t buy” recommendations for the networks’ new shows during upfront week with its “Operation Outsmart the Upfronts” campaign, a bold move that could have an effect on advertisers’ sentiments.”
❥ Variety: ‘The Blacklist’ Producers Pay Close Attention to Social Mediahttp://bit.ly/1vVlaSN but not James Spader :-(
// 4/3/2014
“But what is Red’s motivation for turning over the ‘Blacklist’? Is he a good guy or a bad guy?
“Fox gave a few scenarios. ‘Is he doing this out of some selfish motivation? Self-preservation? Or is he on the slow path to redemption?’
– ‘Boy, that would be disappointing,’ Spader interjected. [ oh, no! ]
– ‘I hope that’s a question we can keep alive for a long time,’ Fox said.
– ‘I think the bad guys are good,’ Tawfiq said.”
Trust Dembe. Dembe is the Keystone” [and not the KXL kind]
❥ NewsCom [AU]: Not even James Spader understands the character he plays in The Blacklisthttp://bit.ly/1qoWpGN
Here, Spader says no reveal “right up until the last episode of the show” http://bit.ly/1qoWpGN
// 3/7/2014, “He is comfortable and confident in the dark corners of life that most of us would never be comfortable with.
“His confidence in those areas allows for humour and irreverence even in the most extreme of circumstances.
Spader likes his personal life to be not for public consumption, and is similarly determined to preserve the enigma and mystery of Reddington.
“I have asked the writers really not to tell me too much too soon,” he says.
“I only want to know what I have to know to be able to perform that week’s episode.
● “One of the things that we guard most carefully … is that his secrets remain intact. Once you’ve answered those questions about who he is and where he’s coming from and really what he’s up to, I think you’ve pulled the curtain aside much too far.
“Hopefully Red will remain enigmatic, and what he is really truly up to is something we’re going to hold close to our vest right up until the last episode of the show.”
● Despite Red’s almost casual — and certainly clinical — methods of dispatching enemies and threats (the body count in 2014’s return episode reached almost double-figures as he ‘cleaned up his house’) there are lines Red won’t cross — even if Spader himself is still discovering them.
● “You’re seeing somebody in extreme circumstances that would be completely unfamiliar to you, and that person (Red) is thriving in that context,” he says.
“He seems willing to step over any threshold. He’s perfectly comfortable with not knowing what the outcome is going to be. And there is something about it that amuses him. I find that’s fun to play and very endearing.
“He leads a very thrilling life that takes him to the very, very end of the limb. But he also doesn’t mind sitting out there on the end of the limb for an hour or so. Really, he’ll stay there as long as necessary.
“He finds peace and serenity in the oddest of places, in the most dire circumstances.”
MasterHerald: The Blacklist Season 2 Successful with Fans, Producer Hints at the Future Developmentshttp://bit.ly/1yoV0Wl
// 2/27/2014
TheWire: NBC’s ‘The Blacklist’ Kind of Insulted Ted Cruz and Allen West http://bit.ly/1zvT2CL
// 2/25/2014, “This is the Madeline Pratt you all know and love – politically active, influential, a good citizen. What you don’t know is the Madeline Pratt that I love — 6 million in diamonds stolen from a DeBeers outpost in the Congo, security fibers used in printing the Czech Koruna taken from a mint in Prague and used to produce counterfeit bank notes. The Madeline Pratt you know fosters relationships with incredibly powerful people. The one you don’t exploits those relationships in ways that impact national security.”
❥❥ IndieWire, Max Winter: On THE BLACKLIST: Why James Spader Is the Perfect Star for the Increasingly Unreal Medium of TVhttp://bit.ly/1yBfjyG //➔ great analysis
// 2/12/2014, excellent; “…he plays it with the same aggressively insouciant quality, as if every line he speaks is not only the best line ever written for a television actor but is also the most explosive; and the more dramatically he speaks the line, the more of a detonation it sets off.”
● “Spader is occupying, with unusual elan, a historical moment in TV watching and reception: he is with us as TV becomes an almost entirely private personal phenomenon, in which viewers develop relationships with characters and plotlines that they cannot quite shake”
CozyLittleHouse: Bio: The Many Faces Of James Spaderhttp://bit.ly/1yyS9wv
// 2/3/2014, likes to be called “Jimmy,” is an excellent chef, loves Bob Dylan
● “‘I might have been looking for him,’ Spader muses when asked how he came to play Reddington. ‘I wanted someone who was irreverent, and, even at the most difficult times, saw the irony in the world around him. And he’s really not afraid of the unknown. I don’t think he’s afraid of much.'”
● “It’s a show that trades on secrets, as does its stars, one of whom, despite her breakout role in a breakout series, continues to live largely incognito.”
Grantland, Andy Greenwald: Five cures for the ailing Peacock http://es.pn/1uw2Bhn
// 10/23/2013, “the show’s appeal is not in the least bit mysterious: It takes a popular star, pairs him with a younger, prettier actress, and sparks off of their mismatched chemistry. Though The Blacklist dazzles and distracts with expensive set pieces and talk of global masterminds, it is, at heart, a very old-fashioned and modest series; it’s a cop procedural with a criminal as the lead investigator.”
DailyActor (2013): Q & A: James Spader Talks ‘The Blacklist’, Creating a Character and Playing Ultron in ‘The Avengers 2′http://bit.ly/1wJ3jye
// 10/17/2014, by Lance Carter, “People love to watch him work (including me). His acting choices and use of his voice are so unique, it’s just a blast to watch him.”
Q: … Are we ever going to get into the details of what sort of nitty-gritty bad, horrible things he’s done in the past? A: Yes, I think that’s going to be sort of eked out slowly over the course of the episodes. A sort of overall history lesson…. I think it’ll be over the lifespan of the show that you start to discover more and more about him.
Q: Reddington is very technologically savvy. He’s very plugged in. How plugged in are you? Are you hip technologically? A. You’ll actually discover in subsequent episodes that Red is actually not very technologically savvy. I think he’s actually – he is sometimes wishful about the old days of what spying and espionage and criminal activity might’ve been like as opposed to what it’s more like today which is much more technologically driven. But he obviously has to have people who supply that for him because he certainly has to contend with that part of his world. Myself, I’m completely technologically ignorant. I don’t know how to type either.
Q; There’s some speculation that Red is actually Elizabeth’s father. What are your thoughts on that? A: I don’t really have any thoughts on that because I don’t think he is but I don’t know for sure. You know, I think that’s something that, first of all, I wouldn’t divulge what the nature of their relationship was to you in any case no matter what it was because I think that’s something that the only way one earns that information is to watch the show.
But I think – I know that that’s been something that’s been posed to me in the past and it’s always seemed – I’ve always been surprised when faced with that as a possibility as an outcome because it seems so – too easy. But, you know what? Maybe the thing – maybe it’s a very circuitous route back to the simplest answer of all. So we’ll have to wait and see.
Q. Can you explain what, “The Blacklist,” is for those who missed the pilot and what does it mean for Red? A: The blacklist is just a name that Reddington gives to – a sort of freeform and very fluid list of targets but there is no list. It’s just – it’s in his head. And the targets can sometimes be quite spontaneous based on what’s ever going to serve his greater agendas. And I think sometimes the targets are … more calculated and I think at other times they’re not. Sometimes they serve an immediate purpose.
Q: You’ve had a lot of success on television. How much input do you have or do you want to have on the scripts? A: I seem to be having just enough and I couldn’t take on any more, that’s for sure. Our schedule is too oppressive to be able to take on any more. But just enough to be able to do the scenes and try and feel like we’re making them right.
TVWatchTower: THE BLACKLIST : James Spader Talks What Drew Him to the Master Criminal Role of Red Reddington (2013) http://bit.ly/1wGQlhr
// 10/8/2013, long interview
Variety: Facebook Reveals the New Fall TV Shows Generating the Most Buzzhttp://bit.ly/15HBH0Z The Blacklist is fourth
//10/3/2013, “Social platforms like Facebook and Twitter are getting more aggressive about tracking TV-related activity across their platforms in their bid to establish themselves for marketer dollars and partnerships to networks and studios.”
IVillage: Now James Spader’s a Bad Guy! Or Is He? ‘The Blacklist’ Isn’t Tellinghttp://ivill.ag/1HwGPDN // video of Steff
// 9/23/2014, “Variety likes the show, too. “Spader has always been a particularly interesting actor,” writes their critic. “And he’s well suited to this sort of twisted figure, where so much is going on behind those eyes.” And while Variety has a few reservations, they still call the show “one of the fall’s more promising new network hours.”
“Creepy or not, people still love Spader.”
NYT, Alessandra Stanley: Two New Wars on Terror on the ‘Homeland’ Fronthttp://nyti.ms/2ncbW2d
More Intrigue: ‘Hostages’ on CBS, and ‘The Blacklist’ on NBC
// 9/20/2013
“On ‘The Blacklist,’ a young F.B.I. agent, Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone), is paired with an unlikely partner: Raymond Reddington (James Spader), a former government agent turned criminal consigliere, who sells secrets and abets mobsters, thieves and terrorists worldwide. In the pilot, Reddington turns himself in and offers to help the F.B.I. track down his blacklist of master criminals, but on the condition that he deal only with Elizabeth. (The show also borrows a bit from ‘Silence of the Lambs,’ but, in this case, Mr. Spader chews the scenery, not human kidneys.)
“The many layers of feints and puzzles are compelling, but it’s hard to see how they can last more than a season or two.” …
“Conventional television shows are called series for a reason: whether it is “Bonanza” or “Law & Order: SVU,” these are serial dramas engineered to last, with replaceable characters and story lines that begin and end in under an hour.
“The best shows these days are more like movies than serials, with narrative arcs that sweep the action and the lead characters to a fixed conclusion. And subsequent seasons are more like movie sequels: even good ones rarely live up to the first, and the more there are, the more they strain to work.
“Shows with two dueling characters, moreover, tend to have shorter shelf lives than those with a single central villain. Tony Soprano kept his criminal enterprise going for six seasons; Walter White of ‘Breaking Bad’ is on the verge of shutting down after five; and women sometimes outlast the men: Nancy Botwin, the pot-dealing heroine of ‘Weeds,’ hung on for a remarkable eight seasons.
“When a drama follows the collision course of two enemies of the opposite sex, sooner or later they have to consummate their love, or their hate. It’s not just sexual tension that wears off after contact; so does the piquancy of conflict. …
“‘The Blacklist,’ going head-to-head with ‘Hostages,’ also withholds a lot of information, including why Reddington turned himself in and why he feels a kinship with Elizabeth, who is fresh out of Quantico and has no known history with him or his criminal career. Once those questions are cleared up, what’s left is a more commonplace procedural: Reddington manipulating the top brass while helping Elizabeth track down dangerous suspects.
“One season of a standout drama should be enough, but in a culture of more, it’s almost impossible to stop at less. But like Shakespeare’s lilies, great shows that fester smell far worse than ‘Weeds.'”
HollywoodReporter: The James Spader-starring drama premieres …http://bit.ly/1tb32gV
// 9/19/2013, “…he’s as Zen as can be and shows no signs of being a physical threat. Mentally, however, he’s clearly dangerous.
“As Spader devours the script and steals every scene, basking in the power he has – more than the FBI thinks he has – the audience isn’t sure what his motives are. The connection to Keene doesn’t seem too difficult to figure out, though guesses in that direction may end up bearing no fruit. But the pilot suggests that Red isn’t going to be some white hat masquerading as a criminal. He certainly seems to have dealt with a number of unsavory types, and the pilot makes it clear that he’s well-connected to the underbelly of international power brokers and terrorists. So, what’s his game?”
☒ YouTube: Comic-Con (Summer 2013) Blacklist panel http://bit.ly/1q8xSFP
// James Spader: “Secrets are a great thing. Secrets are such a part of everyone’s life. And that’s allowed to live in this show, how you reckon with secrets, in your own life and others, and the secrets that you know about others, and secrets you hold very dear that someone in the first time meeting them, they somehow are intuitive about things you hold very close to your heart and I think that’s a very interesting aspect of both Red and Elizabeth, from both sides. I think intuitively, she responds to something in him – and the same thing happened with Megan and I and I was glad for that.”
HollywoodReporter: ‘Lincoln’ Star James Spader on Why He’d Rather Watch the GOP Presidential Debates Than ‘The Office’ http://bit.ly/1yT8Xxa
// 11/26/2012THR: I know this film was shot during the GOP primary season. Did that impact it at all?Spader: Well, considering how much irreverence and comic relief this character was bringing to the film, it only helped that the primaries were so tremendously entertaining. That was actually some of my favorite TV watching that I think I ever witnessed, the Republican primary debates. I loved those; I wish they never ended.
THR: Herman Cain could have a TV show.Spader: Just everybody. Really, the entire cast. The entire field, one was just as entertaining as the next.❗
THR: So was waiting for Lincoln the impetus to do The Office? Spader: I was very excited to do both of them, but the timing was perfect. I had just done a play for a year in New York, so I was flat broke by the time they offered me Lincoln. And it was a labor of love on Lincoln, and it was so far in advance, I didn’t know how I was going to pay my bills, but The Office came in at just about the same point, and that answered that question for me.
Vulture: How much research did you do for the part?Spader: “…Regardless of whether it’s based on fact or fancy, the most important part of my job description, besides showing up and staying in the light, is a real dedication to the intents of that screenplay. The script is the coloring book that you’re given, and your job is to figure out how to color it in. And also when and where to color outside the lines.”
Vulture: So where and how did you color outside the lines?Spader: The lines were blurry. W.N. Bilbo was one of the only characters in the film that they did not have any pictures of….
he was a bit of a dandy. But in the screenplay he was depicted as being very bawdy and colorful, and he certainly has the most irreverent language in the film. So, I thought it would be great to try and put all those pieces together — and I imagined him as a dandy in decay. So, he’d have all these expensive clothes but they’d be a little disheveled….
His appearance reflects a tremendous lust for life. He was a very colorful guy. He had been a very successful attorney prior to the war. And I love the dichotomy that he was a Southerner, from Nashville, Tennessee, who’d known Jefferson Davis. He was even arrested in New York State on suspicion of being a Confederate spy, and he had to prevail upon Lincoln and Seward to get him out and advocate on his behalf. So there were already these dichotomies within him. All we really did was add another, with him being a colorful dresser but with food stains and crazy hair and whatnot. I think he had more changes of costume in the film than anyone except maybe Mary Todd Lincoln!
NBCBayArea: James Spader Crafts a Quirky Take on “Lincoln” Lobbyist
// 11/14/2012, greatly admired Spielberg’s enthusiasm and indefatigability
“I find that every actor – every good actor that I have ever worked with – is immersing themselves to different degrees. And in the moment that the camera is rolling, they’re making an attempt to immerse themselves to the greatest degree. And some are more successful at that than others. And some are able to pick it up and put it down, and some aren’t. I do not suffer from any form of schizophrenia. I have many other mental incapacities and many other issues and idiosyncrasies, but I am not schizophrenic in any way shape or form.
“And therefore, I absolutely, do not believe that I was at any point talking to Abraham Lincoln. But in every scene I had with Daniel, I felt that we were all – and not just Daniel, everybody in the film – being the truest that they could be to that time and place, and those people set within those circumstances. But it may just be in the prism through which I see the world, including my work life, I’m still aware of the fact that I’m making a film.”
TheCultureProject (2010) Blueprint for Accountability: Torture, Accountability, Habeas Corpushttp://bit.ly/1sjeLdj
// 6/7/2010, James Spader reads from interview by journalist Sy Hersh with General Antonio M Taguba on Abu Graib; 1:12-1:22.20 minutes in; includes short video [graphic!] follows
⋙ New Yorker, Sy Hersh (2007): The General’s Reporthttp://nyr.kr/1vPBpPs General Antonio Taguba was routed from the Army for reporting on Abu Graib
// 6/25/2007
Broadway[.]com: “Race” Star James Spader on Truth, Justice and the Mamet Wayhttp://bit.ly/1oX7wG5
// 1/19/2010 “I think that David Mamet is very happy with the notion that every character in this play—and therefore the actors playing those characters—believe with all their heart that they’re telling the truth. That’s what he wants this play to be about; he wants it to be about truth and lies. It’s one of the things that makes for the excitement in the play—and there’s something terribly tragic about these four characters—all of them absolutely believe that they’re doing the right thing. But what you believe is the truth may turn out to be a lie. I think where the play lives and breathes is that idea.”
● “the kind of up-for-grabs moral universe that Spader characters have been occupying in Hollywood for years”
● “Alan Shore, the outrageously sardonic, ethically cynical lawyer on both “The Practice” and “Boston Legal” on ABC. In that role Mr. Spader’s instincts for dark, enigmatic characters grounded an entire performance, one that won him three Emmys”
● “His Jack Lawson is like Alan Shore on Paxil — calmer and focused but no less brazen. And if Lawson does not represent especially new ground in Mr. Spader’s oeuvre, this latest incarnation of a slick lawyer, who at first appears more ruthless than anyone else onstage, taps into his many discomfiting talents. After two decades of personifying the creepy id in our collective imagination, Mr. Spader is finally on intimate view as audiences come face to face with the snake in the room”
// 11/25/2009
LucianMaverick (2009): Character Analysis: Alan Shore, Boston Legalhttp://bit.ly/1yFI6pn //➔ I miss this show so much
TVWW: The Show with the Most Famous Balcony Scenes Since “Romeo & Juliet” Ends Tonighthttp://bit.ly/2mnJoq3
// 12/8/2008
“ABC’s Boston Legal, one of the braver and more delightful TV series of the past five years, ends tonight, with a two-hour episode that concludes with one last scene on the balcony.
“And that’s only fitting, since this David E. Kelley series has done more for the balcony scene than any drama since Shakespeare’s Romeo & Juliet…
“Last week’s episode had Carl, the attorney played by John Larroquette, complaining that there was nothing on TV worth watching, especially for viewers over 50. And complaining not to friends, or the networks, but to a judge, where he’s taken the case of mass-medium age discrimination to court.
“‘I’m over 50 myself,’ Carl yells at the judge, ‘and I want something to watch!’ He argues that there’s only one prime-time network show on TV with lots of characters his age, and starts to say it — but stops, saying he doesn’t want to ‘break the fourth wall.’
“Breaking the fourth wall, of course, is one of those things this series has done brilliantly, and increasingly, throughout its run. Last week, the case in which James Spader’s Alan Shore was suing on behalf of his best friend and fellow attorney, William Shatner’s Denny Crane, was scheduled to be heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.
“When would the case be heard?, one asked the other. The response: ‘Special 9 o’clock start time,’ which savvy viewers knew was a cue for real-life TV appointment viewing. Ditto the obvious real-life applications when Alan complained, ‘There seems to be a law against promoting us.’ Take that, ABC.”
“… Boston Legal says farewell, arguing one last case before the biggest court in the land. In the biggest entertainment venue in the land, though, this series proved its case years ago, with barrels of Emmys and an endless lis of unforgettable summations, flirtations, outrages and, at the end of each show, contemplative balcony scenes between Alan and Denny.”…
“Wherefore art thou, Shatner and Spader? For one last night, it’s an easy question to answer.”
“As we reported a while back, next week brings us Boston Legal’s last episode. I was literally stunned to learn the show was being discontinued! They even cut it short – Boston Legal only has 13 episodes this season, as opposed to the regular 22! I searched in vain for a reason, as no one seems to know exactly why Boston Legal is in its last season. The best reason offered was that it simply couldn’t afford its super star-power and since there was little else said on the matter, I assumed it was something of a mutual agreement between the show and network.”
“But this week’s episode featured Betty White and John Larroquette suing the networks for not including programming aimed at those over 50. … ”
“Boston Legal is clearly one of the best shows on TV and if the cast is still willing to do it, I want to ask other networks to consider picking it up. Honestly, Boston Legal would rock on HBO. I know that isn’t going to happen, but man… that would be the optimum home for this incredible dramedy and it would flourish. Its older demographic has consistently been touted as a possible reason for its cancellation and on HBO, where they could pull out all the stops, the freedom to be as ostentatious as they want to be would certainly draw younger viewers.” …
“For now, The Rundown mourns yet another fantastic show’s passing and the steady decline into mediocrity we have come to expect from network programming. Now only Chuck, Smallville, and Supernatural are left on the free networks; everything else heaves.” …
“Since the 1970s, an underground subculture has been making and privately screening short films. The artists are fans—and critics—of cult TV shows, from Star Trek to Homicide: Life on the Street. Their movies are music videos, edited from pieces of those programs and other sources into something new: a story, an essay, a mood piece, a love note.
“These vidders, as they call themselves, weren’t the first filmmakers to re-edit existing footage into new works, but they may have been the first to do it as a self-conscious community, training one another in the art and craft of vidding. They also did it invisibly, shying from the spotlight both to avoid copyright infringement lawsuits and simply to keep the work away from viewers not likely to appreciate the form.” …
“Tuesday’s Boston Legal prime time drama on ABC was packed full of political jabs at congressional Republicans and Vice President Cheney. Buffoonish conservative lawyer ‘Denny Crane’ (played by William Shatner) was placed on the ‘No Fly List’ and when liberal lawyer ‘Alan Shore’ (played by James Spader) asked if Crane had called for help, he responded: ‘Well, I can’t get anybody. I called Tom DeLay, his number’s disconnected. Foley has got his hands full, Frist said, “Don’t take it personally.” I called Clarence Thomas; his office said he was ‘indisposed.’ Shore then asked, ‘Have you tried going right to the top?’ Crane replied: ‘Cheney?’ Shore also linked being ‘red, white and blue’ with not reading newspapers and got in a slap at Cheney in a quip about avoiding ‘the rich friend who will take you to his quail ranch and let you shoot him.'”
“It’s the best love story on television. Not Homer and Marge. Not that cute married couple on ‘Medium.’ Not the HBO polygamists. It’s Denny Crane and Alan Shore in the ABC Tuesday-night hit ‘Boston Legal,’ now in its third season, tonight at 9 p.m.
“Each episode of the two-year-old dramedy, a spinoff of ABC’s ‘The Practice,’ ends with lawyers Crane (played by William Shatner) and Shore (James Spader) relaxing on the high-rise balcony of their Boston firm of Crane Poole & Schmidt, recounting their day and their lives thus far.
“Sometimes, the two puff cigars. Sometimes, they enjoy a Scotch. Always, they express their love in ways circumspect, tough and touching.” …
“Denny Crane and Alan Shore are perhaps the best example of postmodern, heterosexual man-love currently available in the mass media. It has been a long time coming.
“‘Boston Legal’ tells us modern hetero-man can freely love fellow hetero-man without worrying about whether it makes us gay, without spending time thinking and talking about our feelings (gaack!) and without expressing affection solely through physical competition.
“Producer David E. Kelley (‘The Practice,’ ‘Ally McBeal,’ ‘Boston Public’), created it as an ensemble. But Shatner and Spader quickly took it over by force of personality. The show has produced solid ratings.
“Buoyed by viewer feedback, the writers began to pair up the two in other, off-balcony situations, taking the male-bonding relationship to unexpected places: a fishing trip that included a spooning scene in bed, dressing as matching flamingos at a party, and being tied together with a rope as Denny kept Alan from hurting himself while sleepwalking.” …
“Yet, like many successful couples, they are opposites in some ways.
“Alan has a bleeding heart where Denny is a troglodyte right-winger. Alan lays open his weaknesses while Denny tries to suppress them. And there is a 30-year age gap between the two.
“Perhaps it’s not surprising that the person who pens most of Shatner and Spader’s lines is a woman: Janet Leahy is the executive producer and a writer for ‘Boston Legal.’
“‘I think of their relationship as (they’re) having sex with women, but they’re married to each other,’ she says.
“In interviews, Shatner and Spader talk about how the other actor smells, so close is their on-screen contact.
“‘It’s a very funny friendship that Bill and I have and that Denny and Alan have; it really is,’ Spader says from California. ‘We go together.'”
“The show continues to ‘break the fourth” wall not once but twice with this episode. (Break the fourth wall: Urban Dictionary: Break the fourth wall). Toward the end of the second part of the finale Denny Crain (William Shatner) passes Shirley Schmidt (Candice Bergen) in the hallway and makes a reference to ‘Sweeps Week’ to finagle a ‘kiss’ from Shirley (an ex-flame of his in his/her youth). Then at the end of the show Alan Shore (James Spader) and Denny Crain sharing a drink. Alan says “Here’s to the fall” and Denny responds ‘Same Night?’ and Alan retorts ‘God I hope So’.”
BostonGlobe (2005): Delayed Gratificationhttp://bit.ly/ZAcgvF
// “With his sexuality, arrogance, and boyish charm, Boston’s own James Spader built a successful, if quirky, film career. Then TV’s David E. Kelley called with a proposition. What happened next surprised even Spader”
From Amazon review of Sex, lies & videotape:
“What am I supposed to do? Am I supposed to recount all the points in my life leading up to this moment, and then hope that it’s coherent; that it makes some sort of sense to you? It doesn’t make any sense to me. You know, I was there. And I don’t have the slightest idea who I am. And I’m supposed to be able to explain it to you…?” | 2024-02-15T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2069 |
When I was in fifth grade, I became fast.
I don’t know how or why it happened. If I had reflected on it more deeply back then, I probably would have thought that I was starting to develop my mutant power like the X-Men I was so thoroughly obsessed with at that point.
But this mutant power only lasted a year, and it was very specific in its application. At my suburban Catholic school, there was a circular driveway around the grassy field behind the school. On days when it was seasonable enough for gym classes to be held outside, this driveway doubled as a running track, complete with speed bumps.
While the school has long since shuttered, the driveway remains intact, instantly transporting me back to the dreaded two laps that we were forced to run at the beginning of each class. Or worse yet, I’m reminded of the seven laps around the track that constituted the annual Running of The Mile. You always knew that The Mile awaited you eventually, and from the ages of about 8 through 18, it was one of the worst days of the school year for me.
But not in fifth grade.
When we would complete those two laps to kick off class, there I was near the front of the pack—waiting for the majority of my classmates to finish while I stood around victoriously regaining my wind and trying my best not to look cocky. “Yes, I used to be like you slow-pokes. Don’t worry, your day will come. My day just came quicker than yours. Because I’m so fast.”
When it came time to run The Mile, my latent mutant power kicked in again. I don’t remember my time—probably under eight minutes?—but I do remember being congratulated heartily by the other fast kids. I was standing with the athletic titans of my class: the girls who ran on the track team, the guy who was good at every sport he ever tried, and the incredibly short kid who parlayed his speed into a major source of social capital.
The point of this recollection is to assert that fifth grade was one of the only times in my life that I can remember not actively despising the act of running. Unfortunately, sixth grade rolled around and my mutant power regressed back to its customary place of being awkward around girls, and my love for running dissipated as quickly as my odds of snagging a partner at a school dance.
I’m happy to report, however, that almost 25 years later, I have once again made peace with running and have frequently paid money to run. I’m also married to a beautiful woman who loves to dance with me, which goes to show that nice mutants don’t always finish last…in love or races.
But this is about running and how I learned to un-hate it.
Somewhere around 2010, I realized that my slowing metabolism and life as an office-dwelling desk jockey were catching up to my waistline as well as my longterm cardiovascular health. While I don’t remember exactly what led me to choose my old foe of running as a plausible weapon in my battle against the bulge, it probably stemmed from the fact that I had read one too many of those “sitting all day is slowly killing you” articles. It also helped that I had coworkers and a brother who were also interested in running, which leads me to my first tip for learning to be OK with running:
1. Choose a running mate.
When it comes to exercise, I think it’s important to have a wingman. It’s not all that necessary that they even run alongside you—maybe they’re faster than you, or slower than you or just have a different schedule from you and can’t meet up to run. It doesn’t matter. The point is to find a training buddy who will listen to your sob stories about how hard your run was yesterday and how sore you are today, who will celebrate with you when you break a personal record, and who will inspire you to keep pushing yourself in those moments when you realize that you are now spending your free time willingly doing that thing you hated for so long. It’s also way more fun to sign up for a race with someone else, rather than just doing it by yourself. It gives you a common goal to strive for and someone to eat bananas with after you cross the finish line.
Once I had found my running mates, it was time to actually go for a run. I still remember the first time I went to the gym after work and ran a mile THAT I WAS CHOOSING TO RUN. It was exhausting, but also invigorating in a weird way. When I was eventually able to run an entire mile without stopping, it became less exhausting and even more invigorating.
2. Sign up for a race.
Just because I’m OK with running, doesn’t mean that I love it. There are still plenty of times when I don’t feel like doing it, which makes me all the more proud of myself when I actually follow through. I’ve always been better about motivating myself to run when there is a date on my calendar when I know I’m going to run an organized 5K. My interest in and stamina for running has not led me to anything beyond a 5K in the last 5 years—and I’m not sure that I’ll ever tackle anything greater than that—but it’s been important for me to use races as a reason to run.
It’s also just really fun participating in a race. Beyond the varying quality of the race swag (I highly recommend the Hot Chocolate 5K in Chicago!), there is a palpable energy at a race that calls you to be the best runner you can be and usually provokes me to run faster and last longer than I would when I’m running on my treadmill or around my neighborhood. It’s almost like you can feed off of the energy of the other runners to replenish your own reserves. It also helps that the race results will be posted online for eternity along with your full name and age at the time of the race, just a Google search away from being discovered by personal stalkers, blind dates or future employers. With those stakes, you want to put your fastest foot forward.
3. Track your progress.
Even before the days when I wore a FitBit that is perpetually telling me to get up and take some steps and smartly tracking my moments of exercise throughout the week (apparently my FitBit thinks mowing the lawn is a brisk bike ride), it was important for me to track my personal progress as a runner. Since the act of running is still not particularly diverting for me, the reward is the process of noticing improvement over time. How quickly can I run a mile? Can I run a full 5K without stopping to walk? Can I run a 5K in under 30 minutes? I always have a goal of some sort in mind, and completing one goal makes me want to tackle the next. It took years of on-again/off-again training, but I recently ran my first 5K without stopping, so now I’ll be moving on to improving my time. It’s also nice to have a device that will tell me exactly how far I’ve run and show me my mile time splits.
4. Make the conditions as perfect as possible.
Running is an investment of time as well as calories, so it’s important to make that time well spent, or you’ll never learn to tolerate it. Once I decided that running was something I wanted to commit to, I tried to make the conditions as conducive to running as possible. On a basic level, that meant buying some dry-fit clothes to combat my profuse sweating and getting new shoes to be used exclusively for running. (I actually started out using my old shoes and eventually hurt my knee, probably because the shoes weren’t giving me the cushioned support that I needed.) I also downloaded an app that could track my runs and eventually bought a FitBit. I like to listen to music or podcasts while I run, so I got an armband to hold my phone. When I was starting to see some progress and increasing my distance beyond The Mile, I paid some hard-earned money to sign up for my first race. (Again, find one with good swag so that it feels like you’re buying something beyond a runner’s high.) Most recently, I bought a treadmill so that I could continue to run over the winter without having to pay for a gym membership or deal with the hassle of driving to and from the gym to go for a run. To my immense surprise, I actually used it quite a bit and was able to maintain some of my running momentum even through the harsh Chicago winter. When spring rolled around, I wasn’t starting at zero, which was a great feeling.
5. Don’t stop believing.
As I’ve hopefully made clear, I still don’t love running. I have yet to have a full epiphany on the joy of spending a half hour banging my legs into the ground as I travel short distances that humankind has invented better methods for traversing. (My bike stares back at me with disgust every time I go for a run.) I also encountered injury (that shoe-induced sore knee) that prevented me from running for a time and derailed the progress I had made. That wasn’t fun, and my break from running extended well beyond the healing of my injury, as I kept coming up with reasons why I couldn’t get back into it just yet. But the seed had been planted, and eventually a spring day came that made me say “This is running weather,” and I started pounding the pavement again.
It sounds cliche, but running is almost as much of a mental challenge as a physical one for me. Since it’s not my passion, there are mental hurdles I sometimes have to jump to maintain my motivation, but once I do, I never regret the run. I definitely like running more after I finish than before I start. And for now, chasing that feeling is enough to make it worthwhile.
If you’re like me and you’ve hated running for a long time, I’d encourage you to give it another try. If I could go back in time and tell my childhood self that I would grow up and frequently run of my own volition, he would never believe me, but that thought also inspires some pride that makes me glad I’m doing it.
And, who knows: If I keep this up, maybe I’ll magically become fast again someday. | 2023-08-31T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5108 |
A novel laccase with inhibitory activity towards HIV-I reverse transcriptase and antiproliferative effects on tumor cells from the fermentation broth of mushroom Pleurotus cornucopiae.
A novel laccase with a molecular mass of 67 kDa was isolated from the fermentation broth of Pleurotus cornucopiae through ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The optimal pH and temperature for the laccase was pH 4.2 and 30°C, respectively. The laccase activity was remarkably inhibited by Fe(3+) and Hg(2+) , while it was stimulated by Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) . It inhibited proliferation of the hepatoma cells HepG2 and the breast cancer cells MCF-7, and the activity of HIV-I reverse transcriptase with IC50 values of 3.9, 7.6 and 3.7 μM, respectively. | 2024-05-16T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3798 |
// Copyright (C) 2004 Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
// License: Boost Software License See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
#ifndef DLIB_MISC_API_KERNEl_1_
#include "misc_api_kernel_2.h"
#endif
| 2024-02-20T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7042 |
Monday, September 14, 2015
Double The Stripes
I know I'm not the only one itching for Fall! The weather, the clothes, the food! I love it all. It was nice today, I opened my windows, cleaned, and put up Halloween decorations. It's honestly a little late for me. I'm one of those who is busting out my scary decorations the first of September.
Now onto my outfit. I love a little plaid wrapped around my waist. Definitely a Fall essential for me. I got this striped shirt from Groopdealz, an online boutique website that features all sorts of deals from other boutiques! It's crazy, they have deals up to 85% off. Right now they have a lot of cute clothing, home decor, and other items targeted for Fall! I honestly love everything that they have. Check them out for sure and sign up with your e-mail to know of the deals right when they are posted.
27 comments:
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Finally, the much awaited Kawasaki Ninja 650R reaches India today on 8th June 2011. The Kawasaki Ninja 650R will be assembled locally at the Chakan Plant in Chennai India and will be imported to India as a CKD unit unlike many other sports bikes which cost high because they are imported as CBU. The Ninja 650R has been priced at Rs. 4.57 Lakhs ex-showroom Delhi which is a very attractive price for a sports bike.
There will not be prompt deliveries as there are some delays in the supply chain owing to a waiting period of up to two months before you can get your 650R on the road. | 2023-10-22T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5192 |
While the effect of legal drinking age on the involvement of young drivers in motor vehicle crashes has been researched thoroughly, the potential effect of legal drinking age on other alcohol-related injuries has been neglected. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between legal drinking age and fatal injuries including: pedestrians, motorcyclists, drownings, homicides, and suicides, among others. A quasi-experimental design, the multiple-time-series, has been selected to assess the effect of raising the legal drinking age on alcohol-related unintentional and intentional injury deaths among adolescents targeted by drinking age legislation. Computerized mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics for the years 1978-1982 will be examined. States raising their legal drinking age during this period will be paired with states whose drinking age laws remained unchanged. In each state sampled, the incidence of traumatic deaths among teens targeted by drinking age legislation, generally youth 18 to 20 years, will be compared to the rate in their proximal age peers, 15-17, and 21 to 24 years. Thus, three comparisons will be made, time, state, and age group, in order to assess the effect of raising the legal drinking age on alcohol-related traumatic deaths. | 2024-05-10T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1918 |
Headlined by career best work from Jake Gyllenhaal, Nightcrawler is one of the darker and craftier thrillers to come along in quite awhile.
“I’d like to think if you’re seeing me you’re having the worst day of your life.”
So says Louis Bloom, the anti-hero of writer/director Dan Gilroy’s Nightcrawler. The film is a pitch-black, often satirically so, look at the bloodlust that engulfs local news. Its parallels with reality are only slightly blurred, allowing the viewer to look on as a horrified witness. Headlined by career best work from Jake Gyllenhaal, Nightcrawler is one of the darker and craftier thrillers to come along in quite awhile.
As the film opens, Bloom (Gyllenhaal), is down on his luck and having trouble finding work. He’s a driven worker and a fast learner, as he puts it. On the way home one night he spots a car accident on the side of the road. Police and medics surround an injured person as an opportunistic “stringer,” Joe Loder (Paxton), captures the whole thing on camera. Loder’s job: sell the footage to the highest bidder in the local news market. Entranced by the possibilities, Louis pawns a camera and a police scanner. With the help of an assistant, Rick (Ahmed), and a bloodthirsty news director, Nina (Russo), desperate to raise ratings, Bloom scours the city for the grisliest footage he can get.
Gilroy’s script has plenty to say about contemporary news reporting and biases. The ultimate “get” for Bloom is a homicide in an upscale neighborhood committed by minorities. It’s the way that Gilroy slyly works this in to an otherwise chilling tale about a sociopath that makes Nightcrawler so effective. Bloom sees no problem with doing whatever it takes – re-arranging crime scenes and molding what actually happened into its most compelling version – to obtain his footage. He views it as his job. Nina and everyone around him, save for the level-headed Rick, enable his behavior in the name of ratings and the public’s yearning for the most gruesome footage allowed on TV. The film does run a bit astray with the notion that network news would air shot and bloodied bodies with the faces pixelated, but then again, who knows. There’s always room to sink lower. The final third of the film involves a rapidly-devolving situation after Bloom arrives at the scene of a triple homicide before police and films the deceased and the killers. As his morals and decency completely erode, Bloom looks to exploit the footage as much as possible.
Jake Gyllenhaal, twenty pounds lighter than usual, completely transforms into the mousy, ever-confident Bloom. Barely blinking and increasingly off-kilter, Gyllenhaal has crafted one of the more memorable cinematic sociopaths of recent history. Russo, making just her third appearance since 2005, is coldly effective as Nina. Her bond with Louis, which he would prefer be romantic, adds additional intrigue. Bill Paxton, as Louis’s chief rival, and Riz Ahmed, as Bloom’s apprehensive partner, both turn in fine supporting work.
Sly, dark, and macabre, Nightcrawler is an exceptional example of social commentary done right. It has a bitingly satirical edge that pokes through the Los Angeles night regularly. Tightly written and beautifully photographed by Gilroy and ace cinematographer Robert Elswit, Nightcrawler is one of the year’s finest thrillers.
GRADE: A-
Studio: Open Road Films
Length: 117 Minutes
Rating: R for violence including graphic images, and for language.
Theatrical Release: October 31, 2014
Directed by: Dan Gilroy
Written by: Dan Gilroy
Cast: Jake Gyllenhaal, Rene Russo, Bill Paxton, Eric Lange, Riz Ahmed
TRAILER
MARKETPLACE
[asa]B00Q3DMJZW[/asa] | 2024-07-09T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/9943 |
Q:
Multiple Checkboxes, check if both Checked in Jquery
I have six checkboxes.
Shown as like this
Checkbox1 <input type="checkbox" id="check1">
Checkbox2 <input type="checkbox" id="check2">
<div id="checkbox1field" {if $blabla} style="display="none"{/if}>
Checkbox1 <input type="checkbox" id="check3">
Checkbox2 <input type="checkbox" id="check4">
</div>
<div id="checkbox2field" {if $blabla2} style="display="none"{/if}>
Checkbox1 <input type="checkbox" id="check5">
Checkbox2 <input type="checkbox" id="check6">
</div>
Now if i click on checkbox with id=check1 the element with id=checkbox1field should be shown if its display="none".
If i click on id="check3" the id="check4" should be hide.
If i click on id="check4" the id="check3" should be hide.
The same process is also valid for id="checkbox2field".
But my problem is what do i do if a user clicks on
id="check2" and id="check1"
Then i want that both id="checkbox2field" and id="checkbox1field" should be shown.
What i did which works 50% is here
$("#check1:checked").show("fast").("#check4").show("fast").("#checkbox2field").hide("fast");
$("#check2:checked").show("fast").("#check1").hide("fast").("#checkbox1field").show("fast");
How can i solve this problem using jquery?
A:
$('#check1,#check2').bind('change', function () {
var self = $(this);
$('#' + self.attr('id') + 'field').toggle(self.attr('checked')).children(':checkbox').show();
});
$('#check3,#check4,#check5,#check6').bind('change', function () {
var self = $(this);
self.siblings(':checkbox').toggle(self.attr('checked'));
});
You may want to apply classes to your checkboxes, to make selection easier.
| 2023-08-14T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6547 |
We propose to study the mechanisms of antibody dependent suppression of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in a rat model system. We have a number of monoclonal antibodies (McAb) of the IgM isotype all of which consistently cause leukemia suppression in vivo. Our preliminary studies suggest that complement (C) may play a role in this reaction. We, therefore, plan to: (1) extend our preliminary observations to further evaluate the role of C in leukemia suppression; (2) investigate whether a number of different IgM McAb that cause leukemia suppression also require the participation of C; (3) investigate the possible involvement of effectors in addition to C; and (4) investigate whether agents thst stimulate the reticuloendothelial system (RES) can enhance leukemia suppression. We believe that the availability of McAb and an understanding of the effector mechanisms should enhance the potential of immunotherapy of AML in human patients. (HF) | 2023-09-08T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2212 |
Video monitors display color images by modulating the intensity of the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) at each pixel of the image. In a digitized color image, each primary color is usually quantized with 8 bits of resolution in order to eliminate distinguishable quantization steps in luminance, color hue and color saturation. Thus, full color, digital display systems use 24 bits to specify the color of each pixel on the screen. Because the cost of high speed, high resolution monitors make many applications impractical, an alternative approach used by many less costly displays, is to provide a limited number of bits, such as 8, for specifying the color at each pixel. The user is then allowed to define a mapping between those 2.sup.8 =256 values and the full range of 2.sup.24 =16,777,216 colors. The set of colors available through this mapping is called palette.
Before proceeding further several definitions are useful. Quantization is the process of assigning representation values to ranges of input values. In image processing, the value being quantized can be an analog or digital signal Color image quantization is the process of selecting a set of colors to represent all the colors of an image, and computing the mapping from color space to representative colors. The invention described herein is an improved method for color image quantization and for applying the quantized colors to a pixel map to yield the highest quality image.
A number of approaches have been suggested for the design of color palettes that involve iterative refinement of an initial palette. See for instance: G. Braudaway, "A Procedure for Optimum Choice of a Small Number of Colors from a Large Color Palette for Color Imaging," IBM internal report, RC 11367 (#51227), Sept. 16, 1985, and P Heckbert, "Color Image Quantization for Frame Buffer Display," Computer Graphics, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 297-307, July 1982.
Heckbert's method constructs an initial palette by assigning to each color from the palette an approximately equal number of pixels in the image. To improve this initial color palette, ar iterative procedure is performed, derived from the Lloyd-Max method for quantizer design, which attempts to minimize the total squared error (TSE) between the original pixels and colors assigned from the palette.
Braudaway proposes constructing an initial color palette by centering colors at peaks in the color value histogram. To avoid concentrating too many colors about one peak, the histogram values are reduced in a region surrounding each assigned color after the color is selected. Beginning at this initial palette, the same iterative approach is used as employed by Heckbert. The iterative procedure attempts to minimize the TSE, but converges only to a local minimum which is greatly influenced by the choice of the initial color palette. Since the initial color palettes in both methods do not attempt to minimize TSE, the local minimum which is reached is unlikely to be close to the global minimum. In addition, the iterative procedure is computationally intensive since, at each iteration, it requires a search of the full color palette for each pixel.
Once a color palette has been selected, pixel mapping involves assigning a color from the palette to each pixel in the image in a way which produces the highest quality display. In many applications, the efficiency of algorithms for performing color palette design and pixel mapping is important. This is particularly true in applications involving large image data bases. In such applications, images are in some common format which must be displayed on monitors having different limitations of color palette size. This requires that each display design its own color palette and perform pixel mapping after receiving each image.
Even if the color palette is transmitted with each image, standard image coding techniques require that pixel mapping be performed locally by each display system. This is because standard image coding techniques make use of the high correlation between the values of the primary colors of neighboring pixels to reduce transmission bit-rates. The color palette indices of neighboring pixels are not highly correlated and, therefore, cannot be coded with high efficiency. Thus, each local display must either design a color palette for each received image or, if a color map is provided, perform pixel mapping of the primary color values contained in the decoded image.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an algorithm for color image quantization which selects the best set of colors, called a color palette, to represent an image containing a much larger set of colors.
It is another object of this invention to provide an algorithm which maps the pixels of an image with colors from a color palette to yield the highest quality color image, within the capabilities of a display system.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an algorithm for color image quantization and pixel color mapping which is computationally efficient. | 2023-11-24T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8330 |
This invention relates generally to building structures and is particularly directed to a displaceable roof eave structure which permits sun exposure of the outer walls of a building to be adjusted as desired.
One approach to regulating the temperature within a building involves controlling the amount of exposure to the sun of the building. The prior art discloses various devices for adjusting building shade such as awnings and removable slats in buildings employing passive solar heating. Awnings have, of course, proven to be a reliable means for shading the side, or particularly the windows, of a building. However, awnings generally must be taken down when not in use for extended periods such as during the winter in order to prolong their use. This typically involves considerable work and in some cases makes the use of awnings impractical. In addition, the structure of awnings, even of the nonfabric type, is susceptible to environmental damage such as by high winds. The removable slats typically utilized in passive solar heating systems are also generally difficult to remove and replace and thus do not allow for ease of adjustment of building shade.
The prior art discloses various adjustable shading devices. One approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,694,231 to Bermejo involving a generally horizontal, retractable canopy for covering an automobile. The canopy is displaced in a generally horizontal direction by means of a manually operated rack and pinion combination. U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,857 to Danford discloses a hinged eave assembly for a sectional or modular structure which permits the eave of the structure to be displaced rotationally upward over the roof for transport in reducing the effective width of the structure to conform with state highway regulations. U.S. Pat. No. 2,565,545 to Card discloses an expansible awning which may be increased or decreased in width or length to permit it to cover a space of any required size, shape or contour. The structure includes a tubular, telescoping framework for supporting the covering material. By selectively adjusting the length of the various telescoping members, the size of the awning material support frame may be adjusted as desired. U.S. Pat. No. 2,367,695 to Hill discloses a knockdown or collapsible structure which includes a plurality of panels formed of plywood and supported upon and secured to a collapsible metallic frame.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,094,801 to Mass discloses a movable roof for a garden which includes frameless transparent roof-plates slidably positioned on and supported by a framework consisting of upright and supporting rails. The displaceable roof-plates are positioned in rows which are arranged to slide on the supported rails and when opened can be placed one above the other in uncovering a large part of the area of the garden. A manually operated pulley and rope combination permits the roof-plates to be slidably displaced along an upper portion of the framework for selectively covering and uncovering portions of the garden. All of the aforementioned structures are complex and expensive and do not provide an easily adjusted means for selectively controlling sun exposure on the outer wall of a building structure.
Accordingly, the present invention is intended to overcome the aforementioned limitations of the prior art by providing an inexpensive, easily manipulated, and structurally sound means for controlling the exposure of the lateral portions of a building to the sun. The adjustable overhang panel of the present invention may be easily positioned in a fully extended configuration to provide maximum shading of the building as in summer, and may be just as easily repositioned in a stable, retracted position where it is protected from the elements and does not provide any shade for the building to which it is attached. | 2023-11-23T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3132 |
Sexy Clothing Optional Beach
Look no further than a fabulous clothing optional beach, If you've been looking for ways to make the beach a little spicier. We all love the beach - from the warm sand between your toes to the cool breeze wafting across your body, a beach is one of the most relaxing, rejuvenating places for vacation.
Gaze upon the sheer beauty of a long, sandy beach while taking in the sun and surf in the most natural way possible – with no bathing suit between you and the rays of the sun and the tang of the salty seawater.
Go Ahead, Unzip and Unbutton
With clothes free beaches located all over the world, there's nothing tostop you from getting to that perfect beach, throwing caution to the wind andletting go of your inhibitions on a fantastic nudist vacation. Free beaches are the perfect place for adults to relax and meet otherlike-minded individuals who love everything about wearing nothing!
Go swimmingand diving without worrying about your bathing suit falling off - you won't bewearing one! Stroll along a beautiful coastline and enjoy a tan line-freesuntan (but don't forget the sunblock). As a nudist, or naturalist, you willbe enjoying the wonders of the natural world without the artificiality ofclothing and labels to hinder you.
No Restrictions, No Clothing
Though rules vary at clothing optional beaches around the world, one thingremains universally acceptable on a nudist vacation, and that is the absence ofcovering up. Feel the sand between your toes and the coolness of the oceanbreeze while feeling the thrill of a new liberation.
If you decide to bring aspouse or partner on your journey to a clothes free beach, you can enjoytwice the fun, or you may choose to come single and pair up with anotheradventurous soul for just the length of your stay, or for a more lastingrelationship. This is, after all, a very sexy way to spend your vacation!
Location, Location, Location
Just as it is in the real estate world, location is what's all-important, andwith such a plethora of clothing optional beaches across the world, it may besomewhat difficult to decide on the perfect place for your nudist vacation, butfortunately every opportunity is available to you no matter what you're lookingfor.
If you prefer the bright white sands of a tropical beach, clothes free beaches can be found all over the world - in Australia, the Caribbean,and Jamaica to name a few of the more exotic locales. There is also Californiawhich boasts some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, from the warm,southern sands at one end of the state all the way up the coast to the cool,crisp northern beaches lushly green with trees, a rocky terrain, and dramaticwaves.
Naturalists are of the belief that you get to know people a lot more quicklyand a whole lot more honestly when the hindrance of clothing is removed and noone can hide behind their expensive labels. Why not test this idea yourself bybooking a nudist vacation on a clothing optional beach right now! | 2024-02-22T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7359 |
#ifndef __IBUS_RIME_SETTINGS_H__
#define __IBUS_RIME_SETTINGS_H__
#include <ibus.h>
// colors
#define RIME_COLOR_LIGHT 0xd4d4d4
#define RIME_COLOR_DARK 0x606060
#define RIME_COLOR_BLACK 0x000000
enum PreeditStyle {
PREEDIT_STYLE_COMPOSITION,
PREEDIT_STYLE_PREVIEW,
};
enum CursorType {
CURSOR_TYPE_INSERT,
CURSOR_TYPE_SELECT,
};
struct ColorSchemeDefinition {
const char* color_scheme_id;
int text_color;
int back_color;
};
struct IBusRimeSettings {
gboolean embed_preedit_text;
gint preedit_style;
gint cursor_type;
gint lookup_table_orientation;
struct ColorSchemeDefinition* color_scheme;
};
extern struct IBusRimeSettings g_ibus_rime_settings;
void
ibus_rime_load_settings();
#endif
| 2024-03-05T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3838 |
Posts tagged with Keith Watt
Shetland coastguard is facing a meltdown in staff morale following a slew of resignations and has had no cliff rescue cover since June following an audit of coastguard area teams.Four Lerwick based coastguard rescue officers (CROs) recently resigned after the on-the-spot sacking of one of their ... Read more... | 2024-07-09T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2466 |
In the three seasons that John Fox has been their head coach, the Denver Broncos have a regular-season record of 34-14 and have taken the AFC West each year. They did so in 2011 with a little Tim Tebow miracle dust, but it's been the hand of Peyton Manning that has guided the franchise in '12 and '13. Denver's stunning loss in Super Bowl XLVIII shouldn't minimize those accomplishments, and the Broncos appear to be approaching divisional dominance at a few new angles in 2014. Thus, although the San Diego Chargers and Kansas City Chiefs enjoyed impressive turnarounds in 2013 due to new coaching staffs, Denver has to be considered the class of the West -- and quite possibly, of the entire AFC.
DIVISION PREVIEWS: NFC: East | West | North | South
AFC: East | North | South | West
That said, the division will not be as easy for anyone to take in 2014. Last season, each AFC West team benefited from a relatively easy schedule; this time around, there's the NFC West and AFC East to deal with. The Chargers and Chiefs aren't surprises anymore, and they appear to be built for consistent success, but neither challenger is without its flaws.
It all adds up to a division that could well be the class of the AFC, and if the West produced the conference's Super Bowl representative again, few would be surprised.
The favorite: Denver Broncos
Yes, the Broncos have basically the same offense that set an NFL record for points in a regular season last year -- Peyton Manning and Demaryius Thomas and Julius Thomas lead an attack as dynamic as any you'll see. But after the Seahawks embarrassed them in the Super Bowl, the Broncos went the "If you can't beat them, join them" route and added several new pieces to a defense that stands to be greatly improved.
Fantasy football 2014 draft preview: AFC busts
To a unit that ranked 21st against the pass and ninth against the run in Football Outsiders' opponent-adjusted metrics in 2013, Denver added cornerback Aqib Talib, safety T.J. Ward and edge rusher DeMarcus Ware. These were precisely the kinds of players that upended Manning's offense in February -- a lockdown pass defender (Talib), an enforcer in the back seven (Ward) and an extra piece for the pass rush (Ware). Add in first-round cornerback Bradley Roby from Ohio State and the return from injury of slot cornerback Chris Harris, and if all goes as planned, the Broncos could be even more formidable in 2014 -- and depending on how long Manning wants to play, in the years to come.
MORE: Healthy again, Ware impresses in Broncos' preseason opener
Dark horse: San Diego Chargers
Last season, first-year head coach Mike McCoy and offensive coordinator Ken Whisenhunt did a stellar job redefining San Diego's offense. In place of Norv Turner's three-vert passing game and power running concepts, McCoy and Whisenhunt gave quarterback Philip Rivers new route concepts and hot reads and allowed Ryan Mathews to be the one-cut-and-go running back he was meant to be. Mathews responded with a career year, and Rivers enjoyed his best season in quite a long time. Whisenhunt was hired to be the Titans' head coach, but former quarterbacks coach and new offensive coordinator Frank Reich should keep everything in place.
Fantasy football position primers: QB | RB | WR | TE | K | DST
Do-it-all dynamo Danny Woodhead making most of his time with Bolts
If the Chargers are going to parlay those accomplishments into an unexpected division title, they'll have to improve a defense that was awful against the pass and the run last season. They picked up cornerback Brandon Flowers after the Chiefs released him, which should be a huge upgrade, but defensive coordinator John Pagano is on the hook to make more out of what he has than he did in 2013.
The Chiefs, who surprised just about everyone by going from 2-14 to 11-5 in Andy Reid's first year as head coach, may experience some regression, and there are serious questions about what happens to their defense if outside linebackers Tamba Hali and Justin Houston are out for any amount of time. Still, this is another team that could make life more difficult for the Broncos.
Most important player: Dee Ford, OLB, Chiefs
The Chiefs had 47 sacks last season, but in their six losses (regular and postseason) they had just six sacks total. And when Hali and Houston were banged up, the diminished pass rush presented complications for a secondary that is now without Flowers, one of the team's most consistent players over the last few years. Ford, who had 10.5 sacks and 14.5 tackles for loss for the Auburn Tigers last season, was taken in the first round to pick up the slack. Ford is better in space than when taking on blockers, and he's not totally consistent in his pass rush, but in defensive coordinator Bob Sutton's multiple fronts, he could add a crucial element to Kansas City's defense.
MORE: All-Overrated Offense, Defense | All-Underrated Offense, Defense
Rookie to watch: Cody Latimer, WR, Broncos
The Broncos lost Eric Decker to free agency, and Latimer, the second-round pick out of Indiana, will be asked to serve a very important role in any Manning offense -- the possession receiver who catches the ball consistently (especially in traffic) and extends drives with his production. Latimer caught 72 passes for 1,096 yards and nine touchdowns last season, and he'll certainly get his share of opportunities in Denver's prolific passing offense.
Nickel defenses on the rise as NFL's critical battles move to the slot
“His height-weight-speed was very impressive, then the way that he plays the game is a little different than probably a lot of receivers out there, especially in the NFL," Broncos offensive coordinator Adam Gase said of the 6-foot-3, 215-pound Latimer at the team's rookie minicamp in May. "He’s a physical specimen, and when he plays, he plays his size. To see him catch the ball as well as he does and then his blocking is unbelievable. I don’t think I’ve really seen a college guy go after it the way he has in the past, and hopefully he just carries that over to this level.”
He'll be given every opportunity to do just that. | 2024-07-09T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4107 |
June 8, 2009
Adult cutthroat trout in the Salt River watershed were tracked from September-October 2005 until August 2006 using implanted radio transmitters. The fish were caught in the main river stem, spent October-March largely sedentery in pools, started to move more in April and then increased May-June for the spawning season, when 44% of the 43 fish remained in Salt River in April 2006, 37% moved to mountain streams, and 19% into spring streams, almost all preferring streams with manmade pools and gravel-cobble riffles. The fish didn’t use streams that dewatered in the summer or were blocked by manmade barriers.
April 5, 2009
Of 612 Mediterranean Killifish caught in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, 54 (8.8%) had deformed spines, and were 8 times more likely to be deformed when from polluted areas. Deformities occurred less frequently as size increased, more often in fish under 25mm long. | 2023-10-14T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3425 |
133 F.3d 921
NOTICE: Eighth Circuit Rule 28A(k) governs citation of unpublished opinions and provides that they are not precedent and generally should not be cited unless relevant to establishing the doctrines of res judicata, collateral estoppel, the law of the case, or if the opinion has persuasive value on a material issue and no published opinion would serve as well.Douglas D. DORSEY, Jr., Appellant,v.Kenneth S. APFEL, Commissioner of Social Security,* Appellee.
No. 97-2128.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Submitted Dec. 30, 1997.Filed Jan. 8, 1998.
Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
1
Douglas D. Dorsey, Jr. appeals the district court's1 decision affirming the Commissioner's partially unfavorable decision granting only a closed period of disability insurance benefits from June 10, 1993, through August 8, 1994.
2
We affirm the Commissioner's denial of benefits where substantial evidence on the record as a whole supports the decision. See Piepgras v. Chater, 76 F.3d 233, 236 (8th Cir.1996). First, we note Dorsey incorrectly argues that the administrative law judge (ALJ) was required to assess his disability after August 8, 1994, under the medical improvements standard; that standard does not apply where, as here, disability, its extent, and its duration are determined in a single decision. See 42 U.S.C. § 423(f); Ness v. Sullivan, 904 F.2d 432, 435 n. 4 (8th Cir.1990); Camp v. Heckler, 780 F.2d 721, 721-22 (8th Cir.1986) (per curiam).
3
We conclude substantial evidence supports the ALJ's decision. The ALJ properly evaluated Dorsey's subjective complaints, and his conclusions regarding the extent of Dorsey's pain are supported by the record, including the opinions of Dorsey's treating physician. See Polaski v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1320, 1322 (8th Cir.1984) (factors); Jones v. Callahan, 122 F.3d 1148, 1153 (8th Cir.1997) (question is not whether claimant suffers from pain, but whether claimant is "fully credible when he claims that his back hurts so much that it prevents him from engaging in gainful activity"). We find no merit to Dorsey's arguments that the ALJ failed to consider Dorsey's impairments in combination, see Browning v. Sullivan, 958 F.2d 817, 821 (8th Cir.1992), or that the hypothetical posed to the vocational expert (VE) was defective. See Roberts v. Heckler, 783 F.2d 110, 112 (8th Cir.1985) (per curiam) ("hypothetical is sufficient if it sets forth the impairments which are accepted as true"); see also Roe v. Chater, 92 F.3d 672, 675 (8th Cir.1996) (VE testimony based on proper hypothetical question constitutes substantial evidence).
4
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
*
Kenneth S. Apfel has been appointed to serve as Commissioner of Social Security, and is substituted as appellee pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)
1
The Honorable Beverly R. Stites, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District of Arkansas, to whom the case was referred for final disposition by consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)
| 2024-01-03T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5066 |
Around 75 Florida students staged a different kind of walkout on Friday than what has been seen on the national news of late.
Sporting at least one Gadsden flag and holding signs with messages like “I support the right to bear arms” and “guns don’t kill people, people kill people,” students from Rockledge High School in Brevard County, Florida wanted to make it clear that “not all students feel” the way other students nationally do when it comes to gun control.
According to Florida Today, the event lasted around 20 minutes before students headed back to class.
Junior Anna Delaney and sophomore Chloe Deaton, sporting a T-shirt emblazoned with the words “my rights don’t end where you feelings begin,” organized the event. Both are reportedly part of the school’s Criminal Justice and Legal Studies Academy.
“We were built on certain rights and that was one of the original rights, that we should have the right to bear arms,” Deaton told the group.
When it was Delaney’s turn to speak, she quoted former President Reagan at a 1983 NRA banquet: “The Constitution does not say that government shall decree the right to keep and bear arms. The Constitution says ‘… the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.'”
“It’s all over the news right now that all students hate guns. I wanted to show that not all students feel that way,” Rockledge junior Zachary Schneider told Florida Today.
According to Florida Today, “Event organizers and participants said they were disappointed the student walkouts on March 14, marking a month since the Parkland shooting, turned political. Deaton said the original purpose of the student walkouts was to honor the victims of the shooting, but parents and social media warped the message to support gun control.”
“In the beginning, it started as a memorial to the Parkland students. And that’s how it should have stayed,” said Deaton.
Some students expressed support for arming school staff.
“If they (school staff) are capable, we should allow it. They’re just going to tell us to hide during a school shooting?” said junior John King.
WATCH:
Follow Scott on Facebook and Twitter. | 2024-02-27T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7055 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to sporting goods, and particularly to skates. The field of the invention is that of skates having roller wheels.
2. Description of the Related Art
Skates having roller wheels are used for sporting, exercising, and recreational activities. Two varieties of roller skates are well known and used: in-line and parallel skates. These skate designs typically have four roller wheels, either all four in-line so that the planes of the wheels are all coplanar, or parallel in a two by two, or quad, arrangement. The skate also includes a foot or shoe enclosure with a base or chassis which rotatably supports the axles of the roller wheels. The in-line arrangement provides the wearer with the feel of an ice skate, while the parallel arrangement is more stable. Both arrangements are popular, with some activities being more suited for in-line skates, e.g., traveling over outdoor paths, playing field hockey, and other activities for quad or parallel skates, e.g., skating at roller domes, training skaters.
The foot or shoe enclosure portion of the skate is similar for both arrangements. However, the wheel support portions of the skates are typically made from a fixed frame that rotatably supports the axles of the roller wheels. The sharp contrast between the in-line and parallel arrangement requires that the wheel support portions of those skates be dramatically different. Also, the foot or shoe enclosure portion attaches to each type of wheel support arrangement differently. For example, with in-line skates, two elongated plates can serve as journals for all the roller wheel axles. However, it is impractical to provide parallel skates with common journals because of the increased width between the wheels of the parallel skates, although each pair of the parallel wheels may share a common axle. For a skater to utilize both arrangements, one pair of skates for each arrangement must be obtained.
One known convertible skate allows the substitution of a set of in-line roller wheels with a blade for ice skating. This structure actually requires that an assembly of roller wheels be removed and a separate blade assembly be attached to convert the skates. With this design, the same foot enclosure may be used with either arrangement. However, this design requires that the skater carry the spare parts that are removed and replaced. Further, while this design allows for the substitution of a support for in-line roller wheels and a support for an ice skating blade, it does not provide support for a parallel arrangement of roller wheels.
What is needed is a skate which may be readily converted from an in-line arrangement to a parallel arrangement. | 2024-03-14T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2954 |
Honesty Pays -- Most Of The Time
A Hartford Officer's Startling Admissions Cost Him One Job, Probably Two
October 01, 2002|By MATT BURGARD; Courant Staff Writer
When Hartford police Officer Gregory DePietro sat down for a job interview in West Hartford last year, he was told to be honest about his background.
The 31-year-old DePietro, a six-year veteran of the Hartford force, did not disappoint.
When asked if he ever kept confiscated evidence for his own use, DePietro said yes. When asked if he ever falsified a police report, he said yes. Sleeping on the job, stealing police property, fixing parking tickets, destroying drugs taken as evidence and letting the suspects go free -- DePietro admitted to all of them.
By the time he was done unburdening his soul to a stunned West Hartford police detective, DePietro had done more than ruin any chance he had of joining the West Hartford force.
DePietro's admissions of on-the-job violations in Hartford spurred an exhaustive internal-affairs investigation in Hartford that is wrapping up and could cost him his job.
A copy of the internal-affairs investigation, obtained by The Courant, reveals an officer who was so nervous about taking a polygraph test as part of the job interview that he ended up admitting to more than 20 department violations.
In the process, DePietro implicated more than a dozen of his colleagues by describing an ``old school'' department that routinely discards drugs and other evidence and confiscates watches, guns and other items seized from criminals or found on the job.
DePietro, who remains on the job in Hartford in an administrative post, will likely lose his job when the investigation concludes with a disciplinary hearing later this year, sources said. But Hartford police officials still must determine whether DePietro's allegations point to one problem officer or an atmosphere throughout the department in which officers are encouraged to cut corners.
Either way, investigators remain stunned that DePietro made the admissions during a job interview that turned into a confessional.
As one attorney told DePietro during the internal-affairs questioning: ``You were spilling your guts, beyond what was probably necessary.''
DePietro could not be reached for comment Monday night. He is being represented by police union attorney Frank Szilagyi, who declined to comment Monday.
Hartford police spokeswoman Sgt. Maura Hammick said she could not comment on the case because it was being referred for a disciplinary hearing. West Hartford Police Chief James Strillacci also declined to comment.
Hartford State's Attorney James Thomas said he was familiar with the DePietro investigation but had not been approached by Hartford police about pursuing criminal charges. A memo included in the internal-affairs report indicates that Hartford police believe criminal charges against DePietro would be difficult to pursue. The report says investigators are more interested in pursuing internal discipline.
According to a summary provided by a West Hartford detective, the job interview for an officer's post took place about a week before Christmas last year. DePietro showed up neatly dressed but obviously nervous, the summary says.
During a videotaped interview, done to check DePietro's honesty during a polygraph test that would follow, DePietro said he was ``coerced'' by veteran Hartford officers to ``stretch the truth'' in his reports and ``peer pressure'' to keep items found on the job.
DePietro was never given the polygraph test because the interview had already ended his chances of employment, the report says.
Later, during the Hartford police investigation, DePietro explained that he admitted to the violations because he was nervous about being caught lying during the polygraph, the report says.
``I'm a very sensitive person,'' DePietro said, according to the report. ``I was trying to be so specific for this interview because of the fact that I was going to be wired to a lie-detector machine.''
He also had to answer a list of more than 130 yes-or-no questions covering all aspects of his personal and professional history. DePietro answered ``yes'' to more than 55 of them, including admissions that he twice stole knives he had seized and had possessed heroin, morphine or codeine.
West Hartford police officials notified Hartford police officials, who launched the internal investigation to learn more about DePietro's transgressions.
In particular, internal-affairs investigators Sgt. John Horvath and Sgt. Neville Brooks were eager to find out about a shotgun that DePietro said had been improperly confiscated by one of his partners on patrol.
DePietro told his West Hartford interviewers that he was troubled by his partner's decision to steal the shotgun after it was found in an abandoned vehicle, the report says. The partner denied the allegation in a subsequent interview with internal affairs.
DePietro also was questioned about an incident on New Year's Eve in 1999 in which he admitted to allowing a package of suspected crack cocaine to be flushed down a police department toilet and then allowing three suspects to go free, the report says. | 2023-08-05T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8221 |
2014 Remus F3 Cup
The 2014 Remus F3 Cup was the 33rd Austria Formula 3 Cup season and the second Remus F3 Cup season.
Thomas Amweg of Jo Zeller Racing was crowned champion by 127 points over Inter Europol Competition driver Jakub Smiechowski. Florian Schnitzenbaumer became the Trophy class champion for the first time.
Teams and drivers
All Cup cars were built between 2005 and 2011, while Trophy cars were built between 1992 and 2004.
Numbers used at Remus F3 Cup events listed; numbers used at races run to F2 Italian Trophy regulations displayed in tooltips.
Calendar & Race results
Round 6 (Imola) was held together with the F2 Italian Trophy. However, no Italian F2 Trophy competitors were eligible to score Remus F3 Cup points.
Championship standings
Cup
Trophy
Swiss F3 Cup
External links
Website of the AFR Cups [German]
Category:Austria Formula 3 Cup
Category:2014 in Austrian motorsport
Remus F3 Cup | 2024-04-01T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2595 |
package typings.dojo.dojox.charting.axis2d
import typings.dojo.dojox.charting.Chart
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation._
/**
* Permalink: http://dojotoolkit.org/api/1.9/dojox/charting/axis2d/Default.html
*
* The default axis object used in dojox.charting. See dojox.charting.Chart.addAxis for details.
*
* @param chart The chart the axis belongs to.
* @param kwArgs OptionalAny optional keyword arguments to be used to define this axis.
*/
@JSGlobal("dojox.charting.axis2d.Default")
@js.native
class Default protected () extends Invisible {
def this(chart: Chart) = this()
def this(chart: Chart, kwArgs: js.Object) = this()
/**
*
*/
var offset: Double = js.native
/**
* The actual options used to define this axis, created at initialization.
*
*/
var opt: js.Object = js.native
/**
*
*/
var scale: Double = js.native
/**
*
*/
var scaler: js.Object = js.native
/**
*
*/
var ticks: js.Object = js.native
/**
*
* @param creator
*/
def cleanGroup(creator: js.Any): Unit = js.native
/**
*
* @param creator
* @param params
*/
def createLine(creator: js.Any, params: js.Any): js.Any = js.native
/**
*
* @param labelType
* @param creator
* @param x
* @param y
* @param align
* @param textContent
* @param font
* @param fontColor
* @param labelWidth
*/
def createText(
labelType: js.Any,
creator: js.Any,
x: js.Any,
y: js.Any,
align: js.Any,
textContent: js.Any,
font: js.Any,
fontColor: js.Any,
labelWidth: js.Any
): js.Any = js.native
/**
*
* @param elem
* @param chart
* @param label
* @param truncatedLabel
* @param font
* @param elemType
*/
def labelTooltip(elem: js.Any, chart: js.Any, label: js.Any, truncatedLabel: js.Any, font: js.Any, elemType: js.Any): Unit = js.native
/**
* Render/draw the axis.
*
* @param dim An object of the form { width, height}.
* @param offsets An object of the form { l, r, t, b }.
*/
def render(dim: js.Object, offsets: js.Object): js.Any = js.native
}
| 2024-04-07T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2918 |
Health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcomes of ofatumumab plus chlorambucil versus chlorambucil monotherapy in the COMPLEMENT 1 trial of patients with previously untreated CLL.
Patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are usually elderly and frequently have a number of comorbidities. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for these patients is of utmost importance and should be taken into consideration when assessing new treatment options. The combination of ofatumumab with chlorambucil has shown longer progression-free survival compared with chlorambucil alone. In this study, we aim to assess how this treatment combination affects patients' health-related quality of life and patient-reported symptoms. In this open-label phase III trial, patients with previously untreated CLL for whom fludarabine-based treatment was contra-indicated, were randomized 1:1 to receive oral chlorambucil (10 mg/m2) on Days 1-7 of a 28-day treatment cycle or to receive chlorambucil by this schedule plus intravenous ofatumumab (Cycle 1: 300 mg on Day 1 and 1000 mg on Day 8; subsequent cycles: 1000 mg Day 1) for 3-12 cycles. The EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CLL16 questionnaires were administered to patients before and during treatment, in follow-up and at the time of disease progression. The primary specified patient-reported outcomes were HRQoL and fatigue. Patient-reported improvements from baseline in Global Health Status (GHS)/HRQoL scores and fatigue scores were recorded during treatment with both chlorambucil monotherapy and ofatumumab in combination with chlorambucil. There were no significant differences between the two treatment arms for GHS/HRQoL (p = 0.667) or fatigue (p = 0.103). Following treatment, numerical improvements to GHS/HRQoL and fatigue scores were reported, with no significant differences between the two treatment arms. Small but detectable improvements in patients' quality of life were reported as a result of treatment. The addition of ofatumumab to chlorambucil did not negatively impact HRQoL. Quality of life was maintained in the months following treatment. | 2023-11-15T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5248 |
Category Archives: Online Guitar Lesson Sites
If you are looking for an online platform to help you learn your guitar then you want to find the best option for you. This article breaks down all of the information you need to make a decision on whether to sign up to Guitar Tricks or JamPlay, the two most popular online guitar platforms.
1. Price
The first thing to look at when you are subscribing to an online guitar lesson is most definitely price and value. Guitar Tricks and JamPlay will both offer you their VIP membership for only $19.95/month, which is great value for money for the amount of features they offer their members. However, JamPlay offers the option to bulk buy your membership in a quarterly or yearly membership, which makes it possible for you to save money overall. A quarterly subscription costs $49.92, saving you $39.60, and a yearly membership costs $159.95, saving you nearly $80. So if you want to save money, JamPlay is the better option.
2. Lessons
Lessons are the next important thing to consider when buying a guitar lesson membership, as these differ from site to site. JamPlay provides you with video lessons that are taught by different teachers, whereas Guitar Tricks offers a step-by-step plan, and an extensive range of content to allow beginners to progress and develop their skills slowly.
Most beginners will find Guitar Tricks much better than JamPlay, as it offers in depth detail of each step so that beginners can better understand what the teacher is doing, and how to do it themselves. More advanced players will also appreciate the range of content to help them improve their technique.
3. Songs
The number of songs is also massively important when you’re learning guitar, as the range of songs and the number of songs available gives you more techniques to learn to advance your skill. Again, Guitar Tricks wins in this category, offering more than double the number of songs than JamPlay.
Guitar Tricks offers over 600 songs, all of which are carefully broken down into detail so that players of all levels can learn the song. JamPlay offers around 300, which limits the player. However, JamPlay do offer a more diverse range of genres and styles.
4. Features
Guitar Tricks offers you a lot more features with each video, such as backing tracks, chord finders, metronomes, and a tuner so that you can figure out exactly what it is that you need to do in order to play the song correctly. JamPlay also offers you the same user interface, with a few more camera angles so that you can see exactly what the teacher is doing to get the chord right. This makes JamPlay a slightly better option in this respect.
5. Money Back Guarantee
If you decide that learning guitar online is not for you, both of these sites offer you money back guarantees should you change your mind. Guitar Tricks offers you 60 days to change your mind, where JamPlay only offers you 7. This makes Guitar Tricks a better option for beginners in case they decide that it is not for them.
6. Free trial
If you want to try out each site without having to invest in a proper membership, then you can get involves with a free day trial, which is also great for the beginner guitar player. Beginners get two weeks to test the waters with Guitar Tricks, where JamPlay members only get one. | 2024-04-16T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3386 |
t b(q) = 12*k(q) - z(q). What is r(b(p))?
-9*p**2
Let u(v) = v. Let f(p) = -p**2 + 5*p**2 + 5*p**2 - 2*p**2. Give f(u(o)).
7*o**2
Let b(d) = -3*d - 2. Let a(m) be the third derivative of -2*m**4/3 - 11*m**3/6 - 5*m**2. Let g(p) = 2*a(p) - 11*b(p). Let w(l) = 2*l. What is g(w(s))?
2*s
Let h(v) = -2*v**2. Let s(x) = x + 3072. Give h(s(a)).
-2*a**2 - 12288*a - 18874368
Let k(n) be the third derivative of -n**5/20 + 6*n**2. Let m(t) = -2*t. Determine m(k(u)).
6*u**2
Let f(w) = 3*w - w - 5*w. Let y(m) = -4 + 74*m + 14 + 0 - 70*m. Let j(g) = g + 3. Let d(t) = -10*j(t) + 3*y(t). Determine d(f(o)).
-6*o
Let b(y) = -58*y. Let x(d) be the third derivative of -d**5/60 - 24*d**2. Give x(b(n)).
-3364*n**2
Let p(x) = -7*x**2. Let h(v) = -7*v - 4*v + 9*v. Give p(h(b)).
-28*b**2
Suppose -4*b + 13 = 1. Let k(w) = -4*w**2 + 6*w**2 - b*w**2. Let v(n) = 0*n**2 + n**2 + 2*n**2. Determine v(k(m)).
3*m**4
Let n(u) = -232*u**2. Let b(x) = -x. Calculate n(b(t)).
-232*t**2
Let h(l) = 2*l + 16. Let d(x) = 23*x**2. Give d(h(y)).
92*y**2 + 1472*y + 5888
Let k(n) = -4*n**2. Let f(t) = 4*t + 333. Calculate f(k(x)).
-16*x**2 + 333
Let k(q) be the first derivative of -q**2/2 + 16. Let n(p) = -4*p**2. Give n(k(s)).
-4*s**2
Let u(b) be the first derivative of 16*b**3/3 + 49. Let f(x) = -5*x. What is f(u(m))?
-80*m**2
Let f(y) be the first derivative of 0*y**2 + 2/3*y**3 + 0*y + 1. Let o(m) = 5*m**2 - 4*m. Let v(s) = -s**2 + s. Let x(p) = o(p) + 4*v(p). Determine x(f(u)).
4*u**4
Let m(x) = 2*x**2 - 4. Let u(z) = -6*z**2 + 11. Let j(o) = -11*m(o) - 4*u(o). Let q(n) = 0*n - 2*n - 5*n. Determine j(q(d)).
98*d**2
Let r(x) = 32*x. Let t(f) = -5*f**2. Determine r(t(g)).
-160*g**2
Let v(s) = s. Let y(j) = 371*j. Give y(v(g)).
371*g
Let y(l) = 4*l. Let h(p) be the first derivative of 3*p**2 + 8. Calculate y(h(j)).
24*j
Let z(s) = 7*s**2. Let o(i) be the second derivative of -i**4/12 - 13*i. Determine o(z(b)).
-49*b**4
Let u(b) = -11*b. Let x(h) = -16*h. Calculate x(u(s)).
176*s
Let h(o) = 2*o. Suppose 3*s + 28 + 16 = -4*g, s + 18 = -2*g. Let a(r) = -4*r**2 + 5*r. Let p(m) = 6*m**2 - 8*m. Let c(k) = s*a(k) - 5*p(k). Give h(c(v)).
4*v**2
Let i(w) be the third derivative of w**5/20 - 21*w**2. Let j(d) = 2*d. Calculate i(j(h)).
12*h**2
Let o(t) = 6*t**2. Let i(z) = 6*z**2 + 34. What is o(i(d))?
216*d**4 + 2448*d**2 + 6936
Let g(v) = -5*v. Let b(c) be the second derivative of -c**3/6 + 5*c. Determine b(g(s)).
5*s
Let v(z) = -2*z**2. Let n(y) = 486*y**2. Calculate v(n(p)).
-472392*p**4
Let n(z) = -3*z. Let y(g) be the third derivative of -g**4/6 + g**2 - 2*g. Determine n(y(o)).
12*o
Let v(f) = f. Let u = -6 + 8. Let d(m) be the first derivative of 2*m**2 - 1 - 5*m**2 + 2*m**2 + 2*m**u. Calculate d(v(k)).
2*k
Let k be 2/(-10) + (-31)/(-5). Let a(r) = k*r - 4*r - 4*r. Let f(m) be the third derivative of m**4/6 - m**2. Determine a(f(d)).
-8*d
Let d(q) = 16*q**2. Let h(r) = 63*r. What is h(d(b))?
1008*b**2
Let x(o) be the third derivative of 3*o**4/8 - 11*o**3/6 + 3*o**2. Let t(h) = 3*h - 4. Let p(g) = 11*t(g) - 4*x(g). Let i(c) = 2*c. Calculate i(p(z)).
-6*z
Let i(m) = -5*m**2. Let l(r) = 15*r**2. Determine l(i(n)).
375*n**4
Let w be (2/3)/((-1)/3). Let l(m) = -m**3 - 2*m**2 - 2*m - 2. Let t be l(w). Let c(h) = t - 2 + h**2. Let p(z) = 2*z. Calculate p(c(b)).
2*b**2
Let g(o) = -5*o**2. Let x(r) be the third derivative of -1/30*r**5 + 0*r**4 + 0*r**3 + 0*r + 3*r**2 + 0. Determine g(x(v)).
-20*v**4
Let d(i) = 3. Let f(x) = -x + 21. Let q(j) = -21*d(j) + 3*f(j). Let z(y) = 2*y + y - 8 + 8. Give z(q(o)).
-9*o
Let b(q) be the third derivative of 0*q**4 + 0*q - q**2 + 0*q**3 + 1/60*q**5 + 0. Let z(c) = c. Give b(z(y)).
y**2
Let y(v) be the first derivative of -5*v**2 - 4. Let o(r) = 2*r. Give y(o(k)).
-20*k
Let q(z) = 6*z. Let p(w) = -325*w + 1. Give p(q(t)).
-1950*t + 1
Let l(f) = f**2 - 1. Let w be l(-3). Let g(i) = -5*i + w*i + 4*i. Let u(c) = c**2. Determine g(u(b)).
7*b**2
Let b(d) = 5*d - 2. Let v(c) = 85*c - 35. Let y(k) = -70*b(k) + 4*v(k). Let p(g) = 0*g**2 + 0*g**2 + g**2. Determine y(p(z)).
-10*z**2
Let f(j) = -4*j. Let a(n) = -7*n. Let c(w) = 3*a(w) - 5*f(w). Let o(i) be the third derivative of 0*i**3 + 0*i - 1/8*i**4 + i**2 + 0. Give o(c(u)).
3*u
Let w(r) be the third derivative of -r**5/10 + 4*r**2. Let n(u) = 2*u**2. Give n(w(x)).
72*x**4
Let k(j) = -2*j. Let m(u) = -u + 63. Determine m(k(r)).
2*r + 63
Let a(o) = 56*o. Let g(n) = -n. Calculate a(g(r)).
-56*r
Let p(i) = 3*i. Let a(j) = -2237*j**2. Give p(a(d)).
-6711*d**2
Let c = -1/5 - -38/15. Let u(i) be the first derivative of 2 + 0*i + 0*i**2 - c*i**3. Let r(m) = -m**2. Calculate u(r(n)).
-7*n**4
Let q(g) = 0*g + 3*g - g**2 - 4*g. Let n(l) = 4*l**2 + 6*l. Let a(i) = 2*n(i) + 12*q(i). Let p(x) be the first derivative of -x**3/3 + 13. Determine a(p(t)).
-4*t**4
Let u(d) = 6*d. Let i(v) = -1273 - 5*v + 635 + 638. What is u(i(l))?
-30*l
Let q(n) = 2*n. Let w(d) be the first derivative of -2*d**3 + 2. Calculate q(w(z)).
-12*z**2
Let q(y) = -1 + 1 + 3*y. Let k(g) be the third derivative of -g**4/24 + 9*g**2. Calculate k(q(n)).
-3*n
Let d(j) = 299*j. Let t(m) = -m. Calculate t(d(p)).
-299*p
Let s(f) be the first derivative of -13*f**2/2 - 8. Let b(k) = k. Determine s(b(c)).
-13*c
Let n(z) = -93*z. Let k(i) = -i. Calculate n(k(r)).
93*r
Let l(n) = -59*n**2. Let t(j) = -j**2. Calculate t(l(g)).
-3481*g**4
Let z(o) = -5*o**2. Let u(m) be the third derivative of 0*m**4 + 1/60*m**5 + 0*m + 0*m**3 + 0 - 4*m**2. Calculate u(z(k)).
25*k**4
Let w(m) = 7*m**2. Let p(b) = 10*b**2. Give p(w(s)).
490*s**4
Let l(u) = u**2. Suppose 0 = -5*i + 4*s + 8, 2*s + 6 = -5*i - s. Let g(y) = 2*y + 0*y - y + i*y. Calculate l(g(v)).
v**2
Let u(i) be the second derivative of -i**3/2 - 4*i. Let p(w) = w + 1. Let v(j) = -8*j - 6. Let h(z) = -6*p(z) - v(z). Determine h(u(a)).
-6*a
Let z(p) = -2*p. Let j(r) = -7*r - 2 + 9 + 1 - 5. Give j(z(t)).
14*t + 3
Let m(k) = -8*k**2. Let a(l) = 3*l - 13*l + 8*l. Calculate a(m(i)).
16*i**2
Let m be 4 - 1*(0 - -2). Let c be (-48)/(-22) - m/11. Let v(o) = -2 - 3*o + c. Let h(k) = -k**2. What is h(v(d))?
-9*d**2
Let q(y) = -265*y. Let f(i) = 3*i**2. Give q(f(h)).
-795*h**2
Let b(k) = 68*k. Let z(v) = -5*v. Calculate z(b(s)).
-340*s
Let a(y) = -3*y + 1425*y**2 - 1426*y**2 + 3*y. Let z(b) = -b - 17. Calculate z(a(c)).
c**2 - 17
Let r(i) = -i. Let t(l) be the second derivative of -l**3/3 + 5*l**2/2 + 3*l. Let a(u) = 6*u - 16. Let g(z) = -5*a(z) - 16*t(z). What is r(g(b))?
-2*b
Let q(p) = -25*p + 2. Let v(y) be the third derivative of -y**5/30 - 38*y**2. What is q(v(g))?
50*g**2 + 2
Let n be (-492)/(-8)*2/3. Let w(d) = n - d - 41. Let h(b) = -2*b**2. What is w(h(z))?
2*z**2
Let s(i) be the second derivative of 0*i**3 + 1/12*i**4 + 0 + i + 0*i**2. Let j(z) = 4*z. Let n(a) = -a. Let m(c) = 5*j(c) + 16*n(c). Calculate m(s(p)).
4*p**2
Let u(g) = -3*g**2. Let s = -8 - -16. Let k(d) = -2 - 5 - 14*d - 1. Let l(a) = -5*a - 3. Let i(m) = s*l(m) - 3*k(m). Calculate i(u(p)).
-6*p**2
Let z(q) = 913*q**2. Let i(h) = -h. What is z(i(w))?
913*w**2
Let p(h) be the first derivative of -h**3/3 + 8. Let x(v) = -26*v + 16. Let c(b) = -5*b + 3. Let y(j) = -16*c(j) + 3*x(j). Calculate y(p(u)).
-2*u**2
Let w be (-1)/(-1)*(3 + -1). Suppose -q = -w*q + 1. Let g(h) = -1 + q + 2*h. Let z(o) = -3*o. What is z(g(m))?
-6*m
Suppose -d + c = 6*c + 8, 0 = c + 2. Let b(k) = 4*k**d - k**2 - 2*k**2. Let r(j) be the second derivative of j**3/3 + 10*j. Calculate r(b(q)).
2*q**2
Let i(a) = 2*a**2. Let z(h) be the second derivative of -17*h**3/6 - h. Determine i(z(f)).
578*f**2
Let k(a) be the third derivative of 5*a**4/24 - 5*a**2. Let l(h) be the second derivative of -h**4/12 + 3*h. Give l(k(q)).
-25*q**2
Let i(k) be the third derivative of -k**5/60 - k**2. Let s(y) = -7*y**2 + 10*y**2 + 3*y**2. Determine i(s(j)).
-36*j**4
Let g(b) = 2*b - 5. Let s(l) = -5*l. Calculate g(s(o)).
-10*o - 5
Let n(h) = 36*h - 66*h + 33*h. Let b(j) = -3*j**2 - j**2 + 2*j**2. Determine b(n(q)).
-18*q**2
Let b(s) = -s + 1. Let x(d) = 3*d - 4. Let q(i) = -4*b(i) - x(i). Let y(z) = -z - 3*z + 3*z. Give q(y(g)).
-g
Let g(v) = -2 + 4 + v**2 - 2. Let b(m) = -3*m**2. Give g(b(s)).
9*s**4
Let y(i) = 2*i**2 - 4*i + 4. Let h(a) = -a + 1. Let m(p) = -4*h(p) + y(p). Let z(k) = -8*k**2. Determine m(z(s)).
12 | 2023-12-25T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3295 |
"""
Functions
---------
.. autosummary::
:toctree: generated/
line_search_armijo
line_search_wolfe1
line_search_wolfe2
scalar_search_wolfe1
scalar_search_wolfe2
"""
from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
from warnings import warn
from scipy.optimize import minpack2
import numpy as np
from scipy._lib.six import xrange
__all__ = ['LineSearchWarning', 'line_search_wolfe1', 'line_search_wolfe2',
'scalar_search_wolfe1', 'scalar_search_wolfe2',
'line_search_armijo']
class LineSearchWarning(RuntimeWarning):
pass
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Minpack's Wolfe line and scalar searches
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
def line_search_wolfe1(f, fprime, xk, pk, gfk=None,
old_fval=None, old_old_fval=None,
args=(), c1=1e-4, c2=0.9, amax=50, amin=1e-8,
xtol=1e-14):
"""
As `scalar_search_wolfe1` but do a line search to direction `pk`
Parameters
----------
f : callable
Function `f(x)`
fprime : callable
Gradient of `f`
xk : array_like
Current point
pk : array_like
Search direction
gfk : array_like, optional
Gradient of `f` at point `xk`
old_fval : float, optional
Value of `f` at point `xk`
old_old_fval : float, optional
Value of `f` at point preceding `xk`
The rest of the parameters are the same as for `scalar_search_wolfe1`.
Returns
-------
stp, f_count, g_count, fval, old_fval
As in `line_search_wolfe1`
gval : array
Gradient of `f` at the final point
"""
if gfk is None:
gfk = fprime(xk)
if isinstance(fprime, tuple):
eps = fprime[1]
fprime = fprime[0]
newargs = (f, eps) + args
gradient = False
else:
newargs = args
gradient = True
gval = [gfk]
gc = [0]
fc = [0]
def phi(s):
fc[0] += 1
return f(xk + s*pk, *args)
def derphi(s):
gval[0] = fprime(xk + s*pk, *newargs)
if gradient:
gc[0] += 1
else:
fc[0] += len(xk) + 1
return np.dot(gval[0], pk)
derphi0 = np.dot(gfk, pk)
stp, fval, old_fval = scalar_search_wolfe1(
phi, derphi, old_fval, old_old_fval, derphi0,
c1=c1, c2=c2, amax=amax, amin=amin, xtol=xtol)
return stp, fc[0], gc[0], fval, old_fval, gval[0]
def scalar_search_wolfe1(phi, derphi, phi0=None, old_phi0=None, derphi0=None,
c1=1e-4, c2=0.9,
amax=50, amin=1e-8, xtol=1e-14):
"""
Scalar function search for alpha that satisfies strong Wolfe conditions
alpha > 0 is assumed to be a descent direction.
Parameters
----------
phi : callable phi(alpha)
Function at point `alpha`
derphi : callable dphi(alpha)
Derivative `d phi(alpha)/ds`. Returns a scalar.
phi0 : float, optional
Value of `f` at 0
old_phi0 : float, optional
Value of `f` at the previous point
derphi0 : float, optional
Value `derphi` at 0
c1, c2 : float, optional
Wolfe parameters
amax, amin : float, optional
Maximum and minimum step size
xtol : float, optional
Relative tolerance for an acceptable step.
Returns
-------
alpha : float
Step size, or None if no suitable step was found
phi : float
Value of `phi` at the new point `alpha`
phi0 : float
Value of `phi` at `alpha=0`
Notes
-----
Uses routine DCSRCH from MINPACK.
"""
if phi0 is None:
phi0 = phi(0.)
if derphi0 is None:
derphi0 = derphi(0.)
if old_phi0 is not None and derphi0 != 0:
alpha1 = min(1.0, 1.01*2*(phi0 - old_phi0)/derphi0)
if alpha1 < 0:
alpha1 = 1.0
else:
alpha1 = 1.0
phi1 = phi0
derphi1 = derphi0
isave = np.zeros((2,), np.intc)
dsave = np.zeros((13,), float)
task = b'START'
maxiter = 100
for i in xrange(maxiter):
stp, phi1, derphi1, task = minpack2.dcsrch(alpha1, phi1, derphi1,
c1, c2, xtol, task,
amin, amax, isave, dsave)
if task[:2] == b'FG':
alpha1 = stp
phi1 = phi(stp)
derphi1 = derphi(stp)
else:
break
else:
# maxiter reached, the line search did not converge
stp = None
if task[:5] == b'ERROR' or task[:4] == b'WARN':
stp = None # failed
return stp, phi1, phi0
line_search = line_search_wolfe1
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Pure-Python Wolfe line and scalar searches
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
def line_search_wolfe2(f, myfprime, xk, pk, gfk=None, old_fval=None,
old_old_fval=None, args=(), c1=1e-4, c2=0.9, amax=None,
extra_condition=None, maxiter=10):
"""Find alpha that satisfies strong Wolfe conditions.
Parameters
----------
f : callable f(x,*args)
Objective function.
myfprime : callable f'(x,*args)
Objective function gradient.
xk : ndarray
Starting point.
pk : ndarray
Search direction.
gfk : ndarray, optional
Gradient value for x=xk (xk being the current parameter
estimate). Will be recomputed if omitted.
old_fval : float, optional
Function value for x=xk. Will be recomputed if omitted.
old_old_fval : float, optional
Function value for the point preceding x=xk
args : tuple, optional
Additional arguments passed to objective function.
c1 : float, optional
Parameter for Armijo condition rule.
c2 : float, optional
Parameter for curvature condition rule.
amax : float, optional
Maximum step size
extra_condition : callable, optional
A callable of the form ``extra_condition(alpha, x, f, g)``
returning a boolean. Arguments are the proposed step ``alpha``
and the corresponding ``x``, ``f`` and ``g`` values. The line search
accepts the value of ``alpha`` only if this
callable returns ``True``. If the callable returns ``False``
for the step length, the algorithm will continue with
new iterates. The callable is only called for iterates
satisfying the strong Wolfe conditions.
maxiter : int, optional
Maximum number of iterations to perform
Returns
-------
alpha : float or None
Alpha for which ``x_new = x0 + alpha * pk``,
or None if the line search algorithm did not converge.
fc : int
Number of function evaluations made.
gc : int
Number of gradient evaluations made.
new_fval : float or None
New function value ``f(x_new)=f(x0+alpha*pk)``,
or None if the line search algorithm did not converge.
old_fval : float
Old function value ``f(x0)``.
new_slope : float or None
The local slope along the search direction at the
new value ``<myfprime(x_new), pk>``,
or None if the line search algorithm did not converge.
Notes
-----
Uses the line search algorithm to enforce strong Wolfe
conditions. See Wright and Nocedal, 'Numerical Optimization',
1999, pg. 59-60.
For the zoom phase it uses an algorithm by [...].
"""
fc = [0]
gc = [0]
gval = [None]
gval_alpha = [None]
def phi(alpha):
fc[0] += 1
return f(xk + alpha * pk, *args)
if isinstance(myfprime, tuple):
def derphi(alpha):
fc[0] += len(xk) + 1
eps = myfprime[1]
fprime = myfprime[0]
newargs = (f, eps) + args
gval[0] = fprime(xk + alpha * pk, *newargs) # store for later use
gval_alpha[0] = alpha
return np.dot(gval[0], pk)
else:
fprime = myfprime
def derphi(alpha):
gc[0] += 1
gval[0] = fprime(xk + alpha * pk, *args) # store for later use
gval_alpha[0] = alpha
return np.dot(gval[0], pk)
if gfk is None:
gfk = fprime(xk, *args)
derphi0 = np.dot(gfk, pk)
if extra_condition is not None:
# Add the current gradient as argument, to avoid needless
# re-evaluation
def extra_condition2(alpha, phi):
if gval_alpha[0] != alpha:
derphi(alpha)
x = xk + alpha * pk
return extra_condition(alpha, x, phi, gval[0])
else:
extra_condition2 = None
alpha_star, phi_star, old_fval, derphi_star = scalar_search_wolfe2(
phi, derphi, old_fval, old_old_fval, derphi0, c1, c2, amax,
extra_condition2, maxiter=maxiter)
if derphi_star is None:
warn('The line search algorithm did not converge', LineSearchWarning)
else:
# derphi_star is a number (derphi) -- so use the most recently
# calculated gradient used in computing it derphi = gfk*pk
# this is the gradient at the next step no need to compute it
# again in the outer loop.
derphi_star = gval[0]
return alpha_star, fc[0], gc[0], phi_star, old_fval, derphi_star
def scalar_search_wolfe2(phi, derphi=None, phi0=None,
old_phi0=None, derphi0=None,
c1=1e-4, c2=0.9, amax=None,
extra_condition=None, maxiter=10):
"""Find alpha that satisfies strong Wolfe conditions.
alpha > 0 is assumed to be a descent direction.
Parameters
----------
phi : callable f(x)
Objective scalar function.
derphi : callable f'(x), optional
Objective function derivative (can be None)
phi0 : float, optional
Value of phi at s=0
old_phi0 : float, optional
Value of phi at previous point
derphi0 : float, optional
Value of derphi at s=0
c1 : float, optional
Parameter for Armijo condition rule.
c2 : float, optional
Parameter for curvature condition rule.
amax : float, optional
Maximum step size
extra_condition : callable, optional
A callable of the form ``extra_condition(alpha, phi_value)``
returning a boolean. The line search accepts the value
of ``alpha`` only if this callable returns ``True``.
If the callable returns ``False`` for the step length,
the algorithm will continue with new iterates.
The callable is only called for iterates satisfying
the strong Wolfe conditions.
maxiter : int, optional
Maximum number of iterations to perform
Returns
-------
alpha_star : float or None
Best alpha, or None if the line search algorithm did not converge.
phi_star : float
phi at alpha_star
phi0 : float
phi at 0
derphi_star : float or None
derphi at alpha_star, or None if the line search algorithm
did not converge.
Notes
-----
Uses the line search algorithm to enforce strong Wolfe
conditions. See Wright and Nocedal, 'Numerical Optimization',
1999, pg. 59-60.
For the zoom phase it uses an algorithm by [...].
"""
if phi0 is None:
phi0 = phi(0.)
if derphi0 is None and derphi is not None:
derphi0 = derphi(0.)
alpha0 = 0
if old_phi0 is not None and derphi0 != 0:
alpha1 = min(1.0, 1.01*2*(phi0 - old_phi0)/derphi0)
else:
alpha1 = 1.0
if alpha1 < 0:
alpha1 = 1.0
phi_a1 = phi(alpha1)
#derphi_a1 = derphi(alpha1) evaluated below
phi_a0 = phi0
derphi_a0 = derphi0
if extra_condition is None:
extra_condition = lambda alpha, phi: True
for i in xrange(maxiter):
if alpha1 == 0 or (amax is not None and alpha0 == amax):
# alpha1 == 0: This shouldn't happen. Perhaps the increment has
# slipped below machine precision?
alpha_star = None
phi_star = phi0
phi0 = old_phi0
derphi_star = None
if alpha1 == 0:
msg = 'Rounding errors prevent the line search from converging'
else:
msg = "The line search algorithm could not find a solution " + \
"less than or equal to amax: %s" % amax
warn(msg, LineSearchWarning)
break
if (phi_a1 > phi0 + c1 * alpha1 * derphi0) or \
((phi_a1 >= phi_a0) and (i > 1)):
alpha_star, phi_star, derphi_star = \
_zoom(alpha0, alpha1, phi_a0,
phi_a1, derphi_a0, phi, derphi,
phi0, derphi0, c1, c2, extra_condition)
break
derphi_a1 = derphi(alpha1)
if (abs(derphi_a1) <= -c2*derphi0):
if extra_condition(alpha1, phi_a1):
alpha_star = alpha1
phi_star = phi_a1
derphi_star = derphi_a1
break
if (derphi_a1 >= 0):
alpha_star, phi_star, derphi_star = \
_zoom(alpha1, alpha0, phi_a1,
phi_a0, derphi_a1, phi, derphi,
phi0, derphi0, c1, c2, extra_condition)
break
alpha2 = 2 * alpha1 # increase by factor of two on each iteration
if amax is not None:
alpha2 = min(alpha2, amax)
alpha0 = alpha1
alpha1 = alpha2
phi_a0 = phi_a1
phi_a1 = phi(alpha1)
derphi_a0 = derphi_a1
else:
# stopping test maxiter reached
alpha_star = alpha1
phi_star = phi_a1
derphi_star = None
warn('The line search algorithm did not converge', LineSearchWarning)
return alpha_star, phi_star, phi0, derphi_star
def _cubicmin(a, fa, fpa, b, fb, c, fc):
"""
Finds the minimizer for a cubic polynomial that goes through the
points (a,fa), (b,fb), and (c,fc) with derivative at a of fpa.
If no minimizer can be found return None
"""
# f(x) = A *(x-a)^3 + B*(x-a)^2 + C*(x-a) + D
with np.errstate(divide='raise', over='raise', invalid='raise'):
try:
C = fpa
db = b - a
dc = c - a
denom = (db * dc) ** 2 * (db - dc)
d1 = np.empty((2, 2))
d1[0, 0] = dc ** 2
d1[0, 1] = -db ** 2
d1[1, 0] = -dc ** 3
d1[1, 1] = db ** 3
[A, B] = np.dot(d1, np.asarray([fb - fa - C * db,
fc - fa - C * dc]).flatten())
A /= denom
B /= denom
radical = B * B - 3 * A * C
xmin = a + (-B + np.sqrt(radical)) / (3 * A)
except ArithmeticError:
return None
if not np.isfinite(xmin):
return None
return xmin
def _quadmin(a, fa, fpa, b, fb):
"""
Finds the minimizer for a quadratic polynomial that goes through
the points (a,fa), (b,fb) with derivative at a of fpa,
"""
# f(x) = B*(x-a)^2 + C*(x-a) + D
with np.errstate(divide='raise', over='raise', invalid='raise'):
try:
D = fa
C = fpa
db = b - a * 1.0
B = (fb - D - C * db) / (db * db)
xmin = a - C / (2.0 * B)
except ArithmeticError:
return None
if not np.isfinite(xmin):
return None
return xmin
def _zoom(a_lo, a_hi, phi_lo, phi_hi, derphi_lo,
phi, derphi, phi0, derphi0, c1, c2, extra_condition):
"""
Part of the optimization algorithm in `scalar_search_wolfe2`.
"""
maxiter = 10
i = 0
delta1 = 0.2 # cubic interpolant check
delta2 = 0.1 # quadratic interpolant check
phi_rec = phi0
a_rec = 0
while True:
# interpolate to find a trial step length between a_lo and
# a_hi Need to choose interpolation here. Use cubic
# interpolation and then if the result is within delta *
# dalpha or outside of the interval bounded by a_lo or a_hi
# then use quadratic interpolation, if the result is still too
# close, then use bisection
dalpha = a_hi - a_lo
if dalpha < 0:
a, b = a_hi, a_lo
else:
a, b = a_lo, a_hi
# minimizer of cubic interpolant
# (uses phi_lo, derphi_lo, phi_hi, and the most recent value of phi)
#
# if the result is too close to the end points (or out of the
# interval) then use quadratic interpolation with phi_lo,
# derphi_lo and phi_hi if the result is stil too close to the
# end points (or out of the interval) then use bisection
if (i > 0):
cchk = delta1 * dalpha
a_j = _cubicmin(a_lo, phi_lo, derphi_lo, a_hi, phi_hi,
a_rec, phi_rec)
if (i == 0) or (a_j is None) or (a_j > b - cchk) or (a_j < a + cchk):
qchk = delta2 * dalpha
a_j = _quadmin(a_lo, phi_lo, derphi_lo, a_hi, phi_hi)
if (a_j is None) or (a_j > b-qchk) or (a_j < a+qchk):
a_j = a_lo + 0.5*dalpha
# Check new value of a_j
phi_aj = phi(a_j)
if (phi_aj > phi0 + c1*a_j*derphi0) or (phi_aj >= phi_lo):
phi_rec = phi_hi
a_rec = a_hi
a_hi = a_j
phi_hi = phi_aj
else:
derphi_aj = derphi(a_j)
if abs(derphi_aj) <= -c2*derphi0 and extra_condition(a_j, phi_aj):
a_star = a_j
val_star = phi_aj
valprime_star = derphi_aj
break
if derphi_aj*(a_hi - a_lo) >= 0:
phi_rec = phi_hi
a_rec = a_hi
a_hi = a_lo
phi_hi = phi_lo
else:
phi_rec = phi_lo
a_rec = a_lo
a_lo = a_j
phi_lo = phi_aj
derphi_lo = derphi_aj
i += 1
if (i > maxiter):
# Failed to find a conforming step size
a_star = None
val_star = None
valprime_star = None
break
return a_star, val_star, valprime_star
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Armijo line and scalar searches
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
def line_search_armijo(f, xk, pk, gfk, old_fval, args=(), c1=1e-4, alpha0=1):
"""Minimize over alpha, the function ``f(xk+alpha pk)``.
Parameters
----------
f : callable
Function to be minimized.
xk : array_like
Current point.
pk : array_like
Search direction.
gfk : array_like
Gradient of `f` at point `xk`.
old_fval : float
Value of `f` at point `xk`.
args : tuple, optional
Optional arguments.
c1 : float, optional
Value to control stopping criterion.
alpha0 : scalar, optional
Value of `alpha` at start of the optimization.
Returns
-------
alpha
f_count
f_val_at_alpha
Notes
-----
Uses the interpolation algorithm (Armijo backtracking) as suggested by
Wright and Nocedal in 'Numerical Optimization', 1999, pg. 56-57
"""
xk = np.atleast_1d(xk)
fc = [0]
def phi(alpha1):
fc[0] += 1
return f(xk + alpha1*pk, *args)
if old_fval is None:
phi0 = phi(0.)
else:
phi0 = old_fval # compute f(xk) -- done in past loop
derphi0 = np.dot(gfk, pk)
alpha, phi1 = scalar_search_armijo(phi, phi0, derphi0, c1=c1,
alpha0=alpha0)
return alpha, fc[0], phi1
def line_search_BFGS(f, xk, pk, gfk, old_fval, args=(), c1=1e-4, alpha0=1):
"""
Compatibility wrapper for `line_search_armijo`
"""
r = line_search_armijo(f, xk, pk, gfk, old_fval, args=args, c1=c1,
alpha0=alpha0)
return r[0], r[1], 0, r[2]
def scalar_search_armijo(phi, phi0, derphi0, c1=1e-4, alpha0=1, amin=0):
"""Minimize over alpha, the function ``phi(alpha)``.
Uses the interpolation algorithm (Armijo backtracking) as suggested by
Wright and Nocedal in 'Numerical Optimization', 1999, pg. 56-57
alpha > 0 is assumed to be a descent direction.
Returns
-------
alpha
phi1
"""
phi_a0 = phi(alpha0)
if phi_a0 <= phi0 + c1*alpha0*derphi0:
return alpha0, phi_a0
# Otherwise compute the minimizer of a quadratic interpolant:
alpha1 = -(derphi0) * alpha0**2 / 2.0 / (phi_a0 - phi0 - derphi0 * alpha0)
phi_a1 = phi(alpha1)
if (phi_a1 <= phi0 + c1*alpha1*derphi0):
return alpha1, phi_a1
# Otherwise loop with cubic interpolation until we find an alpha which
# satifies the first Wolfe condition (since we are backtracking, we will
# assume that the value of alpha is not too small and satisfies the second
# condition.
while alpha1 > amin: # we are assuming alpha>0 is a descent direction
factor = alpha0**2 * alpha1**2 * (alpha1-alpha0)
a = alpha0**2 * (phi_a1 - phi0 - derphi0*alpha1) - \
alpha1**2 * (phi_a0 - phi0 - derphi0*alpha0)
a = a / factor
b = -alpha0**3 * (phi_a1 - phi0 - derphi0*alpha1) + \
alpha1**3 * (phi_a0 - phi0 - derphi0*alpha0)
b = b / factor
alpha2 = (-b + np.sqrt(abs(b**2 - 3 * a * derphi0))) / (3.0*a)
phi_a2 = phi(alpha2)
if (phi_a2 <= phi0 + c1*alpha2*derphi0):
return alpha2, phi_a2
if (alpha1 - alpha2) > alpha1 / 2.0 or (1 - alpha2/alpha1) < 0.96:
alpha2 = alpha1 / 2.0
alpha0 = alpha1
alpha1 = alpha2
phi_a0 = phi_a1
phi_a1 = phi_a2
# Failed to find a suitable step length
return None, phi_a1
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Non-monotone line search for DF-SANE
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
def _nonmonotone_line_search_cruz(f, x_k, d, prev_fs, eta,
gamma=1e-4, tau_min=0.1, tau_max=0.5):
"""
Nonmonotone backtracking line search as described in [1]_
Parameters
----------
f : callable
Function returning a tuple ``(f, F)`` where ``f`` is the value
of a merit function and ``F`` the residual.
x_k : ndarray
Initial position
d : ndarray
Search direction
prev_fs : float
List of previous merit function values. Should have ``len(prev_fs) <= M``
where ``M`` is the nonmonotonicity window parameter.
eta : float
Allowed merit function increase, see [1]_
gamma, tau_min, tau_max : float, optional
Search parameters, see [1]_
Returns
-------
alpha : float
Step length
xp : ndarray
Next position
fp : float
Merit function value at next position
Fp : ndarray
Residual at next position
References
----------
[1] "Spectral residual method without gradient information for solving
large-scale nonlinear systems of equations." W. La Cruz,
J.M. Martinez, M. Raydan. Math. Comp. **75**, 1429 (2006).
"""
f_k = prev_fs[-1]
f_bar = max(prev_fs)
alpha_p = 1
alpha_m = 1
alpha = 1
while True:
xp = x_k + alpha_p * d
fp, Fp = f(xp)
if fp <= f_bar + eta - gamma * alpha_p**2 * f_k:
alpha = alpha_p
break
alpha_tp = alpha_p**2 * f_k / (fp + (2*alpha_p - 1)*f_k)
xp = x_k - alpha_m * d
fp, Fp = f(xp)
if fp <= f_bar + eta - gamma * alpha_m**2 * f_k:
alpha = -alpha_m
break
alpha_tm = alpha_m**2 * f_k / (fp + (2*alpha_m - 1)*f_k)
alpha_p = np.clip(alpha_tp, tau_min * alpha_p, tau_max * alpha_p)
alpha_m = np.clip(alpha_tm, tau_min * alpha_m, tau_max * alpha_m)
return alpha, xp, fp, Fp
def _nonmonotone_line_search_cheng(f, x_k, d, f_k, C, Q, eta,
gamma=1e-4, tau_min=0.1, tau_max=0.5,
nu=0.85):
"""
Nonmonotone line search from [1]
Parameters
----------
f : callable
Function returning a tuple ``(f, F)`` where ``f`` is the value
of a merit function and ``F`` the residual.
x_k : ndarray
Initial position
d : ndarray
Search direction
f_k : float
Initial merit function value
C, Q : float
Control parameters. On the first iteration, give values
Q=1.0, C=f_k
eta : float
Allowed merit function increase, see [1]_
nu, gamma, tau_min, tau_max : float, optional
Search parameters, see [1]_
Returns
-------
alpha : float
Step length
xp : ndarray
Next position
fp : float
Merit function value at next position
Fp : ndarray
Residual at next position
C : float
New value for the control parameter C
Q : float
New value for the control parameter Q
References
----------
.. [1] W. Cheng & D.-H. Li, ''A derivative-free nonmonotone line
search and its application to the spectral residual
method'', IMA J. Numer. Anal. 29, 814 (2009).
"""
alpha_p = 1
alpha_m = 1
alpha = 1
while True:
xp = x_k + alpha_p * d
fp, Fp = f(xp)
if fp <= C + eta - gamma * alpha_p**2 * f_k:
alpha = alpha_p
break
alpha_tp = alpha_p**2 * f_k / (fp + (2*alpha_p - 1)*f_k)
xp = x_k - alpha_m * d
fp, Fp = f(xp)
if fp <= C + eta - gamma * alpha_m**2 * f_k:
alpha = -alpha_m
break
alpha_tm = alpha_m**2 * f_k / (fp + (2*alpha_m - 1)*f_k)
alpha_p = np.clip(alpha_tp, tau_min * alpha_p, tau_max * alpha_p)
alpha_m = np.clip(alpha_tm, tau_min * alpha_m, tau_max * alpha_m)
# Update C and Q
Q_next = nu * Q + 1
C = (nu * Q * (C + eta) + fp) / Q_next
Q = Q_next
return alpha, xp, fp, Fp, C, Q
| 2024-05-15T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7908 |
a. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to heating elements, and more specifically to an electrically conductive laminate heater element for use as an ice protection system to withstand repeated mechanical stresses and thermal cycles in extremely harsh aerospace applications.
b. Description of Related Art
Under certain flying and weather conditions, aircraft may be troubled by accumulations of ice on aerodynamic and structural components of the aircraft. If the ice is not properly eliminated from the aircraft, the aircraft's flying capabilities may be severely limited. The ice may alter the airfoil configuration of the wings to cause an unflyable condition; or accumulated ice may separate from the aircraft during take-off or during flight. The flying ice may jeopardize the mechanical integrity of the aircraft or be ingested into the engines and possibly cause engine failure.
Typical ice protection systems include hot gas chemical fluid, mechanical and electro-thermal systems. Hot gas systems are usually designed directly into the structure of the aircraft and utilize hot air bled from the engine as a source of heat. The practicality, however, of hot gas systems is diminishing with the introduction of high efficiency engines.
Chemical fluid ice protection is accomplished by dispensing a fluid onto the surface of potential ice buildup. The fluids reduce adhesion forces associated with ice accumulation upon the aircraft or lower the freezing temperature of the water below 32.degree., so ice is not formed. Chemical fluid systems are deficient in that they are time limited, expensive and present potential environmental concerns.
Typical mechanical systems employ some type of pneumatic device installed on the leading edge of a wing or strut that expands to crack accumulating ice. Mechanical systems require high maintenance, have a limited life and may effect the aerodynamics of the aircraft.
The use of electro-thermal heating systems as a means of protecting aircraft from harmful buildups of ice is well-known and is becoming increasingly more attractive. Most electro-thermal systems available today use a conductive metal heater element which, due to its small effective cross-section, converts electrical energy into heat energy. Unfortunately, the materials which have traditionally been used in aerospace heaters are not always the best suited to the application. Much of the aerospace environment is harsh and extreme in its treatment of these heaters. The most common metal used in heaters, copper, is not particularly strong or corrosion resistant.
In the most common case of copper heating elements, long narrow strips of very thin copper foil are laid down in a pattern so as to attempt to create a region of heating. The area covered by the strip is small in comparison to the total heated area. The result is a wide range of temperatures and heat flows. Between heater strips there is no heat generated. In some applications, this is one of the primary reasons for covering the outer surface of the heater with metal sheathing-to allow the heat to more easily spread.
The copper foil heater is also prone to catastrophic failure due to localized damage. Since the foil strip is continuous over a large area of the heater, any break at any location would result in total heater failure. This is a common problem among the currently manufactured aerospace heaters, especially when used on propellers. The propeller application submits the heater to a high degree of foreign object damage due to the suction effect of the blades. Stones, small objects, and sand are continually being drawn into the propeller arc, damaging the blade heaters.
Flame sprayed metals have also been used in a number of applications to produce a workable heater element. These heaters depend on the high temperature deposition of very thin layers of metal onto non-metallic surfaces. The nature of the process makes it very difficult to control the thickness of the deposited layer. This presents considerably difficulty in controlling the resistance of the heater, and thus the total power generated. Also, the tendency for delamination between metal and plastics is well documented.
An alternative to the aforementioned ice protection systems are fiber-based heating elements as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,397 to Gray et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,534,886 to Kraus et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,942,078 to Newman et al.
Kraus and Gray disclose methods of processing these materials into finished products using high volume/low cost manufacturing. The intended applications for these fiber heaters focus upon consumer, industrial and agricultural areas. While these concepts of heater design may prove to be adequate for simple low-cost applications, they have been found to be less than satisfactory for applications that demand reliability. Further, the materials discussed in the above cited disclosures are not suitable for extended use in harsh environments.
Because of the shortcomings in existing fiber heater technologies, considerable research effort has been expended in developing improved material combinations. Research conducted by NASA has shown that conductive fiber heaters can suffer from problems of corrosion. The corrosion found during this research occurred at the junction between the fibers and the conducting materials used to apply power to the heater. Kraus et al. and Gray et al. disclose the use of non-conductive materials in the joining of the fibers to conductive strips and the use of weaving or stitching fibers into conductive strips. These methods contribute to corrosion and low reliability of connections.
The primary concern with the previously proposed methods relates to the lack of controlled contact between the conductive strips and the non-woven element. To guarantee that an electrical connection will remain low in resistance and high in reliability, the primary requirement is to maintain a gas-tight contact surface. If air is allowed to come in contact with the connection surface, oxidization will occur, increasing the contact resistance and lowering the reliability of the connection. Normally, in electrical connectors, this gas-tight requirement is met by using a clamping force to maintain an undisturbed connection surface. In the case of an ice protection heater assembly, no such clamping may be used as any such device would significantly increase the overall thickness of the heater assembly, making the heaters unsuitable for external aircraft applications. Additionally, the fibers are too brittle to clamp in place since the exclusion of air is dependent on plastically deforming both of the clamped materials.
Thus, methods of excluding air and other oxidizing gases has focused on adhesive bonding. Adhesive bonding was suggested by Kraus et al., but the adhesives cited were all non-conductive, leading to less than suitable results. It was found during testing that non-conductive adhesives would allow individual carbon fibers to contact the conductive strip (usually copper foil) in discrete locations. These small contact points, having very high current density, create "hot spots" and have been seen to burn out at relatively low power levels. The fibers were observed to "burn out" with a flash or spark. Initial attempts at using conductive adhesives were also disappointing. The first adhesives used contained a relatively small number of relatively large conductive particles, mixed with an epoxy adhesive. Some particles were inert materials with conductive coatings. In each case, the localized visible effect was observed as individual fibers burned out. Some of these adhesives used copper-based particles which would have been unsuitable from a corrosion perspective in any case. Electrically conductive pressure-sensitive tapes resulted in similar fiber failure. The focus of some of the developmental efforts has been in finding appropriate adhesives which will increase the contact surface area and still be compatible with the fiber materials.
High performance ice protection systems also require highly controlled electrical and thermal characteristics. The power density (watts per square inch) requirements for deicing or anti-icing applications vary significantly from application to application. Even within a specific application there is often the need to locally increase the power density. The ability to control these characteristics is dependent on controlling the material characteristics and manufacturing processes of the fiber. Existing work in this field has suggested that specific combinations of fibers and conductive particles are required to produce even heating. By improving the methods of manufacture, however, it has been found that the consistency of heating can be obtained without the need to include conductive particles.
The resistance of a fibrous heating element is based on the summation of each fiber resistance and the resistance of the fiber-to-fiber contact points. In a non-woven conductive fabric, the fibers are of identical composition and evenly dispersed through the fabric. If the fiber-to-fiber connections had zero resistance, the resistance of the fabric would be highly predictable, based only on fiber composition and content. If this were the case, it would be possible to produce consistent resistive heaters using any of the methods proposed by Kraus et al. and Gray et al. in their respective patents.
Unfortunately, the contact points between the fibers are not well controlled prior to fabrication into a finished heater element. The resistance of a fiber-to-fiber connection is similar to the resistance of traditional electrical connections. The ideal electrical connection, for minimum resistance and maximum reliability, must have fairly high contact stresses. These contact stresses are normally termed Hertzian stresses. They relate to the degree of intimate contact between the two conductors. When the fabric is in the dry, as-manufactured state, the fiber-to-fiber contacts vary from no connection to intimate connection. The binding agent on the fabric, required for mechanical handling, does hold some fibers in contact, preventing extremely high resistance to occur. The addition of conductive particles increases the number of contact points by acting as electrical bridges between fibers. This results in a more even resistance across the heater fabric.
Proposed methods of manufacture for fiber-based heaters have included the immersion in, or dispensing of, liquid adhesives. These adhesives are intended to bind the heater element to a resilient mechanical carrier sheet or insulator. Since these methods do not control fiber-to-fiber contact, they have been found to be unacceptable. | 2023-08-10T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6785 |
[RNA interference: biogenesis molecular mechanisms and its applications in cervical cancer].
RNAi (RNA interference) is a natural process by which eukaryotic cells silence gene expression through small interference RNAs (siRNA) which are complementary to messenger RNA (mRNA). In this process, the siRNA that are 21-25 nucleotides long and are known as microRNA (miRNA), either associate with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which targets and cleaves the complementary mRNAs by the endonucleolytic pathway, or repress the translation. It is also possible to silence exogenous gene expression during viral infections by using DNA templates to transcribe siRNA with properties that are identical to those of bioactive microRNA. Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main etiological agent during cervical cancer development and the HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes, which induce cellular transformation and immortalization, represent strategic targets to be silenced with siRNA. In several in vitro and in vivo studies, it has been demonstrated that the introduction of siRNA directed against the E6 and E7 oncogenes in human tumoral cervical cells transformed by HPV, leads to the efficient silencing of HPV E6 and E7 oncogene expression, which induces the accumulation of the products of the p53 and pRb tumor suppressor genes and activates the mechanism of programmed cell death by apoptosis; thus, the progression of the tumoral growth process may be prevented. The goal of this review is to analyze the microRNA biogenesis process in the silencing of gene expression and to discuss the different protocols for the use of siRNA as a potential gene therapy strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer. | 2024-06-16T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3488 |
According to the CDC, Lyme and other Tick-Borne Diseases affect more than 300,000 people per year. Because so many are affected, Lyme disease is often called “The Hidden Epidemic.” Symptoms of Lyme disease can mimic many other diseases including MS, ALS, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Lupus and HUNDREDS of others!
As part of events to raise awareness during Lyme Disease Awareness Month in Alabama, the brilliant LED lights on the exterior of several large RSA landmarks in Montgomery and Mobile will be changed to green during the weekend of May 5th-7th. The Retirement Systems of Alabama boasts the tallest building in Alabama’s Capitol City and the largest building in the State that is located in Mobile. Although the RSA buildings will be the most visible, other landmarks, structures and even porch lights are planned to be lit across the state in an effort to raise awareness for this devastating disease in Alabama.
Alabama Lyme Disease Association (ALDA) President and Founder, Kevin Wolfe says, “We hope that these prominent displays will be a reminder to citizens to remain vigilant and know the steps to avoid contracting Lyme and other tick-borne diseases. Additionally, it is critical know the signs of infection and seek help immediately if you experience any signs or symptoms of infection.” Wolfe adds that, “Most importantly we need for medical professionals to educate themselves, and be able to identify obvious signs of infection in their patients. We desperately need the medical community in Alabama to stop denying that there is a problem and help those affected.”
The Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) has declared several counties in Alabama to be endemic for Lyme disease. In 2015 the ADPH sent a letter to all physicians in the endemic counties warning them of the potential… | 2023-09-11T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7304 |
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Stardust (US - BD)
Paramount Home Entertainment has announced a Blu-ray release of the film
Further Details:
Paramount Home Entertainment has announced a Blu-ray release of Stardust for the 7th September. Retail will be around $29.99. Extras will include commentary by director Matthew Vaughn and writer Jane Goldman, a 5-part Crossing the Wall: The Making of Stardust feature ("The Quest for the Stone", "A Portal to Another World", "What Do Stars Do?", "A Quest of Enormous Importance", "Have You Seen a Fallen Star?"), a Nothing Is True feature, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, and the trailer.
Synopsis
Quote: “Scheming princes, wicked witches, flying pirates, celestial love, a pure-hearted hero, all in a magical land. What more do you want?” raves Today’s Gene Shalit for Stardust, an epic adventure starring Claire Danes with Michelle Pfeiffer and Robert De Niro. In Hopes of wooing a beautiful girl (Sienna Miller), Tristan (Charlie Cox) promises to bring her a falling star. But he’s in for the adventure of his life when he discovers the star is actually a celestial beauty named Yvaine (Danes). When an old witch Lamia (Pfeiffer) attempts to steal Yvaine’s youth, Tristan must protect her at all costs. This magical fairytale like no other will make you laugh out loud and believe in love again.
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Everyone else has already said it, but this movie is so underrated that I'm going to say it again: great movie! Went to the movies one night, and this was the only one that didn't seem like it would suck. I was right. Can't wait for the Blu-ray.
This film deserved alot more attention with moviegoers than it got. I saw it at the theatres when it was released and, just, WOW! One of the best fantasy films of the past decade. Great performances, great story, great special F/X, and wonderful chemistry between the two young leads. I have it on standard, but, will def. pick it up on blu as it's bound to look breathtaking.
BoBoi wrote: One of the most underrated fantasy-adventure of the last few years. I remember seeing this in the theatre back then, and it was simply a total blast! I already owned the UK BD.
no joke on the underrated part. i had no interest in seeing it initially. a friend let me borrow her dvd...actually...she made me watch it. i absolutely LOVED it!!! De Niro is...well...it's not your typical de niro performance...but still an amazing performance none-the-less. he really went against the grain on this one. | 2024-02-16T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1196 |
package com.alibaba.alink.params.clustering;
import com.alibaba.alink.params.ParamUtil;
import com.alibaba.alink.params.nlp.HasVocabSize;
import com.alibaba.alink.params.shared.colname.HasSelectedCol;
import org.apache.flink.ml.api.misc.param.ParamInfo;
import org.apache.flink.ml.api.misc.param.ParamInfoFactory;
import org.apache.flink.ml.api.misc.param.WithParams;
import com.alibaba.alink.params.shared.iter.HasNumIterDefaultAs10;
/**
* Parameter of LDA train.
*/
public interface LdaTrainParams<T> extends
WithParams<T>,
HasNumIterDefaultAs10<T>,
HasVocabSize<T>,
HasSelectedCol<T>{
ParamInfo <Integer> TOPIC_NUM = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("topicNum", Integer.class)
.setDescription("Number of topic.")
.setRequired()
.build();
ParamInfo <Double> ALPHA = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("alpha", Double.class)
.setDescription(
"alpha.Concentration parameter (commonly named \"alpha\") for the prior placed on documents' distributions"
+ " over topics (\"beta\").")
.setHasDefaultValue(-1.0)
.build();
ParamInfo <Double> BETA = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("beta", Double.class)
.setDescription(
"Concentration parameter (commonly named \"beta\" or \"eta\") for the prior placed on topics' "
+ "distributions over terms.")
.setHasDefaultValue(-1.0)
.build();
ParamInfo <Method> METHOD = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("method", Method.class)
.setDescription("optimizer: em, online")
.setHasDefaultValue(Method.EM)
.setAlias(new String[] {"optimizer"})
.build();
/**
* Enum class for Lda optimizer method.
*/
enum Method {
/**
* Online optimizer method.
*/
Online,
/**
* EM optimizer method.
*/
EM
}
ParamInfo <Double> ONLINE_LEARNING_OFFSET = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("onlineLearningOffset", Double.class)
.setDescription("(For online optimizer)" +
" A (positive) learning parameter that downweights early iterations. Larger values make early" +
" iterations count less.")
.setHasDefaultValue(1024.0)
.build();
ParamInfo <Double> ONLINE_LEARNING_DECAY = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("onlineLearningDecay", Double.class)
.setDescription("(For online optimizer) " +
" Learning rate, set as an exponential decay rate. This should be between (0.5, 1.0] to" +
" guarantee asymptotic convergence.")
.setHasDefaultValue(0.51)
.build();
ParamInfo <Double> ONLINE_SUB_SAMPLING_RATE = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("onlineSubSamplingRate", Double.class)
.setDescription("For online optimizer " +
"Fraction of the corpus to be sampled and used in each iteration of mini-batch" +
"gradient descent, in range (0, 1].")
.setHasDefaultValue(0.05)
.build();
ParamInfo <Boolean> ONLINE_OPTIMIZE_ALPHA = ParamInfoFactory
.createParamInfo("optimizeDocConcentration", Boolean.class)
.setDescription("(For online optimizer only, currently) Indicates whether the docConcentration" +
"(Dirichlet parameter for document-topic distribution) will be optimized during training.")
.setHasDefaultValue(true)
.build();
default Integer getTopicNum() {
return get(TOPIC_NUM);
}
default T setTopicNum(Integer value) {
return set(TOPIC_NUM, value);
}
default Double getAlpha() {
return get(ALPHA);
}
default T setAlpha(Double value) {
return set(ALPHA, value);
}
default Double getBeta() {
return get(BETA);
}
default T setBeta(Double value) {
return set(BETA, value);
}
default Method getMethod() {
return get(METHOD);
}
default T setMethod(Method value) {
return set(METHOD, value);
}
default T setMethod(String value) {
return set(METHOD, ParamUtil.searchEnum(METHOD, value));
}
default Double getOnlineLearningOffset() {
return get(ONLINE_LEARNING_OFFSET);
}
default T setOnlineLearningOffset(Double value) {
return set(ONLINE_LEARNING_OFFSET, value);
}
default Double getOnlineLearningDecay() {
return get(ONLINE_LEARNING_DECAY);
}
default T setOnlineLearningDecay(Double value) {
return set(ONLINE_LEARNING_DECAY, value);
}
default Double getOnlineSubSamplingRate() {
return get(ONLINE_SUB_SAMPLING_RATE);
}
default T setOnlineSubSamplingRate(Double value) {
return set(ONLINE_SUB_SAMPLING_RATE, value);
}
default Boolean getOptimizeDocConcentration() {
return get(ONLINE_OPTIMIZE_ALPHA);
}
default T setOptimizeDocConcentration(Boolean value) {
return set(ONLINE_OPTIMIZE_ALPHA, value);
}
}
| 2024-01-03T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4443 |
Q:
HP P4000 LeftHand Setup: Configure a VIP (Virtual IP)
I'm trying to setup a HP LeftHand Storage System (2x p4300) in our testlab.
As I have no router (but only a Catalyst 2960-S switch) in the testlab: Is there a way to setup a VIP (Virtual IP) to enable redundancy? If yes, how do I do that?
A:
This is a built-in feature of LeftHand SAN's. Router and switch support is not needed. If you went through the start-up wizard in the CMC, you should already have a VIP.
If not, right-click the name of your management group in the CMC and pick New Cluster. Walk through the wizard and at the end you will have a VIP.
| 2024-06-04T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7771 |
Larry Lessig Tells New Zealand Court That DOJ's Case Against Kim Dotcom Is A Sham
from the taking-it-up-a-notch dept
It is my opinion that the Superseding Indictment and Record of the Case filed by the DOJ do not meet the requirements necessary to support a prima facie case that would be recognized by United States federal law and subject to the US-NZ Extradition Treaty. An attempt has been made to extract facts from multiple sources and over a wide span of time, to organize a large number of otherwise disconnected facts by using systematic phraseology and to juxtapose phrases in order to create an impression of coherence and substance. However, the attempt fails to reach its goals and any impression of coherence or substance dissolves under examination. Insofar as they are alleged in the Superceding Indictment and the ROC, respondents’ actions were not prohibited by criminal statutes of the United States. Filings of the DOJ attempt to create a false impression of criminal guilt and are not reliable.
... criminal copyright liability cannot be broadened by invoking civil concepts of secondary copyright infringement directly or under the guise of the general aiding and abetting statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2. See Sup. Ind. Counts Four, Five, Six, Seven, and Eight. The United States legislature previously removed “aiding and abetting” from the copyright act, evincing an intent to eliminate that form of liability
The DMCA is only a defense in the civil context because only civil indirect or secondary liability is possible under the common law. Common law liability principles cannot be extended to criminal liability, which must be specifically proscribed by statute. See Dowling v. United States, 473 U.S. 207, 213-214 (1985). Because there cannot be common law crimes under United States law, the DMCA further emphasizes that criminal indirect liability for copyright infringement does not exist by statute.
... allegations of defendant’s failure to maintain a DMCA policy or defects in a defendant’s DMCA procedures cannot be the basis of criminal copyright charges....
An important limitation on enforcement powers of the DOJ is the principle that the United State Copyright Act has no application outside of the territorial bounds of the US, and therefore there is neither civil nor criminal liability under United States law for acts of infringement taking place outside of US borders.
The Superseding Indictment does discuss the existence of Megaupload servers in the United States.... But the mere presence of data servers in Virginia does not establish that direct infringement took place there. See, e.g., CoStar Group, Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc., 373 F.3d 544, 549-50 (4th Cir. 2004) (holding that direct infringement under the civil standard requires more than “mere ownership of a machine used by others to make illegal copies” and that there “must be actual infringing conduct[.]”); Cartoon Network LP, LLLP v. CSC Holdings, Inc., 536 F.3d 121, 131-32 (2d Cir. 2008) (direct civil infringement requires “volitional conduct,” not mere ownership of device used by others to infringe).
The Superseding Indictment never states that any specific user, much less any of the criminal defendants, chose to upload or download any specific infringing work from within the United States.
the DOJ fails to show direct criminal copyright infringement on the part of Megaupload personnel or on the part of Megaupload cloud storage users. The allegations in the Superseding Indictment and the Record of the Case do not match up to all of the elements of offenses. Importantly, there is no showing that any specific Megaupload representative or third-party user had the requisite mens rea to willfully violate copyright law. There is an even more fatal failure to show that Megaupload personnel agreed with a third party user to commit such violations. An agreement requires communications between defendants and the user, not just discussions among Megaupload personnel and a general “environment of infringement.” Attempts to juxtapose pieces of allegations do not succeed in making even a single whole, unified criminal charge.
proof of charges of both Criminal Copyright Infringement and also Conspiracy to commit such crimes must identify specific copyrighted works on a work by work, link by link basis, and describe the who, what, when, where, why, and how to meet all the elements for each such instance and to examine fair use, amongst other things. The “willfulness” requirement means that a person must have had the specific intent to commit copyright infringement as to each individual work.
Aiding and abetting requires a showing of “double wilfulness,” which is lacking in the Superceding Indictment and ROC. A vague charge of “making available” a copyrighted work under a theory of “Aiding and Abetting Criminal Copyright Infringement,” is insufficient. In my opinion the government has failed to allege sufficient facts that the Megaupload defendants shared in any alleged infringer’s criminal willful intent. Gestalt allegations that the Megaupload cloud storage system brought about the arrangment that made the vague criminal acts of the alleged infringers possible is insufficient “willfulness” as a matter of law. As discussed above, Megaupload did not exercise volitional control over user uploads, link sharing, and downloads.
The Supreme Court of the United States has stated that the aiding and abetting statute converts an accomplice into a principal, but that aiding and abetting is neither a separate crime nor is it relevant to the distinct crime of conspiracy. See Pereira v. United States, 347 U.S. 1, 11 (1954) (“Aiding, abetting, and counseling are not terms which presuppose the existence of an agreement. Those terms . . . mak[e] the defendant a principal when he consciously shares in a criminal act, regardless of the existence of a conspiracy.”) (emphasis added). Therefore, allegations that defendants aided or abetted a crime of copyright infringement do not amount to an extraditable offense. The crime, if it exists, must be specifically shown.
United States v. Hickman, 626 F.3d 756 (4th Cir. 2010), a decision by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals is particularly instructive. In that case, the court was asked to decide if a store that sold thousands of glass vials was engaged in a conspiracy to distribute heroin, since it was well known that such glass vials were used primarily to package heroin for sale. Id. at 767-73. The Fourth Circuit explained that merely selling the vials was not sufficient to demonstrate the crime of conspiracy without something more. Id. The court would have required that the defendant possess explicit knowledge of specific plans to distribute heroin in order to be convicted of conspiracy. Id. This is consistent with other Fourth Circuit decisions which generally require a "showing that the defendant knew the conspiracy's purpose and took some action indicating his participation." Chorman, 910 F.2d at 109.
As mentioned above, a member of the conspiracy must undertake some "overt act" which furthers the underlying offense of the conspiracy. Chorman, 910 F.2d at 109. Thus, in order to properly state a claim for conspiracy to commit felony copyright infringement, there must be an agreement between two individuals to commit that crime, and then one of the individuals, who is a party to the agreement, must commit an act in furtherance of that crime.
As discussed above, infringing acts are alleged to have been committed by unnamed Megaupload users. A crime of conspiracy requires an agreement with criminal infringers. No such agreement is shown.
there is no allegation of direct communication with the user, and no reason to believe that the Megaupload employees entered into a relationship with the user beyond a series of retail transactions regarding cloud storage space on the Megaupload leased servers.
Alleged frauds revolve around Megaupload’s practices under the DMCA and around an “Abuse Tool” Megaupload provided to copyright owners or agents who wanted to deliver to Megaupload DMCA notices of infringing materials on the Megaupload site and automatically disable access to such materials. It is alleged that Megaupload made misrepresentations in connection with the Abuse Tool, promising to delete access to referenced materials while only deleting the referenced URLs and without deleting all other URLs in the database that pointed to such materials. It is further alleged that the Abuse Tool did not operate as represented, that deletions were delayed and that the site promised to terminate repeat infringers but failed to do so....
As mentioned above, the DMCA serves to explicitly limit the copyright liability of Internet service providers and to provide a “safe harbor” from copyright claims.... If an online service provider like Megaupload is noncompliant the result is loss of the civil safe harbor defense not a criminal fraud.
It is alleged that Megaupload received “advertising revenue as a result of the continued availability of files,” while never stating that the copyright holders themselves made any pay outs.... Thus, there is no allegation that the advertisers were ever lied to, deceived or misled; in other words, the party deceived and the party that lost property were two completely different individuals.
It is also alleged that Megaupload received money from users who purchased premium subscriptions.... However, as with the advertisers, there is no indication that the users were deceived or misled in any way.
Moreover, the DOJ must look at the monies actually received when charging the crime of wire fraud, and cannot look to any “intangible right” that may belong to the copyright holder. United States courts have explained that intangible rights cannot form the basis of a wire fraud charge. See United States v. Hilling, 891 F.2d 205, 208 (9th Cir. 1988) (reversing a mail fraud conviction based on intangible rights). Nor is a “license” a recognized property right. See United States v. Schwartz, 924 F.2d 410, 418 (2d Cir. 1991) (overturning wire fraud conviction because “[t]he [] licenses given appellants were merely the expression of its regulatory imprimatur, and they had no other effect as ‘property’”).
In sum, the DOJ only alleges that one party was deceived: the copyright holders.... However, that party cannot lay a claim to a recognized property right that Megaupload is alleged to have taken; at best the rights claimed would be the right to license their works, or similar intangible rights which cannot form the basis of a wire fraud conviction.
Another defect in the DOJ approach is that it is contrary to the DMCA. The Fourth Circuit has repeatedly upheld the principal of statutory interpretation which holds that courts “must give effect to every provision and word in a statute and avoid any interpretation that may render statutory terms meaningless[.]” Scott v. United States, 328 F.3d 132, 139 (4th Cir. 2003). Here, in order to give proper effect to the DMCA, the wire fraud statute cannot be interpreted to criminalize Megaupload’s conduct.
The DOJ does not allege that Megaupload had no policy at all, nor does the DOJ allege that Megaupload “actively prevent[ed] copyright owners from collecting information[.]” Instead, the DOJ charges a much lower standard: that Megaupload failed to terminate 100% of all repeat infringers, ... and moreover, that this failure, in the face of Megaupload’s stated policy, was a misrepresentation sufficient to sustain a charge of wire fraud....
The purpose of the DMCA is to prevent liability where a defendant has stated a policy and reasonably implemented it—not where a defendant has failed to terminate each and every repeat infringer. Indeed, the statute recognizes that service providers are not required to terminate all repeat infringers in order to comply with the DMCA (17 U.S.C. § 512(I)(1)(A)) or to remove their posted content. See e.g. Perfect 10, Inc. v. Giganews, Inc., 2014 WL 8628034, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 14, 2014) (“Giganews had no obligation to indiscriminately remove every post a repeat infringer ever posted and Perfect 10 may not shift its burden of policing copyright infringement to Giganews in the guise of a claim for direct infringement.”).
Were the DOJ able to simply charge defendants with a separate crime (in this case wire fraud) then the liability safe harbor becomes meaningless, and Scott v. United States is thus violated. As a result, it is improper to interpret the wire fraud statute as criminalizing Megaupload’s actions, and the proper interpretation is to give effect to the DMCA’s stated safe harbor provisions.
The DOJ appears to be asserting that an online operator who receives copyright take down notices identifying one URL must search for and delete all duplicate files in the system or be subject to a copyright or fraud claim. In my opinion the DOJ’s theory of copyright or fraud liability is erroneous.
Megaupload reduced operating loads by “deduplication,” namely maintaining only a single copy of a file in its database and generating multiple pointers to such file. Each pointer identified an uploader of the common file. It is possible for one uploader to have a right to fair use of a copy of a file, e.g., a purchaser uploading a backup or an educational organization offering critical commentary, while other uploaders might have no such fair use right. It is contrary to the purpose of the DMCA that a fair use right would be violated though a take-down notice directed at another person’s wrongful use. If such a violation were to occur, the provider of the take-notice would be subject to liability under the DMCA (17 U.S.C. § 512(f)).
Such an approach can lead to mass DMCA 512(f) misrepresentation claims against the DMCA noticing parties.
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–The Techdirt Team
As Kim Dotcom's extradition case appears set to finally be heard (after many, many delays), Dotcom has brought in some interesting firepower. Presidential candidate and famed legal scholar Larry Lessig has submitted an affidavit that completely destroys the DOJ's case . He argues not only that Dotcom's actions do not amount to any sort of extraditable offense, but that they don't even seem to be against US law at all. If you've been following the case at all, you know that under the US/New Zealand extradition treaty, copyright infringement is not an extraditable offense. That's why the US has lumped in a bunch of questionable claims about "conspiracy" and "wire fraud." But most of those are just repeating the infringement claims in different ways. Lessig dismantles all of them and suggests the DOJ case is a lot of smoke and mirrors. His summary brings it all together:Lessig's detailed analysis covers many of the same issues I raised just days after the raid on Dotcom's mansion and his arrest. Basically, it appears that the DOJ is trying to make up a form of criminal copyright infringement that is based on "well, Hollywood really dislikes him." A key issue, as we've discussed in the past, is that. The Supreme Court, in the Grokster case, created a concept known as inducement for, butcopyright infringement cannot be expanded by the courts -- only by congress. Yet, the DOJ is trying to pretend that there is such a thing as secondary criminal infringement, despite it not being in the law.He further notes that the indictment and DOJ arguments repeatedly refer to the DMCA, but the DMCA is only for civil copyright infringement, not for criminal:And thus, Megaupload's "failures" to follow the DMCA cannot be the basis of criminal charges:And, of course, he points out that under the Sony Betamax case that confirmed VCRs were legal in the US, the standard the Supreme Court set up was if a technology had "substantial non-infringing uses," which Megaupload clearly had.Lessig also points out something that should be pretty obvious, but is often forgotten: the US Copyright Act does not apply outside the US.And, yes, the DOJ points out that Megaupload had servers in the US, but as Lessig points out that's not enough under US law:That seems like a pretty big flaw in the DOJ's case.Perhaps an even bigger flaw? The lack of any showing that any of the defendants engaged in all of the required elements for criminal copyright infringement:As Lessig details, criminal copyright infringement requires willful infringement for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain. The complaint does not do a very good job of showing the "willful" part. Just showing that the company was slow to take down content is not enough. In fact, Lessig points out, charges of criminal copyright infringement need to list out the actual works infringed and then show all the other necessary elements:And yet, the Dotcom indictment fails to do basically all of that.As for the attempt to get around the fact that there is no secondary infringement in criminal law by saying, "oh, well, it's just aiding and abetting," that doesn't fly either. Yes, users may have willfully infringed, but the evidence is lacking that the Megaupload team did the same, and just "aiding and abetting" doesn't work:Basically, he's calling out the fact that the DOJ is picking and choosing different actions by completely different actors and trying to tie them all together to create all the elements for criminal copyright infringement. But you can't do that.A similar argument dooms all the "conspiracy" charges. End users may have willfully infringed, but that doesn't create a "conspiracy" between them and the Megaupload team.Lessig notes that while the record in the case shows lots of communication between Megaupload staff, it shows none between the staff and the users of the site who are actually doing the infringing. That's a pretty weak conspiracy.Lessig also rips apart the arguments for wire fraud, noting that they all seem to be based on the idea that Megaupload didn't abide by the DMCA (again a US law).Furthermore, Lessig notes that for there to be wire fraud, US law requires a scheme to defraud users and then the use of mail or wire in furtherance of that scheme. Yet the indictment is lacking in defrauded parties.And all of that dooms the wire fraud claims:Lessig also attacks the idea that Megaupload even violated the DMCA in the first place. As he notes, the law says a service provider needs to "reasonably implement" a DMCA policy, but leaves the interpretation of "reasonably implements" up to the courts. And the standard interpretation, from the Perfect 10 v. ccBill case is that it's reasonably implemented "if it has a working notification system, a procedure for dealing with DMCA-compliant notifications, and if it does not actively prevent copyright owners from collecting information needed to issue such notifications." And Megaupload had all of that.The DOJ, instead, is rather incredibly arguing that because Megaupload did not immediately delete 100% of infringing files, it violated the DMCA and thus is guilty of criminal copyright infringement. That's stretching the laws way past breaking points in multiple directions.Lessig also points out that the DOJ is just wrong on its argument that after receiving a notice on a file, Megaupload must delete all versions of that file. That's not what the law says at all.As he notes, the US courts -- particularly in the Lenz case -- have said that takedowns require looking at fair use. And if the DOJ's theory was accurate, that would be wiped out, because notices would be sent for files without any idea if they were fair use or not.There's a lot more in the document, but it basically picks apart the entire DOJ indictment, and points out that they're making up new criminal theories that they're not allowed to, and misrepresenting other claims at the same time. Thus, not only is it not clear that Dotcom did anything deserving of extradition, it's not even clear that he broke any laws at all.Of course... whether or not the New Zealand court pays attention to any of this, remains to be seen -- but it is a strong argument from a well respected and knowledgeable source.
Filed Under: criminal copyright infringement, doj, extradition, kim dotcom, larry lessig, new zealand, secondary infringement
Companies: megaupload | 2023-10-12T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7666 |
Bilateral isolated internal iliac aneurysms presenting as pelvic tumours.
A case of a bilateral isolated internal iliac aneurysm is presented. A male patient of 74 years of age had a sudden attack of pain in the right lower abdomen. A superficial haematoma was the only finding at primary ultrasonography (US), while seven weeks later a control US visualised a pelvic expansion, but the aetiology was not recognised. The CT finding was pathognomonic for an aneurysm, the diagnosis being "bilateral iliac aneurysms". Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) defined the aneurysms as existing in the internal iliac arteries. | 2024-06-24T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8058 |
'A man for others'
Senators, keep patronage out of choosing Fitzgerald's successor
May 24, 2012
U.S. Attorney Patrick Fitzgerald has embodied the call to social justice and uncompromising principles. (E. Jason Wambsgans, Chicago Tribune 2010)
From the moment Wednesday that Patrick Fitzgerald announced his resignation, news coverage highlighted his office's convictions of two Illinois governors. That's a proper epitaph: In Chicago, we judge our federal prosecutors by the battles they choose — or delicately avoid, lest they offend their (and their targets') political patrons.
Yes, some honorable lawyers held the job of U.S. attorney here over the years before Fitzgerald arrived on Sept. 1, 2001. But his 11 years of aggressive and apolitical prosecutions have kept returning us to a question now suddenly urgent: If the traditional patronage system of naming U.S. attorneys in Chicago had produced the best possible top prosecutors, would the Illinois culture of political sleaze have become as rampant, as pervasive, as it had grown by the turn of this century?
Of course not. Time after time, the selection of U.S. attorneys here — often lawyers from the cozy crossroads of Chicago law and politics — was just one more sweet spoil for the party that held the White House.
That's because presidents formally appoint U.S. attorneys, subject to Senate confirmation. But senators typically select the nominees for their respective states. So we'll get right to our point:
Senator Dick Durbin, Senator Mark Kirk, we hope you appreciate how the choice of a U.S. attorney distant from Illinois politics has, over 11 years, made this a better, cleaner state. To you now falls the heavy burden of assuring a continued squeeze on that culture of political sleaze.
Senators, look beyond your comfort zone of politicos and pleaders. Your recommendation of a successor to Fitzgerald will be among the most crucial — and certainly most scrutinized — actions you will take in your entire Senate careers.
"The citizens of this state deserve honest government. ... We'll just keep rolling out indictments where they're warranted."
In his nearly 24 years as a federal prosecutor, Fitzgerald has embodied the call to social justice and uncompromising principles pounded into him by the Jesuits at Regis High School on East 84th Street in New York. We've heard him use the classic Jesuit phrase "A man for others," although never in reference to himself.
So we'll confer on Fitzgerald the treasured accolade "A man for others," recalling his repeated denunciations of criminals not only because they break federal laws, but because they exploit their often defenseless fellow citizens.
That's why a prosecutor nationally known for his public corruption cases also has devoted one-quarter of his 170 attorneys to building complex gang, gun and drug cases that some feds elsewhere cede to local law enforcement.
That's why, a quarter-century after rogue Chicago cop Jon Burge's officers tortured confessions out of people they had arrested, Fitzgerald's office found a way to convict Burge of perjury and obstruction of justice.
And that's why Fitzgerald has tried to educate his fellow Illinoisans on the pressing need to elect a more honest class of politicians to public offices.
"You look to the FBI to do a lot. You look to law enforcement to do a lot. But the real effort to clean up corruption is going to start with the citizenry."
— Fitzgerald after the arrest of the then-governor, Rod Blagojevich, on corruption charges, Dec. 9, 2008
Last August, on the eve of his 10th anniversary in office, we tried to synthesize Fitzgerald's record in the context of his federal surround.
Now, as he prepares to depart June 30, we'll stand by that verdict: Conviction by conviction, guilty plea by guilty plea, Fitzgerald has done what countless well-pensioned officials in executive, legislative, law enforcement and judicial jobs never have. He has made criminals — many of them once powerful — pay a terrible price for their calculated felonies against the comparatively powerless people of Illinois.
Senator Durbin, Senator Kirk, that is a mission well-started but by no means complete. We hope you begin your search for his successor as irked as Fitzgerald is by criticism from government insiders and their pals that he has criminalized the normal give-and-take of politics.
It's a criticism of Fitzgerald, Senators, that you may hear from your friends.
Don't fall for it, Senators. We've heard each of you speak honorably about the debilitating costs of public corruption in this state. As you make your choice, trust your words more than your friends.
"There is legitimate politics. There are gray areas. Selling a Senate seat, shaking down a children's hospital and squeezing a person to give money before you sign a bill that benefits them is not a gray area. It's a crime."
— Fitzgerald after the conviction of Blagojevich on 17 corruption counts, June 27, 2011
Many years from now, Illinois citizens will talk of how then-Sen. Peter Fitzgerald in 2001 outwitted nationally influential fellow Republicans and opposition Democrats to install Patrick Fitzgerald as U.S. attorney in Chicago.
All of us are indebted to each of them — the senator for his determination to reform governance in Illinois, the U.S. attorney for his famously relentless pursuit of that goal. | 2024-05-10T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7824 |
Biopsy may help identify early pyoderma faciale (rosacea fulminans).
Pyoderma faciale is an uncommon acute presentation of rosacea. Edema, nodules, and draining sinuses may occur. Women in their early 20s are typically affected, and severe scarring may result in untreated cases. We report the case of a woman in whom a biopsy helped establish an early diagnosis so that decisive intervention could be initiated and scarring avoided. The histologic features of pyoderma faciale only rarely have been described and are illustrated in this case. | 2024-06-03T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6955 |
Q:
Не работает написанный код в Visual Studio Code
Выходит ошибка отладки:
Не удалось найти задачу preLaunchTask "build".
Либо:
Выполнение предварительной задачи build завершено с кодом выхода 1.
Как это убрать?
Если что я только-только начал изучать программирование и выбрал для этого язык C#. И когда я пишу dotnet restore, выходит это:
MSBUILD : error MSB1003: укажите проект или файл решения. Текущий рабочий каталог не содержит проект или файл решения.
Использую конфиг .Net core launch console.
A:
Вы находитесь не внутри каталога проекта.
Если вы создали новый проект через
dotnet new console --name MyProject
То чтобы собрать билд, вам нужно перейти в каталог с проектом
cd MyProject
| 2023-10-29T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4832 |
OReilly Obama Interview: A Super Bowl Lesson In Conflict (VIDEO)
I may not be a football fan but there was one part of the Super Bowl coverage I was waiting to see: the much anticipated pre-game interview between President Obama and Bill O’Reilly. Ever since O’Reilly’s “We’ll do it live!” rant years ago on A Current Affair, he has been remembered for his hothead reactions and rages.
Would he scream and accuse the President in person today as he does from behind his desk on his Fox News show, The O’Reilly Factor?
It was more amicable than most would think. While the start was slightly uncomfortable and stuffy, both men quickly loosened up. O’Reilly who bated the President coyly from time to time, was not near as combative as his reputation or his nightly show. President Obama, as always, was the epitome of articulation and elegance.
This interview could teach our kids (and ourselves) a lot about getting along with people you don’t necessarily like.
It focused first on Egypt. President Obama said that Egypt is not going to go back to the way it was before pro-democracy protests shook up the country. He downplayed the idea that the Muslim Brotherhood would take a major role in a new government.
“I think that the Muslim Brotherhood is one faction in Egypt,” Obama said. “They don’t have majority support.”
At one point O’Reilly asked the President about Obamacare and inquired why the majority of people did not support Obamacare. Obama countered that the divide was pretty even and O’Reilly asked “Do you deny you’re a man who wants to redistribute wealth?”
“Oh absolutely, let me explain.” said Obama, and when he started to explain his position, O’Reilly cut him off and said “I know I listen to you everyday.”
With someone else, this could have been enough to go escalate into a heated interview, but Obama turned around the focus and brought it back to a peaceful exchange by saying “And I listen to you too. I give you credit, youve got a pretty big viewership.”
“Well, I try”, said O’Reilly.
Throughout the exchange, there was little defensiveness. I might even say for all appearances from this interview alone, you’d never know O’Reilly was such a fierce non-supporter of the President.
Some interesting lines from the interview:
O’Reilly: Is it true you’re moving a little to the center?Obama: No.
O’Reilly: You haven’t moved anywhere? You’re the same guy?Obama: I’m the same guy.
O’Reilly: I hope you can do it.Obama: I know you do.
O’Reilly: What has surprised you the most that you weren’t prepared for coming in?Obama: Every decision that comes to my desk is something that no one else has been ever to solve. The longer I’m in this job, the more I enjoy it. The more optimistic I am about the American people and this country.
O’Reilly: Does it disturb you that so many people hate you?Obama: The people who dislike you don’t know you. The folks who hate you, they don’t know you. What they hate is whatever funhouse mirror image of you that’s out there. They don’t know you. And so, you don’t take it personally.
O’Reilly: You don’t ever take it personally? Does it annoy you?Obama: By the time you’re here, you’ve developed a pretty thick skin.
What can kids learn from the way these two men conducted themselves? That you can very civilly be around and speak with people you don’t necessarily like, and part of maturity is learning how to agree to disagree. There were no raised voices, no angry faces. In fact, there were more chuckles and laughs than anything.
Bill O’Reilly’s last words:
“I enjoyed talking with you. I disagree with you sometimes. I hope you think I’m fair to you. I try to be and I wish you well in the next two years. Nice to see you.”
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Content provided on this site is for entertainment or informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical or health, safety, legal or financial advice.
Click here for additional information. | 2024-02-03T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8290 |
Q:
Calculating download time with javascript
Hey guys am new to javascript actually..i am trying to find the download time of a file.So i have dind the size of the file and divided it with the current time ..but its not giving me the correct result.
The code i have tried
function get_filesize(url, callback) {
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("HEAD", url, true); // Notice "HEAD" instead of "GET",
// to get only the header
xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (this.readyState == this.DONE) {
callback(parseInt(xhr.getResponseHeader("Content-Length")));
}
};
xhr.send();
}
get_filesize("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Google_web_search.png", function(size) {
var estimatedtime = (new Date().getTime())/size;
console.log(estimatedtime);
});
when i done do this i get output as 32245538.389347337.
What am expecting is to get the time in hh:mm:ss in the console.
How can i acheive this ??..Any help would be great Thanks
A:
After you calculate the value, convert it to date like below (of course, change the hardcoded value to estimatedtime):
var time = new Date(32245538.389347337);
alert(time.getHours() + ":" + time.getMinutes() + ":" + time.getSeconds());
| 2023-10-07T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/9597 |
HUDSON COUNTY -- A vote of county Democratic committee people held in Jersey City on Wednesday night made rumors official, naming Assemblyman Vincent Prieto new chairman, Jersey City Councilwoman-elect Diane Coleman First Vice chair, Barbara Stimato, Treasurer, and John Minella, executive director of the longstanding county political organization, the Hudson County Democratic Organization.
Prieto was named to replace Bayonne Mayor Mark Smith and is said to have been the pick of State Senator and North Bergen Mayor Nicholas Sacco.
Last week, Prieto said that Sacco has never interfered with his duties as Democratic chair in Secaucus and expects to have the same freedom to make his own decisions as Hudson County Chair.
Minella, one time aide to Bayonne state Senator Joe Doria and a retired employee of the NJ Turnpike Authority and Hudson County Department of Roads and Bridges, was selected after Tom Bartoli declined the post. Minella openly supported Steven Fulop in the recent Jersey City mayoral election. Stimato was formerly an aide to former Assemblyman Louis Manzo. Coleman ran on Fulop’s ticket for city council.
The dozen other vice chair position – which are seen as mostly ceremonial – were split between various municipal Democratic organizations. | 2024-04-02T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8934 |
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Max Verstappen broke a 32-year-old record this season by clocking up 78 overtaking moves but is it as impressive as it sounds?
Before we answer the question, it's important to outline the criteria in which the data has been collated.
An overtaking move is classed as one that takes place during complete flying laps - so the opening lap is discounted - and is maintained all the way to the lap's finish line.
Position changes due to major mechanical problems or lapping/unlapping are not counted, nor are place changes made during pitstops.
Verstappen ended Niki Lauda's reign at the top, with the Austrian having held the record since 1984 with 60 passes.
Now, as the table below shows, Lauda is one of only two drivers - Michael Schumacher the other - in the top 10 to have achieved his best tally before the DRS overtaking aid was introduced in 2011.
Top 10 F1 drivers with most overtakes
Based on overtaking statistics from 1984-2016
Driver Year Overtakes Av . erage per race 1 Max Verstappen 2016 78 3.71 2 Daniel Ricciardo 2016 61 2.90 3 Sebastian Vettel 2012 60 3.00 4 Michael Schumacher 2003 60 3.75 5 Niki Lauda 1984 60 3.75 6 Felipe Massa 2013 59 3.10 7 Mark Webber 2013 59 3.10 8 Jean-Eric Vergne 2012 58 2.90 9 Sergio Perez 2016 56 2.66 10 Kimi Raikkonen 2013 56 2.95
Verstappen's form this season has been undeniably strong, with his performance in Brazil particularly impressive as he clocked up 13 passes under the criteria.
But like his team-mate Daniel Ricciardo, who moved into second place in the table this year with 61, 17 passes behind Verstappen, both had the benefit of DRS.
They also achieved the feat in the longest F1 season on record with 21 races and in an era when Pirelli has been asked to produce high-degradation tyres.
That compares to just 16 races when Lauda set the previous record, while Schumacher's tally of 60, just one fewer than Ricciardo, was set over the same number.
If the table was reshuffled based on average passes per race, Lauda and Schumacher would share the record with 3.75 passes per race, with Verstappen dropping to third with 3.71.
Meanwhile, Vettel, who jointly held the previous record, would drop to sixth overall.
The impact of DRS is even more stark when you compare the total number of overtakes per year since 1990.
F1 overtakes per season
Full data from 1990-2016
Year Overtakes Races Av . erage per race 1990 494 16 30.9 1991 495 16 30.9 1992 406 16 25.4 1993 392 16 24.5 1994 289 16 18.1 1995 297 17 17.5 1996 186 16 11.6 1997 265 17 15.6 1998 207 16 12.9 1999 260 16 16.3 2000 279 16 16.4 2001 230 17 13.5 2002 235 17 13.8 2003 303 16 18.9 2004 287 18 16.2 2005 207 19 10.9 2006 291 18 16.2 2007 270 17 15.9 2008 267 18 14.8 2009 211 16 13.2 2010 452 19 23.8 2011 821 19 43.2 2012 870 20 43.5 2013 760 19 40.0 2014 636 19 33.5 2015 509 19 26.8 2016 866 21 41.2
When DRS was introduced in 2011, the number of passes nearly doubled from 452 to 821 and was nearly four times of that of seasons during the late '90s and early '00s.
It's also notable that when a regulation change has been introduced, such as in 2009 (pictured) and '14, the number of passes has fallen compared to the previous year.
Various factors influenced the overtaking figures, such as pitstops, particularly when tyre changes became more common in the early 1990s.
Average number of passes per race 1990-2016
NB. F1 races featured refuelling from 1994-2009
When refuelling was introduced in 1994, the figures took a further tumble and they stayed low through the early part of the 21st century.
When F1's rulemakers started tinkering with the qualifying format from 2003 the figures increased slightly but remained low.
They then rose dramatically when DRS and Pirelli's tyres with higher degradation were introduced.
Using the criteria, there have been 14,914 passes since 1983, with nearly a third of those - 4462 - occurring in the last six seasons when DRS has been available.
Statistics compiled by Michele Merlino | 2023-12-16T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5068 |
Although bolstered by a heavy focus on the harrowing corporate truths of the world’s meat processing industries it seems it was never Bong Joon-ho’s intention to have audiences convert to veganism after watching the enchanting and eye-opening Okja. Instead, the […] | 2023-10-02T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/9922 |
Abstract
OBJECTIVESTo evaluate a clinical pathway of discharge on postoperative day 3 for the tension-free
vaginal mesh (TVM) procedure in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP).METHODSBetween May 2006 and December 2007, 305 consecutive women with POP quantification
stage 3 or 4 were planned to undergo the TVM procedure in a single general hospital.
Excluding five patients with concomitant hysterectomy, a pathway (removal of the indwelling
urethral catheter on the next morning, discharge on postoperative day 3) was applied
to the remaining 300 patients. The perioperative complications and postoperative hospitalization
were prospectively evaluated in this case series.RESULTSPerioperative complications were: bladder injury (11 cases, 3.7%), vaginal wall hematoma
(two cases, 0.7%), rectal injury (one case, 0.3%) and temporary hydronephrosis (one
case, 0.3%). None needed blood transfusion. The indwelling urethral catheters were
removed on the next morning as in the pathway in 287 cases (95.6%), and none required
clean intermittent catheterization at home. Postoperative hospitalization was within
3 days in 280 cases (93.3%). The six cases (2.0%) with longer hospitalization were
due to complications (two cases of bladder injury, one of rectal injury, one of blood
loss over 200 mL, one of temporary urinary retention, and one of hydronephrosis).
Two patients were re-hospitalized within one month due to vaginal bleeding or gluteal
pain.CONCLUSIONSPatients generally accepted the pathway of discharge on postoperative day 3 in spite
of the Japanese culture preferring a longer hospital stay. | 2023-11-22T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3859 |
Psychosocial transitions: an emotional health comparison.
Utilizing the standardized Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), emotional health scores of those experiencing psychosocial transitions were compared. Parents whose child died approximately 60 months earlier (N = 62) were compared to new immigrants living in absorption centers who arrived approximately 8 months earlier (N = 122). Even 5 years after the event, the emotional health of bereaved parents appeared to be lower than the new immigrant group. The differences appeared more pronounced for females and for the 45 + year old groupings (male and female). Depression seemed to be contrary. In most instances, no significant difference in depression scores were noted. | 2024-05-17T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1662 |
import json
import mock
from corehq.util.test_utils import softer_assert
from custom.champ.tests.utils import ChampTestCase
from custom.champ.views import PrevisionVsAchievementsView
from django.urls import reverse
@softer_assert("to add back post https://github.com/dimagi/sql-agg/pull/56")
class TestPVAChart(ChampTestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(TestPVAChart, self).setUp()
self.view = PrevisionVsAchievementsView.as_view()
self.url = 'champ_pva'
def test_target_indicators_fiscal_year_2018(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'target_fiscal_year': 2018
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {
"color": "blue",
"values": [
{"y": 17800, "x": "KP_PREV"},
{"y": 179476, "x": "HTC_TST"},
{"y": 145632, "x": "HTC_POS"},
{"y": 391068, "x": "CARE_NEW"},
{"y": 708758, "x": "TX_NEW"},
{"y": 19353, "x": "TX_UNDETECT"}
],
"key": "Target"
}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][0])
def test_target_indicators_fiscal_year_2017(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'target_fiscal_year': 2017
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {
"color": "blue",
"values": [
{"y": 0, "x": "KP_PREV"},
{"y": 0, "x": "HTC_TST"},
{"y": 0, "x": "HTC_POS"},
{"y": 0, "x": "CARE_NEW"},
{"y": 0, "x": "TX_NEW"},
{"y": 0, "x": "TX_UNDETECT"}
],
"key": "Target"
}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][0])
def test_target_indicators_district(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'target_fiscal_year': 2018,
'target_district': ['new_bell', 'bamenda']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {
"color": "blue",
"values": [
{"y": 237, "x": "KP_PREV"},
{"y": 35544, "x": "HTC_TST"},
{"y": 127943, "x": "HTC_POS"},
{"y": 333801, "x": "CARE_NEW"},
{"y": 128966, "x": "TX_NEW"},
{"y": 3093, "x": "TX_UNDETECT"}
],
"key": "Target"
}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][0])
def test_target_indicators_cbo(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'target_fiscal_year': 2018,
'target_cbo': ['alternatives_deido', 'cmwa_bda']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {
"color": "blue",
"values": [
{"y": 61, "x": "KP_PREV"},
{"y": 2563, "x": "HTC_TST"},
{"y": 1254, "x": "HTC_POS"},
{"y": 3256, "x": "CARE_NEW"},
{"y": 123, "x": "TX_NEW"},
{"y": 1452, "x": "TX_UNDETECT"}
],
"key": "Target"
}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][0])
def test_target_indicators_client_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'target_fiscal_year': 2018,
'target_clienttype': ['client_fsw']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {
"color": "blue",
"values": [
{"y": 3704, "x": "KP_PREV"},
{"y": 15270, "x": "HTC_TST"},
{"y": 3834, "x": "HTC_POS"},
{"y": 10378, "x": "CARE_NEW"},
{"y": 16057, "x": "TX_NEW"},
{"y": 7362, "x": "TX_UNDETECT"}
],
"key": "Target"
}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][0])
def test_target_indicators_userpl(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'target_fiscal_year': 2018,
'target_userpl': ['pl_7_cfsw_horizfemdla_deido', 'pl_4_msm_affirmatives_bda']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {
"color": "blue",
"values": [
{"y": 3, "x": "KP_PREV"},
{"y": 0, "x": "HTC_TST"},
{"y": 0, "x": "HTC_POS"},
{"y": 0, "x": "CARE_NEW"},
{"y": 0, "x": "TX_NEW"},
{"y": 0, "x": "TX_UNDETECT"}
],
"key": "Target"
}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_age(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_age': ['10-14 yrs']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 2, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_district(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_district': ['biyem_assi']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 400, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_activity_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_activity_type': 'epm'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 2343, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_type_visit(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_visit_type': 'first_visit'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 2058, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_client_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_client_type': ['FSW']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 1302, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_visit_date(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_visit_date': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-07'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 145, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_user_group(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_user_group': ['test_group']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
with mock.patch(
'custom.champ.views.get_user_ids_for_group',
return_value=['336ba1e522dcaf023f006e376b530725', 'a2c9a0848d7806b76e2ed0ae7ea89c97']
):
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 53, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_kp_prev_indicator_want_hiv_test(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'kp_prev_want_hiv_test': 'yes'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 682, 'x': 'KP_PREV'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][0])
def test_htc_tst_indicator_age_range(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_tst_age_range': ['15-19 yrs', '25-50 yrs']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 169, 'x': 'HTC_TST'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][1])
def test_htc_tst_indicator_district(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_tst_district': ['biyem_assi']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 3, 'x': 'HTC_TST'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][1])
def test_htc_tst_indicator_client_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_tst_client_type': ['FSW']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 596, 'x': 'HTC_TST'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][1])
def test_htc_tst_indicator_user_group(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_tst_user_group': ['test_group']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
with mock.patch(
'custom.champ.views.get_user_ids_for_group',
return_value=['336ba1e522dcaf023f006e376b530725', 'a2c9a0848d7806b76e2ed0ae7ea89c97']
):
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 30, 'x': 'HTC_TST'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][1])
def test_htc_tst_indicator_posttest_date(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_tst_post_date': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-20'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 678, 'x': 'HTC_TST'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][1])
def test_htc_tst_indicator_hiv_test_date(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_tst_hiv_test_date': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-20'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 606, 'x': 'HTC_TST'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][1])
def test_htc_pos_indicator_age_range(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_pos_age_range': ['15-19 yrs', '25-50 yrs']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 6, 'x': 'HTC_POS'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][2])
def test_htc_pos_indicator_district(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_pos_district': ['biyem_assi']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 3, 'x': 'HTC_POS'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][2])
def test_htc_pos_indicator_client_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_pos_client_type': ['FSW']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 72, 'x': 'HTC_POS'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][2])
def test_htc_pos_indicator_user_group(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_pos_user_group': ['test_group']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
with mock.patch(
'custom.champ.views.get_user_ids_for_group',
return_value=['336ba1e522dcaf023f006e376b530725', 'a2c9a0848d7806b76e2ed0ae7ea89c97']
):
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 4, 'x': 'HTC_POS'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][2])
def test_htc_pos_indicator_posttest_date(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_pos_post_date': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-20'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 33, 'x': 'HTC_POS'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][2])
def test_htc_pos_indicator_hiv_test_date(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'htc_pos_hiv_test_date': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-20'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 34, 'x': 'HTC_POS'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][2])
def test_care_new_indicator_age_range(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'care_new_age_range': ['15-19 yrs', '25-50 yrs']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 18, 'x': 'CARE_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][3])
def test_care_new_indicator_district(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'care_new_district': ['biyem_assi']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 4, 'x': 'CARE_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][3])
def test_care_new_indicator_client_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'care_new_client_type': ['FSW']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 53, 'x': 'CARE_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][3])
def test_care_new_indicator_user_group(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'care_new_user_group': ['test_group']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
with mock.patch(
'custom.champ.views.get_user_ids_for_group',
return_value=['cc3f2de870bb43229d188904127e1923', 'c8c65f9a814f4f5f99ee8a4cbad9f17e']
):
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 62, 'x': 'CARE_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][3])
def test_care_new_indicator_hiv_status(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'care_new_hiv_status': 'positive'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 210, 'x': 'CARE_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][3])
def test_care_new_indicator_date_handshake(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'care_new_date_handshake': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-20'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 116, 'x': 'CARE_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][3])
def test_tx_new_indicator_age_range(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_new_age_range': ['15-19 yrs', '25-50 yrs']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 6, 'x': 'TX_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][4])
def test_tx_new_indicator_district(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_new_district': ['biyem_assi']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 5, 'x': 'TX_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][4])
def test_tx_new_indicator_client_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_new_client_type': ['FSW']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 33, 'x': 'TX_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][4])
def test_tx_new_indicator_user_group(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_new_user_group': ['test_group']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
with mock.patch(
'custom.champ.views.get_user_ids_for_group',
return_value=['336ba1e522dcaf023f006e376b530725', 'a2c9a0848d7806b76e2ed0ae7ea89c97']
):
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 3, 'x': 'TX_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][4])
def test_tx_new_indicator_hiv_status(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_new_hiv_status': 'positive'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 91, 'x': 'TX_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][4])
def test_tx_new_indicator_first_art_date(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_new_first_art_date': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-20'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 2, 'x': 'TX_NEW'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][4])
def test_tx_undetect_indicator_age_range(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_undetect_age_range': ['15-19 yrs', '25-50 yrs']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 1, 'x': 'TX_UNDETECT'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][5])
def test_tx_undetect_indicator_district(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_undetect_district': ['biyem_assi']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 7, 'x': 'TX_UNDETECT'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][5])
def test_tx_undetect_indicator_client_type(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_undetect_client_type': ['FSW']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 90, 'x': 'TX_UNDETECT'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][5])
def test_tx_undetect_indicator_user_group(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_undetect_user_group': ['test_group']
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
with mock.patch(
'custom.champ.views.get_user_ids_for_group',
return_value=['336ba1e522dcaf023f006e376b530725', 'a2c9a0848d7806b76e2ed0ae7ea89c97']
):
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 9, 'x': 'TX_UNDETECT'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][5])
def test_tx_undetect_indicator_hiv_status(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_undetect_hiv_status': 'positive'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 141, 'x': 'TX_UNDETECT'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][5])
def test_tx_undetect_indicator_date_last_vl_test(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'tx_undetect_date_last_vl_test': '2018-01-05 - 2018-01-20'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 29, 'x': 'TX_UNDETECT'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][5])
def test_tx_undetect_indicator_undetect_vl(self):
if self.factory is None:
return
working_reverse = reverse(self.url, kwargs={'domain': self.domain.name})
filters = {
'undetect_vl': 'yes'
}
request = self.factory.post(
working_reverse,
data=json.dumps(filters),
content_type='application/json'
)
self.add_request_attrs(request)
response = self.view(request, domain=self.domain.name)
content = json.loads(response.content)
expected_data = {'y': 141, 'x': 'TX_UNDETECT'}
self.assertDictEqual(expected_data, content['chart'][1]['values'][5])
| 2024-04-27T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1192 |
Le livre des sauvages
Le livre des sauvages au point de vue de la civilization was a 19th century hoax manuscript.
The French missionary Emmanuel Domenech's work Manuscrit pictographique américain, précédé d'une notice sur l'idéographie des Peaux Rouges (Paris, 1860) was the result of an unintentional hoax. The German orientalist Julius Petzholdt declared that the manuscript consisted only of scribbling and incoherent illustrations in a local German dialect. Domenech maintained the authenticity of the manuscript in a pamphlet entitled La vérité sur le livre des sauvages (1861), which drew forth a reply from Petzholdt, translated into French (by Philippe Van der Haeghen) under the title of Le livre des sauvages au point de vue de la civilization Française (Brussels, 1861).
External links
References
Category:19th-century manuscripts
Category:19th-century hoaxes
Category:1861 books | 2024-02-29T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1837 |
Q:
Is there a way to delay an HTTP response in ASP.NET MVC 4 without using Thread.Sleep?
I want to delay the response of my website authentication request so that the server begins responding at a particular seconds offset from when the request was received.
For example, if the user authenticates at 04:00:00, I want the response to come back at 04:00:05, not sooner nor later. If it is not possible for the code to meet the deadline, I want it to cause an error.
This must be done on the server side and I would like to avoid using Thread.Sleep. Though, I was thinking there may be a way to do this with an async controller and using Thread.Sleep in part of the request's continuation
Has anyone here faced a similar challenge and what was your solution?
Can any of you folks think of a way to do this while avoiding Thread.Sleep and maintaining responsiveness?
A:
You can use the Async support in MVC 4 (or an AsyncController if you're on MVC 3)
public async Task<ActionResult> GizmosAsync()
{
var gizmoService = new GizmoService();
return View("Gizmos", await gizmoService.GetGizmosAsync());
}
The method in await can then use the time it needs, including Thread.Sleep.
That way, you're not blocking ASP.net from handling other requests.
A:
You can use a custom ActionFilters.
Record the time the request arrived in the OnActionExecuting method.
Then on the OnResultExecuted method inspect the result. If it is a valid response let it through, if it is a not authorized response delay it using Thread.Sleep with the desired delay based on the start time recorded.
Just make sure your filter runs before the authorization filter ([Authorize] ?) or is registered before it if you're using global filters and not attributes.
In this way the delay has no impact on authorized users which I assume is the reason you don't want to use Thread.Sleep. Note that Thread.Sleep by default is not very accurate (on the order of 20ms), but network latency to the client should obscure that.
| 2023-09-24T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4651 |
Helping children speak up in the health service.
This paper reports the main findings of a study undertaken to investigate children's perceptions of health-care professionals, the environment in which they are cared for and their information needs when sick. The main focus of the investigation was 6-10-year-old chronically sick children (predominantly with cancer). A group of healthy school children were used as a comparison in order to highlight similarities and differences. The draw and write technique and an open-ended stimulus task were presented to a total of 99 children (50 hospital, 49 community). Trent NHS Executive and the South Bank University funded the project through Action for Sick Children (formerly NAWCH). The purpose of this paper is to describe how children appear to view care environments including comments on the sorts of information they want and from whom this might be obtained. A wealth of valuable qualitative data, in the form of pictures and comments were collected and are discussed here alongside a selection of the pictures. The researchers also make certain recommendations for the care of sick children, which were drawn directly from their pictures, responses and comments. A previous paper evaluated the draw and write technique and open-ended stimulus task as a tool for gaining information from a child's perspective and as a possible aid to the construction of audit tools (Bradding & Horstman 1999). A full report of this study, published by South Bank University, is available from the authors. This detailed report includes an extended range of drawings, which can be used for teaching and discussion purposes. | 2024-05-17T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7896 |
Murdoch Wins: Shareholder Proposals Rejected
News Corp. 's annual shareholder meeting delivered another win for the Murdoch family, despite growing investor opposition to the family's control over the company.
News Corp. Meeting: All Directors Have Been Elected
In the face of growing investor opposition to the Murdoch family's control of News Corp, Murdoch scored a big win at the shareholder meeting happening right now, reports CNBC's Julia Boorstin.
All of the proposed directors were elected to the board, including Rupert Murdoch's sons Lachlan and James. Going into the meeting it was clear that the Murdochs wouldn't be forced to make changes because of their controlling votes, but many investors were hoping they'd bow to pressure for change. (Read More: News Corp. Braces for Backlash at Shareholder Meeting.)
Every motion opposing Murdoch's control was rejected. A campaign to separate the chairman and CEO role — both of which Rupert Murdoch currently holds — was unsuccessful. A number of investors criticized Murdoch on this point, including Julie Tanner, director of socially responsible investing at Christian Brothers Investment Services, who said the combined role creates a "conflict of interest."
Murdoch noted that a single chair-CEO structure is normal, saying that the company reviews its leadership structure annually. The company said that combining chairman and CEO roles ensures "strong and consistent leadership" of the company.
A motion to eliminate the company's two-tier voting structure was also unsuccessful. This structure perpetuates Murdoch control, since the family owns 12 percent of shares but controls 40 percent of the votes.
And the proposed compensation plan was approved. A representative from the California State Teachers' Retirement System urged that the dual-class structure be eliminated, but Murdoch argued that "the interests of the Murdoch family as a shareholder is the same as all shareholders."
Murdoch kicked off the meeting saying that News Corp. is "not a conventional company."
He addressed the phone hacking scandal, which he called the "mishaps" and "problems" at the U.K. papers, stressing that the company has implemented all sorts of new oversight and training. He focused on the strong performance of the stock — up some 45 percent since last year's meeting. (Read More: News Corp. Cuts Murdoch's Bonus, Citing Scandal.)
The company didn't reveal the breakdown of the votes, just saying that a "majority" had approved or rejected the proposals. We'll get an exact breakdown of the numbers — and the degree of shareholder opposition — when News Corp. files with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which should happen soon. | 2024-06-09T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/9772 |
I wanted to make some summer paper doll clothing, but I confess men’s clothing isn’t my gift. Drawing contemporary men’s clothing still is something I find rather challenging, because I struggle to regularly come up with new ideas.
The guy Sprite’s t-shirt today is based off one I saw a student wearing on the campus where I work. The orange shorts are well, just a pair of orange shorts.
I mean, sometimes even guys want non-neutral pants, right? (I have no idea if this is true, actually.)
The Sprites ladies top is from a contemporary catalog. Her jeans are flares which I have been told are in fashion. I added the designs to the bottom when I decided there was something sorta vintage 1970s going on. Those designs were originally going to go on her top, but I thought that was too busy. The
Sprites, just like every series, I think think need a mix of clothing. I really enjoyed contemporary paper dolls when I was kid, usually ones from Golden Books which had punch out dolls and clothing. I preferred the cut out books, because with the punch out books the tabs often got ripped.
So, when I design contemporary stuff I’m always thinking of those old books, though today’s summer paper doll clothing owes more to what I see on the college campus where I work.
Speaking of all clothing types, tomorrow there will be a historical dress and then Friday there will be something sci-fi. I’m super busy this week and will be traveling a bit, so I will try to respond to comments and emails and such, but that might not happen.
What types of paper doll clothing do you like best? Let me know in a comment!
I love the girl’s top and jeans! Often with your designs, I wish I could wear them in real life. I noticed that the Black and White PDF link isn’t working. If it’s not too much trouble, could you please fix it? If you don’t have time, that’s all right. | 2023-11-19T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7371 |
Random image
New groups
The last cop in town.. Part 1.
My name is Fredrik Davidson, i am 23 years old and live in the city of Enköping. I am a cop, i know that most survivors say that they "used to be" something, but not me. As far as i am concerned i was and still am an officer of the law, sure the basic procedures have changed and my equipment has gotten itself a few modifications but still deep down i still do my job. I still protect and serve.
Okay, maybe i am getting ahead of myself here. Waayy to melodramatic introduction i know but hell, it is one of the few entertainments those bastards haven't taken away from us. Allow me to restart and tell you all about how it began.
I had been a cop for almost exactly two and a half years when it happened, me and my partner Glen had just clocked in for the graveyard shift and got sent to what we thought was a case of domestic abuse. We were not that worried, the couple we had gotten the call about was pretty well known for, as Glen put it, "Beating the shit out of each other and then having some crazy grudge sex!" so we just planned on going there, knock on the door, ask a few questions and (if it was serious) take them both down to the station for questioning.
When we got there we realized that something was wrong, every other time we had come around to the couples house there was always shouting, screaming and the sound of struggle. But this time, dead quiet. Me and Glen looked at each other, we didn't say anything but I know we thought the same thing, that something was terribly amiss. We knocked on the door and shouted the regular "Police! Open up the door!", but nothing. We knocked again, nothing. Now the suspicions began to really get at us, had the couple confidently killed each other during their fight? Had one of them killed the other and then committed suicide? Finally we both couldn't stand it anymore and radioed in that we were going in, so we drew our weapons and kicked in the door.
In all the movies and the books this is when the heroes see the terrible monster chewing on the victim or see trails of blood leading just out of sight. But as a matter of fact we didn't see anything unusual, the lights were still on and (aside from some things that was out of place) there was no real sign of a struggle. We carefully entered the house and called out for the residents but nothing, we had searched the entire bottom floor when we all of a sudden heard something moving on the floor above, we had almost reached the bottom of the stairs when we heard something falling down them. A female body came tumbling down the stairs, a sickening "CRACK!" was heard occasionally as the hit the wooden steeps and we were sure that she wouldn't get up from that.
As we got closer to her we saw that her right arm, which now was twisted in an impossible angle, quiver at first then move as if she tried to get up before she raised her head and looked at us.
Strange, even after all this time, and everything i have seen, this is still what haunts my dreams. I guess it is because this was the first time i saw one of them, the first time i saw that dead stare and the first time i realized that nothing will ever be the same again.
When she raised her head both me and Glen took a steep back and, almost instinctively, aimed our guns at her. Her eyes were wild with an endless hunger and the area of her mouth and down was covered by fresh blood that still dripped down to the floor. I told her not to move, more out of old habits from the standard police procedure than anything, and she just sneered at us. That was when we saw where the blood came from, chunks of meat and human skin was still stuck between her teeths and when she opened her mouth blood began to pour out.
It was in that moment when Glen snapped, with a yell of pure terror he put three shoots in the womans forehead and put her down, i would later realize that i had also fired my weapon (even thought i only fired twice). When we were sure that she would not get up again we carefully made our way upstairs, weapons at the ready. What we found there was the stuff of nightmares, amidst the pieces of broken chairs and a table we found the husband, or rather what was left of him. His throat had been torn out and it was obvious that the wife had been feasting on him for quite some time before we showed up. For what it's worth, it was obvious that he hadn't gone down without an fight.
Glen and i left the house, almost like in shock, got into our car and reported in to the station what we had found. At first dispatch couldn't believe what he was hearing but then he simply said "Wait there, i send another car to your location." We knew that they didn't believe us and that we most likely would either go to jail for killing the woman or at the very least lose our jobs, but in the state we were in we didn't care.
Sure enough, after a while three police cruisers showed up and boxed us in. They had us throw out our weapons through the car window and then get down on the ground before they cuffed us and threw us into the back of one of the cars. Then they went inside... Let us just say that it gave them a whole lot to think about.
They had a forensics team come down from Stockholm to check on the couple while Glen and I had to spend a two nights in the cells of the cells in the police house. When we finally was allowed to leave, cleared of all charges of murder, it was already too late..
Damn, sorry it is time for one of my rounds. I continue this when i come back.
You see I miss being a cop. after the out break I did alot of things that I should have been shot for. You'll have to read about my past posts to see why.
Now I'm with a girl named Sam an a group of people from a small town named New Georgia. We are makeing our way across the US to see whats left of some old friends. I will write what we find, but I also fear what I might find.
Pappa Doc, Sho, My adopted daughter Stacey an others. I miss them, I want to know what happened to them an to see whats out there.
Will we die, will those old friends kill me or are they gone for good. Who knows. But all we can do is move on, survive an continue.
Maybe I'll find that cop in me again.
We all did things that we regret back then, what is important is that we don't get used to doing those things and remember who we really are, if we don't then.. Well... Then we are no better than the undead or the marauders.
Besides that, all i can say is that i hope you find what you are looking for and that you are a hell of a lot more brave than i am. Personally i have never bothered to find out what happend to my family, I have always justified it with that I "don't have time" or that "I will do it later". The truth is that I am afraid, I am afraid that they will be dead or worse and.. I just couldn't bear it. Thus i think it is better that i don't know, that way i can at least have some hope that they are alright and that we will be able to meet again once this is over.
Hell has taken our world, an death haunts us in every direction.
Those I speak of are friends that I hope are still alive an will forgive me for my past.
Gods speed
Watch the dead an aim straight
Officer Charley Anderson | 2024-03-03T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4565 |
import Connector from '../engine/Connector.mjs';
import Manga from '../engine/Manga.mjs';
export default class MangaDropOutArchive extends Connector {
constructor() {
super();
super.id = 'mangadropout-archive';
super.label = 'MDO (Archive)';
this.tags = [ 'hentai', 'indonesian' ];
this.url = 'https://mangadropout.net';
}
async _getMangaFromURI(uri) {
let request = new Request(uri, this.requestOptions);
let data = await this.fetchDOM(request, 'div.card div.card-body h4.card-title');
let id = uri.pathname + uri.search;
let title = data[0].textContent.trim();
return new Manga(this, id, title);
}
async _getMangas() {
let mangaList = [];
let request = new Request(new URL('/collection', this.url), this.requestOptions);
let data = await this.fetchDOM(request, 'ul.pagination li.page-item:nth-last-of-type(2) a.page-link');
let pageCount = parseInt(data[0].text.trim());
for(let page = 1; page <= pageCount; page++) {
let mangas = await this._getMangasFromPage(page);
mangaList.push(...mangas);
}
return mangaList;
}
async _getMangasFromPage(page) {
let request = new Request(new URL('/collection?page=' + page, this.url), this.requestOptions);
let data = await this.fetchDOM(request, 'div.card div.card-body');
return data.map(element => {
return {
id: this.getRootRelativeOrAbsoluteLink(element.querySelector('a.btn'), request.url),
title: element.querySelector('h4.card-title b').textContent.trim()
};
});
}
async _getChapters(manga) {
let request = new Request(new URL(manga.id, this.url), this.requestOptions);
let data = await this.fetchDOM(request, 'ul.list-group li.list-group-item a.cap');
return data.map(element => {
return {
id: this.getRootRelativeOrAbsoluteLink(element, request.url),
title: element.childNodes[0].textContent.replace(manga.title, '').trim(),
language: ''
};
});
}
async _getPages(chapter) {
let request = new Request(new URL(chapter.id, this.url), this.requestOptions);
if(chapter.id.includes('generelatelink')) {
let data = await this.fetchDOM(request, 'div#tidakakanselamanya a');
request = new Request(this.getAbsolutePath(data[0], request.url), this.requestOptions);
}
let data = await this.fetchDOM(request, 'div.text-center source.lazy');
return data.map(element => this.getAbsolutePath(element, request.url));
}
} | 2024-01-27T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6164 |
Most vehicle seat belts, e.g., for automobiles and trucks, are proportioned for use by a normal size or larger adult, with the shoulder strap positioned accordingly. Automobile safety research indicates that there is a gap in protecting school-age children who are too big for toddler car seats and too small for optimum use of adult lap-shoulder belts. When a child or small adult uses the lap-shoulder belt, the shoulder strap presses uncomfortably into user's neck, or, for smaller children, extends across the user's face. Even average size or larger adults sometimes find the shoulder strap uncomfortable. As a result, many children, and even smaller or other adults, neglect to use the seat belt, ride with the shoulder strap clamped between their body and the seat, or otherwise obstruct or entirely defeat the safety objectives of the seat belt. | 2024-04-16T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7834 |
Dr. David B. Adams – Psychological Blog
Psychology of Injury, Pain, Anxiety and Depression
Compassion
The helping professions were, at one time, recruited from those who made the declaration that “I just like helping people. I have compassion.” That perspective, academic grades and admission test scores would be instrumental in getting into nursing, medicine, etc. The youthful enthusiasm of taking on the emotional burden of suffering individuals does, however, take its toll.
Regardless of one’s efforts, there are simply far too many patients and far too much suffering. To attempt to assist them all begins to feel futile with passing years. This mounting frustration presents as irritability, impatience, being curt and short-tempered.
There are three realities that we as patients rarely perceive and yet as providers we cannot understand how patients do not understand:
a. A range of patients seen on the same day will consist of those whose problems are minor to those whose problems are potentially catastrophic. Responding to all as though they are of equal weight is not possible.
b. Patients will focus upon problems even when the problems are self-created with the expectations that outcomes can be changed by a provider even though the patient has no intention of changing the behavior creating them.
c. Patients expect solutions without fully disclosing the problem; providing what they feel is just enough to evoke compassion but not enough to lead to a productive treatment We operate from the perspective that I am paying for your compassion, and you, therefore, are expected to have a ready and endless supply to dispense.
In 1992, this was labeled “compassion fatigue (with its) “deep physical, emotional, and spiritual exhaustion that can result from working day-to-day in a care giving environment.” This becomes the cornerstone of OCCUAPTIONAL BURNOUT. One cannot satisfy the emotional demands of every patient, and it becomes increasingly frustrating when patients do not wish to help themselves.
This is compounded by the cases that cannot be solved, appreciation that is rarely expressed, decreased patient loyalty when patients shop for price, location and, far too often, access to drugs.
“Compassion fatigue is furthered by the health care provider’s personal health, family relationships and financial concerns that then emerge during patient interaction. The solid reputation of the provider is then marred by this bad-day-phenomenon, and as human beings, we tend to revel more in spreading bad word than spreading good.
We also, as a group, tend to be non-forgiving. “S/he was rude if not nasty; why should I bother to go back there for help.” It is more functional, and quite frankly more accurate, to perceive a healthcare provider as an individual with unique skills and intended compassion, but that we as patients can rapidly deplete both. | 2024-03-08T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8650 |
The processing of consonants and vowels in reading: evidence from the fast priming paradigm.
We assessed the early encoding of consonant and vowel information in the reading of English, using the fast priming paradigm. With 30-msec prime durations, gaze durations on target words were shorter when preceded by high-frequency consonant-same primes (which shared consonant information with the target word; e.g., lake-like) than when preceded by vowel-same primes (which shared vowel information with the target word; e.g., line-like), but there were no priming effects for low-frequency primes. With 45-msec prime durations, however, there was no effect of prime frequency and gaze durations on target words were shortened equally when they were preceded by consonant-same primes and vowel-same primes, as compared with control primes (e.g., late-like). The results suggest that the processing of consonants is more rapid than that of vowels, providing further evidence for the distinction between consonant and vowel processing in the reading of English. | 2024-05-17T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6933 |
/*!
@project NavigatorKit
@header NKUISplitViewNavigator.h
@changes (c) 2010 - 2011, Dave Morford
*/
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import <NavigatorKit/NKNavigator.h>
#import <NavigatorKit/NKSplitViewNavigator.h>
/*!
@class NKUISplitViewNavigator
@superclass NKNavigator <NKUISplitViewControllerDelegate, UIPopoverControllerDelegate>
@abstract
@discussion
*/
@interface NKUISplitViewNavigator : NKNavigator <UISplitViewControllerDelegate, UIPopoverControllerDelegate>
+(NKUISplitViewNavigator *) UISplitViewNavigator;
#pragma mark SplitView
@property (nonatomic, readonly) UISplitViewController *splitViewController;
-(void) setViewControllersWithNavigationURLs:(NSArray *)aURLArray;
#pragma mark Popover
@property (nonatomic, retain) UIPopoverController *popoverController;
@property (nonatomic, retain) UIBarButtonItem *masterPopoverButtonItem;
@property (nonatomic, retain) NSString *masterPopoverButtonTitle;
#pragma mark Navigators
@property (nonatomic, retain) NSArray *navigators;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) NKNavigator *masterNavigator;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) NKNavigator *detailNavigator;
-(NKNavigator *) navigatorAtIndex:(NKSplitNavigatorPosition)index;
@end
| 2023-10-07T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3985 |
Proteins have demonstrated great value as research tools and as human therapeutics. Due to the inability of virtually all proteins to spontaneously enter cells, however, exogenous proteins are predominantly restricted to interaction with extracellular targets and targets accessible through the endocytic pathway. Over the past decade, a variety of reagents for the delivery of proteins into mammalian cells have been developed including lipid-linked compounds ([@ref1]), nanoparticles ([@ref2]), and fusions to receptor ligands ([@ref3],[@ref4]). Perhaps the most commonly used method for protein delivery is genetic fusion to protein transduction domains (PTDs) including the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) peptide, oligoarginine, and the *Drosophila* Antennapedia-derived penetratin peptide ([@ref5],[@ref6]). Despite these advances, intracellular targets remain difficult to perturb using exogenous proteins; even modest success can require high concentrations of exogenous protein because of the limited potency of most current methods. Challenges for protein delivery are significantly increased *in vivo*, where cells in the context intact tissues and organs have proven especially difficult targets for functional protein delivery ([@ref7],[@ref8]). The development of more potent protein transduction platforms would therefore significantly increase the scope of potential applications for protein reagents and therapeutics.
We recently described "supercharged" GFP variants that have been extensively mutated at their surface-exposed residues, resulting in extremely high theoretical net charge magnitudes ranging from −30 to +48 ([@ref9]). We discovered that superpositively charged GFP variants can enter a variety of mammalian cells by binding to anionic cell-surface proteoglycans and undergoing endocytosis in an energy-dependent and clathrin-independent fashion ([@ref10]). Further, we observed that superpositive GFPs are able to form stable noncovalent complexes with nucleic acids and that +36 GFP can deliver siRNA and plasmid DNA into a variety of mammalian cell lines without apparent cytotoxicity.
We hypothesized that +36 GFP may also serve as a potent and general platform for the delivery of proteins into mammalian cells. We began by generating a variety of fusion proteins with +36 GFP and observed that these fusions maintain the ability to rapidly (within 15 min) and potently (at low nanomolar concentrations) penetrate mammalian cells without toxicity ([Supplementary Figures](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 1−3).
Next we directly compared the ability of +36 GFP, Tat, Arg~10~, and penetratin to deliver fused mCherry ([@ref11]), a red fluorescent protein variant. We generated +36 GFP-mCherry, Tat-mCherry, Arg~10~-mCherry, and penetratin-mCherry with identical linkers and fusion orientations (Supplementary Figure 4), and incubated these four fusion proteins with HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney cells (BSR cells, a clone of BHK-21 cell line), NIH 3T3 cells, inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells in serum-free media at various concentrations for 4 h at 37 °C.
After incubation, cells were washed under conditions confirmed to remove surface-bound protein ([Supplementary Figure](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 5), trypsinized, and assayed for internalized mCherry by flow cytometry ([1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}, panel a). For all five cell lines and at all concentrations tested (10 nM to 2 μM), +36 GFP delivered ∼10- to 100-fold more mCherry than Tat or Arg~10~. At concentrations of ≤100 nM, +36 GFP also delivered ∼6- to 20-fold more mCherry than penetratin, which approached the potency of +36 GFP only in HeLa cells and only at the highest tested concentrations (1 and 2 μM). These results suggest that +36 GFP is a significantly more potent protein transduction agent than the widely used Tat, Arg~10~, and penetratin, especially at submicromolar concentrations. We also observed that the presence of serum in culture media modestly decreased (∼2-fold reduction in media containing 50% serum compared with media lacking serum) but did not abrogate the delivery of +36 GFP-mCherry into cells ([Supplementary Figure](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 5). Delivery of mCherry into cells by +36 GFP was confirmed by live-cell confocal fluorescence microscopy ([1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}, panel b) and by comparison with control experiments in which endocytosis is blocked at 4 °C and protein remains surface-bound ([Supplementary Figure](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 6).
{#fig1}
To study the ability of proteins delivered with +36 GFP to access the cytosol, we generated a ubiquitin-+36 GFP fusion in which the C-terminus of ubiquitin was directly followed by +36 GFP. A direct fusion of this type is recognized and processed by cytosolic deubiquitinases (DUBs), and DUB-dependent deubiquitination has previously been used as an indicator of cytosolic exposure ([@ref12],[@ref13]). A mutant form of ubiquitin (G76V) that is not a substrate for DUBs ([@ref12]) was similarly fused to +36 GFP to distinguish the effect of cytosolic DUBs from nonspecific proteolysis.
After a 1 h of incubation of HeLa, 3T3, or BSR cells with either 100 nM ubiquitin-+36 GFP or 100 nM ubiquitin G76V +36 GFP, a significant fraction (HeLa, 25 ± 5.8%; 3T3, 27 ± 2.4%; BSR: 24 ± 4.0%) of internalized +36 GFP was deubiquitinated, producing a protein equal in size to +36 GFP ([2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, panel a). In contrast, in all cases the G76V mutant-+36 GFP fusion was not appreciably cleaved, indicating that this reduction in size does not arise from nonspecific endosomal proteases but instead from the action of DUBs. Ubiquitin-+36 GFP spiked into the cell lysis buffer prior to harvesting untreated cells was not cleaved ([2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, panel a), indicating that the observed deubiquitination is a result of exposure to cytosolic DUBs and not due to contact with DUBs during the cell-harvesting procedure. Additionally, ubiquitin-+36 GFP was completely deubiquitinated when incubated in HeLa cytosolic extract for 1 h, while the DUB inhibitors *N*-ethylmaleimide([@ref14]) and ubiquitin-aldehyde([@ref15]) blocked deubiquitination ([2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, panel b), further suggesting that the cleavage of ubiquitin-+36 GFP is a result of DUB activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that some of the ubiquitin-+36 GFP protein fusion can access cytosolic enzymes in three distinct mammalian cell lines.
{#fig2}
Next we compared the ability of +36 GFP, Tat, Arg~10~, and penetratin to deliver a functional enzyme, Cre recombinase, into a variety of mammalian cells. Exogenously delivered Cre must escape the endosome, localize to the nucleus, and tetramerize to mediate DNA recombination ([@ref16]). We generated +36 GFP-Cre, Tat-Cre, Arg~10~-Cre, and penetratin-Cre fusion proteins ([Supplementary Figure](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 7) and tested their ability to effect recombination in HeLa cells transiently transfected with pCALNL-DsRed2 ([@ref17]), a DsRed2-based Cre activity reporter plasmid. After incubation with 100−1000 nM of each Cre fusion protein for 4 h in serum-free media, cells were washed to remove surface bound protein and incubated in full media for 48 h. Delivery of Cre was assayed by following DsRed2 expression using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy ([3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, panel a). We observed that +36 GFP-Cre generated ∼2- to 5-fold more recombinants than the corresponding fusions with Tat, Arg~10~, or penetratin.
{#fig3}
Cre delivery was further evaluated in a NIH-3T3 cell line harboring an integrated lacZ-based Cre-reporter([@ref5]). After incubation, treatment, and washing as described above, these cells were stained with X-Gal to identify recombinants. Consistent with the HeLa cell results, +36 GFP-Cre resulted in more efficient generation of recombinants than Tat, Arg~10~, or penetratin. The efficacy of +36 GFP-Cre was 10- to 100-fold higher than that of the other Cre fusions at 100 nM, 10-fold higher at 500 nM, and 5-fold higher at 1 μM ([3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, panel b). These findings together indicate that +36 GFP can deliver substantially more functional Cre than Tat, Arg~10~, or penetratin in these cell lines.
Next, we used BSR cells to generate a Cre reporter cell line conditionally expressing the tdTomato fluorescent protein after Cre-mediated DNA recombination. Following treatment as described above, Cre-mediated recombination was quantified by flow cytometry. In this cell line, +36 GFP was 2- to 15-fold more effective than Arg~10~ or penetratin. At low concentrations, +36 GFP delivered modestly higher levels of functional Cre than Tat, while higher concentrations of Tat-Cre generated ∼2-fold more recombinants than +36 GFP-Cre. This cell line exhibits unusual features, including a high metabolic rate (doubling time = ∼12 h([@ref18])), which led us to speculate that endosomal trafficking to lysosomes may be unusually efficient in these BSR cells compared with HeLa- and 3T3-based reporter cells. Indeed, when BSR cells were incubated with the Cre fusions in the presence of 100 μM chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal protein degradation ([@ref19]), we observed a dramatic increase in the number of recombinants arising from +36 GFP-Cre treatment and modest improvements for Tat-Cre, Arg~10~-Cre, and penetratin-Cre, such that at all concentrations tested +36 GFP-Cre delivered more recombinase activity than any of the other proteins ([3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, panel c). These results suggest that the unique cell-penetration potency of +36 GFP can be more fully exploited by extending the time available for internalized protein to escape endosomes, resulting in even higher levels of delivered functional protein. In support of this hypothesis, *in vitro* assays reveal that while +36 GFP-Cre is not active as the intact fusion ([Supplementary Figure](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 7), at pH 5.5−6.5 cathepsin B, a ubiquitous mammalian endosomal protease, will cleave +36 GFP-Cre to generate +36 GFP and active Cre ([Supplementary Figures](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 7 and 8). At pH 5.0, the exopeptidase activity of cathepsin B is maximized([@ref20]), and we observed complete degradation of Cre and the loss of recombinase activity *in vitro* ([Supplementary Figure](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 8). These findings are consistent with a model in which choloroquine's ability to prevent complete acidification of lysosomes([@ref21]) extends the endosomal lifetime of active Cre and thereby enables a larger amount of the internalized enzyme to escape endosomes.
Finally, we tested +36 GFP as a protein delivery agent *in vivo*. First we examined the tissue penetration of +36 GFP in the adult mouse retina. We injected 0.5 μL of 100 μM +36 GFP into the subretinal space of CD1 adult mice. After 6 h, the retinae were harvested and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy ([2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, panel d). Most of +36 GFP signal was observed near the photoreceptor outer segments, but significant signal was observed throughout the retina, including all three nuclear layers (the outer, inner, and ganglion cell layers) as well as in the cell processes. To test the ability of +36 GFP to deliver functional protein *in vivo*, we injected +36 GFP-Cre into the subretinal space of RC::PFwe mouse p0 pups containing a LoxP-flanked transcriptional terminator upstream of a nuclear lacZ reporter gene ([@ref22]). Three days after injection of 0.5 μL of 40 μM wild-type Cre, Tat-Cre, or +36 GFP-Cre, retinae were harvested, fixed, and stained with X-gal ([2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, panel e). Injection of +36 GFP-Cre generated an average of 715 recombined cells per injected retina (*n* = 6), Tat-Cre generated an average of 318 recombined cells (*n* = 6), and wild-type Cre generated an average of 117 recombined cells per retina (*n* = 4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of functional delivery of an enzyme into retinal cells *in vivo.*
We also performed additional complete sets of mCherry and Cre delivery experiments *in vitro* using +36 GFP, Tat, and oligoarginine fusion proteins constructed with linkers and fusion orientations distinct from the examples presented above. For both sets of additional experiments we observed results that are qualitatively similar to those in [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} ([Supplementary Figures](#si1){ref-type="notes"} 9 and 10). The delivery of mCherry by +36 GFP in these alternative fusion proteins was ∼10- to 100-fold more potent than mCherry delivery by either Tat or oligoarginine, and the delivery of functional Cre recombinase by +36 GFP in these alternative fusion proteins was ∼3- to 5-fold more potent than Cre delivery by Tat or oligoarginine. These results collectively indicate that the findings described in this work are not unique to a specific protein construct but instead are more generally applicable.
In conclusion, side-by-side comparisons of +36 GFP, Tat, Arg~10~ and penetratin fused to mCherry or Cre recombinase revealed that fusions with supercharged GFP result in dramatically higher levels of internalized protein (up to ∼100-fold) and in significantly greater efficiencies of Cre-induced recombination (up to ∼10-fold) than three currently used protein transduction domains in a variety of mammalian cell lines. Functional Cre recombinase can also be delivered to cells upon injection *in vivo* using +36 GFP. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of supercharged proteins as an unusually potent *in vitro* and *in vivo* protein delivery platform.
Methods {#sec2}
=======
For complete experimental methods including details of cell lines, cell culture, protein purification, deubiquitination assay, and all sequences of all proteins, see [Supporting Information](#si1){ref-type="notes"}.
Live-Cell Imaging {#sec2.1}
-----------------
Cells were plated onto 35-mm glass-bottom microwell dishes with a No. 1.5 cover glass (MatTek) at a density of 10^6^ cells per plate. After 18 h, cells were washed once with cold PBS and incubated with protein in serum-free DMEM. After incubation, cells were washed three times with cold 20 U mL^−1^ heparin in PBS to remove membrane-bound protein, imaged in prewarmed HEPES imaging solution (1 mM MgCl~2~, 5 mM KCl, 5 mM CaCl~2~, 150 mM NaCl, 1.9 g L^−1^ glucose, 1.9 g L^−1^ albumin, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 37 °C). Cells were imaged on an Olympus IX71 spinning disk confocal microscope on a heated stage with a 100X objective lens. GFP and mCherry were visualized with a 491 and 561 nm excitation laser, respectively. Images were prepared using OpenLab software.
For live-cell images of Cre reporter cells, cells were treated with 500 nM +36 GFP-Cre as described below for analysis of Cre recombination and imaged on an Olympus IX51 fluorescent microscope with a DP30BW black and white camera. Images are false-color overlays of the fluorescent signal on a bright-field image. LacZ-positive cells were imaged on an IX70 microscope under bright-field illumination with a DP70 camera.
Flow Cytometry and mCherry Delivery Assays {#sec2.2}
------------------------------------------
Cells were plated onto a 48-well plate at a density of 5 × 10^5^ cells per well. After 18 h, cells were washed once with cold PBS and incubated with protein in serum-free DMEM. After incubation, cells were washed three times with cold 20 U mL^−1^ heparin in PBS to remove membrane-bound protein, trypsinized, resuspended in 500 μL of full media and placed on ice. Cells were analyzed on either a LSRII or Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) for GFP internalization (ex, 488 nm) or mCherry internalization (ex, 561 nm). Cells were gated for live cells and at least 5 × 10^3^ live cells were analyzed for each treatment. Data was analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star, Inc.)
In Vitro Cre Delivery Assays {#sec2.3}
----------------------------
HeLa cells were plated at 3 × 10^4^ cells per well in 48-well plates. After 16 h, cells were transfected with pCALNL-DsRed2([@ref17]) using Effectene transfection reagent (Qiagen). After incubation with 100−1000 nM of each Cre fusion protein for 4 h in serum-free DMEM, cells were washed three times with 20 U mL^−1^ heparin in PBS and incubated in full media for 48 h. Delivery of Cre was assayed by following DsRed2 expression using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.
Cre reporter 3T3 cells were plated at 1 × 10^5^ cells per well in 48-well plates. After 16 h, cells were incubated with various concentrations of protein for 4 h in serum-free media. Cells were washed with three times with 20 U mL^−1^ heparin in PBS and incubated in full media for 48 h. Recombined cells were quantified by X-gal staining and manual counting.
BSR cells were obtained from Matthias Schnell (Thomas Jefferson University). A pQCXIX MMLV retrovirus (Clontech) containing the tdTomato cre reporter construct was generated by subcloning the tdTomato gene (Clontech) into a pCALNL backbone([@ref17]) and packaged using Plat-E cells([@ref23]). BSR cells were infected with retrovirus and integrants were selected for 1 week in the presence of 1 mg mL^−1^ G418 (Sigma). BSR.LNL.tdTomato cells were plated at 1 × 10^5^ cells per well in 48-well plates. After 16 h, cells were incubated with various concentrations of protein for 4 h in serum-free media. Cells were washed with three times with 20 U mL^−1^ heparin in PBS and incubated in full media for 48 h.
For chloroquine treatment of BSR cells, cells were incubated with Cre fusion proteins for 4 h in serum-free media containing 100 μM chloroquine, washed three times with 20 U mL^−1^ heparin in PBS, and incubated 12 h in full media containing 100 μM chloroquine. Following this incubation, cells were washed once with PBS and incubated a further 36 h in full media without chloroquine. Delivery of Cre was assayed by following tdTomato expression using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.
For fluorescent Cre reporters, recombinants were identified by flow cytometry as those cells of the live-cell population that exhibited fluorescence significantly higher than that of nontreated reporter cells. Typically, the recombined population exhibited fluorescence at least 10-fold higher than the nonrecombined cells and were readily detected as a distinct subpopulation. Fluorescence gates were drawn accordingly to quantitate recombined and nonrecombined cells.
*In Vivo* Cre Delivery {#sec2.4}
----------------------
RC::PFwe mice were obtained from Susan Dymecki (Harvard University). All of the experiments in this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Harvard University. Adult CD1 mice were subretinally injected with 0.5 μL of 100 μM +36 GFP. After 6 h, the retinae were harvested and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RC:PFwe p0 pups were subretinally injected with 0.5 μL of 40 μM wtCre, Tat-Cre, or +36 GFP-Cre. After 72 h, retinae were harvested and fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde. Fixed retinae were stained with X-gal overnight and embedded in 50% OCT, 50% of 30% sucrose and stored at −80 °C. Retinae were cut into 30 μm sections and imaged for X-gal staining on a Zeiss Axiophot brightfield microscope with a Nikon CXM-1200F camera. Delivery of Cre was assayed by manually counting LacZ^+^ cells.
We thank Steven Dowdy (UCSD) for the 3T3 Cre reporter cell line. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health/NIGMS (R01 GM 065400) and by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. J.J.C. is supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Student Fellowship. D.B.T. is supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Fellowship.
This material is available free of charge *via* the Internet at <http://pubs.acs.org>.
Supplementary Material
======================
######
cb1001153_si_001.pdf
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work
[^2]: Current address: Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.
| 2024-03-25T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7138 |
Gen. James Mattis doesn’t necessarily want to be president—but that’s not stopping a group of billionaire donors from hatching a plan to get him there.
An anonymous group of conservative billionaires is ready to place their bets on a man dubbed “Mad Dog,” hoping to draft him into the presidential race to confront Donald Trump.
Think of it as a Plan B should Trump be nominated by the Republican Party in Cleveland: swing behind retired U.S. Marine Corps Gen. James Mattis and press him into service yet again as a third-party candidate.
Mattis is the former commander of Central Command, which includes the strife-afflicted conflict zones of the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, and has developed a reputation among troops as a general officer who cares about the little guy. This reputation blossomed into the political realm during the 2012 presidential contest, when a Marine Corps veteran started an online campaign to write-in Mattis on presidential ballots—it ultimately lacked the backing to take off.
But this situation involves far bigger players: Close to a dozen influential donors—involving politically-involved billionaires with deep pockets and conservative leanings—are ready to put their resources behind Mattis. At their request, a small group of political operatives have taken the first steps in the strategic legwork needed for a bid: a package of six strategic memos outlining how Mattis could win the race, in hopes of coaxing him in.
The general has received the package of memos, according to two individuals involved with the project.
Mattis, who is also nicknamed the “warrior monk” for his contemplative devotion to the military arts, would be a fallback option for anti-Trump forces. But since the next series of GOP nomination contests heavily favor Trump, this is not exactly a fantasy scenario.
“Everyone is hoping that Ted Cruz pulls it out, but I think a great deal of Republicans would rally behind an American hero if the choice is between Mattis and Trump,” said John Noonan, a former Jeb Bush aide now involved in the project to draft Mattis.
“He’s a man of character and integrity. He’s given his life to his country. How do you ask someone like that to leap headfirst into this toxic mud-puddle of a race? It’s damn hard. But Trump is a fascist lunatic and Hillary has one foot in a jail cell. That means the lunatic can win. I’d be first in line to plead with the general to come save America,” Noonan added.
The strategy would not be for Mattis to win, at least at first—the operatives behind this potential bid would only be seeking to deny Trump and Clinton the 270 electoral votes necessary to win the general election outright. And there is also the incredible logistical challenge of getting Mattis on the ballot in a large number of states.
“The process is actually quite simple, but it’s difficult,” one of the strategists concedes in a memo, and the chances of Mattis winning the White House outright as a third-party candidate are “very low.” But if the retired military officer could win several states won by President Obama in 2012, they might be able to block Clinton, thus forcing the incoming House of Representatives to make a decision on the next president of the United States.
With the House split, the strategists reason, Mattis could be the consensus choice.
“The theme of 2016 is ‘all bets are off’ and this is a cycle where the unexpected has become the defining characteristic of this election,” said strategist Rick Wilson, who is also involved in the project. “In a moment when American politics on the left and right has been upended, and where the frontrunners of both parties are compromised, the time may be upon us where a uniquely qualified, and uniquely credible third-party alternative like General Mattis can take the stage.”
Another limiting factor is Mattis himself, who is disinclined to run. These strategists hope he could change his mind if he were to feel compelled to serve his country.
Those close to him are skeptical that his mind could be changed.
“It is difficult—if not impossible—to see him accepting being drafted,” said a source close to Mattis.
Still, Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol poured fuel onto the fire Feb. 22, after Trump victories in New Hampshire and South Carolina. Speaking at a fundraiser for the Hoover Institute, where Mattis is a visiting fellow, Kristol suggested—perhaps jokingly—that the former four-star general might be conscripted into the race.
“No way!” shouted back a jocular Mattis, from the audience.
Mattis, who declined to speak with The Daily Beast, has previously suggested that he could not endure the political correctness required to be a contender for the White House. But given Trump’s myriad controversies, this may not be a problem this year.
“I’ve lived a very colorful life and I’ve said some things,” Mattis told an audience last year, according to the Marine Corps Times. “But not once have I taken them back, and I’ve never apologized for them—and I won’t. I like the enemy knowing there are a few guys like me around.”
The pro-Mattis donors, who want to stay anonymous for the time being, have assembled a core group of seven political operatives, led by Joel Searby, a Republican consultant based in Florida. The group of strategists also includes lead attorney Mohammad Jazil; ballot access specialist Matthew Sawyer; and former George W. Bush pollster Jan Lohuizen, along with a finance team and a “top firm” that has been secured to lead the ballot access petition gathering, members of the team tell The Daily Beast.
Wilson and Noonan co-authored a memo on how Mattis might capitalize on the current media environment, arguing that Trump’s “fake-macho act falls apart” before a bona fide American hero like Mattis. The general’s overall bearing “immediately blows a hole into the central narrative of Trump: his toughness,” they argue in a memo obtained by The Daily Beast. “[A]nd the drama of watching it fall apart under fire would be amazing television.”
Comparing him to President Dwight Eisenhower, the memo concludes that Mattis has “all the iconoclastic, authentic style of non-politician Trump—and all the serious government service credibility of Hillary Clinton.”
Some conservatives, disgusted with Trump’s candidacy, have already warmed to the idea of a run by Mattis—including conservative commentators Erick Erickson and Kristol.
Kristol told The Daily Beast that he had “huge respect and admiration” for Mattis—and Gen. John Kelly, another high-ranking general.
“I don’t know whether they’re ideally suited for the presidency,” he said. “But I do know they’re a hell of a lot more suited for it than Donald Trump.” | 2024-06-22T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5927 |
Go for the black and white and I would also add a black or white glitter!
Arpi Sekeryan Nails O Naturel
On Apr 4, 2011 6:42 PM, "CAT BLUE" <CATBLUE@hotmail.com> wrote:> I think as a nail tech, you could totally get away with it and get > attention for your business.> Cathyren Provine> > On Apr 3, 10:25 pm, Amy Lunde-Provines - Licensed Nail Technician> <na...@nailzbyamy.com> wrote: >> Hey, all...>>>> Need some fashion advice for MYSELF for once :D I was invited to a>> fancy-schmancy wedding by one of my clients. It is at the art museum, and>> all the guests are supposed to wear black, white, or a combination. I just >> won an auction for a dress, and I found some shoes I like that seem to match>> perfectly. Here are the dress and the shoes: http://www.hue.org/bandw.jpg >> >> The question... would it be "too much" to have black and white nails as>> well? I was thinking of maybe doing a white nail with black free-edge or>> vice versa. Or do you have other suggestions? >>>> The bride is wearing nails and toenails that will match her dress (which is>> not white ;) shhhh!) I am so excited for this event!>>>> Amy Lunde-Provines>> Colorado > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "NailTech" group.> To post to this group, send email to nailtech@googlegroups.com. > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to nailtech+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.> For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/nailtech?hl=en. >
-- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "NailTech" group. To post to this group, send email to nailtech@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to nailtech+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/nailtech?hl=en. | 2023-12-28T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1696 |
The sixth man : a memoir, Andre Iguodala with Carvell Wallace
The Resource The sixth man : a memoir, Andre Iguodala with Carvell Wallace
The sixth man : a memoir, Andre Iguodala with Carvell Wallace
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"The standout memoir from NBA powerhouse Andre Iguodala, the indomitable sixth man of the champion Golden State Warriors. Andre Iguodala is one of the most admired players in the NBA. And fresh off the Warriors' third NBA championship in the last four years, his game has never been stronger. Off the court, Iguodala has earned respect, too--for his successful tech investments, his philanthropy, and increasingly for his contributions to the conversation about race in America. It is no surprise, then, that in his first book, Andre--with his cowriter Carvell Wallace--has pushed himself to go further than he ever has before about his life, not only as an athlete but about what makes him who he is at his core. The Sixth Man traces Andre's journey from childhood in his Illinois hometown to his Bay Area home court today. Basketball has always been there. But this is the story, too, of his experience of the conflict and racial tension always at hand in a professional league made up largely of African American men; of whether and why the athlete owes the total sacrifice of his body; of the relationship between competition and brotherhood among the players of one of history's most glorious championship teams. And of what motivates an athlete to keep striving for more once they've already achieved the highest level of play they could have dreamed. On drive, on leadership, on pain, on accomplishment, on the shame of being given a role, and the glory of taking a role on: This is a powerful memoir of life and basketball that reveals new depths to the superstar athlete, and offers tremendous insight into most urgent stories being told in American society today"--
"The standout memoir from NBA powerhouse Andre Iguodala, the indomitable sixth man of the champion Golden State Warriors. Andre Iguodala is one of the most admired players in the NBA. And fresh off the Warriors' third NBA championship in the last four years, his game has never been stronger. Off the court, Iguodala has earned respect, too--for his successful tech investments, his philanthropy, and increasingly for his contributions to the conversation about race in America. It is no surprise, then, that in his first book, Andre--with his cowriter Carvell Wallace--has pushed himself to go further than he ever has before about his life, not only as an athlete but about what makes him who he is at his core. The Sixth Man traces Andre's journey from childhood in his Illinois hometown to his Bay Area home court today. Basketball has always been there. But this is the story, too, of his experience of the conflict and racial tension always at hand in a professional league made up largely of African American men; of whether and why the athlete owes the total sacrifice of his body; of the relationship between competition and brotherhood among the players of one of history's most glorious championship teams. And of what motivates an athlete to keep striving for more once they've already achieved the highest level of play they could have dreamed. On drive, on leadership, on pain, on accomplishment, on the shame of being given a role, and the glory of taking a role on: This is a powerful memoir of life and basketball that reveals new depths to the superstar athlete, and offers tremendous insight into most urgent stories being told in American society today"-- | 2024-01-11T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1180 |
92 U.S. 412 (____)
BUTLER
v.
THOMSON ET AL.
Supreme Court of United States.
*413 Mr. William M. Evarts for the plaintiff in error.
Mr. E.H. Owen, contra.
MR. JUSTICE HUNT delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff alleged that on the eleventh day of July, 1867, he bargained and sold to the defendants a quantity of iron thereafter to arrive, at prices named, and that the defendants agreed to accept the same, and pay the purchase-money therefor; that the iron arrived in due time, and was tendered to the defendants, who refused to receive and pay for the same; and that the plaintiff afterwards sold the same at a loss of $6,581, which sum he requires the defendants to make good to him. The defendants interposed a general denial.
Upon the trial, the case came down to this: The plaintiff employed certain brokers of the city of New York to make sale for him of the expected iron. The brokers made sale of the same to the defendants at 12¾ cents per pound in gold, cash.
The following memorandum of sale was made by the brokers; viz.:
"NEW YORK, July 10, 1867.
"Sold for Messrs. Butler & Co., Boston, to Messrs. A.A. Thomson & Co., New York, seven hundred and five (705) packs first-quality Russia sheet-iron, to arrive at New York, at twelve and three-quarters (12¾) cents per pound, gold, cash, actual tare.
"Iron due about Sept. 1, '67.
"WHITE & HAZZARD, Brokers."
The defendants contend, that, under the Statute of Frauds of the State of New York, this contract is not obligatory upon them. The judge before whom the cause was tried at the circuit concurred in this view, and ordered judgment for the defendants. It is from this judgment that the present review is taken.
The provision of the statute of New York upon which the question arises (2 R.S. 136, sect. 3) is in these words:
"Every contract for the sale of any goods, chattels, or things in action, for the price of fifty dollars or more, shall be void, unless (1) a note or memorandum of such contract be made in writing, *414 and be subscribed by the parties to be charged thereby; or (2) unless the buyer shall accept and receive part of such goods, or the evidences, or some of them, of such things in action; or (3) unless the buyer shall at the time pay some part of the purchase-money."
The eighth section of the same title provides that "every instrument required by any of the provisions of this title to be subscribed by any party may be subscribed by the lawful agent of such party."
There is no pretence that any of the goods were accepted and received, or that any part of the purchase-money was paid. The question arises upon the first branch of the statute, that a memorandum of the contract shall be made in writing, and be subscribed by the parties to be charged thereby.
The defendants do not contend that there is not a sufficient subscription to the contract. White & Hazzard, who signed the instrument, are proved to have been the authorized agents of the plaintiff to sell, and of the defendants to buy; and their signature, it is conceded, is the signature both of the defendants and of the plaintiff.
The objection is to the sufficiency of the contract itself. The written memorandum recites that Butler & Co. had sold the iron to the defendants at a price named; but it is said there is no recital that the defendants had bought the iron. There is a contract of sale, it is argued, but not a contract of purchase.
As we understand the argument, it is an attack upon the contract, not only that it is not in compliance with the Statute of Frauds, but that it is void upon common-law principles. The evidence required by the statute to avoid frauds and perjuries to wit, a written agreement is present. Such as it is, the contract is sufficiently established, and possesses the evidence of its existence required by the Statute of Frauds.
The contention would be the same if the articles sold had not been of the price named in the statute; to wit, the sum of fifty dollars.
Let us examine the argument. Blackstone's definition of a sale is "a transmutation of property from one man to another in consideration of some price." 2 Bl. 446. Kent's is, "a contract for the transfer of property from one person to another." 2 Kent, 615. Bigelow, C.J., defines it in these words: "Competent *415 parties to enter into a contract, an agreement to sell, the mutual assent of the parties to the subject-matter of the sale, and the price to be paid therefor." Gardner v. Lane, 12 Allen, 39, 43. A learned author says, "If any one of the ingredients be wanting, there is no sale." Atkinson on Sales, 5. Benjamin on Sales, p. 1, note, and p. 2, says, "To constitute a valid sale, there must be (1) parties competent to contract; (2) mutual assent; (3) a thing, the absolute or general property in which is transferred from the seller to the buyer, (4) a price in money, paid or promised."
How, then, can there be a sale of seven hundred and five packs of iron, unless there be a purchase of it? How can there be a seller, unless there be likewise a purchaser? These authorities require the existence of both. The essential idea of a sale is that of an agreement or meeting of minds by which a title passes from one, and vests in another. A man cannot sell his chattel by a perfected sale, and still remain its owner. There may be an offer to sell, subject to acceptance, which would bind the party offering, and not the other party until acceptance. The same may be said of an optional purchase upon a sufficient consideration. There is also a class of cases under the Statute of Frauds where it is held that the party who has signed the contract may be held chargeable upon it, and the other party, who has not furnished that evidence against himself, will not be thus chargeable. Unilateral contracts have been the subject of much discussion, which we do not propose here to repeat. In Thornton v. Kempster, 5 Taunt. 788, it is said,
"Contracts may exist, which, by reason of the Statute of Frauds, could be enforced by one party, although they could not be enforced by the other party. The Statute of Frauds in that respect throws a difficulty in the way of the evidence. The objection does not interfere with the substance of the contract, and it is the negligence of the other party that he did not take care to obtain and preserve admissible evidence to enable himself also to enforce it."
The statute of 29 Car. II., c. 3, on which this decision is based, that "no contract for the sale of goods, wares, and merchandise, for the price of £10 sterling or upwards, shall be allowed to be good except the buyer," &c., is in legal effect the same *416 as that of the statute of New York already cited. See Justice v. Lang, 42 N.Y. 203, that such is the effect of the statute of New York.
The case before us does not fall within this class. There the contract is signed by one party only; here both have signed the paper; and, if a contract is created, it is a mutual one. Both are liable, or neither.
Under these authorities, it seems clear that there can be no sale unless there is a purchase, as there can be no purchase unless there be a sale. When, therefore, the parties mutually certify and declare in writing that Butler & Co. have sold a certain amount of iron to Thomson & Co. at a price named, there is included therein a certificate and declaration that Thomson & Co. have bought the iron at that price.
In Radford v. Newell, L.R. 3 C.P. 52, the memorandum was in these words: "Mr. H., 32 sacks culasses at 39s., 280 lbs., to wait orders;" signed, "John Williams." It was objected that it was impossible to tell from this memorandum which party was the buyer, and which was the seller. Parol proof of the situation of the parties was received, and that Williams was the defendant's agent, and made the entry in the plaintiff's books. In answer to the objection the court say, "The plaintiff was a baker, who would require the flour, and the defendant a person who was in the habit of selling it;" and the plaintiff recovered. It may be noticed, also, that the memorandum in that case was so formal as to contain no words either of purchase or sale ("Mr. H., 32 sacks culasses at 39s., 280 lbs., to wait orders"); but it was held to create a good contract upon the parol evidence mentioned.
The subject of bought and sold notes was elaborately discussed in the case of Sievenright v. Archibald, 6 Eng. L. & Eq. 286; s.c. 17 Q.B. 103; Benj. on Sales, p. 224, sect. 290. There was a discrepancy in that case between the bought and sold notes. The sold note was for a sale to the defendant of "500 tons Messrs. Dunlop, Wilson, & Co.'s pig-iron." The bought note was for "500 tons of Scotch pig-iron." The diversity between the bought and sold notes was held to avoid the contract. It was held that the subject of the contract was not agreed upon between the parties. It appeared *417 there, and the circumstance is commented on by Mr. Justice Patteson, that the practice is to deliver the bought note to the buyer, and the sold note to the seller. He says, "Each of them, in the language used, purports to be a representation by the broker to the person to whom it is delivered, of what he, the broker, has done as agent for that person. Surely the bought note delivered to the buyer cannot be said to be the memorandum of the contract signed by the buyer's agent, in order that he might be bound thereby; for then it would have been delivered to the seller, not to the buyer, and vice versa as to the sold note."
The argument on which the decision below, of the case we are considering, was based, is that the contract of sale is distinct from the contract of purchase; that, to charge the purchaser, the suit should be brought upon the bought note; and that the purchaser can only be held where his agent has signed and delivered to the other party a bought note, that is, an instrument expressing that he has bought and will pay for the articles specified. Mr. Justice Patteson answers this by the statement that the bought note is always delivered to the buyer, and the sold note to the seller. The plaintiff here has the signature of both parties, and the counterpart delivered to him, and on which he brings his suit, is, according to Mr. Justice Patteson, the proper one for that purpose, that is, the sold note.
We do not discover in Justice v. Lang, reported in 42 N.Y. 493, and again in 52 N.Y. 323, any thing that conflicts with the views we have expressed, or that gives material aid in deciding the points we have discussed.
The memorandum in question, expressing that the iron had been sold, imported necessarily that it had been bought. The contract was signed by the agent of both parties, the buyer and the seller, and in our opinion was a perfect contract, obligatory upon both the parties thereto.
Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
| 2024-02-15T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2524 |
These deep-seated changes in the age structure of the population have developed in recent decades and will continue to develop in the coming decades. These demographic changes are simultaneously accompanied by vast development in the available technology for diagnosis and therapy systems. The effects of these changes would result in collapse of the conventional intervention systems or coverage systems in this area in practice, particularly in the cash-value-based intervention systems for covering intervention events in medical diagnosis and/or therapy processes, especially as far as their financeability is concerned. Today, every fifth citizen is above 60 years old; in 2030, this will be every third one. The number of people above 80 years old is rising continuously; their number will increase by almost 90 percent by the year 2030. At the same time, the total population will fall by 10 percent by the year 2030. All intervention or coverage systems in the health sector will have to deal with this trend: both apportionment systems, in which all of the costs need to be financed totally from the ongoing income from premiums, and prospective entitlement coverage systems, for which the calculation of premiums also takes account of the use of health services, which increases with age. By way of example, private health insurance systems typically use the prospective entitlement coverage process for calculation. The basis of these systems is that even now they form the provision for future damage events. The stored financial collateralization levels formed in this way determine the survival of the system, in the expected situation, where an ever greater number of elderly people in retirement oppose an ever smaller number of people of working age. These systems should, in principle, not prompt the premiums to be transferred to other generations. In terms of insurance, every age group raises the cost of illness for its age group. Older insured parties are therefore, in principle, not dependent on the ability of the younger generation to pay. What are known as ageing provisions should therefore cover these insured parties for the future.
If the aforementioned intervention systems are used as single apparatuses under the prerequisite of complete intervention or complete or as complete as possible coverage of all possibilities, they have been found to be too vulnerable and unstable. For each of these intervention systems, framework parameters are therefore normally determined today, or the stipulated limits for intervention within which the intervention system can be activated for a specific case are synchronized with other systems. In the prior art, it is already the practice to introduce multistage intervention systems in order to get around this problem. These systems frequently comprise, by way of example, a first (public and/or private) stage with first intervention systems and at least one second stage with second intervention systems for direct intervention and/or cash-value-based coverage of events which the first stage does not cover or covers only partially by means of activation. The first and second stages typically involve different systems which are independent of one another. One drawback of this prior art is that the various stages cannot be clearly chained to one another for a wide variety of reasons, inter alia because the stages need to work independently of one another. Another drawback is that these systems have to date hardly been able to be automated, or have been able to be automated only with difficulty and at great cost, with the prior art. In addition, all of these systems were usually too unstable and vulnerable to error for effective use, despite their coupling. Another drawback was that all of these systems always only worked locally, i.e. in specific countries, since the technical structure of the health and insurance service usually differs considerably from country to country. It is an intrinsic property of these unautomated or semi-automated systems from the prior art that they always remain static, which prevents dynamic adaptation (self-adapting) of the systems. The technical basis for effective intervention or compensation is secure registering, rapid association and checking of the instances of damage which have occurred. In the case of cash-value-based intervention apparatuses, not only the damage sum as such but also more and more instances of intervention or instances of damage are frequently accompanied by an unclear legal situation from laborious and costly court proceedings. Particularly in the case of very costly diagnosis and/or therapy processes which are needed quickly, this can result in a financial disaster for the user or the insured party.
Systems for handling damage events in medical and/or therapeutic processes are known in the prior art. The international patent specification WO 02/077764 describes a process for automating such payments for services. Equally, partially automated intervention systems are known in the prior art. The patent specification US 2002/0172313 in the prior art describes a cash-value-based intervention system for medical and/or therapeutic processes. User data or patient data are transmitted to the intervention system and are filtered as appropriate. Finally, real-time or approximately real-time intervention systems and coverage systems are also known in the prior art and can be used to transmit and manage data securely between the service provider and the cash-value-based intervention system. The international patent specification WO 02/086688 in the prior art describes such a system. Equally, the international patent application PCT/US00/21529 (CA2381253) from the company ACE INA Holding, INC, Philadelphia, (US), shows an operational intervention system, where cash-sum values are transmitted and operational intervention is activated in response when a determinable and detectable event occurs. In all of the systems from the prior art, however, complete automation of the process is not possible. In particular, they relate almost exclusively to intervention systems from the first stage. Similarly, dynamic adaptation, e.g. concerning country-specific peculiarities and/or changes in the medical and/or therapeutic processes over time, is not an effective and simple matter with any system from the prior art. However, another important problem of all of these systems is also that the seamless coupling or reciprocal activation in multistage intervention systems not only produces problems but also evades automation almost completely. In this context, seamless means not only rapid and efficient activation of the intervention systems from the second stage if the intervention systems from the first stage cannot be activated, but also that effectively all possible intervention events are covered by at least one of the intervention systems. Another drawback to be mentioned is the country-specific foibles, for which such intervention systems can usually be implemented only with great technical complexity, particularly as far as the seamless coupling of the systems is concerned. | 2024-01-31T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8429 |
The positive headlines for Verge currency keep rolling in, with Traffic Junky releasing word that they will be accepting Verge as a payment for their services. The deep integration into this massive ecosystem is no small accomplishment, as few coins are gaining the systemic traction of being used in large scale payment networks. One could believe that in the world of cryptocurrency trading, a massive price premium would be bestowed to coins that have gained real world results. The projects that have gained adoption and are being used for the purposes they were designed to achieve should be rewarded handsomely for manifesting the very fundamentals that are references of true value. Such fundamentals are a baseline upon which speculation can be balanced against. In the long run mass adoption and use will not simply justify a price, but it is the only thing that can assure survival for any crypto project. In the short run, expecting the price of a coin to correlate to such accomplishments can just make you confused and perhaps frustrated if you have pegged your bets to these pack leaders. We see this clearly with Verge currency, XVG. While having recovered from it’s lows, it has not seen a stratospheric rise despite the steady and obvious momentum of the XVG project.
As most traders understand, the short term movements of a price are mostly affected by the emotions of the market such as greed and fear. As traders chase candles, jumping between competing coins in markets that are constantly in flux, it would be naive to believe even massive successes, such as the Mindgeek partnership, would negate the other forces that are acting upon these markets on any given day. Such partnerships will and do steer the course to ultimate success, creating new and rising price floors as vendors and their customers begin to soak up trading supply. Success builds on success, and we can be sure that XVG has a clear runway to a much higher valuation. For most coins on the market the only notable achievements of claimed acceptance are the prices for which they can be exchanged for Fiat or BTC. For Verge, we are beginning to see how the hard work of devs, the strong support of a community, and eye on core functionality will eventually yield support beyond the traders on crypto exchanges. The large and growing community of Verge know this, and are not swayed to doubt by price volatility. The future will be bright for Verge, and those that hold for the long term will not be disappointed. | 2024-07-20T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/9987 |
Malaysia on Friday charged the Hollywood producer stepson of former prime minister Najib Razak with money laundering linked to state fund 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB).
Prosecutors brought five money-laundering charges against Riza Aziz, a co-founder of Hollywood production firm Red Granite Pictures, which was behind the Oscar-nominated film "The Wolf of Wall Street."
Riza pleaded not guilty to all the charges.
Najib founded 1MDB in 2009 and now faces 42 criminal charges related to huge losses at the fund and other state entities. He has pleaded not guilty. | 2023-11-22T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2984 |
Earlier this month Wilfrid Laurier University teaching assistant and masters student Lindsay Shepherd was censured for showing a video in her class on the pros and cons on whether to use gender neutral pronouns. 1 The university backed down after Shepherd went public with a surreptitious recording she made of the meeting with her supervising professor, another professor, and the manager of Gendered Violence Prevention and Support at the school. The entire recording was made public. 2 Wilfred Laurier President and Vice-Chancellor Deborah MacLatchy (and the supervising professor) subsequently made a public apology to Shephard, but also indicated that an independent party had been engaged to assess the facts of the matter including a review of related processes going forward. 3
In her article on the incident Heather Mallic of The Star condemns our tattle tale culture, taking a shot at the anonymous individual who first complained about Shepherd’s showing of a televised clip of a TVOntario debate involving University of Toronto professor Jordan Peterson in her classroom:
In a gig economy, anonymity is the nastiest weapon consumers have against the semi-employed who serve them. You can snitch on your Uber driver, film your flight attendant, catch another driver on your dashcam and shame him on Twitter. Stores will send you a form to rate a salesperson, even offering you her name, so you can get them fired and then stalk them, I guess.
…
We’re not paranoid. We are indeed being taped, tracked, timed, watched and recorded. I hesitate to apply to teach a university semester course on column-writing, lest it be recorded and used against me. I would have to record the class to protect myself from non-contextual quoting.
What with all the taping, quoting and snitching, no student will dare to speak freely which is the only way you can learn to write freely. And I would sit at the front of the class muttering apologetic instructions and looking furtive, fiddling with my phone. Sad!
Indeed, depending on how the class lecture was captured and disclosed to Wilfred Laurier Administration, many Universities have prohibitions on students recording their classes. While I couldn’t find one for Wilfred Laurier (except for their music program), Concordia University has a well spelled out policy on audio and/or video recording of lectures:
Students shall not make any recording (audio or video) of a classroom lecture without having obtained the prior written permission from the instructor.
Permission to record may be granted to a student at the discretion of the instructor and normally for the sole purpose of accommodating a student’s particular needs and only for the purposes of private study.
Students who have obtained permission to record a lecture must do so in a manner which ensures the privacy of other students present.
Students who have obtained permission to record a lecture shall respect all related intellectual property rights in accordance with applicable laws and the University’s Policy on Copyright Compliance (SG-2).
Recordings of lectures made by students shall not be shared, reproduced or uploaded to any publically accessible web environment or used for any purpose not specifically authorized by the instructor.
Any violation of this Policy shall be treated as a violation of the applicable University policy, such as the Code of Rights and Responsibilities (BD-3) and the Academic Code of Conduct.4
However what are the rules outside the classroom -- of conversations between teachers and students, supervisors and subordinates, staff and academics, classmates or colleagues? All members of the University should reasonably expect to pursue their work, studies and other activities in a safe and civil environment. This includes respecting freedom of speech, thought and belief as much as it does privacy and confidentiality.
In my recent paper on Policing Surreptitious Recordings in the Workplace I suggest that employers should have clear policies prohibiting surreptitious workplace recordings. Openness and transparency about any recordings should be the rule. While I provide an example of a policy from the United States Federal Aviation Administration, a similar policy was recently struck down by the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in T-Mobile USA, Inc. v. NLRB as being overly broad. 5
The T-Mobile policy in question prohibited all surreptitious recordings in the workplace by employees (including audio and video) without prior management approval. The purpose of the workplace policy was “to prevent harassment, maintain individual privacy, encourage open communication, and protect confidential information employees”. A noble purpose to be sure. However the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) argued that the ban was overly broad and potentially encroached on an employee’s rights to collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection as guaranteed by s. 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). 6 The Fifth Circuit agreed, stating the policy could be interpreted by reasonable people as discouraging protected activity, such as that of an off-duty employee photographing a wage schedule posted on a corporate bulletin board.
This is not to say that every “no-recording” policy will necessarily intrude on employee rights to collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection in the United States. The rules would just need to be more specifically defined to differentiate between recordings protected by s. 7 and those that are not. Nevertheless, while the NLRA is federal legislation, it only applies to private sector employers in the United States -- not to workers who are federal, state or local government employees such as the police.
Moreover, even if such a law existed in Canada I suspect the dissenting opinion of NLRB Member Miscimarra in a very similar decision involving Whole Foods Market Group would prevail here, and that such an interpretation of our labour laws would similarly “strain credulity”:
I believe employees would reasonably read the rules to safeguard their right to engage in union-related and other protected conversations. The rules themselves state their purpose: “to encourage open communication, free exchange of ideas, spontaneous and honest dialogue and an atmosphere of trust” and “to eliminate a chilling effect on the expression of views … especially when sensitive or confidential matters are being discussed.” The rules are no less solicitous of open, free, spontaneous and honest conversations about union representation or group action for the purpose of mutual aid or protection than of other subjects of conversation. And if employees want to record a conversation, they may do so upon mutual consent. 7
For example, in a recent Manitoba case, Justice Edmond found that a secret workplace recording by an employee amounted to a breach of confidentiality and trust such that the employer could have justified terminating the employee for cause.
The plaintiff’s inappropriate use of his cell phone in secretly recording meetings with his superiors does amount to a breach of his confidentiality and privacy obligations to the defendant … The misuse of his cell phone was also a breach of his personal code of conduct that he prepared as a result of his meetings …. 8
Furthermore, even where the surveillance is done overtly using body-camera with the knowledge of those doing the recording, it may still run “afowl” of privacy legislation.
On November 8th, 2017, Drew McArthur, Acting Information and Privacy Commissioner for British Columbia, released his investigation report into the use of employee surveillance by a BC chicken catching organization. 9
As a result of a covert video depicting disturbing images of abuse at a chicken farm was released to the media, the company involved decided to require their crews to wear audio/video cameras as they worked to (a) prevent future instances of employee misconduct and (b) to restore the company’s reputation.
McArthur was concerned that the audio/video surveillance was being used as a ‘quick fix,’ without thoughtful consideration of its potential privacy impacts and decided to investigate. As a result McArthur found that the company was collecting personal information without consent --not only about their own employees, but from other individuals, including farmers, truckers, and contractors.
[A] reasonable person standard requires that surveillance only be used as a last resort after less privacy invasive measures to achieve the business purposes have been exhausted” stated McArthur. To obtain consent for the collection of an individual’s personal information, McArthur continued an organization must provide the individual with notification of the purposes for the collection. Notification may be verbal or written, and must be sufficiently detailed for the individual to understand the purpose for the collection of their personal information. PIPA only considers consent to be valid if the individual is informed of the purpose for which their personal information will be collected.
As the company did not explicitly inform employees that the surveillance could be used for managing their employee relationship; that they could be disciplined if the recordings showed that they were not following proper procedures; that they might show the recordings to its customers to manage the company’s reputation; or that non-employees (who had also not consented) might have been subject to the surveillance, McArthur advised the company to cease collecting personal information and to destroy all existing records containing personal information collected via surveillance.
In Romeo and Juliet the Prince of Verona chides the Montagues and Capulets that their private quarrels are disrupting the “quite of our streets”. 10 As Laurier President and Vice-Chancellor Deborah MacLatchy noted in her letter of apology “I remain troubled by the way faculty, staff and students involved in this situation have been targeted with extreme vitriol”. 11
That three civil brawls erupted between faculty, staff and students is certainly one of the consequences of not dealing with the complaint against Shepherd in a fair and timely manner (considering the University was aware of the recorded conversation before it was released). However there should also processes in place that respect everyone’s rights less we all start recording our day to day interactions with people “from habit that becomes instinct -- in the assumption that every sound you made is overheard, and except in darkness, every movement scrutinized.” 12
10 William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (c 1595), Act 1, Scene 1. Also see Heather Mallic, Ibid, note 1, where she said of the incident “There was widespread anger, another of those civil brawls bred of an airy word, as Shakespeare so aptly put it”.
The content on this website is provided for general information purposes only and does not constitute legal or other professional advice or an opinion of any kind. Users of this website are, in all matters, advised to seek specific legal advice by contacting licensed legal counsel for any and all legal issues. Robsoncrim.com does not warrant or guarantee the quality, accuracy or completeness of any information on this website. All items and works published on this website, regardless of their original date of publication, should not be relied upon as accurate, timely or fit for any particular purpose. | 2023-12-25T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1984 |
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Colombo (AFP)
Sri Lanka on Tuesday called for a "coalition of the willing" to help stabilise free-falling emerging market currencies around the globe, as the beleaguered rupee slumped to fresh lows.
The island's currency bottomed out at a record-low 174.12 rupees to the dollar, resisting a slew of measures by policymakers to arrest its steady decline.
The rupee has shed more than 12 percent of its value this year and Sri Lanka fears it could slide further as US sanctions squeeze Iran, the island's chief source of oil.
A stronger dollar has made it difficult for emerging markets to repay debts and battered global currencies from Turkey to India and Argentina.
Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera invited those nations experiencing currency crises to visit Colombo and hash out a strategy.
"The rise of the dollar is having a serious impact on our currencies. We are not the only one affected," he told reporters in the Sri Lankan capital.
"I want to build a coalition of the willing to deal with this problem. I don't see the global situation improving any time soon."
Washington pulled out of a landmark 2015 nuclear deal with Iran in May and has been reimposing punishing sanctions on the Islamic republic, targeting in particular its financial system.
Iran not only supplies Sri Lanka with most of its oil, but is one of its chief buyers of the island's celebrated tea.
Samaraweera has warned that blockading Iran will have ripple on effects on Sri Lanka, which has been unable to stop the rupee from nose diving.
Last month, Colombo curbed its state institutions and public servants from importing cars to reduce the outflow of foreign capital.
Banks were also ordered to restrict lending for purchasing overseas and consumer goods, but the rupee has continued its decline.
In August, the government substantially increased taxes on small cars to discourage imports, but officials said there was still pressure on foreign exchange reserves to finance big-ticket imports.
© 2018 AFP | 2024-05-18T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5448 |
To fuel your love of cars,
In August, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration revealed that fewer Americans used their seat belts in 2011. According to NHTSA, the percentage of drivers and passengers wearing the safety devices slipped from 85% to 84%.
At first glance, that change might seem insignificant, but 1% of the 314,686,189 folks living in the U.S. is more than 3.1 million people. Even a 1% drop in seat belt usage could help account for early reports (also from NHTSA) that traffic fatalities have been creeping up from previous record lows.
But hold the phone: NHTSA has released preliminary stats for 2012, and it appears that seat belt usage is rebounding this year, hitting a record high. Although there was a dip of 1% in 2011, early data indicates that in 2012, 86% of Americans are using their seat belts — more than ever before.
Geographically speaking, the South showed the biggest gains: there, the percentage of occupants using seat belts has risen five points, from 80% in 2011 to 85% in 2012. However, folks out West hold the title of “Most Safety-Conscious”, with 94% of all drivers and passengers buckling up. The Northeast lags, with just 80% of the population wearing seat belts.
Not surprisingly, NHSTA says that seat belt usage is highest in states in which law enforcement can pull over a vehicle simply because someone isn’t clicked in. As of today, there are 32 states (plus the District of Columbia) in which failure to wear a seat belt is a primary offense. In those areas, 90% of the population buckles up.
In 17 other states, failure to wear a seat belt is a secondary offense, meaning that occupants can only receive a ticket if their car is pulled over for another reason. In those states, seat belt usage averages just 78%.
That said, NHTSA’s data shows that seat belt stats have been steadily improving since 1994, when the agency began tracking usage. Back then, just 58% of Americans buckled up. The increased use of these restraints help explain why America’s traffic fatality rate has steadily fallen. In fact, NHTSA estimates that in 2010 alone, seat belts saved 12,546 lives.
Methodology
To collect its data, NHTSA conducted field observations of 73,460 vehicles at 1,700 sites across the country. According to the agency:
“The survey data is collected by sending trained observers to probabilistically sampled roadways, who observe passenger vehicles between 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. Observations are made either while standing at the roadside or, in the case of expressways, while riding in a vehicle in traffic. In order to capture the true behavior of passenger vehicle occupants, the NOPUS observers do not stop vehicles or interview occupants. The 2012 NOPUS data was collected between June 4 and June 17, 2012, while the 2011 data was collected between June 6 and June 17, 2011.”
Lingering question
While NHSTA’s findings are encouraging, they don’t explain the jump in traffic fatalities predicted for this year. Some have suggested that the poor state of U.S. roads might be to blame. Others point fingers at increasingly distracted drivers. We won’t have a clear picture of the situation until NHTSA carries out a full analysis of 2012 stats, which should be completed by this time next year.
There’s more intriguing data to be found in NHTSA’s seat belt usage overview. Have a look for yourself by downloading the PDF. | 2023-08-12T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/9088 |
Engaging with nature to promote health: new directions for nursing research.
The aim of this paper is to offer a conceptual framework for nature-based health promotion in nursing and provide related recommendations for future nursing research. Empirical data suggest that interaction with nature has direct health benefits. When people attend to outdoor habitats, gardens and other forms of nature, they are more likely to engage in physical activity and other behaviours that improve health. Engaging with nature can even cultivate ecological sensibilities that motivate us to protect the health of our planet. Multidisciplinary theoretical and research publications from 1985 to 2008 were examined in the development of the framework. As the health of our planet continues to deteriorate, there is a pressing need for theoretically informed, ethical, sustainable ways of engaging with nature to promote human and environmental health. We adapt principles and socio-ecological thinking from the fields of nursing, health promotion and ecological restoration to delineate the essential elements of the proposed framework. Implications for nursing. Although evidence-based knowledge about nature-based health promotion is not readily used in nursing and health care, its development and application are critical to designing effective strategies to strengthen both human and environmental health. Nurses can use nature-based health promotion concepts to work with citizens, health practitioners and policymakers to explore and optimize reciprocal, health promoting relationships among humans and the natural environment. To the extent that nurses integrate nature-based health promotion into their research efforts, we can expect to contribute meaningfully to both environmental and human health in communities across the globe. | 2024-01-27T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3959 |
Max Patch at Sundown
Max Patch at Sundown
from 35.00
Along the Appalachian Trail, in North Carolina.
Going from Hot Springs to Max Patch would be a 20 mile day, which was no big deal; for me, the limit of my good mood is 24 miles, and then after that it gets progressively suckier. So 20 miles wasn’t an issue, but the time limit was, I wanted to catch the sunset, but I left town later than I should’ve (as always.) I had to push a quicker pace than usual, and keep at it, even when it started raining midway through the day . . . | 2024-06-30T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/9220 |
---
abstract: 'Different (not only by sign) affine connections are introduced for contravariant and covariant tensor fields over a differentiable manifold by means of a non-canonical contraction operator, defining the notion dual space and commuting with the covariant and with the Lie-differential operator. Classification of the linear transports on the basis of the connections between the connections is given. Notion of relative velocity and relative acceleration for vector fields are determined. By means of these kinematic characteristics several other types of notions as shear velocity, shear acceleration, rotation velocity, rotation acceleration, expansion velocity and expansion acceleration are introduced and on their basis the auto-parallel vector fields are classified.'
author:
- |
S. Manoff[^1]\
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences\
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy\
Blvd. Tzarigradsko chaussee 72\
1784 Sofia - Bulgaria
date: 'Published in *Complex structures and vector fields.*[ ]{}World Scientific. Singapore - New Jersey - London - Hong Kong 1995, pp. 61-113'
title: Kinematics of vector fields
---
Introduction
============
The evolution of the differential geometry is due to a great extent to ideas connected with attempts for describing different types of physical interactions by means of differential geometric methods. The created at the beginning of the 20-th century theory of relativity carried out the hypotheses of some geometers about connections between space-time and material systems, evaluating in it, as well as ideas of many physicists, trying to investigate mathematical models of physical systems by means of differential-geometric structures (Lichnerowicz 1979).
The evolution of the special and the general theory of relativity and the attempts for their generalization and connection with other theories of physical interactions provided opportunity for using new geometrical structures (different types of fiber bundles, geometries, different from the Riemannian geometry, complex manifolds, different basic vector fields and metric tensor fields, different connections) (Ivanenko, Pronin, Sardanashvily 1985), (Barvinskii, Ponomariev, Obukhov 1985), (Hehl 1966, 1970, 1973, 1974). Different methods are also used in finding solutions of equations for the gravitational field connected with differential-geometric structures over manifolds (special vector and tensor fields, spinor fields etc.). Problems, arising in solving the equations of modern gravitational theories, induced an evolution of new approaches to existing mathematical models and created preconditions for working out new differential-geometric methods (Kramer, Stephani, MacCallum, Herlt 1980), (Kramer, Stephani 1983)..
For a century only the mathematical models of the space-time went from the Euclidean, Minkowskian and (pseudo)Riemannian space-time to more sophisticated spaces with linear (affine) connection and metric (Hecht, Hehl 1991), (Hehl, von der Heyde 1973), (Hehl, Kerlik 1978). The generalization of the Newton’s theory of gravitation in the Einstein’s theory of gravitation (ETG) was an important step toward the use of two essential differential-geometric objects in the gravitational theory: the metric, which allows the definition of a distance between two points of a manifolds, considered as a model of space-time and the affine connection, which allows the transport of a geometric object from one point to another point of a manifold and a comparison of two objects at one and the same point. In the Riemannian geometry these two geometric objects are connected each other - the Levi-Civita (symmetric) connection can be given by means of the Riemannian metric. This was at the beginning the mathematical basis for the ETG and its generalization in the range of the Riemannian geometry. But later on the generalizations went on two different directions: in the first one two different metrics over the one and the same manifold were introduced (bi-metric theory of gravitation (Rosen 1973, 1974), (Logunov, Mestvirishvili 1989)) and in the second - two different connections for the tensor fields over a manifold were introduced (bi-connection theory of gravitation (Tchernikov 1987, 1988, 1990)). For Riemannian spaces these two directions came one into another. In the last few years new attempts are made to revive the ideas of Weyl, (Edington 1925) and (Schroedinger 1950) for using manifolds with independent affine connection and metric (spaces with affine connection and metric or $(L_n,g)$-spaces) as a model of space-time in a theory of gravitation (Hecht, Hehl 1991). In such spaces the connection for co-tangent vector fields (as dual to the tangent vector fields) differs from the connection for the tangent vector fields only by sign. The last fact is due to the definition of dual vector spaces over points of a manifold, which is a trivial generalization of the definition of algebraic dual vector spaces from the multi linear algebra (Greub 1978), (Efimov, Rosendorn 1974), (Greub, Halperin, Vanstone 1972, 1973), (Bishop, Goldberg 1968), . The hole modern differential geometry is build on the one hand as a rigorous logical structure having as one of its main assumption the canonical definition for algebraic dual vector spaces (with equal dimensions) (Choquet-Bruhat, DeWitte-Morette, Dillard-Bleik 1977). On the other hand, the possibility of introducing a non-canonical definition for algebraic dual vector spaces (with equal dimensions) has been pointed out by many mathematicians (Kobayashi, Nomizu 1963) who have not exploited this possibility for further evolution of the differential-geometric structures and its applications. The canonical definition of dual spaces is so naturally embedded in the ground of the differential geometry that no need has occurred for changing it (Matsushima 1972), (Boothby 1975), (Lovelock, Rund 1975), (Norden 1976). But the last time evolution of the mathematical models for describing the gravitational interaction on classical level shows a tendency to generalizations using spaces with affine connection and metric, which can be also generalized using the freedom of the differential-geometric preconditions. The fact, that affine connection, which in a point or over a curve in Riemannian spaces can vanish (principle of equivalence in ETG), can also vanish under special choice of the basic system in a space with affine connection and metric (von der Heyde 1975), (Iliev 1992), shows that the equivalence principle in the ETG is only a corollary of the mathematical apparatus used in this theory. Therefore, every differentiable manifold with affine connection and metric can be used as a model for space-time in which the equivalence principle holds. But, if the manifold has two different (not only by sign) connections for tangent and co-tangent vector fields, the situation changes and is worth being investigated.
In Section 1. the notions contravariant and covariant affine connection are defined for contravariant and covariant tensor fields over differentiable manifolds. It is shown that these two different (not only by sign) connections can be introduced by means of changing the canonical definition of dual vector spaces (respectively of dual vector fields).
In Einstein’s theory of gravitation (ETG) kinematic notions related to the notion relative velocity such as shear velocity tensor (shear velocity, shear) $\sigma $, rotation velocity tensor (rotation velocity, rotation) $%
\omega $ and expansion velocity (expansion) $\theta $, are used in finding solutions of special types of Einstein’s field equations and in the description of the properties of the (pseudo)Riemannian spaces without torsion ($V_n$-spaces). By means of these notions a classification of $V_n$-spaces, admitting special types of geodesic vector fields has been proposed (Ehlers 1961). The same kinematic characteristics are also necessary for description of the projections of the Riemannian (curvature) tensor and the Ricci tensor along a non-isotropic (non-null) vector field (Kramer, Stephani, MacCallum, Herlt 1980) and in obtaining and using the Raychaudhuri identity (Hawking, Ellis 1973) in $V_n$-spaces.
The kinematic characteristics, connected with the notion relative velocity can be generalized for vector fields over differentiable manifolds with contravariant and covariant affine connection and metric (($\overline{L}_n,g$)-spaces) so that in the case of ($L_n,g$)- and $V_n$-spaces (as a special case of ($\overline{L}_n,g$)-spaces) and for normalized non-isotropic vector fields these characteristics are the same as those, introduced in the ETG. In analogous way as in the case of the kinematic characteristics, related to the notion of relative velocity, it is possible to introduce kinematic characteristics, related to the notion of relative acceleration such as shear acceleration tensor (shear acceleration), rotation acceleration tensor (rotation acceleration) and expansion acceleration (Manoff 1985, 1992).
In Section 2., 3. and 4. the corresponding for ($\overline{L}_n,g$)-spaces notions of relative velocity and relative acceleration are introduced. By means of these kinematic characteristics several other types of notions such as shear velocity, shear acceleration, rotation velocity, rotation acceleration, expansion velocity and expansion acceleration are investigated and on their basis the auto-parallel vector fields in ($\overline{L}_n,g$)-spaces are classified. The generalizations compared with those in ($L_n,g$)-spaces (differentiable manifolds with affine connection and metric) appear only in the explicit forms of the expressions, written in a corresponding basis (or in other words - only in index forms).
On the basis of the introduced notions deviation equations (playing important role in gravitational physics) and Lagrangian theories of tensor fields can be considered in ($\overline{L}_n,g)$-spaces. If kinematic characteristics of a dynamic system are given as preconditions, then the corresponding type of differentiable manifold (which allows such characteristics) can be chosen as a model of space-time, where the evolution of the system is taking place. This idea connects different differential-geometric structures used for describing physical systems on classical level. The main objects taken in such type of considerations can be given schematically as follows
$
\begin{array}{c}
\\
\frame{$
\begin{array}{c}
\text{Differentiable manifolds} \\
\text{with contravariant and covariant affine connections and metric}
\end{array}
$} \\
\\
\fbox{$
\begin{array}{c}
\text{Kinematic characteristics} \\
\text{of contravariant vector fields}
\end{array}
$} \\
\\
\fbox{$
\begin{array}{c}
\text{Deviation equations} \\
\text{for vector fields}
\end{array}
$} \\
\\
\fbox{Lagrangian theory of tensor fields} \\
=.=
\end{array}
$
In the present paper we will concentrate our attention only on the kinematic characteristics of contravariant vector fields but some main ideas and definitions will be outlined.
Differentiable manifolds with contravariant and covariant affine connection and metric \[$(\overline{L}_n,g)$-spaces\]
======================================================================================================================
The notion algebraic dual vector space can be introduced in such a way (Efimov, Rosendorn 1974), in which the two vector spaces (the considered and its dual vector space) are two independent (finite) vector spaces with equal dimensions.
Contraction operator
--------------------
Let $X$ and $X^{*}$ be two vector spaces with equal dimensions $\dim X=\dim
X^{*}=n.$ Let $S$ be an operator (mapping) such that to every pair of elements $u\in X$ and $p\in X^{*}$ sets an element of the field $K$ $(R$ or $%
C)$, i.e. $$S:(u,p)\rightarrow z\in K\text{ , }u\in X\text{ , }p\in X^{*}\text{ .}$$
**Definition 1.** The operator (mapping) $S$ is called *contraction operator* $S$, if it is a bi-linear symmetric mapping, i.e. if it fulfills the following conditions:
a\) $S(u,p_1+p_2)=S(u,p_1)+S(u,p_2)$ , $\forall u\in X$ $,\forall p_i\in
X^{*} $ , $i=1,2$ ,
b\) $S(u_1+u_2,p)=S(u_1,p)+S(u_2,p)$ , $\forall u_i\in X$ , $i=1,2$ , $%
\forall $$p\in X^{*}$ ,
c\) $S(\alpha u,p)=S(u,\alpha p)=\alpha .S(u,p)$ , $\alpha \in K$ ,
d\) non-degeneracy: if $u_1,...,u_n$ are linear independent in $X$ and $%
S(u_1,p)=0$, ... , $S(u_n,p)=0$, then the $p$ is the null element in $X^{*}$ . In analogous way, if $p_1$,..., $p_n$ are linear independent in $X^{*}$ and $S(u,p_1)=0$, ... , $S(u,p_n)=0$, then $u$ is the null element in $X$,
e\) symmetry: $S(u,p)=S(p,u)$ , $\forall u\in X$ , $\forall p\in X^{*}$ .
Let $e_1,...,e_n$ be an arbitrary basis in $X,$ and let $e^1,...,e^n$ be an arbitrary basis in $X^{*}$ . Let $u=u^i.e_i\in X$ and $p=p_k.e^k\in X^{*}.$
From the properties a) and b) it follows that $$S(u,p)=f^k\text{ }_i.u^i.p_k=u^i.p_{\overline{i}}=p_k.u^{\overline{k}}\text{
, }p_{\overline{i}}=f^k\text{ }_i.p_k\text{ , }u^{\overline{k}}=f^k\text{ }%
_i.u^i\text{ ,}$$
where $$f^k\text{ }_i=S(e_i,e^k)=S(e^k,e_i)\in K\text{ .}$$
In this way, the result of the action of the contraction operator $S$ is expressed in terms of a bi-linear form. The property non-degeneracy d) means the non-degeneracy of the bi-linear form. The result $S(u,p)$ can be defined in different ways by giving arbitrary numbers $f^k$ $_i\in K,$ for which the condition $\det (f^k$ $_i)\neq 0$ and the conditions a) - d) are fulfilled.
**Remark.** In the canonical approach $S=C$ and $%
C(e_i,e^k)=C(e^k,e_i)=g_i^k$ , $g_i^k=1$ for $k=i,$ $g_i^k=0$ for $i\neq k$. The contraction operator $C$ is the corresponding to the canonical approach mapping(Boothby 1975), (Matsushima 1972) $$C(u,p)=C(p,u)=p(u)=p_i.u^i\text{ .}$$
**Definition 2.** (Mutually) *algebraic dual vector spaces* := The spaces $X$ and $X^{*}$ are called (mutually) dual spaces, if an contraction operator acting on them is given and they are considered together with this operator (i.e. $(X,X^{*},S)$ with $\dim X=n=\dim X^{*}$ defines the two (mutually) dual vector spaces $X$ and $X^{*}$).
**Remark.** The generalization of the notion of algebraic dual vector spaces for the case of vector fields over differentiable manifold is a trivial one. The vector fields are considered as sections of vector bundles over a manifold. The vector bases become dependent on the points of the manifold and the numbers $f^i$ $_j$ are considered as functions over the manifold.
Vector and tensor fields over a differentiable manifold are provided with the structure of a linear (vector) space by defining the corresponding operations at every point of the manifold.
Thus, the definition of algebraic dual vector spaces over manifolds by means of the contraction operator $S$ as a generalization of the contraction operator $C$ allows considerations including functions $f^i$ $_j\in C^k(M)$ instead of the Kroneker symbol $g_j^i$.
Covariant differential operator. Contravariant and covariant affine connection
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The notion affine connection can be defined in different ways but in all definitions a linear mapping is given, which to a given vector of a vector space over a point $x$ of a manifold $M$ juxtaposes a corresponding vector from the same vector space in this point. The corresponding vector is identified as vector of the vector space over another point of the manifold $%
M$. The way of identification is called *transport* from a point to another point of the manifold.
**Definition 3.*** Affine connection* over a differentiable manifold $M$. Let $V(M)$ $(\dim M=n)$ be the set of all (smooth) vector fields over the manifold $M$. The mapping $$\nabla :V(M)\times V(M)\rightarrow V(M)\text{ ,}$$
by means of $$\nabla (u,v)\rightarrow \nabla _uv\text{ , }u,v\in V(M)\text{ ,}$$
with the following properties
a\) $\nabla _u(v+w)=\nabla _uv+\nabla _uw$ , $u,v,w\in V(M)$ ,
b\) $\nabla _u(fv)=(uf).v+f.\nabla _uv$ , $f\in C^r(M)$ , $r\geq 1$ ,
c\) $\nabla _{u+v}w=\nabla _uw+\nabla _vw$ ,
d\) $\nabla _{fu}v=f.\nabla _uv$ ,
is called *affine connection* over the manifold $M$.
**Definition 4.*** Covariant differential operator.* The linear differential operator (mapping) $\nabla _u$ with the following properties
a\) $\nabla _u(v+w)=\nabla _uv+\nabla _uw$ , $u,v,w\in V(M)$ ,
b\) $\nabla _u(fv)=(uf).v+f.\nabla _uv$ , $f\in C^r(M)$ , $r\geq 1$ ,
c\) $\nabla _{u+v}w=\nabla _uw+\nabla _vw$ ,
d\) $\nabla _{fu}v=f.\nabla _uv$ ,
e\) $\nabla _uf=uf$ , $f\in C^r(M)$ , $r\geq 1$ ,
f)$\nabla _u(v\otimes w)=\nabla _uv\otimes w+v\otimes \nabla _uw$ (Leibnitz rule), $\otimes $ is the sign for tensor product,
is called *covariant differential operator along the vector* $u $.
The result $\nabla _uv$ of the action of the covariant differential operator on $v$ is often called *covariant derivative of the vector field* $v$ along the vector field $u$.
In a given chart (co-ordinate system) the determination of $\nabla
_{e_\alpha }e_\beta $ in the basis $\{e_\alpha \}$ defines the components $%
\nabla _{\beta \gamma }^\alpha $ of the affine connection $\nabla $$$\nabla _{e_\alpha }e_\beta =\nabla _{\alpha \beta }^\gamma .e_\gamma \text{
, }\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma =1,...,n\text{ .}$$
**Definition 5.*** Space with affine connection.* Differentiable manifold $M,$ provided with affine connection $\nabla $, i.e. the pair $(M,\nabla ),$ is called space with affine connection.
The action of the covariant differential operator on a contravariant (tangential) co-ordinate basic vector field $\partial _i$ over $M$ along another contravariant co-ordinate basic vector field is determined by the affine connection $\nabla =\Gamma $ with the components $\Gamma _{ij}^k$ in a given chart (co-ordinate system) defined through $$\nabla _{\partial _j}\partial _i=\Gamma _{ij}^k.\partial _k\text{ .}$$
For a non-co-ordinate contravariant basis $$e_\alpha \text{ (or }e_i\text{)}\in T(M),T(M)=\cup _{x\in M}T_x(M)$$ $$\nabla _{e_\beta }e_\alpha =\Gamma _{\alpha \beta }^\gamma .e_\gamma \text{ .%
}$$
**Definition 6.** *Contravariant affine connection.* Affine connection $\nabla =$$\Gamma $ induced by the action of the covariant differential operator on contravariant vector fields is called contravariant affine connection.
The action of the covariant differential operator on a covariant (dual to contravariant) basic vector field $e^\alpha $ ($e^\alpha \in T^{*}(M)$ , $%
T^{*}(M)=\cup _{x\in M}T_x^{*}(M))$ along a contravariant basic (non-co-ordinate) vector field $e_\beta $ is determined by affine connection $\nabla =P$ with components $P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha $ defined through $$\nabla _{e_\beta }e^\alpha =P_{\gamma \beta }^\alpha .e^\gamma \text{ .}$$
For a co-ordinate basis $dx^i$$$\nabla _{\partial _j}dx^i=P_{kj}^i.dx^k\text{ .}$$
**Definition 7.** *Covariant affine connection.* Affine connection $\nabla =P$ induced by action of the covariant differential operator on covariant vector fields is called covariant affine connection.
**Definition 8.*** Space with contravariant and covariant affine connection (*$\overline{L}_n$-space). Differentiable manifold provided with contravariant affine connection $\Gamma $ and covariant affine connection $P$ is called space with contravariant and covariant affine connection.
**Definition 9.*** Space with contravariant and covariant affine connection, and metric (*$(\overline{L}_n,g)$-space). Differentiable manifold provided with contravariant affine connection $\Gamma $ and covariant affine connection $P,$ and metric $g$ is called space with contravariant and covariant affine connection and metric.
The connection between the two connections $\Gamma $ and $P$ is based on the connection between the two dual spaces $T(M)$ and $T^{*}(M)$, which on its side is based on the existence of the contraction operator $S$. Usually commutation relations are required between the contraction operator and the covariant differential operator in the form $$S\circ \nabla _u=\nabla _u\circ S\text{ .}$$
If the last operator equality in the form $\nabla _{e_\gamma }\circ S=S\circ
\nabla _{e_\gamma }$ is used for acting on the tensor product $e^\alpha
\otimes e_\beta $ of two basic vector fields $e^\alpha \in T^{*}(M)$ and $%
e_\beta \in T(M),$ then $$\nabla _{e_\gamma }(S(e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta ))=S(\nabla _{e_\gamma
}(e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta ))\text{ ,}$$
and the relation follows $$\begin{array}{c}
e_\gamma f^\alpha \text{ }_\beta =\Gamma _{\beta \gamma }^\delta .f^\alpha
\text{ }_\delta +P_{\delta \gamma }^\alpha .f^\delta \text{ }_\beta \text{ ,
} \\
\text{(in a non-co-ordinate basis)}
\end{array}$$
or $$\begin{array}{c}
f^i\text{ }_{j,k}=\Gamma _{jk}^l.f^i\text{ }_l+P_{lk}^i.f^l\text{ }_j\text{ ,%
} \\
f^i\text{ }_{j,k}=\partial _kf^i\text{ }_j\text{ ,} \\
\text{(in a co-ordinate basis).}
\end{array}$$
The last equality can be considered from two different points of view:
1\. If $P_{jk}^i(x^l)$ and $\Gamma _{jk}^i(x^l)$ are given functions of co-ordinates in $M$, then the equality appears as a system of equations for the unknown functions $f_{.j}^i(x^k)$. The solutions of these equations determine the action of the contraction operator $S$ on the basic vector fields for given components of both the connections. The integrability conditions for the equations can be written in the form $$R^m\text{ }_{jkl}.f^i\text{ }_m+P^i\text{ }_{mkl}.f^m\text{ }_j=0\text{ ,}$$
where $R^m$ $_{jkl}$ are the components of the contravariant curvature tensor, constructed by means of the contravariant affine connection $\Gamma $, and $P_{.mkl}^i$ are the components of the covariant curvature tensor, constructed by means of the covariant affine connection $P$, where $[R(\partial _i,\partial _j)]dx^k=P_{.lij}^k.dx^l$, $[R(\partial
_i,\partial _j)]\partial _k=R^l$ $_{kij}.\partial _l$ , $R(\partial
_i,\partial _j)=\nabla _{\partial _i}\nabla _{\partial _j}-\nabla _{\partial
_j}\nabla _{\partial _i}$.
2\. If $f^i$ $_j(x^l)$ are given as functions of the co-ordinates in $M$, then the conditions for $f^i$ $_j$ determine the connection between the components of the contravariant affine connection $\Gamma $ and the components of the covariant affine connection $P$ on the ground of the predetermined action of the contraction operator $S$ on basic vector fields.
If $S=C$, i.e. $f^i$ $_j=g_j^i$ , then the conditions for $f^i$ $_j$ are fulfilled for every $P=-\Gamma $, i.e. $$P_{jk}^i=-\Gamma _{jk}^i\text{ .}$$
This fact can be formulated as the following proposition:
**Proposition 1.** $S=C$ is a sufficient condition for $P=-\Gamma $ $%
(P_{jk}^i=-\Gamma _{jk}^i)$.
**Corollary.** If $P\neq -\Gamma $, then $S\neq C$ , i.e. if the covariant affine connection $P$ has to be different from the contravariant affine connection $\Gamma $ not only by sign, then the contraction operator $%
S$ has to be different from the canonical contraction operator $C$ (if $S$ commutes with the covariant differential operator).
The corollary allows introduction of different (not only by sign) contravariant and covariant connection by using contraction operator $S$, different from the canonical operator $C$.
**Example.** If $f^i$ $_j=\varphi .g_j^i$, where $\varphi \in C^r(M)$, $%
\varphi \neq 0$, then $P_{jk}^i=-\Gamma _{jk}^i+(\log \varphi )_{,k}.g_j^i$ .
The covariant derivatives of contravariant vector fields can be written in an arbitrary co-ordinate or non-co-ordinate basis $$\begin{array}{c}
\nabla _uv=(v^i \text{ }_{,j}+\Gamma _{kj}^iv^k)u^j.\partial _i=v^i\text{ }%
_{;j}u^j.\partial _i\text{ , }u,v\in T(M)\text{ ,} \\
\text{(in a co-ordinate basis),} \\
\nabla _uv=(e_\beta v^\alpha +\Gamma _{\gamma \beta }^\alpha .v^\gamma
)u^\beta .e_\alpha =v^\alpha \text{ }_{/\beta }u^\beta .e_\alpha \text{ ,}
\\
\nabla _uv=(e_jv^i+\Gamma _{kj}^iv^k)u^j.e_i=v^i \text{ }_{/j}u^j.e_i\text{ ,%
} \\
\text{(in a non-co-ordinate basis with different type of indices).}
\end{array}$$
In analogous way the covariant derivative of covariant vector fields can be written in an arbitrary co-ordinate or non-co-ordinate basis $$\begin{array}{c}
\nabla _up=(p_{i,j}+P_{ij}^kp_k)u^j.dx^i=p_{i;j}u^j.dx^i \text{ , }p\in
T^{*}(M)\text{ , }u\in T(M)\text{ ,} \\
\text{(in a co-ordinate basis),} \\
\nabla _up=(e_\beta p_\alpha +P_{\alpha \beta }^\gamma .p_\gamma )u^\beta
.e^\alpha =p_{\alpha /\beta }u^\beta .e^\alpha \text{ ,} \\
\nabla _up=(e_jp_i+P_{ij}^k.p_k)u^j.e^i=p_{i/j}u^j.e^i \text{ ,} \\
\text{(in a non-co-ordinate basis with different type of indices).}
\end{array}$$
The action of the covariant differential operator on contravariant and covariant tensor fields as well as on mixed tensor fields with rank $\succ 1$ is generalized in trivial manner on the ground of the Leibnitz rule, which holds for this operator.
If the Kroneker tensor is defined in the form $$Kr=g_j^i.\partial _i\otimes dx^j=g_\beta ^\alpha .e_\alpha \otimes e^\beta
\text{ ,}$$
then the components of the contravariant and covariant affine connection differ from each other by the components of the covariant derivative of the Kroneker tensor, i.e. $$\begin{array}{c}
\Gamma _{jk}^i+P_{jk}^i=g_{j;k}^i\text{ ,} \\
\Gamma _{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha =g_{\beta /\gamma
}^\alpha \text{ .}
\end{array}$$
**Remark.** In the special case, when $S=C$, and in the canonical approach $g_{j;k}^i=0$ ($g_{\beta /\gamma }^\alpha =0$).
Lie-differential operator
-------------------------
The Lie-differential operator $\pounds _\xi $ along the contravariant vector field $\xi $ appears as another operator, which can be constructed by means of contravariant vector field. His definition can be considered as a generalization of the notion Lie derivative of tensor fields (Slebodzinski 1931), (Yano 1957), (Kobayashi, Nomizu 1963), (Lightman, Press, Price, Teukolsky 1975).
**Definition 10.** $\pounds _\xi $ := *Lie-differential operator along the contravariant vector field* $\xi $ with the following properties:
a\) $\pounds _\xi :V\rightarrow \overline{V}=\pounds _\xi V$ , $V,\overline{V}%
\in \otimes ^l(M)$ ,
b\) $\pounds _\xi :W\rightarrow \overline{W}=\pounds _\xi W$ , $W,\overline{W}%
\in \otimes _k(M)$ ,
c\) $\pounds _\xi :K\rightarrow \overline{K}=\pounds _\xi K$ , $K,\overline{K}%
\in \otimes ^l$ $_k(M)$ ,
d\) linear operator with respect to tensor fields,
$\pounds _\xi (\alpha .V_1+\beta .V_2)=\alpha .\pounds _\xi V_1+\beta
.\pounds _\xi V_2$ , $\alpha ,\beta \in F(R$ or $C)$ , $V_i\in \otimes ^l(M)$ , $i=1,2$,
$\pounds _\xi (\alpha .W_1+\beta .W_2)=\alpha .\pounds _\xi W_1+\beta
.\pounds _\xi W_2$ , $W_i\in \otimes _k(M)$ , $i=1,2$,
$\pounds _\xi (\alpha .K_1+\beta .K_2)=\alpha .\pounds _\xi K_1+\beta
.\pounds _\xi K_2$ , $K_i\in \otimes ^l$ $_k(M)$ , $i=1,2$,
e\) linear operator with respect to the contravariant field $\xi $ ,
$\pounds _{\alpha \xi +\beta u}=\alpha .\pounds _\xi +\beta .\pounds _u$ , $%
\alpha ,\beta \in F(R$ or $C),$ $\xi ,u\in T(M)$ ,
f\) differential operator, obeying the Leibnitz rule,
$\pounds _\xi (S\otimes U)=\pounds _\xi S\otimes U+S\otimes \pounds _\xi U$ , $S\in \otimes ^m$ $_q(M)$ , $U\in \otimes ^k$ $_l(M)$ ,
g\) action on function $f\in C^r(M)$ , $r\geq 1$ ,
$\pounds _\xi f=\xi f$ , $\xi \in T(M)$ ,
h\) action on contravariant vector field,
$\pounds _\xi u=[\xi ,u]$ , $\xi ,u\in T(M)$ , $[\xi ,u]=\xi \circ u-u\circ
\xi $ ,
$\pounds _\xi e_\alpha =[\xi ,e_\alpha ]=-(e_\beta \xi ^\alpha -\xi ^\gamma
.C_{\gamma \beta }$ $^\alpha )e_\alpha $ ,
$\pounds _{e_\alpha }e_\beta =[e_\alpha ,e_\beta ]=C_{\alpha \beta }$ $%
^\gamma .e_\gamma $ , $C_{a\beta }$ $^\gamma \in C^r(M)$ ,
$\pounds _\xi \partial _i=-\xi ^j$ $_{,i}.\partial _j$ , $\pounds _{\partial
_i}\partial _j=[\partial _i,\partial _j]=0$ ,
i\) action on covariant basic vector field,
$\pounds _\xi e^\alpha =k^\alpha $ $_\beta (\xi ).e^\beta $ , $\pounds
_{e_\gamma }e^\alpha =k^\alpha $ $_{\beta \gamma }.e^\beta $ ,
$\pounds _\xi dx^i=k^i$ $_j(\xi ).dx^j$ , $\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i=k^i$ $%
_{jk}.dx^j$ .
The action of the Lie-differential operator on covariant basic vector field is determined by its action on contravariant basic vector field and the commutation relations between the Lie-differential operator and the contraction operator $S$.
### Lie derivative of covariant co-ordinate basic vector fields
The commutation relations between the Lie-differential operator $\pounds
_\xi $ and the contraction operator $S$ in the case of basic co-ordinate vector fields can be written in the form $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi \circ S(dx^i\otimes \partial _j)=S\circ \pounds _\xi
(dx^i\otimes \partial _j)\text{ ,} \\
\pounds _\xi \circ S(e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta )=S\circ \pounds _\xi
(e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta )\text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{03.1}$$
where $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi \circ S(dx^i\otimes \partial _j)=\xi f^i\text{\thinspace }_j=f^i%
\text{ }_{j,k}\xi ^k\text{ ,} \\
S\circ \pounds _\xi (dx^i\otimes \partial _j)=S\circ (\pounds _\xi
dx^i\otimes \partial _j+dx^i\otimes \pounds _\xi \partial _j)= \\
=S(\pounds _\xi dx^i\otimes \partial _j)+S(dx^i\otimes \pounds _\xi \partial
_j)\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{03.2}$$
Since $\pounds _\xi dx^i=k^i$ $_j(\xi ).dx^j$ , $\pounds _{\partial
_k}dx^i=k^i$ $_{jk}.dx^j$, where $k^i$ $_j(\xi )$ $\in C^r(M)$, $k^i$ $%
_{jk}\in C^r(M)$, $k^i$ $_j(\xi )$ and $k^i$ $_{jk}$ have to be determined by means of the commutation relations between $\pounds _\xi $ and $S$ and their action on $dx^i$ and $\partial _j$ (respectively $e^\alpha $ and $%
e_\beta $) on the basis of the relations $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi \partial _j=-\xi ^k\text{ }_{,j}\partial _k\text{ , }%
S(dx^i\otimes \pounds _\xi \partial _j)=-\xi ^k\text{ }_{,j}f^i\text{ }_k%
\text{ ,} \\
S(\pounds _\xi dx^i\otimes \partial _j)=k^i\text{ }_l(\xi ).f^l\text{ }_j%
\text{ ,} \\
S[\pounds _\xi (dx^i\otimes \partial _j)]=k^i\text{ }_l(\xi ).f^l\text{ }%
_j-\xi ^k\text{ }_{,j}.f^i\text{ }_k= \\
=\pounds _\xi [S(dx^i\otimes \partial _j)]=f^i\text{ }_{j,k}\xi ^k\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{03.3}$$
From the last expression the condition follows for $k^i$ $_l(\xi )$$$k^i\text{ }_l(\xi ).f^l\text{ }_j=\xi ^k\text{ }_{,j}.f^i\text{ }_k+f^i\text{
}_{j,k}\xi ^k\text{ .} \label{03.4}$$
By means of the non-degenerate inverse matrix $(f^i$ $_j)^{-1}=(f_j$ $^i)$ and the connections $f^i$ $_k.f_j$ $^k=g_j^i$ , $f^k$ $_i.f_k$ $^j=g_i^j$ , after multiplication of the equality for $k^i$ $_l(\xi )$ with $f_m$ $^j$ and summation over $j$, the explicit form for $k^i$ $_j(\xi )$ is obtained in the form $$k^i\text{ }_j(\xi )=f_j\text{ }^l.\xi ^k\text{ }_{,l}.f^i\text{ }_k+f_j\text{
}^l.f^i\text{ }_{l,k}\xi ^k\text{ .} \label{03.5}$$
For $\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i=k^i$ $_j(\partial _k).dx^j=k^i$ $_{jk}.dx^j$ it follows the corresponding form $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i=k^i\text{ }_{jk}.dx^j=f_j\text{ }^l.f^i\text{ }%
_{l,k}.dx^j\text{ ,} \\
k^i\text{ }_{jk}=f_j\text{ }^l.f^i\text{ }_{l,k}\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{03.6}$$
On the other hand, from the commutation relations between $S$ and the covariant differential operator $\nabla _\xi $ the connection between the partial derivatives of $f^i$ $_j$ and the components of the contravariant and covariant connections $\Gamma $ and $P$ follows in the form $$f^i\text{ }_{l,k}=P_{mk}^i.f^m\text{ }_l+\Gamma _{lk}^m.f^i\text{ }_m\text{ .%
} \label{03.7}$$
After substituting the last expression in the expressions for $k^i$ $_j(\xi
) $ and for $k^i$ $_{jk}$ the corresponding quantities are obtained in the forms $$k^i\text{ }_j(\xi )=f_j\text{ }^l.\xi ^k\text{ }_{,l}.f^i\text{ }%
_k+(P_{jk}^i+f_j\text{ }^l.\Gamma _{lk}^m.f^i\text{ }_m)\xi ^k\text{ ,}
\label{03.8}$$ $$k^i\text{ }_j(\partial _k)=k^i\text{ }_{jk}=P_{jk}^i+f_j\text{ }^l.\Gamma
_{lk}^m.f^i\text{ }_m\text{ ,}$$
$$\pounds _\xi dx^i=[f_j\text{ }^l.\xi ^k\text{ }_{,l}.f^i\text{ }%
_k+(P_{jk}^i+f_j\text{ }^l.\Gamma _{lk}^m.f^i\text{ }_m).\xi ^k].dx^j\text{ ,%
} \label{03.9}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i=k^i\text{ }_{jk}.dx^j= \\
=(P_{jk}^i+f_j\text{ }^l.\Gamma _{lk}^m.f^i\text{ }_m)dx^j\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{03.10}$$
If we introduce the abbreviations $$\xi _{\text{ }}^{\overline{i}}\text{ }_{,\underline{j}}=f^i\text{ }_k.\xi ^k%
\text{ }_{,l}f_j\text{ }^l\text{ , }\Gamma _{\underline{j}k}^{\overline{i}%
}=f_j\text{ }^l.\Gamma _{lk}^m.f^i\text{ }_m\text{ ,} \label{03.11}$$
then the Lie derivatives of covariant co-ordinate basic vector fields $dx^i$ along the contravariant vector fields $\xi $ and $\partial _k$ can be written in the form $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi dx^i=[\xi _{\text{ }}^{\overline{i}}\text{ }_{,\underline{j}%
}+(P_{jk}^i+\Gamma _{\underline{j}k}^{\overline{i}})\xi ^k]dx^j\text{ ,} \\
\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i=(P_{jk}^i+\Gamma _{\underline{j}k}^{\overline{i}%
})dx^j\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{03.12}$$
### Lie derivative of covariant non-co-ordinate basic vector fields
In analogous way as in the case of covariant co-ordinate basic vector fields the Lie derivatives of covariant non-co-ordinate basic vector fields can be obtained by means of the relations $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi [S(e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta )]=S[\pounds _\xi (e^\alpha \otimes
e_\beta )]\text{ ,} \\
S(e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta )=f^\alpha \text{ }_\beta \text{ ,} \\
\pounds _\xi [S(e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta )]=\xi ^\gamma .e_\gamma f^\alpha
\text{ }_\beta \text{ ,} \\
S[\pounds _\xi (e^\alpha \otimes e_\beta )]=S(\pounds _\xi e^\alpha \otimes
e_\beta )+S(e^\alpha \otimes \pounds _\xi e_\beta )\text{ ,} \\
\pounds _\xi e_\beta =-(e_\beta \xi ^\gamma +C_{\beta \delta }\text{ }%
^\gamma \xi ^\delta )e_\gamma =-\xi ^\gamma \text{ }_{//\beta }.e_\gamma
\text{ ,} \\
\xi ^\gamma \text{ }_{//\beta }=e_\beta \xi ^\gamma +C_{\beta \delta }\text{
}^\gamma \xi ^\delta \text{ ,} \\
\pounds _\xi e^\alpha =k^\alpha \text{ }_\gamma (\xi ).e^\gamma \text{ ,} \\
k^\alpha \text{ }_\gamma (\xi ).f^\gamma \text{ }_\beta =\xi ^\gamma \text{ }%
_{//\beta }.f^\alpha \text{ }_\gamma +\xi ^\gamma .e_\gamma f^\alpha \text{ }%
_\beta \text{ ,} \\
f^\alpha \text{ }_\gamma .f_\beta \text{ }^\gamma =g_\beta ^\alpha \text{ , }%
f^\gamma \text{ }_\beta .f_\gamma \text{ }^\alpha =g_\beta ^\alpha \text{ ,}
\\
e_\gamma f^\alpha \text{ }_\delta =P_{\sigma \gamma }^\alpha .f^\sigma \text{
}_\delta +\Gamma _{\delta \gamma }^\sigma .f^\alpha \text{ }_\sigma \text{ ,}
\\
k^\alpha \text{ }_\beta (\xi )=f^\alpha \text{ }_\gamma .\xi ^\gamma \text{ }%
_{//\delta }.f_\beta \text{ }^\delta +(P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +f_\beta
\text{ }^\delta .\Gamma _{\delta \gamma }^\sigma .f^\alpha \text{ }_\sigma
)\xi ^\gamma \text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{03.13}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _{e_\gamma }e^\alpha =k^\alpha \text{ }_\beta (e_\gamma )e^\beta
=k^\alpha \text{ }_{\beta \gamma }.e^\beta \text{ ,} \\
k^\alpha \text{ }_\beta (e_\gamma )=k^\alpha \text{ }_{\beta \gamma
}=P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +f_\beta \text{ }^\delta (\Gamma _{\delta \gamma
}^\sigma +C_{\delta \gamma }\text{ }^\sigma )f^\alpha \text{ }_\sigma \text{
,}
\end{array}
\label{03.14}$$
in the form $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi e^\alpha =[\xi ^{\overline{\alpha }}\text{ }_{//\underline{%
\beta }}+(P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +\Gamma _{\underline{\beta }\gamma }^{%
\overline{\alpha }})\xi ^\gamma ]e^\beta = \\
=[e_{\underline{\beta }}\xi ^{\overline{\alpha }}+(P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha
+\Gamma _{\underline{\beta }\gamma }^{\overline{\alpha }}+C_{\underline{%
\beta }\gamma }\text{ }^{\overline{\alpha }})\xi ^\gamma ]e^\beta \text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{03.15}$$ $$\pounds _{e_\gamma }e^\alpha =(P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +\Gamma _{\underline{%
\beta }\gamma }^{\overline{\alpha }}+C_{\underline{\beta }\gamma }\text{ }^{%
\overline{\alpha }})e^\beta \text{ ,} \label{03.16}$$
where $$\begin{array}{c}
\xi ^{\overline{\alpha }}\text{ }_{//\underline{\beta }}=f^\alpha \text{ }%
_\gamma .\xi ^\gamma \text{ }_{//\delta }.f_\beta \text{ }^\delta =f^\alpha
\text{ }_\gamma (e_\delta \xi ^\gamma )f_\beta \text{ }^\delta +f^\alpha
\text{ }_\gamma .C_{\delta \sigma }\text{ }^\gamma .f_\beta \text{ }^\delta
.\xi ^\sigma = \\
=e_{\underline{\beta }}\xi ^{\overline{\alpha }}+C_{\underline{\beta }\sigma
}\text{ }^{\overline{\alpha }}.\xi ^\sigma \text{ ,} \\
e_{\underline{\beta }}\xi ^{\overline{\alpha }}=f^\alpha \text{ }_\gamma
(e_\delta \xi ^\gamma )f_\beta \text{ }^\delta \text{ , }C_{\underline{\beta
}\sigma }\text{ }^{\overline{\alpha }}=f^\alpha \text{ }_\gamma .C_{\delta
\sigma }\text{ }^\gamma .f_\beta \text{ }^\delta \text{ ,} \\
\Gamma _{\underline{\beta }\gamma }^{\overline{\alpha }}=f_\beta \text{ }%
^\delta .\Gamma _{\delta \gamma }^\sigma .f^\alpha \text{ }_\sigma \text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{03.17}$$
Classification of linear transports with respect to the connections between contravariant and covariant affine connection
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By means of the Lie derivatives of covariant basis vector fields a classification can be proposed for the connections between the components $%
\Gamma _{jk}^i$ ($\Gamma _{\beta \gamma }^\alpha $) of the contravariant affine connection $\Gamma $ and the components $P_{jk}^i$ ($P_{\beta \gamma
}^\alpha $) of the covariant affine connection $P$. On this basis, linear transports (induced by the covariant differential operator or by connections) and draggings along (induced by the Lie-differential operator) can be considered as connected each other through commutation relations of both the operators with the contraction operator.
$
\begin{array}{ll}
Transport\text{ condition} & Type \text{ of dragging along and transports}
\\
\begin{array}{c}
P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +\Gamma _{\underline{\beta }\gamma }^{\overline{%
\alpha }}+C_{\underline{\beta }\gamma }\text{ }^{\overline{\alpha }}=%
\overline{F}_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha \text{ ,} \\
P_{jk}^i+\Gamma _{\underline{j}k}^{\overline{i}}=\overline{F}_{jk}^i\text{ .}
\end{array}
&
\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _{\epsilon _\gamma }e^\alpha = \overline{F}_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha
.e^\beta \text{ ,} \\
\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i= \overline{F}_{jk}^i.dx^j\text{ .} \\
\text{Transport with arbitrary dragging along}
\end{array}
\\
\begin{array}{c}
P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +\Gamma _{\underline{\beta }\gamma }^{\overline{%
\alpha }}=\overline{A}_\gamma .g_\beta ^\alpha \text{ ,} \\
P_{jk}^i+\Gamma _{\underline{j}k}^{\overline{i}}=\overline{A}_k.g_j^i\text{ .%
}
\end{array}
&
\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _{e_\gamma }e^\alpha = \overline{A}_\gamma .e^\alpha +C_{\underline{%
\beta }\gamma }\text{ }^{\overline{\alpha }}.e^\beta \text{ ,} \\
\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i= \overline{A}_k.dx^i\text{ .} \\
\text{Transport with co-linear dragging along}
\end{array}
\\
\begin{array}{c}
P_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha +\Gamma _{\underline{\beta }\gamma }^{\overline{%
\alpha }}=0\text{ ,} \\
P_{jk}^i+\Gamma _{\underline{j}k}^{\overline{i}}=0\text{ .}
\end{array}
&
\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _{e_\gamma }e^\alpha =C_{\underline{\beta }\gamma }\text{ }^{%
\overline{\alpha }}.e^\beta \text{ ,} \\
\pounds _{\partial _k}dx^i=0 \text{ .} \\
\text{Transport with invariant dragging along}
\end{array}
\end{array}
$
The classification of the connections on the basis of different transport conditions is analogous to the classification, proposed by Schouten and considered by (Schmutzer 1968).
Lie derivatives of covariant vector fields
------------------------------------------
The action of the Lie-differential operator on covariant vector and tensor fields is determined by its action on covariant basic vector fields and on the functions over $M$.
In co-ordinate basis the Lie derivative of covariant vector field $p$ along a contravariant vector field $\xi $ can be written in the forms $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi p=\pounds _\xi (p_idx^i)=(\pounds _\xi p_i)dx^i= \\
=[p_{i,k}.\xi ^k+p_j.\xi ^{\overline{j}}\text{ }_{,\underline{i}%
}+p_j(P_{ik}^j+\Gamma _{\overline{i}k}^{\overline{j}})\xi ^k]dx^i= \\
=[p_{i;k}\xi ^k+\xi ^{\overline{k}}\text{ }_{;\underline{i}}.p_k+T_{k%
\underline{i}}^{\overline{j}}.p_j.\xi ^k]dx^i\text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{03.18}$$
where $$\begin{array}{c}
\xi ^{\overline{j}}\text{ }_{;\underline{i}}=f^j\text{ }_k.\xi ^k\text{ }%
_{;l}.f_i\text{ }^l\text{ , }T_{k\underline{i}}^{\overline{j}}=f^j\text{ }%
_l.T_{km}^l.f_i\text{ }^m\text{ ,} \\
T_{ki}^j=\Gamma _{ik}^j-\Gamma _{ki}^j\text{ ,} \\
\text{(in co-ordinate basis).}
\end{array}
\label{03.19}$$
In non-co-ordinate basis the Lie derivative $\pounds _\xi p$ has the forms $$\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi p=\pounds _\xi (p_\alpha e^\alpha )=(\pounds _\xi p_\alpha
)e^\alpha = \\
\{(e_\gamma p_\alpha +P_{\alpha \gamma }^\beta p_\beta )\xi ^\gamma +p_\beta
[e_{\underline{\alpha }}\xi ^{\overline{\beta }}+(\Gamma _{\underline{\alpha
}\gamma }^{\overline{\beta }}+C_{\underline{\alpha }\gamma }\text{ }^{%
\overline{\beta }})\xi ^\gamma ]\}.e^\alpha = \\
=(p_{\alpha /\beta }\xi ^\beta +\xi ^{\overline{\beta }}\text{ }_{/%
\underline{\alpha }}.p_\beta +T_{\gamma \underline{\alpha }}^{\overline{%
\beta }}.p_\beta .\xi ^\gamma )e^\alpha \text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{03.20}$$
where
$$\begin{array}{c}
\xi ^{\overline{\beta }}\text{ }_{/\underline{\alpha }}=f^\beta \text{ }%
_\delta .\xi ^\delta \text{ }_{/\gamma }.f_\alpha \text{ }^\gamma \text{ , }%
T_{\gamma \underline{\alpha }}^{\overline{\beta }}=f_\alpha \text{ }^\delta
.T_{\gamma \delta }^\sigma .f^\beta \text{ }_\sigma \text{ ,} \\
T_{\beta \gamma }^\alpha =\Gamma _{\gamma \beta }^\alpha -\Gamma _{\beta
\gamma }^\alpha -C_{\beta \gamma }\text{ }^\alpha \text{ ,} \\
\text{(in non-co-ordinate basis).}
\end{array}
\label{03.21}$$
The action of the Lie-differential operator on covariant tensor fields is determined by its action on basic tensor fields.
Kinematic characteristics connected with the notion relative velocity
=====================================================================
Relative velocity
-----------------
The notion *relative velocity* vector field (relative velocity) $%
_{rel}v$ can be defined as the orthogonal to a non-isotropic vector field $u$ projection of the first covariant derivative (along the same non-isotropic vector field $u$) of (another) vector field $\xi $, i.e.
$$\label{2.1}
\begin{array}{c}
_{rel}v= \overline{g}(h_u(\nabla _u\xi ))=g^{ij}h_{\overline{j}\overline{k}%
}\xi ^k \text{ }_{;l}u^l.e_i= \\
=g^{ij}.f^m \text{ }_j.f^n\text{ }_k.h_{mn}.\xi ^k\text{ }_{;l}.u^l.e_i\text{
,} \\
e_i=\partial _i\text{ (in co-ordinate basis),}
\end{array}$$
where (the indices in co-ordinate and in non-co-ordinate basis are written in both cases as Latin indices instead as Latin and Greek indices)
$$\label{2.2}
h_u=g-\frac 1e.g(u)\otimes g(u)\text{ },\text{ }$$
$$h_u=h_{ij}.e^i.e^j\text{, }\overline{g}=g^{ij}.e_i.e_j,\text{ ,}$$
$$\label{2.3}
\begin{array}{c}
\nabla _u\xi =\xi ^i \text{ }_{;j}u^j.e_i\text{ } \\
\text{ }\xi ^i\text{ }_{;j}=e_j\xi ^i+\Gamma _{kj}^i\xi ^k \\
\text{ }\Gamma _{kj}^i\neq \Gamma _{jk}^i\text{ },
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.4}
\begin{array}{c}
g=g_{ij}.e^i.e^j, \\
\text{ }g_{ij}=g_{ji}\text{ }, \\
\text{ }e^i.e^j=\frac 12(e^i\otimes e^j+e^j\otimes e^i)\text{ },
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.5}
\begin{array}{c}
e=g(u,u)=g_{\overline{i}\overline{j}}u^iu^j=u_{\overline{i}}u^i\neq 0 \\
\text{ }g(u)=g_{i\overline{k}}u^k=u_i=g_{ik}.u^{\overline{k}}\text{ , }u^{%
\overline{k}}=f^k\text{ }_l.u^l\text{ ,} \\
\text{ }e_i.e_j=\frac 12(e_i\otimes e_j+e_j\otimes e_i)\text{ }, \\
g_{\overline{i}\overline{j}}=f^k\text{ }_i.f^l\text{ }_j.g_{kl}\text{ ,} \\
\text{ }g[\overline{g}(p)]=p\text{ , }p\in T^{*}(M)\text{ , }\overline{g}[%
g(u)]=u\text{ ,} \\
g^{\overline{i}\overline{k}}g_{kj}=g_j^i\text{ , g}_{\overline{i}\overline{k}%
}g^{kj}=g_i^j\text{ , g}^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}=f^i\text{ }_k.f^j\text{ }%
_l.g^{kl}\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.6}
\begin{array}{c}
h_u(\nabla _u\xi )=h_{i \overline{j}}\xi ^j\text{ }_{;k}u^k.e^i \\
\text{ }h_{ij}=g_{ij}-\frac 1e.u_iu_j\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In a co-ordinate basis $$\begin{array}{c}
e_j\xi ^i=\xi ^i \text{ }_{,j}=\partial _j\xi ^i=\partial \xi ^i/\partial
x^j, \\
e^j=dx^j, \\
e_i=\partial _i=\partial /\partial x^i, \\
u=u^i.\partial _i,
\end{array}$$
Every contravariant vector field $\xi $ can be written by means of its projection along and orthogonal to $u$ in two parts - one collinear to $u$ and one - orthogonal to $u$ , i.e.
$$\label{2.7}
\xi =\frac le.u+h^u[g(\xi )]\text{ }=\frac le.u+\overline{g}[h_u(\xi )]\text{
,}$$
where
$$\label{2.8}
\begin{array}{c}
l=g(\xi ,u) \\
\text{ }h^u=\overline{g}-\frac 1e.u\otimes u \\
\text{ }\xi =\xi ^i.\partial _i=\xi ^k.e_k \\
\text{ }h^u=h^{ij}e_i.e_j\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.9}
\begin{array}{c}
\overline{g}(h_u)\overline{g}=h^u \\
\text{ }h_u(\overline{g})(g)=h_u \\
\text{ }h^u(g)(\overline{g})=h^u \\
\text{ }g(h^u)g=h_u\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
Therefore, $\nabla _u\xi $ can be written in the form
$$\label{2.10}
\begin{array}{c}
\nabla _u\xi = \frac{\overline{l}}e.u+\overline{g}[h_u(\nabla _u\xi )]=\frac{%
\overline{l}}e.u+_{rel}v \\
\text{ }\overline{l}=g(\nabla _u\xi ,u)
\end{array}$$
and the connection between $\nabla _u\xi $ and $_{rel}v$ is obvious. Using the relation (Yano 1957) between the Lie derivative $\pounds
_\xi u$ and the covariant derivative $\nabla _\xi u$
$$\label{2.11}
\begin{array}{c}
\pounds _\xi u=\nabla _\xi u-\nabla _u\xi -T(\xi ,u) \\
\text{ }T(\xi ,u)=T_{ij}^k\xi ^iu^j.e_k\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}
T_{ij}^k=-T_{ji}^k=\Gamma _{ji}^k-\Gamma _{ij}^k-C_{ij}^k \\
\text{ (in a non-co-ordinate basis }\{e_k\}\text{) , }
\end{array}$$
$$[e_i,e_j]=\pounds _{e_i}e_j\text{ }=C_{ij}^k.e_k\text{ ,}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}
T_{ij}^k=\Gamma _{ji}^k-\Gamma _{ij}^k \\
\text{ (in a co-ordinate basis }\{\partial _k\}\text{ ) ,}
\end{array}$$
one can write $\nabla _u\xi $ in the form
$$\label{2.12}
\nabla _u\xi =(k)g(\xi )-\pounds _\xi u\text{ }=k[g(\xi )]-\pounds _\xi u%
\text{,}$$
or taking into account the above expression for $\xi $ - in the form
$$\nabla _u\xi =k[h_u(\xi )]+\frac le.a-\pounds _\xi u\text{ ,}$$
where
$$\begin{array}{c}
k[g(\xi )]=\nabla _\xi u-T(\xi ,u) \\
\text{ }k=(u^i\text{ }_{;l}-T_{lk}^iu^k)g^{lj}.e_i\otimes e_j\text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{2.13}$$
$$\label{2.14}
\begin{array}{c}
k[g(u)]=k(g)u=k^{ij}g_{\overline{j}\overline{k}}u^k.e_i \\
=a=\nabla _uu=u^i\text{ }_{;j}u^j.e_i \text{ .}
\end{array}$$
For $h_u(\nabla _u\xi )$ it follows
$$\label{2.15}
h_u(\nabla _u\xi )=h_u(\frac le.a-\pounds _\xi u)+h_u(k)h_u(\xi ) \text{ ,}$$
where $$\begin{array}{c}
h_u(k)h_u(\xi )=h_{i\overline{k}}k^{kl}h_{\overline{l}\overline{j}}\xi
^j.e^i, \\
\text{ }h_u(u)=0, \\
u(h_u)=0, \\
\text{ }h_u(k)h_u(u)=0, \\
\text{ }(u)h_u(k)h_u=0.
\end{array}$$
If we introduce the abbreviation
$$\label{2.16}
d=h_u(k)h_u=h_{i\overline{k}}k^{kl}h_{\overline{l}j}.e^i\otimes
e^j=d_{ij}.e^i\otimes e^j\text{ ,}$$
the expression for $_{rel}v$ can take the form
$$_{rel}v=\overline{g}[h_u(\nabla _u\xi )]=\overline{g}(h_u)(\frac
le.a-\pounds _\xi u)+\overline{g}[d(\xi )]=$$
$$\label{2.17}
=[g^{ik}h_{\overline{k}\overline{l}}(\frac le.a^l-\pounds _\xi u^l)+g^{ik}d_{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}\xi ^l].e_i\text{ }=_{rel}v^i.e_i \text{ ,}$$
or
$$\label{2.18}
g(_{rel}v)=h_u(\nabla _u\xi )=h_u(\frac le.a-\pounds _\xi u)+d(\xi )\text{ .}$$
For the special case when the vector field $\xi $ is orthogonal to $u$, i.e. $\xi =\overline{g}[h_u(\xi )]$, and the Lie derivative of $u$ along $\xi $ is zero, i.e. $\pounds _\xi u=0$, then the relative velocity can be written in the form $$\label{2.19}
g(_{rel}v)=d(\xi )$$
or in the form $$_{rel}v=\overline{g}[d(\xi )]\text{.}$$
Deformation velocity, shear velocity, rotation velocity and expansion velocity
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The covariant tensor field $d$ is a generalization for $\overline{(L}_n,g)$-spaces of the well known *deformation velocity* tensor for $V_n$-spaces (Stephani 1977), (Kramer, Stephani, MacCallum, Herlt 1980). It is usually represented by means of its three parts: the trace-free symmetric part, called *shear velocity* tensor (shear), the anti symmetric part, called *rotation velocity* tensor (rotation) and the trace part, in which the trace is called *expansion velocity* (expansion)* *invariant.
After some more complicated as for $V_n$-spaces calculations the deformation velocity tensor $d$ can be given in the form
$$\label{2.20}
\begin{array}{c}
d=h_u(k)h_u=h_u(k_s)h_u+h_u(k_a)h_u= \\
=\sigma +\omega +\frac 1{n-1}.\theta .h_u\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
where
$\sigma $ is the *shear velocity* tensor (shear) , $$\label{2.21}
\begin{array}{c}
\sigma =_sE-_sP=E-P-\frac 1{n-1}. \overline{g}[E-P].h_u=\sigma _{ij}.e^i.e^j=
\\
=E-P-\frac 1{n-1}.(\theta _o-\theta _1).h_u,
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.22}
\begin{array}{c}
_sE=E-\frac 1{n-1}. \overline{g}[E].h_u \\
\text{ }\overline{g}[E]=g^{ij}.E_{\overline{i} \overline{j}}=g^{\overline{i}%
\overline{j}}.E_{ij}=\theta _o\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.23}
\begin{array}{c}
E=h_u(\epsilon )h_u \\
\text{ }k_s=\epsilon -m \\
\text{ }\epsilon =\frac 12(u_{\text{ };l}^ig^{lj}+u_{\text{ }%
;l}^j.g^{li}).e_i.e_j\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.24}
m=\frac 12(T_{lk}^iu^kg^{lj}+T_{lk}^ju^kg^{li})e_i.e_j\text{ .}$$
$_sE$ is the *torsion-free shear velocity* tensor, $_sP$ is the *shear velocity* tensor *induced by the torsion*,
*$$\label{2.25}
\begin{array}{c}
_sP=P-\frac 1{n-1}. \overline{g}[P].h_u \\
\text{ }\overline{g}[P]=g^{kl}P_{\overline{k} \overline{l}}\text{ }=g^{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}.P_{kl}=\theta _1\text{,}
\end{array}$$*
*$$\label{2.26}
\begin{array}{c}
P=h_u(m)h_u \\
\text{ }\theta _1=T_{kl}^ku^l \\
\text{ }\theta _o=u^n\text{ }_{;n}-\frac 1{2e}(e_{,k}u^k-g_{kl;m}u^mu^{%
\overline{k}}u^{\overline{l}})\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$*
*$$\label{2.27}
\begin{array}{c}
e_{,k}=e_ke \\
\text{ }\theta =\theta _o-\theta _1\text{ , }
\end{array}$$*
$\theta $ is the *expansion velocity, $\theta _o$* is the *torsion-free expansion velocity,* $\theta _1$ is the *expansion velocity induced by the torsion,*
$\omega $ is the* rotation velocity* tensor (rotation velocity),
$$\label{2.28}
\omega =h_u(k_a)h_u=h_u(s)h_u-h_u(q)h_u=S-Q\text{ ,}$$
$$\label{2.29}
\begin{array}{c}
s=\frac 12(u^k \text{ }_{;m}g^{ml}-u^l\text{ }_{;m}g^{mk}).e_k\wedge e_l \\
\text{ }e_k\wedge e_l=\frac 12(e_k\otimes e_l-e_l\otimes e_k)\text{ , }
\end{array}$$
$$\label{2.30}
\begin{array}{c}
q=\frac 12(T_{mn}^kg^{ml}-T_{mn}^lg^{mk})u^n.e_k\wedge e_l \\
\text{ }S=h_u(s)h_u\text{ , }Q=h_u(q)h_u\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
$S$ is the *torsion-free rotation velocity* tensor, $Q$ is the* rotation velocity* tensor *induced by the torsion.*
By means of the expressions for $\sigma $, $\omega $ and $\theta $ the deformation velocity tensor can be written in two parts
$$\label{2.31}
\begin{array}{c}
d=d_o+d_1 \\
\text{ }d_o=_sE+S+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _o.h_u \\
\text{ }d_1=_sP+Q+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _1.h_u\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
where $d_o$ is the *torsion-free deformation velocity* tensor and $d_1$ is the *deformation velocity* tensor *induced by the torsion.* For the case of $V_n$-spaces $d_1=0$ ($_sP=0$ , $Q=0$ , $%
\theta _1=0$).
The shear velocity tensor $\sigma $ and the expansion velocity $\theta $ can be written also in the form
$$\label{2.32}
\sigma =\frac 12\{h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g}-\pounds _u\overline{g})h_u-\frac
1{n-1}(h_u[\nabla _u\overline{g}-\pounds _u\overline{g}]).h_u\} \text{ }=$$
$$\label{2.33}
=\frac 12\{h_{i\overline{k}}(g^{kl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m-\pounds _ug^{kl})h_{%
\overline{l}j}-\frac 1{n-1}.h_{\overline{k}\overline{l}}(g^{kl} \text{ }%
_{;m}u^m-\pounds _ug^{kl}).h_{ij}\}.e^i.e^j\text{ .}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}
\theta =\frac 12.h_u[\nabla _u \overline{g}-\pounds _u\overline{g}]=\frac
12[\nabla _{\overline{g}}u+T(u, \overline{g})]= \\
=\frac 12h_{\overline{i}\overline{j}}(g^{ij}\text{ }_{;k}u^k-\pounds
_ug^{ij})\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
The main result of the above considerations can be summarized in the following proposition:
**Proposition 2.**The covariant vector field $g(_{rel}v)=h_u(\nabla
_u\xi ) $ can be written in the forms:
$$h_u(\nabla _u\xi )=h_u(\frac le.a-\pounds _\xi u)+d(\xi )=$$
$$=h_u(\frac le.a-\pounds _\xi u)+\sigma (\xi )+\omega (\xi )+\frac
1{n-1}.\theta .h_u(\xi )\text{ .}$$
The physical interpretation of the velocity tensors $d,$ $\sigma ,$ $\omega $ and of the invariant $\theta $ for the case of $V_4$-spaces (Synge 1960), (Ehlers 1961), (Kramer, Stephani, MacCallum, Herlt 1980) can be extended also for $(\overline{L}_4,g)$-spaces. In this case the torsion play an equivalent role as the covariant derivative in the velocity tensors. The individual designation, connected with the physical interpretation of these kinematic characteristics, is given in the Appendix A - Table $1$. It is easy to see that the existence of some kinematic characteristics ($_sP$, $Q$, $\theta _1$) depends on the existence of the torsion tensor field. They vanish if it is equal to zero (e.g. in $V_n$-spaces).
Kinematic characteristics connected with the notion relative acceleration
=========================================================================
Relative acceleration
---------------------
The notion *relative acceleration* vector field (relative acceleration) $_{rel}a$ can be defined (in analogous way as $_{rel}v$) as the orthogonal to a non-isotropic vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) projection of the second covariant derivative (along the same non-isotropic vector field $u$) of (another) vector field $\xi $, i.e. $$\label{3.1}
_{rel}a=\overline{g}(h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi ))=g^{ij}h_{\overline{j}%
\overline{k}}(\xi ^k\text{ }_{;l}u^l)_{;m}u^me_i\text{ .}$$
$\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi $ $=(\xi ^i$ $_{;l}u^l)_{;m}u^me_i$ is the second covariant derivative of a vector field $\xi $ along the vector field $u$. It is an essential part of all types of deviation equations in $V_n$- and ($%
L_n,g$)-spaces (Manoff 1979,1984), (Iliev, Manoff 1983).
If we take into account the expression for $\nabla _u\xi $$$\nabla _u\xi =k[g(\xi )]-\pounds _\xi u\text{,}$$
and differentiate covariant along $u$, then we obtain $$\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi =\{\nabla _u[(k)g]\}(\xi )+(k)(g)(\nabla _u\xi
)-\nabla _u(\pounds _\xi u)$$
By means of the relations $$k(g)\overline{g}=k\text{ ,}$$ $$\nabla _u[k(g)]=(\nabla _uk)(g)+k(\nabla _ug)\text{ ,}$$ $$\{\nabla _u[k(g)]\}\overline{g}=\nabla _uk+k(\nabla _ug)\overline{g}\text{ ,}$$
$\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi $ can be written in the form $$\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi =\frac le.H(u)+B(h_u)\xi -k(g)\pounds _\xi u-\nabla
_u(\pounds _\xi u) \label{3.2}$$
(compare with $\nabla _u\xi =\frac le.a+k(h_u)\xi -\pounds _\xi u$),
where $$H=B(g)=(\nabla _uk)(g)+k(\nabla _ug)+k(g)k(g)\text{ ,}$$ $$B=\nabla _uk+k(g)k+k(\nabla _ug)\overline{g}=\nabla _uk+k(g)k-k(g)(\nabla _u%
\overline{g})\text{ .}$$
The orthogonal to $u$ covariant projection of $\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi $ will have therefore the form $$\label{3.3}
h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi )=h_u[\frac leH(u)-k(g)\pounds _\xi u-\nabla
_u\pounds _\xi u]+[h_u(B)h_u](\xi )\text{ .}$$
In the special case, when $g(u,\xi )=l=0$ and $\pounds _\xi u=0$ , the above expression has the simple form $$\label{3.4}
h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi )=[h_u(B)h_u](\xi )=A(\xi )\text{ ,}$$
(compare with $h_u(\nabla _u\xi )=[h_u(k)h_u](\xi )=d(\xi )$).
The explicit form of $H(u)$ follows from the explicit form of $H$ and its action on the vector field $u$$$\label{3.5}
H(u)=(\nabla _uk)[g(u)]+k(\nabla _ug)(u)+k(g)(a)=\nabla _u[k(g)(u)]=\nabla
_ua\text{ .}$$
Now $h_u[\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi ]$ can be written in the form $$\label{3.6}
h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi )=h_u[\frac le.\nabla _ua-k(g)(\pounds _\xi
u)-\nabla _u(\pounds _\xi u)]+A(\xi )$$
(compare $h_u(\nabla _u\xi )=h_u(\frac le.a-\pounds _\xi u)+d(\xi )$).
The explicit form of $A=h_u(B)h_u$ can be found in analogous way as the explicit form for $d=h_u(k)h_u$ in the expression for $_{rel}v$.
Deformation acceleration, shear acceleration, rotation acceleration and expansion acceleration
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The covariant tensor $A$, named *deformation acceleration* tensor can be represented as a sum, containing three terms: a trace-free symmetric term, an anti symmetric term and a trace term $$\label{3.7}
A=_sD+W+\frac 1{n-1}.U.h_u$$
where $$D=h_u(_sB)h_u \label{3.8}$$ $$W=h_u(_aB)h_u \label{3.9}$$ $$U=\overline{g}[_sA]=\overline{g}[D] \label{3.10}$$ $$_sB=\frac 12(B^{ij}+B^{ji})e_i.e_j\text{ , }_aB=\frac
12(B^{ij}-B^{ji})e_i\wedge e_j\text{,} \label{3.11}$$ $$_sA=\frac 12(A_{ij}+A_{ji})e^i.e^j\text{ }, \label{3.12}$$ $$_sD=D-\frac 1{n-1}.\overline{g}[D].h_u=D-\frac 1{n-1}.U.h_u\text{ .}
\label{3.13}$$
$_sD$ is the *shear acceleration* tensor (shear acceleration), $W$ is the *rotation acceleration* tensor (rotation acceleration) and $U$ is the *expansion acceleration* invariant (expansion acceleration). Furthermore, every one of these quantities can be divided into three parts: torsion- and curvature-free acceleration, acceleration induced by torsion and acceleration induced by curvature.
Let us now consider the representation of every acceleration quantity in its essential parts, connected with its physical interpretation.
The deformation acceleration tensor $A$ can be written in the following forms $$\label{3.14}
A=_sD+W+\frac 1{n-1}.U.h_u=A_0+G=_FA_0-_TA_0+G\text{ ,}$$ $$\label{3.15}
A=_sD_0+W_0+\frac 1{n-1}.U_0.h_u+_sM+N+\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u\text{ ,}$$ $$\label{3.16}
\begin{array}{c}
A=_{sF}D_0+_FW_0+\frac 1{n-1}._FU_0.h_u- \\
-(_{sT}D_0+_TW_0+\frac 1{n-1}._TU_{0.}h_u)+ \\
+_sM+N+\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
where $$A_0=_FA_0-_TA_0=_sD_0+W_0+\frac 1{n-1}.U_0.h_u\text{ ,} \label{3.17}$$ $$_FA_0=_{sF}D_0+_FW_0+\frac 1{n-1}._FU_0.h_u\text{ ,} \label{3.18}$$ $$_FA_0(\xi )=h_u(\nabla _{\xi _{\perp }}a)\text{ , }\xi _{\perp }=\overline{g%
}[h_u(\xi )]\text{ ,} \label{3.19}$$ $$_TA_0=_{sT}D_0+_TW_0+\frac 1{n-1}._TU_0.h_u\text{ ,} \label{3.20}$$ $$G=_sM+N+\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u=h_u(K)h_u\text{ ,} \label{3.21}$$ $$h_u([R(u,\xi )]u)=h_u(K)h_u(\xi )\text{ for }\forall \text{ }\xi \in T(M)%
\text{ , } \label{3.22}$$ $$\lbrack R(u,\xi )]u=\nabla _u\nabla _\xi u-\nabla _\xi \nabla _uu-\nabla
_{\pounds _u\xi }u\text{ ,} \label{3.23}$$ $$K=K^{kl}e_k\otimes e_l\text{ , }K^{kl}=R^k\text{ }_{mnr}g^{rl}u^mu^n\text{ ,}
\label{2.34}$$
$R^k$ $_{mnr}$ are the components of the contravariant Riemannian curvature tensor, $$K_a=K_a^{kl}.e_k\wedge e_l\text{, }K_a^{kl}=\frac 12(K^{kl}-K^{lk})\text{ , }%
K_s=K_s^{kl}e_k.e_l\text{ , }K_s^{kl}=\frac 12(K^{kl}+K^{lk})\text{ ,}
\label{2.35}$$ $$_sD=_sD_0+_sM\text{ , }W=W_0+N=_FW_0-_TW_0+N\text{ ,} \label{2.36}$$ $$U=U_0+I=_FU_0-_TU_0+I\text{ ,} \label{2.37}$$ $$_sM=M-\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u\text{ , }M=h_u(K_s)h_u\text{ , }I=\overline{g}[M%
]=g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}M_{ij}\text{ ,} \label{2.38}$$ $$N=h_u(K_a)h_u\text{ ,} \label{2.39}$$ $$_sD_0=_{sF}D_0-_{sT}D_0=_FD_0-\frac 1{n-1}._FU_0.h_u-(_TD_0-\frac
1{n-1}._TU_0.h_u)\text{ ,} \label{2.40}$$ $$_sD_0=_{sF}D_0-_TD_0-\frac 1{n-1}(_FU_0-_TU_0)h_u\text{ ,} \label{2.41}$$ $$_sD_0=D_0-\frac 1{n-1}.U_0.h_u\text{ ,} \label{2.42}$$ $$_{sF}D_0=_FD_0-\frac 1{n-1}._FU_0.h_u\text{ , }_FD_0=h_u(b_s)h_u\text{ ,}
\label{2.43}$$ $$b=b_s+b_a\text{ , }b=b^{kl}e_k\otimes e_l\text{ , }b^{kl}=a^k\text{ }%
_{;n}g^{nl}\text{ ,} \label{2.44}$$ $$a^k=u^k\text{ }_{;m}u^m\text{ , }b_s=b_s^{kl}e_k.e_l\text{ , }b_s^{kl}=\frac
12(b^{kl}+b^{lk})\text{ ,} \label{2.45}$$ $$b_a=b_a^{kl}e_k\wedge e_l\text{ , }b_a^{kl}=\frac 12(b^{kl}-b^{lk})\text{ ,}
\label{2.46}$$ $$_FU_0=\overline{g}[_FD_0]=g[b]-\frac 1e.g(u,\nabla _ua)\text{ , }g[b]=g_{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}b^{kl}\text{ ,} \label{2.47}$$ $$_{sT}D_0=_TD_0-\frac 1{n-1}._TU_0.h_u=_{sF}D_0-_sD_0\text{ , }_TD_0=_FD_0-D_0%
\text{ ,} \label{2.48}$$ $$U_0=\overline{g}[D_0]=_FU_0-_TU_0\text{ , }_TU_0=\overline{g}[_TD_0]\text{ ,}
\label{2.49}$$ $$_FW_0=h_u(b_a)h_u\text{ , }_TW_0=_FW_0-W_0\text{ .} \label{2.50}$$
Under the conditions $\pounds _\xi u=0$ , $\xi =\xi _{\perp }=\overline{g}%
(h_u(\xi ))$ , ($l=0$), the expression for $h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi )$ can be written in the forms $$h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi _{\perp })=A(\xi _{\perp })=A_0(\xi _{\perp
})+G(\xi _{\perp })\text{ ,} \label{2.51}$$ $$h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi _{\perp })=_FA_0(\xi _{\perp })-_TA_0(\xi _{\perp
})+G(\xi _{\perp })\text{ ,} \label{2.52}$$ $$h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi _{\perp })=(_{sF}D_0+_FW_0+\frac
1{n-1}._FU_0.g)(\xi _{\perp })-$$ $$-(_{sT}D_0+_TW_0+\frac 1{n-1}._TU_0.g)(\xi _{\perp })+(_sM+N+\frac
1{n-1}.I.g)(\xi _{\perp })\text{ ,} \label{2.53}$$
which enable one to find a physical interpretation of the quantities $_sD$,$W$,$U$ and of the contained in their structure quantities$%
_{sF}D_0$, $_FW_0$, $_FU_0$, $_{sT}D_0$, $_TW_0$, $_TU_0$, $_sM$, $N$, $I$. The individual designation, connected with their physical interpretation, is given in the Appendix A - Table $1$. The expressions of these quantities in terms of the kinematic characteristics of the relative velocity are given in the Appendix A.
After the above consideration the following proposition can be formulated:
**Proposition 3.** $g(_{rel}a)=h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi )$ can be written in the form $$g(_{rel}a)=h_u[\frac le.\nabla _ua-\nabla _{\pounds _\xi u}u-\nabla
_u(\pounds _\xi u)+T(\pounds _\xi u,u)]+A(\xi )\text{ ,}$$
where $$A(\xi )=_sD(\xi )+W(\xi )+\frac 1{n-1}.U.h_u(\xi )\text{ .} \label{2.54}$$
For the case of affine symmetric connection ($T(w,v)=0$ for $\forall $ $%
w,v\in T(M)$ , $T_{ij}^k=0$, $\Gamma _{ij}^k=\Gamma _{ji}^k$ ) and Riemannian metric ($\nabla _vg=0$ for $\forall v\in T(M)$, $g_{ij;k}=0$) kinematic characteristics are obtained in $V_n$-spaces, connected with the notion relative velocity (Manoff 1992) and relative acceleration (Manoff 1985). For the case of affine non-symmetric connection ($T(w,v)\neq 0$ for $%
\forall $ $w,v\in T(M)$ , $\Gamma _{jk}^i\neq \Gamma _{kj}^i$) and Riemannian metric kinematic characteristics are obtained in $U_n$-spaces (Manoff 1985).
Classification of auto-parallel vector fields on the basis of the kinematic characteristics connected with the relative velocity and relative acceleration
==========================================================================================================================================================
The classification of (pseudo)Riemannian spaces $V_n$, admitting the existence of auto-parallel (in the case of $V_n$-spaces they are geodesic) vector fields ($\nabla _uu=a=0$) with given kinematic characteristics, connected with the notion relative velocity, can be extended to a classification of differentiable manifolds with contravariant and covariant affine connection and metric, admitting auto parallel vector fields with certain kinematic characteristics, connected with the relative velocity and the relative acceleration. In this way the following two schemes for the existence of special type $1$. and $2$. of vector fields can be proposed (s. Appendix B. - Table $2$.). Different types of combinations between the single conditions of the two schemes can also be taken under consideration.
Special geodesic vector fields with vanishing kinematic characteristics, induced by the curvature, in (pseudo) Riemannian spaces
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On the basis of the classification $2$. the following propositions in the case of $V_n$-spaces can be proved:
**Proposition 4.** Non-isotropic geodesic vector fields in $V_n$-spaces are geodesic vector fields with curvature rotation acceleration tensor $N$ equal to zero, i.e. $N=0$.
Proof: $$\begin{array}{c}
N=h_u(K_a)h_u=h_{ik}K_a^{kl}h_{lj}e^i\wedge e^j, \\
K_a^{kl}=\frac 12(K^{kl}-K^{lk})=\frac
12(R_{mnr}^kg^{rl}-R_{mnr}^lg^{rk})u^mu^n,
\end{array}
\label{4.1}$$
For the case of $V_n$-space, where $$R_{kmnr}=R_{nrkm}\text{ , }R_{kmnr}=g_{kl}R^l\text{ }_{mnr}\text{ ,}
\label{4.2}$$
the conditions $$R^k\text{ }_{mnr}g^{rl}=R^l\text{ }_{nmr}g^{rk}\text{ , }R^k\text{ }_{mn}%
\text{ }^l=R^l\text{ }_{nm}\text{ }^k\text{,} \label{4.3}$$
follow and therefore
$$K_a^{kl}=\frac 12(R^k\text{ }_{mnr}g^{rl}-R^l\text{ }_{mnr}g^{rk})u^mu^n=0%
\text{ , } \label{4.4}$$
$$K_a=0\text{ , }N=0\text{ .}$$
**Proposition 5.** Non-isotropic geodesic vector fields in $V_n$-spaces with equal to zero Ricci tensor ($R_{ik}=R^l$ $_{ikl}=g_m^lR^m$ $_{ikl}=0$) are geodesic vector fields with curvature rotation acceleration $N$ and curvature expansion acceleration $I$, both equal to zero, i.e. $N=0$, $I=0$.
Proof: $1$. From the proposition $4$. it follows that $K_a=0$ and $N=0$. $$2\text{. }I=g[K]=g_{ij}K^{ij}=g_{ij}R^i\text{ }_{mnr}g^{rj}u^mu^n=g_i^rR^i%
\text{ }_{mnr}u^mu^n=R_{mn}u^mu^n=0\text{ .} \label{4.5}$$
**Proposition 6.** Non-isotropic geodesic vector fields in $V_n$-spaces with constant curvature $$\lbrack R(\xi ,\eta )]v=\frac 1{n(n-1)}.R_0[g(v,\xi )\eta -g(v,\eta )\xi ]%
\text{ , }\forall \xi ,\eta ,v\in T(M)\text{,} \label{4.6}$$
(in index form $$R^i\text{ }_{jkl}=\frac{R_0}{n(n-1)}(g_l^i.g_{jk}-g_k^i.g_{jl})\text{ , }%
R_0=const\text{.)} \label{4.7}$$
are geodesic vector fields with curvature shear acceleration and curvature rotation acceleration, both equal to zero, i.e. $_sM=0$, $N=0$.
Proof: $1$. From the proposition $4$. it follows that $N=0$. $$2\text{. }_sM=M-\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u\text{ , }M=h_u(K_s)h_u=g(K_s)g\text{ ,}$$ $$M=g(K_s)g=g_{ik}K^{kl}g_{lj}e^i.e^j=M_{ij}e^i.e^j\text{ ,}$$ $$M_{ij}=g_{ik}R^k\text{ }_{mnr}g^{rl}g_{lj}u^mu^n=R_{imnj}u^mu^n=\frac{R_0}{%
n(n-1)}.e.h_{ij}\text{ ,} \label{4.8}$$ $$M=\frac{R_0.e}{n(n-1)}.h_u\text{ , }e=g(u,u)=g_{ij}u^iu^j\text{ ,}
\label{4.9}$$ $$I=g[K]=\overline{g}[M]=g^{ij}M_{ij}=\frac 1n.R_0.e\text{ , }g^{ij}h_{ij}=n-1%
\text{ ,} \label{4.10}$$ $$_sM=M-\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u=0\text{.} \label{4.11}$$
The projections of the curvature tensor of the type $G=h_u(K)h_u$ (or $R^i$ $%
_{jkl}u^ju^k$) along the non-isotropic vector field $u$ acquire a natural physical meaning as quantities, connected with the kinematic characteristics curvature shear acceleration $_sM$, curvature rotation acceleration $N$ and curvature expansion acceleration $I$.
The projection of the Ricci tensor ($g[K]$, or $R_{ik}u^iu^k$) and the Raychaudhuri identity for vector fields represent an expression of the curvature expansion acceleration, given in terms of the kinematic characteristics of the relative velocity $$\begin{array}{c}
I=\overline{g}[M]=R_{ij}u^iu^j= \\
=-a^j\text{ }_{;j}+g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}._sE_{ik}.g^{\overline{k}%
\overline{l}}.\sigma _{lj}+g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}S_{ik}g^{\overline{k}%
\overline{l}}\omega _{lj}+\theta _0^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _0.\theta + \\
+\frac 1e[a^k(e_{,k}-u_{\overline{n}}T_{km}^nu^m-g_{mn;k}u^{\overline{m}}u^{%
\overline{n}}-g_{\overline{k}\overline{m};l}u^lu^m)+ \\
+\frac 12(u^ke_{,k})_{;l}u^l-\frac 12(g_{mn;k}u^k)_{;l}u^lu^{\overline{m}}u^{%
\overline{n}}]- \\
\frac 1{e^2}[\frac 34(e_{,k}u^k)^2-(e_{,k}u^k)g_{mn;l}u^lu^{\overline{m}}u^{%
\overline{n}}+\frac 14(g_{mn;l}u^lu^{\overline{m}}u^{\overline{n}})^2]\text{
,} \\
\theta ^{.}=\theta _{,k}u^k
\end{array}
\label{4.12}$$
In the case of $V_n$-spaces the kinematic characteristics, connected with the relative velocity and the relative acceleration have the forms:
a\) kinematic characteristics, connected with the relative velocity
$
\begin{array}{ccc}
d=d_0 & d_1=0 & k=k_o \\
\sigma =_sE & _sP=0 & m=0 \\
\omega =S & Q=0 & q=0 \\
\theta =\theta _o & \theta _1=0 & \nabla _uu=a\neq 0\text{ , }a=0
\end{array}
$
b\) kinematic characteristics, connected with the relative acceleration ($%
\nabla _uu=a\neq 0$)
$
\begin{array}{ccc}
A=_FA_0+G & _TA_0=0 & N=0 \\
G=_sM+\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u & _{sT}D_0=0 & \\
W=_FW_0 & _TW_0=0 & \\
U=_FU_0+I & _TU_0=0 & \nabla _uu=a\neq 0
\end{array}
$
c\) kinematic characteristics, connected with the relative acceleration ($%
\nabla _uu=a=0$)
$
\begin{array}{c}
A=G \\
G=_sM+\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u \\
W=0 \\
U=I
\end{array}
\begin{array}{cc}
_TA_0=0 & N=0 \\
_{sT}D_0=0 & \\
_TW_0=0 & \\
_TU_0=0 & \nabla _uu=a=0
\end{array}
$
On the basis of the different kinematic characteristics dynamic systems can be classified and considered in $V_n$-spaces.
Special vector fields over manifolds with contravariant and covariant affine connection and metric with vanishing kinematic characteristics induced by the curvature
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The explicit forms of the quantities $G$, $M$, $N$ and $I$, connected with accelerations induced by curvature can be used for finding conditions for existence of special types of contravariant vector fields with vanishing characteristics induced by the curvature. $G$, $M$, $N$ and $I$ can be expressed in the following forms: $$\begin{array}{c}
G=h_u(K)h_u=g(K)g-\frac 1e.g(u)\otimes [g(u)](K)g\text{ , } \\
K[g(u)]=0\text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{4.13}$$ $$\begin{array}{c}
M=h_u(K_s)h_u=g(K_s)g-\frac 1{2e}\{g(u)\otimes [g(u)](K)g+[g(u)](K)g\otimes
g(u)\}= \\
=M_{ij}.dx^i.dx^j=M_{\alpha \beta }.e^\alpha .e^\beta \text{ , }M_{ij}=M_{ji}%
\text{ ,} \\
M_{ij}=\frac 12[g_{i\overline{k}}.g_{\overline{l}j}+g_{j\overline{k}}.g_{%
\overline{l}i}-\frac 1e(u_i.g_{\overline{l}j}+u_j.g_{\overline{l}i})u_{%
\overline{k}}]R^k\text{ }_{mnq}u^mu^n.g^{ql}\text{ ,}
\end{array}
\label{4.14}$$ $$I=\overline{g}[M]=g[K_s]=g[K]=R_{\rho \sigma }.u^\rho u^\sigma =R_{kl}.u^ku^l%
\text{ ,} \label{4.15}$$ $$\begin{array}{c}
N=h_u(K_a)h_u=g(K_a)g-\frac 1{2e}\{g(u)\otimes [g(u)](K)g-[g(u)](K)g\otimes
g(u)\}= \\
=N_{ij}.dx^i\wedge dx^j=N_{\alpha \beta }.e^\alpha \wedge e^\beta \text{ , }%
N_{ij}=-N_{ji}\text{ ,} \\
N_{ij}=\frac 12[g_{i\overline{k}}.g_{\overline{l}j}-g_{j\overline{k}}.g_{%
\overline{l}i}-\frac 1e(u_i.g_{\overline{l}j}-u_j.g_{\overline{l}i})u_{%
\overline{k}}]R^k\text{ }_{mnq}.u^mu^n.g^{ql}\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{4.16}$$
By means of the above expressions conditions can be found under which some of the quantities $M$, $N$, $I$ vanish.
### Contravariant vector fields without rotation acceleration, induced by the curvature ($N=0$)
If the rotation acceleration $N$, induced by the curvature vanishes, i.e. if $N=0$, then the following proposition can be proved:
**Proposition 7.** The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without rotation acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $N=0$) is the condition $$K_a=\frac 1{2e}\{u\otimes [g(u)](K)-[g(u)](K)\otimes u\}\text{ .}
\label{4.17}$$
Proof: 1. Sufficiency: From the above expression it follows $$\begin{array}{c}
N=h_u(K_a)h_u= \\
=g(K_a)g-\frac 1{2e}\{g(u)\otimes [g(u)](K)g-[g(u)](K)g\otimes g(u)\}=0
\text{ ,} \\
g([g(u)](K))=[g(u)](K)g\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
2\. Necessity: If $N=h_u(K_a)h_u=0$, then $$\begin{array}{c}
g(K_a)g=\frac 1{2e}\{g(u)\otimes [g(u)](K)g-[g(u)](K)g\otimes g(u)\} \text{ ,%
} \\
K_a=\frac 1{2e}\{u\otimes [g(u)](K)-[g(u)](K)\otimes u\}\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In co-ordinate basis the necessary and sufficient condition has the forms $$\begin{array}{c}
K^{ij}=K^{ji}+\frac 1e.u_{\overline{l}}(u^i.K^{lj}-u^j.K^{li})\text{ ,} \\
\{R_{\overline{j}nim}-R_{\overline{i}mjn}-\frac 1e(u_{\overline{i}}R_{%
\overline{l}mnj}-u_{\overline{j}}R_{\overline{l}mni})u^l\}.u^mu^n=0\text{ , }
\end{array}
\label{4.18}$$
where $$R_{\overline{i}jkl}=g_{\overline{i}\overline{n}}.R^n\text{ }_{jkl}\text{ .}$$
**Proposition 8.** A sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without rotation acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $N=0$) is the condition $$K_a=0\text{ .} \label{4.19}$$
Proof: From $K_a=0$ and the form for $N$, $N=h_u(K_a)h_u$, it follows $N=0$.
In co-ordinate basis $$\begin{array}{c}
(R^i\text{ }_{klm}.g^{mj}-R^j\text{ }_{klm}.g^{mi})u^ku^l=0\text{ ,} \\
(R_{\overline{i}kjl}-R_{\overline{j}lik})u^ku^l=0\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{4.20}$$
$K_a=0$ can be presented also in the form $$[g(\xi )]([R(u,v)]u)-[g(v)]([R(u,\xi )]u)=0\text{ , }\forall \xi ,v\in T(M)
\text{ .}$$
In this case $M=G=g(K)g$ , $I=\overline{g}[G]$.
**Proposition 9.** A sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without rotation acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $N=0$) is the condition $$g(\eta ,[R(\xi ,v)]w)=g(\xi ,[R(\eta ,w)]v)\text{ , }\forall \eta ,\xi
,v,w\in T(M)\text{ ,} \label{4.21}$$
or in co-ordinate basis $$R_{\overline{i}jkl}=R_{\overline{k}lij}\text{ .} \label{4.22}$$
Proof: Because of $R(\xi ,u)=-R(u,\xi )$ and for $\eta =v$ the last expression will be identical with the sufficient condition from proposition 9.
### Contravariant vector fields without shear acceleration $_sM$, induced by the curvature ($_sM=0$)
**Proposition 10.** The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without shear acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $_sM=0$) is the condition $$M=\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u=\frac 1{n-1}.\overline{g}[M].h_u\text{ .} \label{4.23}$$
Proof: 1. Sufficiency: From the expression for $M$ and the definition of $%
_sM=M-\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u$ it follows $_sM=0$.
2\. Necessity: From $_sM=0=M-\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u$ the form of $M$ follows.
In co-ordinate basis the necessary and sufficient condition can be written in the form $$\begin{array}{c}
\{[g_{i\overline{k}}.g_{\overline{l}j}+g_{j\overline{k}}.g_{\overline{l}%
i}-\frac 1e(u_i.g_{\overline{l}j}+u_j.g_{\overline{l}i})u_{\overline{k}}]R^k%
\text{ }_{mns}g^{sl}- \\
-\frac 2{n-1}.R_{mn}(g_{ij}-\frac 1e.u_iu_j)\}u^mu^n=0\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{4.24}$$
The condition $_sM=0$ is identical with the condition for $K_s$: $$K_s=\frac 1{n-1}.I.h^u+\frac 1{2e}\{u\otimes [g(u)](K)+[g(u)](K)\otimes u\}%
\text{ .} \label{4.25}$$
### Contravariant vector fields without shear and expansion acceleration, induced by the curvature ($_sM=0$, $I=0$)
**Proposition 11.** A sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without shear and expansion acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $_sM=0$, $I=0$) is the condition $$K_s=\frac 1{2e}\{u\otimes [g(u)](K)+[g(u)](K)\otimes u\}\text{ .}
\label{4.26}$$
Proof: After acting on the left and on the right side of the last expression with $g$$$\begin{array}{c}
g(K_s)g=\frac 1{2e}\{g(u)\otimes [g(u)](K)g+[g(u)](K)g\otimes g(u)\} \text{ ,%
} \\
g([g(u)](K))=([g(u)](K))g=[g(u)](K)g\text{ , }u(g)=g(u)\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$ and comparing the result with the form for $M$, $$M=h_u(K_s)h_u=g(K_s)g-\frac 1{2e}\{g(u)\otimes [g(u)](K)g+[g(u)](K)g\otimes
g(u)\}\text{ ,}$$ it follows that $M=0$. Since $I=\overline{g}[M]$ it follows that $I=0$ and $%
_sM=0$.
**Proposition 12.** A sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without shear and expansion acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $_sM=0$, $I=0$) is the condition $$K_s=0\text{ .}$$
Proof: From the condition and the form of $M$, $M=h_u(K_s)h_u$, it follows that $M=0$ and therefore $I=0$ and $_sM=0$.
### Contravariant vector fields without shear and rotation acceleration, induced by the curvature ($_sM=0$, $N=0$)
**Proposition 13.** A sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without shear and rotation acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $_sM=0$ , $N=0$) is the condition $$\begin{array}{c}
\lbrack R(u,\xi )]v=\frac R{n(n-1)}[g(v,u).\xi -g(v,\xi ).u]\text{ , } \\
\forall v,\xi \in T(M)\text{ , }R\in C^r(M)\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{4.27}$$
Proof: Since $v$ is an arbitrary contravariant vector field it can be chosen as $u$. Then, because of the relation $$h_u([R(u,\xi )]u)=h_u(K)h_u(\xi )=G(\xi )\text{ ,} \label{4.28}$$
it follows that $$G=h_u(K)h_u=\frac R{n(n-1)}.e.h_u=G_s\text{ , }G_a=h_u(K_a)h_u=0\text{ .}
\label{4.29}$$
Therefore $$M=G_s=\frac{R.e}{n(n-1)}.h_u\text{ , }N=G_a=0\text{ , }I=\frac 1n.R.e\text{
, }_sM=0\text{ .} \label{4.30}$$
In co-ordinate basis the sufficient condition can be written in the form $$R^i\text{ }_{jkl}=\frac R{n(n-1)}(g_l^i.g_{\overline{j}\overline{k}%
}-g_k^i.g_{\overline{j}\overline{l}}) \label{4.31}$$
and the following relations are fulfilled $$\begin{array}{c}
R_{jk}=R^l\text{ }_{jkl}=g_i^l.R^i\text{ }_{jkl}=\frac 1n.R.g_{\overline{j}%
\overline{k}}\text{ ,} \\
R=g^{jk}.R_{jk}\text{ ,} \\
I=R_{jk}.u^ju^k=\frac 1n.R.e\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{4.32}$$
**Proposition 14.** The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of $K$ in the form $$K=\frac 1{n-1}.g[K].h^u \label{4.33}$$
are the conditions $$_sM=0\text{ , }K_a=0\text{ .}$$
Proof: 1. Sufficiency: From $K_a=0$ it follows that $K=K_s$, $N=0$ and $%
M=g(K_s)g=g(K)g$. Therefore, $I=\overline{g}[M]=g[K]$. From $_sM=M-\frac
1{n-1}.I.h_u=0$ it follows that $M=\frac 1{n-1}.g[K].h_u=g(K)g$. From the last expression it follows the above condition for $K$.
2\. Necessity: From the condition $K=\frac 1{n-1}.g[K].h^u$ it follows that $%
K=K_s$ and therefore $K_a=0$, $N=0$ and $M=\frac 1{n-1}.g[K].h_u$, $I=g[K]$ (because of $h_u(h^u)h_u=h_u$, $h_u(\overline{g})h_u=h_u$). From the forms of $M$ and $I$ it follows that $_sM=0$.
**Proposition 15.** A sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without shear and rotation acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $_sM=0$ , $N=0$) is the condition $$K=\frac 1{n-1}.g[K].h^u\text{ .}$$
Proof: Follows immediately from proposition 15.
### Contravariant vector fields without expansion acceleration, induced by the curvature ($I=0$)
By means of the covariant metric $g$ and the tensor field $K(v,\xi )$ the notion contravariant Ricci tensor $Ricci$ can be introduced $$Ricci(v,\xi )=g[K(v,\xi )]\text{ , }\forall v,\xi \in T(M)\text{ ,}
\label{4.34}$$
where $$K(v,\xi )=R^i\text{ }_{jkl}.g^{lm}.v^j.\xi ^k.\partial _i\otimes \partial
_m=R^\alpha \text{ }_{\beta \gamma \kappa }.g^{\kappa \delta }.v^\beta .\xi
^\gamma .e_\alpha \otimes e_\delta \text{ ,} \label{4.35}$$
and the following relations are fulfilled $$\begin{array}{c}
Ricci(e_\alpha ,e_\beta )=g[K(e_\alpha ,e_\beta )]=R_{\alpha \beta }\text{ ,}
\\
Ricci(\partial _i,\partial _j)=g[K(\partial _i,\partial _j)]=R_{ij}\text{ ,}
\\
Ricci(u,u)=g[K(u,u)]=g[K]=I\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{4.36}$$
**Proposition 16.** The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without expansion acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $I=0$) is the condition $$Ricci(u,u)=0\text{ .}$$
Proof: It follows immediately from the relation $Ricci(u,u)=g[K(u,u)]=g[K]=I$.
**Proposition 17.** A sufficient condition for the existence of a contravariant vector field $u$ ($g(u,u)=e\neq 0$) without expansion acceleration, induced by the curvature (i.e. with $I=0$) is the condition $$\begin{array}{c}
Ricci(e_\alpha ,e_\beta )=R_{\alpha \beta }=R^\gamma \text{ }_{\alpha \beta
\gamma }=0\text{ ,} \\
Ricci(\partial _i,\partial _j)=R_{ij}=R^l\text{ }_{ijl}=0\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{4.37}$$
Proof: From $Ricci(\partial _i,\partial _j)=R_{ij}=0$ it follows that $$R_{ij}.u^iu^j=u^iu^j.Ricci(\partial _i,\partial _j)=Ricci(u,u)=I=0.$$
In non-co-ordinate basis the proof is analogous to that in co-ordinate basis.
The existence of contravariant vector fields with vanishing characteristics, induced by the curvature, is important for mathematical models of gravitational interactions in theories over ($\overline{L}_n,g$)-spaces.
Conclusion
==========
The covariant and contravariant metric introduced over differentiable manifolds with contravariant and covariant affine connection allow applications for mathematical models of dynamic systems described over $(
\overline{L}_n,g)$-spaces. On the other side different type of geometries can be considered by imposing certain additional conditions of the type of metric transport on the metric. Additional conditions determined by different ”draggings along” of the metric can have physical interpretation connected with changes of the length of a vector field and with changes of the angle between two vector fields.
The introduction of contravariant and covariant projective metric corresponding to a non-isotropic (non-null) contravariant vector field allows the evolution of tensor analysis over sub-manifolds of a manifold with contravariant and covariant connection and metric and its applications for descriptions of the evolution of physical systems over $(\overline{L}%
_n,g)$-spaces.
The kinematic characteristics, connected with the introduced notions relative velocity and relative acceleration can be used for description of different dynamic systems by means of mathematical models, using differentiable manifold $M$ with contravariant and covariant affine connection and metric as a model of space-time ($\dim M=4$)(ETG in $V_n$-spaces, Einstein-Cartan theory in $U_n$-spaces), or as a model for the consideration of dynamic characteristics of some physical systems (theories of the type of Kaluza-Klein in $V_n$-spaces ($n\succ 4$), relativistic hydrodynamics etc.). At the same time the kinematic characteristics can be used for a more correct formulation of problems, connected with the experimental check-up of modern gravitational theories.
In the case of general relativity theory proposition 5. can be used for describing the characteristics of gravitational detectors: If test particles are considered to move in an external gravitational field ($R_{ij}=0$), then their relative acceleration will be caused only by the curvature shear acceleration. Therefore, gravitational wave detectors have to be able to detect accelerations of the type of shear acceleration (and not of the type of expansion acceleration), if the energy-momentum tensor of the detector is neglected as a source of a gravitational field.
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Kinematic characteristics connected with the relative acceleration and expressed in terms of the kinematic characteristics connected with the relative velocity
===============================================================================================================================================================
The deformation, shear, rotation and expansion acceleration can be expressed in terms of the shear, rotation and expansion velocity.
a\) Deformation acceleration tensor $A$: $$\label{A.1}
\begin{array}{c}
A=\frac 1eh_u(a)\otimes h_u(a)+\sigma ( \overline{g})\sigma +\omega (%
\overline{g})\omega +\frac 2{n-1}.\theta .(\sigma +\omega )+\frac
1{n-1}(\theta ^{.}+\frac{\theta ^2}{n-1})h_u+ \\
+\sigma ( \overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})\sigma +\nabla _u\sigma
+\nabla _u\omega +\frac 1e.h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(2k-\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u+
\\
+\frac 1e[\sigma (a)\otimes g(u)+g(u)\otimes \sigma (a)]+\frac 1e[\omega
(a)\otimes g(u)-g(u)\otimes \omega (a)]+ \\
+h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})\sigma +h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})\omega \text{ ,}
\end{array}$$
where $$k=\epsilon +s-(m+q)=k_0-(m+q)\text{ ,}$$ $$k(g)\pounds _\xi u=\nabla _{\pounds _\xi u}u-T(\pounds _\xi u,u)\text{ .}
\label{A.2}$$
In index form $$\label{A.3}
\begin{array}{c}
A_{ij}=\frac 1e.h_{i \overline{k}}a^ka^lh_{\overline{l}j}+\sigma _{ik}g^{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}\sigma _{lj}+\omega _{ik}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}%
}\omega _{lj}+\frac 2{n-1}.\theta .\sigma _{ij}+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta ^{.}+%
\frac{\theta ^2}{n-1})h_{ij}+ \\
+\sigma _{ij;k}u^k+\frac 1e.a^k[\sigma _{i \overline{k}}u_j+\sigma _{j%
\overline{k}}u_i+h_{\overline{k}(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}u_{\overline{n}%
}(2k^{nl}-g^{nl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r)]+ \\
+\frac 12(h_{i \overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\sigma _{\overline{l}%
j}+h_{j\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\sigma _{\overline{l}i})+\frac
12(h_{i\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\omega _{\overline{l}j}+h_{j%
\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\omega _{\overline{l}i})+ \\
+\sigma _{ik}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}\omega _{lj}-\sigma _{jk}g^{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}\omega _{li}+\frac 2{n-1}.\theta .\omega
_{ij}+\omega _{ij;r}u^r+ \\
+\frac 1e.a^k[\omega _{i \overline{k}}u_j-\omega _{j\overline{k}}u_i+h_{%
\overline{k}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}u_{\overline{n}}(2k^{nl}-g^{nl}\text{ }%
_{;r}u^r)]+ \\
+\frac 12(h_{i \overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\sigma _{\overline{l}%
j}-h_{j\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\sigma _{\overline{l}i})+\frac
12(h_{i\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\omega _{\overline{l}j}-h_{j%
\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;r}u^r\omega _{\overline{l}i})= \\
=D_{ij}+W_{ij}\text{ ,}
\end{array}$$ $$A_{(ij)}=\frac 12(A_{ij}+A_{ji})\text{ , }A_{[ij]}=\frac 12(A_{ij}-A_{ji)}
\text{ .}$$
b\) Shear acceleration tensor $_sD=D-\frac 1{n-1}.U.h_u$: $$\label{A.4}
\begin{array}{c}
D=\frac 1eh_u(a)\otimes h_u(a)+\sigma ( \overline{g})\sigma +\omega (%
\overline{g})\omega + \\
+\frac 2{n-1}.\theta .\sigma +\frac 1{n-1}(\theta ^{.}+ \frac{\theta ^2}{n-1}%
)h_u+\nabla _u\sigma + \\
+\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(2k-\nabla _u \overline{g}%
)h_u+h_u((g(u))(2k-\nabla _u\overline{g}))\otimes h_u(a)]+ \\
+\frac 1e[\sigma (a)\otimes g(u)+g(u)\otimes \sigma (a))]+ \\
+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})\sigma +\sigma (\nabla _u\overline{g}%
)h_u]+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})\omega -\omega (\nabla _u\overline{g%
})h_u]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.5}
\begin{array}{c}
D_{ij}=D_{ji}=\frac 1e.h_{i \overline{k}}a^ka^lh_{\overline{l}j}+\sigma _{i%
\overline{k}}g^{kl}\sigma _{\overline{l}j}+\omega _{i\overline{k}%
}g^{kl}\omega _{\overline{l}j}+ \\
+\frac 2{n-1}.\theta .\sigma _{ij}+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta ^{.}+ \frac{\theta ^2%
}{n-1})h_{ij}+\sigma _{ij;k}u^k+ \\
+\frac 1e.a^k\{\sigma _{i \overline{k}}u_j+\sigma _{j\overline{k}}u_i+ \\
+h_{\overline{k}(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}[g^{ml}(e_{,m}-g_{rs;m}u^{\overline{r}%
}u^{\overline{s}}-2T_{mr}^nu^ru_{\overline{n}})-u_{\overline{n}}g^{nl}\text{
}_{;m}u^m]\}+ \\
+\frac 12(h_{ik}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\sigma
_{lj}+h_{jk}g^{\overline{k} \overline{l}}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\sigma _{li})+ \\
+\frac 12(h_{ik}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\omega
_{lj}+h_{jk}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}} \text{ }_{;m}u^m\omega _{li})\text{
.}
\end{array}$$
c\) Rotation acceleration tensor $W$$$\label{A.6}
\begin{array}{c}
=\sigma ( \overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})\sigma +\frac
2{n-1}.\theta .\omega +\nabla _u\omega + \\
+\frac 1e[\omega (a)\otimes g(u)-g(u)\otimes \omega (a)]+ \\
+\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(2k-\nabla _u \overline{g}%
)h_u-h_u((g(u))(2k-\nabla _u\overline{g}))\otimes h_u(a)]+ \\
+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})\sigma -\sigma (\nabla _u\overline{g}%
)h_u]+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})\omega +\omega (\nabla _u\overline{g%
})h_u]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.7}
\begin{array}{c}
W_{ij}=-W_{ji}=\sigma _{ik}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}\omega _{lj}-\sigma
_{jk}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}\omega _{li}+\frac 2{n-1}.\theta .\omega
_{ij}+\omega _{ij;k}u^k+ \\
+\frac 1ea^k\{\omega _{i \overline{k}}u_j-\omega _{j\overline{k}}u_i+h_{%
\overline{k}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}[g^{ml}(e_{,m}-g_{rs;m}u^{\overline{r}}u^{%
\overline{s}}- \\
-2T_{mr}^nu^ru_{\overline{n}})-u_{\overline{n}}g^{nl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m]\}+ \\
+\frac 12(h_{ik}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\sigma
_{lj}-h_{jk}g^{\overline{k} \overline{l}}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\sigma _{li})+ \\
+\frac 12(h_{i\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\omega _{\overline{l}j}-h_{j%
\overline{k}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\omega _{\overline{l}i})\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
d\) Expansion acceleration $U$$$\label{A.8}
\begin{array}{c}
U=\frac 1e.g(a,a)+ \overline{g}[\sigma (\overline{g})\sigma ]+\overline{g}[%
\omega (\overline{g})\omega ]+\theta ^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta ^2+ \\
+\frac 1e[2g(u,\nabla _au)-2g(u,T(a,u))+(\nabla _ug)(a,u)] \\
-\frac 1{e^2}.g(u,a).[3g(u,a)+(\nabla _ug)(u,u)]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.9}
\begin{array}{c}
U=\frac 1e.g_{\overline{i}\overline{j}}a^ia^j+g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}g^{%
\overline{k} \overline{l}}\sigma _{ik}\sigma _{jl}-g^{\overline{i}\overline{j%
}}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}\omega _{ik}\omega _{jl}+\theta ^{.}+\frac
1{n-1}.\theta ^2+ \\
+\frac 1e.g_{\overline{k}\overline{l}}a^k[g^{ml}(e_{,m}-g_{rs;m}u^{\overline{%
r}}u^{\overline{s}}-2T_{mr}^nu^ru_{\overline{n}})-u_{\overline{n}}g^{nl}%
\text{ }_{;m}u^m]- \\
+\frac 1{e^2}[\frac 34(e_{,k}u^k)^2-(e_{,l}u^l)g_{ij;k}u^ku^{\overline{i}}u^{%
\overline{j}}+\frac 14(g_{ij;k}u^ku^{\overline{i}}u^{\overline{j}})^2]\text{
.}
\end{array}$$
e\) Torsion-free and curvature-free shear acceleration tensor $_{sF}D_0$ $$_{sF}D_0=_FD_0-\frac 1{n-1}._FU_0.h_u$$ $$\label{A.10}
_FD_0=h_u(b_s)h_u\text{ , }_FU_0=g[b]-\frac 1e.g(u,\nabla _ua) \text{ .}$$
In index form $$\label{A.11}
(_FD_0)_{ij}=(_FD_0)_{ji}=\frac 12.h_{i\overline{k}}(a^k\text{ }%
_{;n}g^{nl}+a^l\text{ }_{;n}g^{nk})h_{\overline{l}j}\text{ ,}$$ $$\label{A.12}
\begin{array}{c}
_FU_0=a^k \text{ }_{;k}-\frac 1e.g_{\overline{k}\overline{l}}u^ka^l\text{ }%
_{;m}u^m= \\
=a^k\text{ }_{;k}-\frac 1e[(g_{\overline{k}\overline{l}%
}u^ka^l)_{;m}u^m-g_{kl;m}u^mu^{\overline{k}}a^{\overline{l}}-g_{\overline{k}
\overline{l}}a^ka^l]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
f\) Torsion-free and curvature-free rotation acceleration tensor $_FW_0$$$\label{A.13}
_FW_0=h_u(b_a)h_u\text{ .}$$
In index form $$\label{A.14}
(_FW_0)_{ij}=-(_FW_0)_{ji}=\frac 12.h_{i\overline{k}%
}(a_{;n}^kg^{nl}-a_{;n}^lg^{nk})h_{\overline{l}j}.$$
g\) Torsion-free and curvature-free expansion acceleration $_FU_0$ (s. e)).
h\) Curvature-free shear acceleration tensor $_sD_0=D_0-\frac 1{n-1}.U_0.h_u$$$\label{A.15}
\begin{array}{c}
D_0=h_u(b_s)h_u-\frac 12[_sP( \overline{g})\sigma +\sigma (\overline{g}%
)_sP]-\frac 12[Q(\overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})Q]- \\
-\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _1.\sigma +\theta ._sP)-\frac 1{n-1}(\theta ^{.}+\frac
1{n-1}.\theta _1.\theta )h_u-\nabla _u(_sP)- \\
-\frac 12[_sP( \overline{g})\omega -\omega (\overline{g})_sP]-\frac 12[Q(%
\overline{g})\sigma -\sigma (\overline{g})Q]- \\
-\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(m+q)h_u+h_u((g(u))(m+q))\otimes h_u(a)- \\
-\frac 1e[_sP(a)\otimes g(u)+g(u)\otimes _sP(a)]- \\
-\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})_sP+_sP(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]-\frac
12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})Q-Q(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\begin{array}{c}
(D_0)_{ij}=(D_0)_{ji}=h_{\overline{k}(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}a^k\text{ }%
_{;m}g^{ml}-_sP_{k(i}\sigma _{j)l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}-Q_{k(i}\omega
_{j)l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}- \\
-\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _1.\sigma _{ij}+\theta ._sP_{ij})-\frac 1{n-1}(\theta
_1^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _1.\theta )h_{ij}- \\
-_sP_{ij;m}u^m+_sP_{k(i}\omega _{j)l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}%
}+Q_{k(i}\sigma _{j)l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}- \\
-\frac 1e.a^k[_sP_{i\overline{k}}u_j+_sP_{j\overline{k}}u_i+h_{\overline{k}%
(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}u_{\overline{n}}T_{mr}^nu^rg^{ml}]- \\
-_sP_{\overline{k}(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m-Q_{\overline{k}%
(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\text{ .}
\end{array}
\label{A.16}$$
i\) Curvature-free rotation acceleration tensor $W_0$$$\label{A.17}
\begin{array}{c}
W_0=h_u(b_a)h_u-\frac 12[_sP( \overline{g})\sigma -\sigma (\overline{g}%
)_sP]-\frac 12[Q(\overline{g})\omega -\omega (\overline{g})Q]- \\
-\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _1.\omega +\theta .Q)-\nabla _uQ-\frac 12[_sP(
\overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})_sP]- \\
-\frac 12[Q( \overline{g})\sigma +\sigma (\overline{g})Q]-\frac
1e[Q(a)\otimes g(u)-g(u)\otimes Q(a)]- \\
-\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(m+q)h_u-h_u((g(u))(m+q))\otimes h_u(a)]-
\\
-\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})_sP-_sP(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]-\frac
12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})Q+Q(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.18}
\begin{array}{c}
(W_0)_{ij}=-(W_0)_{ji}=h_{\overline{k}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}a^k\text{ }%
_{;m}g^{ml}-_sP_{\overline{k}[i}\sigma _{j]\overline{l}}g^{kl}-Q_{\overline{k%
}[i}\omega _{j]\overline{l}}g^{kl}- \\
-\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _1.\omega _{ij}+\theta .Q_{ij})-Q_{ij;m}u^m+ \\
+_sP_{k[i}\omega _{j]l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}+Q_{k[i}\sigma _{j]l}g^{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}- \\
-\frac 1e.a^k(Q_{i \overline{k}}u_j-Q_{j\overline{k}}u_i+h_{\overline{k}[%
i}h_{j]\overline{l}}u_{\overline{n}}T_{mr}^nu^rg^{ml})+ \\
+_sP_{\overline{k}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m+Q_{\overline{k%
}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;m}u^m\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
j\) Curvature-free expansion acceleration $U_0$$$\label{A.19}
\begin{array}{c}
U_0=g[b]- \overline{g}[_sP(\overline{g})\sigma ]-\overline{g}[Q(\overline{g}%
)\omega ]-\theta _1^{.}-\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _1.\theta - \\
-\frac 1e[g(u,T(a,u))+g(u,\nabla _ua)]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.20}
\begin{array}{c}
U_0=a^k \text{ }_{;k}-g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}\text{ }._sP_{ik}g^{%
\overline{k} \overline{l}}\sigma _{lj}-g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}Q_{ik}g^{%
\overline{k} \overline{l}}\omega _{lj}-\theta _1^{.}-\frac 1{n-1}.\theta
_1.\theta - \\
-\frac 1e[a^k(u_{\overline{n}}T_{km}^nu^m-2g_{\overline{k}\overline{m}%
;l}u^lu^m-g_{\overline{k}\overline{l}}a^l)+ \\
+\frac 12(e_{,k}u^k)_{,l}u^l-\frac 12(g_{mn;r}u^r)_{;s}u^su^{\overline{m}}u^{%
\overline{n}}]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
k\) Shear acceleration tensor, induced by the torsion, $_{sT}D_0$$$_{sT}D_0=_TD_0-\frac 1{n-1}._TU_0.h_u$$
$$\label{A.21}
\begin{array}{c}
_TD_0=\frac 12[_sP( \overline{g})\sigma +\sigma (\overline{g})_sP]+\frac
12[Q(\overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})Q]+ \\
+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _1.\sigma +\theta ._sP)+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta
_1^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _1.\theta )h_u+\nabla _u(_sP)+ \\
+\frac 12[_sP( \overline{g})\omega -\omega (\overline{g})_sP]+\frac 12[Q(%
\overline{g})\sigma -\sigma (\overline{g})Q]+ \\
+\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(m+q)h_u+h_u((g(u))(m+q))\otimes h_u(a)]+
\\
+\frac 1e[_sP(a)\otimes g(u)+g(u)\otimes _sP(a)]+ \\
+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})_sP+_sP(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]+\frac
12[h_u(\nabla _ug)Q-Q(\nabla _ug)h_u]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.22}
(_TD_0)_{ij}=(_FD_0)_{ij}-(D_0)_{ij}\text{ .}$$
l\) Expansion acceleration, induced by the torsion, $_TU_0$$$\label{A.23}
_TU_0=\overline{g}[_sP(\overline{g})\sigma ]+\overline{g}[Q( \overline{g}%
)\omega ]+\theta _1^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _1.\theta +\frac 1e.g(u,T(a,u))%
\text{ .}$$
In index form $$_TU_0=_FU_0-U_0\text{ .}$$
m\) Rotation acceleration tensor, induced by the torsion, $_TW_0$$$\label{A.24}
\begin{array}{c}
_TW_0=\frac 12[_sP( \overline{g})\sigma -\sigma (\overline{g})_sP]+\frac
12[Q(\overline{g})\omega -\omega (\overline{g})Q)]+ \\
+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _1.\omega +\theta .Q)+\nabla _uQ+\frac 12[_sP(
\overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})_sP]+ \\
+\frac 12[Q( \overline{g})\sigma +\sigma (\overline{g})Q]+ \\
+\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(m+q)h_u-h_u((g(u))(m+q))\otimes h_u(a)]+
\\
+\frac 1e[Q(a)\otimes g(u)-g(u)\otimes Q(a)]+ \\
+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})_sP-_sP(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]+\frac
12[h_u(\nabla _u\overline{g})Q+Q(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.25}
(_TW_0)_{ij}=(_FW_0)_{ij}-(W_0)_{ij}\text{ .}$$
n\) Shear acceleration tensor, induced by the curvature, $_sM=M-\frac
1{n-1}.I.h_u$ $$\label{A.26}
\begin{array}{c}
M=\frac 1e.h_u(a)\otimes h_u(a)+\frac 12[_sE( \overline{g})\sigma +\sigma (%
\overline{g})_sE]+\frac 12[S(\overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})S]+
\\
+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _o.\sigma +\theta ._sE)+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta
_o^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _o.\theta )h_u+\nabla _u(_sE)+ \\
+\frac 12[_sE( \overline{g})\omega -\omega (\overline{g})_sE]+\frac 12[S(%
\overline{g})\sigma -\sigma (\overline{g})S]+ \\
+\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(k_0+k-\nabla _u \overline{g}%
)h_u+h_u((g(u))(k_0+k-\nabla _u\overline{g}))\otimes h_u(a)]+ \\
+\frac 1e[_sE(a)\otimes g(u)+g(u)\otimes _sE(a)]+ \\
+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u \overline{g})_sE+_sE(\nabla _u\overline{g}%
)h_u]+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u \overline{g})S-S(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]- \\
-h_u(b_s)h_u\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.27}
\begin{array}{c}
M_{ij}=M_{ji}=\frac 1e.h_{i \overline{k}}a^ka^lh_{\overline{l}%
j}+_sE_{k(i}\sigma _{j)l}g^{\overline{k} \overline{l}}+S_{k(i}\omega
_{j)l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}+ \\
+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _o.\sigma _{ij}+\theta ._sE_{ij})+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta
_o^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _o.\theta )h_{ij}- \\
-_sE_{k(i}\omega _{j)l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}-S_{k(i}\sigma _{j)l}g^{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}+_sE_{ij;k}u^k+ \\
+\frac 1e.a^k[_sE_{i \overline{k}}u_j+_sE_{j\overline{k}}u_i+h_{\overline{k}%
(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}g^{ml}(e_{,m}-u_{\overline{n}}T_{mr}^nu^r- \\
-g_{rs;m}u^{\overline{r}}u^{\overline{s}}+g_{\overline{m}\overline{r}%
;s}u^su^r)]+ \\
+_sE_{\overline{k}(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;s}u^s+S_{\overline{k}%
(i}h_{j)\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;s}u^s- \\
-h_{\overline{k}(i}h_{j) \overline{l}}a^k\text{ }_{;m}g^{ml}\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
o\) Expansion acceleration, induced by the curvature, $I$$$\label{A.28}
\begin{array}{c}
I=-g[b]+ \overline{g}[_sE(\overline{g})\sigma ]+\overline{g}[S(\overline{g}%
)\omega ]+\theta _o^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _o.\theta + \\
+\frac 1e[2g(u,\nabla _au)-g(u,T(a,u))+u(g(u,a))]- \\
-\frac 1{e^2}.g(u,a)[3g(u,a)+(\nabla _ug)(u,u)]\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.29}
\begin{array}{c}
I=R_{ij}u^iu^j=-a^j \text{ }_{;j}+g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}g^{\overline{k}%
\overline{l}}\text{ }_sE_{ik}\sigma _{lj}+g^{\overline{i}\overline{j}}g^{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}S_{ik}\omega _{lj}+ \\
+\theta _o^{.}+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _o.\theta +\frac 1e[a^k(e_{,k}-u_{%
\overline{n}}T_{km}^nu^m-g_{mn;k}u^{\overline{m}}u^{\overline{n}}- \\
-g_{\overline{k}\overline{m};s}u^su^m)+\frac 12(u^ke_{,k})_{,l}u^l-\frac
12.(g_{mn;r}u^r)_{;s}u^su^{\overline{m}}u^{\overline{n}}]- \\
-\frac 1{e^2}[\frac 34(e_{,k}u^k)^2-(e_{,k}u^k)g_{mn;r}u^ru^{\overline{m}}u^{%
\overline{n}}+\frac 14(g_{mn;r}u^ru^{\overline{m}}u^{\overline{n}})^2]\text{
.}
\end{array}$$
p\) Rotation expansion tensor, induced by the curvature, $N$$$\label{A.30}
\begin{array}{c}
N=\frac 12[_sE( \overline{g})\sigma -\sigma (\overline{g})_sE]+\frac 12[S(%
\overline{g})\omega -\omega (\overline{g})S]+ \\
+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta _o.\omega +\theta .S)+\nabla _uS+\frac 12[_sE(
\overline{g})\omega +\omega (\overline{g})_sE]+ \\
+\frac 12[S( \overline{g})\sigma +\sigma (\overline{g})S]+ \\
+\frac 1{2e}[h_u(a)\otimes (g(u))(k_0+k-\nabla _u \overline{g}%
)h_u-h_u((g(u))(k_0+k-\nabla _u\overline{g}))\otimes h_u(a)]+ \\
+\frac 1e[S(a)\otimes g(u)-g(u)\otimes S(a)]+ \\
+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u \overline{g})_sE-_sE(\nabla _u\overline{g}%
)h_u]+\frac 12[h_u(\nabla _u \overline{g})S+S(\nabla _u\overline{g})h_u]- \\
-h_u(b_a)h_u\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
In index form $$\label{A.31}
\begin{array}{c}
N_{ij}=-N_{ji}=_sE_{k[i}\sigma _{j]l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}%
}+S_{k[i}\omega _{j]l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}+\frac 1{n-1}(\theta
_o.\omega _{ij}+\theta .S_{ij})- \\
-_sE_{k[i}\omega _{j]l}g^{\overline{k}\overline{l}}-S_{k[i}\sigma _{j]l}g^{%
\overline{k}\overline{l}}+S_{ij;k}u^k-h_{\overline{k}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}a^k%
\text{ }_{;m}g^{ml}+ \\
+\frac 1e.a^k[S_{i \overline{k}}u_j-S_{j\overline{k}}u_i+h_{\overline{k}[%
i}h_{j]\overline{l}}g^{ml}(e_{,m}-u_{\overline{n}}T_{mr}^nu^r- \\
-g_{rs;m}u^{\overline{r}}u^{\overline{s}}+g_{\overline{m}\overline{r}%
;s}u^su^r)]-_sE_{\overline{k}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;s}u^s-S_{%
\overline{k}[i}h_{j]\overline{l}}g^{kl}\text{ }_{;s}u^s\text{ .}
\end{array}$$
Table 1. Kinematic characteristics connected with the notions relative velocity and relative acceleration
=========================================================================================================
Kinematic characteristics connected with the relative velocity: ........
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1\. Relative position vector field
(relative position vector) .............................. $\xi _{\perp }=
\overline{g}(h_u(\xi ))$
2\. Relative velocity ...................................... $_{rel}v=
\overline{g}(h_u(\nabla _u\xi ))$
3\. Deformation velocity tensor
(deformation velocity, deformation) .. $d=d_0-d_1=\sigma +\omega +\frac
1{n-1}.\theta .h_u$
4\. Torsion-free deformation velocity tensor
(torsion-free deformation velocity, torsion-free deformation)
.................................................................... $%
d_0=_sE+S+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _o.h_u$
5\. Deformation velocity tensor induced by the torsion
(torsion deformation velocity, torsion deformation)
.................................................................... $%
d_1=_sP+Q+\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _1.h_u$
6\. Shear velocity tensor
(shear velocity, shear) .................................. $\sigma =_sE-_sP$
7\. Torsion-free shear velocity tensor
(torsion shear velocity, torsion shear) ............ $_sE=E-\frac
1{n-1}.\theta _o.h_u$
8\. Shear velocity tensor induced by the torsion
(torsion shear velocity tensor, torsion shear velocity, torsion shear)
..................................................................... $%
_sP=P-\frac 1{n-1}.\theta _1.h_u$
9\. Rotation velocity tensor
(rotation velocity, rotation) ................................ $\omega =S-Q$
10\. Torsion-free rotation velocity tensor
(torsion-free rotation velocity, torsion-free rotation)
......................................................................... $%
S=h_u(s)h_u$
11\. Rotation velocity tensor induced by the torsion
(torsion rotation velocity, torsion rotation) .......... $Q=h_u(q)h_u$
12\. Expansion velocity
(expansion) ....................................................... $\theta
=\theta _o-\theta _1$
13\. Torsion-free expansion velocity
(torsion-free expansion) ..................................... $\theta _o=
\overline{g}[E]$
14\. Expansion velocity induced by the torsion
(torsion expansion velocity, torsion expansion) .... $\theta _1=\overline{g}[%
P]$ .
Kinematic characteristics connected with the relative acceleration:
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1\. Acceleration ......................................................... $%
a=\nabla _uu$
2\. Relative acceleration ................... ...................... $%
_{rel}a= $ $\overline{g}(h_u(\nabla _u\nabla _u\xi ))$
3\. Deformation acceleration tensor
(deformation acceleration) ................................ $A=_sD+W+\frac
1{n-1}.U.h_u$
......................................................................... $%
A=A_0+G$
......................................................................... $%
A=_FA_0-_TA_0+G$
4\. Torsion-free and curvature-free deformation acceleration tensor
(torsion-free and curvature-free deformation acceleration)
................................................................ $%
_FA_0=_{sF}D_0+_FW_0+\frac 1{n-1}._FU_0.h_u$
4.a. Curvature-free deformation acceleration tensor
(curvature-free deformation acceleration) ... $A_0=_sD_0+W_0+\frac
1{n-1}.U_0.h_u$
5\. Deformation acceleration tensor induced by the torsion
(torsion deformation acceleration tensor, torsion deformation acceleration)
.................................................................$%
_TA_0=_{sT}D_0+_TW_0+\frac 1{n-1}._TU_0.h_u$
5.a. Deformation acceleration tensor induced by the curvature
(curvature deformation acceleration tensor, curvature deformation acceleration)
.................................................................. $%
G=_sM+N+\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u$
6\. Shear acceleration tensor
(shear acceleration) ................................... $_sD=D-\frac
1{n-1}.U.h_u$
.................................................................. $%
_sD=_sD_0+_sM$
.................................................................. $%
_sD=_{sF}D_0-_{sT}D_0+_sM$
7\. Torsion-free and curvature-free shear acceleration tensor
(torsion-free and curvature-free shear acceleration)
................................................................. $%
_{sF}D_0=_FD_0-\frac 1{n-1}._FU_0.h_u$
7.a. Curvature-free shear acceleration tensor
(curvature-free shear acceleration) .............. $_sD_0=D_0-\frac
1{n-1}.U_0.h_u$
................................................................... $%
_sD_0=_{sF}D_0-_{sT}D_0$
8\. Shear acceleration tensor induced by the torsion
(torsion shear acceleration tensor, torsion shear acceleration)
.................................................................. $%
_{sT}D_0=_TD_0-\frac 1{n-1}._TU_0.h_u$
8.a. Shear acceleration tensor induced by the curvature
(curvature shear acceleration tensor, curvature shear acceleration)
.................................................................... $%
_sM=M-\frac 1{n-1}.I.h_u$
9\. Rotation acceleration tensor
(rotation acceleration) .................................... $W=W_0+N$
...................................................................... $%
W=_FW_0-_TW_0+N$
10\. Torsion-free and curvature-free rotation acceleration tensor
(torsion-free and curvature-free rotation acceleration)
.................................................................... $%
_FW_0=h_u(b_a)h_u$
10.a. Curvature-free rotation acceleration tensor
(curvature-free rotation acceleration) .............. $W_0=W-N$
...................................................................... $%
W_0=_FW_0-_TW_0$
11\. Rotation acceleration tensor induced by the torsion
(torsion rotation acceleration tensor, torsion rotation acceleration)
.................................................................... $%
_TW_0=_FW_0-W_0$
11.a. Rotation acceleration tensor induced by the curvature
(curvature rotation acceleration tensor, curvature rotation acceleration)
...................................................................... $%
N=h_u(K_a)h_u$
12\. Expansion acceleration ............................. $U=U_0+I$
...................................................................... $%
U=_FU_0-_TU_0+I$
13\. Torsion-free and curvature-free expansion acceleration
.................................................................... $_FU_0=
\overline{g}[_FD_0]$
13.a. Curvature-free expansion acceleration ... $U_0=\overline{g}[D_0]$
.......................................................................$%
U_0=_FU_0-_TU_0$
14\. Expansion acceleration induced by the torsion
(torsion expansion acceleration) .................. ... $U_0=\overline{g}[%
_TD_0]$
14.a. Expansion acceleration induced by the curvature
(curvature expansion acceleration) ................... $I=\overline{g}[M]=
\overline{g}[G]$
Table 2. Classification of non-isotropic auto-parallel vector fields on the basis of the kinematic characteristics connected with the relative velocity and relative acceleration
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Classification on the basis of kinematic characteristics connected with the relative velocity
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following conditions, connected with the relative velocity, can characterize the vector fields over manifolds with affine connection and metric:
1\. $\sigma =0$.
2\. $\omega =0$.
3\. $\theta =0$.
4\. $\sigma =0$, $\omega =0$.
5\. $\sigma =0$, $\theta =0$.
6\. $\omega =0$, $\theta =0$.
7\. $\sigma =0$, $\omega =0$, $\theta =0$.
8\. $_sE=0$.
9\. $S=0$.
10\. $\theta _o=0$.
11\. $_sE=0$, $S=0$.
12\. $_sE=0$, $\theta _o=0$.
13\. $S=0$, $\theta _o=0$.
14\. $_sE=0$, $S=0$, $\theta _o=0$.
15\. $_sP=0.$
16\. $Q=0$.
17\. $\theta _1=0$.
18\. $_sP=0$, $Q=0$.
19\. $_sP=0$, $\theta _1=0$.
20\. $Q=0$, $\theta _1=0$.
21\. $_sP=0$, $Q=0$, $\theta _1=0$.
Classification on the basis of the kinematic characteristics connected with the relative acceleration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following conditions, connected with the relative acceleration, can characterize the vector fields over manifolds with affine connection and metric:
1\. $_sD=0$.
2\. $W=0$.
3\. $U=0$.
4\. $_sD=0$, $W=0$.
5\. $_sD=0$, $U=0$.
6\. $W=0$, $U=0$.
7\. $_sD=0$, $W=0$, $U=0$.
8\. $_sM=0$.
9\. $N=0$.
10\. $I=0$.
11\. $_sM=0$, $N=0$.
12\. $_sM=0$, $I=0$.
13\. $N=0$, $I=0$.
14\. $_sM=0$, $N=0$, $I=0$.
15\. $_{sT}D_0=0$.
16\. $_TW_0=0$.
17\. $_TU_0=0$.
18\. $_{sT}D_0=0$, $_TW_0=0$.
19\. $_{sT}D_0=0$, $_TU_0=0$.
20\. $_TW_0=0$, $_TU_0=0$.
21\. $_{sT}D_0=0$, $_TW_0=0$, $_TU_0=0$.
[^1]: Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation in Bulgaria under grant No. F-103
| 2023-11-01T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1795 |
Other than Paul, DeAndre Jordan finished with 16 points and 15 rebounds for the Clippers, and Blake Griffin had 18 points and 13 rebounds. Griffin, however, had his streak of scoring at least 20 points snapped at 30 games in a row.
The game was tied at 81-81 after three quarters, then the Mavs scored the opening 10 points of the fourth quarter.
But the Mavs couldn't hold on and are now 0-3 against the Clippers this season.
Dallas was also ahead 101-97 with 1:46 remaining, but didn't execute well enough down the stretch. | 2023-12-07T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6934 |
Responses of seedling growth and antioxidant activity to excess iron and copper in Triticum aestivum L.
The purpose of this study was to analyze phytotoxicity mechanism involved in root growth and to compare physiological changes in the leaves of wheat seedlings exposed to short term iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) stresses (0, 100, 300 and 500μM). All applied Fe or Cu concentrations reduced root and shoot lengths, but seed germination was inhibited by Cu only at 500μM. Analyses using fluorescent dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate indicated enhanced H(2)O(2) levels in seedling roots under Fe and Cu treatments. Cu stress at the same concentration induced a great reduction in cell viability and a strong damage on membrane lipid in the roots with respect to Fe treatment. Significant increases in the total chlorophyll (chl) content including chl a and chl b were observed in response to higher Fe concentrations, whereas the highest Cu concentration (500μM) led to significant decreases in the total chl content including chl a. Additionally, leaf peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were stimulated by Fe stress, but the highest Fe concentration exhibited inhibitory effect on leaf APX activity. In contrast, copper treatment resulted in an elevation in leaf catalase and POD activities. Therefore, H(2)O(2) content in the leaves associated with copper was significantly lower than that with iron at the same concentration. | 2024-04-29T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3827 |
Decorating the interior of a small living room requires you to consider the space available so that the room when completed looks airy, bright and cheerful. In modern day homes, the high cost of real estate has led to rooms in apartments being smaller and this in turn restricts the sort of designs that you can execute for the living room.
If you have a small living room, chances are you also have small furniture and fixtures to match. But this doesn’t have to be your final resort if you do have a small living room. Designing a small living room may be a challenge, but it is quite fulfilling when you see the finished product of a small living room design that fits your small space and lifestyle.
Rate This small apartment living room
1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
49/100 by 490 users
First, you should use brighter colors to give a wide and spacious visual looks. These bright colors can be applied on wide spaces like walls, floor, or ceiling. Don’t use dark colors since it will give suppressing impression. Dark color is only effective when applied on small area or used as accent.
Small spaces in a house offer you a great advantage: they are by default more friendly to the eye and accessible at all times, so your main goal should be to decorate them in such a way that they can be a little jewel spot for you, a cozy and smart retreat, a place where the eye can travel smoothly and enjoyably around. Decorating small living spaces is not always easy, but on the other hand it can be an extremely creative and lovely endeavor.
Small sofas are an effective way to incorporate contemporary furniture into a small living room area. The best small sofas are made from high quality oak, and can be fit into the tightest of spots. This flexibility will go a long ways towards helping you to follow your chosen style, while at the same time keeping the space very clean and linear. | 2024-06-28T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8059 |
Clorox® ToiletWand® System
Want an easy way to play hero on chore day? Volunteer for toilet cleaning. Relax, the Clorox® ToiletWand® system makes deep cleaning doable. Just click a refill head onto the wand, scrub to unleash preloaded Clorox® Toilet Bowl Cleaner, then toss the head away. Kills 99.9% of germs, while abrasive scrubbers power through tough stains. Cleans better and faster than a toilet brush. That’ll be our little secret.
How to use Clorox® ToiletWand® System
Cleaning, Sanitizing & Disinfecting
Toilet Bowl
To Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect: Empty toilet bowl before cleaning. Open pouch of disposable cleaning heads and push handle straight down onto cleaning head unit until clicks into place. Dip cleaning head in toilet bowl water for 1-2 seconds. Scrub entire toilet bowl above water line, using the same motion you’d use with your old toilet brush. Let stand for 5 minutes to sanitize, 10 minutes to disinfect. When finished, press cleaning head against the toilet bowl to release excess water, then hold wand over the trash bin and slide button forward to release. Do not flush cleaning head. Flush to rinse toilet.
*Do not flush cleaning head. Always read and follow precautions and usage directions before using cleaning products. Store out of reach of children.
Is there an indicator that the cleaning head needs to be replaced?
Clorox's answer:
There are two indicators that the cleaning head needs to be replaced. First, as the cleaning agents are released into the water, the blue color on the sponge surface will fade, leaving little or no color on the sponge. Second, after several minutes of use there will be a significant reduction in foaming from the head.
Where can I buy Clorox® ToiletWand® System?
Clorox's answer:
You can find stores near you that sell Clorox® ToiletWand® System on our Shop Now page. It's a good idea to call the store before going, to make sure they have it in stock. If you have any trouble finding it at a nearby store, you can also buy it online. | 2023-10-10T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/7148 |
Q:
Calculus of variations, minimizing $\int_0^\pi y' ^2 - ky^2 dx$. Please check my work.
I have to minimize the functional
$$J[y] =\int_0^\pi y' ^2 - ky^2 dx$$
subject to $y(0)=y(\pi)=0$. The parameter $k$ is positive. Writing down the Euler-Lagrange equation, I have:
$$y'' +ky =0,$$
which implies $y=A\cos\sqrt{k}x + B\sin\sqrt{k}x $. However, imposing the boundary conditions gives first of all $A=0$, and then $B$ arbitrary, given that $\sqrt{k} \in \mathbb{Z}$, otherwise no solution. Thus $k=m^2$ for $m \in \mathbb{N}$.
Ultimately, the solutions are
$$y_m = B\sin mx$$
Since I want to find the minimal value of the functional, I substitute into the integral:
$$J[y_m]=\int_0^\pi B^2 m^2 \cos (2mx) \ dx = 0.$$
Is this solution correct?
A:
If your method were correct, the minimum would be achieved by the solution corresponding to $B=0$, and the minimum would be equal to $0$.
But, for $y=B\sin x$, we get $J[y]=\frac{\pi}{2}B^2(1-k)$, which for $k>1$, $$\lim_{B\to\infty}J[y]=-\infty.$$
Hence, in order to have a minimum either $k$ should be $\le 1$, or something else is missing from the formulation.
| 2024-07-02T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8643 |
Fed Tightens Oversight on Insurance, Non-Bank Financials
Written by: The Deal04/04/13 - 11:12 AM EDT
Tickers in this article:
AIG MET PRU
NEW YORK (TheDeal) -- The Federal Reserve Board this week established a rule that to enable financial regulators to determine which non-bank financial firms are critical to the financial system, and which will be required to submit to additional government oversight.
The rule approved Wednesday defines when a company is "predominantly engaged in financial activities." Non-bank financial firms that meet the definition will be subjected to consolidated supervision by the Federal Reserve if the Financial Stability Oversight Council designates them as "systemically important financial institutions."
A firm will be considered significant if it has $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets or has operations or risk exposures that the FSOC believes will harm the U.S. financial system if the institution fails.
Banks and bank holding companies already face substantial oversight from federal regulators and there is less controversy surrounding the designation of banks and their holding companies as SIFIs.
Establishing which nonbank companies are eligible to be deemed SIFIs removes a key hurdle to the FSOC making its designations. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform law enacted in 2010 established that the FSOC can designate a nonbank firm for supervision by the Federal Reserve only if it is "predominantly engaged in financial activities."
Under the rule announced Wednesday, a company is considered to be predominantly engaged in financial activities if 85% or more of the company's revenues or assets are related to activities that are defined as "financial in nature" under the Bank Holding Company Act. The rule largely adopts the approach of an April 2012 proposal but includes some minor changes. Most noteworthy, the Fed decided that engaging in physically settled derivatives transactions generally will not be considered a financial activity. The change was meant to protect companies that use derivatives to hedge against supply price changes such as farmers and manufacturers. Operations that attempt to profit from derivatives trading would still be classified as financial in nature.
The list of other activities that will be considered financial in nature include lending, investing for others, insuring against loss or harm, providing financial or investment advisory services, selling interests in pools of assets, underwriting, and servicing loans. The Fed's full list of activities takes up 12 pages. | 2024-05-30T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/1730 |
Knowledge and performance regarding management of house dust mites in a military hospital.
House dust mites (HDM) are microscopic arthropods live indoor and/or outdoor inhibited by vertebrates including man. This study improved nurses' knowledge and performance regarding the management of HDM to minimize nosocomial patient's exposure in a Military Hospital. All staff nurses with working experience of at least one year were included (n=60 nurses). Three tools were used for data collection: 1- a self-administered questionnaire sheet to assess subjects sociodemographic data and knowledge regarding management of HDM, 2- an observation check list to evaluate performance as regard environmental care related to HDMs' control, and 3- practical dust collection from indicative areas whenever possible to isolate mites from dust patients' dwelling for identification following standard local and international keys. The results showed that the implementation of educational intervention program led to significant improvement of nurses' knoweledge and performance related to management of HDM post program implementation. This fact was practically approved as some nurse's requested to examine even their own homes. Also, seven species of mites were isolated. | 2024-05-28T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4430 |
---
abstract: |
Quantum gravity is expected to require modifications of the notions of space and time. I discuss and clarify how this happens in Loop Quantum Gravity.\
[*\[Written for the volume “Beyond Spacetime: The Philosophical Foundations of Quantum Gravity" edited by Baptiste Le Biha, Keizo Matsubara and Christian Wuthrich.\]*]{}
author:
- Carlo Rovelli
title: Space and Time in Loop Quantum Gravity
---
I. Introduction {#i.-introduction .unnumbered}
=================
Newton’s success sharpened our understanding of the nature of space and time in the XVII century. Einstein’s special and general relativity improved this understanding in the XX century. Quantum gravity is expected to take a step further, deepening our understanding of space and time, by grasping of the implications for space and time of the quantum nature of the physical world.
The best way to see what happens to space and time when their quantum traits cannot be disregarded is to look how this actually happens in a concrete theory of quantum gravity. Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) [@Rovelli:2004fk; @Rovelli:2014ssa; @ThiemannBook; @Ashtekar:2012eb; @Gambini; @Gambini:2010kx; @Perez:2012wv] is among the few current theories sufficiently developed to provide a complete and clear-cut answer to this question.
Here I discuss the role(s) that space and time play in LQG and the version of these notions required to make sense of a quantum gravitational world. For a detailed discussion, see the first part of the book [@Rovelli:2004fk]. A brief summary of the structure of LQG is given in the Appendix, for the reader unfamiliar with this theory.
II. Space {#ii.-space .unnumbered}
===========
Confusion about the nature of space — even more so for time— originates from failing to recognise that these are stratified, multi-layered concepts. They are charged with a multiplicity of attributes and there is no agreement on a terminology to designate spacial or temporal notions lacking same of these attributes. When we say ‘space’ or ‘time’ we indicate different things in different contexts.
The only route to clarify the role of space and time in quantum gravity is to ask what we mean *in general* when we say ‘space’ or ‘time’ [@VanFraassen1985]. There are distinct answers to this question; each defines a different notion of ‘space’ or ‘time’. Let’s disentangle them. I start with space, and move to time, which is more complex, later on.
‘Space’ is the relation we use when we locate things. We talk about space when we ask “*Where* is Andorra?" and answer “Between Spain and France". Location is established in relation to something else (Andorra is located by Spain and France). Used in this sense ‘space’ is a relation between things. It does not require metric connotations. It is the notion of space Aristoteles refers to in his *Physics*, Descartes founds on ‘contiguity’, and so on. In mathematics it is studied by topology. This is a very general notion of space, equally present in ancient, Cartesian, Newtonian, and relativistic physics.
[*This notion of space is equally present in LQG*]{}. In LQG, in fact, we can say that something is in a certain location with respect to something else. A particle can be at the same location as a certain quantum of gravity. We can also say that two quanta are *adjacent*. The network of adjacency of the elementary quanta of the gravitational field is captured by the graph of a *spin network* (see Appendix). The links of the graph are the elementary adjacency relations. Spin networks describe relative *spacial* arrangements of dynamical entities: the elementary quanta.
In the XVII century, in the *Principia*, Newton introduced a *distinction* between two notions of space [@Newton1934]. The first, which he called the “common” one, is the one illustrated in the previous item. The second, which he called the “true" one, is what has been later called Newtonian space. Newtonian space is not a relation between objects: it is assumed by Newton to exist also in the absence of objects. It is an entity with no dynamics, with a metric structure: that of a 3d Euclidean manifold. It is postulated by Newton on the basis of suggestions from ancient Democritean physics, and is essential for his theoretical construction.[^1] Special relativity modifies this ontology only marginally, merging Newtonian space and time into Minkowski’s spacetime.
In quantum gravity, Minkowski spacetime and hence Newtonian space [*appear only as an approximations*]{}, as we shall see below. They have no role at all in the foundation of the theory.
Our understanding of the actual physical nature of Newtonian space (and Minkowski spacetime) underwent a radical sharpening with the discovery of General Relativity (GR). The empirical success of GR —slowly cumulated for a century and recently booming— adds much credibility to the effectiveness of this step. What GR shows is that Newtonian space is indeed an entity as Newton postulated, but is not non-dynamical as Newton assumed. It is a *dynamical* entity, very much akin to the electromagnetic field: a gravitational field. Therefore in GR there are two distinct spacial notions. The first is the simple fact that dynamical entities (all entities in the theory are dynamical) are localized with respect to one another (“This black hole is inside this globular cluster"). The second is a left-over habit from Newtonian logic: the habit of calling ‘space’ (or ‘spacetime’) one particular dynamical entity: the gravitational field. There is nothing wrong in doing so, provided that the substantial difference between these three notions of space (order of localization, Newtonian non-dynamical space, gravitational field) is clear.
[*LQG treats space (in this sense) precisely as GR does: a dynamical entity*]{} that behaves as Newtonian space in a certain approximation. However, in LQG this dynamical entity has the usual additional properties of *quantum* entities. These are three: (i) Granularity. The quantum electromagnetic field has granular properties: photons. For the same reason, the quantum gravitational field has granular properties: the elementary quanta represented by the nodes of a spin network. Photon states form a basis in the Hilbert state of quantum electromagnetism like spin network states form a basis in the Hilbert space of LQG. (ii) Indeterminism. The dynamics of the ‘quanta of space’ (like that of photons) is probabilistic. (iii) Relationalism. Quantum gravity inherits all features of quantum mechanics including the weirdest. Quantum theory (in its most common interpretation) describes *interactions* among systems where properties become actual. So happens in LQG to the gravitational field: the theory describes how it interacts with other systems (and with itself) and how its properties become actual in interactions. More on this after we discuss time.
III. Time {#iii.-time .unnumbered}
===========
The case with time is parallel to space, but with some additional levels of complexity [@Callender2011].
‘Time’ is the relation we use when we locate events. We are talking about time when we ask “*When* shall we meet?" and answer “In three days". Location of events is given with respect to something else. (We shall meet after three sunrises.) Used in this sense time is a relation between events. This is the notion Aristoteles refers to in his *Physics*[^2], and so on. It is a very general notion of time, equally present in ancient, Cartesian, Newtonian, and relativistic physics.
[*When used in this wide sense, ‘time’ is definitely present in LQG*]{}. In LQG we can say that something happens *when* something else happens. For instance, a particle is emitted when two quanta of gravity join. Also, we can say that two events are temporally adjacent. A network of temporal adjacency of elementary processes of the gravitational field is captured by the *spinfoams* (see Appendix).
In the *Principia*, Newton distinguished two notions of time. The first, which he called the “common” one, is the one in the previous item. The second, which he called the “true" one, is what has been later called Newtonian time. Newtonian time is assumed to be “flowing uniformly", even when nothing happens, with no influence from events, and to have a metric structure: we can say when two time intervals have equal duration. Special relativity modifies the Newtonian ontology only marginally, merging Newtonian space and time into Minkowski spacetime.
In LQG (Minkowsky spacetime and hence) Newtonian time [*appears only as an approximation*]{}. It has no role at all in the foundation of the theory.
What GR has shown is that Newtonian time is indeed (part of) an entity as Newton postulated, but this entity is not non-dynamical as Newton assumed. Rather, it is an aspect of a dynamical field, the gravitational field. What the reading $T$ of a common clock tracks, for instance, is a function of the gravitational field $g_{\mu\nu}$, T=.\[propertime\] In GR, therefore, there are two distinct kinds of temporal notions. The first is the simple fact that all events are localized with respect to one another (“This gravity wave has been emitted *when* the two neutron stars have merged", “The binary pulsar emits seven hundred pulses *during* an orbit"). The second is a left-over habit from Newtonian logic: the habit of calling ‘time’ (in ‘spacetime’) aspects of one specific dynamical entity: the gravitational field. Again, there is nothing wrong in doing so, provided that the difference between three notions of time (relative order of events, Newtonian non dynamical time, the gravitational field) are clear.
[*LQG treats time (in this sense) as GR does:*]{} there is no preferred clock time, but many clock times measured by different clocks. In addition, however, clock times undergo standard quantum fluctuations like any other dynamical variable. There can be quantum superpositions between different values of the same clock time variable $T$.
Our common intuition about time is profoundly marked by natural phenomena that are not *generally* present in fundamental physics. Unless we disentangle these from the aspects of time described above, confusion reigns (I have extensively discussed the multiple aspects of temporality in the recent book [@Rovelli2018]). These fall into two classes:
When dealing with many degrees of freedom we recur to statistical and thermodynamical notions. In an environment with an entropy gradient there are irreversible phenomena. The existence of traces of the past versus the absence of traces of the future, or the apparent asymmetry of causation and agency, are consequences of the entropy gradient (of what else?). Our common intuition about time is profoundly marked by these phenomena. We do not know why was entropy as low in the past universe [@Earman2006]. (A possibility is that this is a perspectival effect due to the way the physical system to which we belong couples with the rest of the universe [@Rovelli2015].) Whatever the origin of the entropic gradient, it is a fact that all irreversible phenomena of our experience can be traced to (some version) of it [@Reichenbach1958; @Albert2000; @Price]. This has nothing to do with the role of time in classical or quantum mechanics, in relativistic physics or in quantum gravity. There is no compelling reason to confuse these phenomena with issues of time in quantum gravity.
Accordingly, nothing refers to ‘causation, ‘irreversibility’ or similar, in LQG. LQG describes physical happening, the way it happens, its probabilistic relations, the microphysics, not the statistics of many degrees of freedom, entropy gradients or related irreversible phenomena.
To address these, and understand the source of the the features that make a time variable ‘special’, we need a general covariant quantum statistical mechanics. Key steps in this direction exist (see [@Connes:1994hv; @Rovelli:1993ys] on *thermal time*, and [@Chirco2016] and references therein) but are incomplete. They have no *direct* bearing on LQG.
The second class of phenomena that profoundly affects our intuition of time are those following from the fact that our brain is a machine that (because of the entropy gradient) remembers the past and works constantly to anticipate the future [@Buonomano2017]. This working of our brain gives us a distinctive feeling about time: this is the feeling we call “flow", or the “clearing" that is is our experiential time [@Heidegger1950]. This depends on the working of our brain, not on fundamental physics [@James1890]. It is a mistake to search something pertaining to our feelings uniquely in fundamental physics. It would be like asking fundamental physics to directly justify the fact that a red frequency is more vivid to our eyes than a green one: a question asked the wrong chapter of science.
Accordingly, nothing refers to “flowing", “passage" or the similar in LQG. LQG describes physical happening [@Dorato2013a], the way they happen, their probabilistic relations, not idiosyncrasies of our brain (or our culture [@Everett2008]).
IV. Presentism or block universe?\
A false alternative. {#iv.-presentism-or-block-universe-a-false-alternative. .unnumbered}
====================================
An ongoing discussion on the nature of time is framed as an alternative between presentism and block universe (or eternalism). This is a false alternative. Let me get rid of this confusion before continuing.
Presentism is the idea of identifying what is *real* with what is present now, everywhere in the universe. Special relativity and GR make clear that an objective notion of ‘present’ defined all over the universe is not in the physical world. Hence there can be no objective universal distinction between past, present and future. Presentism is seriously questioned by this discovery, because to hold it we have to base it on a notion of present that lacks observable ground, and this is unpalatable. A common response states that (i) we must therefore identify what is *real* with the ensemble of all events of the universe, including past and future ones [@Putnam1967], and (ii) this implies that, since future and past are equally real, the passage of time is illusory, and there is no becoming in nature [@McTaggart1908].
The argument is wrong. (i) is just a grammatical choice about how we decide to use the ambiguous adjective “real", it has no content [@Austin1962; @Quine1948]. (ii) is mistaken because it treats time too rigidly, failing to realise that time can behave differently from our experience, and still deserve to be called time.
The absence of a preferred objective present does not imply that temporality and becoming are illusions. Events happen, and this we call ‘becoming’, but their temporal relations form a structure richer than we previously thought. We have to adapt our notion of becoming to this discovery, not discard it.
There are temporal relations, but these are local and not global; more precisely, there is a temporal ordering but it is a partial ordering, and not a complete one. The universe is an ensemble of processes that happen, and these are not organised in a unique global order. In the classical theory, they are organised in a nontrivial geometry. In the quantum theory, in possibly more complex patterns.
The expression “real now here" can still be used to denote an ensemble of events that sit on the portion of a common simultaneity surface for a group of observers in slow relative motion; the region it pertains to must be small enough for the effects of the finite speed of light to be smaller than the available time resolution. When these conditions are not met, the expression “real now" simply makes no sense.
Therefore the discovery of relativity does not imply that becoming or temporality are meaningless or illusory: it implies that they behave in a more subtle manner than in our pre-relativistic intuition. The best language for describing the universe remains a language of happening and becoming, not a language of being. Even more so when we fold quantum theory in.
*LQG describes reality in terms of processes*. The amplitudes of the theory determine probabilities for processes to happen. This is a language of becoming, not being. In a process, variables change value. The quantum states of the theory code the possible set of values that are transformed into each other in processes.
In simple words, the *now* is replaced by *here and now*, not by a frozen eternity.
Temporality in the sense of becoming is at the roots of the language of LQG. But in LQG there is no preferred time variable, as I discuss in the next section.
V. “Absence of time" and relative evolution: time is not forzen {#v.-absence-of-time-and-relative-evolution-time-is-not-forzen .unnumbered}
=================================================================
What is missing in LQG is not becoming. It is a (preferred) time variable.
Let me start by reviewing the (different) roles of the coordinates in Newtonian physics and GR. Newtonian space is a 3d Euclidean space and Newtonian time is a uniform 1d metric line. Euclidean space admits families of Cartesian coordinates $\vec X$ and the time line carries a natural (affine) metric coordinate $T$. These quantities are tracked by standard rods and clocks. Rods and clocks are not strictly needed for localisation in time and space, because anything can be used for relative localisation, but they are convenient in the presence of a rigid background metric structure such as the Newtonian, or the special relativistic one.
Rods and clocks are also useful in GR, but far less central. Einstein relayed on rods and clocks in the early days of the theory, but later realized that this was a mistake and repeatedly de-emphasized their role at the foundation of his theory. In fact, he cautioned against giving excessive weight to the fact that the gravitational field defines a geometry [@Lehmkuhl2014a]. He regarded this fact as a convenient mathematical feature and a useful tool to connect the theory to the geometry of newtonian space [@Einstein_1921], but the essential about GR is not that it describes gravitation as a manifestation of a Riemannian spacetime geometry; it is that it provides a field theoretical description of gravitation [@Einstein_Meaning].
GR’s general coordinates $\vec x, t$ are devoid of metrical meaning, unrelated to rods and clocks, and arbiltrarilly assigned to events. This is imposed by the fact that the dynamics of rods and clocks is determined by interaction with the gravitational field. Therefore the general relativistic coordinates do not have the direct physical interpretation of Newtonian and special relativistic coordinates. To compare the theory to reality we have to find coordinate-invariant quantities. This generates some technical complication but is never particularly hard in realistic applications. But the relativistic $t$ coordinates should not be confused with intuitive time, nor with clock time. Clock time is computed in the theory by the proper time along a worldline. The reason is that this quantity counts, say, the oscillations of a mechanism following the worldline. Contrary to what often wrongly stated, this is not a postulate of the theory: it is a consequences of the equations of motion of the mechanism.
Given two events in spacetime, the clock time separation between them depends on the worldline of the clock. Therefore there is no single meaning to the time separation between two events. This does not make the notion of time inconsistent: it reveals it to be richer than our naive intuition. It is a fact that two clocks separated and then taken back together in general do not indicate the same time. Accord of clocks is an approximative phenomenon due to the peculiar environment in which we conduct our usual business.
Due to the discrepancy between clocks, it makes no sense to interpret dynamics as evolution with respect to one particular clock, as Newton wanted.[^3] Accordingly, the dynamics of GR is not expressed in terms of evolution in a single clock time variable; it is expressed in terms of relative evolution between observable quantities (a detailed discussion is in Chapter 3 of [@Rovelli:2004fk]). This fact makes it possible to get rid of the $t$ variable all-together, and express the dynamical evolution directly in terms of the relative evolution of dynamical variables (Chapter 3 of [@Rovelli:2004fk]). Thus, special clocks or preferred spacial or temporal variables are *not* needed in relativistic physics.
A formulation of *classical* GR that does not employ the time variable $t$ at all is the Hamilton-Jacobi formulation [@Peres1962]. It is expressed uniquely in terms of the three metric $q_{ab}$ of a spacelike surfaces and defined by two equations D\_a=0, G\_[abcd]{}+q R\[q\]=0 \[HJ\] where $G_{abcd}=q_{ac}q_{bd}+q_{ad}q_{bc}-q_{ab}q_{cd}$ and $R$ is the Ricci scalar of $q$. Notice the absence of any temporal coordinate $t$. In principle, knowing the solutions of these equations is equivalent to solving the Einstein equations. Here $S[q]$ is the Hamilton–Jacobi function of GR. When $q$ is the 3-metric of the boundary of a compact region $R$ of an Einstein space, $S[q]$ can be taken to be the action of a solution of the field equations in this region. It is the quantity connected to the LQG amplitudes as in .
Absence of a time variable does not mean that “time is frozen" or that the theory does not describe dynamics, as unfortunately is still heard.
Equations provide indeed an equivalent formulation of standard GR and can describe the solar system dynamics, black holes, gravitational waves and any other *dynamical* process, where things become, without any need of an independent $t$ variable. In these phenomena many physical variables change together, and no preferred clock or parameter is needed to track change.
The same happens in LQG. The quantum versions of formally determine the transition amplitudes between quantum states of the gravitational field. These can be coupled to matter and clocks. Variables change together and no preferred clock variable is used in the theory.
It is in this weak sense that it is sometimes said that “time does not exist" at the fundamental level in quantum gravity. This expression means that there is no time variable in the fundamental equations. It does not mean that there is no change in nature. The theory indeed is formulated in terms of probability amplitudes for *processes*.
VI. Quantum theory without Schrödinger equation {#vi.-quantum-theory-without-schrödinger-equation .unnumbered}
=================================================
Quantum mechanics requires some cosmetic adaptations in order to deal with the way general relativistic physics treats becoming. General relativistic physics describes becoming as evolution of variables that change together, any of them can be used to track change. No preferred time variable is singled out. Quantum mechanics instead is commonly formulated in terms of a preferred independent clock variable $T$. Evolution in $T$ is expressed either in the form of Schrödinger equation i=Hor as a dynamical equation for the variables =i, where $H$ is the Hamiltonian operator. Neither of these equations is adapt to describe relativistic relative evolution. The extension of quantum theory to the relativistic evolution is however not very hard, and has been developed by many authors, starting from Dirac. See for instance Chapter 5 of [@Rovelli:2004fk], or [@Rovelli:2014ssa] or, on a slightly different perspective, the extensive work of Jim Hartle [@Hartle] on this topic.
Like classical mechanics, quantum mechanics can be phrased as a theory of the probabilistic relations between the values of variables evolving together, rather than variables evolving with respect to a single time parameter. The Schrödinger equation is then replaced by a Wheeler-DeWitt equation C=0, \[C\] or as a dynamical equation for the variables =0 for a suitable Wheeler-DeWitt operator $C$. Again: these equations do not mean that time is frozen or there is no dynamics. They mean that the dynamics is expressed as joint evolution between variables, instead than evolution with respected to a single special variable.
Formally: the $\hbar\to 0$ limit of equation is the second equation in ; given boundary values, is formally solved by the transition amplitudes $W$; these can be expressed as a path integral over fields in the region and in the $\hbar\to 0$ limit $W \sim e^{i\hbar \frac{S}{\hbar}}$, where $S$ is a solution to . These are formal manipulations. LQG provides a finite and well defined expressions for $W$, at any order in a truncation in the number of degrees of freedom.
VII. Quantum process = Spacetime region {#vii.-quantum-process-spacetime-region .unnumbered}
=========================================
Quantum theory does not describe how things ‘are’. It describe quantum events that happen when systems interact [@Rovelli2017b]. We mentally separate a ‘quantum system’, for a certain time interval, from the rest of the world, and describe the way this interact with its surroundings. This peculiar conceptual structure at the foundations of quantum theory takes a surprising twist in quantum gravity.
In quantum gravity we identify the process of the ‘quantum system’ with a *finite spacetime region*. This yields a remarkable dictionary between the relational structure of quantum theory and the relational structure of relativistic spacetime:\
----------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------
quantum transition $\leftrightarrow$ 4d spacetime region
initial and final states $\leftrightarrow$ 3d boundaries
interaction (‘measurement’) $\leftrightarrow$ continguity
----------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------
\
Thus the quantum states of LQG sit naturally on 3d boundaries of 4d regions (see Figure \[3\]) [@Oeckl:2003vu]. The quantum amplitudes are associated to what happens inside the regions. Intuitively, they can be understood as path integral over all possible internal geometries, at fixed boundary data. For each set of boundary data, the theory gives an amplitude, that determines the probability for this process to happen, with respect to other processes.
Remarkably: the net of quantum interactions between systems *is the same thing* as the net of adjacent spacetime regions.
VIII. Conclusion {#viii.-conclusion .unnumbered}
==================
‘Space’ and ‘Time’ are expressions that can mean many different things:
1. Space can refer to the [***relative localisation***]{} of things, time can refer to the [***becoming***]{} that shapes Nature. As such, they are present in LQG like in any other physical theory.
2. Spacetime is a name given to the [***gravitational field***]{} in classical GR. In LQG there is a gravitational field, but it is not a continuous metric manifold. It is a quantum field with the usual quantum properties of discreteness, indeterminism and quantum relationality.
3. Space and time can refer to preferred variables used to locate things or to track change, in particular [***reading of meters and clocks***]{}. In LQG, rods and clocks and their (quantum) behaviour can in principle be described, but play no role in the foundation of the theory. The equations of the theory do not have preferred spacial or temporal variables.
4. Thermal, causal, [***“flowing"***]{} aspects of temporality are ground on chapters of science distinct from the elementary quantum mechanics of reality. They may involve thermal time, perspectival phenomena, statistics, brain structures, or else.
5. The universe described by quantum gravity is not flowing along a single time variable, nor organised into a smooth Einsteinian geometry. It is a network of quantum processes, related to one another, each of which obeys probabilistic laws that the theory captures. [***The net of quantum interactions between systems is identified with the net of adjacent spacetime regions***]{}.
These are the roles of space and time in Loop Quantum Gravity. Much confusion about these notions in quantum gravity is confusion between these different meanings of space and time.
Loop Quantum Gravity in a nutshell
==================================
As any quantum theory, LQG can be defined by a Hilbert space, an algebra of operators and a family of transition amplitudes. The Hilbert space $\cal H$ of the theory admits a basis called the *spin network basis*, whose states $|\Gamma,j_l,v_n\rangle$ are labelled by a (abstract, combinatorial) [graph]{} $\Gamma$, a discrete quantum number $j_l$ for each link $l$ of the graph, and a discrete quantum number $v_n$ for each node $n$ of the graph. The nodes of the graph are interpreted as elementary ‘quanta of gravity’ or ‘quanta of space’, whose adjacency is determined by the links, see Figure \[uno\]. These quanta do not live on some space: rather, they themselves build up physical space.
![*The graph of a spin network and an intuitive image of the quanta of space it represents.*[]{data-label="uno"}](spinnetwork.pdf){height="2cm"}
The volume of these quanta is discrete and determined by $v_n$. The area of the surfaces separating two nodes is also discrete, and determined by $j_l$. The elementary quanta of space do not have a sharp metrical geometry (volume and areas are not sufficient to determine geometry), but in the limit of large quantum numbers there are states in $\cal H$ that approximate 3d geometries arbitrarily well, in the same sense in which linear combinations of photon states approximate a classical electromagnetic field. The spin network states are eigenstates of operators $A_l$ and $V_l$ in the operator algebra of the theory, respectively associated to nodes and links of the graph. In the classical limit these operators become functions of the Einstein’s gravitational field $g_{\mu\nu}$, determined by the standard relativistic formulas for area and volume. For instance, $V(R)=\int_R \sqrt{\det q}$, for the volume of a 3d spacial region $R$, where $q$ is the 3-metric induced on $R$.
In the covariant formalism (see [@Rovelli:2014ssa]), transition amplitudes are defined order by order in a truncation on the number of degrees of freedom. At each order, a transition amplitude is determined by a *spinfoam*: a combinatorial structure $\cal C$ defined by elementary faces joining on edges in turn joining on vertices (in turn, labeled by quantum numbers on faces and edges), as in Figure \[due\].
![*Spinfoam: the time evolution of a spin network.*[]{data-label="due"}](spinfoam.pdf){height="2cm"}
A spinfoam can be viewed as the Feynman graph of a history of a spin network; equivalently, as a (dual) discrete 4d geometry: a vertex corresponds to an elementary 4d region, an elementary process. The boundary of a spinfoam is a spin network. The theory associates an amplitude $W_{\cal C}(\Gamma, j_l,v_n)$ (a complex number) to spinfoams. These are ultraviolet finite. Several theorems relate them to the action (more precisely the Hamilton function $S$) of GR, in the limit of large quantum numbers. This is the expected formal relation between the quantum dynamics, expressed in terms of transition amplitudes $W$ and its classical limit, expressed in terms of the action $S$: W\~e\^[i]{}, \[eq1\] where $W$ and $S$ are both functions of the boundary data.
This concludes the sketch of the formal structure of (covariant) LQG. Notice that nowhere in the basic equations of the theory a time coordinate $t$ or a space coordinate $x$ show up.
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[^1]: During the XIX century, certain awkward aspects of this Newtonian hypostasis led to the development of the notion of ‘physical reference system’: the idea that Newtonian space captures the properties of preferred systems of bodies not subjected to forces. This is correct but already presupposes the essential ingredient: a fixed metric space, permitting to locate things with respect to distant references bodies. Thus the notion of reference system does not add much to the novelty of the Newtonian ontology.
[^2]: The famous definition is: Time is rijmós kinhsvews katà tò próteron kaì steron “The number of change with respect to before and after" (Physics, IV, 219 b 2; see also 232 b 22-23)[@Aristotle].
[^3]: Given two clocks that measure different time intervals between two events, it make no sense to ask which of the two is ‘true time’: the theory simply allows us to compute the way each changes with respect to the other.
| 2024-06-15T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5883 |
Effect of surgical correction of left displaced abomasum by means of omentopexy via right flank laparotomy or two-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in lactating dairy cows.
To compare the effects of surgical correction of left displaced abomasum (LDA) by means of omentopexy via right flank laparotomy or 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in lactating dairy cows. Controlled clinical trial. 30 lactating dairy cows with an LDA. Cows were alternately assigned to 2 groups of 15 cows each to receive surgical correction of LDA by means of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy or omentopexy via right flank laparotomy. A 50% D-xylose solution (0.5 g/kg [0.23 g/lb]) was injected into the abomasal lumen during surgery. Jugular venous blood samples for determination of serum D-xylose concentration were periodically obtained after injection. Abomasal emptying rate was evaluated by pharmacokinetic determination of the time to modeled maximal serum D-xylose concentration (T(max-model)). Mean +/- SD abomasal emptying rate was significantly faster after laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy (T(max-model), 192 +/- 51 minutes) than after omentopexy via right flank laparotomy (T(max-model), 264 +/- 94 minutes). Rumen contraction rate and milk yield increased faster after laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy, compared with values obtained after omentopexy; however, milk yield did not differ after the 2 procedures. Amelioration of abomasal hypomotility after laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy rather than omentopexy via right flank laparotomy may result in faster clinical improvement in the immediate postoperative period in cows undergoing correction of an LDA. | 2024-07-30T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4927 |
Top 5 online stories from Be Your Best magazine: Cooking with pumpkins, jack-o-lanterns, cheesemaking, Chris LaPorte and pancakes
View full sizeThe article "Advice on cooking with pumpkins, including instructions for toasting pumpkin seeds" was the most popular online story from the Be Your Best blog for the week of Oct. 17, 2010.
Here are links to the five most popular online stories from Be Your Best magazine for the week of Oct. 17, 2010.
2) "How to make a jack-o-lantern last longer"From the post: "Jack-o-lanterns are a staple of Halloween decorations, but making one
last throughout the season is a trick of the trade even some veteran
carvers struggle with."
4) "Chris LaPorte uses old photo for ArtPrize inspiration"
From the post: "Local caricature and portrait artist Chris LaPorte likes drawing faces,
but for him it is much more than that. 'A person is the most powerful
image in our world. ... Faces are some of the most emotion-evoking
images ever,' he says."
5) "Recipe for Pumpkin Puff Pancakes" From
the post: "When crisp autumn days arrive, these light and fluffy harvest time
pancakes will warm the cockles of your heart. Serve them with warm
maple syrup and sausages for a memorable breakfast." | 2023-09-13T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6338 |
%http://ltfat.sourceforge.net/
function [poly] = mask2poly(mask, indTime, indFreq)
% Convert region mask to region of interest (ROI) polygon
% !!! I'm not shure that this algorithm works in every case
assert(~isempty(mask))
maskRef = mask;
mask = zeros(size(mask, 1)+2, size(mask, 2)+2);
mask(2:end-1,2:end-1) = maskRef;
[ind1, ind2] = find(mask);
% position of segments on the edge for first dimension
seg1 = sparse(size(mask,1)+1, size(mask,2));
% position of segments on the edge for second dimension
seg2 = sparse(size(mask,1), size(mask,2)+1) ;
for n = 1:length(ind1)
if ~mask(ind1(n)-1, ind2(n))
seg1(ind1(n), ind2(n)) = 1;
end
if ~mask(ind1(n)+1, ind2(n))
seg1(ind1(n)+1, ind2(n)) = 1;
end
if ~mask(ind1(n), ind2(n)-1)
seg2(ind1(n), ind2(n)) = 1;
end
if ~mask(ind1(n), ind2(n)+1)
seg2(ind1(n), ind2(n)+1) = 1;
end
end
ind = 0;
while nnz(seg1)>1
curve = chainSeg;
if ~isempty(curve)
ind = ind+1;
poly(ind).x = curve(:,2);
poly(ind).y = curve(:,1);
poly(ind).hole = true;
end
end
poly(1).hole = false;
function curve = chainSeg()
% chaining of segments
% choose one start segment
[ind1, ind2] = find(seg1);
ind1 = ind1(1);
ind2 = ind2(1);
curve = [ind1, ind2; ind1, ind2+1];
seg1(ind1, ind2) = 0;
% pos is a variable to remember in which direction we are
% progressing
% [1 1] if we're going in a growing index number
% [-1 0] otherwise
pos = [1, 1];
% precise if the last added segment comes from seg1 or seg2
last1 = true;
while true
if last1
% the last segment was from dimension 1
if seg1(ind1, ind2+pos(1))
ind2 = ind2+pos(1);
seg1(ind1, ind2) = 0;
curve = [curve; ind1, ind2+pos(2)];
elseif seg2(ind1-1, ind2+pos(2))
ind1 = ind1-1;
ind2 = ind2+pos(2);
pos = [-1, 0];
seg2(ind1, ind2) = 0;
curve = [curve; ind1, ind2];
last1 = false;
elseif seg2(ind1, ind2+pos(2))
ind2 = ind2+pos(2);
pos = [1, 1];
seg2(ind1, ind2) = 0;
curve = [curve; ind1+1, ind2];
last1 = false;
else
break;
end
else
% the last segment was from dimension 2
if seg2(ind1+pos(1), ind2)
ind1 = ind1+pos(1);
seg2(ind1, ind2) = 0;
curve = [curve; ind1+pos(2), ind2];
elseif seg1(ind1+pos(2), ind2-1)
ind1 = ind1+pos(2);
ind2 = ind2-1;
pos = [-1, 0];
seg1(ind1, ind2) = 0;
curve = [curve; ind1, ind2];
last1 = true;
elseif seg1(ind1+pos(2), ind2)
ind1 = ind1+pos(2);
pos = [1, 1];
seg1(ind1, ind2) = 0;
curve = [curve; ind1, ind2+1];
last1 = true;
else
break;
end
end
end
curve = curve-1.5;
if size(curve, 1)==2
% the first segment couldn't be linked to some other segment,
% there is no polygon
curve = [];
end
end
end
% Copyright (c) 2011, Nikolay S.
% All rights reserved.
%
% Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
% modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
% met:
%
% * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
% notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
% * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
% notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
% the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution
%
% THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
% AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
% IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
% ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
% LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
% CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
% SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
% INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
% CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
% ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
% POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
| 2023-12-16T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6582 |
Regulation of glucose transporter 4 traffic by energy deprivation from mitochondrial compromise.
Skeletal muscle is the major store and consumer of fatty acids and glucose. Glucose enters muscle through glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Upon insufficient oxygen availability or energy compromise, aerobic metabolism of glucose and fatty aids cannot proceed, and muscle cells rely on anaerobic metabolism of glucose to restore cellular energy status. An increase in glucose uptake into muscle is a key response to stimuli requiring rapid energy supply. This chapter analyses the mechanisms of the adaptive regulation of glucose transport that rescue muscle cells from mitochondrial uncoupling. Under these conditions, the initial drop in ATP recovers rapidly, through a compensatory increase in glucose uptake. This adaptive response involves AMPK activation by the initial ATP drop, which elevates cell surface GLUT4 and glucose uptake. The gain in surface GLUT4 involves different signals and routes of intracellular traffic compared with those engaged by insulin. The hormone increases GLUT4 exocytosis through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt, whereas energy stress retards GLUT4 endocytosis through AMPK and calcium inputs. Given that energy stress is a component of muscle contraction, and that contraction activates AMPK and raises cytosolic calcium, we hypothesize that the increase in glucose uptake during contraction may also involve a reduction in GLUT4 endocytosis. | 2024-02-04T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3246 |
Q:
Is a weather resistant gfci required outside in a metal box with in use cover?
I have a pool that is just off my deck. The gfci I have went bad so I need a new one. It was a 15 amp gfci in a metal box attached to 1/2 in emt conduit with a metal box and a non in-use cover. This is just under the lip of the deck, so it is slightly protected from weather but not completely. I plan on replacing the box and also getting a in-use cover mainly because the screw holes are stripped out. My question is: Do I need a Weather Resistant GFCI vs a Non Weather resistant GFCI? The current one was not weather resistant and went bad, it tripped and won't reset. Also if someone can explain what the difference is between a standard gfci and weather resistant? Is the weather resistant more sealed to handle more dampness from being outside? Thanks in advance.
A:
A WR GFI uses stainless components and screws. GFI's are notorious for rusting, especially at the mounting screws. The one that went bad was probably older, before WR's were even available.
Yes, you need a WR GFI, and an in-use cover. In fact, I'd venture to bet that much of your installation is not up to code. IF it is that close to the pool the receptacle and plug must be of the locking type (twist-lock), and the circuit protected by an upstream GFI. The outside portion of the wiring to a pool motor must also be in conduit with individual insulated conductors. Older codes would allow this installation located between 5-10 feet from the pool, but NO closer than 5'. Also, the cord on the motor should be no longer than 3' and must be #12 or larger.
There are MANY codes involved with pool installations, I hope yours meets them.
| 2024-01-08T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2329 |
Q:
php prepared statement inserting with trim or date() etc. php strict standards error
Hopefully a very easy question, but I haven't been able to find the answer. I'm learning to use prepared statements rather than mysqli_escape. I have the code:
$stmt = $dbc->prepare("SELECT something FROM the_table WHERE email=? ");
$stmt->bind_param("s", strtolower(trim($_REQUEST['email'])));
I get the error message "PHP Strict Standards: Only variables should be passed by reference in".
Am I correct in thinking that you're not supposed to use strtolower / trim etc in the bind param line? Is this important? Is it less secure to first have a separate:
$email = strtolower(trim($_REQUEST['email'])));
I kind of thought I should try and keep the $_POST, $_REQUEST bits actually in the bind_param line.
I also get the same issue in another page with:
$stmt->bind_param("s", date("Y-m-d") );
Lastly and separately, is it safe to use insert a $_SESSION variable directly? These would have been set up previously, but can they be hacked? If I've previously set $_SESSION['admin']="off" earlier, and then later use it in a query with admin=? where bind_param says ("s", $_SESSION['admin']); is that safe?
Many thanks.
A:
When you do something like trim($x), what comes out is not a variable, it is a reference to the value. The bind_param method expects to get a variable for it to work. So, what this means is that you need to do your formatting and other calls before you pass it to that function. So yes, your thinking is correct.
For example this is the correct way to do it:
$date = date('Y-m-d');
$stmt->bind_param("s", $date);
I would recommend you read up on references to get a better understanding: http://php.net/manual/en/language.references.php
| 2023-10-23T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3579 |
Compilation films slated for this year, Extra Game film in 2017
This year's first issue of Shueisha's Jump Next magazine is revealing on Thursday that the Kuroko's Basketball anime will get three compilation films this year, as well as a brand-new anime film adaptation of Tadatoshi Fujimaki's Kuroko no Basuke Extra Game manga in 2017. The three compilation films will compile the Winter Cup episodes from the television anime.
The KuroBas Cup 2015 event last September had ended with an announcement that a theatrical film had been green-lit.
Fujimaki launched the original Kuroko no Basuke manga series in Weekly Shonen Jump magazine in 2008, and he ended the series in September 2014. Shueisha published the 30th and final compiled volume of the manga in Japan in December 2014.
In the beginning of the original series, Taiga Kagami has just enrolled at Seirin High School when he meets Tetsuya Kuroko of the school's basketball team. Kuroko happens to be the shadowy sixth member of the legendary "Generation of Miracles" basketball team. Together, Kagami and Kuroko aim to take their team to the inter-high school championship — against Kuroko's former teammates.
The original manga inspired three television anime series, in addition to the upcoming anime films. Viz Media announced last October that it will release the original manga in 2-in-1 omnibus editions in North America starting in summer 2016.
The Kuroko no Basuke Extra Game manga is a sequel to the original manga. Fujimaki launched the manga in Jump Next in December 2014, and Shueisha published the manga's "First Half" volume (pictured above right) last September. Jump Next teased in October that the manga would enter its climax, and the magazine revealed in December that the manga would end this month.
[Via Yaraon!] | 2023-10-10T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6161 |
Third Man plans to house at least eight vinyl presses at their new Detroit location.
While this news isn’t unheard of or unprecedented at large—four pressing plants have opened in the United States so far this year—Third Man’s will be the first to open in Detroit since the family-operated Archer Record Pressing started up in 1965. (Soon after Third Man hatched the idea to add record manufacturing to their business model they flat-out offered to buy Archer, but were denied.) Opening a pressing plant is a nice idea, but it takes a wealth of knowledge and something even more elusive: pressing equipment. These machines are a sought-after commodity—rare, and often in disrepair—and a recent New York Times article detailed the “global rush” to find, purchase, and restore existing presses. “It’s very hard to try to get traction in that world,” Blackwell says. “If you don’t know someone who has old presses, good luck knocking on every warehouse door in the Midwest hoping to find some.”
Eventually, Third Man got a line on some presses down in Mexico, so Blackwell flew down in June to inspect them. But the deal fell apart (and the equipment went to the Virginia-based pressing company Furnace). Then, confidentially, he told a friend about Third Man’s intentions to get into the pressing game. That’s how they came into contact with a North American sales representative for a German startup called Newbilt that’s dedicated to building new machines and refurbishing old ones. “You hear people say, ‘Nobody’s making new vinyl presses,’” Blackwell says. “But these guys are making them and they’re selling them.”
While the pressing plant won’t be operational when Third Man opens on Black Friday, they eventually plan to house at least eight working presses. A window in the shop will let customers see the manufacturing floor as part of Third Man’s ongoing initiative to educate the public about vinyl culture and show that, as Blackwell puts it, “all this stuff is alive and well.”
While the manufacturing arm definitely means that Third Man will have quick access to pressings of their own output, Blackwell says the decision to open the plant is a selfless act. He argues that more overall record-pressing capacity eases the pressure on plants like United Record Pressing in Nashville, which continues to press Third Man releases, and Archer—both of which are backed up and reportedly turning away customers. Also, while no plans are currently in place, Third Man hope to press more than just their own records on-site. Potentially, the plant could offer a new option for young artists and DIY labels. “Part of the concern in this world is that vinyl can very easily turn into an exclusionary thing,” Blackwell says. “But this is going to make it easier for a little punk band to make 300 copies of a 7".”
Blackwell is coy about what else the label has planned for Third Man Detroit, but he makes it clear that the new store will be its own animal. “People shouldn’t expect a photocopy of what we’re doing in Nashville,” he says. “There’s a hope that we do things in Detroit that make us up our game in Nashville.” This is not just hype, bluster, and tourist-trap nonsense, as the bins in the new store will be stocked with records, new and old, by Detroit artists—including two new Third Man signees that have been toiling in the city for quite some time. | 2023-12-20T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5407 |
More
CLINTON (CBS) — The coronavirus pandemic has Massachusetts schoolchildren at home for the next several weeks. But Clinton Elementary School is letting them know that their teachers are still there for them.
School Counselor Beth McNally put together a video of teachers holding signs with inspirational messages like “Keep smiling!” and “You are loved!”
“Teachers at Clinton Elementary School are missing their students as much as their students are missing them and they found a creative way to reach out and say hello to all of their friends!” the school said.
Parents appreciated the sweet gesture.
“My daughter was naming all the teachers she knew,” one wrote in a Facebook comment. | 2024-04-04T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/3488 |
Q:
In Java, what is the order of initialization for those statements after main method
I learned that the principle for order of initialization is:
Superclass first (not discussed here in this case)
Static variable declarations and static initialization blocks in the order of appearance
Instance variable declarations and static initialization blocks in the order of appearance
The constructor
But I'm still confused by the output of this code:
public class Test1 {
static {
add(2);
}
static void add (int num) {
System.out.println(num + " ");
}
public Test1() {
add(5);
System.out.println("Constructor!");
}
static {
add(4);
}
{
add(6);
}
static {
new Test1();
}
{
add(8);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Main method!");
add(10);
}
{
add(11);
}
static {
add(12);
}
}
The result is:
2
4
6
8
11
5
Constructor!
12
Main method!
10
If without the statements of add(10); add(11); add(12); I can totally understand. Can you please explain the order of initialization for those 3 statements?
A:
Static initializer are the first, so you get
2
4
But in the next static initializer you call a new instance of Test1.class, so instance initializers are triggered, constructor is triggered after them and you get:
6
8
11
5
Constructor!
After that the rest of static initializers are called. so:
12
And the last is main method:
Main method!
10
A:
1) Block that does not have name like below is called "Instance Initializer" which only get called when new objects will be created its like DefaultConstructor or noArg Constructor.
{
add(11);
}
2) In above code you have Static Block (Which get called first at the Class Loading itself), Instance Initializer (Which get called while creating the object), Explicit DefaultConstructor (Which get called while creating the object but remember always Instance initializer takes priority) and last Main method.
3) Now lets analyze your code,
1st call:
static
{
add(2); //print 2
}
2nd call:
static {
add(4); // print 4
}
3rd call:
static {
new Test1();
// Here Object is getting created so all Instance Initialzer will be called first in a sequential manner.
}
4th call:
{
add(6); // print 6
}
5th call:
{
add(8); // print 8
}
6th call:
{
add(11); // print 11
}
7th call : After Instance Initializer, Explicit Default Constructor will be called.
public Test1() {
add(5); // print 5
System.out.println("Constructor!"); // print Constructor!
}
8th call: Again the last Static block will be called.
static {
add(12); // print 12
}
9th call: Finally the main method will be called
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Main method!"); // print Main method!
add(10); // print 10
}
| 2023-09-12T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2155 |
Adult onset Schönlein-Henoch purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.
Schönlein-Henoch purpura (SHP) is a systemic vasculitis, primarily involving the skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, joints, and kidneys. A wide variety of different conditions may be implicated in the pathogenesis of SHP. We report a 33-year-old man who presented with SHP accompanied by gastric Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. The GI manifestations and purpuric rashes were dramatically resolved after Hp eradication therapy. To date, very few publications have focused on the possible pathogenetic relationship between Hp infection and SHP. | 2023-10-31T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/4863 |
Q:
How to detect if Windows is directing traffic over LAN or over WiFi in C#
I am writing a piece of software in C# using .NET 2 which detects whether there is an active ethernet connection on the Windows machine.
It is important that it knows that it is ethernet rather than WiFi as the program will behave differently depending on whether sending data with a WebClient is going over WiFi or Ethernet.
I have tried using System.Net.NetworkInformation.NetworkInterfaceType but this seems to report 'Ethernet' for a lot of WiFi cards.
Any suggestions will be much appreciated.
A:
According to this MSDN page about the NetworkInterface.NetworkInterfaceType property,
This property only returns a subset of
the possible values defined in the
NetworkInterfaceType enumeration. The
possible values include the following:
Ethernet Fddi Loopback Ppp Slip TokenRing Unknown
So deterministically you may be SOL.
However, you may be able to perform some heuristics on the available network connections, to determine if they are WiFi or cable. These might include ping response/latency times taken over many iterations, etc.
Also, the speed of the adapter might be used as a hint. For my WiFi adapter the speed is always shown as "54000000" (e.g. 54 mbs). Since there is a set of common WiFi speeds, this could be helpful.
Perhaps the following code might get you started:
using System;
using System.Net.NetworkInformation;
using System.Net;
namespace ConsoleApplication7
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
NetworkInterface[] adapters = NetworkInterface.GetAllNetworkInterfaces();
Ping pingObj = new Ping();
for (int i = 0; i < adapters.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("Network adapter: {0}", adapters[i].Name);
Console.WriteLine(" Status: {0}", adapters[i].OperationalStatus.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(" Interface: {0}", adapters[i].NetworkInterfaceType.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(" Description: {0}", adapters[i].Description);
Console.WriteLine(" ID: {0}", adapters[i].Id);
Console.WriteLine(" Speed: {0}", adapters[i].Speed);
Console.WriteLine(" SupportsMulticast: {0}", adapters[i].SupportsMulticast);
Console.WriteLine(" IsReceiveOnly: {0}", adapters[i].IsReceiveOnly);
Console.WriteLine(" MAC: {0}", adapters[i].GetPhysicalAddress().ToString());
if (adapters[i].NetworkInterfaceType != NetworkInterfaceType.Loopback)
{
IPInterfaceProperties IPIP = adapters[i].GetIPProperties();
if (IPIP != null)
{
// First ensure that a gateway is reachable:
bool bGateWayReachable = false;
foreach (GatewayIPAddressInformation gw in IPIP.GatewayAddresses)
{
Console.WriteLine(" Gateway: {0} - ", gw.Address.ToString());
// TODO: Do this many times to establish an average:
PingReply pr = pingObj.Send(gw.Address, 2000);
if (pr.Status == IPStatus.Success)
{
Console.WriteLine(" reachable ({0}ms)", pr.RoundtripTime);
bGateWayReachable = true;
break;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(" NOT reachable");
}
// Next, see if any DNS server is available. These are most likely to be off-site and more highly available.
if (bGateWayReachable == true)
{
foreach (IPAddress ipDNS in IPIP.DnsAddresses)
{
Console.WriteLine(" DNS: {0} - ", ipDNS.ToString());
PingReply pr = pingObj.Send(ipDNS, 5000); // was 2000, increased for Cor in UK office
if (pr.Status == IPStatus.Success)
{
Console.WriteLine(" reachable ({0}ms)", pr.RoundtripTime);
Console.WriteLine(" --- SUCCESS ---");
break;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(" NOT reachable");
}
}
} // if (IPIP != null)
}
} // foreach (NetworkInterface n in adapters)
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
| 2024-02-04T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8782 |
{"text": ["AT_USER", "it's", "before", "your", "time", "but", "$", "mcd", "already", "tried", "it", ",", "didn't", "work", ".", "lol", "leapsandbounds"], "created_at": "Tue Feb 17 16:38:23 +0000 2015", "user_id_str": "2987385810"}
{"text": ["short", "term", "bearish", "on", "$", "mcd"], "created_at": "Tue Feb 17 16:43:39 +0000 2015", "user_id_str": "2792041422"}
| 2024-03-25T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2768 |
USS Kestrel (AMCU-26)
USS Kestrel (AMCU-26) was an of the United States Navy, later converted to an AMCU-7-class Coastal Minesweeper (Underwater Locator).
The ship was laid down on 7 September 1944 by the New Jersey Shipbuilding Company, of Barber, New Jersey, launched on 6 October 1944, and commissioned as USS LSI(L)-874 on 13 October 1944.
Service history
1944–1946
Following shakedown and training off the Atlantic coast, LCI(L)-874 departed Key West, Florida on 25 November for the Pacific. She engaged in additional training after arriving San Diego, California on 13 December. Departing on 29 January 1945, she touched Pearl Harbor, Eniwetok, and Guam before arriving Peleliu on 12 April. She performed picket and patrol duty in the Palau Islands during the remaining months of World War II.
From September 1945 to February 1946, LCI(L)-874 operated between the Palau and Mariana Islands, providing mail and shuttle service among the Islands. Departing Eniwetok on 4 February she arrived at San Pedro, California, a month later. Sailing to Oregon in May LCI(L)-874 was decommissioned there on 10 July 1946 and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet.
1952–1957
She was reclassified as a Coastal Minesweeper (Underwater Locator), and renamed USS Kestrel (AMCU-26) on 7 March 1952. Conversion to AMCU-26 began 24 August 1953 at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, and was completed on 1 March 1954.
Kestrel was recommissioned on 8 February 1954, Lt. Gurley P. Chatelain in command. After shakedown and training, she arrived San Diego, California, on 27 March for operations in the 11th Naval District. From 1954 to 1957, Kestrel operated out of San Diego on underwater mine location exercises. She was reclassified as a Coastal Minehunter, MHC-26, in February 1955.
Kestrel was decommissioned at San Diego on 2 December 1957. She was sold to Murphy Marine Service on 28 June 1960.
References
Category:AMCU-7-class minesweepers
Category:Ships built in Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Category:1944 ships
Category:World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Category:Cold War mine warfare vessels of the United States | 2024-07-15T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/2252 |
Learn how you can easily recover from keratosis
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compression result in severe unwanted effects that are preserving as an anti-cancer agent. To combat this putting on safety mitts to rest. | 2023-12-18T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8750 |
What is the effect of alcohol consumption on the risk of chronic widespread pain? A Mendelian randomisation study using UK Biobank.
Studies have shown that moderate alcohol consumption is strongly associated with reduced reporting of chronic widespread pain (CWP). The study designs used, however, are prone to confounding and are not able to establish the direction of causality. The current study overcomes these problems using the Mendelian randomisation design to determine the effect of alcohol consumption on the likelihood of reporting CWP. The UK Biobank recruited 500,000 participants aged between 40 and 69 years. Data collected included questions on chronic pain and alcohol consumption, and biological samples providing genotypic information. Alcohol consumption was categorised as "weekly consumption" or "nonfrequent or infrequent." Participants were classified by genotype according to alleles of the rs1229984 single-nucleotide polymorphism, either "GG" or "AA/AG." Chronic widespread pain was defined as pain all over the body for more than 3 months that interfered with activities. Associations between genotype, CWP, and alcohol consumption were tested by logistic regression. Instrumental variable analysis was used to calculate the causal effect of weekly alcohol consumption on CWP. Persons with "GG" genotype had an increased risk of CWP (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 99% confidence interval 1.01-1.35) and were more likely to consume alcohol weekly (OR 1.76, 1.70-1.81) compared to those with "AA/AG" genotype. Weekly consumption of alcohol was associated with reduced risk of CWP (OR 0.33, 0.31-0.35), but instrumental variable analysis did not show a causal effect of alcohol consumption on reducing CWP (OR 1.29, 0.96-1.74). An interpretation of observational population studies as showing a protective effect of alcohol on CWP is not supported. | 2024-06-13T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/8709 |
In June 2012, The Federal Communications Commission announced that it was going to take a closer look at its standards for cell phone safety to see if the agency needed to revise its 15-year-old guidelines. By November, Pong filed a letter with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) asking the agency to “seek information on ways that the device testing guidelines can be improved to more accurately reflect predominant consumer behavior.” | 2024-04-26T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/5679 |
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Books
The Galaxy Games Series:
Book #1: The Challengers
Things are looking up for Tyler Sato (literally!) as he and his friends scan the night sky for a star named for him by his Tokyo cousins in honor of his eleventh birthday. Ordinary stars tend to stay in one place, but Ty’s seems to be streaking directly toward Earth at an alarming rate. Soon the whole world is talking about TY SATO, the doomsday asteroid, and life is turned upside down for Ty Sato, the boy, who would rather be playing hoops in his best friend’s driveway… | 2023-12-11T01:26:51.906118 | https://example.com/article/6166 |
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