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New York City to cap the number of Uber and Lyft drivers
New York City has become the first major municipality in the United States to put a cap on the number of ridesharing drivers allowed to exist within its city. From CBS News:
New York City is hitting the brakes on fast-expanding ride-hailing services like Uber and Lyft. Lawmakers on Wednesday approved a proposal to freeze new licenses for car service drivers for one year, becoming the first large city in the U.S. to impose such restrictions.
This is a very bad idea. It’s anti-consumer. By limiting the number of Lyft and Uber drivers available to riders, the taxi industry can now go back to raking in the money it was able to subject consumers to before ridesharing became a thing. The taxi industry has had years to establish itself as a positive entity in the market. They failed to do that. In fact, they burned a lot of calories doing the complete opposite.
Taxis suck and I hate them
People generally hate taxis. I sure do. The last time I used a taxi was in June 2008. We were back in California on vacation and the night before our flight to Maryland, we stayed at the Burbank Holiday Inn. The reason we stayed there was that it is close to the Burbank airport (3 miles) and offered a free shuttle service to the airport. We discovered the next morning that the free shuttle service didn’t start till 6:30 am. The problem was we had to check in to JetBlue at 6:00 am. We had to take a taxi. I called one and when the driver arrived, he informed me in an eastern European accent that he would take us for a flat $20.
I didn’t have a choice. He drove us to the airport without the meter running. The ride took only a few minutes. Taxis aren’t allowed to drive passengers without the meter running. I promised myself I’d never use a taxi again.
Getting an Uber or Lyft in New York City will be harder with each passing day
Uber and Lyft rely on a business model that depends heavily on constantly adding new drivers. The reason for this is drivers generally don’t stick around very long. It’s not like they turn in their two-week notice or call to have their driver account deleted. They just don’t drive anymore. You can go months without driving and then log in and start accepting rides again like nothing happened. I know this because if done that.
Unless Uber and Lyft make major changes to the way they manage drivers in New York City, getting a rideshare driver in New York City will get a lot harder. | 2024-01-31T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6402 |
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abstract: |
In this paper we characterise the minimisers of a one-parameter family of nonlocal and anisotropic energies $I_\alpha$ defined on probability measures in ${\mathbb R}^n$, with $n\geq 3$. The energy $I_\alpha$ consists of a purely nonlocal term of convolution type, whose interaction kernel reduces to the Coulomb potential for $\alpha=0$ and is anisotropic otherwise, and a quadratic confinement. The two-dimensional case arises in the study of defects in metals and has been solved by the authors by means of complex-analysis techniques. We prove that for $\alpha\in (-1, n-2]$, the minimiser of $I_\alpha$ is unique and is the (normalised) characteristic function of a spheroid. This result is a paradigmatic example of the role of the anisotropy of the kernel on the shape of minimisers. In particular, the phenomenon of loss of dimensionality, observed in dimension $n=2$, does not occur in higher dimension at the value $\alpha=n-2$ corresponding to the sign change of the Fourier transform of the interaction potential.
**AMS 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification:** 31A15 (primary); 49K20 (secondary).
**Keywords:** nonlocal interactions; potential theory; global minimisers.
address:
- 'Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom'
- 'Department de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia'
- 'Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Pavia, Italy'
- 'Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Milano, Italy'
- 'Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom'
- 'Department de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia'
author:
- 'J. A. Carrillo'
- 'J. Mateu'
- 'M. G. Mora'
- 'L. Rondi'
- 'L. Scardia'
- 'J. Verdera'
title: |
The equilibrium measure for an\
anisotropic nonlocal energy
---
[Introduction]{}
There is a vast and multi-disciplinary literature on nonlocal energies, as they are at the crossover of different mathematical fields, and of different applications. Nonlocal energies arise as the macroscopic limit of long-range discrete interactions in the many-particle limit. The expression of the interaction kernel and its properties depend on the particle system of interest: it can model attraction, repulsion or a combination of both; it can be bounded or singular; it can be radial or anisotropic.
The mathematical literature on nonlocal energies has been mainly focused on the case of radial potentials, which model interactions depending on the mutual distance between the particles only (see, e.g., [@BCLR; @CCV; @CDM; @CDP; @CHVY; @CH; @FYK11; @SST]). In many applications, however, radial potentials are not realistic, and interactions may depend not only on the inter-particle distance, but also on the angle between their position vector and a given, *preferred* direction (see, e.g., [@Carola; @CCHS; @Kunz; @Seidl]). This is for instance the case for many biological systems, e.g., crowds, flocks of birds, schools of fish.
In materials science, some defects in metals, like *dislocations* of edge type, interact via an *anisotropic* potential, and this is the particle system that motivates our work. The anisotropy of the interactions is due to the motion of each dislocation being restricted to a given direction (the Burgers’ vector, $\mathbf{b}$, of the dislocation), which is reminiscent of the metal’s microscopic lattice structure. Under the simplifying assumption that dislocations are all parallel to each other, and have $\mathbf{b}=\mathbf{e_1}$, they can be modelled as point defects in two dimensions, and their interaction potential is $$W_{\textrm{edge}}(x) = -\log|x| + \frac{x_1^2}{|x|^2}, \quad x\neq 0, \, x=(x_1, x_2)\in{\mathbb R}^2,$$ see, e.g., [@HL]. The anisotropy of the interactions results into anisotropic low-energy dislocation structures (LEDS), dislocation walls in particular. The minimality of vertical one-dimensional structures (walls) was a long-standing conjecture in the engineering literature, and was recently proved in [@MRS] for the nonlocal dislocation energy $$\label{e:edge}
I_{\textrm{edge}}(\mu) = \iint_{\mathbb{R}^2\times \mathbb{R}^2}
W_{\textrm{edge}}(x-y) \,d\mu(x) \,d\mu(y) + \int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
|x|^2 \,d\mu(x)$$ defined on probability measures $\mu\in \mathcal{P}({\mathbb R}^2)$ representing the density of defects. For the derivation of an interaction energy related to (but in a bounded domain) from a semi-discrete strain energy we refer to [@MPS]. We also mention the recent work [@LL] where, starting from the nonlinear version of the strain-energy model considered in [@MPS], ‘low-angle grain boundaries’ (like vertical walls) are shown to have the optimal energy scaling in accordance with the celebrated Read-Shockley formula.
In this paper we study an $n$-dimensional generalisation of . More precisely, we consider the family of nonlocal energies $$\label{ce}
I_{\alpha}(\mu) = \iint_{\mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}^n}
W_{\alpha}(x-y) \,d\mu(x) \,d\mu(y) + \int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
|x|^2 \,d\mu(x)$$ defined on $\mu\in \mathcal{P}({\mathbb R}^n)$, where the interaction potential $W_{\alpha}$ is given by $$\label{V:int0}
W_{\alpha}(x) = W_0(x) + \alpha\frac{x_1^2}{|x|^n}, \qquad
W_0(x)=
\begin{cases}
\displaystyle-\log|x| \quad & \textrm{if } n=2,\\
\medskip
\displaystyle\frac{1}{|x|^{n-2}} &\textrm{if } n \geq 3,
\end{cases}$$ for $x\neq0$, $W_\alpha(0)=+\infty$, with $x=(x_1,\dots, x_n)\in{\mathbb R}^n$, and $\alpha> -1$. Note that $W_{1}=W_{\textrm{edge}}$ for $n=2$. The two-dimensional case was considered in [@CMMRSV; @MRS] for every $\alpha\in {\mathbb R}$.
The main result of this paper is Theorem \[characterisation\], where we show that, if $n\geq 3$ and $\alpha\in(-1,n-2]$, then the functional $I_\alpha$ has a unique minimiser $\mu_\alpha$ in $\P({\mathbb R}^n)$ and $\mu_\alpha$ is of the form $$\mu_\alpha:= \frac{1}{| \Omega_\alpha|} \, \chi_{ \Omega_\alpha}, \quad \Omega_\alpha=
\left\{x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in {\mathbb R}^n: \ \frac{x_1^2}{a(\alpha)^2} + \frac{1}{b(\alpha)^2}\sum_{i=2}^nx_i^2 \leq 1\right\},$$ for some $a(\alpha), b(\alpha)>0$. In other words, the minimiser of $I_\alpha$ is the (normalised) characteristic function of a $n$-dimensional spheroid. Moreover, the spheroid is prolate for $\alpha\in (-1,0)$ (that is, $a(\alpha)>b(\alpha)$) and oblate for $\alpha\in (0,n-2]$ (that is, $a(\alpha)<b(\alpha)$).
Our approach and discussion.
----------------------------
In most of the cases treated in the mathematical literature on nonlocal systems, the interaction kernel is assumed to be radial, and one of the goals is to show that the corresponding minimiser is radially symmetric (or to show that the minimiser is unique, which trivially implies its radial symmetry), see e.g. [@BCLR; @CCV; @CDM; @CDP; @CHVY; @CH; @FYK11; @SST]. Radial symmetry is paramount in the identification of the minimiser in the classical case of purely Coulomb interactions, corresponding in our setting to $\alpha=0$ (see [@Fro] and [@SaTo] for $n=2$, and [@CGZ] for $n\geq 3$). Explicity characterising the minimiser, or even understanding its shape and general properties, is therefore much more challenging in the case of anisotropic interactions. To the best of our knowledge, this has been previously done only in [@MRS; @CMMRSV], in dimension $n=2$.
Our result generalises to any dimension $n\geq 3$ the work [@CMMRSV] and is another paradigmatic example of the role of the anisotropy of the kernel on the shape of minimisers.
A key step in [@CMMRSV] was to compute exactly the (gradient of the) potential $W_\alpha\ast \mu_{a,b}$, with $\mu_{a,b}$ being the (normalised) characteristic function of an ellipse of semi-axes $a$ and $b$, and to impose the Euler-Lagrange conditions associated to $I_\alpha$. Also for $n\geq 3$ we prove the minimality of spheroids via the Euler-Lagrange conditions (see –), in the range $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ for which $I_\alpha$ is both well-defined and strictly convex (hence, the Euler-Lagrange conditions are necessary and sufficient for minimality). To do so, we need to compute the potential $W_\alpha\ast \mu_{a,b}$, with $\mu_{a,b}$ being the (normalised) characteristic function of a spheroid $\Omega(a,b)$ of semi-axis $a$ in the $x_1$-direction and $b$ in all the other directions. The computation of $W_\alpha\ast \mu_{a,b}$ for $n\geq 3$ is substantially different from the two-dimensional case in [@CMMRSV]. For $n=2$ it was crucial to rewrite the potential in complex variables and recognise that $\nabla W_0\ast \mu_{a,b}$ is the Cauchy transform of the ellipse, which had been computed for instance in [@Joans] for rotating vortex patches in fluid dynamics. Then the gradient of the anisotropic part of the potential in complex coordinates was computed by noting that it could be written as a suitable complex derivative of the fundamental solution of the operator $\partial^2$, where $\partial = \partial/\partial z$.
Such complex-analysis techniques are clearly not available in the higher-dimensional case, which we tackle here by means of the following strategy. We write $\Phi_\alpha:=W_\alpha\ast \mu_{a,b}$, and $\alpha\Psi:= \Phi_\alpha-\Phi_0$. First of all, the expression of the Coulomb potential $\Phi_0$ of a spheroid in ${\mathbb R}^n$ is well-known (see, e.g., [@Difratta; @Kellog]). The challenge is to express the anisotropic potential $\Psi$ in terms of the known potential $\Phi_0$. We do it differently in $\Omega(a,b)$ and outside $\Omega(a,b)$. In $\Omega(a,b)$ we show that $\Psi$ can be obtained by differentiating $\Phi_0$ with respect to the aspect ratio $a^2/b^2$ of the spheroid. In ${\mathbb R}^n\setminus \Omega(a,b)$, instead, $\Psi$ is obtained by differentiating $\Phi_0$ with respect to a parameter spanning a family of spheroids confocal with $\Omega(a,b)$, using the fact that the expression of $\Phi_0$ is invariant on confocal spheroids (see ).
With the expression of $\Phi_\alpha$ at hand, we then impose the Euler-Lagrange conditions –. We find that the first condition is satisfied, for $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$, by at least a pair $(a(\alpha),b(\alpha))$ of semi-axes, with $a(\alpha)>b(\alpha)>0$ for $\alpha\in (-1,0)$ and $0<a(\alpha)<b(\alpha)$ for $\alpha\in (0,n-2]$. Hence there is at least one stationary, non-degenerate spheroid $\Omega(a(\alpha),b(\alpha))$ for the energy $I_\alpha$. We then show that, for any spheroid $\Omega(a(\alpha),b(\alpha))$ for which the stationarity condition is satisfied, also the unilateral condition is satisfied. Since – are necessary and sufficient conditions for minimality, this implies that any spheroid $\Omega(a(\alpha),b(\alpha))$ satisfying is in fact a minimiser for $I_\alpha$. The strict convexity of the energy then gives uniqueness of the minimiser, and in particular implies that there is only one spheroid satisfying . This approach can be carried out also in the two-dimensional case (see [@Scag]).
### Dimensionality of minimisers for $n=2$ and $n\geq 3$.
For the energy , it was shown in [@MRS] that the unique minimiser is one dimensional, and is given by the semi-circle law on the vertical axis, $$\mu_{\textrm{edge}} = \frac{1}{\pi}\delta_0\otimes \sqrt{2-x_2^2} \, \mathcal{H}^1{\mathbin{\vrule height 1.6ex depth 0pt width
0.13ex\vrule height 0.13ex depth 0pt width 1.3ex}}(-\sqrt2,\sqrt2).$$ The semi-circle law also arises as the unique minimiser of the one-dimensional logarithmic energy with quadratic confinement (see [@Wi]), and represents in that case the optimal positions of the eigenvalues of a Hermitian random matrix with Gaussian entries.
We recall that the minimiser of the Coulomb-gas energy $I_0$ for $n=2$ is the two-dimensional measure $\mu_0 = \frac1\pi \chi_{B_1(0)}$, the so-called circle-law, also well-known in the context of random matrices. In fact, the minimiser of $I_0$ is the normalised characteristic function of a ball in any dimension. The change of dimension of the minimiser of the energy $I_\alpha$, for $n=2$, between $\alpha=0$ and $\alpha=1$ was investigated by the authors in [@CMMRSV]. In [@CMMRSV] it was shown in particular that the minimiser of $I_\alpha$, for $n=2$ and $\alpha\in (-1,1)$, is the two-dimensional measure $$\mu_\alpha = \frac1\pi \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\alpha^2}} \chi_{\Omega(\sqrt{1-\alpha},\sqrt{1+\alpha})},$$ with $$\Omega(\sqrt{1-\alpha},\sqrt{1+\alpha})=\left\{x=(x_1,x_2)\in{\mathbb R}^2:\
\frac{x_1^2}{1-\alpha}+\frac{x_2^2}{1+\alpha}<1\right\}.$$ Hence the minimiser of $I_\alpha$ has full dimension for $\alpha\in (-1,1)$, and is one-dimensional for both $\alpha\leq -1$ and $\alpha\geq 1$, being respectively the semi-circle law on the horizontal or the vertical axis.
A question left open in [@CMMRSV] was to understand why there is a change of dimension of the minimiser $\mu_\alpha$ at $\alpha=\pm1$, for $n=2$. The relation between the dimensionality of the minimiser of a nonlocal energy and the singularity of the interaction kernel is a fascinating and subtle problem. The available results in the literature are usually of the form of a lower bound for the dimension of the measure (see, e.g., [@BCLR]), which is helpful if the goal is to prove that the dimension is full, but less so to prove that there is a loss of dimension.
For the energy $I_\alpha$ in dimension $n=2$, since the Fourier transform of $W_\alpha$ changes sign exactly at the values $\alpha=\pm1$, it was natural to conjecture that the change of dimension could be due to the change of sign of $\widehat{W}_\alpha$. Similarly, since the Laplacian of $W_\alpha$ is $$\begin{aligned}
\Delta W_\alpha(x) = -(1-\alpha)\partial_{x_1}^2 \log|x| - (1+\alpha)\partial_{x_2}^2 \log|x|,\end{aligned}$$ it was reasonable to expect that the singular behaviour exhibited by $\mu_\alpha$ at $\alpha=\pm1$ was a consequence of the ‘degeneracy’ of $\Delta W_\alpha$ at those values.
The analysis done in this paper demonstrates that the situation is more delicate. While it is still plausible to expect that a positive Fourier transform (or a non-degenerate Laplacian) results into a fully-dimensional minimiser, the contrary is not true, at least for $n\geq 3$. Indeed while for $n\geq 3$ the Fourier transform $\widehat{W}_\alpha$ of the interaction kernel changes sign at $\alpha=n-2$ (see ), and similarly $$\Delta W_\alpha(x) =\bigg(1-\frac{\alpha}{n-2}\bigg) \partial_{x_1}^2\bigg(\frac1{|x|^{n-2}}\bigg) + \bigg(1+\frac{\alpha}{n-2}\bigg) \sum_{i=2}^n\partial_{x_i}^2\bigg(\frac1{|x|^{n-2}}\bigg),$$ we prove that the minimiser of $I_{\alpha}$ is the characteristic function of a non-degenerate spheroid also for the limit value $\alpha=n-2$.
### The shape of minimisers for $\alpha>0$ and $\alpha<0$.
In the two-dimensional case $n=2$, changing sign to $\alpha$ corresponds to swapping $x_1$ and $x_2$ (up to a constant in the energy), due to the zero-homogeneity of the energy. Hence it is sufficient to characterise the minimisers of $I_\alpha$ for $\alpha>0$, which is what we did in [@CMMRSV].
This is no longer true for $n\geq 3$, since in this case there is only one privileged coordinate. Intuitively, configurations elongated on $x_1$ are penalised for $\alpha>0$, and preferred for $\alpha<0$ (see, e.g., ), hence the minimisers for $\alpha>0$ and $\alpha<0$ cannot be congruent up to a rotation, which is the case in dimension two. More precisely, for $n\geq3$ we may write $$W_{\alpha}(x) = (1+\alpha) W_0(x) -\alpha \frac{1}{|x|^n} \sum_{i=2}^n x_i^2.$$ Thus, changing sign to $\alpha$ corresponds not only to a change in the anisotropy, but also to a rescaling of the Coulomb kernel. This also suggests that a different behaviour of the energy should be expected at $\alpha=-1$ in dimension $n=2$ and $n\geq3$, as discussed next.
### The limiting case $\alpha=-1$
In dimension $n\geq 3$, for $\alpha=-1$ the anisotropy cancels completely the $x_1$-component of the Coulomb potential, since from $$W_{-1}(x) = \frac{1}{|x|^{n-2}} - \frac{x_1^2}{|x|^n} = \frac{x_2^2+\ldots+x_n^2}{|x|^n}, \quad x\neq 0.$$ As a consequence, there is a discrepancy with the situation for $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$: While $I_\alpha$ is lower semicontinuous for any $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$, the functional $I_{-1}$ with the kernel $W_{-1}$ above (and $W_{-1}(0)=+\infty$) is not lower semicontinuous (see Remark \[alfaneg\]). In particular, $I_{-1}$ does not describe the asymptotic behaviour of the functionals $I_\alpha$, as $\alpha\to-1^+$ (see Remark \[asymrem\]). We resolve this issue in Section \[Section-1\], where we characterise the $\Gamma$-limit $J_\ast$ of $I_\alpha$, as $\alpha\to-1^+$, in Fourier space, on probability measures with compact support. This partial representation allows us to show strict convexity of $J_\ast$ on a class of measures that is the relevant one for minimisation, and hence to deduce uniqueness of the minimiser for $J_\ast$. Moreover, we show that the minimiser is, also in this limiting case, the (normalised) characteristic function of an $n$-dimensional (prolate) spheroid.
Open questions and future work.
-------------------------------
There are several questions that we will address in future work. We believe that ellipses, or spheroids, arise as minimisers of more general anisotropic energies. A first step would be to consider interaction kernels of the form $W_0 + \alpha W_{\textrm{aniso}}$, with $$W_{\textrm{aniso}}(x) = \frac{x_1^{2\kappa}}{|x|^{n-2+2\kappa}}, \quad \kappa\in {\mathbb N}.$$ It is plausible to expect that in the two-dimensional case $n=2$ and in a suitable range of $\alpha$ the minimisers are ellipses. It would be interesting to understand whether, as for $\kappa=1$, they shrink to a segment for some special value $\alpha^\ast$ within, or at the boundary of, the interval of strict convexity of the corresponding energy (or of positivity of the Fourier transform of $W_0 + \alpha W_{\textrm{aniso}}$). This analysis would help to shed more light on what causes the loss of dimension of the minimising measure.
[Existence and uniqueness of the minimiser of $I_{\alpha}$ for $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$, $n\geq 3$]{}\[preliminary-section\]
In this section we prove that for every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ the nonlocal energy $I_{\alpha}$ defined in , for $n\geq 3$, has a unique minimiser $\mu_\alpha\in \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, and that the minimiser has a compact support.
\[exist+uniq\] Let $n\geq 3$, and let $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$. Then the energy $I_{\alpha}$ is well defined on $\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, is strictly convex on the class of measures with compact support and finite interaction energy, and has a unique minimiser in $\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^n)$. Moreover, the minimiser has compact support and finite energy.
The case $n =2$ has been proved in [@MRS Section 2] and [@CMMRSV Proposition 2.1]. For $n\geq 3$ the proof follows by a similar argument. For the convenience of the reader we outline the main steps of the proof.
*Step 1: Well definiteness of $I_\alpha$.* Since $\alpha> -1$, if we write $W_\alpha$, for $x\neq 0$, as $$\label{rewrite:W}
W_{\alpha}(x) =
\frac{1}{|x|^n}\bigg((1+\alpha) x_1^2 + \sum_{i=2}^n x_i^2\bigg),$$ we can immediately see that the energy is well-defined and non-negative on $\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^n)$.
*Step 2: Existence of a compactly supported minimiser.* First of all, it is easy to see that $I_\alpha(\mu_B)<+\infty$, where $\mu_B= \frac{1}{|B_1(0)|}
\chi_{B_1(0)}$. This implies that $\inf_{\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^n)}
I_\alpha < +\infty$. Moreover, we have that $$\begin{aligned}
W_{\alpha}(x-y) + \frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)
\geq\frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2). \label{bound:compact}\end{aligned}$$ This lower bound provides tightness and hence compactness with respect to narrow convergence for minimising sequences, that, together with the lower semicontinuity of $I_\alpha$, guarantees the existence of a minimiser. As in [@MRS Section 2.2], one can show that any minimiser of $I_{\alpha}$ has compact support, again by .
*Step 3: Strict convexity of $I_\alpha$ and uniqueness of the minimiser.* We prove that $$\label{cvx0}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} W_{\alpha}\ast (\nu_1-\nu_2) \,d(\nu_1-\nu_2) > 0$$ for every $\nu_1, \nu_2 \in \mathcal{P}({\mathbb R}^n)$, $\nu_1\neq \nu_2$, with compact support and finite interaction energy, namely such that $\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (W_{\alpha}\ast\nu_i) \, d\nu_i < + \infty$ for $i=1,2$. Condition implies strict convexity of $I_{\alpha}$ on the set of probability measures with compact support and finite interaction energy and, consequently, uniqueness of the minimiser.
To prove , we follow again the same strategy as in [@MRS Section 2.3]. The idea consists in rewriting the interaction energy of $\nu:=\nu_1-\nu_2$ in Fourier space, as $$\label{Fourier:space}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} W_{\alpha}\ast \nu \,d \nu = \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi,$$ and proving that $\widehat{W}_\alpha$ is a positive distribution.
*Step 3.1: Computation of $\widehat{W}_\alpha$.* Note that $W_{\alpha}$ is a tempered distribution, namely $W_{\alpha}\in{\mathcal S}'$, where $\mathcal S$ denotes the Schwartz space; hence also $\widehat W_{\alpha}\in{\mathcal S}'$. We recall that $\widehat W_{\alpha}$ is defined by the formula $$\langle \widehat W_{\alpha}, \varphi\rangle := \langle W_{\alpha}, \widehat
\varphi\,\rangle \qquad \text{ for every } \varphi\in{\mathcal S}$$ where, for $\xi\in{\mathbb R}^n$, $$\widehat \varphi(\xi):=\int_{{\mathbb R}^n}\varphi(x)e^{-2\pi i\xi\cdot x}\, dx.$$ To compute $\widehat{W}_\alpha$ it is convenient to rewrite $W_\alpha$ as $$W_\alpha(x) = \Big(1+\frac{\alpha}n\Big) \frac{1}{|x|^{n-2}} + \frac{\alpha}n\,\frac{1}{|x|^n} \bigg((n-1) x_1^2 -\sum_{i=2}^n x_i^2\bigg),$$ namely as the sum of the $n$-dimensional Coulomb potential (up to a multiplicative constant) and the ratio between a homogeneous harmonic polynomial of degree two and a power of $|x|$. By [@Stein eq.(32), p.73] and by [@Folland Exercise 1, p.154] we have that the Fourier transform $\widehat W_{\alpha}$ of $W_{\alpha}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{FT3d}
\langle \widehat W_{\alpha}, \varphi\rangle
&= \Big(1+\frac{\alpha}n\Big)\frac{(n-2)\pi^{\frac n2-2}}{2\Gamma(\frac n2)} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}\frac{1}{|\xi|^2}\varphi(\xi) d\xi - \frac{\alpha}{n} \,\frac{\pi^{\frac n2-2}}{\Gamma(\frac n2)} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \frac{(n-1) \xi_1^2 - \sum_{i=2}^n\xi_i^2}{|\xi|^4} \, \varphi(\xi) d\xi \nonumber\\
&= \frac{\pi^{\frac n2-2}}{2\Gamma(\frac n2)} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \frac{(n-2-\alpha) \xi_1^2 + (n-2+\alpha) \sum_{i=2}^n \xi_i^2}{|\xi|^4} \, \varphi(\xi) d\xi\end{aligned}$$ for every $\varphi\in{\mathcal S}$. Thus, implies that $\widehat W_{\alpha}$ is a positive function in $L^1_{\textrm{loc}}({\mathbb R}^n)$ for every $\alpha\in (-1, n-2]$, hence in particular a positive tempered distribution.
*Step 3.2: Proof of .* We start by proving that holds when $\nu$ is a non-negative finite Borel measure with compact support, where we understand that the two sides of the formula are either both finite and coincide, or both equal to $+\infty$.
We proceed by regularisation. Let $\varphi\in C^\infty_c(B_1(0))$ be non-negative, radial, and with $\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \varphi (x)\,dx =1.$ For ${\varepsilon}>0$ we define $$\label{convol}
\varphi_{\varepsilon}(x):= \frac{1}{{\varepsilon}^n} \varphi\left(\frac{x}{{\varepsilon}}\right) \qquad \text{ and} \qquad \nu_{\varepsilon}: = \nu \ast \varphi_{\varepsilon}.$$ We claim that $$\label{parep}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (W_\alpha\ast \nu_{\varepsilon})(x) \nu_{\varepsilon}(x) \,dx = \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi) |\widehat{\nu_{\varepsilon}}(\xi)|^2 \, d\xi.$$ To show this, let us set $f:=W_\alpha \ast \nu_{\varepsilon}$ and $g:=\nu_{\varepsilon}$, and note that $g \in C^{\infty}_c({\mathbb R}^n)$ and $f \in C^{\infty}({\mathbb R}^n)$. Moreover, since $\widehat{\nu_{\varepsilon}}\in{\mathcal S}$ and $\widehat{W}_\alpha\in L^1_{\textrm{loc}}({\mathbb R}^n)$ behaves as $1/|\xi|^2$ at infinity by , we have that $\widehat{f}=\widehat{W}_\alpha\,\widehat{\nu_{\varepsilon}}\in L^1({\mathbb R}^n)$. Let $\psi \in C^{\infty}_c({\mathbb R}^n)$ be such that $\psi = 1$ on $B_1(0)$ and let $R>0$ be such that the support of $g$ is contained in $B_R(0)$. If $\tau>0$ is such that $\tau R < 1$, then, by Parseval formula, $$\begin{aligned}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} f(x)g(x)\,dx & = & \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \psi(\tau x)f(x)g(x) \,dx
\nonumber
\\
& = & \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (\widehat{\psi(\tau\, \cdot)} \ast \widehat{f}\, )(\xi)
\,\overline{\widehat{g}(\xi)}\, d\xi
= \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (\widehat{\psi}_\tau \ast \widehat{f}\,)(\xi)\, \overline{\widehat{g}(\xi)}\, d\xi,
\label{lime}\end{aligned}$$ where $\widehat{\psi}_\tau(x):= \tau^{-n} \widehat{\psi}(x/\tau)$. Using that $\widehat\psi\in\mathcal S\subset L^1({\mathbb R}^n)$, $\int_{{\mathbb R}^n}\widehat\psi(\xi)\,d\xi=\psi(0)=1$, and that $\widehat f\in L^1({\mathbb R}^n)$, it is easy to see that $\widehat{\psi}_\tau \ast \widehat{f}$ converges to $\widehat f$ in $L^1({\mathbb R}^n)$, as $\tau\to0$. In fact, $$\|\widehat{\psi}_\tau \ast \widehat{f} -\widehat{f} \|_{L^1}\leq \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}|\widehat\psi(\eta)|\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} |\widehat{f}(\xi-\tau\eta)-\widehat{f}(\xi)|\,d\xi d\eta$$ and one can conclude by the continuity of translations in the $L^1$-norm and by the Dominated Convergence Theorem. Since $\widehat{g}\in L^{\infty}({\mathbb R}^n)$, we deduce that $$\lim_{\tau\to0} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (\widehat{\psi}_\tau \ast \widehat{f}\,)(\xi)\, \overline{\widehat{g}(\xi)}\, d\xi
= \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{f}(\xi)\, \overline{\widehat{g}(\xi)}\, d\xi,$$ which, together with , proves .
We now let ${\varepsilon}\rightarrow 0$ in . For the right-hand side we observe that for every $\xi\in{\mathbb R}^n$ $$\widehat{\varphi_{\varepsilon}}(\xi) = \widehat{\varphi}({\varepsilon}\xi) \to \widehat{\varphi}(0) =1,$$ as ${\varepsilon}\to0$, and that $\|\widehat{\varphi_{\varepsilon}}\|_{L^\infty}\le \|\varphi \|_{L^1} =1$ for every ${\varepsilon}>0$. Therefore, either by the Dominated Convergence Theorem or the Fatou Lemma, we have $$\label{trickJV}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi) |\widehat{\nu_{\varepsilon}}(\xi)|^2 \, d\xi = \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi) |\widehat{\nu}(\xi)|^2
|\widehat{\varphi_{\varepsilon}}(\xi) |^2 \, d\xi \ \to \ \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi) |\widehat{\nu}(\xi)|^2 \, d\xi,$$ as ${\varepsilon}\to0$, even if the right-hand side is infinite.
To deal with the left-hand side of we note that, since $\alpha>-1$, there exists a positive constant $C=C(\alpha)$ such that $$\label{dobliu}
\frac{1}{C}\, W_0(x) \le W_\alpha(x) \le C\, W_0(x) \qquad \text{ for every } x\in{\mathbb R}^n.$$ Hence, $$(W_\alpha\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(z) \le C(W_0\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(z) \qquad \text{ for every } z\in{\mathbb R}^n.$$ Since $W_0$ is superharmonic and $\varphi$ is radial with integral $1$, the mean value property on spheres yields $$(W_0\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(z)
\le W_0(z) \qquad \text{ for every } z\in{\mathbb R}^n.$$ Thus, combining the three previous inequalities, $$\label{dobliufun}
(W_\alpha\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(z) \le C\, W_0(z) \le C^2\, W_\alpha(z) \qquad \text{ for every } z\in{\mathbb R}^n.$$ Note that for every $z \in {\mathbb R}^n$ $$\label{kereg}
(W_\alpha\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(z) \to W_\alpha(z),$$ as ${\varepsilon}\to0$, since $W_\alpha$ is continuous as a function with values into $[0,+\infty]$. Owing to the convergence and the domination , we can either apply the Dominated Convergence Theorem or the Fatou Lemma to deduce that $$\label{conv}
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}^n}(W_\alpha\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(x-y) \, d\nu(x)\,d\nu(y) \ \to \
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}^n} W_\alpha(x-y) \, d\nu(x)\, d\nu(y),$$ as ${\varepsilon}\to0$, even if the right-hand side is infinite.
We now go back to the left-hand side of and observe that $$\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (W_\alpha\ast \nu_{\varepsilon})(x)\nu_{\varepsilon}(x) \, dx = \iint_{\mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}^n}(W_\alpha\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon}\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(x-y) \, d\nu(x)\,d\nu(y).$$ Note that $(\varphi_{\varepsilon}\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon})(x) = {\varepsilon}^{-n}(\varphi \ast \varphi)(x/{\varepsilon})$ and that $\varphi \ast \varphi$ inherits the properties of $\varphi$: it is radial, belongs to $C^\infty_c({\mathbb R}^n)$, and $\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (\varphi \ast \varphi)(x)\,dx =1$. Therefore, holds with $\varphi_{\varepsilon}$ replaced by $\varphi_{\varepsilon}\ast \varphi_{\varepsilon}$. This concludes the proof of for a non-negative measure $\nu$.
We now prove for a signed and neutral measure $\nu:=\nu_1-\nu_2$, where $\nu_1, \nu_2 \in \mathcal{P}({\mathbb R}^n)$ have compact support and finite interaction energy. First of all, by using for $\nu_1+\nu_2$ we have that $$\begin{aligned}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (W_\alpha \ast (\nu_1+\nu_2))(x)\,d(\nu_1+\nu_2)(x) & = & \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi) |\widehat{\nu}_1(\xi)+\widehat{\nu}_2(\xi)|^2\,d\xi
\\
& \le & 2 \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi)(|\widehat{\nu}_1(\xi)|^2 +|\widehat{\nu}_2(\xi)|^2 )\, d\xi < +\infty.\end{aligned}$$ By expanding both sides of the identity above and using for $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$ we get $$\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (W_\alpha\ast \nu_1)(x)\,d\nu_2(x)= \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi)\,{\rm Re}\big(\widehat{\nu}_1(\xi)\overline{\widehat{\nu}_2(\xi)}\,\big) \,d\xi,$$ which, by using again for $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$, gives $$\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} (W_\alpha\ast (\nu_1-\nu_2))(x)\,d(\nu_1-\nu_2)(x) = \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\alpha(\xi)|\widehat{\nu}_1(\xi)-\widehat{\nu}_2(\xi)|^2\,d\xi.$$ Since the right-hand side is strictly positive for $\nu_1\neq\nu_2$, equation is proved.
\[alfaneg\] In the case $n\geq3$, unlike in the two-dimensional case, the energy is not well-defined for $\alpha<-1$. Indeed, writing $W_\alpha$ as in , we can see that the two terms in the right-hand side of are both unbounded for $|x|$ close to zero, and have opposite sign.
Even for $\alpha=-1$ the situation is subtle. The functional $I_{-1}$ with kernel $W_{-1}$ defined as in is not lower semicontinuous with respect to narrow convergence: Indeed, the probability measures $\mu_k:=k{{\mathcal H}}^1{\mathbin{\vrule height 1.6ex depth 0pt width
0.13ex\vrule height 0.13ex depth 0pt width 1.3ex}}\big((0,\frac1k)\times\{0\}^{n-1}\big)$ converge narrowly to the Dirac delta at $0$, but $$\label{not-ls-mg}
0=\lim_{k\to +\infty} I_{-1}(\mu_k) < I_{-1}(\delta_0) = +\infty.$$ So, in particular, $I_{-1}$ is not the $\Gamma$-limit of $I_\alpha$ for $\alpha\to -1^{+}$. Moreover, implies that the relaxed functional $\overline{I_{-1}}$ of $I_{-1}$ is equal to $0$ at $\delta_0$, which is therefore a minimiser of $\overline{I_{-1}}$. Note that the kernel $W_{-1}$ is also not lower semicontinuous, since $W_{-1}(0)=+\infty$ and $$\liminf_{x\to0} W_{-1}(x)=0.$$ If we define a new kernel $\widetilde W_{-1}$ to be as $W_{-1}$ for $x\neq 0$, and $\widetilde W_{-1}(0):=0$, then $\widetilde W_{-1}$ is lower semicontinuous, and the corresponding functional $\widetilde{I}_{-1}$ has a unique minimiser, which is simply the Dirac delta at $0$.
The case $\alpha=-1$ will be discussed in detail in Section \[Section-1\].
[Minimality of spheroids]{}\[proof-section\]
It is a standard computation in potential theory to show that any minimiser $\mu$ of $I_\alpha$ must satisfy the following Euler-Lagrange conditions: There exists $C\in{\mathbb R}$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{EL-1}
&(W_{\alpha}\ast \mu)(x) + \frac{|x|^2}2 = C \quad \text{for
$\mu$-a.e.\ } x\in \operatorname{supp}\mu,
\\ \label{EL-2}
&(W_{\alpha}\ast \mu)(x) + \frac{|x|^2}2 \geq C \quad \text{for
q.e.\ }x\in {\mathbb R}^n,\end{aligned}$$ where [*quasi everywhere*]{} (q.e.) means up to sets of zero capacity (see [@SaTo Chapter I, Theorem 1.3] or [@MRS Section 3.1]). The Euler-Lagrange conditions – are in fact equivalent to minimality for $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ due to Proposition \[exist+uniq\]. We refer to [@MRS Section 3.1] for details.
Let $a,b>0$, and let $\Omega(a,b)\subset {\mathbb R}^n$ denote the ellipsoid with semi-axis $a$ in the $x_1$ direction and the other semi-axes of the same length $b$, namely $$\Omega(a,b):= \left\{x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in {\mathbb R}^n: \ \frac{x_1^2}{a^2} + \frac{1}{b^2}\sum_{i=2}^nx_i^2 \leq 1\right\}.$$ This special ellipsoid is called *oblate spheroid* if $a<b$ and *prolate spheroid* if $a>b$.
The main result is the following.
\[characterisation\] Let $n\geq 3$ and $\alpha\in(-1,n-2]$. There exist $a(\alpha), b(\alpha)>0$ such that the measure $$\mu_\alpha:= \frac{1}{| \Omega_\alpha|} \, \chi_{ \Omega_\alpha}, \qquad \Omega_\alpha:= \Omega(a(\alpha), b(\alpha)),$$ is the unique minimiser of the functional $I_\alpha$ in $\mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ and satisfies the Euler-Lagrange conditions $$\begin{aligned}
\label{EL-1-real}
(W_{\alpha}\ast \mu_\alpha)(x) + \frac{|x|^2}2 &= C_\alpha \quad
\text{for every\ } x\in \Omega_\alpha,\\\label{EL-2-real}
(W_{\alpha}\ast \mu_\alpha)(x) + \frac{|x|^2}2 &\geq C_\alpha \quad \text{for every\ }x\in {\mathbb R}^n,\end{aligned}$$ with $C_\alpha= 2I_\alpha(\mu_\alpha)- \frac12\int_{\mathbb{R}^n} |x|^2 \,d\mu_\alpha(x)$. Moreover, the spheroid $\Omega_\alpha$ is prolate for $\alpha\in (-1,0)$ and oblate for $\alpha\in (0,n-2]$.
For $\alpha=0$, $n\geq3$, it is well-known that the unique minimiser of the Coulomb energy $I_0$ is the normalised characteristic function of the ball centred at $0$ with radius $(n-2)^{1/n}$ (see, e.g., [@CGZ Corollary 1.3]). In other words, $a(0)=b(0)=(n-2)^{1/n}$. In the proof below we will focus only on the case $\alpha\neq0$.
We split the proof of Theorem \[characterisation\] into Section \[sect:EL1\], where we prove the stationarity condition , and Section \[sect:EL2-n\], where we prove . The heart of the proof consists in the exact evaluation of the convolution $$\Phi_\alpha:= W_\alpha\ast \frac{1}{|\Omega(a,b)|}\chi_{\Omega(a,b)}$$ both in $\Omega(a,b)$ (in Section \[sect:EL1\]) and in ${\mathbb R}^n\setminus \Omega(a,b)$ (in Section \[sect:EL2-n\]), for $a,b>0$.
We write $$\label{defPsi}
\Phi_\alpha(x)= \Phi_0(x) + \alpha \Psi(x), \quad \textrm{with } \, \Psi(x):= \avint_{\!\!\Omega(a,b)}\frac{(x_1-y_1)^2}{|x-y|^n} \,dy.$$
The condition on spheroids {#sect:EL1}
--------------------------
Let $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$. We claim that there exist $a(\alpha), b(\alpha)>0$ (with $a(\alpha)< b(\alpha)$ for $\alpha\in (0,n-2]$ and $a(\alpha)> b(\alpha)$ for $\alpha\in (-1,0)$) such that $$\begin{aligned}
(W_{\alpha}\ast \mu_\alpha)(x) + \frac{|x|^2}2 = C_\alpha \quad
\text{for every\ } x\in \Omega_\alpha, \qquad \mu_\alpha:= \frac{1}{| \Omega_\alpha|} \, \chi_{ \Omega_\alpha},\end{aligned}$$ where we recall that $\Omega_\alpha= \Omega(a(\alpha), b(\alpha))$.
In the two-dimensional case studied in [@CMMRSV], we computed the semi-axes of $\Omega_\alpha$ in terms of $\alpha$, and deduced the explicit values $a=\sqrt{1-\alpha}$ and $b=\sqrt{1+\alpha}$. For $n\geq 3$ we do not have explicit expressions for the semi-axes in terms of $\alpha$.
### The potential inside a spheroid {#sect:inside}
In this section, for $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ and $a,b>0$, we evaluate $\Phi_\alpha(x)$ with $x\in \Omega(a,b)$. We start by recalling the case $\alpha=0$ of the Coulomb potential, namely $$\Phi_0(x)= \avint_{\!\!\Omega(a,b)}\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n-2}} \,dy.$$ For $x\in \Omega(a,b)$ we have that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Riesz:ellipsoid-n}
\Phi_0(x)=&
\frac{n(n-2)}4\int_0^\infty \left(1-\frac{x_1^2}{a^2+s} - \frac{r^2}{b^2+s}\right) \frac{ds}{\sqrt{a^2+s}(b^2+s)^{\frac{n-1}2}}\nonumber\\
=& - \frac{n(n-2)}{4b^n} \left(x_1^2 \int_0^\infty \frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}
+ r^2 \int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{\sqrt{t+\sigma}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\right) + C(a^2,b^2),\end{aligned}$$ where $r^2=\sum_{i=2}^n x_i^2$, $C(a^2,b^2)$ is a constant that depends smoothly on $a^2$ and $b^2$, and in the last step we set $\sigma:=s/b^2$ and denoted with $t$ the aspect ratio $t:=a^2/b^2$, $t>0$ (see, e.g., [@Difratta]). In particular, $\Phi_0$ in $\Omega(a,b)$ is a second-degree polynomial with no linear terms.
We now obtain the anisotropic term $\Psi$ of $\Phi_\alpha$ on $\Omega(a,b)$ (see ) by differentiating $\Phi_0$ with respect to the aspect ratio $t$, in the spirit of [@CMMRSV Section 4]. First of all note that, by the definition of $\Phi_0$ and by a change of variables, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Riesz:ellipsoid_nv2-n}
\Phi_0(b\sqrt t u_1,bu') = \frac1{b^{n-2}}\avint_{\!\!B_1(0)} \frac{dv}{\big(t(u_1-v_1)^2+|u'-v'|^2\big)^{\frac{n-2}2}},\end{aligned}$$ where $u':=(u_2,\dots,u_n)$, and $u=(u_1,u')\in B_1(0)$. By differentiating with respect to the aspect ratio $t$ we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{diff:Phi0-n}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \Big(\Phi_0(b\sqrt t u_1,bu')\Big) = -\frac{1}{b^{n-2} }\frac{n-2}2 \avint_{\!\!B_1(0)} \frac{ (u_1-v_1)^2}{\big(t(u_1-v_1)^2+|u'-v'|^2\big)^{n/2}}\,dv ,\end{aligned}$$ and since $$\Psi(b\sqrt t u_1,bu') = \frac1{b^{n-2}} \avint_{\!\!B_1(0)} \frac{t (u_1-v_1)^2}{\big(t(u_1-v_1)^2+|u'-v'|^2\big)^{n/2}}\, dv,$$ it follows by that $$\label{diff:anis-n}
\Psi(b\sqrt t u_1,bu') =-\frac{2t}{n-2} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \Big(\Phi_0(b\sqrt t u_1,bu')\Big).$$ On the other hand, by the explicit expression we have that for every $u=(u_1,u')\in B_1(0)$ $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi_0(b\sqrt t u_1,bu') = &- u_1^2 \, \frac{n(n-2) t}{4 b^{n-2}} \int_0^\infty \frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}\\
& - |u'|^2 \, \frac{n(n-2)}{4 b^{n-2}} \int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{\sqrt{t+\sigma}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}} + C(tb^2,b^2),$$ and hence $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:RHS-n}
&\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \Big(\Phi_0(b\sqrt t u_1,bu') \Big)\nonumber\\
&= - u_1^2 \, \frac{n(n-2)}{4 b^{n-2}} \left(\int_0^\infty \frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}
- \frac{3 t}2 \int_0^\infty \frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{5/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}\right)\nonumber\\
& + |u'|^2\, \frac{n(n-2)}{8 b^{n-2}} \int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}} +\tilde C(tb^2,b^2),\end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde C(tb^2,b^2)$ is another constant. So, by and we obtain the expression of $\Psi$ for $x\in\Omega(a,b)$, namely
$$\begin{aligned}
\Psi(x) = &\, x_1^2 \, \frac{n}{2b^n} \left( \int_0^\infty \frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}
- \frac{3t}2 \int_0^\infty \frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{5/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}\right) \nonumber\\
& - r^2 \, \frac{nt}{4 b^n} \int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}} -\frac{2t}{n-2} \tilde C(tb^2,b^2).\end{aligned}$$
In conclusion, for $x\in \Omega(a,b)$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{potential:inside-n}
\Phi_\alpha(x)= &\, x_1^2 \frac{n}{4 b^n} \bigg((2\alpha-(n-2))\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}} - 3\alpha t\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{5/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}\bigg)\nonumber\\
+& r^2 \frac{n}{4 b^n} \bigg(-(n-2)\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{\sqrt{t+\sigma} (1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}} - \alpha t\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\bigg) + C,\end{aligned}$$ where $C$ denotes a constant and $t>0$.
### The condition on spheroids {#EL-1-real-spheroids-n}
We now use the expression of the potential on spheroids to verify that there is a spheroid for which the first Euler-Lagrange condition is satisfied.
We start by establishing some relations among the integrals appearing in the expressions of the coefficients of $x_1^2$ and $r^2$. Note that, by defining $$\label{def:H}
H(t):=\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}}$$ for $t>0$, we have that $$\begin{aligned}
\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{5/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n-1}2}} &=-\frac23 H'(t),\label{def:Hp}\\
\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{\sqrt{t+\sigma}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}} &=\frac{2}{n-1}\frac1{\sqrt{t}} - \frac1{n-1} H(t),\label{useful-b}\\
\int_0^\infty\frac{d\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}} &=\frac{2}{n-1}\frac{1}{t^{3/2}} + \frac{2}{n-1}H'(t)\label{useful-c}.\end{aligned}$$ Note also that $$\label{HprimeH}
-n H(t)+2(1-t)H'(t) + \frac{2}{t^{3/2}}=0.$$ To prove it, we rewrite as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{H-rewrite-useful}
\frac{2}{n-1}H'(t) &= \frac1t \int_0^\infty\frac{t+\sigma -\sigma}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\,d\sigma
- \frac{2}{n-1}\frac{1}{t^{3/2}}
\\
&= \frac1t \left( \frac{2}{n-1}\frac1{\sqrt{t}} - \frac1{n-1} H(t) \right)
- \frac1t \int_0^\infty\frac{1+ \sigma -1}{(t+\sigma)^{3/2}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\,d\sigma
- \frac{2}{n-1}\frac{1}{t^{3/2}}
\\
&= - \frac1{n-1} \frac1t H(t)
- \frac1t H(t) +\frac1t \left( \frac{2}{n-1}\frac{1}{t^{3/2}} + \frac{2}{n-1}H'(t) \right),\end{aligned}$$ hence obtaining the relation .
Integrating we deduce that $$H(t)=\frac1{|1-t|^{\frac{n}2}}\int_t^1 \frac{|1-s|^{\frac{n}2}}{s^{3/2}(1-s)}\, ds
\qquad \text{ for } t\neq1.$$ By integration by parts we obtain $$\label{newH}
H(t)= \frac{2}{\sqrt t(1-t)}- \frac{n-2}{|1-t|^{n/2}}\int_t^1 \frac{|1-s|^{\frac{n}2-2}}{\sqrt s}\, ds \qquad \text{ for } t\neq1,$$ and by differentiation $$\label{newH'}
H'(t)= \frac{(n+1)t-1}{t^{3/2}(1-t)^2}- \frac{n(n-2)}{2}\frac{1-t}{|1-t|^{\frac{n}2+2}}\int_t^1 \frac{|1-s|^{\frac{n}2-2}}{\sqrt s}\, ds \qquad \text{ for } t\neq1.$$
Condition on spheroids is equivalent to the following two equations, obtained by equating the coefficients of $x_1^2$: $$\label{r-EL1-1-n}
-\frac12 = \frac{n}{4b^n}\left((2\alpha-(n-2))H(t)+2\alpha t H'(t)\right),$$ and of $r^2$: $$\label{r-EL1-2-n}
-\frac12 = \frac{n}{4(n-1)b^n}\left(-2(n-2+\alpha)\frac1{\sqrt t} +(n-2) H(t)-2\alpha t H'(t)\right).$$
For what follows it is more convenient to reduce to two alternative equivalent conditions: the first one is obtained by adding to $(n-1)$-times : $$\label{r-EL1-4-n}
b^n = \frac{n-2+\alpha}{\sqrt t} - \alpha H(t),$$ and the second condition is obtained by subtracting from : $$\begin{aligned}
\label{r-EL1-3-n}
\alpha \left((n-1)H(t)+nt H'(t)+\frac{1}{\sqrt t}\right) + (n-2)\left(-\frac{n}2 H(t)+\frac{1}{\sqrt t}\right)=0.\end{aligned}$$ We claim that, for every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ there exists a spheroid satisfying and , and hence satisfying the stationarity condition .
### The equation {#sec313}
We denote with $F(t,\alpha)$, for $\alpha\in {\mathbb R}$ and $t>0$ (we recall that $t=a^2/b^2$), the left-hand side of . Then is of the form $F(t,\alpha)=0$. We write $$F(t,\alpha) = \frac{1}{\sqrt t}\big(A(t)\alpha+B(t)\big), \quad (t,\alpha)\in (0,+\infty)\times {\mathbb R},$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\label{r-AandB-n}
A(t):= (n-1)\sqrt t H(t)+nt^{3/2} H'(t)+1, \qquad B(t):= -\frac{n(n-2)}2 \sqrt t H(t) + (n-2).
\end{aligned}$$
We claim that for every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ there exists $t=t(\alpha)>0$ such that $F(t(\alpha),\alpha)=0$. We start by analysing the behaviour of $A$ and $B$ for $t$ close to zero. By we have that $$\label{newH2}
\sqrt t H(t) = \frac{2}{1-t}- \frac{(n-2)\sqrt t}{(1-t)^{n/2}}\int_t^1 \frac{(1-s)^{\frac{n}2-2}}{\sqrt s}\, ds \qquad \text{ for } 0<t<1,$$ and since $$\label{integ-finite}
\int_0^1 \frac{(1-s)^{\frac{n}2-2}}{\sqrt s}\, ds<+\infty,$$ we immediately deduce that $\lim_{t\to 0^+} \sqrt t H(t) = 2$. Moreover, by , $$\label{newH'2}
t^{3/2} H'(t) = \frac{(n+1)t-1}{(1-t)^2}- \frac{n(n-2)t^{3/2}}{2(1-t)^{\frac{n}2+1}}\int_t^1 \frac{(1-s)^{\frac{n}2-2}}{\sqrt s}\, ds \qquad \text{ for } 0<t<1,$$ thus, by we deduce that $\lim_{t\to 0^+} t^{3/2} H'(t) = -1$. This implies that $$\begin{aligned}
\lim_{t\to 0^+} A(t) = \lim_{t\to 0^+} \left((n-1)\sqrt t H(t)+ n t^{3/2} H'(t) + 1\right) = 2(n-1) - n +1 =n-1,\end{aligned}$$ and $$\lim_{t\to 0^+} B(t) = (n-2)\lim_{t\to 0^+} \left(-\frac{n}2 \sqrt t H(t) + 1\right) = -(n-1)(n-2).$$ Hence, if $\alpha\neq n-2$, $\lim_{t \to 0^+} F(t,\alpha) = -\infty$. If $\alpha=n-2$, by we have $$\sqrt tF(t,n-2)= \frac{(n-2)^2}2 (\sqrt t H(t)-2) + n(n-2)(t^{3/2}H'(t)+1).$$ Using and , we obtain $$F(t,n-2)=\frac{(n-2)\sqrt t}{(1-t)^2}(2t+n^2-2) -
\frac{(n-2)^2}{2(1-t)^{\frac{n}2+1}}\left( (n-2)(1-t)+n^2t\right)
\int_t^1 \frac{(1-s)^{\frac{n}2-2}}{\sqrt s}\, ds$$ for $0<t<1$. By we deduce that $$\lim_{t \to 0^+} F(t, n-2)= -\frac{(n-2)^3}{2}\int_0^1 \frac{(1-s)^{\frac{n}2-2}}{\sqrt s}\, ds< 0.$$
By a direct computation from and we have that $H(1) = \frac2n$ and $H'(1)=-\frac3{(n+2)}$, therefore $F(1,\alpha) = \frac{4(n-1)}{n(n+2)}\alpha$. Finally, one can check directly that $$\label{limABinf}
\lim_{t\to +\infty}A(t)=1 \qquad \text{ and } \qquad \lim_{t\to +\infty}B(t)=n-2.$$
Now fix $\bar \alpha\in (0,n-2]$: then, since $\lim_{t \to 0^+} F(t,\bar\alpha)< 0$ and $F(1,\bar\alpha)>0$, and $F(\cdot,\bar\alpha)$ is continuous on $(0,\infty)$, it follows that there exists at least one $t(\bar\alpha)\in (0,1)$ such that $F(t(\bar\alpha),\bar\alpha)=0$. Similarly, fixing $\bar \alpha\in (-1,0)$, since $F(1,\bar\alpha)<0$ and $\lim_{t\to +\infty} F(t,\bar\alpha) = 0^+$, it follows that there exists at least one $t(\bar\alpha)>1$ such that $F(t(\bar\alpha),\bar\alpha)=0$.
In conclusion, for every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ there exists at least one $t(\alpha)> 0$ such that $F(t(\alpha),\alpha) = 0$; in other words, for every $\alpha\in(-1,n-2]$ there exists a solution $t(\alpha)>0$ of .
### The equation .
Now we solve for the $t(\alpha)$ found above by solving for spheroids and we compute the corresponding $b$. Then the spheroid will be the one with semi-axes $b(\alpha)$ and $a(\alpha)$, with $t(\alpha)=a(\alpha)^2/b(\alpha)^2$. From and by $$0< \sqrt t H(t) =2 - (n-1)\sqrt t \int_0^\infty\frac{d \sigma}{\sqrt{t+\sigma}(1+\sigma)^{\frac{n+1}2}} < 2 \qquad
\text{ for } t>0,$$ we have that, for $\alpha\in (0,n-2]$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqbpos}
b^n = \frac{1}{\sqrt t}\big(n-2+\alpha - \alpha\sqrt t H(t)\big) > \frac{1}{\sqrt t}\big(n-2 - \alpha\big)\geq 0, \end{aligned}$$ and for $\alpha\in (-1,0)$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eqbneg}
b^n = \frac{1}{\sqrt t}\big(n-2+\alpha - \alpha\sqrt t H(t)\big) > \frac{1}{\sqrt t}\big(n-2+\alpha) >0. \end{aligned}$$
The condition outside spheroids {#sect:EL2-n}
-------------------------------
In this section we show that for $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$ and for any spheroid $\Omega(a(\alpha),b(\alpha))$ for which the stationarity condition is satisfied, also the unilateral condition is satisfied. This implies that any spheroid $\Omega(a(\alpha),b(\alpha))$ for which the stationarity condition is satisfied is in fact a minimiser for the functional $I_\alpha$, and by Proposition \[exist+uniq\] it is the unique minimiser (which in particular implies that there is only one spheroid satisfying ).
We do it in several steps. We start by evaluating the Coulomb potential, which corresponds to $\alpha=0$, namely $$\Phi_0(x)= \avint_{\!\!\Omega(a,b)}\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n-2}} \,dy,$$ for $x\in {\mathbb R}^n\setminus\Omega(a,b)$ and $a,b>0$. For $x\in {\mathbb R}^n\setminus\Omega(a,b)$ and $a,b>0$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Riesz:noellipsoid-n}
\Phi_0(x) = \frac{n(n-2)}4\int_{\lambda(x)}^\infty \left(1-\frac{x_1^2}{a^2+s} - \frac{r^2}{b^2+s}\right) \frac{ds}{\sqrt{a^2+s}(b^2+s)^{\frac{n-1}2}},\end{aligned}$$ where $r^2=\sum_{i=2}^n x_i^2$ and $\lambda(x)$ is the largest root of the equation $$\frac{x_1^2}{a^2+\lambda} +\frac{r^2}{b^2+\lambda}=1.$$ (see, e.g., [@Difratta]). By straightforward computations one can see that $$\lambda(x)=
\begin{cases}
\bigskip
\displaystyle \frac14\left(\sqrt{x_1^2+(r+c)^2} + \sqrt{x_1^2+(r-c)^2}\right)^2 - b^2 \quad &\textrm{if } a<b,\\
\displaystyle \frac14\left(\sqrt{(x_1+c)^2+r^2} + \sqrt{(x_1-c)^2+r^2}\right)^2 - a^2 \quad &\textrm{if } a>b,
\end{cases}$$ where $$c^2:=\begin{cases}
b^2-a^2 \quad &\textrm{if } a<b,\\
a^2-b^2 \quad &\textrm{if } a>b.
\end{cases}$$
### The anisotropic potential outside a spheroid {#sect:outside-n}
In this section we prove that the anisotropic term $\Psi$ of $\Phi_\alpha$, both for oblate and prolate spheroids, is related to the Coulomb potential $\Phi_0$ by the relation $$\label{anis-explicit:E-n}
\Psi(x) = \frac{a^2}{a^2-b^2} \, \Phi_0(x)+ \frac{1}{(n-2)(a^2-b^2)} \nabla\Phi_0(x)\cdot \left( b^2 x_1, a^2 x'\right), \quad \textrm{for } x=(x_1,x')\in {\mathbb R}^n\setminus \Omega(a,b).$$ We obtain by an ingenious differentiation of $\Phi_0$. While in Section \[sect:EL1\] $\Psi$ on $\Omega(a,b)$ was obtained by differentiating $\Phi_0$ with respect to the aspect ratio $a^2/b^2$ of the spheroid, the geometric quantity that is relevant in this case is the parameter spanning a family of spheroids confocal with $\Omega(a,b)$, and surrounding it from the outside.
We prove in the case of oblate spheroids, but the case of prolate spheroids is completely analogous. For oblate spheroids we set $a^2=t$ and $b^2=t+c^2$, where $c$ is fixed, and set $$\Phi^t_0(x):=\avint_{\!\!\Omega_t}\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n-2}} \,dy, \quad \Psi^t(x):=\avint_{\!\!\Omega_t}\frac{(x_1-y_1)^2}{|x-y|^n} \,dy, \quad \Omega_t:=\Omega(\sqrt t, \sqrt{t+c^2}).$$ From one can easily rewrite the Coulomb potential on a spheroid as $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi_0(x) = \frac{n(n-2)}4\Big(\int_{\ell(x)}^\infty \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma -c^2}\sigma^{\frac{n-1}2}}\,d\sigma -\int_{\ell(x)}^\infty \frac{x_1^2}{(\sigma -c^2)^{3/2}\sigma^{\frac{n-1}2}}\,d\sigma
- \int_{\ell(x)}^\infty \frac{r^2}{\sqrt{\sigma -c^2}\sigma^{\frac{n+1}2}}\,d\sigma\Big),\end{aligned}$$ where $\ell(x) = \lambda(x) + b^2$ and $\sigma:=s+b^2$, and $\ell(x)$ depends only on $c$. Hence $\Phi_0^t$ depends on its semi-axes $a$ and $b$ only via $c$, and not on $a$ and $b$ separately, namely $$\begin{aligned}
0=\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \Phi^t_0(x)
= \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\avint_{\!\!B_1(0)}\!\! \bigg(t\bigg(\frac{x_1}{\sqrt t}-v_1\bigg)^2\!\!\!+(t+c^2)\sum_{i\neq 1}\bigg(\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{t+c^2}}-v_i\bigg)^2\bigg)^{-\frac{n-2}2}\!\!dv.\end{aligned}$$ By expanding the derivative above and rewriting $$\begin{gathered}
\bigg(\frac{x_1}{\sqrt t}-v_1\bigg)^2 + \sum_{i\neq 1}\bigg(\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{t+c^2}}-v_i\bigg)^2 \\
= \frac{1}{t+c^2}\bigg(t\bigg(\frac{x_1}{\sqrt t}-v_1\bigg)^2\!\!\!+(t+c^2)\sum_{i\neq 1}\bigg(\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{t+c^2}}-v_i\bigg)^2\bigg)
+ \frac{c^2}{t(t+c^2)} t \bigg(\frac{x_1}{\sqrt t}-v_1\bigg)^2,\end{gathered}$$ we obtain $$\label{derivative=0-n}
0=\frac{1}{t+c^2} \, \Phi_0^t(x) + \frac{c^2}{t(t+c^2)}\,\Psi^t(x) + \frac{1}{n-2}\nabla_x \Phi_0^t(x)\cdot \left(\frac{x_1}t, \frac{x'}{t+c^2}\right).$$ The expression gives the (unknown) expression of the anisotropic term $\Psi^t$ in terms of the (known) Coulomb potential $\Phi_0^t$ and its spatial gradient. Substituting $t$ and $c$ in terms of $a$ and $b$ in and rearranging the terms we then have .
With the expression of the Coulomb potential $\Phi_0$ (see ) and a closed formula for the anisotropic potential $\Psi$ (in ) in the outer region ${\mathbb R}^n\setminus \Omega(a,b)$ at hand, we now prove . More precisely, we prove that for every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$, $$\label{EL-2-s}
\Phi_\alpha(x) + \frac{|x|^2}2 \geq C_\alpha \quad \textrm{for every } x\in {\mathbb R}^n\setminus \Omega(a(\alpha),b(\alpha)),$$ where $\Omega(a(\alpha),b(\alpha))$ is a stationary point, satisfying . To prove we first rewrite the potentials $\Phi_0$ and $\Psi$ (and hence $\Phi_\alpha$) outside a spheroid in a more convenient way, in terms of a set of coordinates – oblate or prolate spheroidal – alternative to the Euclidean ones, and more suitable for the geometry of the problem.
We deal with the oblate and prolate case separately.
### The condition outside an oblate spheroid. {#checkEL2-n}
To prove for an oblate spheroid, we rewrite the potentials $\Phi_0$ in and $\Psi$ in outside a spheroid in terms of the *oblate spheroidal coordinates*. By the symmetry of $\Phi_\alpha$ and of the confinement, it is sufficient to reduce to computations in the $x_1 x_2$-plane. In terms of oblate spheroidal coordinates we have $$\begin{cases}
x_1= cz\rho\\
x_2= c\sqrt{(1+z^2)(1-\rho^2)}
\end{cases}
\quad z\geq 0, \, \rho\in [-1,1],$$ where we recall that $c^2= b^2-a^2$. Note that the outer region ${\mathbb R}^n\setminus \Omega(a,b)$ corresponds to $z\geq \frac{a}{c}$.
For $z\geq \frac ac$ and $\rho\in [-1,1]$, the expression of the Coulomb potential in oblate spheroidal coordinates reads as $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi_0(z,\rho) = \frac{n(n-2)}4 \rho^2\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{c^2(\sigma-c^2z^2)}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma
+ \frac{n(n-2)}4\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{\sigma-c^2z^2}{\sqrt\sigma(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma,\end{aligned}$$ where we used that $r^2=x_2^2$, $\lambda(x)=c^2z^2-a^2$ and the change of variables $\sigma=a^2+s$. We recall that the gradient of the oblate spheroidal coordinates with respect to Cartesian coordinates is given by the following formulas: $$\begin{aligned}
\nabla \rho (x) & = & \dfrac1{c(z^2+\rho^2)}\big(z(1-\rho^2), -\rho\sqrt{(1+z^2)(1-\rho^2)}\big),
\\
\nabla z (x) & = & \dfrac1{c(z^2+\rho^2)}\big(\rho(1+z^2), z\sqrt{(1+z^2)(1-\rho^2)}\big).\end{aligned}$$ Since $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_z \Phi_0(z,\rho) &= -\frac{n(n-2)}2 c^2 z\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{c^2\rho^2+\sigma}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma,\\
\partial_\rho \Phi_0(z,\rho) &= -\frac{n(n-2)}2 c^2 \rho\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{c^2 z^2-\sigma}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma,\end{aligned}$$ we deduce that $$\begin{aligned}
\nabla \Phi_0(x) = -\frac{c \, n (n-2)}2\left( \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{z\rho\, d\sigma}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n-1}2}},
\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{\sqrt{(1+z^2)(1-\rho^2)} \, d\sigma}{\sqrt\sigma(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\right), \end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{gathered}
- \frac{1}{c^2} \nabla\Phi_0(x)\cdot(b^2x_1,a^2x_2) \\
= \frac{n(n-2)}{4} \left(\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{2b^2z^2\rho^2}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n-1}2}}\, d\sigma+
\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{2a^2(1+z^2)(1-\rho^2)}{\sqrt\sigma(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma\right).\end{gathered}$$ Hence the anisotropic potential is $$\begin{aligned}
\Psi(x) = & \frac{n}{4} \rho^2 \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty
\frac{-na^2(\sigma-c^2z^2)+2c^2z^2(\sigma+c^2)}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma
\\
& +
\frac{n}{4} \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty
\frac{-na^2(\sigma-c^2z^2)+2a^2(\sigma+c^2)}{c^2\sqrt{\sigma}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma .\end{aligned}$$ Finally, the confinement term $|x|^2/2$, in terms of the spheroidal coordinates, is $$\frac{|x|^2}{2}
= \frac{c^2}2(1-\rho^2+z^2).$$ Note that $\Phi_0$, $\Psi$ and the confinement are all quadratic functions in the variable $\rho$. More precisely, for $z\geq \frac ac$ and $\rho\in [-1,1]$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{quadratic:outside+}
\Phi_\alpha(x)+\frac{|x|^2}{2}
= A_\alpha(z)+B_\alpha(z)\rho^2,\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
A_\alpha(z):=& \frac{n}{4} \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty \frac{\big( (n-2)c^2 - n\alpha a^2\big)(\sigma-c^2z^2)
+ 2\alpha a^2 (\sigma+c^2)}{c^2\sqrt{\sigma}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma + \frac{c^2}2(1+z^2),\\
B_\alpha(z):=& \frac{n}{4} \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty \frac{\big( (n-2)c^2 - n\alpha a^2\big)(\sigma-c^2z^2)
+ 2\alpha c^2z^2 (\sigma+c^2)}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma+c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma - \frac{c^2}2.\end{aligned}$$ By , proving is now equivalent to show that $$\label{MG-equiv}
A_\alpha(z)+B_\alpha(z)\geq C_\alpha \quad \textrm{and } \quad A_\alpha(z)\geq C_\alpha \quad \textrm{for } z\geq \frac ac,$$ namely to check the inequality for $\rho=0$ and $\rho=1$. Moreover, note that the functions $A_\alpha$ and $B_\alpha$ are well-defined and smooth at every $z>0$. Since the potential $\Phi_\alpha + |\cdot|^2/2$ belongs to $C^1({\mathbb R}^2)$ and satisfies , equation implies that $$\label{subc}
A_\alpha\Big(\frac{a}{c}\Big)=A_\alpha\Big(\frac{a}{c}\Big)+ B_\alpha\Big(\frac{a}{c}\Big)=C_\alpha
\qquad \text{ and } \qquad A_\alpha'\Big(\frac{a}{c}\Big)=A_\alpha'\Big(\frac{a}{c}\Big)+ B'_\alpha\Big(\frac{a}{c}\Big)=0.$$
We show that is satisfied by proving that $$\label{claimABz2}
\Big(\frac1z \big(A'_\alpha(z)+B'_\alpha(z)\big)\Big)'\geq 0 \quad \textrm{and } \quad \Big(\frac1z A'_\alpha(z)\Big)'\geq 0 \quad \textrm{for } z\geq \frac ac.$$ Clearly , together with the second condition in , implies $$A'_\alpha(z)+ B'_\alpha(z)\geq 0 \quad \textrm{and } \quad A'_\alpha(z)\geq 0 \quad \textrm{for } z\geq \frac ac,$$ which, in turn, gives owing to the first condition in . While may look more complicated, it actually gives rise to simpler computations. Indeed we have $$\Big(\frac1z A'_\alpha(z)\Big)' = \frac{n}{c^{n-2} z^2(1+z^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\Big((n-2)z^2+\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}\Big) \geq 0 \quad \textrm{for every } z\geq \frac ac,$$ since $n\geq 3$ and $\alpha\geq 0$. Moreover, $$\begin{aligned}
\Big(\frac1z \big(A'_\alpha(z)+B'_\alpha(z)\big)\Big)' = \frac{n}{c^{n-2} z^2(z^2+1)^{\frac{n+1}2}} \Big(
(n-2)(1+\alpha)z^2 +n-2-\alpha -\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}(n-1)\Big).\end{aligned}$$ Hence to prove the claim it is sufficient to show that $$(n-2)(1+\alpha)z^2 +n-2-\alpha -\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}(n-1)\geq0
\qquad \text{ for } z\geq \frac ac.$$ This condition is satisfied since $$(n-2)(1+\alpha) \frac{a^2}{c^2} +n-2-\alpha -\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}(n-1)
= (n-2-\alpha)\left( 1+\frac{a^2}{c^2}\right)\geq0.$$
### The condition outside a prolate spheroid. {#checkEL2-n-pro}
To prove for a prolate spheroid, we rewrite the potentials $\Phi_0$ in and $\Psi$ in outside a spheroid in terms of the *prolate spheroidal coordinates*. By the symmetry of $\Phi_\alpha$ and of the confinement, it is sufficient to reduce to computations in the $x_1 x_2$-plane. In terms of prolate spheroidal coordinates we have $$\begin{cases}
x_1= cz\rho\\
x_2= c\sqrt{(z^2-1)(1-\rho^2)}
\end{cases}
\quad z\geq 1, \, \rho\in [-1,1],$$ where we recall that now $c^2= a^2-b^2$. The outer region ${\mathbb R}^n\setminus \Omega(a,b)$ corresponds also in this case to $z\geq \frac{a}{c}$.
For $z\geq \frac ac$ and $\rho\in [-1,1]$, the expression of the Coulomb potential in prolate spheroidal coordinates reads as $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi_0(z,\rho) = \frac{n(n-2)}4 \rho^2\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{c^2(c^2z^2-\sigma)}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma
+ \frac{n(n-2)}4\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{\sigma-c^2z^2}{\sqrt\sigma(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma,\end{aligned}$$ where we used that $r^2=x_2^2$, $\lambda(x)=c^2z^2-a^2$ and a change of variables. We recall that the gradient of the prolate spheroidal coordinates with respect to Cartesian coordinates is given by the following formulas: $$\begin{aligned}
\nabla \rho (x) & = & \dfrac1{c(z^2-\rho^2)}\big(z(1-\rho^2), -\rho\sqrt{(z^2-1)(1-\rho^2)}\big),
\\
\nabla z(x) & = & \dfrac1{c(z^2-\rho^2)}\big(\rho(z^2-1), z\sqrt{(z^2-1)(1-\rho^2)}\big).\end{aligned}$$ Since $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_z \Phi_0(z,\rho) &= \frac{n(n-2)}2 c^2 z\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{c^2\rho^2-\sigma}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma,\\
\partial_\rho \Phi_0(z,\rho) &= \frac{n(n-2)}2 c^2 \rho\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{c^2 z^2-\sigma}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma,\end{aligned}$$ we deduce that $$\begin{aligned}
\nabla \Phi_0(x) = -\frac{c \, n (n-2)}2\left( \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{z\rho\, d\sigma}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n-1}2}},
\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{\sqrt{(z^2-1)(1-\rho^2)} \, d\sigma}{\sqrt\sigma(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\right), \end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{gathered}
\frac{1}{c^2} \nabla\Phi_0(x)\cdot(b^2x_1,a^2x_2) \\
= -\frac{n(n-2)}{4} \left(\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{2b^2z^2\rho^2}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n-1}2}}\, d\sigma+
\int_{c^2z^2}^\infty\frac{2a^2(z^2-1)(1-\rho^2)}{\sqrt\sigma(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma\right).\end{gathered}$$ Hence the anisotropic potential is $$\begin{aligned}
\Psi(x) = & \frac{n}{4} \rho^2 \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty
\frac{-na^2(\sigma-c^2z^2)+2c^2z^2(\sigma-c^2)}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma
\\
& +
\frac{n}{4} \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty
\frac{na^2(\sigma-c^2z^2)-2a^2(\sigma-c^2)}{c^2\sqrt{\sigma}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma .\end{aligned}$$
Finally, the confinement term $|x|^2/2$, in terms of the spheroidal coordinates, is $$\frac{|x|^2}{2}
= \frac{c^2}2(-1+\rho^2+z^2).$$ Note that, as before, $\Phi_0$, $\Psi$ and the confinement are all quadratic functions in the variable $\rho$. More precisely, for $z\geq \frac ac$ and $\rho\in [-1,1]$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{quadratic:outside1}
\Phi_\alpha(x)+\frac{|x|^2}{2}
= A_\alpha(z)+B_\alpha(z)\rho^2,\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
A_\alpha(z):=& \frac{n}{4} \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty \frac{\big( (n-2)c^2 + n\alpha a^2\big)(\sigma-c^2z^2)
- 2\alpha a^2 (\sigma-c^2)}{c^2\sqrt{\sigma}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma + \frac{c^2}2(z^2-1),\\
B_\alpha(z):=& \frac{n}{4} \int_{c^2z^2}^\infty \frac{\big(-(n-2)c^2 - n\alpha a^2\big)(\sigma-c^2z^2)
+ 2\alpha c^2z^2 (\sigma-c^2)}{\sigma^{3/2}(\sigma-c^2)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\, d\sigma + \frac{c^2}2.\end{aligned}$$ Note that, by , proving is equivalent to show that $$A_\alpha(z)+B_\alpha(z)\geq C_\alpha \quad \textrm{and } \quad A_\alpha(z)\geq C_\alpha \quad \textrm{for } z\geq \frac ac,$$ namely to check the inequality for $\rho=0$ and $\rho=1$. Arguing as in the case of an oblate spheroid, it is in fact sufficient to prove that $$\label{claimABz-22}
\Big(\frac1z \big(A'_\alpha(z)+B'_\alpha(z)\big)\Big)'\geq 0 \quad \textrm{and } \quad \Big(\frac1z A'_\alpha(z)\Big)'\geq 0 \quad \textrm{for } z\geq \frac ac.$$ We have $$\Big(\frac1z A'_\alpha(z)\Big)' = \frac{n}{c^{n-2} z^2(z^2-1)^{\frac{n+1}2}}\Big((n-2)z^2+\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}\Big) \geq 0 \quad \textrm{for every } z\geq \frac ac,$$ since $n\geq 3$ and $\alpha>-1$. Moreover, $$\begin{aligned}
\Big(\frac1z \big(A'_\alpha(z)+B'_\alpha(z)\big)\Big)' = \frac{n}{c^{n-2} z^2(z^2-1)^{\frac{n+1}2}} \Big(
(n-2)(1+\alpha)z^2 -(n-2)+\alpha -\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}(n-1)\Big).\end{aligned}$$ Hence to prove the claim it is sufficient to show that $$(n-2)(1+\alpha)z^2 -(n-2)+\alpha -\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}(n-1)\geq0
\qquad \text{ for } z\geq \frac ac.$$ This condition is satisfied because $\alpha>-1$ and $$(n-2)(1+\alpha) \frac{a^2}{c^2} -n+2+\alpha -\alpha \frac{a^2}{c^2}(n-1)
= (n-2-\alpha)\left(\frac{a^2}{c^2}-1\right)\geq0.$$
This concludes the proof of Theorem \[characterisation\].
\[rmk:ta-ci\] For every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$, let $t(\alpha)>0$ be the solution of the equation $F(t,\alpha)=0$ found in Section \[sec313\]. Note that this solution is unique. Indeed, by –, for a given $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$, any solution $t(\alpha)>0$ of $F(t,\alpha)=0$ identifies a spheroid satisfying the stationarity condition . Moreover, in Section \[sect:EL2-n\] we show that any stationary spheroid satisfies also condition , so it is a minimiser of $I_\alpha$, and hence is unique by strict convexity. Moreover, the function $t: \alpha\in (-1,n-2] \mapsto t(\alpha)\in (0,+\infty)$ is continuous and strictly decreasing. To prove it, let $\alpha_0\in (-1,n-2]$ and let $\alpha\to \alpha_0$. Let $(\alpha_k)$ denote a subsequence converging monotonically to $\alpha_0$, as $k\to +\infty$; note that the subsequence $(I_{\alpha_k})$ is also monotone. Since $I_{\alpha_k}$ is lower semicontinuous for every $k$, we have that $I_{\alpha_k}$ $\Gamma$-converges to $I_{\alpha_0}$, as $k\to+\infty$, with respect to narrow convergence (see, e.g., [@DM Propositions 5.4 and 5.7]). By the Urysohn property of $\Gamma$-convergence (see for instance [@DM Proposition 8.3]) the whole sequence $(I_\alpha)$ $\Gamma$-converges to $I_{\alpha_0}$, as $\alpha\to\alpha_0$, since the space of probability measures endowed with the narrow convergence is metrisable. Moreover, the equilibrium measures $\mu_\alpha$ satisfy $$\int_{{\mathbb R}^n}|x|^2\, d\mu_\alpha(x)\leq I_\alpha(\mu_\alpha)\leq I_\alpha(\mu_{n-2})\leq I_{n-2}(\mu_{n-2}) \qquad
\text{ for every } \alpha\in(-1,n-2],$$ where we used the minimality of $\mu_\alpha$. In other words, the equilibrium measures are tight. By the Fundamental Theorem of $\Gamma$-convergence (see, e.g., [@DM Corollary 7.17]) and the uniqueness of the minimiser of $I_{\alpha_0}$ we deduce that $\mu_\alpha$ converges narrowly to $\mu_{\alpha_0}$, as $\alpha\to\alpha_0$. The characterisation of $\mu_\alpha$ given in Theorem \[characterisation\] allows us to conclude that $t(\alpha)\to t(\alpha_0)$, as $\alpha\to\alpha_0$, that is, the function $\alpha\mapsto t(\alpha)$ is continuous. It is also injective by the following argument: If $\alpha_1,\alpha_2\in(-1,n-2]$, $\alpha_1\neq\alpha_2$, are such that $t(\alpha_1)=t(\alpha_2)=t_0>0$, then $F(t_0,\alpha_1)=0=F(t_0,\alpha_2)$, which implies $A(t_0)=0$, with $A$ defined in . Since $F(t_0,\alpha_1)=0$, we deduce that $B(t_0)=0$, but this would imply that $F(t_0,\alpha)=0$ for every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$, that is, the function $\alpha\mapsto t(\alpha)$ is constant. This is not possible, since $t(\alpha)>1$ for $\alpha<0$ and $t(\alpha)<1$ for $\alpha>0$. This last property, together with continuity and injectivity, implies that $\alpha\mapsto t(\alpha)$ is strictly decreasing.
[The limiting case, as $\alpha\to-1$]{}\[Section-1\]
In this section we discuss the behaviour of the nonlocal energies $I_\alpha$, as $\alpha\to-1$.
\[thm:-1\] As $\alpha\to-1^+$, the functionals $I_\alpha$ $\Gamma$-converge, with respect to narrow convergence, to a functional $J_\ast:\mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)\to[0,+\infty]$, whose unique minimiser is a measure $\mu_\ast$ that is the normalised characteristic function of a prolate spheroid $\Omega_\ast$. Moreover, the following representation holds: $$\label{Jast-rep}
J_\ast (\mu)= \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat\mu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi + \int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
|x|^2 \,d\mu(x)$$ for every $\mu\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ with compact support, where $\widehat W_\ast\in L^1_{\text{loc}}({\mathbb R}^n)$ is the function given by $$\widehat W_\ast(\xi):=\frac{\pi^{\frac n2-2}}{2\Gamma(\frac n2)} \frac{(n-1) \xi_1^2 + (n-3) \sum_{i=2}^n \xi_i^2}{|\xi|^4}$$ for a.e. $\xi\in{\mathbb R}^n$.
\[asymrem\] The functional $J_\ast$ does not coincide with the functional $I_{-1}$ defined in Remark \[alfaneg\], since $J_\ast$ is lower semicontinuous, whereas $I_{-1}$ is not. Moreover $J_\ast$ does not coincide with the functionals $\overline{I_{-1}}$ or $\widetilde I_{-1}$ either, since the Dirac delta at $0$ is a minimiser for both $\overline{I_{-1}}$ and $\widetilde I_{-1}$.
The proof is subdivided into several steps.
*Step 1: Convergence of the equilibrium measures.* We prove that, as $\alpha\to-1^+$, the equilibrium measures $\mu_\alpha$ converge to a measure $\mu_\ast$, that is the normalised characteristic function of a prolate spheroid $\Omega_\ast$. First of all, we claim that $$\label{tast}
\lim_{\alpha\to-1^+} t(\alpha)=t_\ast \in{\mathbb R}$$ for some $t_\ast>1$. Since $\alpha\mapsto t(\alpha)$ is strictly decreasing by Remark \[rmk:ta-ci\] and $t(\alpha)>1$ for $\alpha<0$, the limit as $\alpha\to-1^+$ exists and is strictly greater than $1$. Assume by contradiction that $t_\ast=+\infty$. By we can pass to the limit in the equation $$\label{nn}
0=\sqrt{t(\alpha)} F(t(\alpha), \alpha)= A(t(\alpha))\alpha + B(t(\alpha))$$ and deduce that $n-3=0$, which gives a contradiction for $n>3$. If $n=3$, equation , together with the assumption that $t_\ast=+\infty$, implies that $$\label{oldC}
-A(t(\alpha))+ B(t(\alpha))<0$$ for $\alpha+1>0$ small enough (note that $A(t(\alpha))>0$ for $\alpha+1>0$ small enough by ). By and , for $t>1$ and $n=3$ we obtain $$-A(t)+ B(t)= -\frac{5t+4}{(t-1)^2}+\frac{\sqrt t}{2(t-1)^{5/2}}(2t+7)\int_1^t \frac1{\sqrt{s(s-1)}}\, ds.$$ Since the right-hand side is positive as $t\to+\infty$, this contradicts . Claim is thus proved for every $n\geq3$. Passing to the limit in we also obtain that $$\lim_{\alpha\to-1^+} b(\alpha) = b_\ast:=(t_\ast)^{-\frac{1}{2n}}\big(n-3+\sqrt{t_\ast}H(t_\ast)\big)^{\frac1n}>0.$$ This implies that the equilibrium measures $\mu_\alpha$ converge narrowly, as $\alpha\to-1^+$, to the normalised characteristic function of the prolate spheroid $\Omega_\ast=\Omega(\sqrt{t_\ast}b_\ast,b_\ast)$.
*Step 2: $\Gamma$-convergence.* Let $(\alpha_k)$ be a sequence such that $\alpha_k\to-1^+$, as $k\to+\infty$. Note that we can extract a decreasing subsequence $(\alpha_{k_j})\searrow -1^+$ along which also the sequence of functionals $(I_{\alpha_{k_j}})$ is decreasing, and hence $\Gamma$-convergent as $j\to +\infty$ to the functional $$J_\ast(\mu):=\overline J(\mu), \qquad J(\mu):=\inf_{\alpha\in(0,-1)} I_\alpha(\mu)$$ for every $\mu\in\mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$, where $\overline J$ denotes the lower semicontinuous envelope of $J$ with respect to narrow convergence. By the Urysohn property of $\Gamma$-convergence (see for instance [@DM Proposition 8.3]) the whole sequence $(I_\alpha)$ $\Gamma$-converges to $J_\ast$, as $\alpha\to -1^+$. By the Fundamental Theorem of $\Gamma$-convergence we deduce that $\mu_\ast$ is a minimiser of $J_\ast$ and $$\label{fundG}
\lim_{\alpha\to-1^+} I_{\alpha}(\mu_{\alpha})= J_\ast(\mu_\ast).$$
*Step 3: Representation formula for $J_\ast$.* Using formula , which holds for every $\nu\in\mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ with compact support and every $\alpha\in(-1,n-2]$, we can now prove the representation formula .
We first observe that by $$\label{aeW}
\widehat W_\alpha(\xi)\to\widehat W_\ast(\xi) \qquad \text{ for a.e.\ } \xi\in{\mathbb R}^n,$$ as $\alpha\to-1^+$, and there exists a constant $C$, independent of $\alpha$, such that $$\label{dominW}
0\leq \widehat W_\alpha\leq C \widehat W_0$$ for every $\alpha\in (-1,n-2]$. Let now $\nu\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ be a measure with compact support. Let $(\alpha_k)\subset (-1,n-2]$ be any sequence converging to $-1$, and let $(\nu_k)$ be a sequence in $\mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ converging narrowly to $\nu$ and such that $$\liminf_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k)<+\infty.$$ Up to subsequences, we can assume that $\sup_k I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k)<+\infty$. By there exists a compact set $K\subset{\mathbb R}^n$, containing the support of $\nu$, such that $\nu_k(K)>0$ and $$W_{\alpha_k}(x-y) + \frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)\geq I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k) +1 \qquad
\text{ for } (x,y)\not\in K\times K$$ for every $k$. If we define $$\label{defmuK}
\mu_k:=\frac{\nu_k{\mathbin{\vrule height 1.6ex depth 0pt width
0.13ex\vrule height 0.13ex depth 0pt width 1.3ex}}K}{\nu_k(K)}$$ for every $k$, then $\mu_k\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ has compact support and $$\begin{aligned}
I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k) & = &
\big(\nu_k(K)\big)^2 I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_k) + \iint_{(K\times K)^c}\Big( W_{\alpha_k}(x-y) + \frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)\Big)\, d\nu_k(x)\,d\nu_k(y)
\\
& \geq & \big(\nu_k(K)\big)^2 I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_k) + \big(1- \big(\nu_k(K)\big)^2\big)(I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k)+1).\end{aligned}$$ This inequality implies that $$\label{nm100}
I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_k)\leq I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k) -\frac{1- \big(\nu_k(K)\big)^2}{\big(\nu_k(K)\big)^2}\leq I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k)$$ for every $k$. Since $(\mu_k)$ converges narrowly to $\nu$, as $k\to\infty$, we have that $(\widehat\mu_k)$ pointwise converges to $\widehat\nu$ and by the Fatou Lemma $$\liminf_{k\to\infty} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_{\alpha_k}(\xi) |\widehat\mu_k(\xi)|^2\, d\xi \geq \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi.$$ By , , and the continuity of the confinement term with respect to narrow convergence (on measures with compact support), we obtain $$\liminf_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k) \geq \liminf_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_k) \geq
\int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi + \int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
|x|^2 \,d\nu(x).$$ Since by definition of $\Gamma$-convergence $$\label{defG}
J_\ast (\nu)=\min\Big\{ \liminf_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k): \ (\nu_k)\rightharpoonup\nu \text{ narrowly}, (\alpha_k)\to-1^+\Big\},$$ we deduce that $$\label{Gliminf}
J_\ast (\nu)\geq \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi + \int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
|x|^2 \,d\nu(x)$$ for every $\nu\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ with compact support.
On the other hand, to prove the opposite inequality in , let us first consider $\nu\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)\cap C^\infty_c({\mathbb R}^n)$. By we have that $$0\leq \widehat{W}_{\alpha_k}(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\leq C\widehat{W}_0(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2,$$ which gives a domination in $L^1({\mathbb R}^n)$, since $\widehat\nu\in\mathcal S$ and $\widehat{W}_0\in L^1_{\textrm{loc}}({\mathbb R}^n)$ behaves as $1/|\xi|^2$ at infinity. Therefore, by and the Dominated Convergence Theorem $$\lim_{k\to\infty} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_{\alpha_k}(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi = \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi$$ for every $\nu\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)\cap C^\infty_c({\mathbb R}^n)$. By and this implies that $$J_\ast (\nu)\leq \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi + \int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
|x|^2 \,d\nu(x)$$ for every $\nu\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)\cap C^\infty_c({\mathbb R}^n)$. Let now $\nu\in \mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ be a measure with compact support and let $\nu_{\varepsilon}$ be defined as in . Using the inequality above and the lower semicontinuity of $J_\ast$ with respect to narrow convergence, we obtain that $$\label{Glimsup1}
J_\ast (\nu)\leq \liminf_{{\varepsilon}\to0} J_\ast (\nu_{\varepsilon})
\leq \liminf_{{\varepsilon}\to0} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat{\nu_{\varepsilon}}(\xi)|^2\, d\xi + \int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
|x|^2 \,d\nu(x).$$ Arguing exactly as in , we have that $$\label{Glimsup2}
\lim_{{\varepsilon}\to0} \int_{{\mathbb R}^n}
\widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat{\nu_{\varepsilon}}(\xi)|^2\, d\xi
= \int_{{\mathbb R}^n} \widehat{W}_\ast(\xi) |\widehat\nu(\xi)|^2\, d\xi,$$ even if the right-hand side is infinite. Combining –, we finally obtain .
*Step 4: Uniqueness of the minimiser of $J_\ast$.* We now use the representation to show that the minimiser of $J_\ast$ is in fact unique.
First of all, we prove that any minimiser of $J_\ast$ must have compact support. Indeed, assume by contradiction that $\nu_\ast$ is a minimiser of $J_\ast$ not compactly supported. Let $(\alpha_k)\subset (-1,n-2]$ be a sequence converging to $-1$ and let $(\nu_k)\subset\mathcal P({\mathbb R}^n)$ be a recovery sequence for $\nu_\ast$, that is, such that $(\nu_k)$ converges to $\nu_\ast$ narrowly and $$\lim_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k)=J_\ast(\nu_\ast).$$ In particular, $\sup_k I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k)<+\infty$. We argue in a similar way as in . By there exists a compact set $K\subset{\mathbb R}^n$ such that $0<\nu_\ast(K)<1$, $\nu_k(K)>0$ and $$W_{\alpha_k}(x-y) + \frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)\geq I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k) +1 \qquad
\text{ for } (x,y)\not\in K\times K$$ for every $k$. If we define $\mu_k$ as in , then $$I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_k)\leq I_{\alpha_k}(\nu_k) -\frac{1- \big(\nu_k(K)\big)^2}{\big(\nu_k(K)\big)^2}$$ for every $k$. Since by narrow convergence $\nu_k(K)\to\nu_\ast(K)$, as $k\to\infty$, we obtain $$\label{abs1001}
\liminf_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_k)\leq J_\ast(\nu_\ast) -\frac{1- \big(\nu(K)\big)^2}{\big(\nu(K)\big)^2}
< J_\ast(\nu_\ast).$$ On the other hand, by the minimality of $\mu_{\alpha_k}$ and by $$\label{abs1002}
\liminf_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_k) \geq \liminf_{k\to\infty} I_{\alpha_k}(\mu_{\alpha_k})= J_\ast(\mu_\ast).$$ Since both $\mu_\ast$ and $\nu_\ast$ are minimisers of $J_\ast$, and give a contradiction. On measures with compact support the representation holds and the right-hand side of is strictly convex as a function of $\mu$. We, thus, conclude that $\mu_\ast$ is the only minimiser of $J_\ast$.
**Acknowledgements.** JAC acknowledges support by the EPSRC Grant EP/P031587/1. JM and JV are supported by MDM-2014-044 (MICINN, Spain), 2017-SGR-395 (Generalitat de Catalunya), and MTM2016-75390 (Mineco). MGM acknowledges support by the Università di Pavia through the 2017 Blue Sky Research Project “Plasticity at different scales: micro to macro" and by GNAMPA–INdAM. LR is partly supported by GNAMPA–INdAM through Projects 2018 and 2019. LS acknowledges support by the EPSRC Grant EP/N035631/1.
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| 2023-12-12T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3161 |
Q:
Counter example (Lebesgue measure) when $\lambda(E) = \infty$
If the measure $\lambda(E)$ of a set $E$ is finite then $E$ is measurable iff for each $\varepsilon>0$, there exist disjoint finite intervals $I_1,I_2,\dots,I_n$ such that $\lambda(E \triangle \bigcup_{k=1}^n I_k) \leq \varepsilon$ (where $\triangle$ denotes the symmetric difference, and $\lambda$ is the Lebesgue measure).
Can anyone provide me with a counterexample for the case when measure of $E$ is infinite?
A:
Take $E=\mathbb{R}$. Then, any finite collection of finite intervals will have measure at most n times the largest one, so the symmetric difference will contain the interval $(-\infty, c-1]$ where $c = \inf_{x \in \cup_{i=1}^n I_n} x$.
| 2024-07-21T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6483 |
Prostate involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
To present a case of prostate involvement (PI) in granulomatosis polyangiitis (GPA) and analyse related published reports. We employed the following keywords for retrieving reports indexed by MEDLINE/PubMed and/or Scopus: "granulomatosis with polyangiitis", "Wegener granulomatosis" and "prostate involvement". Additional searches were performed through Google Scholar and HINARI. All cases that fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for GPA, standards of Chapel Hill Consensus Conference, and did not match with exclusion criteria were analysed and summarised. A 35-year-old man presented with complaints of stuffy nose, difficulty breathing through the nose, swelling and pain in the left half of the nose, low-grade fever, and discomfort. The nasal mucosal biopsy did not reveal any specific changes. During the inpatient treatment, he developed eye redness, tearing, dysuria, and decreased urinary stream. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was elevated (2.81 μg/L; normal values ≤ 1.4 μg/L for males below 40 years). Prostate biopsy findings were consistent with diagnosis of GPA, which was confirmed by detecting elevated anti-PR3 antibodies (4.1 IU; normal values < 1.0 IU). We analysed our case in view of the clinical course of 45 published cases of PI in GPA. PI in GPA is a rare clinical manifestation of the vasculitis. Patients with atypical clinical symptoms of GPA are at risk of delayed diagnosis. The awareness of variable clinical presentations of GPA, particularly specific affection of the prostate gland, is crucial for timely diagnosis. | 2024-04-15T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1709 |
Q:
Is the rate determining step the step with the largest Ea?
I've seen some controversy on this question while doing a brief search. For example, this SE answer quotes Wikipedia and says that the RDS is the step with the largest $E_a$. However, this UC Davis page says that
In the potential energy profile, the rate-determining step is the reaction step with the highest energy of transition state.
My textbooks don't explicitly mention whether the RDS is the step with the largest $E_a$ or the step with the highest energy transition state. When I was doing a past exam, one of the questions was on this topic, and the correct answer assumed that the RDS is the step with the highest energy transition state. However, I've always thought that the RDS is the slowest step, and the slowest step has the highest $E_a$. So which viewpoint is actually correct?
A:
Yes, the rate determining step is the largest energy difference between any starting material or intermediate on a potential energy diagram and any transition state that comes after it. That transition state will then be the rate-determining step of a given reaction.
The transition state with highest absolute energy may not necessarily correspond to the rate determining step, because if it is transforming from another high energy state, then little additional energy is required to reach this (low $E_a$).
| 2023-09-06T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1001 |
.....what?.....
WHAT?
Don't go bacon my heart *snickers*
I couldn't if I fried
Hopefully that makes sense
This picture took me, NO JOKE, 10 hours to make. I don't think I'll be drawing another draconequuis for a long time
Stormy Bacon: Hey.The S.S. Bacon: ...Stormy Bacon: Hey mom.Stormy Bacon:The S.S. Bacon:Stormy Bacon: Gueeeess whaaaaat?The S.S. Bacon:Stormy Bacon:"FOR THE LOVE OF CELESTIA, STOP WITH THE BACON PUNS!!"-~-I could barely keep myself from laughing as I was writing this, so hopefully it's just as funny to you guys XD. The draconequuis in this is's, and her name is Maelstrom, hence the name 'Stormy Bacon', and obviously the pony is Sunset Shimmer, aka 'S.S. Bacon' (which is supposed to sound like a ship (and it's 'Sunset Shimmer Bacon'), because Maelstrom is the 'shipping' child of SS and Discord >:3.The reason for all of the bacon here is because their hair looks like bacon, so yeahEDIT: I won 1st place in's contest! Yay! c: | 2023-09-01T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8577 |
@lombok.Getter() class GetterOnMethodOnType {
private int test;
private String name;
GetterOnMethodOnType() {
super();
}
public @Deprecated @java.lang.SuppressWarnings("all") int getTest() {
return this.test;
}
public @Deprecated @java.lang.SuppressWarnings("all") String getName() {
return this.name;
}
} | 2024-01-22T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7269 |
Background
GPUS Fiscal Policy states:
Article III. FINANCE COMMITTEE
3-3.2 Any Green Party member nominated by their state party or caucus may be
appointed to the Finance Committee upon approval by a majority vote of the
NC. The term for members appointed according to this process shall be
three years. Once nominated by their state party or caucus, prospective
committee members shall provide a written declaration of their interest to
the SC. Upon receipt of such a declaration and a bio, the SC shall place a
proposal authorizing such appointment before the NC.
The South Carolina Green Party has approved Bill Kreml for membership on
the GPUS Finance Committee.
Proposal
Bill Kreml, duly vetted by the South Carolina Green Party, is hereby approved
for re-election as a member of the GPUS Finance Committee.
Resources
None
References
Questions about this system?
Contact the Voting Admin.
The Green Party of the United States voting system is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
You can download a copy here.
To independently verify a ranked choice vote, or for information about how that works, go to Jonathan Lundell's Voting Page and upload the ballot file from the ranked choice vote result page. JL's ranked choice module is licensed under an alternate free software license.
Green Party of the United States | 2023-11-18T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3244 |
package com.twilio.video.app.data.api
import com.twilio.video.app.data.api.AuthServiceError.EXPIRED_PASSCODE_ERROR
import com.twilio.video.app.data.api.AuthServiceError.INVALID_PASSCODE_ERROR
import junitparams.JUnitParamsRunner
import junitparams.Parameters
import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo
import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat
import org.junit.Test
import org.junit.runner.RunWith
@RunWith(JUnitParamsRunner::class)
class AuthServiceErrorTest {
fun params() =
arrayOf(
arrayOf("passcode incorrect", INVALID_PASSCODE_ERROR),
arrayOf("passcode expired", EXPIRED_PASSCODE_ERROR),
arrayOf("bad input", null),
arrayOf<Any?>(null, null)
)
@Parameters(method = "params")
@Test
fun `value should return the corresponding AuthServiceError enum`(
input: String?,
expectedValue: AuthServiceError?
) {
assertThat(AuthServiceError.value(input), equalTo(expectedValue))
}
}
| 2024-07-05T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8784 |
George Soros has found a new macro man to help run his $26 billion fortune.
Soros is hiring Adam Fisher, the chief investment officer of CommonWealth Opportunity Capital, as a money manager focusing on global macroeconomic trades, according to people with knowledge of the matter.
Fisher, who counted Soros Fund Management as one of his biggest investors, is winding down his $2 billion hedge fund firm to join Soros in coming weeks, the people said.
Fisher is one of the first big hires by Dawn Fitzpatrick, who joined Soros Fund Management as the chief investment officer earlier this year from UBS Asset Management. The family office hired her to use her asset-allocation experience to diversify the investing style Soros had been known for. Still, the goal is to maintain its legacy of one of the most successful macro firms of all time, Soros’s former deputy chairman and president Robert Soros said in an interview in June.
Fitzpatrick also recently added three other investment professionals, according to one of the people. The firm tapped Candlewood Investment Group’s Phil DeSantis to build out its high-grade credit strategy and debt capital markets, Chris Gaulin from Maverick Capital as a money manager covering consumer and healthcare sectors, and Joe Capone from Balyasny Asset Management as a manager overseeing financial services companies.
For Fisher, joining Soros will mark the closure of his nine-year-old company, which managed about $800 million of the billionaire’s fortune and counts Brevan Howard Asset Management as a client and part owner.
Representatives for Fisher and Soros declined to comment.
While the fund has beaten many of its macro competitors since its inception -- posting an annual average return of 9.8 percent -- it has lagged behind soaring global stock markets. The CommonWealth Opportunity Master Fund lost 2.6 percent this year through June, documents show, while the average macro fund was flat.
Soros has two macro teams that focus primarily on emerging markets. Yet it has been searching for a global macro manager after losing some key traders with the departure of former chief investment officer Scott Bessent at the end of 2015. Like his predecessors, Bessent made his career wagering on macroeconomic events.
After initially promoting credit-specialist Ted Burdick to replace Bessent, Soros lost macro manager David Rogers and several members of that team. They parted ways with the firm after disagreeing with Burdick over the direction of global markets. Soon after, Burdick stepped down, returning to his old job, and was replaced by Fitzpatrick. | 2023-08-15T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6997 |
/*
* Hibernate Search, full-text search for your domain model
*
* License: GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1 or later
* See the lgpl.txt file in the root directory or <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html>.
*/
package org.hibernate.search.engine.metadata.impl;
import org.hibernate.search.exception.AssertionFailure;
/**
* A container allowing to build metadata with circular dependency.
*
* <p>It's useful when building {@link DocumentFieldMetadata}, for instance:
* when we build those, the parent type metadata hasn't been built yet (since
* it requires every fields to be created). To break the circular dependency,
* we provide the DocumentFieldMetadata with a {@code BackReference<TypeMetadata>},
* and we initialize the reference later.
*
* @author Yoann Rodiere
*/
public class BackReference<T> {
private static final BackReference<Object> EMPTY = new BackReference<>();
static {
EMPTY.initialize( null );
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // BackReference is covariant on T
public static <T> BackReference<T> empty() {
return (BackReference<T>) EMPTY;
}
private boolean initialized = false;
private T value;
public BackReference() {
}
public T get() {
if ( !initialized ) {
throw new AssertionFailure( "A reference has been accessed before having been initialized." );
}
return value;
}
void initialize(T value) {
if ( this.value != null ) {
throw new AssertionFailure( "A reference has been initialized more than once." );
}
this.value = value;
this.initialized = true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
if ( initialized ) {
return String.valueOf( value );
}
else {
return "<not initialized>";
}
}
}
| 2023-09-01T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2544 |
Praising her Coldplay rocker husband Chris Martin for his loyalty, Gwyneth Paltrow also says that her marriage is just fine, people.com reports.
Speaking to the U.K. edition of Elle, Paltrow admits that she cannot listen to Coldplay’s Swallowed in the Sea “without crying,” because it helped her cope with the loss of her father, Bruce Paltrow, whose October 2002 death left her devastated and depressed.
“It’s so hard for me to listen to some of those songs,” the Oscar winner says of Swallowed and Fix You. As for Martin, “I’m amazed he stuck with me (at the time her dad died), because I was a wreck. I can’t believe that he did.
But stick with her he did, and the couple now has two children: Apple, 4, and Moses, 2.
Despite that, the Martins are dogged with rumours about their marriage, because they are often not seen with each other. As she has said, they simply don't like being photographed on the red carpets arm in arm.
“It doesn’t behoove us to be a public couple,” adds Paltrow, who’ll be a Grammy presenter this weekend. “He certainly doesn’t want to be that. We’ve never ever walked down a red carpet together, we never will. If people think that that means we're not together, then — ha ha ha — so be it.” | 2024-05-29T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2717 |
Q:
¿Cómo comparar por orden los elementos dentro de dos arrays en Javascript?
Tengo dos arrays de igual tamaño (4 cadenas de caracteres), uno con valores predefinidos y otro con cuatro valores que introducirá el usuario, y debo compararlas comparando dos condiciones:
en primer lugar, si alguno de los valores introducidos por el usuario está dentro de los valores predefinidos (si los contiene),
en segundo lugar, si estos valores coinciden en el orden en que se encuentran en el array predefinido:
arrayPredefinido = ["azul","verde","rojo","amarillo"];
arrayUsuario = ["azul","rojo","blanco","negro"];
En este caso debería devolver que contiene 2 valores correctos, pero sólo 1 en la posición adecuada.
¿hay forma de comprobarlo a través de un forEach?
A:
Puedes usar forEach para atravesar uno de los arrays, pasándole dos parámetros a la función: el primero será el elemento y el segundo el índice. De este modo, puedes comprobar si el elemento corresponde con el mismo elemento en el otro array (el que comparte el mismo índice).
Si coincide, perfecto; si no, puedes usar indexOf para comprobar si el elemento existe en cualquier otra posición del array. De ese modo puedes ver cuántos son correctos y cuántos están realmente en la posición adecuada.
Algo como esto:
arrayPredefinido = ["azul","verde","rojo","amarillo"];
arrayUsuario = ["azul","rojo","blanco","negro"];
perfectMatch = []; // aquí guardamos los elementos exactos
almostMatch = []; // aquí los que están pero no en la misma posición
arrayUsuario.forEach(function(elemento, indice) {
if (elemento == arrayPredefinido[indice]) {
perfectMatch.push(elemento); // existe en esa misma posición
} else if (arrayPredefinido.indexOf(elemento) > -1) {
almostMatch.push(elemento); // existe pero en otra posición
}
});
console.log("Contiene " + (perfectMatch.length + almostMatch.length) + " valores correctos, con " + perfectMatch.length + " en la posición adecuada.");
A:
Claro que se puede Pablo.
Yo lo haría de la siguiente manera:
function validacion(){
arrayPredefinido = ["azul","verde","rojo","amarillo"];
arrayUsuario = ["azul","rojo","blanco","negro"];
var contCoincidenciaValor = 0;
var contCoincidenciaOrden = 0;
arrayPredefinido.forEach(function(elementoPredefinido, i) {
arrayUsuario.forEach(function(elementoUsuario, j) {
if (elementoPredefinido == elementoUsuario) {
contCoincidenciaValor++;
if (i == j) {
contCoincidenciaOrden++;
}
}
});
});
console.log("La cantidad de repeticiones es: " + contCoincidenciaValor);
console.log("La cantidad de repeticiones en el mismo orden es: " + contCoincidenciaOrden);
}
<button onclick="validacion()">Validar</button>
| 2023-11-26T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5857 |
Cholesterol content and water and solute permeabilities of kidney membranes from aging rats.
The influence of the age-related increase in cholesterol content of kidney brush-border membranes on their water and solute permeabilities was studied in 10- and 24-mo-old male Wistar rats. These permeabilities were determined from the rate of shrinkage and swelling of brush-border vesicles using a stopped-flow apparatus coupled to a light transmission recording. Despite a 20% rise in total cholesterol per milligram proteins, the osmotic water permeabilities of the vesicles were unchanged between 10 (287 +/- 40 micron/s) and 24 mo (270 +/- 31 micron/s). In contrast, passive diffusions of NaCl and KCl, but not of urea, thiourea, and glycerol, were reduced by 35% between 10 and 24 mo. These results suggest that an increase in cholesterol content of kidney brush-border membrane decreases its salt permeabilities without altering the water pathways. | 2024-05-19T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1313 |
/* Copyright 2018–present MongoDB Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using MongoDB.Bson.IO;
using MongoDB.Driver.Core.Authentication.Vendored;
using MongoDB.Driver.Core.Connections;
using MongoDB.Driver.Core.Misc;
namespace MongoDB.Driver.Core.Authentication
{
/// <summary>
/// A SCRAM-SHA SASL authenticator.
/// </summary>
public abstract class ScramShaAuthenticator : SaslAuthenticator
{
/// <summary>
/// An H function as defined in RFC5802.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data">The data to hash. Also called "str" in RFC5802.</param>
protected internal delegate byte[] H(byte[] data);
/// <summary>
/// A Hi function used to compute the SaltedPassword as defined in RFC5802, except with "str" parameter replaced
/// with a UsernamePassword credential so that the password can be optionally digested/prepped in a secure fashion
/// before being consumed as the "str" parameter would be in RFC5802's Hi.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credentials">The credential to be digested/prepped before being consumed as the "str"
/// parameter would be in RFC5802's Hi</param>
/// <param name="salt">The salt.</param>
/// <param name="iterations">The iteration count.</param>
protected internal delegate byte[] Hi(UsernamePasswordCredential credentials, byte[] salt, int iterations);
/// <summary>
/// An HMAC function as defined in RFC5802, plus the encoding of the data.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="encoding">The encoding of the data.</param>
/// <param name="data">The data. Also called "str" in RFC5802.</param>
/// <param name="key">The key.</param>
protected internal delegate byte[] Hmac(UTF8Encoding encoding, byte[] data, string key);
// fields
private readonly string _databaseName;
// constructors
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ScramShaAuthenticator"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credential">The credential.</param>
/// <param name="hashAlgorithmName">The hash algorithm name.</param>
/// <param name="h">The H function to use.</param>
/// <param name="hi">The Hi function to use.</param>
/// <param name="hmac">The Hmac function to use.</param>
protected ScramShaAuthenticator(UsernamePasswordCredential credential,
HashAlgorithmName hashAlgorithmName,
H h,
Hi hi,
Hmac hmac)
: this(credential, hashAlgorithmName, new DefaultRandomStringGenerator(), h, hi, hmac) { }
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ScramShaAuthenticator"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credential">The credential.</param>
/// <param name="hashAlgorithName">The hash algorithm name.</param>
/// <param name="randomStringGenerator">The random string generator.</param>
/// <param name="h">The H function to use.</param>
/// <param name="hi">The Hi function to use.</param>
/// <param name="hmac">The Hmac function to use.</param>
internal ScramShaAuthenticator(
UsernamePasswordCredential credential,
HashAlgorithmName hashAlgorithName,
IRandomStringGenerator randomStringGenerator,
H h,
Hi hi,
Hmac hmac)
: base(new ScramShaMechanism(credential, hashAlgorithName, randomStringGenerator, h, hi, hmac))
{
_databaseName = credential.Source;
}
// properties
/// <inheritdoc/>
public override string DatabaseName => _databaseName;
// nested classes
private class ScramShaMechanism : ISaslMechanism
{
private readonly UsernamePasswordCredential _credential;
private readonly IRandomStringGenerator _randomStringGenerator;
private readonly H _h;
private readonly Hi _hi;
private readonly Hmac _hmac;
private readonly string _name;
public ScramShaMechanism(
UsernamePasswordCredential credential,
HashAlgorithmName hashAlgorithmName,
IRandomStringGenerator randomStringGenerator,
H h,
Hi hi,
Hmac hmac)
{
_credential = Ensure.IsNotNull(credential, nameof(credential));
_h = h;
_hi = hi;
_hmac = hmac;
if (!hashAlgorithmName.ToString().StartsWith("SHA"))
{
throw new ArgumentException("Must specify a SHA algorithm.");
}
_name = $"SCRAM-SHA-{hashAlgorithmName.ToString().Substring(3)}";
_randomStringGenerator = Ensure.IsNotNull(randomStringGenerator, nameof(randomStringGenerator));
}
public string Name => _name;
public ISaslStep Initialize(IConnection connection, SaslConversation conversation, ConnectionDescription description)
{
Ensure.IsNotNull(connection, nameof(connection));
Ensure.IsNotNull(description, nameof(description));
const string gs2Header = "n,,";
var username = "n=" + PrepUsername(_credential.Username);
var r = GenerateRandomString();
var nonce = "r=" + r;
var clientFirstMessageBare = username + "," + nonce;
var clientFirstMessage = gs2Header + clientFirstMessageBare;
var clientFirstMessageBytes = Utf8Encodings.Strict.GetBytes(clientFirstMessage);
return new ClientFirst(clientFirstMessageBytes, clientFirstMessageBare, _credential, r, _h, _hi, _hmac);
}
private string GenerateRandomString()
{
const string legalCharacters = "!\"#$%&'()*+-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~";
return _randomStringGenerator.Generate(20, legalCharacters);
}
private string PrepUsername(string username)
{
return username.Replace("=", "=3D").Replace(",", "=2C");
}
}
private class ClientFirst : ISaslStep
{
private readonly byte[] _bytesToSendToServer;
private readonly string _clientFirstMessageBare;
private readonly UsernamePasswordCredential _credential;
private readonly string _rPrefix;
private readonly H _h;
private readonly Hi _hi;
private readonly Hmac _hmac;
public ClientFirst(
byte[] bytesToSendToServer,
string clientFirstMessageBare,
UsernamePasswordCredential credential,
string rPrefix,
H h,
Hi hi,
Hmac hmac)
{
_bytesToSendToServer = bytesToSendToServer;
_clientFirstMessageBare = clientFirstMessageBare;
_credential = credential;
_h = h;
_hi = hi;
_hmac = hmac;
_rPrefix = rPrefix;
}
public byte[] BytesToSendToServer => _bytesToSendToServer;
public bool IsComplete => false;
public ISaslStep Transition(SaslConversation conversation, byte[] bytesReceivedFromServer)
{
var encoding = Utf8Encodings.Strict;
var serverFirstMessage = encoding.GetString(bytesReceivedFromServer);
var map = SaslMapParser.Parse(serverFirstMessage);
var r = map['r'];
if (!r.StartsWith(_rPrefix))
{
throw new MongoAuthenticationException(conversation.ConnectionId, message: "Server sent an invalid nonce.");
}
var s = map['s'];
var i = map['i'];
const string gs2Header = "n,,";
var channelBinding = "c=" + Convert.ToBase64String(encoding.GetBytes(gs2Header));
var nonce = "r=" + r;
var clientFinalMessageWithoutProof = channelBinding + "," + nonce;
var saltedPassword = _hi(
_credential,
Convert.FromBase64String(s),
int.Parse(i));
var clientKey = _hmac(encoding, saltedPassword, "Client Key");
var storedKey = _h(clientKey);
var authMessage = _clientFirstMessageBare + "," + serverFirstMessage + "," + clientFinalMessageWithoutProof;
var clientSignature = _hmac(encoding, storedKey, authMessage);
var clientProof = XOR(clientKey, clientSignature);
var serverKey = _hmac(encoding, saltedPassword, "Server Key");
var serverSignature = _hmac(encoding, serverKey, authMessage);
var proof = "p=" + Convert.ToBase64String(clientProof);
var clientFinalMessage = clientFinalMessageWithoutProof + "," + proof;
return new ClientLast(encoding.GetBytes(clientFinalMessage), serverSignature);
}
private byte[] XOR(byte[] a, byte[] b)
{
var result = new byte[a.Length];
for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; i++)
{
result[i] = (byte)(a[i] ^ b[i]);
}
return result;
}
}
private class ClientLast : ISaslStep
{
private readonly byte[] _bytesToSendToServer;
private readonly byte[] _serverSignature64;
public ClientLast(byte[] bytesToSendToServer, byte[] serverSignature64)
{
_bytesToSendToServer = bytesToSendToServer;
_serverSignature64 = serverSignature64;
}
public byte[] BytesToSendToServer => _bytesToSendToServer;
public bool IsComplete => false;
public ISaslStep Transition(SaslConversation conversation, byte[] bytesReceivedFromServer)
{
var encoding = Utf8Encodings.Strict;
var map = SaslMapParser.Parse(encoding.GetString(bytesReceivedFromServer));
var serverSignature = Convert.FromBase64String(map['v']);
if (!ConstantTimeEquals(_serverSignature64, serverSignature))
{
throw new MongoAuthenticationException(conversation.ConnectionId, message: "Server signature was invalid.");
}
return new CompletedStep();
}
private bool ConstantTimeEquals(byte[] a, byte[] b)
{
var diff = a.Length ^ b.Length;
for (var i = 0; i < a.Length && i < b.Length; i++)
{
diff |= a[i] ^ b[i];
}
return diff == 0;
}
}
}
}
| 2023-10-06T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1621 |
Scream 4 (2011) | Review by Mark Leidner
Scream 4 plunges us navel-deep into the conceit that made the original pleasurable. I felt something tingling in the fun-center of my brain for half an hour before I located it—the joy of trying to figure out who done it, or rather, who doing it, stabbing voluptuous starlets in the stomach and their nerdier male antipodes in the dick or the forehead—crossing suspects off the list one by one as they are killed or witness a killing, trying to guess who’s behind the mask before the big reveal. I didn’t, and this simple excitement hums, assisted by strong acting in half the cast; and dialogue, action, and satire that are cleverly executed exactly half the time. Scream 4 stumbles, but so do some House episodes, and so do some of the most addictive twitter feeds. You know what’s going to happen, just not quite how, and if Wes Craven’s direction is depressingly antiquated, and Neve Campbell phones it somehow sumptuously in, and half the good jokes are ruined by dumb ones bubbling up in their wake—the simple presence of a mystery to solve makes Scream4 a far sweeter diversion than Insidious or TheRoommate or whatever other scary feature is out there, coming soon, cobbling itself together in the void at the center of the vision of the savvily barbarian overlords we euphemistically anoint Producer with every ticket we purchase.
With better visual storytelling, 4 could’ve been awesome. Franchise detractors have always pounced on Scream‘s marquee self-awareness. Even in high school—small town, south Georgia—my artistic friends scorned Scream’s sniping the icons of their darling nostalgia; they wanted popcorn horror’s world to hold forever still. But as Rango and Inglorious Basterds and Toy Story 3—nevermind this very narrative—prove, self-awareness accompanied by bold and sensitive direction, writing, acting, etc—can work the well-wrought artifact into an abundant prism through which our very glimpse becomes a kind of key of light, unlocking the deepest, crystalline palimpsests of the sacred secret mystics call reality. Scream 4’s disease is weak expression, not post-modernism, and even then it’s only half sick. Frankly, we need more Screams in our forms. Or at least the ideal to which they Icarus-ly aspire. To enter prevalent, calcified, auto-piloted tableaus and decouple weary code from weary code. To pry open conventions zeitgeist’s jaws have clenched, steal gesture A out of B and hold it up while stuffing the void with C-4. Even when it fails this act is laudable. But, as I believe Hannah learned, going to see 4 for any of these reasons is to court your own disappointment. Go see it because you enjoy watching young people try to figure out who is stabbing them while trying to figure out how not to get stabbed using all manner of meta-reasoning while someone continues to stab them. | 2024-06-05T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5747 |
Recovery of pressor response to norepinephrine following relief of the obstructed common bile duct in the rat.
Jaundice caused by common bile duct (CBD) obstruction is associated with a blunted pressor response to norepinephrine (NE). We studied the rate and extent of recovery of the pressor response in the rat following relief of the obstruction. Three groups of male Wistar rats underwent CBD ligation. In the first and second group blood pressure measurements were obtained at 72 and 144 h after CBD ligation, respectively. In the third group pressure measurements were recorded 72 h after the relief of a 72-h obstruction. A fourth group served as control, and measurements were obtained 72 h after a sham operation. In all four groups measurements included basal blood pressure and pressure change following escalating doses of NE, ranging from 0.5 to 10 micrograms/kg. Basal blood pressure was similar in all four groups. In the control group the change of blood pressure was 23.4% +/- 6.7% in response to the lowest dose of NE, and 83.5% +/- 24.9% in response to the highest dose. A blunted pressor response to NE was recorded in all three groups with CBD obstruction. The duration of CBD ligation (72 or 144 h) did not affect this blunded response. Re-establishment of bile flow for 72 h made only a slight improvement in the response to NE. Obstruction of the CBD was associated with hyperbilirubinemia which disappeared following the re-anastomosis of the CBD to the duodenum. This most significant decrease in serum bilirubin was not associated with a similar improvement in pressor response to NE. We conclude that in the rat CBD obstruction is associated with a blunted pressor response to NE, that relief of CBD obstruction for 72 h is insufficient to abolish this response, and that there is no full correlation between serum bilirubin and pressor response. | 2023-09-15T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1258 |
89?
71, 431, 20789
List the prime factors of 10131250.
2, 5, 1621
What are the prime factors of 106789275?
3, 5, 474619
What are the prime factors of 1821712661?
53, 34371937
What are the prime factors of 13577797?
23, 397, 1487
What are the prime factors of 237189385?
5, 47437877
What are the prime factors of 1764326797?
443, 3982679
What are the prime factors of 71574684?
2, 3, 41, 145477
List the prime factors of 5831525580.
2, 3, 5, 61, 227, 7019
List the prime factors of 24695493.
3, 107, 719
What are the prime factors of 1264099?
137, 9227
What are the prime factors of 460971916?
2, 883, 130513
What are the prime factors of 184192499?
3301, 55799
List the prime factors of 50248582.
2, 31, 79, 10259
What are the prime factors of 224288301?
3, 43, 1738669
List the prime factors of 4318295723.
7, 18353, 33613
What are the prime factors of 85117195?
5, 953, 17863
List the prime factors of 5165684788.
2, 11, 5431, 21617
What are the prime factors of 28552122?
2, 3, 199, 2657
What are the prime factors of 311741464?
2, 373, 104471
List the prime factors of 64144274.
2, 229, 140053
List the prime factors of 277402336.
2, 73, 118751
List the prime factors of 94621884.
2, 3, 7, 229, 4919
List the prime factors of 22687461.
3, 2520829
List the prime factors of 1494076183.
1494076183
List the prime factors of 682251673.
151, 409, 11047
What are the prime factors of 415640725?
5, 79, 229, 919
What are the prime factors of 603999250?
2, 5, 2415997
What are the prime factors of 346646740?
2, 5, 11, 257, 6131
What are the prime factors of 27221223?
3, 151, 60091
What are the prime factors of 3901881?
3, 23, 193, 293
List the prime factors of 4730558232.
2, 3, 167, 1180279
List the prime factors of 1104404916.
2, 3, 89, 349, 2963
What are the prime factors of 24856319?
71, 350089
What are the prime factors of 44186910?
2, 3, 5, 17, 23, 3767
What are the prime factors of 59983402?
2, 23, 1303987
What are the prime factors of 980633717?
7, 20012933
List the prime factors of 24040141.
73, 329317
What are the prime factors of 878886394?
2, 31, 457277
List the prime factors of 855576421.
7, 199, 251, 2447
What are the prime factors of 88575212?
2, 11, 241, 8353
What are the prime factors of 1154290579?
13, 88791583
What are the prime factors of 85759780?
2, 5, 4287989
What are the prime factors of 124368462?
2, 3, 6909359
List the prime factors of 43462356.
2, 3, 7, 421, 1229
What are the prime factors of 58683727?
101, 479, 1213
List the prime factors of 26228199.
3, 1433, 6101
List the prime factors of 2907243820.
2, 5, 13, 11181707
What are the prime factors of 7099479476?
2, 41, 101, 113, 3793
List the prime factors of 17465605.
5, 3493121
List the prime factors of 51284982.
2, 3, 7, 43, 73, 389
List the prime factors of 311467.
13, 19, 97
List the prime factors of 1146052044.
2, 3, 29, 277, 1321
What are the prime factors of 36403056?
2, 3, 73, 3463
List the prime factors of 219874397.
219874397
List the prime factors of 1681840156.
2, 420460039
List the prime factors of 37437733.
19, 1970407
What are the prime factors of 21480409?
1823, 11783
List the prime factors of 2053083685.
5, 1153, 356129
List the prime factors of 243807449.
19, 449, 28579
List the prime factors of 2204628361.
13, 23, 43, 171473
List the prime factors of 3909112395.
3, 5, 113, 2306261
List the prime factors of 4152859980.
2, 3, 5, 463, 149491
List the prime factors of 261385309.
283, 379, 2437
List the prime factors of 64172250.
2, 3, 5, 3169
List the prime factors of 48167658.
2, 3, 7, 11, 23, 1511
What are the prime factors of 20671963?
13, 23, 47, 1471
List the prime factors of 9551800.
2, 5, 163, 293
What are the prime factors of 714391245?
3, 5, 1763929
List the prime factors of 313636602.
2, 3, 23, 2272729
What are the prime factors of 516112649?
13, 234917
What are the prime factors of 1784703844?
2, 7, 11, 139, 41687
List the prime factors of 314447785.
5, 4547, 13831
List the prime factors of 200024698.
2, 23, 241, 18043
What are the prime factors of 907917879?
3, 11, 2111, 13033
List the prime factors of 1205274106.
2, 23, 521, 50291
List the prime factors of 2842173304.
2, 29, 2851, 4297
List the prime factors of 814514523.
3, 17, 1279, 12487
List the prime factors of 248431356.
2, 3, 97, 71143
What are the prime factors of 32613904?
2, 2038369
List the prime factors of 61677035.
5, 7, 227, 1109
What are the prime factors of 178967175?
3, 5, 19, 125591
List the prime factors of 4217533668.
2, 3, 117153713
List the prime factors of 213496761.
3, 17, 4186211
What are the prime factors of 1240687988?
2, 23, 13485739
List the prime factors of 410617345.
5, 6661, 12329
What are the prime factors of 354110091?
3, 37, 3190181
List the prime factors of 1957808928.
2, 3, 653, 31231
List the prime factors of 23341848.
2, 3, 972577
What are the prime factors of 126458762?
2, 63229381
What are the prime factors of 412378702?
2, 67, 3077453
What are the prime factors of 106553283?
3, 101, 351661
List the prime factors of 588709362.
2, 3, 9803, 10009
List the prime factors of 1146891656.
2, 829, 172933
List the prime factors of 756340665.
3, 5, 50422711
List the prime factors of 1040173105.
5, 208034621
List the prime factors of 20423581.
43, 197, 2411
List the prime factors of 345511253.
263, 1313731
List the prime factors of 129138070.
2, 5, 181, 71347
List the prime factors of 2423734.
2, 409, 2963
List the prime factors of 2064854958.
2, 3, 137, 461, 5449
List the prime factors of 284321862.
2, 3, 11, 439, 3271
What are the prime factors of 78665237?
7, 1605413
What are the prime factors of 5027745?
3, 5, 37, 9059
What are the prime factors of 828586098?
2, 3, 421, 12149
What are the prime factors of 1346047008?
2, 3, 131, 107033
List the prime factors of 8456419454.
2, 7, 97, 6227113
List the prime factors of 165569832.
2, 3, 197, 1297
What are the prime factors of 3641911933?
11, 331082903
List the prime factors of 46601229.
3, 73, 212791
What are the prime factors of 27536335?
5, 5507267
List the prime factors of 3130242787.
7, 127, 3521083
What are the prime factors of 36109544?
2, 31, 145603
What are the prime factors of 1856810876?
2, 167, 2779657
What are the prime factors of 117407804?
2, 29351951
List the prime factors of 7988337481.
37, 215901013
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2, 102168809
List the prime factors of 1332570347.
17, 78386491
List the prime factors of 680509719.
3, 19, 239, 16651
What are the prime factors of 785135152?
2, 49070947
What are the prime factors of 2414095674?
2, 3, 31, 421, 30829
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2, 79, 33851
What are the prime factors of 67910140?
2, 5, 353, 9619
What are the prime factors of 1005831011?
73, 13778507
List the prime factors of 25310232.
2, 3, 139, 281
List the prime factors of 53150378.
2, 23, 83, 13921
What are the prime factors of 1964152814?
2, 13, 1193, 4871
List the prime factors of 50912179.
23, 103, 21491
What are the prime factors of 845747879?
547, 1546157
What are the prime factors of 2692597875?
3, 5, 11, 59341
List the prime factors of 58565980.
2, 5, 11, 19, 14011
List the prime factors of 190280697.
3, 31, 2046029
List the prime factors of 361095036.
2, 3, 41, 127, 5779
What are the prime factors of 73217868?
2, 3, 19, 67, 4793
What are the prime factors of 524404706?
2, 7, 37457479
List the prime factors of 139368341.
7, 19909763
List the prime factors of 130592351.
17, 37, 207619
What are the prime factors of 2639528820?
2, 3, 5, 14664049
List the prime factors of 395711348.
2, 59, 137, 12239
List the prime factors of 169875535.
5, 33975107
What are the prime factors of 125567016?
2, 3, 563, 9293
List the prime factors of 859127381.
7, 331, 370793
List the prime factors of 130480330.
2, 5, 13048033
What are the prime factors of 539763095?
5, 73, 109, 13567
What are the prime factors of 90057876?
2, 3, 29, 258787
List the prime factors of 1097198588.
2, 274299647
What are the prime factors of 2763750186?
2, 3, 601, 85159
List the prime factors of 13080166.
2, 11, 37, 16069
List the prime factors of 512883537.
3, 170961179
List the prime factors of 36897427.
7, 5271061
What are the prime factors of 22809245?
5, 4561849
What are the prime factors of 401402262?
2, 3, 66900377
What | 2024-01-04T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9814 |
Q:
PHP Opencart Anylist Module issue
Does anyone knows what is this problem?
When I save or edit a new anylist block in opencart, this message appears:
Notice: Undefined index: module_id in /controller/module/anylist.php on line 16
This is the line 16 of the file:
if (($this->request->server['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST') && $this->validate()) {
if (!isset($this->request->get['module_id'])) {
/*this is the line 16*/
$this->model_extension_module->addModule('anylist', array_merge($this->request->post,array('module_id'=>$this->request->get['module_id'])));
} else {
$this->model_extension_module->editModule($this->request->get['module_id'], array_merge($this->request->post,array('module_id'=>$this->request->get['module_id'])));
}
$this->session->data['success'] = $this->language->get('text_success');
$this->response->redirect($this->url->link('extension/module', 'token=' . $this->session->data['token'], 'SSL'));
}
Does anybody knows what is the problem?
Thank you.
A:
This work for me.
You need replase this code
if (!isset($this->request->get['module_id'])) {
/*this is the line 16*/
$this->model_extension_module->addModule('anylist', array_merge($this->request->post,array('module_id'=>$this->request->get['module_id'])));
} else {
$this->model_extension_module->editModule($this->request->get['module_id'], array_merge($this->request->post,array('module_id'=>$this->request->get['module_id'])));
}
on
if (!isset($this->request->get['module_id'])) {
$this->model_extension_module->addModule('anylist', $this->request->post);
} else {
$this->model_extension_module->editModule($this->request->get['module_id'], $this->request->post);
}
| 2024-06-11T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3255 |
Q:
non-homomorphic algebras
On the page http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/DirectProduct9.html I have read, that we may embed $\boldsymbol{A}$ into $\boldsymbol{A}\times \boldsymbol{B}$ if there exists homomorphism $\sigma:\boldsymbol{A}\to \boldsymbol{B}$. Can anyone give an example of two algebras that are not homomorphic and consequently not embeddable into their direct product?
Thanks in advance.
A:
If you are using ordinary algebras, and you are not assuming that your homomorphisms have to preserve the identity of the ring, then there is always the map $a\mapsto (a,0)$ that injects $A$ into $A\times B$. However, I'm guessing you want your maps to preserve identity, since otherwise zero homomorphisms would be everywhere.
If you want your map to preserve identity, then finding an example of $A$ that does not embed into $A\times B$ becomes really simple. Pick $A$ and $B$ to have two different coprime finite characteristics, say $7\cdot 1_A=0_A$ and $10\cdot 1_B=0_B$. Then the characteristic of the product ring is 70. But then if $\phi$ was an additive map preserving identity, $\phi(0)=\phi(7\cdot 1_A)=7\phi(1_A)=7\cdot 1_{A\times B}\neq 0$, a contradiction.
| 2024-04-13T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9368 |
Where randomness is king (it's a word!)
Menu
Van Helsing
Stephen Sommer’s latest foray into the Universal Horror archives left a lot of people upset. Not me. The characters were fun, I loved the excessive CGI, and the music was amazing. A definite “popcorn” flick, but that’s what good adventure films do. See, people are trying to re-classify the film as horror or action and grade it on those levels just so they can criticize it. But Van Helsing is a pulse-pounding, thrill-ride of an adventure which I loved. Now to the Q&A section.
Q. Why does Mr. Hyde devolve into Dr. Jekyll after breaking the rose window of Notre Dame? For that matter, why does his arm devolve when it’s separated from his body?
A. With no real background information on Sommers interpretation of Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde, we can only speculate as to what would make him change back. My guess is that Mr. Hyde, the murderous persona, was obliterated some point during his fall, leaving poor Dr. Jekyll to die.
Q. What’s that yellow electrical wave coming out of Velkan when he is strapped into Dr Frankenstein’s machine?
A. Life energy? The way the script went, it’s the only thing that kind of makes sense.
Q. Why does Dracula have a cure for werewolf venom?
A. So that he can cure the werewolf that could kill him. He has control over werewolves, but as Carl discovers from the inscription around the hidden painting, even a man with a strong will who claims to be praised by knights can become a werewolf. So whoever that strong willed person may be, he would be able to resist Dracula’s hold over him, and also be able to kill him by biting him. Therefore, Dracula plans to cure this strong willed person of werewolf-ism and remain immortal.
Q. How can Anna Valerious, who fell out of a tree (hitting all the branches on the way down) and bounced off of stone columns be killed after being crushed by a werewolf on a chaise?
A. It’s part of the bargain Valerious Sr. made with God. His descendents “cannot die or enter heaven as long as Dracula lives.” This means (I think) that his descendents are impervious to pain, but they can be killed. This is the only logical explanation, because she is crushed into the couch AFTER Van Helsing bites and kills Dracula. At that instant, she becomes as sensitive to pain as any un-cursed human being and moment’s later crushed to death. Yeah, that’s stupid, but hey, I don’t make the rules, I just listen.
Overall, the movie suffered from too much exposition. Now that may sound ironic, but it’s true. They had to remind the popular audience what vampires and werewolves are and how they can be killed, as well as the mythology behind Dracula and Van Helsing. The sequel should be that much more thrilling because the audience will already know all of that (ala X-Men vs. X-2). But I do hope Dracula stays dead. See, he seems to be the only one who really knows what happened to Van Helsing’s parents. Van Helsing and Dracula seem to have such an intricate relationship that is seems impossible to explore that with him dead. Imohtep’s resurrection in The Mummy Returns made sense because he wasn’t killed at the end of The Mummy, just smothered in a pool of lost souls. But Dracula’s resurrection? It’s impossible. Right? | 2024-04-22T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9294 |
Feb 25, 2020
Iran is closer to an effective shutdown amid a worsening coronavirus epidemic that was first reported last Wednesday in the city of Qom, the center of its powerful clergy and home to much-visited holy shrines. As of Feb. 26, the official death toll from the country’s Health Ministry stood at 19, a figure likely to jump as suspected cases approach the 1,000 mark in at least 11 affected provinces.
The figures differ widely in various reports. Ahmad Ami-Abadi, one of the lawmakers representing Qom in Iran's parliament, claimed that the toll was well above 50, pressing the Deputy Health Minister Iraj Harirchi to resign. Harirchi has sparked fury by rejecting demands for imposing a full quarantine on Qom, describing such measures as outdated World War I practices. The health official himself has now tested positive, a sign that others could already be in the same boat following back-to-back meetings and joint pressers.
“We will definitely kill the disease in the weeks to come,” Harirchi vowed with a raised fist in a viral video after officially joining the list of confirmed cases. “This virus does not differentiate between authorities and ordinary people, [but] we do possess the remedy.”
Hours later, Mahmoud Sadeghi, a Reformist lawmaker and a vocal civil rights defender, came out with a similar message about his positive test. On Twitter, he also urged Iran’s judiciary leader Ibrahim Raeesi to order the temporary release of political detainees to protect them from a possible outbreak inside the prisons.
Earlier, the mayor of Tehran’s district 13 was among the first to be diagnosed. According to the latest reports, the Qom-based top Shiite cleric Ayatollah Shobeiri Zanjani has been quarantined after a member of his close circle, another cleric, died from the disease. | 2023-09-28T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6189 |
Are your meal plans family friendly?
Our meal plans are low carb designed for better blood sugar control so they don't include common staples like bread, rice, pasta, noodles, potatoes and so forth. Quite simply because these foods don't facilitate good blood sugar control.
However, we try to provide easy tasty meals that everyone loves. And since we provide 4 lunches and 4 dinners each week, there is plenty of variety to inspire.
And you never know, you might win over your family entirely with our tasty low carb options - lots of members have! | 2023-11-03T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1468 |
Superdry men's cashmere blend v-neck jumper from the Orange Label range. A classic design v-neck jumper with the luxurious addition of cashmere for an extra-soft touch. This jumper features an embroidered two-colour embroidered Superdry chest logo and is finished with a Superdry logo tab on the sleeve.
Returns
Please return your item(s) to us along with a completed returns form. You may also return items to all UK stores. For more info, see return in branch. Please ensure items are in their original condition. For more info, please see our returns policy. | 2023-09-18T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3243 |
Ever on the lookout for victims of Obamacare – which Fox then trots out as “proof” that the entire Affordable Care Act is a failure, Fox is not too particular about the facts. Such as whether or not these people really are victims. We saw it with the Hannity show, with The Kelly File and now… Your World.
Media Matters has the scoop on this latest crop of disingenuousness:
The October 29 edition of Your World with Neil Cavuto featured two “victims” of the ACA who had previously appeared in a misleading NBC report on the sticker shock of the health care law. Host Neil Cavuto spoke first with Deborah Cavallaro, a Los Angeles resident highlighted repeatedly by NBC, who received a notice saying her current plan would be replaced by a plan with higher premiums. Like NBC, Fox failed to mention that Cavallaro’s current plan “barely deserved to be called insurance at all.” Moreover, neither network compared Cavallaro’s current plan to those that she could get on the California exchange, where a Bronze Plan would cost less and likely offer more coverage than her current bare-bones plan. … Cavuto also hosted Richard Helgren, a retiree from Lansing who, like Cavallaro, was featured in the NBC report. Helgren said that his “plan would no longer be available because of changes under the ACA,” and that his deductible would skyrocket under an alternative policy offered by his insurance company. Although Helgren did not shop through the exchanges, he ultimately used an insurance agent to find a good plan with a lower premium, a fact noted by the NBC report but neglected on Fox.
Watch the video below and note how Cavuto makes no indication Fox has fact checked a single claim from either guest. But he did chime in to add, “That’s a large chunk of Americans, …it’s about 18%” who buy their own insurance, as Cavallaro does, when she said people like her fared poorly under Obamacare. The obvious implication was that nearly that many Americans would be screwed.
You can read more about the details of these two "victims'" actual health care situation at Media Matters and the American Prospect. | 2023-08-15T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8893 |
New rules for Social media – a 4-part article about social era and industry culture
Here comes a 4-part article from HBR.org (which I love) and Nilofer Merchant (which I didn’t knew about but I’m glad I discovered).
It’s about social media and its acceptance in industry culture.
Beginning from well-known examples like Facebook, Twitter (you know…), author Merchant shows how much has changed with social media and how much some well-estabilished brands are missing the point with social era.
Facebook, KickStarter, Kiva, Twitter, and other companies thriving in the social era are operating by the rules of the Social Era. They get it. They live it. And to them, it’s ridiculously obvious.
But too many major companies — Bank of America, Sony, Gap, Yahoo, Nokia — that need to get it, don’t. A friend of mine who runs a venture capital firm is emblematic of the bias I encounter in the Bay Area. He tells me to ignore the big enterprises; that they are not the future. But I’m not willing to give up on these firms. I think we can get the 800-pound gorillas of our day to act more like 800 gazelles — fast, nimble, and collaborative.
About the way we all browse, choose and buy on social networks:
People buy two categories of things: The distinct, and the generic. The distinct items are the things that have a limited quantity, that are artisanal in nature, and that are worth paying a premium for. The generic items are, well, the things you might find on Amazon.
When companies like Best Buy or Target are simply aisles of what you can find online, then it’s easy enough to become a storefront for Amazon. Everything that is undifferentiated is going to be delivered in ever more efficient, low-cost ways. Porter’s value chain is well suited for this mass-market, cost-driven approach, where customers remain at the end of the value chain.
So what?
But for organizations wanting to thrive in the social era, being distinct is key to both profitability and winning. While there has always been a market for bespoke, differentiated items, until very recently that market served a tiny fraction of the uber-rich. But today, both macroeconomic forces, and technological advances mean that customized products aren’t just for the one percent. Instead, customized products and experiences can be for everybody, at least some of the time.
How will the smartest, nimblest companies move away from less-profitable generics and into more-profitable distinct goods and services? By using the rules of the social era.
Meta
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We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. - Questo sito utilizza dei cookie che ci aiutano ad erogare i servizi. Continuando la navigazione l’utente accetta le nostre modalità d’uso dei cookie stessi.OkRead more | 2023-09-12T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3826 |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Oilseed rape (*Brassica napus* L.), an important source of edible oil worldwide, is harvested mainly for its seeds that contain a considerable amount of oil in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs). Seed oil content (SOC) and fatty acid (FA) composition determine the quality and economic value of oilseed rape. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism in developing seeds is a pre-condition for conducting molecular breeding toward high SOC varieties ([@CIT0007]; [@CIT0044]).
Seed development is a critical process in the life cycle of a plant. In cruciferous seeds, several major transcription factor genes, namely *LEAFYCOTYLEDON1* (*LEC1*), *LEC2*, *FUSCA3*, and *ABSCISIC ACIDINSENTIVE3*, regulate numerous reactions in biochemical pathways that contribute to assimilate reservation in developing seeds ([@CIT0017]; [@CIT0025]; [@CIT0011]). A variety of plant hormones affect seed development and the formation of storage compounds. Among these hormones, gibberellins (GAs) regulate seed lipid accumulation negatively by up-regulating a group of GDSL-type lipases. A part of the GDSLs that hydrolyze lipids in seeds was defined as seed fatty acid reducer (SFAR). For instance, *SFAR1*--*SFAR5* act downstream of the GA signal pathway to lower the seed lipid storage in Arabidopsis ([@CIT0004]). GAs are also involved in seed germination, a process in which lipids are degraded to release energy and the carbon skeleton for establishment of young seedlings ([@CIT0002]). In addition, abscisic acid (ABA), which functions antagonistically to GA, promotes seed dormancy and inhibits seeds from germinating. The endogenous balance of GA and ABA in developing seeds determines the development toward seed germination or dormancy ([@CIT0030]; [@CIT0028]).
Seed oil content among oilseed rape cultivars varies widely from 35% to 55% depending on ecological zones and climate conditions year to year. TAGs are the main storage lipid in oilseeds, combining with oleoisin to form oil bodies with diameters of 1--2 μm in size ([@CIT0005]). They can be degraded into free FAs by a variety of lipases ([@CIT0020]). The free FAs are subjected to β-oxidation, a process in which FAs are degraded into acetyl-CoA and the acetyl-CoA is subsequently converted into 4-C compounds via the glyoxylate cycle which takes place partially in the peroxisome and partially in the cytoplasm ([@CIT0035]; [@CIT0001]). These 4-C compounds are then shipped to the mitochondria to synthesize malate, which either is used for respiration or is transported to the cytosol for gluconeogenesis ([@CIT0013]).
SOC is a quantitative trait that is influenced by a range of factors, among which the photosynthesis and respiration of the silique wall are essentially important. The expression of *WRINKLED1*, an important lipid synthesis regulatory gene in developing seeds, is associated with silique wall photosynthetic activity ([@CIT0043]; [@CIT0015]). Light intensity, daytime temperature (DT), night temperature (NT), and carbon dioxide concentration are essential factors in determining the efficiency of photosynthesis. Plants adapt their daily growth to the thermo periodic cycle by the evolution of thermo-period responses. An appropriate DT is necessary for plant growth and the biosynthesis of seed storage compounds-. However, a DT that exceeds a certain threshold reduces the SOC by repressing photosynthesis genes ([@CIT0049]).
Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors determining plant distribution. Drastic changes in temperature result in plant adaptation with modified polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentrations in their membranes and storage lipids. PUFAs in seed lipids are catalyzed by fatty acid desaturases (FADs), particularly FAD2 that converts oleic acid (C18:1) to linoleic acid (C18:2) and FAD3 that catalyzes conversion of linoleic acid (C18:2) to linolenic acid (C18:3). Temperature can affect the degree of FA desaturation indirectly through its effects on substrate availability ([@CIT0019]; [@CIT0023]). Temperature can also directly influence *FAD2* and *FAD3* expression to various degrees, depending on species, tissues, and gene ([@CIT0039]; [@CIT0031]). Previous studies reported a significant up-regulation of *FAD2* and *FAD3* at low temperature ([@CIT0036]; [@CIT0049]). Other reports indicated either down-regulation or no significant change in the expression levels of *FAD2* and *FAD3* at low temperature ([@CIT0014]; [@CIT0019]). 18-C fatty acids, such as oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), are dominant FA forms in seeds of most oilseed rape cultivars nowadays.
Global warming causes a faster increase of NT than of DT in tropical and subtropical zones; this increase is unfavorable for the accumulation of assimilates in crop storage organs ([@CIT0016]; [@CIT0018]). Nevertheless, little is known about the effect of high NT on total FAs and FA compositions in oilseed rape and how developing seeds respond to high NT with transcriptome changes. In the present study, we compared the total FAs, FA compositions, and transcriptomes of developing seeds in two oilseed rape cultivars, namely Jiuer-13 (JR) and Zheyou-50 (ZY), between high and low NT conditions. This study aimed to determine the significant transcriptome changes resulting from high NT treatment and a mechanism interfering with lipid catabolism in seeds during the night.
Materials and methods {#s2}
=====================
Plants materials and growth conditions {#s3}
--------------------------------------
Two oilseed rape (*Brassica napus* L.) cultivars, namely Zheyou-50 (ZY) and Jiuer-13 (JR), were used in the study. ZY has a relatively high SOC (50%) and nearly zero erucic acid (EA) (C22:1), whereas JR is an old local cultivar which had an SOC of \~35% and an EA proportion \>30%. Seeds were germinated in pots and the seedlings were grown on nutrient soil (Shengsheng Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China). On the day when the first flowers bloomed, two plants of similar size from each cultivar were moved to two separate growth chambers (GCBs) (Zeda Instrument Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China), namely GCB1 and GCB2. As illustrated in [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, the daily light/dark cycle (light from 05.00 h to 21.00 h and darkness from 21.00 h to 05.00 h) and the daytime light intensity, which was 306 μmol light quantum m^−2^ s^−1^, were controlled in exactly the same way for both GCB1 and GCB2. As illustrated, the thermo cycle for GCB1 was 9 °C between 21.00 h and 05.00 h, increased from 9 °C to 25 °C between 05.00 h and 11.00 h, was maintained at 25 °C between 11.00 h and 15.00 h, and decreased from 25 °C to 9 °C between 15.00 h and 21.00 h. The DT between 11.00 h and 15.00 h in GCB2 was the same as that in GCB1; however, its NT between 21.00 h and 05.00 h was 19 °C, 10 °C higher than that in GCB1. The slope of temperature increase/decrease in GCB1 between 05.00 h and 11.00 h/15. 00 and 21.00 h was flatter than that in GCB2 ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Altogether, eight treatments A--H, which were a combination of two thermo cycles, two cultivars, and two harvest times of the developing seed, are defined in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. Individual flowers were tagged with flowering dates. The 16 DAP (days after pollination) seeds, in which lipid biosynthesis was active, were harvested and frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after detachment. The seeds were used for RNA extraction, the consequent RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiments, and analysis of endogenous GA levels.
{#F1}
######
RNA-seq analysis codes for the eight treatments combining the factors such as NT, genotype, and sample harvesting time
Codes Genotype NT treatment Harvest time
------- ---------- -------------- --------------
A JR High NT 14.00 h
B JR High NT 05.00 h
C JR Low NT 14.00 h
D JR Low NT 05.00 h
E ZY High NT 14.00 h
F ZY High NT 05.00 h
G ZY Low NT 14.00 h
H ZY Low NT 05.00 h
Assay of total FAs and FA composition {#s4}
-------------------------------------
Mature seeds of \~50 DAP were harvested and air-dried until their weight remained constant for the assay of total FAs and FA composition using a gas chromatograph (SHIMADZU GC-2014, Kyoto, Japan,). Three biological repeats of each treatment were taken for the assay. The procedures for FA extraction and conditions for GC analysis were according to our previous description ([@CIT0049]; [@CIT0004], [@CIT0005]; [@CIT0042]). Total FAs were calculated by adding up the 11 FA species, namely myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), docosanoic acid (C22:0), erucic acid (C22:1), and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0), detected by GC with internal standards. Data were classified with Win-Excel and analyzed via one-way ANOVA using the statistical package SAS (Version 9.0, SAS Institute, Inc.). Comparisons between the means of each treatment were made by Duncan's multiple range test at a level of *P*≤0.05 for a significant difference.
RNA extraction and RNA-seq experiment {#s5}
-------------------------------------
Total RNAs were isolated from 16 DAP seeds using Trizol according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA). Sequencing libraries were prepared following the IIIumina RNA Seq library kit guide (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA) only with minor modifications. Total RNAs digested by DNase I were enriched using oligo(dT) magnetic beads and a fragmentation reagent was added (inside the library prep kit) in a Thermomix (inside the library prep kit). The first and second cDNA strands were synthesized using the fragmented mRNA as template and enriched by magnetic beads AgencourtAMPure XP (Beckman Coulter, Shanghai, China). They were repaired at the ends, and A-tails were added at the 3\' end. Fragments that were 300--350 bp in size were selected through a nucleic acid extractor of the EASYspin Plus Plant RNA Kit (Gene-Foci Biotech, Beijing, China) and were enriched by 15 cycles of PCR and purified on an agarose gel. The amplified libraries were checked by an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Invitrogen) and an ABI StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (ThermoFisher, Shanghai, China) subsequently, and were sequenced by the Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 (Illumina, San Diego, USA). Quality control was performed by deleting the reads that contained \>5% N.
Blasting clean reads to the reference genome {#s6}
--------------------------------------------
Clean RNA-seq reads were mapped against the reference genome assemblies of oilseed rape (*B. napus.* L) ([@CIT0003]) using SOAPaligner/SOAP2 software. The gene expression level was quantified using the same reference genome. The quality control of the nucleotide mismatches was less than five bases. Gene expression levels represented by read numbers were normalized to relative abundance as reads per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (RPKM) ([@CIT0024]). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between treatments were screened using the R package DESeq2 ([@CIT0021]). The threshold value was set by \|log~2~ratio\|≥1 and false discovery rate (FDR)≦0.01.
K-means clustering {#s7}
------------------
K-means clustering was performed by the 'kmeans' function in R package 'stats' (v. 3.2.2), where K value refers to the number of clusters grouped in the data set. The genes used here is the union of DEGs. The algorithm randomly assigned each gene into one of nine clusters and located the centroid of each cluster according to the average RPKM value in two replicates. The data were normalized as log~2~^(RPKM+1)^. The following steps were iterated until variation within the cluster could not be reduced any further: (i) reassign data points to the cluster whose centroid is closest; and (ii) calculate the new centroid of each cluster. Within-cluster variation was calculated as the sum of the Euclidean distance between the data points and their respective cluster centroids.
KEGG enrichment {#s8}
---------------
The metabolic or signal transduction pathways where the genes might be involved were assigned by blast against the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database, with an E-value cut-off of 1E-05. The significantly enriched pathways associated with DEGs were identified using the whole expressed genes as background. Enrichment analysis was performed by the software path-finder (in-house designed by 1Gene Technology Company) with a *q*-value 0.05 as the confidence level. The degree of KEGG enrichment is measured by the rich factor, *q*-value, and the number of genes enriched in the pathway. The rich factor refers to the ratio of the number of DEGs in the pathway to the number of all genes annotated ([@CIT0024]; [@CIT0021]).
Multiple EM for Motif Elicitation (MEME) analysis for promoter sequence {#s9}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The promoter sequences of the candidate genes encoding enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway were referred to the reference genome of *B. napus* ([@CIT0003]). The 1000 bp nucleotide sequence upstream of the start codon of each candidate gene was downloaded and scanned for conservative sequences using the MEME method (<http://meme-suite.org/>). According to the method, the minimum and maximum widths of each motif should be between 6 and 20 nucleotides. Parameters were designed such that the number of motifs was three, and the minimum and maximum width of each motif was 6 and 20 nucleotides, respectively.
Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis {#s10}
---------------------------------------------
RT-qPCR experiments were performed following [@CIT0040]. Candidate genes in β-oxidation and GA synthesis pathways were selected for RT-qPCR verification. The specific primer pairs were designed to cover a 100--200 bp region ([Supplementary Table S21](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"} at *JXB* online). The first-strand cDNAs for RT-qPCR were synthesized in a 20 μl solution (containing \~1 μg of RNA as template) using the PrimeScript™ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit following the manufacturer's instructions (catalog no. D6110A, Takara, Japan). *BnACTIN7* was chosen as the endogenous control for standardization ([@CIT0049]). The RT-qPCR experiments were performed using th eSYBR *Premix ExTaq*™ Kit (catalog no. RR420A, Takara) in a C1000™ thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, Shanghai, China) following the manufacturers' instructions. The results of the comparisons were presented along with the heat map (<http://bar.utoronto.ca/ntools/cgi-bin/ntools_heatmapper_plus.cgi>). Parameters were designed such that the color schemes for negative, zero, and positive values were green, black, and red, respectively, whereas other parameters were default.
Analysis of endogenous GA levels in developing seeds {#s11}
----------------------------------------------------
The preparation of seed samples and the setting of HPLC conditions were as described by [@CIT0047]. In brief, the separation was performed on a Waters XBridge C18 column (250 nm×4.6 nm, 5 μm). Head pressure of the carrier gas (He) was 265 kPa, resulting in a flow speed of \~1.4 ml min^--1^. The temperature program was set as follows: a rapid temperature ramp of 25 °C min^--1^, to 200 °C, a decreased rate of temperature ramp of 5 °C to 270 °C, and a final rapid temperature ramp of 20 °C min^--1^ to 300 °C. A 10 ng aliquot of GA~1~ (Simalab, Tianjin, China) internal standard was added during the extraction. The amount of endogenous GA~1~ was calculated in light of the peak area ratios.
Results {#s12}
=======
Effect of NT on total FAs and FA compositions {#s13}
---------------------------------------------
The effects of NT on the total FAs of seed and the composition of FA species, namely myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), docosanoic acid (C22:0), erucic acid (C22:1), and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0), were investigated. As shown in [Fig. 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, high NT caused low total FAs in both cultivars. Approximately 1 mg of JR and ZY seeds only contained 320.4 (±18.7) μg and 359.5 (±13.7) μg of FAs under high NT condition, which were reduced by 18.9% and 13.7% relative to the total FAs achieved under the low NT condition, respectively. In particular, high NT resulted in significantly lower C18:0, C18:1, C20:1, and C22:0 in JR seeds and significantly lower C18:0 and C18:1 in ZY seeds than those of low NT. The significant reduction of C18:0 and C18:1 and the non-significant decrease in the other FAs altered the various FA proportions in seeds ([Fig. 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). High NT decreased the relative proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 but increased those of C18:2 and C18:3 in both cultivars. Notably, in JR seeds, high NT did not result in a significant reduction in the absolute content of C22:1, although C22:1 accounted for the second largest group of individual FA species ([Fig. 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}); instead, high NT increased its relative proportion ([Fig. 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
Effect of NT on transcriptome changes {#s14}
-------------------------------------
### Quality of RNA-seq experiments {#s15}
To explore the changes in seed transcriptome in response to high NT, we performed an RNA-seq experiment. The quality of the RNA-seq experiment depends on the read coverage with respect to the reference genome of oilseed rape and the correlations between biological repetitions. As listed in [Supplementary Table S1](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, an average of 63.9% of all reads from 16 independent RNA samples (two repetitions for each treatment from A to H as defined in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) showed \>80% nucleotide similarities to the reference genome ([@CIT0003]). Moreover, the correlations between two repetitions for each treatment were \>0.90. These data provided the basis for further in-depth transcriptome profile analysis.
### Overall number of expressed genes and range of transcriptional levels {#s16}
The total number of genes expressed in each treatment ranged from 63061 to 65788 according to the threshold set ([Fig. 3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). On average, the samples treated with high NT displayed 266 less expressed genes than those treated with low NT ([Fig. 3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Samples harvested at 14.00 h in the daytime showed 861 less expressed genes than those collected at 05.00 h in darkness ([Fig. 3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Samples from cultivar JR exhibited 1002 less expressed genes than those from cultivar ZY ([Supplementary Fig. S1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The gene expression levels, which were normalized with RPKM (log~10~^X^), demonstrated a similar range of transcript levels in all eight treatments (A--H) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}; [Supplementary Fig. S1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{#F3}
### DEGs caused by different NTs {#s17}
To understand the NT effect, we compared the DEGs between high and low NT treatments. In brief, paired samples A and C, E and G, B and D, and F and H were different from each other only because of NT. Up-regulation (or down-regulation) was defined as the log~2~^X^ ≥1 (or log~2~^X^ ≤ −1), where X equals the ratio value of the transcriptional level of genes in samples treated with high NT divided by those treated with low NT. K-means cluster analysis was applied to classify the DEGs in the allotetraploid genome of oilseed rape. Nine clusters were classified on the basis of expressional changes against the eight treatments (A--H) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}; [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Genes exhibited significant differences in expression between NT treatments in clusters SBC1, SBC2, SBC3, SBC4, SBC5, and SBC6 (listed in [Supplementary Tables S2--S7](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Additionally, the total number of DEGs caused by different NTs was compared between A and C, B and D, E and G, and F and H ([Fig. 5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Results showed higher amounts of DEGs in ZY than in JR. High NT caused more up-regulations in samples harvested at 14.00 h (A, C, E, and G) than that at 05.00 h (B, D, F, and H) ([Fig. 5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). DEG IDs between A and C, B and D, E and G, and F and H are provided in [Supplementary Tables S8--S11](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. We further performed KEGG analysis to identify the DEGs caused by NT. The top 20 pathways for DEGs between A and C, B and D, E and G, and F and H with numbers of DEGs and rich factors are illustrated in [Supplementary Figs S2--S5](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}; the corresponding gene IDs are provided in [Supplementary Tables S12--S15](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. KEGG analysis revealed that in samples harvested at 14.00 h during the daytime, the highest magnitude of changes caused by NT differences was observed in starch metabolism, pentose phosphate, and carbon fixation pathways in photosynthetic organisms. Nonetheless, in samples harvested at 05.00 h in darkness (B/D, E/G), the highest magnitude of changes resulting from NT differences was found in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, which were involved in FA catabolism ([Supplementary Figs S2--S5](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{ref-type="table"}. Nine groups of genes were classified as subcluster 1 (SBC1) to SBC9. The number of genes in each SBC is indicated in parentheses. The scales on the *y*-axis should be magnified 1000 times.](ery00404){#F4}
{ref-type="table"}. Up-regulation (or down-regulation) is defined as the log~2~^X^ ≥1 (or log~2~^X^ ≤1), where X equals the ratio of the transcriptional level of genes in samples treated with high NT divided by those treated with low NT.](ery00405){#F5}
### DEGs in pathways involved in and/or related to FA metabolism caused by different NTs {#s18}
To understand the NT effect on FA metabolism, we focused on the DEGs in pathways that are remarkably directly involved in and/or related to FA metabolism. The numbers of up- and down-regulated DEGs caused by high NT are listed in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}; their corresponding IDs are provided in [Supplementary Tables S16--S19](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Pairwise comparisons were performed between the treatments A and C, B and D, E and G, and F and H. A total of 22 up-regulated genes and 65 down-regulated genes were detected in sample A relative to those in sample C, and a total of 140 up-regulated and 240 down-regulated genes were detected in sample E relative to those in sample G. These results showed that high NT caused less up-regulated genes than down-regulated genes in the samples harvested at 14.00 h in the daytime. Additionally, 254 genes were up-regulated and 150 were down-regulated in sample B relative to those of sample D, and 192 genes were up-regulated and 76 were down-regulated in samples E and G relative to samples F and H. These results indicated that high NT caused more up-regulated genes than down-regulated genes in samples harvested at 05.00 h in darkness. High NT caused the highest magnitude of changes in pathways, such as plant hormone signaling, starch metabolism, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, which together accounted for \>35% of the total DEGs found in 22 pathways. For DEGs in cutin biosynthesis, FA elongation, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, high NT caused more down-regulation than up-regulation in samples collected at 14.00 h and at 05.00 h. For the DEGs in FA biosynthesis, unsaturated FA biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism, and citrate cycle pathways, high NT resulted in more up-regulation than down-regulation in samples collected at 14.00 h and at 05.00 h. Moreover, for genes in plant hormone signaling, citrate cycle, and glyoxylate metabolism pathways, high NT resulted in a high number of up-regulated genes in samples harvested at 05.00 h in darkness regardless of the genotype. High NT treatments caused an evident genotypic difference between the amount of DEGs in JR and ZY. A higher number of DEGs was observed in JR than in ZY among samples harvested at 05.00 h. In contrast, more DEGs were observed in ZY than in JR among samples harvested at 14.00 h ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
######
DEGs enriched on the pathways involving FA metabolism
Pathways A/C B/D E/G F/H
-------------------------------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------
Circadian rhythm 0 3 6 4 9 5 8 3
Carbon fixation 0 4 22 6 6 8 10 2
Photosynthesis 0 1 25 0 6 4 6 0
Cutin biosynthesis 0 0 0 5 5 9 4 5
Glycerolipid metabolism 0 1 4 5 4 9 3 2
Glycerophospholipid metabolism 4 1 2 3 3 12 4 3
Fatty acid biosynthesis 0 0 10 0 7 5 12 1
Fatty acid elongation 0 2 1 7 1 4 0 2
Fatty acid metabolism 0 1 2 4 2 2 3 0
Unsaturated FA biosynthesis 0 0 14 0 4 3 14 0
α-Linolenic acid 2 0 3 7 5 6 6 7
Protein processing in ER 1 17 16 19 11 30 5 4
Glyoxylate metabolism 0 1 15 2 6 5 5 2
Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis 1 2 20 7 8 11 14 1
Starch metabolism 6 12 43 25 23 24 34 21
Pyruvate metabolism 1 1 10 4 8 5 9 3
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) 1 0 4 4 3 2 3 1
Oxidative phosphorylation 1 3 5 5 6 13 2 3
Pentose phosphate pathway 0 4 9 3 3 6 5 0
Brassinosteroid biosynthesis 1 0 2 6 2 4 3 1
Indole alkaloid biosynthesis 0 1 3 6 2 3 7 2
Plant hormone signal 4 11 38 28 16 38 35 13
**Total** **22** **65** **254** **150** **140** **204** **192** **76**
Treatments A--H are defined as in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}.
We showed that high NT resulted in a higher number of up-regulated genes than down-regulated genes in carbon fixation and starch metabolism pathways in both JR and ZY samples harvested at 05.00 h. However, high NT caused a higher number of down-regulated genes than up-regulated genes in carbon fixation and starch metabolism pathways in both JR and ZY samples harvested at 14.00 h ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). The result demonstrated a positive effect of high NT on the expression of genes in carbon fixation and starch/sucrose metabolism at 05.00 h in darkness. In contrast, a negative effect was observed in samples harvested at 14.00 h during the daytime.
### DEGs in pathways of plant hormone signaling and glyoxylate metabolism caused by different NTs {#s19}
Transcriptome profile analysis discovered a considerable number of DEGs in plant hormone pathways involving GA signaling ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). Notably, genes involved in GA biosynthesis, such as *BnaA09g01090D* (*BnGA1*), *BnaA06g27960D* (*BnGA3*), *BnaC07g28980D* (*BnGA3*), and *BnaC05g11920D* (*BnGA4*), were up-regulated in the samples harvested at 05.00 h. In contrast, DELLA genes were down-regulated, thereby indicating a strong GA signaling caused by high NT. These genes included *BnaCnng68300D* (*BnRGL1*), *BnaA07g01720D*, *BnaA07g01720D* (*BnRGL1*), *BnaC05g47760D* (*BnRGL3*), and *BnaC07g20900D* (*BnRGA*), which functioned as negative regulators in GA signaling pathways. The most remarkably changed DEG was a GA negative regulator, namely *BnaCnng68300D*, of which high NT caused a \>82.5-fold down-regulation after log~2~^X^ normalization. To investigate whether high NT caused a higher GA level in developing seeds harvested at 05.00 h, we compared the endogenous GA~1~ concentrations between the high NT (B, F) and low NT (D, H) treatments, since GA~1~ and its precursors are the principal bioactive GAs in Brassica seeds ([@CIT0047]). A 1 mg aliquot of the seed tissues of the samples contained \~0.35 ng of GA~1~. There were no significant differences in the GA~1~ level between the high and low NT treatments. On the other hand, genes involved in glyoxylate metabolism and β-oxidation were up-regulated in samples B and F, which showed the active reactions of lipid catabolism ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}; [Figs 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}).
######
DEGs caused by different NTs in pathways involving GA signaling in samples harvested at 05.00 h in the dark
Gene ID Detected in genotype Arabidopsis orthologs Up- or down-regulation caused by high NT Annotation of gene function
----------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------------ -----------------------------
*BnaA09g01090D* JR and ZY *GA1* Up (1.8/1.36) GA biosynthesis
*BnaA09g26500D* JR *GA2OX2* Up (2.28**\***) GA biosynthesis
*BnaC07g09260D* JR and ZY *GA2OX2* Up (2.46**\***/1.03) GA biosynthesis
*BnaA05g17600D* ZY *GA2OX4* Up (1.37) GA biosynthesis
*BnaA06g27960D* JR and ZY *GA3* Up (1.62/1.36) GA biosynthesis
*BnaC07g28980D* JR and ZY *GA3* Up (1.92/1.28) GA biosynthesis
*BnaC05g11920D* JR *GA4* Up (1.74) GA biosynthesis
*BnaC01g17380D* JR *GA5* Up (4.2**\***) GA biosynthesis
*BnaA03g47400D* JR and ZY *GA5* Up (7.52**\***/1.23) GA biosynthesis
*BnaC07g39650D* JR and ZY *GA5* Up (6.62**\***/4.06**\***) GA biosynthesis
*BnaCnng68300D* ZY *RGL1* Down (--82.3**\***) GA negative regulator
*BnaA07g01720D* JR None Down (--2.7**\***) GA negative regulator
*BnaCnng28010D* JR and ZY *RGL1* Down (--1.46/--2.06**\***) GA negative regulator
*BnaC05g47760D* JR and ZY *RGL2* Up (1.7/1.75) GA negative regulator
*BnaC09g40420D* JR and ZY *RGL3* Down (--1.06)/Up (1.4) GA negative regulator
*BnaC07g20900D* ZY *RGA* Down (--1.21) GA negative regulator
*BnaC06g02750D* JR *GID1* Down (--2.34**\***) Response to GA
*BnaA06g02980D* JR *GID1* Down (--2.36**\***) Response to GA
*BnaA02g33270D* JR *GID1* Down (--2.03**\***) Response to GA
In the fourth column, the asterisks indicate \>4-fold up- or down-regulation caused by high NT, and the slashes separate the data for JR and ZY.
######
DEGs caused by different NTs in pathways involving β-oxidation and glyoxylate metabolism
Gene ID Detected in genotype Arabidopsis orthologs Up-regulation caused by high NT Annotation of gene function
--------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
*BnaA08g16170D* JR and ZY *CTS* 1.17/1.15 Fatty acid β-oxidation
*BnaC03g60720D* JR and ZY *CTS* 1.12/1.37 Fatty acid β-oxidation
*BnaA09g32380D* JR *ACX4* 1.39 Fatty acid β-oxidation
*BnaA04g05950D* JR *ACX4* 1.17 Fatty acid β-oxidation
*BnaA01g07910D* ZY *AIM1* 1.36 Fatty acid β-oxidation
*BnaA02g00100D* JR and ZY *PMDH2* 2.21**\***/3.87**\*** Fatty acid β-oxidation
*BnaA06g08600D* JR *PMDH2* 2.26**\*** Fatty acid β-oxidation
***BnaA03g36420D*** **JR and ZY** ***ICL*** **2** ^**12**^ **\*/2** ^**6**^ **\*** **Rate-limiting in glyoxylate cycle**
***BnaC02g02870D*** **ZY** ***MLS*** **6.92\*** **Rate-limiting in glyoxylate cycle**
*BnaC03g38540D* JR and ZY *GOX1* 4.13**\***/3.39**\*** Glyoxylate cycle
BnaA05g25050D JR and ZY *GOX1* 1.73/1.86 Glyoxylate cycle
BnaC05g39220D JR and ZY *GOX1* 1.73/1.05 Glyoxylate cycle
*BnaA05g23020D* JR and ZY *ACN1* 1.06/1.23 Glyoxylate cycle
*BnaC05g36470D* ZY *ACN1* 1.32 Glyoxylate cycle
*BnaC08g29480D* JR and ZY *CSY2* 4.86**\***/2.04**\*** Glyoxylate cycle
*BnaA04g01840D* JR and ZY *CSY2* 1.93/1.11 Glyoxylate cycle
*BnaC04g22440D* JR and ZY *CSY5* 1.19/1.05 Glyoxylate cycle
In the fourth column, the asterisks indicate\>4-fold up-regulation caused by high NT, and the slashes separate the data for JR and ZY.
The rows in bold show the rate-limiting enzymes in glyoxylate metabolism pathways.
*CTS*, *COMATOSE*; *ACX4*, *ACYL-COA OXIDASE 4*; *AIM1*, *ABNORMAL INFLORESCENCE MERISTEM1*; *PMDH2*, *PEROXISOMAL NAD-MALATE DEHYDROGENASE 2*; *ICL*, *ISOCITRATE LYASE*; *MLS*, *MALATE SYNTHASE*; *GOX1*, *GLYCOLATE OXIDASE 1*; *ACN1*, *ACETATE NON-UTILIZING 1*; *CSY*, *CITRATE SYNTHASE*.
{#F6}
{ref-type="table"}; Supplementary Table S17), in particular *FAD2* and *FAD3*, but also the genes enhancing GA signal ([Fig. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). The enhanced GA signal resulted in the increased expression of *SFAR* genes (Supplementary Table S9) (right). The free FAs are subjected to β-oxidation, a process in which FAs are degraded into acetyl-CoA. Subsequently, acetyl-CoA is converted into 4-C compounds via the glyoxylate cycle, which occurs partially in the peroxisome (left). The numbers in parentheses indicate the up-regulated folds of the genes in relevant cycles. *FAD*, fatty acid desaturase; *MLS*, malate synthase; *ICL*, isocitrate lyase; *MFP*, multifunctional protein; *KAT*, 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase; *ACT*, anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase; *ICL*, isocitrate lyase; and cts, comatose.](ery00407){#F7}
### RT-qPCR confirmation of RNA-seq results {#s20}
To confirm the RNA-seq results, several genes found in GA biosynthesis and glyoxylate metabolism were selected for RT-qPCR. As shown in [Fig. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, RT-qPCR results generally matched well with the RNA-seq analysis results. High NT resulted in high expression of genes in the samples harvested at 05.00 h and low expression of genes in the samples harvested at 14.00 h in both cultivars. Only a few exceptions existed, as shown in [Fig. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}.
Discussion {#s21}
==========
In this study, we investigated the effect of high NT on total FAs and FA compositions of oilseed rape and the transcriptome changes in the developing seeds responding to high NT. Two oilseed rape cultivars, namely JR and ZY, were used in the experiments to (i) increase the reliability of the experimental results and (ii) understand the genotypic difference. Although the two cultivars demonstrated the same tendency in responding to high NT, evident genotypic differences were observed with regard to total FAs, FA composition changes, and transcriptome alterations ([Figs 2--6](#F2 F3 F4 F5 F6){ref-type="fig"}; [Tables 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}--[4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). A notable difference between JR and ZY was the number of expressed genes under low NT conditions in samples collected at 05.00 h in darkness ([Fig. 3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). A total of 2558 less expressed genes were observed in JR than in ZY (C versus G). This difference was attributed to the genotype×environment effect between NT and genotype. Analysis of the 2558 DEGs between JR and ZY revealed that a large proportion of the DEGs were involved in various metabolic pathways, partly explaining the phenotypical variations between JR and ZY in terms of total FAs and FA compositions ([Supplementary Figs S3](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [S5](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}; [Supplementary Tables S17, S19](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). JR is a low SOC cultivar, whereas ZY has a relatively high SOC. The total FA difference between these two cultivars varied between 10% and 15% when they were grown under local open field conditions, but the total FA difference decreased to only \~5% when they were grown in an enclosed growth chamber. Overall, in comparison with the open field, the enclosed growth chamber caused a more remarkable decrease in total FAs in the high SOC cultivar ZY than in the low SOC cultivar JR. This finding was consistent with the results in [Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}, where two rate-limiting enzymes involved in glyoxylate metabolism, namely isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MLS), were remarkably up-regulated in ZY by high NT. However, only one rate-limiting enzyme, ICL, was up-regulated by high NT in JR, which suggested a high rate of lipid decomposition in ZY.
Two time points to harvest seed samples were designed ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}; [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The time point 05.00 h in darkness ensured the maximum effect of NT difference. The time point 14.00 h in the daytime was several hours after DT restoration when photosynthesis efficiency should be the highest. The net lipid storage of a matured seed resulted from the amount of synthesized lipids minus the amount of catabolized lipids. SFARs, a group of GDSL lipases, are active in degrading seed FAs at the late stage of seed development ([@CIT0004]).
Overall, high NT resulted in the reduction of individual FA species and the total FAs in seeds ([Fig. 3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Nonetheless, the significant reduction of some FA species and the non-significant decrease of others altered the proportions of FAs in seeds. In terms of percentage, C18:0 and C18:1 decreased, but C18:2 and C18:3 increased in both cultivars; EA increased in JR, but remained unchanged in ZY ([Fig. 3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3), similarly to other PUFAs, are not easily synthesized in the human body ([@CIT0033]). They are beneficial to human health due to their functions, such as anticardiovascular, anticerebrovascular, and regulation of the human immune system. In addition, EA (C22:1) is a considerably long-chain FA, which is unhealthy to the human cardiovascular system ([@CIT0041]). Many studies showed the adaptation of lipid metabolism responding to temperature changes. Nevertheless, the majority of these investigations focused on the alteration of the membrane lipid profile in vegetative organs, such as leaves, under stressful temperature and the role of PUFAs in determining membrane fluidity ([@CIT0027]; [@CIT0026]; [@CIT0019]). In contrast, the effect of temperature, in particular NT, on seed total FAs and FA compositions has not not widely investigated. A warm climate during the pod filling stage results in SOC reduction in oilseed rape ([@CIT0049]; [@CIT0038]). Investigations on various oil crops provided contradictory results regarding the influence of high temperature on FA composition, especially on C18-FA proportions ([@CIT0045]; [@CIT0008]; [@CIT0034]). To our knowledge, all these studies concerned the influence of overall DT and NT. Only a few studies focused solely on the effect of NT on the storage lipid metabolism of oilseeds. In the present study, we showed that high NT up-regulated a variety of lipases degrading storage lipids and the FA desaturating genes ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}; [Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Consequently, the seed proportion of C18:2 and C18:3 increased. Heat stress is negatively correlated with the degree of unsaturation in plant vegetative organs; that is, high growth temperatures result in low PUFAs in leaves ([@CIT0009]; [@CIT0022]). However, other abiotic stresses, such as drought and cold stresses, increase the proportion of PUFAs (C18:2 and C18:3) because unsaturated lipid substrates are required for membrane desaturation when plants are subjected to stresses ([@CIT0048]).
Carbon fixation and starch/sucrose metabolism are fundamental biochemical reactions upstream of lipid metabolism; these reactions provide a precursor substance for TAG synthesis. Our result demonstrated a positive effect of high NT on the expression of genes of carbon fixation and starch/sucrose metabolism in samples harvested at 05.00 h, which was in contrast to the negative effect in samples harvested at 14.00 h ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). High NT could result in remarkable lipid degradation during the night-time, which could consequently stimulate the lipid biosynthesis process. The increased lipid synthesis might require many carbon fixation and starch/sucrose metabolism reactions.
Notably, a considerable number of DEGs of plant hormone signaling pathways involved GA signaling ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}; [Supplementary Tables S16--S19](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, the differences in GA levels in samples harvested at 05.00 h between high and low NT treatments were not verified. The high GA signal caused by high NT could possibly arise from the weakened DELLA function, not from increased GA synthesis. Our result was consistent with those of previous studies reporting that cool temperature, especially cold stress, strengthens the DELLA function ([@CIT0010]). In contrast, warm temperature, not heat stress, weakens DELLAs ([@CIT0029]; [@CIT0032]). GA signal regulates many aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, leaf expansion, stem elongation, and development of trichome, flower, and fruit ([@CIT0006]; [@CIT0046]). The C19-GAs, such as GA~1~, GA~3~, GA~4~, and GA~7~ are biologically active, and have intrinsic or inherent growth-promoting activity. Of these, GA~1~ and its precursors are the principal GAs in developing seeds of oilseed rape (*B. napus*) ([@CIT0037]; [@CIT0047]). Recently, GA signal was discovered to up-regulate a group of GDSL-type lipase genes, namely *SFAR* genes, to reduce seed storage lipid in Arabidopsis ([@CIT0004]). In the present experiment, we observed that GA signal enhancement was accompanied by the up-regulation of *BnSFAR* orthologs ([Supplementary Tables S17, S19](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), with the active involvement of genes in β-oxidation, glyoxylate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and citrate cycle/tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}), possibly due to lipid catabolism. We also observed that genes involved in glyoxylate metabolism pathways noticeably featured a *cis*-acting site GAGA-similar motif at \~1 kb upstream of the start codon ([Supplementary Table S20](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In *Drosophila*, this motif is conserved in genes encoding heat shock protein ([@CIT0012]).
Various strategies are practiced to increase the oil production of oilseed rape. In this study, we suggested an alternative strategy to increase SOC by inhibiting lipid catabolism via applying paclobutrazol (PAC) to block GA synthesis. We proposed that the net lipid storage of a matured seed resulted from the amount of synthesized lipids minus the amount of catabolized lipids. The balance between lipid anabolism and catabolism could be influenced by a range of external or internal environmental factors. Repressing upstream signaling, such as GA signaling, would be favorable for the net seed storage lipid accumulation by preventing the lipid from being catabolized. In a 2-year and two-location field experiment, we applied PAC to oilseed rape pods approaching maturation. The field experiment result supported the main conclusion that GA signal decreases the seed storage lipid accumulation during seed maturation ([Supplementary Fig. S5](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
As shown in [Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, the high NT up-regulated GA signaling, thereby causing the active involvement of lipid-degrading enzymes, such as BnSFARs. The free FAs released from TAGs were subject to decomposition in β-oxidation and glyoxylate metabolism pathways, as evidenced by the increased expression of the genes in the two pathways, such as the rate-limiting enzymes MLS and ICL. Thus, high NT reduced the total FAs in both low and high SOC cultivars, namely JR and ZY, and increased the unsaturated C18-FA (C18:2 and C18:3) proportion in both seeds. Spraying PAC on oilseed rape plants at the pod filling stage is proposed to overcome the negative effect of high NT in lowering seed storage lipids.
Supplementary data {#s22}
==================
Supplementary data are available at *JXB* online.
Fig. S1. Box plot showing the gene expression level normalized with RPKM (log~10~^X^).
Fig. S2. Top 20 pathways for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between sample A and C by numbers and rich factors.
Fig. S3. Top 20 pathways for DEGs between sample B and D by numbers and rich factors.
Fig. S4. Top 20 pathways for DEGs between sample E and G by numbers and rich factors.
Fig. S5. Top 20 pathways for DEGs between sample F and H by numbers and rich factors.
Fig. S6. Effect of gibberellin (GA) on the oil yield of oilseed rape (*Brassica napus* L.). (A) Comparison of oil yield between the application of GA, water control, and paclobutrazol (PAC) over 2 years, two locations, and two genotypes (JR and ZY). (B) Comparison of oil yield between the application of GA, water control, and PAC in a particular location, year, and genotype.
Table S1. Gene numbers and read coverages of samples defined in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} mapped against the reference genome of oilseed rape.
Table S2. Gene IDs in SBC1 and their expressional differences among treatments A--H, as shown in [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}.
Table S3. Gene IDs in SBC2 and their expressional differences among treatments A--H, as shown in [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}.
Table S4. Gene IDs in SBC3 and their expressional differences among treatments A--H, as shown in [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}.
Table S5. Gene IDs in SBC4 and their expressional differences among treatments A--H, as shown in [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}.
Table S6. Gene IDs in SBC5 and their expressional differences among treatments A--H, as shown in [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}.
Table S7. Gene IDs in SBC6 and their expressional differences among treatments A--H, as shown in [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}.
Table S8. IDs of DEGs in comparison between treatments A and C.
Table S9. IDs of DEGs in comparison between treatments B and D.
Table S10. IDs of DEGs in comparison between treatments E and G.
Table S11. IDs of DEGs in comparison between treatments F and H.
Table S12. IDs of the enriched DEGs in the top 20 pathways treated with A and B, as visually illustrated in Supplementary Fig. S2.
Table S13. IDs of the enriched DEGs in the top 20 pathways in comparison between treatments C and D, as visually illustrated in Supplementary Fig. S3.
Table S14. IDs of the enriched DEGs in the top 20 pathways in comparison between treatments E and G as visually illustrated in Supplementary Fig. S4.
Table S15. IDs of the enriched DEGs in the top 20 pathways in comparison between treatments F and H, as visually illustrated in Supplementary Fig. S5.
Table S16. IDs of DEGs in pathways involved in or related to fatty acid (FA) metabolism, as listed in the column A/C of [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
Table S17. IDs of DEGs on pathways involved in or relating to FA metabolism, as listed in the column B/D of [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
Table S18. IDs of DEGs in pathways involved in or related to FA metabolism, as listed in the column E/G of [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
Table S19. IDs of DEGs in pathways involved or related to FA metabolism, as listed in the column F/H of [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
Table S20. IDs of genes in the glyoxylate metabolism pathway that have a *cis*-acting site GAGA-similar motif at 1 kb upstream of the start codon of these genes.
Table S21. Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR analysis.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
The work in the authors' lab was sponsored by the National Key Basic Research Project (code no. 2015CB150205), Natural Science Foundation of China (code no 31671597), Sino-German Science Centre for Research Promotion (GZ 1099), and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production.
Author contributions {#s23}
====================
LJ and SH conceived and designed the experiments; LZ performed the experiments; TY, XC, LZ, and DW assisted with the experiments and analyzed the data; LZ and LJ wrote and revised the manuscript.
| 2024-06-09T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1033 |
Don’t forget to peek the other Occupy Yuletide family favorites HERE.
Keep the flame of Yuletide alive with more occupied carols than you can mace in a row! Don’t forget that Michael Rivero at WRH is just waiting for that bumper music for his radio show, so get the chorus lined up & help share the Occupy Yuletide spirit.
Hint for short attention-spanners: jump to the 12th day and cut to the chase, already!
The 12 Days of Crisis
On the 1st day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
a casino economy
On the 2nd day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 3rd day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 4th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 5th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 6th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
six congresscritters
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 7th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
seven rounds of QE
six congresscritters
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 8th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
eight pensions looted
seven rounds of QE
six congresscritters
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 9th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
nine homes a-foreclosed
eight pensions looted
seven rounds of QE
six congresscritters
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 10th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
ten nations bankrupt
nine homes a-foreclosed
eight pensions looted
seven rounds of QE
six congresscritters
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 11th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
eleven credit crunches
ten nations bankrupt
nine homes a-foreclosed
eight pensions looted
seven rounds of QE
six congresscritters
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
On the 12th day of crisis
the banksters gave to me
twelve cops a-macing
eleven credit crunches
ten nations bankrupt
nine homes a-foreclosed
eight pensions looted
seven rounds of QE
six congresscritters
FIVE BANK BAILOUTS
four mortgage frauds
three subprimes
two toxic assets
and a casino economy
—————————————–
text & art copylite 99percentspace 2011. Use freely with link to original post. Please link to any public use in comments below. Occupy Yuletide!
advent calendar art based on: http://loveisinthedetails.ca/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/ali-advent-calendar.jpg | 2024-01-04T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2057 |
Peter M. Brockman
Peter M. Brockman is a Republican former member of the Oregon State Senate, representing the 27th district from 1985 until 1993.
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Oregon state senators
Category:Living people
Category:Santa Clara University alumni
Category:Oregon Republicans | 2024-04-21T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8861 |
Radiant heating and cooling systems (Part 1)
This feature describes basic knowledge of radiant heating and cooling systems to give a principle understanding of the design and operation of this advantageous system, including comfort, system load, heating/cooling capacity, installation and application of the system with examples.
The use of radiant heating systems has several thousand years of history. The early stage of radiant system application was for heating purposes where hot air from flue gas (cooking, fires) was circulated under floors or in walls. After the introduction of plastic piping, water-based radiant heating and cooling with pipes embedded in room surfaces (floor, wall, and ceiling), the application increased significantly worldwide. Earlier application of radiant heating systems was mainly for residential buildings because of comfort and free use of floor space without any obstruction from installations. For similar reasons, as well as possible peak load reduction and energy savings, radiant systems are being widely applied in commercial and industrial buildings.
Embedded radiant heating and cooling system
Embedded radiant systems are used in all types of buildings. Due to the large surfaces needed for heat transfer, the systems work with low water temperature for heating and high water temperature for cooling. The water temperatures are operated at very close to room temperature, and, depending on the position of the piping, the system can take advantage of the thermal storage capacity of the building structure.
Figure 1 shows the available types of embedded hydronic radiant systems. The embedded radiant systems, except thermally active building systems (TABS), are usually insulated from the main building structure (floor, wall and ceiling), and the actual operation mode (heating/cooling) of the systems depends on the heat transfer between the water and the space.
The radiant system is defined as a system where at least 50% of the heat transfer takes place by radiation. Figure 2 shows the total heat transfer coefficients between a heated-cooled surface and a room. The radiant heat transfer is, in all cases, 5.5W/m2-K. The convective heat transfer then varies between 0.5 and 5.5W/m2-K, depending on the surface type and on heating or cooling mode. This shows that the radiant heat transfer varies between 50% and 90% of the total heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient for cold ceiling and warm floor will vary between 9 and 11W/m2-K, depending on the temperature difference between surface and room.
The radiant heat transfer does not directly affect the room air temperature. The long wave radiation heats or cools the surrounding surfaces, which then indirectly heats or cools the room air.
Standard for radiant heating and cooling systems
As the heat transfer process between water and room is quite different from conventional air systems, an international standard on radiant heating and cooling systems has been developed based on system design and existing standards from different countries and was published in 2012.
ISO 11855, Building Environment Design, Dimensioning, Installation and Control of the Embedded Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems, 6–11 consists of six parts:
Part 1: Definition, symbols, and comfort criteria;
Part 2: Determination of the design and heating and cooling capacity;
Part 3: Design and dimensioning;
Part 4: Dimensioning and calculation of the dynamic heating and cooling capacity of thermo-active building systems;
Part 5: Installation; and
Part 6: Control.
Comfort
Occupants’ thermal comfort is the primary objective in radiantly heated or cooled space. To provide an acceptable thermal environment for the occupants, the requirements for general thermal comfort shall be taken into account by using the index of predicted mean vote (PMV) or operative temperature (to), and local thermal comfort, for example, surface temperature, vertical air temperature differences, radiant temperature asymmetry, and draft.
For radiant or convective systems the comfort requirements are the same when expressed by the PMV-PPD index (-0.5 < PMV <+0.5) or expressed as an operative temperature range corresponding to 20–24°C for heating season and 23–26°C for cooling season in spaces with sedentary activity.
The operative temperature is the combined influence of air temperature and mean radiant temperature. The operative temperature can be approximated with the simple average of air and mean radiant temperature in spaces with low air velocities (<0.2m/s), or with a small difference between mean radiant temperature and air temperature (<4K).
The operative temperature (to) is in spaces with low air velocities determined from the following expression:
to = 0.5(ta + tr)
Where:
ta = air temperature (°C)
tr = mean radiant temperature (°C)
The occupants can maintain the same comfort level with a lower air temperature in a radiantly heated space, and the same comfort level with a higher air temperature in a radiantly cooled space in comparison to convective heating and cooling systems. Therefore, reduction of the energy loss due to ventilation and infiltration is possible while maintaining the same comfort level compared with conventional heating and cooling systems.
As the reference temperature for the transmission heat loss is closer to the operative temperature than to the air temperature, there will not be any significant difference of transmission heat losses between radiantly heated or cooled spaces.
Interestingly enough, the difference between air and mean radiant temperature is normally smaller in radiantly heated or cooled spaces. This is due to the fact that in winter the windows will have a lower surface temperature than the air temperature, which is compensated by a higher surface temperature of the radiant system and vice-versa in summer. With air systems, the colder window temperatures in winter will be compensated by a higher air temperature, which will result in an air temperature higher than the mean radiant temperature.
For rooms with sedentary and/or standing occupants, the maximum permissible floor temperature for heating is 29°C, and the minimum floor temperature for cooling is 19°C. For spaces with occupants in bare feet (bathrooms, swimming pools, dressing rooms, and so on), the optimal floor temperature for comfort also depends on the floor covering material.
For wall heating, a maximum surface temperature range of 35–45°C is recommended.
The maximum may depend on whether the occupants may easily have contact with the surface or whether occupants are more fragile, such as children or the elderly. Wall cooling is limited by the risk of condensation and the development of a downdraft of cold air.
A vertical air temperature difference between head and feet of less than 3K is recommended. Most heating and cooling systems will, in modern buildings, normally have vertical air temperature differences within this limit. In high ceiling spaces, it is for energy reasons, important to avoid large vertical temperature differences. This is why floor heating is especially recommended here (atrium, foyer, industrial space).
People are very sensitive to radiant temperature asymmetry from a cold window and a warm ceiling. Occupants may feel discomfort caused by a temperature asymmetry of 5K for warm ceiling, and a temperature asymmetry of 10K for walls or windows (Figure 4). The critical factor at cold surfaces (windows, walls) is, however, the risk of downdraft that may cause discomfort.
The radiant heating and cooling system operates with less dust transportation as it is not a convective system and does not require the cleaning of heat emitters or filters. With radiant floor heating systems, carpets are not necessary. Thus, the possible allergen sources of emitting pollutants and a sink source can be eliminated.
The higher mean radiant temperature in radiantly heated space means that the air temperature can be kept lower than in convectively heated space. This has the advantage that the relative humidity in winter may be a little higher. Studies show that lower air temperature and lower air humidity have a significant effect on perceived air quality (Figure 5). Due to the higher heating surface temperatures, there is less chance for condensation and mould growth. The relationship between air temperature and humidity is one of the important comfort issues in radiantly cooled spaces. Where the humidity is not controlled by the air system, as in naturally ventilated spaces, radiant cooling capacity will be limited to avoid the forming of condensation on the radiant surface.
With an air heating or cooling system, more air has to be circulated than the amount needed for providing acceptable air quality. This may increase the noise level in a space and also increase the risk for complaints related to draft. When a part of sensible heating and/ or cooling load is taken care of by a water-based radiant system, the ventilation system may have reduced duct size and lower air velocity because it will only treat the air renewal for required indoor air quality (IAQ) and, if needed, dehumidification.
In buildings with thermally active building systems (TABS) you will normally prefer to have free access to the concrete surface to increase the heat transfer with the room. This may require special solutions for the acoustics. Acoustic panels on the ceilings and suspended ceiling panels will reduce heat transfer. It will be more efficient to hang down vertical acoustical panels. The application of the raised floor or the thermal/acoustic insulation of a floor will decrease the upper heat flow from the TABS, which normally is much less than the heat exchange from the ceiling.
Load calculations and heating/cooling capacity
At a given average surface temperature and indoor temperature (operative temperature, to), a surface will deliver the same amount of heat flux to a space regardless of the embedded radiant system type. Therefore, it is possible to establish basic formulas or characteristic curves of heating and cooling for all the heating and cooling surfaces independent of the embedded system types. The heat transfer between the surface and the space, however, depends on the different surface heat transfer coefficients (Figure 2).
The heat transfer between the water and surface is different for each system configuration. Therefore, the estimation of heating/cooling capacity of systems is very important for proper system design. Two calculation methods included in ISO 11855-2 are simplified calculation methods depending on the type of system, and finite element method (FEM) or finite difference method (FDM). Given system types are Types A and C, Type B, Types D and G.
The simplified calculation methods are specific for the given system types within boundary conditions. Based on the calculated average surface temperature at given heat transfer, medium temperature and space temperature, it is possible to determine the steady state heating and cooling capacity. In case a simplified calculation method is not applicable for the considered system, either two- or three-dimensional finite element or finite difference method, or laboratory testing may be applied. The temperature distribution in a floor cooling system, calculated using FEM software is shown in Figure 7.
Heat exchange coefficient is the parameter that determines the amount of heat transferred between surface and the space in relation with the system type. Acceptable surface temperature is determined based on comfort considerations and the risk of condensation. Heating/cooling capacity of the systems is:
Floor heating and ceiling cooling, q = 8.92 (to - tSm);
Wall heating and wall cooling, q = 8 (|to - tSm |);
Ceiling heating, q = 6 (|to - tsm |);
Floor cooling, q = 7 (|to - tSm |).
Where
to (°C) is the operative temperature in the space
tSm (°C) is the average surface temperature
The ceiling has the capacity up to 100W/m2 for sensible cooling and 40–50 W/m2 for heating.
Occupants’ thermal comfort is the primary objective in radiantly heated or cooled space.
The floor has the capacity up to 100W/m2 for heating and 40W/m2 for sensible cooling. When direct sunlight strikes on the floor, the sensible cooling capacity of the floor may be more than 100W/m2. This is why floor cooling is often adopted in spaces with large window areas like airports, atria and lobby halls.
For the TABS, the steady-state heating/cooling capacity calculation is not sufficient and analysis with a dynamic computational program that can predict the dynamic behaviour and performance of the system together with the building is needed. Several programmes exist such as Energy Plus, TRNSYS and IDA-ICE.
One of the main advantages of TABS is reduced building height. For each story, you may save 500–600mm of building height, which, for a seven-story building amounts to an entire story and related building materials. As no suspended ceiling is needed to cover air ducts, significant saving of building materials is possible. It is also possible to operate the system at 30–50% lower peak loads allowing reduced plant sizes and possible operation of heating/cooling systems with temperatures close to room temperature, allowing increased plant efficiency and use of renewable energy sources (ground heat exchanger, evaporative cooling, and so on).
Thermally active building systems exploit the high thermal inertia of the slab to perform peak shaving. Peak shaving reduces the peak in the required cooling power, so that it is possible to cool the structures of the building during a period in which the occupants are absent (during nighttime in office premises). This way, the cooling can be delayed and lower nighttime electricity rates can be used. At the same time, a reduction in the size of heating/cooling system components (including the chiller) is possible.
During daytime, the heat is extracted from the occupied space by the ventilation system and stored in the concrete slabs. Then, during nighttime, the level of ventilation is reduced and the circulation of cool water in the slabs will remove the stored heat.
For the conventional air system, the space load will be the instantaneous system load because all the heat delivered to the space is immediately removed by the air system. For the radiant system and especially for a TABS, the calculated design space load should not be used as system load. For both an air system and a TABS it is important that the room load over a 24-hour day (Curve 1 in Figure 8) is removed within the 24 hours, else the room will get warmer and warmer day by day if the weather stays the same. The difference is that with a TABS, this load is removed from the space in three ways: absorption in the concrete slab, removed by the ventilation system and removed by the water circulating in the slabs. Therefore, the load is removed by a slab system over 24 hours and by an air system normally over 8–10 hours. When the water circulation in the slab may has been stopped during the day and started again in the evening, there will be a high peak cooling load between the heated slab and the cool water; but this should not be used to size the chiller as it is a very short peak and the capacity needed will, after some minutes, decrease significantly. It can be somewhat complicated to calculate the needed capacity on the water side (chiller, heat pump); therefore, a dynamic building simulation is recommended.
Calculate the design heating and sensible cooling load in accordance with a standard for heating and cooling load calculation based on operative temperature.
Determine the minimum supply air quantity needed for ventilation and dehumidification. In cooling application, calculate latent cooling and sensible cooling available from supply air. Determine remaining sensible cooling load to be satisfied by a radiant system. Also, designate or calculate the relative humidity and dew point, because the cooling system should operate within a surface temperature range above the dew point, which shall be specified depending on the respective climate conditions in the country. By limiting supply water temperature to be maintained above dew point, the risk of condensation can be easily avoided.
Determine the surface area for a radiant system, excluding any area covered by objects immovable or fixed to the building structure.
Establish a maximum permissible surface temperature and a minimum permissible surface temperature in consideration of the dew point.
Determine the design heat flux, including the design heat flux of peripheral areas and the design heat flux of occupied areas. For the design of the cooling systems, determine the room with the maximum design heat flux.
Determine the radiant system such as the pipe spacing and the covering type, and design heating and cooling medium differential temperature based on the maximum design heat flux and the maximum and minimum surface temperature from the field of characteristic curves.
If the design heat flux cannot be obtained by any pipe spacing alternatives for the room of design, it is recommended that supplementary heating/cooling equipment is provided. In this case, the maximum design heat flux for the embedded system may now occur in another room.
Hydronic radiant surface systems are very often coupled with air-handling systems. The air-handling systems usually operate only with the amount of air needed for acceptable indoor air quality, the required IAQ standard, or amount of air needed to remove latent heat from the space and control air humidity level, while the hydronic system supplies or removes the sensible heat depending on the seasonal conditions. In the cooling mode, the air system can play a key role in avoiding surface condensation.
To be continued … Part 2 of this article will cover control, operation, installation and application of the system.
Kwang Woo Kim, Arch.D., is a professor of architecture at Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, and president of the Architectural Institute of Korea. Bjarne W Olesen, Ph.D., is director, professor at the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby, Denmark, and vice president of ASHRAE.
Credit
This article was published in the February 2015 edition of ASHRAE Journal (copyright 2016 ASHRAE). Posted at www.ashrae.org and reprinted with permission from ASHRAE. This article may not be copied nor distributed in paper or digital form by other parties without ASHRAE’s permission. For more information about ASHRAE, visit www.ashrae.org. This article was supported by VELUX guest professorship, and a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MEST) (No. 2014-050381). | 2023-09-26T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4745 |
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Regular User
I have a few ways of lighting those up: long exposure with lanterns, bounce flash off a back wall, composite shots of lights at multiple spots. There's also what I've seen Ojay do a lot - i.e. partial illumination of dark bits.
Thing is, sometimes I want to do a quick job of lighting something evenly with a flashlight. That inevitably comes out splotchy and uneven.
I often wear a white shirt, so that I can bounce a flash or torch in strobe mode off it while moving around behind the camera. That works OK, but unfortunately the light intensity drops off pretty quickly - so whatever's down the hallway is badly lit. How do you deal with this? Is there some technique or video guide you can recommend on how to "paint" long dark hallways?
Should I be using a powerful incandescent torch or something? Any recommendations? I know Wevsky does some amazing ones...any guidelines on how to move a torch around? Would a diffuser work? With that I get the same problem of light drop off.
Regular User
The best way I have found to light the photo is to use either a maglite or a lenzer p7. Stand behind the camera and set off the exposure (A remote is best for this as you will have a longer exposure when using bulb mode).
Start by using a wide beam to light the foreground. Focus the beam about half way between spot and flood and then start with the floor...
Down low to the floor and move the light at an even pase across the floor. Using this method it will pick up all the detail on the floor.
Next move to the sides/walls again keeping close and painting in a brush stroke motion up the walls.
Do the same with the roof/top and again try to keep the light sorce as high to the roof as possible.
Finally you zoom the torch out to spot beam (at this point you want it to shine as far as possible with only a small spot beam. Now shine it down the tunnel and slowly light the back of the tunnel. You will need to do this slowly but keep the light moving at all times. Give more light to the back of the shot than the rest of the lighting.
To add extra depth to the photo I light out of available space too like junctions or doorways. Again give it more light but keep it moving at all times.
Finally hit your remote to finish the shot. As a rule of thumb I usually aim to shoot at F9 to give a good depth of field but depending on the size of the space you may want to drop to 7.1 or lower to allow more light (I do this in mines)
This is the technique i use for all my light painting and this is what I showed Wevsky which he now uses when shooting his photos.
I hope this helps mate. Feel free to take a look at some of my reports or my site www.desertionphotography.co.uk to see what results this method can produce. All photos are stright out the camera in jpeg and uploaded with no editing so show exactly what you get out of the camera
Regular User
I had not even thought about a variable focus / zoom torch, I will pick one up ASAP. P7 seems to be the go-to torch / any recommendations on lenses?
My problem is largely the "keep the beam moving" - I sometimes lose track of where I've already illuminated, thus leading to brighter bits - but I guess that's where the practice comes in.
For doorways, I can do multiple exposures with light in those, and stack them - that's the easiest bits. It's really just the hallways themselves.
I'm usually at iso 160 and f/8 or thereabouts for this kind of thing.
For Lensers, I gather that there are numerous manufacturers, just like for Cree. Any specific recommendations? I'm not too fussed about price, mainly looking for a good torch. Ideally I'd like to use my 18650s with it as I have a ton of them lying around.
28DL Full Member
Don't forget it doesn't all have to happen in one shot, you can stack exposures of unevenly lit torch photos the same way you do star trails:
Layer the photos in Photoshop then set the layer type to Lighten and they'll blend the exposures using the brightest part of each. You can then mask any over exposed parts of each layer and hopefully have a layer that's better exposed in the same area to fall back on.
Staff MemberAdmin
Use a P7 or similar, widest setting in the foreground, gradually moving to the focused setting at the furthest point. That will give you the same intensity of light throughout. Blotches are caused either by missing or staying on an area too long while the beam is to focused. If you have it wide you generally don't have these problems.
Try this: http://www.forumimagehosting.com - BBCode, HTML and Direct image links for Forums and Social Media. Drag and drop uploading with 1MB per picture, which is more than enough for normal online use. Private and Public Folders. Share directly to Facebook, Twitter, etc.
Use a P7 or similar, widest setting in the foreground, gradually moving to the focused setting at the furthest point. That will give you the same intensity of light throughout. Blotches are caused either by missing or staying on an area too long while the beam is to focused. If you have it wide you generally don't have these problems.
Click to expand...
OT, it's not a question of "overcomplicated". I simply didn't know how to do this. Nor that you can get torches with variable focus beams. Obscurity gave an awesome answer. You, you're just awesome. Yes, you. You are.
Regular User
I had not even thought about a variable focus / zoom torch, I will pick one up ASAP. P7 seems to be the go-to torch / any recommendations on lenses?
My problem is largely the "keep the beam moving" - I sometimes lose track of where I've already illuminated, thus leading to brighter bits - but I guess that's where the practice comes in.
For doorways, I can do multiple exposures with light in those, and stack them - that's the easiest bits. It's really just the hallways themselves.
I'm usually at iso 160 and f/8 or thereabouts for this kind of thing.
For Lensers, I gather that there are numerous manufacturers, just like for Cree. Any specific recommendations? I'm not too fussed about price, mainly looking for a good torch. Ideally I'd like to use my 18650s with it as I have a ton of them lying around.
Click to expand...
Yeah, by doing it section by section then you will find it easy to remember where the light has been 'painted'. So for example...starting in the right hand corner of the tunnel at floor level. Paint the floor as described and do this as a section. Kill the torch and stand up (you will now be in the left corner of the tunnel as you have moved across the floor. Now up the wall and again in one section then kill the torch. then along the roof and then down the wall back to the start. when the torch is off then you can take your time getting into position and ensuring your beam is set right for the next bit of the photo. All this in an exposure and you will get almost perfect results.
The most popular torch especially for this type of lighting is a LED Lenser P7. there are cheaper/copy-cat models but id just go for the LED Lenser.
I actually use a 3d maglite for all my photos as the softer light is more versitile and gives a softer light to paint with but that is just personal preference.
As an example have a look at my recent fan bay report. This was done with this method and a 3d maglite. No layers or photoshop etc. Just one exposure and one photo. Once the light is off you can move around infront of the camera and it will not pick you up...
Regular User
Fantastic, and thanks for the tip on the Mag. I've heard that from others. Might pick up both and give it a try.
I always end up knocking into shit in the dark, tbh.
Another technique I've used is to hold a lantern in front of me (shielding it from the camera) and walk away from the lens slowly. Takes a _very_ long exposure, though, to avoid shadows. That's how we did this although if you look closely, you can see where I had to clone/heal between the left tracks because I walked too slowly.
Regular User
thank you for this thread! I don't have a bulb mode on my camera so am limited to 30 second exposures. My usual method is around 10-ish seconds and waggle the torch from behind like a madman, I think I'll try multiple layers on my next outing :) I also keep forgetting I can use longer exposures if the light is off!
Regular User
The best way I have found to light the photo is to use either a maglite or a lenzer p7. Stand behind the camera and set off the exposure (A remote is best for this as you will have a longer exposure when using bulb mode).
Start by using a wide beam to light the foreground. Focus the beam about half way between spot and flood and then start with the floor...
Down low to the floor and move the light at an even pase across the floor. Using this method it will pick up all the detail on the floor.
Next move to the sides/walls again keeping close and painting in a brush stroke motion up the walls.
Do the same with the roof/top and again try to keep the light sorce as high to the roof as possible.
Finally you zoom the torch out to spot beam (at this point you want it to shine as far as possible with only a small spot beam. Now shine it down the tunnel and slowly light the back of the tunnel. You will need to do this slowly but keep the light moving at all times. Give more light to the back of the shot than the rest of the lighting.
To add extra depth to the photo I light out of available space too like junctions or doorways. Again give it more light but keep it moving at all times.
Finally hit your remote to finish the shot. As a rule of thumb I usually aim to shoot at F9 to give a good depth of field but depending on the size of the space you may want to drop to 7.1 or lower to allow more light (I do this in mines)
This is the technique i use for all my light painting and this is what I showed Wevsky which he now uses when shooting his photos.
I hope this helps mate. Feel free to take a look at some of my reports or my site www.desertionphotography.co.uk to see what results this method can produce. All photos are stright out the camera in jpeg and uploaded with no editing so show exactly what you get out of the camera
Regular User
Don't forget it doesn't all have to happen in one shot, you can stack exposures of unevenly lit torch photos the same way you do star trails:
Layer the photos in Photoshop then set the layer type to Lighten and they'll blend the exposures using the brightest part of each. You can then mask any over exposed parts of each layer and hopefully have a layer that's better exposed in the same area to fall back on.
Regular User
When lighting tunnels or similar spaces, I usually shine the torch down the length of the tunnel then I hold over the front of the torch, a white filter thing which is the same as a piece of tracing paper that diffuses the light completely and lights the foreground perfectly even. I use a 1300 lumen Cree XML- T6 torch most of the time. I normally use more than one torch so I often have the diffusing filter permanently attached to the torch and use whichever one I think will do the best job at the time. | 2023-08-09T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7270 |
Tripel Ale | Allagash Brewing Company
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Notes / Commercial Description:
This strong golden ale is marked by passion fruit and herbal notes in the aroma, with suggestions of banana and honey in the complex palate. The Tripel has a remarkably long and smooth finish.
Reviews by DanGeo:
More User Reviews:
Appearance: A gorgeous hazy golden that glares at you like sunlight. I got a nice bubble bath of head that retained as a frothy ring of lace throughout.
Aroma: Lovely fruity smells that reminded me of peaches and pears.
Taste: Delicious blend of tastes. Malty and fruity sweetness combined with alcohol. Mild hops and spices evident in the finish. As the drink warmed I detected a grape like taste that reminded me of a white wine.
Feel: So drinkable! Moderate carbonation that tingles the tongue when cold. Medium bodied and filling like a meal.
I have rated Allagash highly on every occasion. This is no exception. Perhaps my favorite Allagash yet!
S: A quickly rising, stark-white whip of head formed on the surface of a nearly Ticonderoga #2 pencil-colored body. The head will settle down, clinging to the top in a ¾ thumb-width. Tiny bubbles zip to the surface. There is a visible cloudiness in the body, but this treat was bottle conditioned, so that’s just fine by me.
A: Light, malty sweetness works in partnership with a dry, spicy note of clove. Gentle banana and bubblegum (and I mean really gentle) yeast esters also emanate from the head. A mild fruitiness (Allagash says passionfruit). Spicy, earthy hops probably feel overlooked, but I waved at them, made them feel appreciated.
T: Dry clove spice and an earthy, husky/straw flavor meet your senses immediately. One will also detect some sweetness from the malt and the candi sugar. There’s certainly a little fruitiness in the mouth, too. Peach? Apricot? Mango? I’ll chalk that up to the yeast. Honey wends its way into the flavor. The hops and the higher alcohols show up in the finish. It’s a slight warming tingle, but by no means unpleasant. Tripels are dangerous– light body, great flavor, and well-integrated alcohol. This one comes in at 9% abv. Take your time with this cork and cage beauty.
F: Light, fluffy, tingly, and like they said on the bottle, a long finish. A great sipper.
O: An excellent interpretation of a cherished Belgian style by an American brewery. High marks to Allagash. If you think this one is good, try their barrel-aged releases.
One of Allagash's easier ones to find.
This time and actually every time I've ever had this, it was always in a tulip or a chalice.
The appearance was a sturdy glossy burnt orange almost copper color with a finger's worth of white foamy head that glistened and slide off at an adequate pace. Sly lace.
The aroma had a nice blend of the base Belgian malts smoothly penetrating some light tones of honey, coriander, "iced apples" - somewhat green apples, Belgian yeasty character, light clove and a light blend of all in the aftertaste.
The flavor was moderately sweet touching down on a tart edge and then subjugating all of those qualities into the aftertaste.
The mouthfeel was crisp and tight riding along a medium body and having a respectable carbonation that played with the ABV adequately.
Overall, always a respectable Belgian Tripel, well worthy of coming back to.
I love this style. Malt-forward, sweet, fruity and deceptively alcoholic, Tripels are much more fun than other Strong Ales. A golden translucent body and a minimal white head, this beer looks like hard cider, but the nose is herbaceous, spice-y, and clean, like a fresh salad. The first sip is a surprise: PASSION FRUIT. Tropical fruit sweetness up front, along with a big malt profile (barley blend), honey, and black pepper. Complex! As the beer warms, I get more banana bread and sugar cane. Mouthfeel is strange–really smooth and creamy with a crisp, bitter finish. So much happening at once...imagine like a farmhouse + pilsner combo(??) Dangerously smooth for a 9%. Overall, I love the experience of this beer, as well as it's bourbon barrel-aged cousin, Allagash's Curieux. WILL BUY AGAIN!
Batch #66. Faintly foggy lemon with the merest hint of tangerine juice. The muffled gunshot during cork removal and the expansive head would suggest a well-bubbled beer, but it doesn't appear to be excessively carbonated to my eyes. The glistening pearly white head is a pillowy, softly creamy, yet sticky masterpiece of foam. The beer/head combination is clean, bright, simple... and simply outstanding.
Tripel Reserve's nose is indistinguishable from the noses of some of the finest tripels in the world. Yet again, I'm amazed at this brewery's skill in recreating authentic 'Belgian' ales in the states. Sweet-and-sour fruity with bushel baskets full of peaches, pears, apples and all manner of golden fruits. Not as bold or as clove spicy as some of my favorites, but remarkable all the same.
Phenomenal beer! I've gained an appreciation for this style over the past year or so and I can tell with one mouthful that this an impressively well-crafted tripel. If I thought the nose was bursting with orchard fruit (it is), then what word can I use to describe what happens on my tongue each time I take a drink? Explosion? Detonation?
The beer is thunderously fruity, a flavor and a sensation that is made all the more immediate by one of the most well-cloaked, yet sneakily powerful ABVs in recent memory. That is precisely why I love this style as much as I do; the combination of fruit, spice and alcohol that, when done right, is transcendent like nothing but the most resinous hop bomb.
Even though the clove and white pepper spiciness isn't overly prominent in the nose, it's present and accounted for on the palate. Not too much... not too little... but juuust right. The deeper I get into the bottle and the closer the beer gets to an estimated 60 degrees, the more I absolutely love it and the more I realize that its flavor profile is flawless.
The body is solidly medium for the style and doesn't quite match the flavor for bigness and boldness. That's not a knock though and I hate to even assign such a mundane word as 'medium'. The mouthfeel's airy, softly silky, supremely smooth, lightly syrupy nature seems a contradiction in terms, but the tactile/textural contrasts are fascinating and give the beer an incredible amount of mouth interest. I've chosen to use drinkability to reflect how badly I want another bottle. Badly. Very badly.
Tripel Reserve is, without question, the best domestic tripel that I've ever had and is second only to Tripel Karmeliet on my 'best of style' list. It's yet another bright star in the Allagash firmament and is a testament to their commitment to brew incomparable, endlessly fascinating, decidedly delicious, tremendously drinkable beer. Anyone who doesn't include Allagash in their 'top-10 breweries in America' list has a screw loose.
On tap at the Corner Slice in Greensboro.Poured into a goblet a slightly hazed peach infused golden with a nice white fluffy crown atop.Stone fruit and banana/clove phenols in the nose,as it warmed sweet alcohol came into play a little.Somewhat tart with green apple-like flavors at the onset with clove-like spice and alcohol sweetness in the finish.Alot of fruit flavor in this tripel,phenols are present but not over the top,nice beer.
Appearance This one poured a beautiful murky but light orange in color with a gorgeous white head that came up nicely and left a good film on top of the liquid.
Smell The light malts are laded with Belgian yeast. This is a very good yeast aroma that Im getting early on, even before the beverage warms. The fruity citrus has some strong orange in it but doesnt let this overpower the bouquet. I can also pick up some sensuous lemon notes along with some fresh lime and light peach.
The spices are mild and consist mostly of the traditional white pepper and coriander favored by the authentic Belgian breweries. Theres just a touch of vodka to the nose but otherwise the high ABV goes unnoticed.
Taste I literally moaned with pleasure on the first sip. The flavors are so intense that they take a moment to get used to.
The yeasty malt makes a terrific backbone to the giant fruits. The fruits come on full bore at the taste and are very complex. The alcohol picks things up a notch from the nose as do the spices. This is a very intense flavor rush, so be ready.
Mouthfeel This Tripel is in between medium and full-bodied with some extraordinary carbonation that just explodes in the cheeks.
Drinkability This was spot on for my preference in the style and very drinkable in my book. I just couldnt get enough of this wonderful offering from Allagash!
750 ml. Batch # 71. Pours a permanently hazed straw gold with a thick white foam that dissipates to 1/8th inch with nearly perfect lacing. Aroma is fresh cut hay and tropical fruit/citrus. Mangoes, lemons, honeydew melon, and coriander. Tastes somewhat like Hennepin, which pleases me mightily. Loads of yeast, a bit of banana, spicy as heck, almost clove like finish. Mild grapefruit twang. Very Belgian and authentic tasting. Warming ever so slightly. Mouthfeel as wonderful as wrapping yourself in warm laundry. Drinkability is tops, especially considering the ABV. This is one of the best American made triples Ive had. As good or better than several Belgians Ive tasted.
I had the 750ml bottle with the cork present, and poured it into a Belgian wheat beer glass.
All I remember was having a reaction of: "Wow, this is an amazing brew!". The taste was fruity, malty, smooth, hints of german hefe (banana), crisp, effervescent, and far too delicious. This is one of those beers where you love the taste so much you end up drinking the beer quickly and you get punished for it. That 9% abv will do serious damage especially because you can't taste the 9% at all. You would swear it was 5%.
I've had this beer twice now and in my humble opinion this beer should get the designation of "world class" beer. I've had the best beers in the worlds. Many beers I've had that unfortunately I forgot to review while tasting it. This beer to me gets everything right. Looks amazing, smells amazing, mouthfeel is perfect, ABV is hidden like a magician's trick, and last but certainly not least: its so delicious! This beer I'd drink all the time if it didn't cost an arm and a leg. This is a masterpiece. I know a masterpiece when I taste it and this has the "stuff".
Purchased in a 750ml corked and caged bottle with the denotation "batch #166". Pours a sunny hazy gold with minimal head. Some winey alcohol, buttery diacetyl and fruity esters in the nose, pronounced apricot in the mouth. Creamy, cottony carbonation with astringent powdered sugar finish. Owing to the strength, this stuff will numb your tongue quickly, so enjoy it while you can!
PS The bottle has warmed since my first pour. Aroma now includes that much prized horse blanket. Taste has opened up to include massive peppery qualities which now overshadow initial apricot. Carbonation has subsided, which is also a good thing.
This is one of my favorite everyday beers. Pouring at 9% ABV you can dink a 750 ml bottle by yourself at leisurely pace just about any evening. It is golden yellow and slightly cloudy with a fine creamy white head that last and last. The aroma is spicy and fruity with just the faintest scent of alcohol at the end. when you take this beer in your mouth you feel a nice medium to better body that borders on creamy. Sweet and spicy up front with a nice rounded maltiness and a hint of alcohol warming in the finish. If you haven't had this you should and if you have you should probably pick up another one just to remind yourself how good it is.
Shared a 750mL with a buddy.
A-Poured golden/straw color with 2 inch fluffy white head in oversized wine glass-nice looking in the glass.
Smell-Sweet, Tart Apple and yeasty aromas
T-Unpleasant bitter on first taste combined with yeasty flavor, lacking the fruit from the smell. Wished for more of the smell in the taste. As it warmed, there was more of the tart apple flavor and some citrus that come through. More balanced as it warmed. Alcohol was failry evident.
M-Very carbonated with bubbly feel-a little foamy in the mouth.
D-Taste is very dominated by yeast and the for me that cuts down the drinkability. A nice beer but not the most complex tripel. A decent tripel. | 2024-05-27T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6171 |
Q:
AWS issued certificate connect to EC2 instance
I am having problems connecting the AWS certificate manager issued SSL for a domain which is hosted on AWS EC2. How do I make sure the https works? Do I need to generate key and csr on server side and then submit it to AWS somehow? However, I do not see any option to interact with the AWS certificate manager in this way.
There is no tutorial of any kind on AWS itself. Thank you for your help.
I have added a load balancer with HTTPS enabled pointing to the EC2 instance and the AWS certificate. However, on trying to access https version of the domain in browser I get the page to error with the following: ERR_SSL_PROTOCOL_ERROR
A:
You must deploy an SSL/TLS certificate on your load balancer. The load balancer uses the certificate to terminate the connection and then decrypt requests from clients before sending them to the instances.
Here are the steps on configuring SSL on a Classic ELB.
Configure an HTTPS Listener for Your Classic Load Balancer
Configure Security Settings for an HTTPS Listener - ALB
| 2023-12-25T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8404 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to valves for controlling fluid flow and, more particularly, to an element having high strength and both corrosion and erosion resistance for use in a valve. Specifically, the present invention relates to a metallic element having a non-metallic, cylindrical insert secured therein to provide resistance to corrosion and erosion, wherein a coupling mechanism on a metallic portion of the element provides a high-strength element-to-shaft connection. The present invention also encompasses a method of manufacturing a high-strength, erosion and corrosion resistant element for a valve.
2. State of the Art
Many industrial processes consume, or make use of, fluids that may be either highly corrosive, highly abrasive, or both. Corrosive fluids include a broad array of chemicals that may be corrosive to both ferrous and nonferrous metals, as well as other materials. Abrasive fluids include slurries comprising a primary fluid or fluid mixture in which solid particulate matter is suspended. Particles of contaminates carried by an otherwise non-abrasive fluid may also cause erosion. Also, industrial applications often necessitate the delivery of corrosive and/or erosive fluids at high flow rates, high temperature, or both. Industrial processes, as well as scientific or laboratory applications, consuming or making use of corrosive or abrasive fluids--whether at high flow rate or high temperature--require fluid delivery systems adapted to function in severe operating environments.
Industrial fluid delivery systems routinely include one or more fluid valves configured to control the rate of, or completely terminate, fluid flow through the system. These fluid control valves must be constructed of components adapted to withstand the severe operating environments created by corrosive and/or erosive fluids flowing at high temperature or high flow rate. High temperatures may increase the rate at which a fluid chemically attacks (i.e., corrodes) internal components of a valve, and high temperatures may also subject a valve to thermal stresses, especially if thermal cycling is present. Process conditions in the fluid may dictate high pressure drops or high flow rates, subjecting the valve to higher stresses.
A type of valve commonly employed in industrial fluid transportation systems is the ball valve. A conventional ball valve is shown in cross-section in FIG. 1. The conventional ball valve 1 includes a ball or ball element 10 configured to control the rate of fluid flow through the conventional ball valve 1. The ball element 10 comprises a generally spherical body 12 having a cylindrical-shaped fluid passageway 14 extending therethrough and defined by an interior surface 16. Fluid passageway 14 defines a flow path through the ball element 10. The direction of fluid flow through the conventional ball valve 1 and fluid passageway 14 is indicated generally by an arrow 5. The ball element 10 further includes a coupling mechanism 18 configured for attachment of one end of an actuation shaft 20 to the ball element 10.
The conventional ball valve 1 also includes a housing 30 having an inlet 32 and an outlet 34. The inlet 32 and outlet 34 each define a generally cylindrical hole having a diameter of substantially the same size as a diameter of the fluid passageway 14 extending through ball element 10. Supporting the ball element 10 within the housing 30 are seats or seals 40. Each seat 40 comprises a generally cylindrical-shaped structure including a cylindrical aperture 42 extending therethrough and further including a circumferential seating surface 44. The diameter of the aperture 42 of each seat 40 is substantially the same as the diameter of the fluid passageway 14 extending through the ball element 10. The circumferential seating surface 44 of each seat 40 contacts the spherical body 12 along a continuous, circumferential contact region 90. Biasing elements 50 may elastically bias the seating surface 44 of each seat 40 into contact with the ball element 10. The interface between the circumferential seating surface 44 of a seat 40 and the outer surface of ball element 10 at the circumferential contact region 90 functions as a seal, preventing fluid present within inlet 32, fluid passageway 14, outlet 34, and apertures 42 from leaking past, or flowing around, ball element 10 and seats 40. The conventional ball valve 1 may also include a shaft seal 22 guiding the actuation shaft 20 into the housing 30 and preventing fluid leakage therebetween.
Rotation or stroking of the actuation shaft 20 and attached ball element 10 effects a change in flow rate through the conventional ball valve 1. In FIG. 1, the conventional ball valve 1 is depicted in the fully-open position wherein the inlet 32, fluid passageway 14, and outlet 34 are substantially concentrically aligned. Rotation of the ball element 10 away from the fully-open position results in decreased fluid flow through the conventional ball valve 1 as the cross-sectional area of fluid passageway 14 that is open to receive fluid flow from inlet 32 decreases, thereby increasing the resistance to fluid flow through the conventional ball valve 1. In the fully-closed position, the ball element 10 is rotated such that no portion of fluid passageway 14 is open to receive fluid flow from the inlet 32 and the flow of fluid through the conventional ball valve 1 is shut off.
Components of the conventional ball valve 1--in particular, the ball element 10--are constructed of metal and typically perform poorly in the severe environments characteristic of erosive, corrosive or abrasive fluid flow. High temperatures and large flow rates further accelerate degradation of metal surfaces within the conventional ball valve 1. To adapt the conventional ball valve 1 for use with erosive, corrosive and/or abrasive fluids, various non-metallic materials exhibiting high resistance to corrosion and erosion have been incorporated into the conventional ball valve 1. One specific approach commonly used by valve designers is to construct the ball element 10 from a ceramic material. Ceramic materials typically have corrosion and erosion resistance properties superior to those of most metals. The seats 40 may also be fabricated of a ceramic or other non-metallic material.
Constructing a ball valve having a solid ceramic ball element may greatly improve the ability of the ball valve to operate in the severe operating environments characteristic of corrosive or abrasive fluid flow; however, use of a solid ceramic ball element typically results in degradation of the structural integrity of the ball valve. Specifically, ceramic materials are less ductile than are metals and, therefore, are much more susceptible to fracture under tensile loads. The reduced fracture toughness of a solid ceramic ball element--as compared to a solid steel ball element--gives rise to a weak linkage between the ball element and an actuation shaft secured thereto. Also, outer surfaces of a solid ceramic ball element oriented generally perpendicular to the flow stream are more susceptible to fracture and cracking due to impact by solid particulate matter present in the fluid flow.
For ball valves incorporating a solid ceramic ball, a conventional ball-to-shaft coupling comprises one end of a metal actuation shaft secured in a mating hole on the ceramic ball element. When torsional loads are applied to the actuation shaft, such a ball-to-shaft connection exhibits high tensile stresses in the ceramic ball element proximate the outer circumference of the mating hole in the ball element where the actuation shaft is inserted. A large pressure drop across the ball valve places a large load on the ball element, thereby increasing the torque load on the actuation shaft and, accordingly, the tensile loads in the ceramic ball element proximate the ball-to-shaft coupling. Build-up of scaling and other contaminates on the surface of the ball element also increase the torque load on the actuation shaft and the tensile loads in the ceramic ball element. Further, if a foreign object becomes wedged between the solid ceramic ball element and the housing or seats during stroking, failure at the ball-to-shaft connection due to tensile stresses on the ceramic ball is nearly certain.
A number of approaches have been suggested to improve the strength of the ball-to-shaft connection between a solid ceramic ball and a metal actuation shaft. U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,923 to Ennis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,386,967 to Ennis et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,546 to Berchem, each discloses a method of increasing the strength of the ball-to-shaft connection between a solid ceramic ball and a metal actuation shaft using mechanical advantage. Generally, a mechanical advantage is obtained using a ball-to-shaft coupling comprised of a plurality of mating pins and holes positioned away from the rotational axis of the ball element. For example, the solid ceramic ball may include a plurality of holes arranged in a pattern on an interface surface, with the metal actuation shaft having a plurality of mating pins extending from one end thereof arranged in a corresponding pattern. Radially spacing the holes on the ceramic ball element away from its rotational axis and using multiple pins and holes allows a larger moment to be transferred to the ball with lower forces, therefore, lower tensile stresses are induced in the solid ceramic ball in the vicinity of each hole. Although reduced, tensile stresses on the ceramic ball element remain. A further drawback of these methods is the difficulty in manufacturing such a ball-to-shaft coupling due to precise alignment and design tolerances that must be maintained between the mating pins and holes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,949,965 to Samples et al. suggests manufacturing a ball element and attached actuation shaft as a single, integral ceramic structure. Use of an integral ball element and actuation shaft eliminates the ball-to-shaft connection and the stress loads inherent to such a connection. However, an integral ball element and actuation shaft comprised of ceramic as described by Samples et al. is structurally weak as a ceramic actuation shaft cannot withstand high torque loads.
Another conventional method for strengthening the ball-to-shaft connection in a ball valve having a solid ceramic ball element is to employ an actuation shaft having a shaped end or key and a correspondingly shaped slot or keyway on the solid ceramic ball element. For example, the shape of the key and keyway may be square or hexagonal. Use of a mating key and keyway to link a ceramic ball element and a metal actuation shaft does reduce the tensile stresses in the ceramic ball element proximate the keyway; however, tensile stresses are still present in the ceramic ball element which will cause failure.
In view of these shortcomings, there is a need in the art for a ball element with a ball valve exhibiting high corrosion resistance and high erosion resistance that does not exhibit a structural weak link at the ball-to-shaft connection between the ball element and an actuation shaft. Further, there is a need in the art for such a ball element for a ball valve that can withstand high flow rates, large pressure drops, and high temperatures. | 2024-06-03T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4745 |
Republican: Tailbacks Paying Dividends
After watching his football team squeeze out a hairy 26-21 victory at Stony Brook Saturday, University of Massachusetts coach Kevin Morris was asked about the luxury of using two top-shelf running backs in his offense.
"With us, it's not a luxury. It's a necessity,'' Morris said.
In a surprisingly difficult victory, No. 11-ranked UMass leaned heavily on Northeastern transfer John Griffin, who rushed 23 times for 132 yards and scored the deciding touchdown in the fourth quarter. | 2023-10-18T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8707 |
I Don't Just Tell The Truth. I Live it!
I’m Not Mad At Racists! I HATE WHITE LIBERALS!
As a proud African American, I can tell you that I really don’t give much energy getting mad at blatant racists. I know where they stand.
What I despise are lying ass liberal whites who love to put on an act as though they are not racists; but, when they are among other whites; how they truly feel becomes quite apparent. As in: giving money to underprivileged communities or services, but not giving honest advice about how to become financially independent. The logic being, Black people aren’t smart enough to understand complex financial initiatives and lack basic money skills. Or, say for instance, two Black people are talking at a party and a white guest casually strolls up and interrupts them by prefacing his/her concern for racial equality. The kicker is…the two Black guests were talking about astronomy and concurring their fascination with space exploration. The presumption here from the white guest was that being Black automatically meant that race was the only issue two Black people could possibly be interested in. Certainly not astronomy? Right…
Black folks who fall for the game only get played. White folks only are concerned with their own interest and if they show an inkling of interest in Black issues; it’s guaranteed there is an ulterior motive.
Malcolm X once said that it’s moments like these that go right over many Black folks heads of the racist mindsets of whites–although subtle. He believed that no matter how nice many whites came across; all had racism in them.
One of the biggest mistakes many white folks make is the presumption that Blacks aren’t intelligent. A true manipulator knows how to manipulate the violator; never revealing their true intent to disarm them, weaken them and bankrupt them, simply by feeding their narcissism and arrogance to them, as one gives poison to an unsuspecting soul.
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6 comments on “I’m Not Mad At Racists! I HATE WHITE LIBERALS!”
I have read a handful of blogs with similar rhetoric. What makes me smile is comments such as “the truth isn’t racist”. I especially love privilege, and the concept that it must be checked to genuinely love or befriend someone who isn’t a privileged whitey. Whites who appear kind must be viewed with suspicion, some MAY be able to prove they see their privilege,but they still have to prove it. This post is old so I don’t know if I’ll get a reply. The reality of life itself makes it hard to take offense. It is hard to feel anything but amusement or pity. The truth is, if you belong to any first world country, you have responsibilities. You have bills. You have to eat, have power, pay rent or own a home. Pay taxes. Get healthcare. These are needs that everyone has. These needs don’t give a shit about relationships, they don’t give a shit about privilege. They don’t give a shit about race. Advantages. Disadvantages. Past or present atrocities. Racism. They are things you need, and things don’t give a fuck about your situation. Now to apply it to you. If you want those things you need a job, you need to know people to make connections, you need working relationships with those people. To really go anywhere you need an education or a lot of luck. You need banks for mortgage loans. What do all of these things have in common? White people will be there for all of it, whether they are nice or not. White collar, high paying jobs are white dominate. College professors will be mostly white. Your loan officers are most likely going to be white.You live in a white world, and until there’s an all black alternative to any of that (there fucking isn’t), everything you said in your post, everything you feel about white liberals or racists is basically shooting yourself in the foot. The rules or unfair, but unless you want to live in poverty and condemn future posterity to the same they are the rules you’re going to play. If you’re going to college, getting a job, loans…etc, there is a high possibility you’ll be handing it to the white devil. That white devil, doesn’t need you, but you need him in almost every scenario that will get you ahead in life. That’s where whitey can not care what you think about them. I have no problem making friends with white people. I don’t have to like my professors or my boss, but I’m totally fine being their buddy if it means my kids get ahead. A white man can check his privilege, but he’s still going to take every advantage that you don’t have to get ahead in life. Bottom line, life doesn’t give a fuck about your views on white people, you have to prove you’re genuine and want the relationships to achieve your success, not the other way around. So you have a few choices. You can succeed and hate the whites that will be involved in everything you need to succeed in life. Hate the whites and have nothing to do with them and most likely get none of this without moving. Or you can drop the bullshit and realize the white man doesn’t give a shit about privilege and has no fucking need to prove anything to you, have genuine relationships, and succeed that way. It’s really up to you, and it won’t put the white man at a disadvantage, only you.
As for myself; in 1996, the white population reached negative birthrate. And given your position that “we’ll always need white folks”; my rebuttal to that in regards to nature, not so. White skin is a result of a genetic defect (you can’t produce melanin). You see, white people have always acted on a presumption of intelligence. You, in your grand whiteness, have assumed that every race on earth can’t do anything without your participation. That is historically incorrect and based on an attitude of pathological narcissism. Through your psychic affinity, all of what makes up White America was createad. But I pose this question: Where was the white man when the foundations of the earth was created? When the white man appeared on the earth–emerging from caves, 100,000 years of history had already been completed. Civilization began in Africa.
It is very clear that you have never heard of Black Wall Street. Blacks had only been freed from slavery for 46 years and were quickly becoming an economic threat to white supremacy. Something had to be done to impede it. http://sfbayview.com/2011/02/what-happened-to-black-wall-street-on-june-1-1921/ The economic success of these Black people scared whites so much, they resorted to violence to stop it.
Black people don’t fear white people; many simply don’t over-stand just how weak white men really are. White people became who you are because of KNOWLEDGE SUPPRESSION. Using information and misinformation as weapons of psychological warfare against Black people and other people of color in order to oppress, handicap, and destabilize those groups in which you felt would impede the economic empires you built from the labor of poor people. You can’t compete with us fairly, thus, you bend the rules to your favor, strengthened by white supremacy, and extended privileges based on your white privilege. This is what has caused so much destruction of many people of color. We have had to adopt to a paradigm that was meant for our destruction; it was meant to keep us below the ceiling of our potential.
Innately, you are evil people. You have no spiritual consciousness and this is why you have been selected by nature and God for extinction. Your actions on this earth have been judged and this is your sentence.
If you didn’t fear Black people; there would be no need to hinder this population for your survival.
That is coming to and end.
There are higher laws in this universe and they apply to white folks as well. Like it or not.
Yup the Whites who hang around Blacks and act friendly towards us are bigger threats to us than any White supremacist or Skinhead. At least with White supremacists and Skinheads, you know that they don’t like us and want to associate with us Black people. But these Liberal Whites are even worse because they hide their racism in ”helping us out”. These Liberal Whites are more dangerous because they act like they are our friends but they aren’t. Thus we are tricked into thinking they are on our side and for our cause when in reality they are using us for their own ulterior motive.
That is why I have more respect for Skinheads, White Nationalists and White supremacists than I do for an average White American person because I know where they stand and know that they don’t like Black people right off the bat. An average White American would hide their racism or use subtle racial ways and actions yet say they aren’t racist. Just admit your racist, I would have more respect for them that way.
I work with a woman who is like this. She has stated publically that she’s not happy about her daughter dating outside of her race. She’s dating a Mexican. She actually told one Black woman that she didn’t want her daughter involved with a Black man at all.
White people always assume that it’s minority men chasing white women. NOT! White chicks who usually date minority men are the ones who can’t get the white guy of their dream to want them.
What Is This Blog About?
Only the TRUTH is spoken here. Get used to it!
What is this blog about? It’s very clear that I’m promoting Black love, community, and family values of the African American community. If you do not understand that and have negative attitudes, and views about my people, you are not welcome here--and will be banned immediately.
When You Stop Accepting Lies and Want The Truth, It Will Come!
Sometimes in life, we think we know what we want, where we are going; and live in a way that validates our perceptions. But what do you do when you wake up one morning and realize your whole life has been a lie? | 2023-12-28T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7364 |
Q:
Using jquery mobile for developing windows phone 8 app
The UI look and feel provided by jQuery Mobile closely follows iPhone. Currently I'm creating a windows 8 mobile application using Apache's Cordova. Can I use jQuery Mobile for the UI along with this metro style-sheet (http://blogs.msdn.com/b/interoperability/archive/2012/04/26/more-news-from-ms-open-tech-announcing-the-open-source-metro-style-theme.aspx)?
Is jQueryMobile is created to use only for mobile websites not for web apps?
A:
I have been looking for a while for cross platform tools to build native-looking and feeling apps. The best I could find is Chui http://www.chocolatechip-ui.com/
It includes his own DOM manipulation and paging system, very similar to jQuery, and three CSS stylesheets (android, ios, wp8) which are very native-looking.
You can still use jQuery and only apply the CSS sheets. Really worth giving it a try.
BTW, jQuery mobile doesn't really look like iphone (not IOS7 at all). What is nice about jQuery mobile is that it creates his own controls (menu bar, slide bar, buttons...) but they don't look like native. Chui does the same, and looks native. Really.
Another downside to jQuery mobile, it slows down the performance. It is still a cool solution if you already know jQuery, but as I did you'll gladly move to something else afterwards.
And yes you can use jQuery mobile for web apps. I assume you are talking about phonegap - once in the webview, you can use anything as if you were in a browser.
Now I am not saying that Chui is the best thing around, I've been using it for only a few days, but between all the frameworks and libraries I tried, it's the most native-looking by far, on any of the three platforms.
| 2023-10-14T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3098 |
DirecTV must change its spots
5:00 AM PDT 8/20/2007
by
Paul Bond
,
AP
Judge nixes pair of satcaster's study-based HD ads
In the war over whose advertising might be less misleading, Comcast Corp. is beating DirecTV Group.
The two have been engaged in a court battle in which they have charged each other with false advertising, and Comcast logged another victory last week when a judge told DirecTV that it can't cite a couple of studies that claim their HD is better than Comcast's.
DirecTV had been boasting of favorable results from a TNS survey, though a judge said the survey, rather disingenuously, compared a DirecTV digital signal to an analog signal.
The TNS survey results were being used in a DirecTV commercial that spoofed the movie "American Pie."
Another ad, spoofing the TV series "Baywatch," cited a survey from Alliance Consulting Group of professional home-theater installers that claimed they preferred the picture quality of DirecTV over cable, though the judge deemed that one unfair as well.
Meanwhile, Comcast has been citing a Frank N. Magid Associates study that found 66% of consumers who are exposed to HD from Comcast and DirecTV prefer Comcast. The figure rises to 70% when Comcast is compared to Dish Network.
DirecTV asked a judge for an injunction against the Comcast-Magid survey ads, though a judge denied that request.
Time Warner Cable also had objected to DirecTV ads, though a false-advertising lawsuit involving the parties has since been settled.
Last week's ruling from U.S. District Judge John Grady said that DirecTV must "immediately cease and refrain in any territory in which Comcast provides cable television" advertising any claims stemming from the TNS or Alliance Consulting Group surveys.
The judge said the order does not require DirecTV to recall or retract ads already disseminated.
"We are quite perplexed by the court's conclusions," a DirecTV spokesman said. "The facts simply don't support these decisions. We will appeal these rulings and are confident we will ultimately prevail."
DirecTV can take some solace, though, in that its legal setbacks came the same week that a J.D. Power and Associates report ranked it highest among satellite and cable TV providers in customer satisfaction throughout most of the country. | 2024-02-19T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9162 |
Mongo Airport
Mongo Airport () is a public use airport located near Mongo, Guéra, Chad.
See also
List of airports in Chad
References
External links
Airport record for Mongo Airport at Landings.com
Category:Airports in Chad
Category:Guéra Region | 2024-05-13T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9300 |
Anti-vaxxers don’t know much about vaccines. Even worse, they don’t know much about chemistry and biochemistry, which means that they can’t understand why they are so wrong about even their simplest claims.
Consider their erroneous claims about the “neurotoxins” in vaccines including mercury and aluminum. Those claims are based on confusion about the most basic distinction in chemistry, the difference between an element and a compound.
The characteristics water are very different from the characteristics of its two elements hydrogen and oxygen.
What’s the difference between an element and a compound and why does it matter?
Elements are the building block of all matter in the universe. Each element consists of only one kind of atom.
What’s an atom?
You’ve probably seen a picture like this before.
It shows the structure of an atom. Protons and neutrons are located in the center and electrons orbit around the center. The number of protons in the center determines the identity of the element. All atoms with one proton are elemental hydrogen; all atoms with two protons are elemental helium; and so on.
All the known elements are listed in the periodic table of the elements, in order of the number of protons.
Why are the elements arranged in this way? It’s because elements in each vertical row share important characteristics in how they combine with other elements to form compounds.
What’s a compound?
A compound consists of atoms of two or more different elements joined together and has properties that are different from its component elements.
A compound is different from a mixture. I can make a mixture of two gasses, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen are not connected with each other and the hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms will retain their distinct characteristics.
If I introduce a spark to the mixture a chemical reaction will occur: hydrogen atoms will bind with oxygen atoms to form a compound, H2O or water. Although water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen, it no longer has the properties of either hydrogen or oxygen. For example, you couldn’t possibly breathe water and survive, even though water contains large amounts of oxygen. The characteristics of the compound water are different from the characteristics of its two elements hydrogen and oxygen.
But that’s not all. Other compounds can be made from the same elements hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide has the chemical formula H2O2. Though hydrogen and oxygen are gasses, peroxide, like water, is a liquid, but it’s a very different liquid from water. You don’t need to be a chemist to tell the difference between washing out a cut with water and washing it out with hydrogen peroxide.
So the elements hydrogen and oxygen have distinct properties but compounds made from them have very different properties from their constituent elements and from each other depending on the ratio of the elements within them.
An even more dramatic example of this principle is table salt. Salt is the compound NaCl, sodium chloride. Sodium is explosive and chlorine gas is poisonous. Either can cause serious harm or death, yet it’s difficult to imagine a less dangerous substance than table salt, a compound of dangerous elemental sodium and dangerous elemental chlorine.
What does this have to do with vaccine safety?
The principle that we’ve just explored, that compounds have very different characteristics than their constituent elements, has critical implications for anti-vax claims. Anti-vaxxers point out correctly that elemental mercury and elemental aluminum are neurotoxins. But that tells us NOTHING about whether mercury compounds and aluminum compounds are harmful or safe. Indeed, the mercury compounds that used to be present in vaccines (and are still present in some flu vaccines) and aluminum compounds in vaccines are quite safe even though mercury and aluminum are not.
This is obvious to anyone who understands basic chemistry, but can be quite mystifying to those who don’t.
Insisting that vaccines contain neurotoxins because they contain mercury or aluminum compounds is like insisting that you can breathe water because it is an oxygen compound. It’s not merely a reasoning error; it’s a sign of ignorance.
Thank you Dr. Amy. This is basic chemistry that most (if not all?) teenagers take in high school. I guess the anti-vaxxers ditched that class.
Nycticorax
Belief seems to be impervious to facts. I know this because I teach biology but for some students it does not always sink in all that well. I try, with about 120 students per year. I have an hour a day for 24 weeks Monday through Friday. I also compete for attention with their peers, cell phones, and so many after-school activities it’s a wonder that anything from any of their classes sinks in and stays.
Barzini
Although some of the ingredients in vaccines are neurotoxins, as long as the amount being injected is ‘safe’ then there’s nothing to worry about
Nick Sanders
We’ve been over this with you before. It’s called “dosage”. Or maybe you should stop drinking water, since it can be a neurotoxin.
Barzini
I agree – as long as the amount isn’t over a certain ‘dangerous’ limit, then it’s OK to inject neurotoxins into babies
Nick Sanders
No ignorance like willful ignorance, huh?
Barzini
as long as the amount of ‘poison’ injected into the baby is below the safety threshold, there’s nothing to worry about – a baby could have 10,000 injections and be absolutely fine
corblimeybot
You just keep shitting your pants. You just can’t help it. Poor thing.
LaMont
… Pending the realization that we *are* capable of calculating how substances get processed by our system, adjusting for the size of a baby, multiplying by 10,000, and whatever other oh-so-scary math is necessary to know if thresholds are hit, right? And has anyone proposed injecting 10,000 needles into a baby at once? But keep sensationalizing, it is quite something to behold…
Azuran
That’s the most stupid argument ever.
Usually, a vaccine has between 0,5 and 1ml of liquid. Let’s say 0,5ml per shot. So you want us to give 10 000 shots at once. Which would be 5L of liquid into a 8 pounds baby.
So, no, a baby cannot receive 5L of ANYTHING safely, not even water, because 5 freaking litres is bigger than the baby itself.
Which, of course, tells us absolutely nothing about the safety of anything. Can you eat 10 000 apples at once? No? Then clearly following your logic, apples aren’t safe to eat.
Maud Pie
I imagine Barzini, played in my imagination by the squeaky voice teen from The Simpsons, telling his anti-vaxx pals, “these people on the internet tried to tell me it’s safe to take harmful stuff if you don’t take enough to cause harm, so I told them if that’s true, then it’s safe to inject babies with anthrax if you don’t use too much. Yeah, I really showed them! That showed them!”
Sue
Since my teenage daughter managed to successfully troll me on another site and draw me into an argument by using a made-up name and behaving cleverly like a troll, I have to wonder whether this “Barzini” is just one of her friends, having a bit of fun.
Hardy har har. I won’t be tricked again.
J.B.
Umm, so are you advising me not to give antibiotics to a baby with a raging bacterial infection? Because you do know that there are ‘dangerous’ limits to antibiotics.
Roadstergal
The Amazing Barzini has received a potent vaccination against rational thought.
Jackie Ferenzi
Do you like pears? Do you like fish?
Roadstergal
Oh, but if you eat something, it doesn’t cross the blood/brain barrier, according to Barzini. Which is why shrooms and pot brownies have no neurological effects.
Jackie Ferenzi
Would combining the two be considered a compound?
demodocus
blech! but then I’m allergic to hemp oil and the smell of regular shrooms cooking nauseates me.
Barzini
Exactly Jackie!
For example, apples contain cyanide – however as long as we don’t eat over a certain amount, we’ll be fine – dosage makes the poison
It’s the same principle with injecting mercury and aluminum into babies – as long as we inject under a certain amount, then these proven neurotoxins pose no danger whatsoever
Jackie Ferenzi
Pears are filled with formaldehyde. Fish is just swimming with mercury (ha I slay myself!). Yet we tout fish like salmon as being healthy. Which is it?
Barzini
My point exactly Jackie….
We could even inject one day old babies with anthrax – as long as the dosage isn’t too high
Dosage makes the poison
Jackie Ferenzi
I must disagree about the anthrax. May I ask what your credentials are exactly? I’ll go first. I’m a clinical pharmacist. I’ve had 6 years of college level schooling in science. I’ve taken more than my fair share of chemistry courses, and I’ve been working as a pharmacist since 2003. I know a little bit about vaccines and their benefits. I also know what a neurotoxin isn’t.
Barzini
Surely there’s a safe dosage for anthrax for a one day old baby? Just like there’s a safe dosage for aluminum and mercury?
Dosage makes the poison remember…..
Jackie Ferenzi
You didn’t answer my question.
Roadstergal
He doesn’t. He JAQs off endlessly and knows basically zilch science. And he has a creepy baby genital fetish.
Jackie Ferenzi
That’s awesome. I’m just going to leave a plate of pears for the troll and back out slowly…..
Barzini
you didn’t answer mine, we aren’t even arguing, we are in agreement as far as I can tell
Or are you saying that dosage doesn’t make the poison?
momofone
“I must disagree about the anthrax. May I ask what your credentials are exactly?”
Hmmm. The question you avoided seems pretty clear, and I’m not sure where you see agreement.
Nick Sanders
By “anthrax” do you mean bacillus anthracis or anthrax toxin? Because the former can reproduce, so dosage doesn’t really apply, while the latter, yes there would be a non-dangerous amount. I don’t know what it would be, and I’m not aware of any therapeutic utility for anthrax toxin, so I doubt there would be any reason to calculate said dosage, let alone actually administer it, but it does exist.
Azuran
Sure, there is one. But why would we try to figure that out? What possible good could that knowledge have?
And this again has nothing to do with the vaccine, which we know are safe.
Maud Pie
If you want to do a risk benefit analysis of injecting anthrax into babies, why don’t you start by stating the benefits of such injections.
You have got to learn some basic chemistry. Compounds are not elements.
Ron Roy
I’ll try and explain that to my autistic grandson you fucking prick.
Nick Sanders
Maybe you should start with explaining how there’s absolutely no connection between vaccines and autism.
Jonathan Graham
It goes something like this:
Dear, _____________ everything grandpa Ron has told you about your autism being caused by a vaccine was a figment of his imagination.
Mike Stevens
Ron….
He was being sarcastic/ironic. Barz is a committed antivaxer, like you.
Azuran
The question is, can you eat 10 000 fishes!!!
bmc
This is one of those vaccine pusher arguments that’s as bromidic as the “dose makes the poison” argument. When in a discussion with someone like the author of this article, I find it easy to throw them into a tailspin by simply mentioning that sodium chlorite is also a compound, which also happens to be a salt.
Amy Tuteur, MD
You mentioned it; I’m not in a tailspin. Do you have any other “arguments?”
Azuran
So exactly what is your argument here? There are a lot of compounds that are salts. No one here is going to go in a tailspin over this ‘revelation’ of yours.
JGC
Which simply reinforces the author’s point: sodium chlorite is a salt and not sodium with properties are entirely different than that of elemental sodium just as thimerosal’s are entirely different than elemental mercury and aluminum adjuvants are entirely different than elemental aluminum..
AnnaPDE
What’s your point? That sodium chlorite is a compound made up of chlorite and sodium ions and therefore a salt? A different one, I might add, from the stuff you know as salt from cooking, namely sodium chloride. That d/t difference is pretty important; one’s a disinfectant and the other the stuff you put in pasta water. Actually this just reinforces Dr Amy’s point that the precise chemical composition of a substance matters.
Roadstergal
Are you sure they’re in a tailspin, or just temporarily dumbstruck that you came up with something that you actually think is a clever response, but is in reality just the same point the author is making?
When atoms bond, they make compounds that have drastically different properties from the individual elements and from each other. Yes, that’s exactly the point. Every compound has to be evaluated on its own merits. Saying that ethyl mercury is just as dangerous as methyl mercury and just as dangerous as elemental mercury is exactly as stupid is saying that sodium chloride is just as dangerous as sodium chlorite and just as dangerous as elemental chlorine.
LaMont
Wait, how is “the dose makes the poison” anything but accurate? No one is saying that a “dose” of a poison needs to be *huge* to kill you, only that the threshold depends on what substance you’re dealing with. Most things aren’t deadly the instant one molecule gets into your system, but once it gets to a certain point, the risk increases. Even benefits from medicines are dependent on amounts – you take one Advil or two depending on how much relief you’re getting. If doses didn’t matter, just taking one would always work for anybody.
Sue
Even electrolytes like potassium, essential to life, become toxins at very high levels. Does ‘Barzini’ believe children should be given food containing this life-threatening toxin, which is readily absorbed?
Irène Delse
And that’s how much you don’t understand about chemistry– and science in general. “The dose makes to the poison” is not an amusing conceit, it’s a basic truth of toxicology. And widely used in medicine. Ever heard the phrase “dose response”? Or wondered why a single drug can have different effects at different doses?
As for telling us that table salt is sodium chloride… Yeah, that’s the point! From the element chlorine, a poisonous gas, to the compound sodium chloride, or table salt, a similar leap than from mercury to ethylmercury.
Charybdis
For all those folks who don’t know this already: An alkali earth metal plus a halogen results in an ionic halide (sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, etc). Please take note. There will be a pop quiz later. 😛
Nick Sanders
Sodium and potassium are alkali metals, not alkaline earth metals. :p
Charybdis
Sorry…..I wasn’t fully concentrating on my post.
*Ahem, cough, cough*
The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature.
All the alkali metals have an electron in their outermost shell and all the alkaline earth metals have two outer electrons. To achieve the noble gas configuration, alkali metals need to lose one electron (valence is “one”), whereas alkaline earth metals need to remove two electrons (valence is “two”).
Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are also called the “S-block” elements because elements in both of these groups have their outermost electron(s) in the s-subshell.
There. Fixed it. ;P
Karen in SC
Sodium chlorite is a disenfectant and might be referred to as a salt, since it does ionize in an aqueous solution. However, you won’t want it on your french fries as it’s NaClO2, not NaCl.
In naming chemical compounds, there is no partial credit. The name is either correct, or not correct. Why would your mistake throw anyone with an understanding of chemistry into a tailspin?
The Bofa on the Sofa
What the hell is this “sodium chlorite” stuff that you all are talking about?
chlorite: a dark green mineral consisting of a basic hydrated aluminosilicate of magnesium and iron. It occurs as a constituent of many metamorphic rocks, typically forming flat crystals resembling mica.
Wow, imagine mixing up sodium chlorite and sodium chloride in a public forum where you’re trying to school a bunch of actual scientists about science. I mean…talk about making yourself look like a total fool, right?
Charybdis
I do believe the bmc person was meaning sodium chloride, NaCl, table salt. “Chloride” can sound like “chlorite” to the scientifically challenged.
Like people saying “vanilla folder” instead of “manila folder” or “formulin” instead of “formalin”.
The Bofa on the Sofa
Castrol oil vs castor oil
Roadstergal
It’s the written version, but Mobile 1 oil.
Charybdis
I wonder how many homebirth/NCB types have used Castrol oil instead of castor oil to naturally induce their labors….
The Bofa on the Sofa
There is an NCB instruction somewhere that specifically says to use Castor oil and not Castrol oil. I can only presume it is because there have been those who mixed them up in the past.
Because they don’t understand that they shouldn’t be drinking motor oil
There is a vegetable oil called CASTOR Oil, made from castor beans, which is sometimes used to get labor going or for other medicinal purposes. There is a petroleum product, i.e. motor oil, called Castrol Oil, which could be toxic. Please do not confuse them!”
Who?
It’s interesting, isnt’ it, that any all nacheral, best only, done my research individual, could go all the way to using what they know is motor oil, in an effort to induce their baby.
How could they along the way not wonder why their all nacheral, wootastic adviser was recommending the ingestion of motor oil.
So much for the value of ‘research’.
demodocus
…yeah…
Not sure that mistake would count as “gentle” birth
Heidi
I was reading the comments on that page about the castor oil and also taking large doses of Correctol, and sitting on the toilet for hours with explosive diarrhea isn’t my idea of gentle either! I’ll take my pitocin/water breaking induction any day over that personally.
The Bofa on the Sofa
It always reminds me of American Graffiti, when Steve (Little Opie Cunningham) gives his car to Terry the Toad (who went on to play one of the Crickets in The Buddy Holly Story), and tells him that when he changes the oil, to use only “30-weight, Castrol-R”
Although I have to ask, in what respect is motor oil not natural? I mean, it’s only dead dinosaurs and plants!
Nick Sanders
I’m amazed that castor oil, which contains ricin, is ok, but so many other things are evil because they contain far less dangerous substances. Or even worse, “toxins”, of no specific description.
Bombshellrisa
I was just listening to an audiobook about a poisoning with ricin.
You and I both know that these types aren’t particularly smart when it comes to actual science. They probably don’t know that pooping releases toxins into your blood stream.
Someone needs to make one of those memes that asks “would you feed yourself and your baby a known poison that causes x y and z” like they do for vaccines and formula (as if) and then show a pic of castor oil and links to the midwives who suggest various ways to mix castor oil with something to start labor.
Maybe they’re worried that they’ll demand castor oil at their next auto service?
Jackie Ferenzi
Supposably…..hehe
J.B.
Sodium chlorite is used to generate chlorine dioxide. Good disinfectant, possible uses are greatly limited by formation of byproducts.
Wren
Isn’t chlorite actually used to refer to both?
The Bofa on the Sofa
I find it easy to throw them into a tailspin by simply mentioning that sodium chlorite is also a compound, which also happens to be a salt.
And?
Yes, salts are considered compounds. We might distinguish them from molecules, but then again, that gets complicated (you can absolutely have an NaCl molecule in the gas-phase, and it is nothing like table salt; in fact, it doesn’t even have the ionic bonds that you usually consider for NaCl; granted, it is extremely hard to get NaCl in the gas-phase because, as a salt, it is as non-volatile as it comes (BP = 1700 K; nonetheless, there have been studies of gaseous NaCl)
Regardless, molecules or ionic salts are not elements, and there is no comparison between them.
Nick Sanders
How would that “throw them into a tailspin”? While true, it’s also completely irrelevant to any vaccine discussion I’ve ever seen.
bmc
To everyone who replied to me thus far, thanks for illustrating my point.
Heidi_storage
Help us feebleminded vaccine pushers out a little. What is your point?
Have you seen IKEA USA’s facebook page lately? Everyone is making fun of them – Anti-vaxxers for the usual multide of reasons – pro-vaxxers are making fun of them for the “We hope Vaxxed understands our position on safety and security.”
Who?
Are you sure you’re not seeing paroxysms of laughter at your arrogant ignorance, and mistaking that for tailspins? Just like you mistake antivax folklore for reality?
bmc
I see your misplaced amusement, and got the reaction from vax goons that I was expecting.
Sean Jungian
You are just precious! It’s like the South Park gnomes only for antivaxxers!
Step one: Nonsensical statement featuring science so wrong that it’s not even in the same realm as wrong (and has instead almost circled completely around to make the pro-vax point!)
That’s what the “tailspin” you percieve really is. Pointing out that compounds are not elements says absolutely nothing about the relative dangers of compounds and elements. It does nothing more than point out that you can’t judge a compound by elemental properties or elements by compound properties.
Or even compounds by other compounds. Each substance must be judged on its own merit – that’s all.
Sodium hypochlorite is also a salt, as is calcium hypochlorite. Do you ever perhaps drink tap water, Dasani, or aquafina? Do you ever swim in a swimming pool? How do you feel about cholera?
J.B.
I should also add, one way to make disinfectant is by putting water and electricity through…NaCl, good old table salt! It makes a low percentage hypochlorous acid and probably other compounds mixed in there. Desired by those in dense areas concerned about gaseous disinfection go boom.
Sue
Anti-Fluoridationists provide another good example, ranting that “industrial waste” fluoride is used to fluoridate town water instead of “natural” fluoride.
They misunderstand that fluorine is an element, naturally gaseous, and that its compounds, when dissolved in water, dissociate to leave fluoride ions, which are indistinguishable from any other fluoride ions.
They also don’t understand that fluoride is naturally-occurring in water supplies all over the world, in highly variable amounts. Controlled fluoridation provides the dental benefits without the toxicity that is sometimes found in areas with very high natural fluoride levels in the ground water, such as parts of India and China.
But let’s not let chemistry get in the way of ideology!
The Bofa on the Sofa
Recall it was the natural fluoridation levels that suggested the importance of flouride in the first case. Places with high levels of fluoridation had fewer dental issues than places where natural fluoridation was low. Correlation led to further investigation to establish the causation.
Roadstergal
Which led to controlled testing, which led to fluoridation of water, which led to General Ripper, which led to parts of Canada taking the fluoride out, which led to a drastic increase in tooth decay.
Indeed, Bofa. Apparently a dentist somewhere in the US noticed that a particular community had mottled, but otherwise very strong teeth.
Regulated fluoridation gives us the protection with very low risk of fluorosis, and essentilly zero risk of systemic toxicity.
Sean Jungian
And HEY-YA!! My son and I got our flu shots today! Thanks, SCIENCE!
Sean Jungian
My boss was going in to the doctor this afternoon too and I talked HIM into getting one as well. 🙂
demodocus
my son got his yesterday but the big person one wasn’tavailable yet, boo
Charybdis
Be careful! I got mine last week and THAT VERY NIGHT I had a washing machine issue and wound up with a waterfall pouring from my kitchen ceiling. I understand this is some sort of vaccine injury. So just watch out, THINGS CAN HAPPEN…/sarcasm
Empliau
I’m getting mine next week, but I’m not worried – my washer is in the garage.
Charybdis
Be vigilant!!! Your washing machine could have issues months, even YEARS from now. It may not even be your washer that has issues. It could be ANYTHING from squirrels in the attic to termites to slipping in the shower!! Immediately after the vaccine to anytime afterwards, even years later!! Keep VAERS’ number handy./sarcasm
Sean Jungian
OMG dying!
I did have to replace my 20-year-old hot water heater about 2 weeks ago – could these be from having my son receive the HPV vaccine? I mean, that’s quite the coincidence wouldn’t you say?
Charybdis
It very well could be. I mean, the HPV vaccine is fairly new, especially for boys, right?
Sean Jungian
WHAT HAVE I DONE???!!!
Charybdis
Other than protect your son from HPV-related cancers? (Which I am so doing as well. DS gets his HPV at his next well-child visit).
God only knows what you’ve done. Be on the lookout for anything that seems “odd”, “off” or “just not right” with things. ALL THINGS, because these vaccines can have effects for YEARS. Generations, even./s
Roadstergal
And protect him from being a carrier to others! 🙂
Empliau
Oh, the humanity!
Empliau
We haven’t had enough quantum around here lately (I am to quantum as Christopher Walken is to cowbell) so, in the spirit of time being relative, I had a sewer pipe problem a few weeks ago – tree roots blocking it. Could this be a quantum side effect from the vaccine I’m about to get? After all, toxins in the bloodstream – the sewer is a pipe that has fluids, so analogous. Except tree roots are nacheral. This quantum stuff is HARRRRD…
Heidi
When I was about 5 months pregnant, we had tree roots blocking the sewer pipes. About 2 months later, I got the Tdap and the flu shot. I think the side effects of vaccine must be sooo powerful, they effect one before one even gets the shot!
Kq Not Logged In
(I am to quantum as Christopher Walken is to cowbell)
I… I think I love you.
Empliau
“As David Cassidy said, when he was with the Partridge Family”, – I never liked “Four Weddings and a Funeral”, but Hugh Grant blinking and stammering through that line was worth it all. (Do the ’90s get me PCM points?
The Bofa on the Sofa
Do the ’90s get me PCM points?)
While it can, and David Cassidy references are always a good start, referencing Hugh Grant means, no.
Empliau
Back to the Gilligan’s Island drawing board! I once knew somebody who dressed like the Professor – he wore tan chinos and white button-down shirts every day, even in the Chicago winter. That’s conviction.
Roadstergal
Our shower started leaking after one of my boosters, and we had to replace it. Now, some smarty-pants ‘experts’ told us that it had been showing evidence of wear and potential failure for years before, but my Homeowner Instinct says differently.
Charybdis
Well, you *know* how correct and valuable your Homeowner Instinct is. It was certainly the booster that caused your shower leak. Has it been “the same” after being replaced after the leak?
Roadstergal
Oh, no. You wouldn’t even recognize it.
(You actually wouldn’t. We used it as an opportunity to rip out the awful old ’70s pale pink and blue tile, and put in all-new tile, tub, and faucets. But I won’t tell the courts that.)
momofone
Of course they did. And conveniently, I bet they charged you to replace it. Shills.
MaineJen
Got mine today too. No flu for me!
moto_librarian
Got mine last Monday. I am thinking about filing a VAERS report because I am incredibly disappointed that, once again, the flu vaccine has failed to turn me into the Incredible Hulk.
Sean Jungian
What DOES it take to get those sweet Mutant powers from vaccines, anyway??? I keep trying and coming up empty!
Charybdis
Gamma radiation or a bite from a radioactive spider is helpful, I believe.
Roadstergal
Gamma radiation is natural!
MaineJen
It helps if you happen to be getting vaccinated at the same time a particle accelerator experiment is going horribly awry. Also there has to be a thunderstorm. 🙂
Bombshellrisa
Instead of our usual family flu shot party, hubby and I had a flu shot date night. I am filing a VAERS report and I want my shill bucks back. Know why? When we went to Ikea to eat, they were out of lingonberry soda. It ruined my day, completely. You have to have the lingonberry soda with the meatballs or it’s just not right. I am convinced it’s the fault of the vaccine that there was no soda. I think even the cilantro tincture can’t undo that kind of trauma.
Sean Jungian
Lingonberry soda? You mean there was no breastmilk??
Bombshellrisa
Breast milk would not have worked, too sweet and messes with the lingonberry preserves that are also on the plate. It would have worked if I was getting dessert but since I assumed I was having soda, I didn’t grab dessert when I went through. Then the line was really long, so I couldn’t grab one. It’s all the vaccines fault! That and the fact that my sister in law was babysitting, which meant I wasn’t practicing attachment parenting. Maybe it would have been different if I had worn my toddler.
Sean Jungian
This story just keeps getting worse and worse!
>smh< I'm sure you're…trying, though…
Wombat
Off topic but I could use a little reassurance. 13w tomorrow and today’s scan showed a complete previa. Saw the CNM (have yet to meet my OB, heh – my fault on the 1st appointment then emerg surgery today) and she’s saying there’s a chance it’ll grow/move out of the way but most things I’ve seen seem to indicate that’s unlikely with a complete one. They seem focused on 2nd trim discoveries though.
This pregnancy wasn’t planned (we knew it was a possibility when the ‘oops’ happened and just chose not to address it at the time/see how the cards fell – and despite being told I’d probably have trouble for a long time 1st time was the charm) so feeling a bit unprepared and overwhelmed. Then this news.
I’m not some anti C Section nut (I haven’t been around lately but have been a regular) so if it happens it happens. The risk and restrictions in the meantime just suck/are a little scary.
Also just feeling a bit lost. Feel like this office could do with a small reminder that some people are ‘suddenly’ 1st time moms :p The CNM today was really nice and took her time, but I still feel a little like I’m treading water.
Any advice/news welcome c:
Irène Delse
Not a medical professional, so I won’t try any advice, but all the hugs and good thoughts you wish!
moto_librarian
First off, it’s okay to feel overwhelmed. Even a planned pregnancy can leave one feeling a bit lost and anxious, so it’s totally understandable to be a bit freaked out.
I had partial previa with both of my pregnancies. It was diagnosed at my 20 week scan each time. I was pretty frightened the first time (I was drinking the NCB kool-aid and I was unhappy about the possibility of a c-section). Mine did indeed resolve by 28 weeks.
I was put on pelvic rest the first time, but not the second. I didn’t have any bleeding associated with the previa. Have you had any bleeding?
moto_librarian
The way that it was explained to me is that the uterus grows like a balloon. If the placenta implanted low, it’s likely that it will move up and away from the cervix. The earlier in your pregnancy, the less your uterus has grown, so hopefully, yours will indeed resolve.
Dr Kitty
Rest.
Whatever will be, will be.
The placenta will move, or it won’t (it probably won’t).
It is out of your hands.
Your job is to grow the baby, tell your HCP if you bleed and take each day as it comes.
It’s ok to be scared and overwhelmed, but you will be very well looked after, and so will your baby.
demodocus
*hugs* As Moto said, feeling overwhelmed is kind of common, especially if you have a complication
What kind of advice are you looking for? “Talk to an ob” is the only medical one I can offer. As for general pregnancy/parenting stuff, we all have opinions! 😉 If you’re putting up a registry, I recommend putting diapers and clothes of larger sizes. It’s terrifying how fast they grow! Kid2 turns 4 months tomorrow and she’s in 9M already o.O
sapphiremind
Very early location of the placenta is not nearly as important as where it is at about 20-25 weeks. Don’t panic yet 🙂
Kelly
I have had a lot of medical scares lately with my family and what I have done is taken a day or two to “grieve.” Which means I take a few days to deal with my emotions and to let them all out and after that, I feel a lot better. I don’t know if you would be able to do this or if it will help but it sucks to have to wait. Plus, even though you have been on here and understand that c-sections are not bad, you might need some time to get used to the changes that are happening. You go from getting used to the fact that you are pregnant to the fact that there might be a problem in a short amount of time. When I found out I was pregnant with my first, I panicked, cancelled my after school tutorials, and sat in the car with a friend hyperventilating. We had planned and tried for months and I was still freaked out. What you are feeling is normal and you are doing everything right. Waiting really sucks and I hope everything turns out fine.
AnnaPDE
Hi Wombat, the weird feeling is pretty normal afaik. We tried for over a year and I got pregnant totally unexpectedly in the cycle before starting to get serious on the IVF stuff, and I still had a lot of “wtf did I do, this cannot be undone!” scary moments. Also, every gassy moment was suddenly scary b/c what if something is wrong with the baby?!
It takes a bit of getting used to, and just when you have, the baby suddenly comes out anyway. 😉 And just for the record, while everyone has their preferences, CS is quite nice in many respects. Have a bit of a search for “family centric caesarean”, the videos about that are pretty reassuring. And in the meantime, fingers crossed that your placenta moves out of the way.
What part of the world are you in?
MI Dawn
Many hugs, Wombat. While uncommon, the placenta may move enough as it grows, but it’s not guaranteed. Best wishes.
Brooke
Funny because I just had a pro-vax blogger tell me the other day that carbon monoxide was the same as carbon dioxide.
Irène Delse
Any link or screencap available? No? Color me unimpressed.
Heidi
I’ve seen sarcasm go over her head before, like when she said Dr. Amy said breast milk causes autism. I wouldn’t be surprised if it didn’t go over her this time either.
Carbon dioxide is TWICE as good as carbon monoxide. More oxygen and everyone knows that oxygen is good for you. You know, because we breathe it. So you can be more efficient breathing the carbon dioxide because it has TWICE THE OXYGEN!!
33 upvotes from maybe 10 people but nevertheless still 10 paid shills without a conscience.
Wren
Where is my cheque?!?!?
Ron Roy
Look in your mailbox. Oops sorry it’s direct deposit isn’t it?
momofone
I prefer to have it delivered by armored truck. But then I’m old-fashioned.
demodocus
Nonsense, I liked it 34 times under all my different accounts. Just keep rolling in the big money like Scrooge McDuck!
N
Really?? 34 plus the demodocus one, you have 35 different personalities, how do you organise them to not mix them up. That seems like a lot of work, like an 8h/day job at least, you couldn’t do it without being paid. Of course you are. 🙂
demodocus
It’s pretty easy with the ability to cut and paste 😉
Azuran
Then maybe you should stop commenting and stop earning me money, sweety 😉
Sarah
Dude, you get paid? Here was me doing all this for free like a dickhead!
Heidi
Don’t you love how we supposedly get paid for pro-vax comments we make yet the reason anti-vaxxers claim vaccinations exist is solely for the $$$$. It seems like they pay out a lot more in paying shills than the profit they could ever hope to get from a vaccination! In fact, at this rate, I guess they are losing a few billion every year in shill payouts!
Nick Sanders
Out of curiosity:
1. Why would shills waste time upvoting a silly visual pun?
2. Assuming there was a reason, of the upvotes that picture got, who do you think are sockpuppets, and to whom do they belong?
CSN0116
This shit is all over the pediatric cancer pages. Their kids have cancer because they vaccinated them. Now we have parents with kids with cancer telling other parents not to vaccinate or face the same fate. Talk about fear mongering!!! Holy shit!
I have no words. Cancer patients are very dependent on herd immunity. This is completely the opposite of what they need to be doing. This is sick.
Roadstergal
March Against Monsanto. They have their own fully-fleshed-out mythology, with the Demons of Industry releasing the Curses of Glyphosate and GMO, with the Talismans of Breastmilk and Organic serving as the protection of the good and pure. It would be funny and way more risible than people who take Star Wars too seriously, if KIDS WEREN’T DYING.
corblimeybot
They aren’t fully showing their commitment to their cult if they aren’t willing to perform human sacrifices.
demodocus
grr. Than how did 2 of my grandparents loose parents to cancer? Great-Grandma M died in 1927. (That side tends to wait to have kids)
JGC
Vaccines cause people to get cancer only by preventing them from dying of infectious diseases, so that they actually live long enough to develop cancer.
Sue
Cos all that kids with cancer need is a vaccine-preventable infection! Sheesh!
Some immunosuppressed kids might not sero-convert, and live vaccines might be contraindicated, but other than that…vax!
mabelcruet
So where do congenital cancers come in in their world view? Children’s cancers are very different from adult cancers, frequently have a specific genetic basis, and can occur even before the baby is born (neuroblastoma for example). The survival rate for childhood cancers is generally better than adult cancers, but that won’t last long if this bunch of moronic fud buckets get their way-immunosuppressed patients getting chemotherapy, yep, let’s expose them to infection. What could go wrong?
corblimeybot
I’d like to her their idiot answer to that question, too. Without hurting my blood pressure by perusing their website: I suspect some of them don’t believe that genetic childhood cancer existed before evil modern chemicals. Or that organic-eating, detoxed mothers who breastfeed, produce children who don’t get cancer.
Linda Tock
They also bitch about formaldehyde, saying that vaccine formaldehydeis “synthetic” while the endogenous formaldehyde is “natural”.
Roadstergal
Yeah, I don’t get it. Identical chemicals are identical, no matter the source. The only reason to think that matters at all is if you subscribe to some sort of vitalistic theology.
MaeveClifford
“some sort of vitalistic theology” – I think you’re on to something.
Sue
The one that argues against “matter can be neither created nor destroyed”.
Spamamander
In the same way that “natural” vitamins are magically different than synthetically produced ones. Ideally we will get most of our nutrition from food, but some supplementation like folic acid for women of childbearing age are a great idea. But somehow it’s a “different” vitamin … oy.
Daleth
It’s similar to the irrational belief that lab-created gems are “not real” even though they are chemically, structurally, etc. identical to mined gems. It’s like saying a hydroponic tomato is not a real tomato. IT’S THE SAME DAMN THING, it just happens to have been made differently!
I read an article this morning from someone who likes busting pseudoscience crap. It was about those ‘oxygen’ beauty products. They claimed to be made using only ‘pure, non chemical oxygen’ and then pretended it contained ‘no oxidizing agent’
Madtowngirl
Lolololol!
Amy M
Or how about that Foodbabe chick who claimed indignantly that airplane air is NOT pure oxygen!! OMG! She was so upset that only about 20% of the airplane air was oxygen. (smacks forehead, rolls eyes into next century)
Except towards the front of the plane. The best air with the most oxygen is reserved for the cockpit!
KeeperOfTheBooks
If she’d watched my favorite British crime drama, then she’d know better. Of course, she’s too busy coming up with loony theories to spend her time in more educational pursuits…like watching aforementioned awesome British TV. 😀
Bombshellrisa
Oh, which one? Do share your viewing delights. I am still waiting for the first season of Poldark from the library and I have watched all the other shows, I need a new British show.
KeeperOfTheBooks
“New Tricks.” 🙂 It’s clever, British-ly hilarious, and yet has the occasional very touching moment.
Short version: a young(ish–say, mid-30s), ambitious, and very-good-at-her-job detective superintendent screws up rather publicly, and gets set up to head a new office, the Unsolved Crimes and Open Case Squad. This office recruits retired and, naturally, given the timeframe, all male detectives from another era to offer their perspective on old cold cases and try to solve them. They end up becoming something of an unlikely family, and the stuff they come up with for cases is, to my pretty nerdy mind, fascinating. ETA: in the episode to which I’m referring, a diver is murdered by having his second tank loaded with pure oxygen.
I should mention that while the pilot has some really great moments (watch the interview scene!), it’s obviously very low-budget, and the show got much better an episode or two in. I believe it’s available on Hulu, if you have it, though I could be wrong.
Enjoy, should you so choose!
Mishimoo
I love ‘New Tricks’! It’s such a good show, and I need to watch it through from the start (I always end up catching odd episodes here and there)
She’s going to be the first person to give themselves oxygen toxicity just because, isn’t she?
Linden
Do children not learn this in primary school? I distinctly remember learning the composition of the atmosphere in my primarily Muslim, *backward* country. :-/
demodocus
we do, but i suspect Vani was absent during science class, even when she was present.
Roadstergal
Ah, Foodbabe, she of the microwave Hitler water…
MaineJen
Has she ever heard of the Apollo 1 disaster? :/
Daleth
Seriously?!?!?!?! SERIOUSLY?!?!?! Please post a link if you have one, so we can go mock her in the comments…
Personally I would suggest she go to Denver and march around with a protest sign because the air there has even LESS oxygen than airplanes do.
Charybdis
Nobody cares there, because recreational marijuana.
Sean Jungian
I do hate to dampen your joy, but she has since retracted that blog post, as she received an ENORMOUS amount of mockery for it – I think it was even cited in the NPR article about her. Still, the internet never forgets, so I’m sure you can find a copy of it if you google “food babe airplane oxygen”. You can bask in the mockery of science past 🙂
I think her microwave one is my fave. Evidently standing near my microwave is cooking me from the inside out! Who knew our food was alive until we murdered it with the microwave? Is that a loophole for vegetarians – meat is fine so long as it’s not microwaved?
Heidi_storage
Agree! The airplane post has a couple of sensible–if obvious–points in it, such as drink water, stretch your legs, and don’t overdo it on alchol or caffeine. The microwave post, on the other hand, is one howler after another–a real feast of unmitigated ignorance and and paranoia.
Sue
I prefer my cabin air strongly nitrogenated, with a slug of oxygen, and a spritz of water vapour.
Roadstergal
OIL RIG
An atom walks into the bar, looking down in the dumps. Bartender: “What’s wrong?” Atom: “I lost an electron yesterday.” Bartender, sympathetically: “What a bummer! Are you sure you lost it?” Atom: “Yes, I’m positive.”
Your baseless comment doesn’t pass the acid test. You might be pretending to be noble, but put your halo(gen) away while we transition to a more appropriate topic.
Nick Sanders
You offer no solutions, you just precipitate the issue. Now is a time for reaction. We must neutralize the problem if we wish to have any normality. If we are not strong, there will be no reduction. This will not simply evaporate.
Charybdis
According to chemistry, alcohol IS a solution…..
Drinks anyone?
Roadstergal
A sublime response. Solid, and yet it was a gas.
Nick Sanders
These puns are just a phase.
Charybdis
Wasn’t that a song by Alanis Morissette?
MaineJen
Two guys walk into a bar. First guy says, “I’ll have some H2O.” Second guy says, “I’ll have some H2O too.”
Second guy dies.
The Bofa on the Sofa
A neutron joins them and orders for a drink. “How much?” he asks. Bartender says, “For you? No charge.”
Roadstergal
The neutron turns to the atom and says, “Dude, you’re radical.”
It was a charged conversation.
attitude devant
This has got to be the nerdiest string of jokes of the internet ever. Is there a Guinness record for this?
Sean Jungian
I managed to flunk chemistry in college a whopping 3 times, and even I am finding it funny
Stephanie Rotherham
This reminds me of a joke…
Two scientists walk into a bar. The first one says “I’ll have H2O”, the second one says “I’ll have H2O too”. The bartender serves them both water because he’s not a fucking idiot.
critter8875
Timmy was a chemist
Timmy is no more
For what he thought
Was H2O
Was H2SO4
Roadstergal
My (chemist) dad taught me that song when I was a little girl! His version was “Johnny was a chemist boy, but Johnny is no more…”
Whereupon the second chemist promptly breaks into tears. Because he’s a chemist and knows the consequences of what he was trying to do – that was the point.
Stephanie Rotherham
Suicide by hydrogen peroxide? What a way to go.
Amy Tuteur, MD
Dr. Amy Tuteur is an obstetrician gynecologist. She received her undergraduate degree from Harvard College in 1979 and her medical degree from Boston University School of Medicine in 1984. Dr. Tuteur is a former clinical instructor at Harvard Medical School. She left the practice of medicine to raise her four children. Her book, Push Back: Guilt in the Age of Natural Parenting (HarperCollins) was published in 2016. She can be reached at DrAmy5 at aol dot com...
More | 2024-07-17T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3714 |
Old Kiln Light Railway
The Old Kiln Light Railway is a narrow gauge railway located at the Rural Life Centre open-air museum in Tilford, near Farnham, Surrey. It has a collection of historic locomotives and rolling stock including two steam locomotives. It operates on Sundays and some Bank Holidays during the summer season.
History
Founded in the early 1970s as the "Wey Valley Light Railway", this line was located around a disused pumping station in Farnham. In 1982 the land was sold for redevelopment, and the railway track and equipment was relocated to the "Old Kiln Museum", now known as the "Rural Life Centre". The line has since extended around the perimeter of the museum and a small stretch of track serves the museum's heritage timber yard demonstration area.
Stations
The railway has four stations: Reeds Road, Old Kiln Halt, Oatlands and Mills Wood. Reeds Road was built in 2003 to replace a sleeper-built platform, is the south-western terminus, has a passenger waiting room, a run-round loop and a siding for storing rolling stock. Reeds Road
Old Kiln Halt has a short platform and passenger shelter and is located near the old schoolroom at the Rural Life Centre. The locomotive works and carriage sheds are located here, along with further storage sidings.
Oatlands was the far terminus of the line until extension to Mills Wood. It is used for Santa Special trains and has a small waiting room with a stove. it was previously named "Waverley End Station".
Mills Wood is the other terminus of the line, on the north-east side of the Rural Life Centre. It has a waiting room, partly built from the body of an old Portsdown and Horndean Light Railway passenger tram although is not complete, a run-round loop and a connection to the woodyard operated by the Rustic Timber Group.
Steam locomotives
Internal combustion locomotives
Coaches
Wagons
Awards
The OKLR received the "Surrey Industrial History Group Conservation" award in 1994
References
External links
Official website
Gallery of photographs at Narrow Gauge Heaven
Facebook Page
Category:2 ft gauge railways in England
Category:Tourist attractions in Surrey
Category:Rail transport in Surrey | 2023-11-20T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3166 |
Urinary pathogens and drug susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections among antenatal clinic attendees in Ibadan, Nigeria.
To determine the bacterial agents involved in urinary tract infections in pregnant women and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Ibadan, Nigeria. All consenting subjects who attended antenatal clinics of the University College Hospital and Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, from 1 April 2007 and 30 March 2009 were interviewed to obtain demographic and pregnancy health data. Mid-stream urine samples obtained were processed by standard methods. Confirmed bacterial isolates were tested against seven antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Of the 473 specimens processed, 136 (28.8%) were positive for microscopy, 118 (25.0%) were culture positive, while 18 (3.8%) were microscopy positive but negative for culture. More than 90% of the bacterial isolates were Gram-negative bacilli, of which approximately 80% were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Klebsiella oxytoca accounted for 45 (38.1%) of the causative agents identified, followed by Escherichia coli (31.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.3%) and Proteus mirabilis (6.8%). Candida albicans accounted for three (2.6%) of the isolates. Ten isolates (22.2%) of K. oxytoca were resistant to cefuroxime while three (6.7%) were resistant to ofloxacin. The only Gram-positive bacterium isolated, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, accounted for four (4.3%) of all pathogens, of which three (75.0%) were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, cefuroxime and the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination. In conclusion, the incidence of culture-positive urinary tract infection in pregnancy is common in Ibadan. More studies are needed to evaluate the susceptibility profile of uropathogens to commonly used antibiotics in our environment. | 2023-09-16T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6083 |
Nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers of the Sahel/Savannah Belt of Africa in the light of geometric morphometrics based on facial portraits.
The Sahel/Savannah belt is a region where two sympatric human subsistence strategies-nomadic pastoralism and sedentary farming-have been coexisting for millennia. While earlier studies focused on estimating population differentiation and genetic structure of this ecologically remarkable region's inhabitants, less effort has been expended on understanding the morphological variation among local populations. To fill this gap, we used geometric morphometrics to analyze the facial features of three groups of pastoralists and three groups of sedentary farmers belonging to three language families (Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-Asiatic) whose mitochondrial DNA sequences have been published previously. Our results show that pastoralists differ from farmers with several facial features. We also found that individuals who bear maternally inherited haplotypes of Eurasian ancestry do not significantly morphologically differ from individuals whose maternal ancestry is sub-Saharan. Our study follows up and builds upon population genetic and phylogeographic studies of Eurasian haplogroups in the Fulani pastoralists and sub-Saharan haplogroups in the Arab pastoralists, as well as studies on the spread of lactase persistence mutations and other genetic markers. Our results suggest that recent gene flows across the Sahel/Savannah belt were not strong enough to erase a genetic structure established by Paleolithic foragers and further shaped by the adoption of agropastoral food-producing strategies. | 2023-10-16T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6810 |
Theresa May has suffered an embarrassing defeat at the hands of hardline Brexit supporters who refused to support her approach to leaving the EU. May was not present for the defeat, by 303 votes to 258, in which she again lost control of her party in the crucial final weeks before Britain is due to leave the EU on 29 March. The Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn, demanded May come to the Commons to explain her Brexit plan in the absence of parliamentary support for her approach
Theresa May defeated on Brexit again as ERG Tories abstain | 2023-12-01T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4133 |
Bangladesh has executed the assassin of the country's founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rehman, who was killed during a military coup in 1975.
Former military leader Abdul Majed was hanged at the Dhaka Central Jail in the early hours of Sunday. He met with his wife and four relatives on Friday, after President Abdul Hamid rejected his mercy plea on Thursday.
He was arrested in Dhaka on Tuesday this week, in what Home Minister Asaduzzaman Khan said was "the biggest gift" for Bangladesh this year. He was believed to have spent many years hiding in India.
Majed was convicted in 1998, along with a dozen other officers. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh upheld the sentence in 2009, and five of the officers were executed several months later.
Rehman and most of his family were killed in the military coup. His daughter, Sheikh Hasina serves as the current prime minister of Bangladesh.
After the coup, Majed was given important diplomatic positions under the successive governments. An indemnity law enacted by the post-coup government prevented a prosecution of the killers. This law was overturned in 1996, when Hasina came to power.
Former East Pakistan became independent Bangladesh in 1971 after a nine-month freedom struggle, under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rehman.
tg/aw (AFP, AP) | 2024-01-13T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9052 |
Sarasota, FL, 34234 - United States
335 S Shore Dr
$1.299.000
Vivienda Unifamiliar
Propiedades frente al mar/lago/río
Detalle
3
Dormitorios
3
Baños (3 Completos)
259
M² (0.15 Hectáreas de Lote)
Descripción
This waterfront Sarasota School of Architecture mid-century modern home, designed by William & Ralph Zimmerman, has a new boat dock and seawall and is located in one of the most desirable, historic neighborhoods in Sarasota, Sapphire Shores. Once owned by John + Mable Ringling, it is near the Ringling Mansion and Museum, universities and minutes from downtown Sarasota, the arts, and beaches. Value is in the 15,677 square foot lot, surrounded by expensive homes. But architecture lovers will want this mid-century modern gem, with terrazzo floors, smashing water views, pool and mod fireplace. An award-winning Sarasota builder known for restoration of historic mid-century properties says it is ready to move into, and with minimal cosmetic changes will make a fine mid-century home. If you would like a more elaborate renovation please see photos of beautiful modern designs made by Hive Architects at the end of this listing. UPDATES: Roof (2012), Screened Porch and Pool Pavers (2012) and Pool Cage (2012), Seawall (2014) is one ft higher than normal and wraps 10 ft around each side of the lot for extra protection. The extensive composite boat Dock (2014) has a large platform, and extra post already installed for your boat lift. Seller offers a Home Warranty. Pest and termite warranties are in place and transferable to new owner as well. Survey (2014) and elevation certificate are available for your kind review. Dog-friendly neighborhood! Come see this property and imagine the possibilities today. | 2023-11-26T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3184 |
Cognitive Dissidence, The mechanism of warfare and subversion for intellectual revolutionaries.
Friday, 1 May 2009
Fuck The Revolution
Image - starving children in the Volga, 1921.
This is a poem for all the idiot Leftist middle class revolutionaries who speak of socialism and communism and who riot on May Day ;
Fuck The Revolution.
Fuck your liberty,It is just a lie,For the eternal conflict,Between equality,And the ideal of liberty, Reveals the truth,Your liberty is the same, Old whore in a new dress,Whose cunt is still wet,From serving the pigsThat ran the old regime.
Fuck your equality,It is simply slavery,Where each must bow,Before tin pot tyrants,Who see the individual,As a social criminal,And so they pass laws,To legalise inequality,And make some pigs,More equal than other pigs.
Fuck your fraternity,It is a cult of killers,Who speak of society,Then imprison the people,In gulags and camps,Where winter feasts,On the frozen corpse,Of the future, already dead.
Fuck your revolution,The red rag of your flag,Red as blood that runs,From the flesh,Of the dissidents,Whose bones you break,Like the laws you make,To legalise all your crimes.
19 comments:
The swear words in the poem are designed to produce a 'bourgeoise' reflex in the reader, in that they deliberatly set out to trigger offense - whilst at the same time this is designed in order to trigger in the more aware reader the eventual realisation that the real offense they should feel is as regards the people in the poem who have died and the children in the image.
Instead of finding the swear words offensive, the reader that has achieved real awareness should find the imagery and the history offensive.
We are taught to see socialism and communism as benign and socialists accepted as legtimate politicians in the political system at the same time we are taught to consider swearing as offensive.
To be frank, that is fucked up society, run by twisted and evil people with a warped sense of morality.
Poetry and poets are as Stalin said ' The engineers of the soul'.
The conditioned soul is a hostage to the enemy, in that it thinks and only sees what the enemy wants it to thinks and sees.
The problem in our society is that we tolerate the intolerable, such as the murderous ideology of communism and socialism, whilst at the same time suffer from a bourgeoise morality that regards pornography and swearing as offensive.
The true pornography is the politics of socialism and the crimes of communism - not the language in the poem.
Once we transcend our conditioned bourgeoise morality, and see that the 'pornography' of naked flesh is nowhere near as pornogrpahic as the pornography of the politics that leads to the gulag and laogai then we have transcended the conditioning of our society.
If you are offended by the swearing in the poem, as opposed to the imagery in the poem and the pictures of the children, then that should act as a 'wake up' moment - a Zen moment - of awakening.
Poems are not just poems - they must trigger an emotional reaction of some kind otherwise they are simply words connected on a page.
You have begun the first stage of the de-conditioning process as you are offended and have now read this response by myself - now you will understand that when you read a poem that lists the crimes of socialism from the gulags, the murders of dissidents, the images of the starving children etc but that you only found the swearing offensive - then you will either become more human by seeing what is truly offenive, and shed your bourgeoise moral conditioning, or you will seek to hide from this awareness.
Swearing is only offensive when it is gratuitous - when it is part of a planned and deliberate process or in art then it is not gratuitous.
If you are offended by the swear words then you are a prisoner also in their gulag - as you are a slave afflicted with their morality and a victim of their conditioning.
Only when everyone is a poet and each of us the 'engineers of our own souls' rather than our souls being the products of the conditioning process of the false media, the systems of educated ignorance and the lie of politicians will we live as free people in a free society.
Until then all true poetry has to be a spiritual battering ram, a weapon of revolutionary violence directed at the control and command systems of the criminals that control us, our nations, our society and our souls.
A system based on the monopoly of violence prepared to destroy the planet in pursuit of mutually assured destruction cannot be beaten by physical force, it can only be eviscerated and destroyed by a new revolutionary morality - and the mechanism of all new moral revoutions is poetry - such as the Mask of Anarchy by Shelley and the writings and poetry of Horace who destroyd the Roman Empire with his poetry by destroying its inner vitality and will to power.
Poets that write about the mundane, their facile and asinine social lives, the lives of the liberal elite, that whitter on about their false emotions are all slaves and collaborators.
Enough poems have been written about love, sex, the middle class life style and the boring solipstic obsessions of a morbid civilisation in its spiritul death throes.
Poetry did not die after Auschwitz - it merely surrendered its revolutionary energy to the enemy
True poetry should be a blazing petrol bomb, a mortar bomb exploding and a weapon of mass destruction - with the aim of liberation.
Lee, I have to echo the first poster's comment - the 'c' word just doesn't belong in polite society. Yes, you may be trying to elicit a strong reaction from the reader with the repulsive imagery and vulgar language, but really must you really stoop so low?
The fact is I dont belong in polite society, dont want to be part of polite society and in fact on virtually every level I despise polite society.
A polite society is a society of cowards, crooks, hypocrites and idiots.
I want to live in a free society - which is the antithesis of a polite society.
The so called polite society we live in is the accomplice of the political criminals that run our society - polite society is a cabal of fawning lickspittles who genuflect before the wealthy (regardless how they got their money) and those who ponce about bending their knee to degenerates with pathetic titles who inherited their wealth, land and social status as a result of them solely being ejaculated.
You may call that a polite society - I call that a pathetic joke.
Poetry is a mirror of the world - the repulsive imagery is the mirror of a repulsive world filled with repulsive people who hold repulsive beliefs.
Excellent work Lee, you may force the words to offend, in order to raise the reader above the illusion of finding offence in the words used. Rather than the subject matter.
Now you are ready for your next lesson Lee, raising yourself above the illusions that drive you to do it in the first place.
Only by stepping outside of your own picture, your own illusion, do you begin to see the words you needed for effect, are also words you don't need. Otherwise those needs defeat your own ability to rise above the self.
I am not in the grip of the illusion - The use of the swear words are to act as a mechanism to ensure others are shook from their illusions.
Until all others are free of their illusions then such words are neccasery to act as the psychic 'slap in the face' that allows them to awaken.
Therefore I can only cease to use such words, once everyone is a poet and no-one is left in the grip of their illusions.
I use those words because I have already broke free from the illusion and because I see that such words are essential tools to breaking others free from their illusions.
Only be already being free of the illusion, and using those words to free others from their illusions, is such use of the words justified - this is why I said that swear words which are gratuitous are not aceptable nor are they art.
In this case the swear words act as psychic slaps to the conscious and unconscious of the reader who has not yet woken up from their illusions - and what matters most is to wake up the reader.
Therefore they are not gratuitous and they art.
This is why this poem is in many ways a Zen poem, as it seeks to awaken the reader from their state of conditioning with those words.
Once the reader sees that if he had true understanding of the reality of his state of slavery that he would not find the words offensive ( as they are mechanisms of awakening ) but rather he would find the world offensive for what it has done as defined in the poem, then all offense as regards the words used would dropped.
The words then would be revealed as what they truly are, which is a way to liberate the reader.
This corresponds to the Hindu path of Aghori Sadhus who state that the path to enlightenment is through deliberatly experiencing suffering - in the case of the poem the words upset the reader, cause him distress and anger.
Yet this state of mental turmoil is essential in order for them to achieve a breakthrough where they realise that it is only their conditioned mind which finds the words offensive and that if they were free and non-conditioned individuals that they would find what the poem speaks about causes them suffering and mental turmoil.
Once they achieve understanding and are free from the fake moral conditioning that makes them see only the offensive swear words - then the swear words are no longer offensive.
They are merely words.
What matters then is the reality of the suffering of those who are mentioned in the poem - and the swear words and the offense that was felt by those words vanishes into the wind as dried fallen leaves on a windy autumn day.
All respect to the path of the Sadhus Lee, as it is their chosen path, as part of their training they find one of their ancestors skulls to drink and eat from.
Thus helping to gain the connection with the deceased Saints wisdom, only the Sadhu, like the Sadist have this inherant need to inflict the suffering in the first place, in order to rise above it.
Rather than rising above the need to inflict it, Socialists, Sadists and Sadhus have something in common here, having a strong mind with the abilty to rise above pain being inflicted is good, only for some it then moves into the realms of the need to inflict it on others, in the belief they are teaching them a lesson.
Fine lines we walk Lee, fine lines. A true Boddhisatva would only recognise a Sadhu as on the lower demon path.
They may do penance to rise above, but it is their demon that makes them feel the need for it.
Lee, I'm not a slave to anything. neither am I traumatised by the word 'cunt' - if you knew my background and personality you would know that.What I am concerned with, however twattish they are and in need of awakening, is that the delicate sensibilities of the moribund reader are not further alienated from us, no matter how facile their objections, until we have them in, then we can fully recondition them. It's like what we will do once in power; there are so many worries and concerns to overcome etc. Power first - then we can discuss the best way of going about things.You are right of course, but lets win 'em over first.
In order to defeat the enemy one must first pierce its disguise and seek its true inner being.
One must know the enemy before one can defeat it - and that involves suffering as we fight an enemy whose power is based on violence, terror and inflicting suffering on its enemies.
Unless we are attacked by the enemy then we are not really an enemy of the enemy - for the enemy only attacks those it fears. That means we must accept personal suffering as the price of liberating others.
The Saddhus choose their path - this path of poetry is my path.
A Boddhisatva is someone who has been a tortured demon, as was Buddha who faced the demon Mara, his daughters Tanha, Rati and Raga and the demon host, and has achieved enlightenment.
In order to be a Boddhisatva one must have faced ones inner demons and be able to see the demons in others - and therefore be able to lead others from their inner demons.
Those who have not faced their demons are not able to be Boddhisatva's.
In order to be a true revolutionary poet one must also have faced the demons in oneself that seek recognition, fame, wealth, money and social status in this sick society and to have rejected them all as the 'fruits of evil ' - and when these demons are overthrown then one is able to see the demons still present in others and assist them towards their own liberty,
The average BNP reader / non-BNP member of the public does not even know I exist.
You are obviously an experienced nationalist with a background in nationalism and therefore visit this blog - most people do not visit this blog and therefore care nothing for what I write.
I am an irrelevance to the unawakened masses.
I totally agree with you as per the de-conditioning process which has to be gradual and careful as regards the masses as a whole, and thats why I do not write for the BNP site anymore.
This is my blog not a BNP blog.
I support the BNP, but I do not write for the BNP anymore.
I totally agree with what you say if what I wrote used swear words and was posted on the BNP site, but it isnt - and if I did write for the BNP site, as I used too, then I have never used any bad language in my political writings nor in my political speeches.
This blog is for nationalists like yourselves who post on here and who are experienced, intelligent nationalists - not members of the conditioned masses. They are busy watching Eastenders, Coronation street and believing every bit of bullshit told to them by the media.
They do not come here to read my thoughts and poems - as they are too busy existing as slaves in their cells they allow others to define as their reality.
The fact you are on here shows you are a nationalist, the fact you debate with me shows me you are an intelligent nationalist - and that is why I welcome your comments and thoughts even if they are critical of what I write.
Lee, I am, like you, an imperfect being among imperfect beings.I bend with the wind and swim in the same water as those loathe. Thus I survive among them, that they are incognisant of my intentions, and oblivious to the damage I do to them. An onlooker perceives no conflict between me and my enemy but is more comfortable with me than them, for reasons they do not yet fully comprehend but that are immanent in and with the tide.The enemy are predators, with a primal movement and colour based vision that does not evolve. Thus the preener fish shoals are ignored while the predators are slowly eaten by those who they do not see as a threat.
I'm pleased you're critical of what I write too, Lee. It proves we are capable of free and open debate. Best of all it proves that we are unfettered spirits.
Gnotics and agnostics.A-gnosticism is a cop-out. like A-theism. Theos means god. Its the definition of god that matters. Mine is the cosmos, or Tao if you like, from which all things are created and destroyed, simultaneously and eternally.We are the universe aware of itself. Once that is understood the next phase of our evolution begins.
Deistic religions appeal to a sky god deity. They are manipulating our primal urge to terun to the stars.
You make very good points there Lee, only Sadhus tie rocks to their dicks and let their tutors bum them, all in the cause of overcoming their perceived 'demons' hence this path tends to be a natural hide hole of the pervert.
You can overcome the demons by simply stop veiwing them as malevolent, the mind is what makes the demon, perception changes all, transpassing the need to be subjected to the way of the perv.
The only point I make here is that there is defending liberty and taking liberty, the difference being, when you subject yourself to something by choice and having it subjected upon you.
A Boddhisatva experiences suffering without feeling the need to join some pervy path of inflicting it. Suffering only ends when you defeat those feelings of need, including the sadistic needs to inflict suffering. | 2023-10-21T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4643 |
Review Talk and discussion led by Curt Struck, ISU Physics and Astronomy
Review Talk on "Dark Matter in Galaxies", as part of the international Dark Matter Awareness Week initiative. We discuss the details of the mass discrepancy phenomenon in galaxies usually accounted by postulating the presence of a non luminous component. In the theoretical framework of Newtonian gravity and Dark matter halos we start by recalling the properties of the latter as emerging from the state-of-the-art of numerical simulations performed in the current LCDM scenario of cosmological structure formation. We then report the complex and much-telling phenomenology of the distribution of dark matter in spirals, ellipticals, and dwarf spheroidals. Care will be given to show that such a coherent observational framework is obtained from different and large samples of galaxies and by means of very different methods of investigation and by exploiting different tracers of the gravitational field. These include rotation curve and dispersion velocities mass fitting, X-ray gas property analysis, weak and strong lens signal mass decomposition, analysis of halo and baryonic mass functions. We will then highlight the impressive evidence that the distribution of dark and luminous matter are closely correlated. Hints on how the empirical scenario of the mass distribution in galaxies, including the Milky Way and the nearby ones affects the cosmological investigations are given throughout the talk. Among them, the theoretical constraints on the elusive nature of the dark matter particles and its direct and indirect searches. Finally, it is suggested that at least part of this phenomenology should enter in the standard knowledge background of cosmologists. | 2023-09-20T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7531 |
Q:
WordPress: hooks into mouse events?
I've spent a few hours on this but I'm not getting anywhere. I'm just starting on Wordpress, and I'd like a simple page where I click on something (a list item) and a textual description appears in a div somewhere else on the same page.
This would be trivial if I was writing plain HTML and JS, but I can't get my head around how to integrate this into WordPress. As far as I can make out, I have to write a plugin, but I can't find any handlers for mouse events in the hooks API. Or should I just hardcode an onclick into the HTML, and find somewhere to put some JavaScript code to handle it? Any advice appreciated...
A:
In short -
Add an id (and a styling class) to whatever you want a handler for
in the HTML
Register handlers in JS, as follows:
function fp_onload_js() {
var id = document.getElementById('myID');
id.addEventListener(
"click",
function() { myEventListener(); },
false);
}
Register/enqueue the file which contains your JS, in functions.php:
add_action('wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_stuff');
function theme_enqueue_stuff() {
...
wp_enqueue_script(
'myHandle',
get_template_directory_uri() . '/path_to_my_js_file.js');
}
The tricky bit: you have to make sure that the event listener code is run after WordPress has constructed the DOM, after the IDs have been created. You need to run the JS after the page loads (see here). Basically, also in functions.php:
add_action('wp_footer', 'fp_onload_php');
function fp_onload_php() {
?>
<script type="text/javascript">
fp_onload_js();
</script>
<?php
}
And make sure you don't use the 'visual' tab in the WordPress editor - it will mess up your carefully-crafted HTML.
| 2024-06-04T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9395 |
Quantitative exfoliative cytology of normal buccal mucosa: effect of smoking.
The effect of cigarette smoking on the oral mucosa was assessed through the application of quantitative cytomorphometric analysis to smears obtained from clinically normal buccal mucosa. The nuclear (NA) and cytoplasmic (CA) area of cells within each smear were measured using a Vids V semi-automatic image analysis system. Mean values for NA (smokers--78.74 microns 2, non-smokers--72.28 microns 2 and for CA (smokers--3273.9 microns 2, non-smokers--3098.96 microns 2) were obtained. A two-sample t-test revealed a significant elevation in NA for smokers, but no significant variation in CA between the two groups. These results would suggest that for normal buccal mucosa smoking does appear to influence cytomorphology. | 2024-07-20T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2828 |
package Paws::ImageBuilder;
use Moose;
sub service { 'imagebuilder' }
sub signing_name { 'imagebuilder' }
sub version { '2019-12-02' }
sub flattened_arrays { 0 }
has max_attempts => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Int', default => 5);
has retry => (is => 'ro', isa => 'HashRef', default => sub {
{ base => 'rand', type => 'exponential', growth_factor => 2 }
});
has retriables => (is => 'ro', isa => 'ArrayRef', default => sub { [
] });
with 'Paws::API::Caller', 'Paws::API::EndpointResolver', 'Paws::Net::V4Signature', 'Paws::Net::RestJsonCaller';
sub CancelImageCreation {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::CancelImageCreation', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub CreateComponent {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateComponent', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub CreateDistributionConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateDistributionConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub CreateImage {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImage', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub CreateImagePipeline {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImagePipeline', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub CreateImageRecipe {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImageRecipe', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub CreateInfrastructureConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateInfrastructureConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub DeleteComponent {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteComponent', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub DeleteDistributionConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteDistributionConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub DeleteImage {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImage', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub DeleteImagePipeline {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImagePipeline', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub DeleteImageRecipe {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImageRecipe', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub DeleteInfrastructureConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteInfrastructureConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetComponent {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetComponent', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetComponentPolicy {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetComponentPolicy', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetDistributionConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetDistributionConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetImage {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImage', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetImagePipeline {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImagePipeline', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetImagePolicy {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImagePolicy', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetImageRecipe {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImageRecipe', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetImageRecipePolicy {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImageRecipePolicy', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub GetInfrastructureConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::GetInfrastructureConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ImportComponent {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ImportComponent', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListComponentBuildVersions {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListComponentBuildVersions', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListComponents {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListComponents', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListDistributionConfigurations {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListDistributionConfigurations', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListImageBuildVersions {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImageBuildVersions', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListImagePipelineImages {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImagePipelineImages', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListImagePipelines {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImagePipelines', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListImageRecipes {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImageRecipes', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListImages {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImages', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListInfrastructureConfigurations {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListInfrastructureConfigurations', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub ListTagsForResource {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::ListTagsForResource', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub PutComponentPolicy {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::PutComponentPolicy', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub PutImagePolicy {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::PutImagePolicy', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub PutImageRecipePolicy {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::PutImageRecipePolicy', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub StartImagePipelineExecution {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::StartImagePipelineExecution', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub TagResource {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::TagResource', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub UntagResource {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::UntagResource', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub UpdateDistributionConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateDistributionConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub UpdateImagePipeline {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateImagePipeline', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub UpdateInfrastructureConfiguration {
my $self = shift;
my $call_object = $self->new_with_coercions('Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateInfrastructureConfiguration', @_);
return $self->caller->do_call($self, $call_object);
}
sub operations { qw/CancelImageCreation CreateComponent CreateDistributionConfiguration CreateImage CreateImagePipeline CreateImageRecipe CreateInfrastructureConfiguration DeleteComponent DeleteDistributionConfiguration DeleteImage DeleteImagePipeline DeleteImageRecipe DeleteInfrastructureConfiguration GetComponent GetComponentPolicy GetDistributionConfiguration GetImage GetImagePipeline GetImagePolicy GetImageRecipe GetImageRecipePolicy GetInfrastructureConfiguration ImportComponent ListComponentBuildVersions ListComponents ListDistributionConfigurations ListImageBuildVersions ListImagePipelineImages ListImagePipelines ListImageRecipes ListImages ListInfrastructureConfigurations ListTagsForResource PutComponentPolicy PutImagePolicy PutImageRecipePolicy StartImagePipelineExecution TagResource UntagResource UpdateDistributionConfiguration UpdateImagePipeline UpdateInfrastructureConfiguration / }
1;
### main pod documentation begin ###
=head1 NAME
Paws::ImageBuilder - Perl Interface to AWS EC2 Image Builder
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Paws;
my $obj = Paws->service('ImageBuilder');
my $res = $obj->Method(
Arg1 => $val1,
Arg2 => [ 'V1', 'V2' ],
# if Arg3 is an object, the HashRef will be used as arguments to the constructor
# of the arguments type
Arg3 => { Att1 => 'Val1' },
# if Arg4 is an array of objects, the HashRefs will be passed as arguments to
# the constructor of the arguments type
Arg4 => [ { Att1 => 'Val1' }, { Att1 => 'Val2' } ],
);
=head1 DESCRIPTION
EC2 Image Builder is a fully managed AWS service that makes it easier
to automate the creation, management, and deployment of customized,
secure, and up-to-date E<ldquo>goldenE<rdquo> server images that are
pre-installed and pre-configured with software and settings to meet
specific IT standards.
For the AWS API documentation, see L<https://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/WebAPI/imagebuilder-2019-12-02>
=head1 METHODS
=head2 CancelImageCreation
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item ImageBuildVersionArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CancelImageCreation>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CancelImageCreationResponse> instance
CancelImageCreation cancels the creation of Image. This operation can
only be used on images in a non-terminal state.
=head2 CreateComponent
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item Name => Str
=item Platform => Str
=item SemanticVersion => Str
=item [ChangeDescription => Str]
=item [Data => Str]
=item [Description => Str]
=item [KmsKeyId => Str]
=item [Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>]
=item [Uri => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateComponent>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateComponentResponse> instance
Creates a new component that can be used to build, validate, test, and
assess your image.
=head2 CreateDistributionConfiguration
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item Distributions => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Distribution>]
=item Name => Str
=item [Description => Str]
=item [Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateDistributionConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateDistributionConfigurationResponse> instance
Creates a new distribution configuration. Distribution configurations
define and configure the outputs of your pipeline.
=head2 CreateImage
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item ImageRecipeArn => Str
=item InfrastructureConfigurationArn => Str
=item [DistributionConfigurationArn => Str]
=item [ImageTestsConfiguration => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ImageTestsConfiguration>]
=item [Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImage>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImageResponse> instance
Creates a new image. This request will create a new image along with
all of the configured output resources defined in the distribution
configuration.
=head2 CreateImagePipeline
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item ImageRecipeArn => Str
=item InfrastructureConfigurationArn => Str
=item Name => Str
=item [Description => Str]
=item [DistributionConfigurationArn => Str]
=item [ImageTestsConfiguration => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ImageTestsConfiguration>]
=item [Schedule => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Schedule>]
=item [Status => Str]
=item [Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImagePipeline>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImagePipelineResponse> instance
Creates a new image pipeline. Image pipelines enable you to automate
the creation and distribution of images.
=head2 CreateImageRecipe
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item Components => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ComponentConfiguration>]
=item Name => Str
=item ParentImage => Str
=item SemanticVersion => Str
=item [BlockDeviceMappings => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::InstanceBlockDeviceMapping>]]
=item [Description => Str]
=item [Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImageRecipe>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateImageRecipeResponse> instance
Creates a new image recipe. Image recipes define how images are
configured, tested, and assessed.
=head2 CreateInfrastructureConfiguration
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item InstanceProfileName => Str
=item Name => Str
=item [Description => Str]
=item [InstanceTypes => ArrayRef[Str|Undef]]
=item [KeyPair => Str]
=item [Logging => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Logging>]
=item [SecurityGroupIds => ArrayRef[Str|Undef]]
=item [SnsTopicArn => Str]
=item [SubnetId => Str]
=item [Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>]
=item [TerminateInstanceOnFailure => Bool]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateInfrastructureConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::CreateInfrastructureConfigurationResponse> instance
Creates a new infrastructure configuration. An infrastructure
configuration defines the environment in which your image will be built
and tested.
=head2 DeleteComponent
=over
=item ComponentBuildVersionArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteComponent>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteComponentResponse> instance
Deletes a component build version.
=head2 DeleteDistributionConfiguration
=over
=item DistributionConfigurationArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteDistributionConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteDistributionConfigurationResponse> instance
Deletes a distribution configuration.
=head2 DeleteImage
=over
=item ImageBuildVersionArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImage>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImageResponse> instance
Deletes an image.
=head2 DeleteImagePipeline
=over
=item ImagePipelineArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImagePipeline>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImagePipelineResponse> instance
Deletes an image pipeline.
=head2 DeleteImageRecipe
=over
=item ImageRecipeArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImageRecipe>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteImageRecipeResponse> instance
Deletes an image recipe.
=head2 DeleteInfrastructureConfiguration
=over
=item InfrastructureConfigurationArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteInfrastructureConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::DeleteInfrastructureConfigurationResponse> instance
Deletes an infrastructure configuration.
=head2 GetComponent
=over
=item ComponentBuildVersionArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetComponent>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetComponentResponse> instance
Gets a component object.
=head2 GetComponentPolicy
=over
=item ComponentArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetComponentPolicy>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetComponentPolicyResponse> instance
Gets a component policy.
=head2 GetDistributionConfiguration
=over
=item DistributionConfigurationArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetDistributionConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetDistributionConfigurationResponse> instance
Gets a distribution configuration.
=head2 GetImage
=over
=item ImageBuildVersionArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImage>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImageResponse> instance
Gets an image.
=head2 GetImagePipeline
=over
=item ImagePipelineArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImagePipeline>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImagePipelineResponse> instance
Gets an image pipeline.
=head2 GetImagePolicy
=over
=item ImageArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImagePolicy>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImagePolicyResponse> instance
Gets an image policy.
=head2 GetImageRecipe
=over
=item ImageRecipeArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImageRecipe>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImageRecipeResponse> instance
Gets an image recipe.
=head2 GetImageRecipePolicy
=over
=item ImageRecipeArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImageRecipePolicy>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetImageRecipePolicyResponse> instance
Gets an image recipe policy.
=head2 GetInfrastructureConfiguration
=over
=item InfrastructureConfigurationArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetInfrastructureConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::GetInfrastructureConfigurationResponse> instance
Gets an infrastructure configuration.
=head2 ImportComponent
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item Format => Str
=item Name => Str
=item Platform => Str
=item SemanticVersion => Str
=item Type => Str
=item [ChangeDescription => Str]
=item [Data => Str]
=item [Description => Str]
=item [KmsKeyId => Str]
=item [Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>]
=item [Uri => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ImportComponent>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ImportComponentResponse> instance
Imports a component and transforms its data into a component document.
=head2 ListComponentBuildVersions
=over
=item ComponentVersionArn => Str
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListComponentBuildVersions>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListComponentBuildVersionsResponse> instance
Returns the list of component build versions for the specified semantic
version.
=head2 ListComponents
=over
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=item [Owner => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListComponents>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListComponentsResponse> instance
Returns the list of component build versions for the specified semantic
version.
=head2 ListDistributionConfigurations
=over
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListDistributionConfigurations>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListDistributionConfigurationsResponse> instance
Returns a list of distribution configurations.
=head2 ListImageBuildVersions
=over
=item ImageVersionArn => Str
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImageBuildVersions>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImageBuildVersionsResponse> instance
Returns a list of distribution configurations.
=head2 ListImagePipelineImages
=over
=item ImagePipelineArn => Str
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImagePipelineImages>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImagePipelineImagesResponse> instance
Returns a list of images created by the specified pipeline.
=head2 ListImagePipelines
=over
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImagePipelines>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImagePipelinesResponse> instance
Returns a list of image pipelines.
=head2 ListImageRecipes
=over
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=item [Owner => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImageRecipes>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImageRecipesResponse> instance
Returns a list of image recipes.
=head2 ListImages
=over
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=item [Owner => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImages>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListImagesResponse> instance
Returns the list of image build versions for the specified semantic
version.
=head2 ListInfrastructureConfigurations
=over
=item [Filters => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Filter>]]
=item [MaxResults => Int]
=item [NextToken => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListInfrastructureConfigurations>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListInfrastructureConfigurationsResponse> instance
Returns a list of infrastructure configurations.
=head2 ListTagsForResource
=over
=item ResourceArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListTagsForResource>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ListTagsForResourceResponse> instance
Returns the list of tags for the specified resource.
=head2 PutComponentPolicy
=over
=item ComponentArn => Str
=item Policy => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::PutComponentPolicy>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::PutComponentPolicyResponse> instance
Applies a policy to a component.
=head2 PutImagePolicy
=over
=item ImageArn => Str
=item Policy => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::PutImagePolicy>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::PutImagePolicyResponse> instance
Applies a policy to an image.
=head2 PutImageRecipePolicy
=over
=item ImageRecipeArn => Str
=item Policy => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::PutImageRecipePolicy>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::PutImageRecipePolicyResponse> instance
Applies a policy to an image recipe.
=head2 StartImagePipelineExecution
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item ImagePipelineArn => Str
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::StartImagePipelineExecution>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::StartImagePipelineExecutionResponse> instance
Manually triggers a pipeline to create an image.
=head2 TagResource
=over
=item ResourceArn => Str
=item Tags => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagMap>
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagResource>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::TagResourceResponse> instance
Adds a tag to a resource.
=head2 UntagResource
=over
=item ResourceArn => Str
=item TagKeys => ArrayRef[Str|Undef]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UntagResource>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UntagResourceResponse> instance
Removes a tag from a resource.
=head2 UpdateDistributionConfiguration
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item DistributionConfigurationArn => Str
=item Distributions => ArrayRef[L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Distribution>]
=item [Description => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateDistributionConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateDistributionConfigurationResponse> instance
Updates a new distribution configuration. Distribution configurations
define and configure the outputs of your pipeline.
=head2 UpdateImagePipeline
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item ImagePipelineArn => Str
=item ImageRecipeArn => Str
=item InfrastructureConfigurationArn => Str
=item [Description => Str]
=item [DistributionConfigurationArn => Str]
=item [ImageTestsConfiguration => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::ImageTestsConfiguration>]
=item [Schedule => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Schedule>]
=item [Status => Str]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateImagePipeline>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateImagePipelineResponse> instance
Updates a new image pipeline. Image pipelines enable you to automate
the creation and distribution of images.
=head2 UpdateInfrastructureConfiguration
=over
=item ClientToken => Str
=item InfrastructureConfigurationArn => Str
=item InstanceProfileName => Str
=item [Description => Str]
=item [InstanceTypes => ArrayRef[Str|Undef]]
=item [KeyPair => Str]
=item [Logging => L<Paws::ImageBuilder::Logging>]
=item [SecurityGroupIds => ArrayRef[Str|Undef]]
=item [SnsTopicArn => Str]
=item [SubnetId => Str]
=item [TerminateInstanceOnFailure => Bool]
=back
Each argument is described in detail in: L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateInfrastructureConfiguration>
Returns: a L<Paws::ImageBuilder::UpdateInfrastructureConfigurationResponse> instance
Updates a new infrastructure configuration. An infrastructure
configuration defines the environment in which your image will be built
and tested.
=head1 PAGINATORS
Paginator methods are helpers that repetively call methods that return partial results
=head1 SEE ALSO
This service class forms part of L<Paws>
=head1 BUGS and CONTRIBUTIONS
The source code is located here: L<https://github.com/pplu/aws-sdk-perl>
Please report bugs to: L<https://github.com/pplu/aws-sdk-perl/issues>
=cut
| 2024-05-05T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4928 |
@comment $NetBSD: PLIST,v 1.5 2020/05/25 13:43:16 taca Exp $
bin/posix-spawn-benchmark${RUBY_SUFFIX}
${GEM_HOME}/cache/${GEM_NAME}.gem
${GEM_EXTSDIR}/gem.build_complete
${GEM_EXTSDIR}/posix_spawn_ext.${RUBY_DLEXT}
${GEM_LIBDIR}/.gitignore
${GEM_LIBDIR}/.travis.yml
${GEM_LIBDIR}/COPYING
${GEM_LIBDIR}/Gemfile
${GEM_LIBDIR}/HACKING
${GEM_LIBDIR}/README.md
${GEM_LIBDIR}/Rakefile
${GEM_LIBDIR}/TODO
${GEM_LIBDIR}/bin/posix-spawn-benchmark
${GEM_LIBDIR}/ext/extconf.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/ext/posix-spawn.c
${GEM_LIBDIR}/lib/posix-spawn.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/lib/posix/spawn.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/lib/posix/spawn/child.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/lib/posix/spawn/version.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/lib/posix_spawn_ext.${RUBY_DLEXT}
${GEM_LIBDIR}/posix-spawn.gemspec
${GEM_LIBDIR}/test/test_backtick.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/test/test_child.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/test/test_helper.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/test/test_popen.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/test/test_spawn.rb
${GEM_LIBDIR}/test/test_system.rb
${GEM_HOME}/specifications/${GEM_NAME}.gemspec
| 2023-11-17T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1899 |
The present invention relates to a process for oligomerizing ethylene, in particular to 1-hexene, and to the catalytic composition used.
Processes for producing alpha olefins from ethylene generally result in a series of oligomers containing 4 to 30 carbon atoms and even more than 30 carbon atoms, and the olefins are then separated by distillation. The demand for lower olefins, essentially 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene, has been increasing over the past few years; they are used in particular as co-monomers with ethylene in the production of linear low density polyethylene.
Only a few catalysts exist that can selectively lead to the formation of a particular oligomer, as is the case when dimerizing ethylene to butene-1 with a titanium-based catalyst. However, chromium-based catalysts are known to result in the principal formation of 1-hexene, with more or less polyethylene, the proportion of butenes and octenes in the products being very low. (R. M. Manyik, W. E. Walker, T. P. Wilson, J. Catal., 1977, 47, 197 and J. R. Briggs, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1989, 674 and cited references). Catalysts for more or less selective ethylene trimerization have been claimed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,198,563, 5,288,823, and 5,382,738, European patent applications Nos. 0 608 447, 0 611 743 and 0 614 865. Such catalysts are prepared from a chromium salt and a metallic amide, in particular a pyrrole. Other catalysts use an aluminoxane and a chromium complex with a chelating phosphine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,305).
French patent application 2 764 524 describes a catalytic composition obtained by mixing at least one chromium compound with at least one aluminum aryloxy compound and at least one hydrocarbylaluminum compound, that has a particular selectivity for the formation of butene-1 and/or 1-hexene by ethylene oligomerization.
It has now been discovered that a catalytic composition obtained by mixing at least one chromium compound with at least one aryloxy compound of an element M selected from the group formed by magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium and with at least one hydrocarbylaluminum compound, has a particular selectivity for the formation of 1-hexene by ethylene oligomerization.
More precisely, said catalytic composition is obtained by mixing:
at least one chromium compound that can comprise one or more identical or different anions selected from the group formed by halides, carboxylates, acetylacetonates, alkoxy and aryloxy anions;
with at least one aryloxy compound of an element M selected from the group formed by magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, with general formula M(RO)2-nXn, where RO is an aryloxy radical containing 6 to 80 carbon atoms, X is a halogen or a hydrocarbyl radical containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms and n is a whole number that can take values of 0 to 2;
and with at least one aluminum compound selected from hydrocarbylaluminum compounds with general formula AlRxe2x80x2mY3-m, where Rxe2x80x2 is a hydrocarbyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, Y is a chlorine or bromine atom and m is a number from 1 to 3 (i.e., tris(hydrocarbyl)-aluminum compounds, chlorinated or brominated hydrocarbylaluminum compounds) and aluminoxanes.
The chromium compound can be a chromium (II) or chromium (III) salt, but also a salt with a different oxidation number that can comprise one or more identical or different anions such as halides, carboxylates, acetylacetonates or alkoxy or aryloxy anions. The chromium compounds preferably used in the invention are chromium (III) complexes as they are more accessible, but a chromium (I) compound or chromium (II) compound may also be suitable.
The chromium compounds selected can advantageously be dissolved in a hydrocarbon medium by complexing with an organic oxygen-containing compound such as an ether, an ester or a compound selected from acetates and ketals (these latter resulting from condensation of an aldehyde or a ketone with a monoalcohol or a polyalcohol) such as 2,2-di(2-ethylhexyloxy)propane.
The aryloxy compound of element M is selected from the group formed by magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, with (general formula M(RO)2-nXn, where RO is an aryloxy radical containing 6 to 80 carbon atoms. X is a halogen (chlorine or bromine) or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl radical containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, for example alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, substituted aryl or substituted cycloalkyl, preferably a hydrocarbyl residue containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is a whole number that can take values of 0 to 2.
Preferred aryloxy compounds of element M comprise an aryloxy radical RO with general formula:
where R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5, which may be identical or different, each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a hydrocarbyl radical, for example alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or aralkyl, substituted aryl or cycloalkyl, preferably containing 1 to 16 carbon atoms, more particularly 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Non limiting examples of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, ispropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethlylphenyl, or 2-methyl-2-phenylprop-1-yl residues.
Non-limiting examples of preferred aryloxy radicals that can be cited are: 4-phenylphenoxy, 2-phenylphenoxy, 2,6-diphenylphenoxy, 2,4,6-triphenylphenoxy, 2,3,5,6-tetraphenylphenoxy, 2-tert-butyl-6-phenylphenoxy, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-phenylphenoxy, 2,6-diisopropyphenoxy, 2,6-dimethylphenoxy 2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxy, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxy, 2,6-dichloro-4-tert-butylphenoxy and 2,6-dibromo-4-tert-butylphenoxy. When the aryloxy compound of element M is selected from aryloxides with general formula M(RO)2, the two aryloxy radicals can be carried by the same molecule, for example the biphenoxy radical, the binaphthoxy radical or the 1,8-naphthalene-dioxy radical, which may or may not be substituted by one or more alkyl, aryl or halogen radicals.
The preparation of the compound M(RO)2-nXn is known in the literature. Any process for preparing this compound is suitable, such as reacting a phenol ROH with a dialkylmetallic element in an organic solvent, for example a hydrocarbon or an ether.
The aluminum compounds used in the invention are selected from hydrocarbylaluminum-tris(hydrocarbyl)aluminum compounds, chlorinated or brominated hydrocarbylaluminum compounds and aluminoxanes. The tris(hydrocarbyl)aluminum compounds and chlorinated or brominated compounds of hydrocarbylaluminum are represented by general formula AlRxe2x80x2mY3-m where Rxe2x80x2 is a hydrocarbyl radical, preferably alkyl, containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, Y is a chlorine or bromine atom, preferably a chlorine atom, and m is a number from 1 to 3. Non-limiting examples that can be cited are: dichloroethylaluminum, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, chlorodiethyl-aluminum, chlorodiisobutylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum and methylaluminoxane. The preferred hydrocarbylaluminum compound is triethylaluminum.
The catalyst components can be brought into contact in a solvent comprising at least one saturated hydrocarbon such as hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, butane or isobutane, at least one unsaturated hydrocarbon such as a mono-olefin or a diolefin containing 4 to 20 carbon atoms, for example, and/or at least one aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene, mesitylene or ethylbenzene.
The chromium concentration in the catalytic solution can be in the range 1xc3x9710xe2x88x925 to 0.1 mole/l, preferably 5xc3x9710xe2x88x925 to 1xc3x9710xe2x88x922 mole/l. The mole ratio between the aryloxy compound of element M and the chromium compound can be from 1:1 to 30:1, preferably 1:1 to 20:1. The mole ratio between the hydrocarbylaluminum and the chromium compound is in the range 1:1 to 35:1, preferably 1:1 to 15:1.
The order of mixing the three constituents of the catalytic composition is not critical. However, the chromium compound is preferably mixed first with the aryloxy compound of element M, and then the hydrocarbylaluminum compound is added.
The ethylene oligomerization reaction can be carried out at a total pressure of 0.5 to 15 MPa, preferably 1 to 8 MPa, and at a temperature of 20xc2x0 C. to 180xc2x0 C., preferably 50xc2x0 C. to 160xc2x0 C.
In a particular batchwise implementation of the catalytic oligomerization reaction, prepared as described above, a set volume of the catalytic solution, prepared as described above, is introduced into a reactor provided with the usual stirring, heating and cooling means, then pressurized to the desired pressure with ethylene, and the temperature is adjusted to the desired value. The oligomerization reactor is then kept at a constant pressure by introducing ethylene until the total volume of the liquid produced represents, for example, 2 to 50 times the volume of the original catalytic solution introduced. The catalyst is then destroyed by any usual means known to the skilled person, and the reaction products and solvent are extracted and separated out.
For a continuous operation, the following is preferably carried out: the catalytic solution is injected at the same time as the ethylene, into a reactor stirred by conventional mechanical means or by external re-circulation, and kept at the desired temperature. The catalyst components can also be separately injected into the reaction medium, for example the product of the interaction of the chromium compound with the aryloxy compound of element M and the hydrocarbylaluminum compound. Ethylene is introduced via a pressure controlled inlet valve, which keeps the pressure constant. The reaction mixture is withdrawn using a liquid level controlled valve to maintain the liquid level constant. The catalyst is continuously destroyed using any means known to the skilled person, then the reaction products and the solvent are separated, for example by distillation. The non-transformed ethylene can be recycled to the reactor
The entire disclosure of all applications, patents and publications, cited above and below, and of corresponding French application 99/16509, filed Dec. 24, 1999, are hereby incorporated by reference.
The following examples illustrate the invention without limiting its scope. | 2024-06-01T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2231 |
Parkinson's disease: epidemiology, (differential) diagnosis, therapy, relation to dementia.
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative progressive disorder with a prevalence of 1% in the population above 65 years of age. Thus, Parkinson's disease (PD) is 5 times less common than senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). This article summarizes an epidemoliogical door to door survey on the prevalence of Parkinson syndromes in two German villages. It reviews the present possibilities to diagnose Parkinson's disease clinically and with pharmacological and imaging techniques. As 10-30% of Parkinson's disease patients become demented in the course of the disease, the question is addressed, how Parkinson's disease relates to SDAT. In addition, it is discussed, whether a global or focal deficit of cognitive function is present in Parkinson's disease. Finally, a new imaging technique based on the visualisation of dopamine uptake sites in the striatum by single photon computed emission tomography is presented. This technique may allow to diagnose Parkinson's disease in the very early clinical and may be even preclinical phase. | 2024-01-15T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2229 |
Q:
Kotlin Generics, correct syntax for type parameters
I have the following class, which basically gets a JSON string from AWS, then converts it to an instance of a data class...
class SecretsManager(region: String) {
private val gson = Gson()
private val smClient = AWSSecretsManagerClientBuilder.standard().withRegion(region).build()
fun <T> getSecret(id: String): T {
val req = GetSecretValueRequest().withSecretId(id)
val json = smClient.getSecretValue(req).getSecretString()
return gson.fromJson(json, T::class.java)
}
}
To be used like this...
val myInstance = SecretsManager("eu-west-2").getSecret<MyDataClass>("myId")
Currently, I get an error - Cannot use 'T' as reified type parameter. I can get around this by marking the function as inline and T as reified , but then I can't access the private attributes from within the function.
What's the best way to do this in Kotlin?
A:
You need to add another parameter to the getSecret method, and also need to add an inline reified method for that to work. See the code below
class SecretsManager(region: String) {
private val gson = Gson()
private val smClient = AWSSecretsManagerClientBuilder.standard().withRegion(region).build()
fun <T> getSecret(type: Class<T>, id: String): T {
val req = GetSecretValueRequest().withSecretId(id)
val json = smClient.getSecretValue(req).getSecretString()
return gson.fromJson(json, type)
}
inline fun <reified T> getSecret(id: String): T = getSecret(T::class.java, id)
}
| 2024-03-12T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9723 |
Permaculture in El Salvador
The Permaculture Institute of El Salvador (IPES) was founded in 2002, by a small group of farmers concerned about the destruction of their environment and way of life (Permacultura America Latina). Juan Rojas, a Salvadoran political and trade union activist, as well as a key figure in the solidarity movement, was the instigator of the organisation. Keen to revive the country’s agricultural potential after the war, he introduced the concept of permacultural design, which he learnt whilst exiled in Australia.
IPES is a grassroots organisation whose members are small-scale farmers. They use the ‘campesino a campesino’ approach to teach methods of ecological agriculture and sustainable living (Permaculture America Latina). “Our prime focus is on sustainable farming for family food production” (Karen Inwood, 31/07/10). In its infancy, IPES worked directly with self-selected communities, simply teaching them to farm in a more natural way. Karen Inwood, the British director, believes the organisation has developed in such a way that IPES will no longer go into communities directly, as it is for the best that heads of municipalities teach their peoples themselves. Once the community leaders, who become ‘promoters’, have learnt the necessary skills, it is more effective that they pass on their knowledge to create a sub-system of leaders, and therefore the permaculture network is built up with minimal intervention from the primary institute. The heads of communities acquire permacultural knowledge to share in their respective districts via the design course run by IPES.
Many people have lost the concept that they are able to solve their own problems and a dependence on aid from NGOs has evolved in places (Karen Inwood, 30/07/10). What makes IPES’ work different is that “the promoters are taught on the basis that they have a commitment to educate others, and with this methodology, it truly becomes a process within their community that doesn’t need outsiders to be part of.” (Karen Inwood, 30/07/10)
There are eight employees receiving a small salary at IPES, thus the institute relies heavily on its 25 voluntary staff. Together the team have just revised the curriculum of the design course and are currently writing a book to accompany it. The year long course is run for two or three days each month in the municipalities of the course attendants. The programme begins with an overview of El Salvador’s agricultural history, including how the land has changed and why. Participants are then introduced to the fundamental principles of permaculture: relying on natural resources, everything being interrelated and interactive, and every design attribute having more than one practicality and function (Karen Inwood, 30/07/10). “We open their hearts to the concept of a link with Mother Earth, and this also develops naturally as the course progresses” (Karen Inwood, 30/07/10). Groups of students then start designing a particular plot of land on paper. The designs are then put into practice, whilst learning techniques such as improving soil fertility, natural pest control and seed selection. The final module relates to permaculture in everyday life and how to enlighten others of its benefits. “Everything learnt on the course can be replicated without outside help, resources or technology” (Karen Inwood, 30/07/10). | 2023-09-08T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4105 |
Federal Complaint Says Southwest Airlines Profiled Muslim Student
Receive the latest national-international updates in your inbox
A Southwest airlines jet takes off from a runway at Love Field in Dallas, Thursday, April 23, 2015.
A religious rights organization has filed a complaint with federal authorities against Southwest Airlines for what the group says was racial and religious profiling of a Muslim passenger.
The Council on American-Islamic Relations filed a complaint with the Department of Transportation Wednesday on behalf of Khairuldeen Makhzoomi.
Makhzoomi, a student at the University of California, Berkeley, was yanked in April from a Southwest Airlines flight from Los Angeles to Oakland after mentioning a terrorist group's name during a telephone conversation in Arabic.
He has said he made a passing reference to Islamic State while telling his uncle about a speech he had attended by United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. | 2024-03-10T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6029 |
Q:
Can you tell me what is wrong with my Entity Framework Query?
I am trying to select an entity of type Member with this code in C#. I was watching a video tutorial and they do it just the same, but it doesn't work for me.
Member member = new Member();
var query = from m in db.Members where Member.MemberID == textBox1.Text
select m;
var currentMember = query.FirstOrDefault();
string CurrentID = M.MemberID;
There are no exceptions or stuff, but I get all of the currentMember's properties are null.
Any ideas to get the expected result?
A:
I think you might be mixing up your variables a little bit here. Let's try to clean this code up:
var memberQuery = from m in db.Members
where m.MemberID == textBox1.Text
// ^ you need to reference the MemberID by the query
// variable (m) not the class name (Member).
select m;
var member = memberQuery.SingleOrDefault();
// ^ when you only expect zero or one records from the
// database, use SingleOrDefault instead of
// FirstOrDefault, because it will throw an exception
// when more than one record is returned.
if (member != null)
// ^ always check to make sure that the database returned a value before trying
// to access any fields on the object.
{
string currentId = member.MemberID;
}
else
{
// a member with the given ID doesn't exist in the database
}
| 2023-09-04T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7902 |
Q:
know if a specific word exist in Array?
i have an array and i want to know if it countains a specific word or not for exemple microsoft-iis 7.5 ?
Array
(
[0] => HTTP/1.1 302 Found
[1] => Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, no-transform
[2] => Pragma: no-cache
[3] => Content-Length: 340
[4] => Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
[5] => Expires: -1
[6] => Server:microsoft-iis 7.5
)
thanks
A:
If you just want to know whether the string exists, you could run stripos on the imploded string:
if (false !== stripos(implode("\n", $headers), "microsoft-iis"))
{
// ...
}
(or strpos if you want case sensitivity).
| 2023-12-23T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6238 |
Interview: Artist Song Byeok’s journey out of North Korea
Artist Song Byeok was born in 1969 in North Korea. After working as a propaganda poster artist at a steel factory in Hwanghae province, he attempted to cross the Tumen River to find food in China with his father. In this interview, New Focus International introduces Song Byeok’s journey out of North Korea, and his struggles in South Korea to become a North Korean artist.
When did you defect from North Korea?
I tried to cross the Tumen River twice. The first attempt was in the summer of 2000. Out of unbearable hunger, my father and I planned to cross the river and come back with food from China. When we arrived at the riverbank, we realized how much the water level had risen due to the recent rainfall. But we didn’t have any money and could not go back home, so we just decided to go ahead and cross the river.
My father and I jumped in together. As I flailed about in the river, I saw my father’s body being hoisted upwards twice by the water. He was swept up by the current. When I screamed, he gestured with his hand that I should keep going. This is how I let my father go in the Tumen River. I was younger and had the strength to withstand the current, but at the time he had not eaten the last six meals.
You mentioned that you were planning to return to North Korea with food. How did you end up in South Korea?
There are not many North Korean defectors who plan to escape to South Korea from the very beginning. Most of them, including myself, could not stand the hunger and fled to China in the hopes of finding food.
After I lost my father, I approached the border guards on my own two feet. I wept, “Please save my father. He was swept away by the water.” But instead of helping me, they beat me senseless and took me to the Ministry of State Security agents in Hoeryeong.
My fantasies about the North Korean regime was shattered when I met the State Security officers. Before my attempt to cross the Tumen River, I had had no idea about the truth of the regime. I was simply looking for food. But the security agents questioned and tortured me. “Why did you attempt to go to China?” “Have you ever met up with a priest?” After fifteen days of interrogation, I was eventually sent off to a labor training camp.
(Editor’s note: Labor training camps propose “rehabilitation through labor” for criminals with minor offenses, who must work without wages for 15 days to six months, depending on the level of offense)
I wanted to die in the labor camp. The world didn’t feel human. I shuddered at the thought of how many people must have died here. I thought to myself, I would be better off dead. I wanted to die and be born again in a world without hunger. Even my hair turned white because I didn’t have enough nutrients.
After a few months, I was released from the labor training camp. I vowed to escape from this country even if dying in the process.
What happened to your right index finger?
I had been imprisoned in the labor camp in summer, so when winter came I didn’t have any winter clothes. Luckily, I eventually managed to obtain clothing from people released before me. But my fingers became frostbitten because there were no gloves. To make matters worse, a thorn got stuck in my index finger while I was cutting trees in the forest. The wound could have been cured easily with an antiseptic and bandage, but the camp did not provide any of that. So the wound in my finger festered and started to rot.
When I returned home from the camp, my younger sister made a fuss that I was going to die. But what made me more desperate than the pain in my finger was hunger. In a great rush, I ate the food that my sister gave me and passed out, making up for all the lost sleep. I was out cold; even when the doctor came and cut off two joints from my index finger, I didn’t wake up. This may sound unbelievable, but I wasn’t even anesthetized. Two joints were just gone when I woke up. I disinfected the wound with salt water, which was very painful. But the swelling went down pretty soon.
Who have helped you in the process of defecting?
I went to Tumen River one more time. There was no turning back. When I arrived at the riverbank around noon, there were a lot of people fishing and walking around freely, unlike at nighttime. I took off all my clothes save my underwear, and went to a group of people who were fishing in the water. I pretended to help them out and dove underwater. I couldn’t hold my breath for long, so I came up for air, went down underwater, came up again — after repeating this several times, I was in China.
I ran into the mountains in my underwear. After hiding out in the woods, I walked into a Chinese village. Everybody kicked me out. But a deacon of a church beckoned me over and gave me clothes to wear. He told me to hide in the attic because the rest of his house would be dangerous. Somebody had called the police and Chinese border guards were beginning to search the village.
I thought I was going to die when the guards arrived at the deacon’s house. His attic was full of rice gunnysacks; I found an empty sack and hid myself inside. I was shivering in between other full gunnysacks when the guards came up to the attic. I thought, now I am really dead. But they flashed their lights once around the room and stomped back downstairs. Had they looked more carefully, or felt the sacks individually, I would not have been alive today.
After the guards left, the deacon ran up to the attic. In between hugging and weeping, he asked me how I had hid myself. He then gave me boiled eggs and treated me very kindly. After I settled down in South Korea, I visited him again to give him my deepest thanks.
What drives you to make the most out of your new life in South Korea?
Guilt. There was no choice but to make the most out of life, in order to pay my debts to the people I have wronged.
I had a friend in North Korea called Lee Myung-hun (alias), who had emigrated to North Korea as a former member of the Association of Chosun People in Japan. When I was planning my escape, Myung-hun showed me a photograph of his grandmother and told me to contact his grandmother or uncle in China. I memorized all the names of his relatives and their birth dates.
Upon arrival in China, I thought, “The only way to make it alive to South Korea is by becoming Lee Myung-hun.” I contacted Myung-hun’s grandmother in China, and convinced his relatives when they tried to verify my identity. With their help, I arrived in South Korea more easily than other North Korean defectors usually do.
In January 2002, I arrived in Incheon Airport in South Korea. Journalists and employees from the National Intelligence Service greeted me. Myung-hun’s relatives hugged me and asked me, weeping, how I had stayed alive. I could not look at them in the eyes. I could not fool them any longer. So I told them the truth, apologizing and apologizing.
The only way to repay Myung-hun’s family for their kindness is by living a successful life in South Korea. I must live as genuinely as I can. If I lead a miserable and meaningless existence, what was the point of bringing me here?
You have had numerous exhibitions in the United States. How do you feel about your success?
My masters thesis at Hongik Art University was on Juche art in North Korea. During exhibition preparations, I could feel other people’s cold stares. Refusing to be discouraged, I approached my professor with the sole intention of opening a private exhibition. When I got the opportunity to showcase my art privately for a week in Insadong, Seoul, I decided to market myself and called a press outlet, informing them that I was a North Korean defector holding an art exhibition in Seoul.
After the coverage, people began to get more interested. My work was introduced in the Unification Observatory in Goseong; a group of cultural attachés from the U.S. came to the Insadong exhibition; and universities began to request lectures. I was happy to talk about the reality of North Korea through my own lips and artwork.
My success in the U.S. provided an opportunity for me to think more about raising awareness among South Koreans. When I showed my work in Atlanta in 2012, U.S., I was interviewed by CNN. After the CNN coverage, interest in my artwork grew. Lecture requests came from places like American University and Johns Hopkins. After my first positive experience in the U.S., I asked myself on the plane ride back to South Korea: “Why is South Korea less interested in North Korea than the U.S.? Aren’t the South and North supposed to be family?”
Did you study art in North Korea?
No. I couldn’t afford to go to university, and painted as a hobby. After I was assigned a job at a steel factory, I worked as a poster artist in its propaganda division, painting posters, slogans, bulletins, and other propaganda materials. I remember painting posters with the slogans, “Follow the Party A Thousand Miles” and “Protect Our Party Till Death.”
I could not paint as I wished and intended. I only made what the regime ordered. Back in North Korea, I thought this was how things were supposed to be.
What made you study art in South Korea?
I got a bachelors degree from a teacher’s college, but didn’t have the confidence to take the teaching examination. What do I really enjoy, and what am I really good at? The answer to my questions was painting, because nothing made my heart beat like the process of imagining what I would create on a white piece of paper.
Even after I started to paint, I continued to question what my subjects would be. Eventually I decided that the lives of North Koreans should be incorporated into my art. Art has its own philosophy. What is art? What is the freedom of art? What is freedom? When I encountered these questions, I began to search for the freedoms necessary to a human being. I wanted to paint the freedoms that North Koreans must have. I wanted to show the world that North Koreans are living a war every day, fighting for a single meal of food.
Any words of advice to the young North Korean defectors who give up on art due to financial reasons?
I remind myself to never forget the feeling of desperation that I felt in North Korea. In South Korea, I didn’t have much money left for food after paying the housing fees. So I ate mostly ramen, because it felt like a waste to spend the money on rice. I worked at a moving company and did other manual labor. I reminded myself, “I didn’t even have ramen back in North Korea.” Nothing is impossible if you remember the feeling of desperation back in North Korea.
What are your plans for the future?
My experience of defecting through China showed me how important it was to have the “freedom to be full.” I imagine it would be hard for North Koreans to return to North Korea after tasting the slice of freedom in China. Who can forget the experience of eating freely and fully? Someday, I want to show this freedom to the North Koreans who had to endure the heart-wrenching experience of losing their own children to hunger. My ultimate dream is to open an exhibition inside North Korea.
Paintings should provoke questions inside the viewer. But in North Korea, we must always paint for the Sun, and he must always be smiling brightly. Even if the artist is not happy he must express happiness. This is not real art.
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On the afternoon of the 15th of December, over thirty members of the North Korean Refugees Human Rights Association of Korea (NKR) sent 900kg of rice, across the Yeseong River in Ganghwa Country, Inch... | 2023-11-12T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7511 |
---
abstract: 'We analyze the properties of the energy landscape of [*finite-size*]{} fully connected $p$-spin-like models. In the thermodynamic limit the high temperature phase is described by the schematic Mode Coupling Theory of super-cooled liquids. In this limit the barriers between different basins are infinite below the critical dynamical temperature the ergodicity is broken on in infinite times. We show that [*finite-size*]{} fully connected $p$-spin-like models, where activated processes are possible, do exhibit properties typical of real super-cooled liquid when both are near the critical glass transition. Our results support the conclusion that fully-connected $p$-spin-like models are the natural statistical mechanical models for studying the glass transition in super-cooled liquids.'
address:
- |
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” and\
Istituto Nazionale Fisica della Materia, Unità di Roma\
P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- |
Physics Department, Faculty of Physics\
University of Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
author:
- 'A. Crisanti and F. Ritort'
title: Equilibrium and Aging Dynamics of Simple Models for Glasses
---
Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered}
============
In recent years a significant effort has been devoted to understand slow relaxation dynamics observed in many, apparently unrelated, systems such as structural glasses, spin glasses, disordered and granular materials or proteins among others. In such systems the characteristic relaxation time may change of many orders of magnitude if the external parameters, e.g. the temperature $T$, are slightly varied. As a consequence correlations display non-exponential behavior, and equilibration processes slow down giving rise to non-equilibrium phenomena known as aging.
The common denominator which makes all these systems displaying similar behavior near the (dynamical) critical temperature is the complexity of the energy landscape. The trajectory of the representative point in the configuration space can be viewed as a path in a multidimensional potential energy surface [@GO]. The dynamics is therefore strongly influenced by the topography of the potential energy landscape: local minima, barriers, basins of attraction an other topological properties all influence the dynamics.
The potential energy surface of a super-cooled liquid contains a large number of local minima, called [*inherent structures*]{} (IS) by Stillinger [@S95]. All states that under local energy minimization will flow into the same IS define the [*basin*]{} of the IS (valley). With this pictures in mind the time evolution of the system can be seen as the result of two different processes: thermal relaxation into basins ([*intra-basin*]{} motion) and thermally activated potential energy barrier crossing between different basins ([*inter-basin*]{} motion). When the temperature is lowered down to the order of the critical Mode Coupling Theory (MCT) temperature $T_{MCT}$ the inter-basin motion slows down and the relaxation dynamics is dominated by the slow thermally activated crossing of potential energy barriers [@SSDG99]. If the temperature is further reduced the relaxation time eventually becomes of the same order of the observation time and the system falls out of equilibrium since there is not enough time to cross barriers and equilibrate. This define the “experimental”glass transition temperature $T_g$.
The regime between $T_{MCT}$ and $T_g$ cannot be described by the MCT since it neglects activated processes responsible for barrier crossing. In MCT the relaxation time diverges at $T_{MCT}$, leading to $T_g=T_{MCT}$, and the dynamics remains confined into a single basin forever. Attempts to overcome these difficulties in MCT have been done, but probably the most clear picture comes from some spin-glass models. The essential features of MCT for glass-forming systems are also common to some fully connected spin glass models [@KT87], the most well known being the spherical $p$-spin spin glass model [@CS92; @CHS93]. We shall call these models [*mean-field $p$-spin-like*]{} glass models. The central point is that near $T_{MCT}$ the behavior of the system is mainly due to the IS organization (density, basins, barriers and so on), so that all systems with similar IS structure should have similar critical behavior.
In the thermodynamic limit the high-temperature phase – paramagnetic in the spin-glass language and liquid in glass language – of mean-field $p$-spin-like is described by the schematic MCT for super-cooled liquids [@G84; @CHS93]. As a consequence at the critical temperature, called $T_D$ in $p$-spin language, an ergodic to non-ergodic transition takes place. Below this temperature the system is dynamically confined to a metastable state (a basin) [@CS95] since relaxation to true equilibrium can only take place via activated processes, absent in mean-field models. Therefore in mean-field models, similar to what happens in MCT, at $T_D$ the relaxation time diverges. For these systems, nevertheless, it is known that the true equilibrium transition to a low temperature phase occurs below $T_D$ at the static critical temperature $T_c$, also denoted by $T_{1rsb}$ [@CS92]. This is the analogous of the Kauzmann temperature $T_k$ for liquids. The glass transition temperature $T_g$ of real systems sits somewhere in between $T_c$ and $T_D$. This transition, obviously, cannot be reached even on infinite time in mean-field models.
Despite these difficulties mean-field models, having the clear advantage of being analytically tractable, have been largely used to study the properties of fragile glassy systems, especially between the dynamical temperature $T_D$ and the static temperature $T_c$ where a real thermodynamic phase transition driven by the collapse of the configurational entropy takes place. The picture that emerges is however not complete since activated process cannot be captured by mean-field models. Therefore the relevance of mean-field results for real systems it is still not completely stated. Let us also remark that, despite the large amount of analytical work devoted to the study of the static as well as dynamical properties in the $N\to\infty$ limit, much less is known concerning the finite $N$ behavior.
In this work we investigate numerically [*finite-size*]{} fully-connected $p$-spin-like models, where activated processes [*are*]{} present. Comparing our results with the observed behavior of super-cooled liquids near $T_{MCT}$ we conclude that, once activated process are allowed, mean-field $p$-spin-like models are highly valuable for a deep understanding of the glass transition in real systems.
All results reported here are for the Ising-spin Random Orthogonal Model (ROM) [@MPR94; @PP95], however similar results are obtained using other $p$-spin-like models, as for example the Bernasconi Model and the Ising $p$-spin model. The advantage of ROM lies in its interaction term which is two-body, at difference with the $p$-body interaction of $p$-spin models, reducing computer memory problems. Moreover the use of Ising spins instead of continuous spins, as for the spherical $p$-spin model, allows for a larger configuration entropy and faster algorithms. Preliminary results for the spherical $p$-spin model are in qualitative agreement with those reported here.
Thermodynamics of Inherent Structures: How to evaluate the configurational entropy
==================================================================================
The Random Orthogonal Model model is defined by the Hamiltonian [@MPR94; @PP95], $$\label{eq:ham}
H = - 2 \sum_{ij} J_{ij}\, \sigma_i\, \sigma_j$$ where $\sigma_i=\pm 1$ are $N$ Ising spin variables, and $J_{ij}$ is a $N\times N$ random symmetric orthogonal matrix with $J_{ii}=0$. Numerical simulations are performed using the Monte Carlo method with the Glauber algorithm. For $N\to\infty$ this model has the same thermodynamic properties of the $p$-spin model: a dynamical transition at $T_D=0.536$, with threshold energy per spin $e_{th} = E_{th}/N = -1.87$, and a static transition at $T_c=0.25$, with critical energy per spin $e_{1rsb}= -1.936$ [@MPR94; @PP95].
The TAP analysis [@CS95; @PP95] reveals that the phase space visited is composed by an exponentially large (in $N$) number of different basins, each labelled by the value of the energy density $e$ at $T=0$, separated by infinitely large (for $N\to\infty$) barriers. The free energy of the $e$-TAP solution describes the thermodynamics within the basins labelled by $e$ and at $T=0$ coincides with the local minima potential energy, i.e., the IS of the system. The dynamical transition is associated with IS having the largest basin of attraction for $N\to\infty$, while the static transition with IS having the lowest accessible free energy [@CS95; @KW87].
In the mean-field limit, the allowed values of $e$ are between $e_{1rsb}$ and $e_{th}$. Solutions with $e$ larger than $e_{th}$ are unstable (saddles), while solutions with $e$ smaller than $e_{1rsb}$ have negligible statistical weight. Moreover in the $N\to\infty$ limit IS with $e=e_{th}$ attract most (exponentially in $N$) of the states and dominate the behavior of the system. Other IS are irrelevant for $N\to\infty$.
For finite $N$ the scenario is different since not only the basins of IS with $e < e_{th}$ acquire statistical weight, but it may happen that solutions with $e>e_{th}$ and few negative directions (saddles with few downhill directions) become stable, simply because there are not enough degrees of freedom to hit them.
To get more insight the IS-structure of finite systems we follow Stillinger and Weber [@SW82] and decompose the partition sum into a sum over basins of different IS and a sum within each basin. Collecting all IS with the same energy $e$, denoting with $\exp [N s_c(E)]\,de$ the number of IS with energy between $e$ and $e+de$, and shifting the energy of each basin with that of the associated IS, the partition sum can be rewritten as [@SW82] $$\label{eq:part}
Z_N(T)\simeq \int d e \exp\, N\,\left[-\beta e + s_c(e)
-\beta f(\beta,e)
\right]$$ where $f(\beta,e)$ can be seen as the free energy density of the system when confined in one of the basin associated with IS of energy $e$. The function $s_c(e)$ is the [*configurational entropy density*]{} also called [*complexity*]{}. From eq. (\[eq:part\]) we easily obtain the probability that an equilibrium configuration at temperature $T=1/\beta$ lies in a basin associated with IS of energy between $e$ and $e+de$: $$\label{eq:prob}
P_N(e,T) = \exp\, N\,\left[-\beta e + s_c(e)
-\beta f(\beta,e)
\right] / Z_N(T).$$ Taking the $N\to\infty$ limit we recover the mean-field results [@CS95; @MPR94; @PP95].
>From the partition function (\[eq:part\]) we can easily compute the average internal energy density given by $u(T) = \langle e +\partial (\beta f) / \partial \beta \rangle =$ $\langle e(T) \rangle + \langle \Delta e(T)\rangle$. The first term is the average energy of the IS relevant for the thermodynamics at temperature $T$, while the second term is the contribution from fluctuations inside the basin of the IS. The average is taken with the weight (\[eq:prob\]).
Since we are interested into the IS structure we shall concentrate on $\langle e(T) \rangle$. In the limit $N\to\infty$ the only relevant IS are those with $e=e_{th}$, and $\lim_{N\to\infty} \langle e(T) \rangle = e_{th}$ for any $T>T_D$. To measure $\langle e(T) \rangle$ for finite $N$ we perform the following experiment. First we equilibrate the system at a given temperature $T$, then starting from an equilibrium configuration we instantaneously quench it down to $T=0$. This is obtained by decreasing the energy along the steepest descent path. In this way we can identify the energy of the IS visited by the equilibrium trajectory. The experiment is repeated several times starting from uncorrelated equilibrium configurations at $T$ and the average IS energy is computed. In figure \[fig:e-is\] we report $\langle e(T)\rangle$ as a function of temperature $T$ for system sizes $N=48$, $300$ and $1000$. As expected, as $N$ increases $\langle e(T)\rangle$ tends towards $e_{th}$. From the numerical data we found that the plateau energy, approaches $e_{th}$ with the power law $\langle e_{plateau}\rangle - e_{th} \sim N^{-0.2}$, see inset Fig. \[fig:e-is\]. Note that since $N$ is finite we can equilibrate the system also below $T_D$, down to the glassy transition $T_g(N)$, about $0.35$ for $N=48$ and $0.5$ for $N=300$, below which the system falls out of equilibrium [@Note1].
The figure shows that for finite $N$ and $T$ not too close to $T_D$ the thermodynamics is dominated by IS with $e>e_{th}$. This is more evident from the (equilibrium) probability distribution of $e$ since it is centered about $\langle e(T)\rangle$ indicating that IS with $e\simeq \langle e(T)\rangle$ have the largest basins. This scenario has been also observed in real glass-forming systems[@OTW88; @SDS98; @SST98; @Parisi; @KST99].
>From the knowledge of IS-energy distribution we can reconstruct the complexity $s_c(e)$. In the temperature range where eq. (\[eq:prob\]) is valid, we have $$\label{eq:compl}
s_c(e) = \ln P_N(e,T) + \beta e + \beta f(\beta,e) +
\ln Z_N(T)$$ If energy dependence of $f(\beta,e)$ can be neglected, then it is possible to superimpose the curves for different temperatures. The resulting curve is, except for an unknown constant, the complexity $s_c(e)$. The curves obtained for system sizes $N=48$ and $300$ and various temperatures between $T=0.4$ and $T=1.0$ are shown in figure \[fig:compl\] (a). The data collapse is rather good for $e < -1.8$. Above the curves cannot be superimposed anymore indicating that the energy dependence of $f(\beta,e)$ cannot be neglected. In liquid this is called the anharmonic threshold [@SKT99; @BH99]. To compare the result with the known analytical predictions for the ROM each curve in the figure has been translated to maximize the overlap with the theoretical prediction for $s_c(e)$ [@PP95]. The dotted line is the quadratic best fit from which we can estimate the critical energy $e_c\simeq -1.944$ as the value where $s_c(e)$ vanishes in good agreement with the theoretical result $e_{1rsb}=-1.936$ [@PP95].
Direct consequence of $f(\beta,e) \simeq f(\beta)$ for $e<-1.8$ is that in this range the partition function can be written as the product of an intra-basin [@Note2] contribution \[$\exp(-N\beta f$)\] and of a configurational contribution which depends only on the IS energy densities distribution. The system can then be considered as composed by two independent subsystems: the intra-basin subsystem describing the equilibrium when confined within basins, and the IS subsystem describing equilibrium via activated processes between different basins. As the temperature is lowered and/or $N$ increased the two processes get more separated in time and the separation into two subsystems becomes more and more accurate. A scenario typical of super-cooled liquids near the MCT transition [@ST97; @SSDG99].
The form of $f(\beta)$ for the specific system can be computed studying the motion near the IS, for example using an harmonic approximation [@SKT99; @BH99]. However, this usually gives only a small corrections to thermodynamic quantities for $T$ close to $T_D$ [@SKT99; @BH99] and we do not consider it here.
Another important consequence of the separation into two subsystems is that in eq. (\[eq:prob\]) $f(\beta,e)$ can be neglected since it cancels with the equal term coming from the denominator. Therefore from the knowledge of $s_c(e)$ we can easily compute the average IS energy density $\langle e(T)\rangle$. For large $N$ this is given by the saddle point estimate, see eq. (\[eq:prob\]): $$\label{eq:eav}
\max_{e}\, \left[-\beta\, e + s_c(e) \right].$$ The result obtained using for $s_c(e)$ the quadratic best-fit of figure \[fig:compl\] (a) is the dotted line shown in Fig. \[fig:e-is\]. The agreement with the direct numerical data is good already for $N=300$. >From the form of $\langle e(T)\rangle$ for large $N$ we can identify the static critical temperature $T_c\simeq 0.3$ as the temperature below which $\langle e(T)\rangle$ remains constant, not far from the theoretical results $T_c=0.25$ [@PP95].
To have a check of our results we have computed the configurational entropy density using a different approach [@SKT99]. When the IS subsystem is in thermal equilibrium then the temperature dependence of the configurational entropy density can be evaluated from the thermodynamic relation $$\label{eq:entro}
\frac{d\, s_c(T)}{d\, \langle e(T)\rangle} = \frac{1}{T}$$ integrating the $T$ dependence of $d\,\langle e(T)\rangle / T$. Using the data of figure \[fig:e-is\] we obtain the curves shown in figure \[fig:compl\] (b). The line is the result valid for large $N$ obtained from the quadratic best fit of $s_c(e)$ \[figure \[fig:compl\] (a)\]. The agreement for $N=300$ and $1000$ is rather good. Note that increasing $N$ reduces the IS energy range explored by the system for a given fixed Montecarlo simulation length. This in turn reduces the temperature range in figure \[fig:compl\] (b).
To have a statistical description of the energy landscape we also investigated cross correlations among IS and equilibrium configurations at $T$. It emerges that while the equilibrium configuration is highly correlated with the corresponding IS, different IS are uncorrelated. Moreover the probability distribution of IS-IS overlaps is a Gaussian centered in zero and variance which goes to zero as $N$ increases. The analysis of triplet of IS does not reveal any particular organization of states. This result, characteristic of the Random Energy Model [@DERRIDA], is known to hold also for multispin interaction spin-glass models.
Non-equilibrium behavior: the role of activated processes
=========================================================
More informations on the IS structure can be obtained from non-equilibrium relaxation processes. To study the non-equilibrium dynamics we quench at time zero the system from an initial equilibrium configuration at temperature $T_i>T_g$ to a final temperature $T_f<T_g$ and study the evolution of the average IS energy per spin $\langle e(t)\rangle$ as function of time. This is obtained by regularly quenching the system down to $T=0$ to calculate the instantaneous IS energy. The result for a system of $N=300$ spins and initial temperature $T_i= 3$ is shown in figure \[fig:e-aging\] (b) for final temperature $T_f=0.1$, $0.2$, $0.3$ and $0.4$. The average is over different equilibrium initial configurations at $T_i$.
The analysis of the figure reveals that the relaxation process can be divided into two different regimes. A first regime independent of $T_f$, and a second regime independent of both $T_i$ and $T_f$. The final temperature $T_f$ controls the cross-over between the two regimes. A similar behavior has been observed in molecular dynamics simulations of super-cooled liquids [@KST99]. We note that in our case since we use discrete variables, and hence a faster dynamics, we do not have the very-early regime observed in [@KST99] where $\langle e(t)\rangle$ is almost independent of $t$.
The two regimes are associated with different relaxation processes. In the first part the system has enough energy and relaxation is mainly due to [*path search*]{} out of basins through saddles of energy lower than $k_{B}T_f$. This part depends only on the initial equilibrium temperature $T_i$ since it sets the initial phase space region. Different $T_i$ leads to different power law. In particular relaxation must slow down as $T_i$ decreases since we expect that lower states are surrounded by higher barriers. This expectation is supported by our numerical data. In figure \[fig:e-agi2\] we report the behavior of $\langle e(t)\rangle$ as function of time for different initial temperatures. The slowing own of the first regime is clearly seen.
During this process the system explores deeper and deeper valleys (basins) while decreasing its energy. The process stops when all barrier heights become of $O(k_{B}T_f)$. >From now on the relaxation proceeds only via activated process. A first consequence is that lower the final temperature $T_f$ shorter the first relaxation, in agreement with our findings \[See figures \[fig:e-aging\] and \[fig:e-agi2\]\].
The analysis of the distance between the instantaneous system state and the corresponding IS, counting the number of single spin flip needed to reach the IS, reveals that for all times the systems stays in configurations few spin flips away from an IS. The number ranging from $8-9$ for short times to $1-2$ at larger times. A similar study starting from equilibrium configurations at temperature $T_e(\langle e(t)\rangle)$ evaluated comparing panels (a) and (b) of figure \[fig:e-aging\] [@KST99] leads to similar numbers. We then conclude that during relaxation the aging system explores the same type of minima (and basins) visited in equilibrium at temperature $T_e$. Direct consequence is that once the system has reached the activated regime there cannot be memory of the initial $T_i$, and all curves with different $T_i$ but same $T_f$ should collapse for large time \[figure \[fig:e-agi2\]\].
To have more confidence with this picture of relaxation we have studied the distance from the instantaneous configurations and the nearest saddle to a different basin. This is done by counting the number of spin flips needed to reach the saddle through the [*less steep*]{} path, i.e., the path that gives the minimum increase of energy at each spin flip. A typical result is shown in figure \[fig:flip\]. Note the strong slowing down at the “kink” where the relaxation law changes.
Finally in figure \[fig:e-flip\] it is shown the average IS energy of IS reached by crossing the saddle nearest to the instantaneous configuration. Note that for short time the crossing leads to IS with similar energies. By comparison we also report the analogous curve obtained starting from the instantaneous IS. In this case the energy is much lower. The picture changes near the kink where both curves merges. Moreover for longer times both curves are above the true relaxation curve, indicating that the system does not relaxes passing through the [*less steep*]{} path. Indeed this is a very special path which may be difficult to find. Higher saddles require higher activation energy but can be found more easily and dominate the relaxation dynamics. More detailed studies of barriers heights and exit time are in progress.
Conclusions
===========
To summarize, in this work we have shown that [*finite-size*]{} mean-field $p$-spin-like models are good candidates for studying the glass transition. The key point is that near the glass transition the thermodynamics of the systems is dominated by the IS distributions, therefore all systems with similar IS distributions should have similar behavior. Finite-size mean-field $p$-spin-like models have the double advantage of being analytically tractable for $N\to\infty$ and easily simulated numerically for finite $N$, offering good models to analyze the glass transition. Finally we note that the analysis presented in this paper opens the way for the study of generic glass and spin-glass models (such as the Edwards-Anderson model) where a careful study of the thermodynamics associated to the IS has never been considered.
We thank for useful discussions C. Donati, U. Marini Bettolo, F. Sciortino and P. Tartaglia.
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| 2023-12-01T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3494 |
Use of residual volume as a marker for enteral feeding intolerance: prospective blinded comparison with physical examination and radiographic findings.
High gastric residual volumes (RVs) are a frequent cause for cessation of total enteral nutrition (TEN). This study was designed to determine the RV that indicates intolerance or inadequate gastric emptying and to compare the RV findings in a blinded fashion with those findings obtained on physical examination and radiography. Twenty healthy normal volunteers (HNV), 8 stable patients with gastrostomy tubes (GTP), and 10 critically ill patients (CIP) were evaluated prospectively for 8 hours while receiving TEN. No subjects were clearly intolerant (ie, vomiting, aspiration). Of the total RVs recorded, 13.1% were greater than or equal to 150 mL in the CIP group, whereas only 2.4% of the RVs were greater than or equal to 150 mL in the HNV group. None of the RVs in the GTP group were greater than or equal to 150 mL. Objective scores on physical examination failed to correlate with RV (p = .397), as did objective scores on radiography (p = .742). However, objective scores on physical examination were significantly related to scores on radiography (p = .016). Abnormal physical examination findings were found in 4 out of 11 patients (GTP + CIP) with RVs less than 100 mL and in 6 out of 7 with RVs greater than or equal to 100 mL. Abnormal radiographic results were found in 6 out of 11 patients with RVs less than 100 mL, in 7 out of 7 patients with RVs greater than or equal to 100 mL, and in 4 out of 20 HNVs. There was no difference in RVs obtained from the supine or right lateral decubitus positions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | 2024-06-07T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1659 |
Health and Safety Code section 1278.5*fn1 is a whistleblower protection law designed to encourage health care workers to notify authorities of "suspected unsafe patient care and conditions." (§ 1278.5, subd. (a).) One of the issues we must decide is whether a doctor claiming he lost his hospital privileges as a form of whistleblower retaliation must exhaust his judicial remedy of pursuing review, via writ of mandate, of the hospital's action before he can file a whistleblower lawsuit under section 1278.5. A section 1278.5 claim cannot be asserted in writ proceedings, so applying the exhaustion requirement would delay relief for a whistleblower.
In two recent cases interpreting the California Whistleblower Protection Act (Gov. Code, § 8547 et seq.), the California Supreme Court held that a state employee sanctioned by an agency need not file a mandate petition against the agency before suing it under the whistleblower statute. The court recognized the Legislature's intent to encourage employees to report threats to public health without fear of retribution. (Runyon v. Board of Trustees of California State University (2010) 48 Cal.4th 760, 763, 774; State Bd. of Chiropractic Examiners v. Superior Court (2009) 45 Cal.4th 963, 977-978.) For the same reason, prior filing of writ proceedings also is not required here.
Dr. Mark T. Fahlen reported to hospital authorities that some nurses who worked with him at Memorial Medical Center failed to follow his instructions. In some instances, he believed the nurses endangered patients' lives. One nurse refused to follow Fahlen's order to shock a patient with defibrillator paddles. Another disobeyed Fahlen's order to transfer a patient to intensive care. Some of these incidents involved heated exchanges between Fahlen and the nurses, and complaints were made about Fahlen's behavior as well.
The hospital's chief operating officer allegedly blamed Fahlen and helped persuade Fahlen's medical group to fire him. The hospital then declined to renew Fahlen's staff privileges. A judicial review committee of six physicians reviewed the non-renewal of Fahlen's staff privileges. It found no professional incompetence and reversed the decision. The hospital board of trustees then reversed the committee. The board found that Fahlen's conduct was not acceptable and was "directly related to the quality of medical care at the Hospital." This outcome was reported to the Medical Board of California. Fahlen did not file a petition for a writ of mandate challenging the decision. Instead, he filed this lawsuit, asserting a section 1278.5 claim among others.
This appeal is from an order denying the hospital's anti-SLAPP motion. (Code Civ. Proc., § 425.16.) The crucial issue is presented by the hospital's contention that the motion should have been granted because Fahlen's whistleblower claim will be defeated on the merits due to his failure to pursue writ relief. In light of our holding on the exhaustion issue, we reject that contention. We conclude the trial court correctly denied the motion with respect to the section 1278.5 cause of action and one other. As to the remaining causes of action, however, we must reverse, because the exhaustion requirement does apply to them.
The Legislature's intent in enacting section 1278.5 is clear: Medical personnel must be protected from retaliation when they report conditions that endanger patients. This policy of putting patients first would be undermined if retaliation victims had to pursue writ review before seeking the statute's protection.
This case illustrates why this is true. Fahlen reported what he thought were serious threats to patient safety. The hospital expelled him. A committee of his peers found that he should retain his staff privileges, but the hospital persisted. If we accepted the hospital's argument in this case, Fahlen could have to spend years pursuing writ relief before being able even to assert his whistleblower claim in court. This type of delay is incompatible with the Legislature's goals.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORIES
Plaintiff and respondent Mark T. Fahlen is a nephrologist, a physician specializing in the treatment of diseases of the kidneys. Prior to June 2008, he was employed by Gould Medical Group (Gould). Fahlen was granted provisional staff privileges at Memorial Medical Center (MMC) in 2003 and was granted medical staff privileges at MMC in September 2004. MMC is operated by defendant and appellant Sutter Central Valley Hospitals.
Twice in 2004 and twice in 2006, Fahlen argued with nurses who failed to follow his directions concerning the care and treatment of patients. Between August 16, 2007 and April 28, 2008, there were six other incidents in which Fahlen had negative interactions with particular nurses providing care to Fahlen's patients. On many of these occasions, Fahlen reported the substandard or insubordinate nursing activity to nursing supervisors or by written complaint to MMC administration.
Around the beginning of May 2008, after the last of Fahlen's negative interactions with nursing staff, defendant and appellant Steve Mitchell, MMC's chief operating officer, contacted Gould's medical director with information concerning Fahlen's interactions with MMC's nursing staff. Mitchell testified at the peer review hearing that he contacted Gould's director in the hope that the director would meet with Fahlen, that Fahlen would become angry during the meeting, and that Gould would terminate Fahlen's employment as a result of the director's "own personal experiences" in such a meeting. Mitchell said his hope was that if Fahlen were fired by Gould he would leave town, with the net effect being to eliminate the need for peer review proceedings by MMC's medical staff. "Or at least that is my plan," Mitchell wrote in an earlier e-mail to MMC's chief executive officer.
Gould terminated Fahlen's at-will employment contract on May 14, 2008. Since the termination also resulted in the cancellation of Fahlen's medical malpractice insurance, Fahlen was immediately unable to continue treating patients at MMC. On May 30, 2008, Fahlen met with Mitchell to determine the status of Fahlen's staff privileges at MMC, because Fahlen intended to open a private medical practice in Modesto. At that meeting, according to Fahlen, Mitchell advised Fahlen that he should leave Modesto and that if he did not do so, MMC would begin an investigation and peer review that would result in a report of disciplinary proceedings to the Medical Board of California. Fahlen advised Mitchell that he intended to stay in town. Ten days later, MMC made a written request to Fahlen that he provide information concerning his interactions with nurses on five occasions, beginning in December 2007. Fahlen provided a written response dated June 10, 2008. Three days prior to this meeting, after Fahlen had scheduled the meeting with Mitchell, Mitchell sent an e-mail to MMC's chief executive officer stating that Fahlen "does not get it"--that is, as Mitchell testified, that Fahlen was going to lose his staff privileges at MMC. The chief executive officer responded: "Looks like we need to have the Medical Staff take some action on his MedQuals!!! Soon!"
MMC appointed an investigative committee, which reported to the Medical Executive Committee (MEC) at its meeting on August 11, 2008. MEC is charged under the bylaws of MMC's medical staff with the review of applications for staff privileges at MMC and for the initiation of corrective or disciplinary action against medical staff. At the August 11, 2008, meeting, MEC recommended that MMC not renew Fahlen's staff privileges.
MEC notified Fahlen of its decision, and of his right to contest that decision, by letter dated August 28, 2008. Fahlen responded by letter from his attorney, requesting a hearing. By letter of dated October 2, 2008, MMC advised Fahlen that the review hearing would be conducted by a Judicial Review Committee (JRC) in accordance with the procedures contained in the bylaws. The letter also included a statement of charges against Fahlen, including 17 incidents of disruptive or abusive behavior toward MMC staff occurring from 2004 through 2008, and one incident of "abusive and contentious behavior" during a 2008 interview with the MEC's appointed investigative committee.
The JRC, composed of six physicians with staff privileges at MMC, and with an attorney as hearing officer, conducted an evidentiary hearing on the proposed termination of Fahlen's staff privileges over 13 sessions between October 8, 2009 and May 24, 2010. By written findings and conclusions unanimously adopted and issued on June 14, 2010, the JRC concluded that MEC "did not sustain its burden of proving that its recommendation not to reappoint Dr. Fahlen to the Medical Staff of Memorial Medical Center for medical disciplinary cause or reason is reasonable and warranted."
The JRC found that Fahlen's "interaction with the nursing staff at Memorial Medical Center was inappropriate and not acceptable" "on several occasions." In essence, the JRC concluded the medical staff should have intervened earlier with Fahlen, but failed in its responsibility to do so, leaving the matter to the administrators of MMC. MMC, in turn, delegated the primary responsibility for investigation of the matter to an outside attorney, whose investigative report, though highly influential with MEC, failed to consider other options, such as counseling. As a result, MEC failed to consider "intermediate steps short of recommending loss of Medical Staff privileges ...." The JRC concluded that the evidence before it did "not establish any professional incompetence on the part of [Fahlen]." Similarly, the evidence did "not establish that any behavior of [Fahlen] was, or is, reasonably likely to be detrimental to patient safety." Further, after MEC recommended termination of privileges, Fahlen "voluntarily obtained psychological counseling and attended anger management sessions." Fahlen's behavior "has appreciably improved." To the extent the evidence indicated that, prior to the MEC recommendation, anyone's conduct was "detrimental to the delivery of patient care, the nursing staff ... was more to blame for such conduct than was [Fahlen]." The JRC reversed the MEC decision not to reappoint Fahlen to the MMC medical staff.
Pursuant to the medical staff bylaws, the final decision on termination of medical staff privileges rests with the MMC board of trustees. The board determined that it "need[ed] the JRC's assistance" in fulfilling its duties under the bylaws and, by letter dated September 16, 2010, propounded 21 questions, with subsidiary parts, to the JRC, asking whether each alleged incident of misconduct occurred, what findings the JRC made with respect to the individual charge, and "[w]hat evidence produced at the hearing was considered in making those findings of fact?" The board requested the JRC's response within 30 days.
The JRC met and considered the board's request. It determined that answering the board's questions would require its members to read the entire transcript of the proceedings, together with the documentary evidence, and that the request was unreasonable. As a result, the JRC advised the board that "the Board will have to proceed on the basis of all the materials available to it at this time, including the Findings of Fact and Conclusion that was previously rendered by the Judicial Review Committee."
In a lengthy letter to Fahlen's attorneys from MMC's chief executive officer dated January 7, 2011, the board conveyed its decision "to reverse the JRC's decision and not to reappoint [Fahlen] to the medical staff." The board was critical of the JRC's findings and conclusions, which the board characterized as "unlinked to any factual support in the hearing record." In summary, the board concluded from its own review of the evidence at the JRC hearing that Fahlen's conduct "was inappropriate and not acceptable, [and was] directly related to the quality of medical care at the Hospital." Fahlen did not seek judicial review of this determination. MMC subsequently filed a report of disciplinary action with the Medical Board of California.
On March 9, 2011, Fahlen filed a complaint for damages and injunctive and declaratory relief against Sutter Central Valley Hospitals and Steve Mitchell. The first cause of action alleged retaliation in violation of section 1278.5, which prohibits any health facility from retaliating against, among others, members of its medical staff because the member has presented a complaint or report concerning quality of care, services, or conditions at the facility. (See § 1278.5, subd. (b)(1).) The second cause of action requested a declaratory judgment "pursuant to ... Business and Professions Code Section 803.1."*fn2 The third cause of action is for interference with the right to practice an occupation. The fourth cause of action is for intentional interference with Fahlen's contractual relations with Gould.*fn3 The fifth cause of action is for interference with prospective advantage, including loss of reputation and loss of the directorship of the Merced Dialysis Center. The sixth cause of action is for retaliation against Fahlen for "advocat[ing] for appropriate care for [his] patients," in violation of Business and Professions Code sections 510 and 2056. The seventh cause of action is for wrongful termination of Fahlen's hospital privileges. Along with damages and declaratory relief, Fahlen sought an injunction ordering his reinstatement to the medical staff of MMC.
Defendants demurred to the complaint and filed an anti-SLAPP motion. After extensive briefing and submission of evidence, the court overruled the demurrer and denied the anti-SLAPP motion. With respect to the order on the anti-SLAPP motion, the court concluded that Fahlen's causes of action did not arise from "protected activity" as described in Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16 because "disciplinary action is not protected activity." In addition, the court concluded, "plaintiff has established a prima facie case that he will prevail on the merits," requiring denial of the motion under Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1).
DISCUSSION
I. The parties' contentions
The parties make several overarching arguments. Defendants' primary arguments are: First, that all of Fahlen's causes of action arise from protected activity as contemplated by Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16 since the California Supreme Court has held that hospital peer review proceedings are official proceedings authorized by law. (See Kibler v. Northern Inyo County Local Hospital Dist. (2006) 39 Cal.4th 192, 203 [construing Code Civ. Proc., § 425.16, subd. (e)(2)] (Kibler).) As a result, the trial court's first basis for denying the motion was erroneous. Second, defendants contend Fahlen's failure to seek judicial review of the MMC board's final administrative decision makes that determination final and precludes, as a matter of fundamental jurisdiction, an attack on that decision in collateral judicial proceedings ...
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Acute myocarditis.
Myocarditis is defined as inflammation of the myocardium accompanied by myocellular necrosis. Acute myocarditis must be considered in patients who present with recent onset of cardiac failure or arrhythmia. Often there is a history of an antecedent flu-like illness. Fulminant myocarditis is a distinct entity characterized by sudden onset of severe congestive heart failure or cardiogenic shock, usually following a flu-like illness. Giant cell myocarditis is a rare, frequently fatal disorder of unknown origin characterized by presence of giant cell inflammatory infiltrate in the myocardium. In recent years we have made good progress in understanding the causes, pathogenesis, natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of myocarditis. However, our knowledge is still far from complete. New information that extends our understanding of myocarditis is being reported constantly. This review summarizes recent advances in myocarditis, with an emphasis on the literature during the last year. | 2023-10-20T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5102 |
Traditionally, software release management for a proven combination of a production computing system and a development computing system is used to create changes for transport to the production computing system. In an environment with both a vendor and associated customers developing synergistic software, and where the production computing system is continuously updated with new software version from the vendor, both software developers and users wish to see the new software versions before the new software versions are used in a production computing system. A synchronization failure between the different software development efforts can result in software failures in not only the development computing system, but also in the production computing system. | 2024-07-18T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2280 |
To date, many compounds for controlling harmful arthropods have been developed and come into practical use. WO 01/70671 and WO 03/015518 disclose certain amide compounds having an arthropod-controlling activity. | 2024-04-22T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5769 |
A turbocharger may include variable turbine geometry using vanes in front of a turbine wheel. | 2024-06-27T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7319 |
Intervertebral disc calcification with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.
A 6-year-old girl presented to hospital with a 4 day history of increasing neck pain. White blood cell count was normal with slightly raised C-reactive protein. The patient had a limited range of neck movement, and experienced enhanced pain with neck extension. X-ray and cervical computed tomography (CT) confirmed the diagnosis of cervical intervertebral disc calcification (IDC) and IDC with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), respectively. The symptoms improved after approximately 1 week following rest and oral acetaminophen. X-ray 6 months after onset confirmed the disappearance of the calcification. IDC is often reported in children, but IDC with OPLL is extremely rare and has not been previously reported in Japan. We believe that IDC with or without OPLL in children has a good prognosis when treated conservatively. | 2024-04-17T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8480 |
Food products containing cannabis extract (edibles) have emerged as a popular and lucrative facet of the legalized market for both recreational and medicinal cannabis. The many formulations of cannabis extracts used in edibles present a unique...
RTI International has extensive experience implementing international donor-funded programs and projects, including single-sector and multisector policy and service-delivery improvement efforts, as well as governance and public management reforms...
Presents the results of a simulation study that evaluates the design effects associated with subsampling household members on personal victimization rates based on the 2008 National Crime Victimization Survey.
Describes how HIV-prevention interventions for South African women can be accomplished with a multilevel, collaborative response from government, community, and international partners using multiple prevention strategies and fostering sustainability.
RTI uses cookies to offer you the best experience online. By continuing to use our website, you agree to the use of cookies. If you would like to know more about cookies and how to manage them please view our Privacy Policy. | 2024-01-03T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4080 |
Q:
Web server options for Ruby 2.0?
I wanted to know which is the best web server to use with heroku running ruby 2.0.
I'm currently running puma but cannot take full advantage of it without rubinius or jruby. I don't want to change my interpreter from ruby 2.0 native.
My goal is to have a web server that scales efficiently as I scale up my heroku dynos.. Thus, helping me serve as many concurrent users as possible.
A:
The first part of the decision is if your application is considered thread safe.
Out of the box Rails < 4.0 is not! If you want it to work on multiple requests at the same time, you need a server that is capable of forking. Most prominent example: Unicorn. Heroku suggests that for Rails apps.
However, if your app is not limiting itself to one thread:
I suggest to use puma. It does support multiple threads on a single dyno. Even with MRI.
As said on pumas official website it uses significantly less memory than unicorn.
I honestly don't know what you mean by "cannot take full advantage". The only problem you might run into is, independent of the platform it runs on, that your application is thread safe.
My goal is to have a web server that scales efficiently as I scale up my heroku dynos.. Thus, helping me serve as many concurrent users as possible.
Once you spin up multiple dynos, the webservers will be started on each dyno independent of each other. I don't see any special needs for this scenario.
| 2024-01-19T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4688 |
Signe's Heaven Bound Bakery & Cafe
For more than 40 years, Signe's Heaven Bound Bakery and Café has been the go-to place for delicious pastries and down-home comfort food in Hilton Head, S.C. When Rachael visited on $40 a Day, she was blown away by Signe Gardo's signature Blackberry French Toast, calling it ''amazing.'' | 2023-09-23T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9557 |
Detection of hepatitis B virus precore TAG mutant by an amplification-created restriction site method.
A new method for detecting the hepatitis B virus (HBV) precore 1896 G-->A mutation is described. This mutation prevents hepatitis B e antigen production by introducing a TAG stop codon and has been associated with severe chronic and fulminant hepatitis. The method is based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that creates a restriction enzyme (Bsu36I) cleavage site if the mutation is present. After incubation of the PCR product with Bsu36I and a subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis, the presence of the TAG mutant is revealed by an altered position of the DNA band. The method was compared with direct sequencing on 36 serum samples and correctly identified all samples containing mutant HBV. The TAG mutant was present in 17 cases (as mixed wild type and mutant virus in 4). Twelve of 18 patients with advanced liver disease confirmed by biopsy carried mutant HBV. This method of detecting HBV precore 1896 G-->A should be useful for evaluation and follow-up of patients and for prevalence studies. | 2024-05-11T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1502 |
As most schools across China are opening their doors again, social media users are sharing photos of what school life looks like in the post-COVID-19 outbreak era this week.
Some videos and images that are circulating on Weibo and Wechat show somewhat dystopian images of the post-COVID-19 school life at primary and (senior) high schools – students eating while standing outside in straight lines, or pupils wearing face masks taking turns to eat their lunch (supposedly to reduce the chances of contagion via respiratory droplets, see tweeted video below).
Many Chinese students are back to school, but school life is not back to normal. #seenonwechat #covid19 pic.twitter.com/EQqyU4LG4Z — Manya Koetse (@manyapan) April 10, 2020
Most schools in China have already started or will open later this month. Only Hubei province and Beijing have not yet announced school reopening plans, Caixin reports.
But although China is gradually back to business after its weeks-long coronavirus lockdown, daily life is far from normal as the country remains on high alert for a possible second wave of COVID-19 infections.
Schools are therefore also taking strict precautions to reduce infection risks both in and outside of the classroom.
Lunch break policy and procedures are just one of the many things that have changed at Chinese schools now.
On Weibo, ‘Henan Education’ is one of many accounts posting about the dramatically different way of eating at China’s school canteens in these post-COVID-19-outbreak times.
In Xingyang city, for example, special supervisors have been allocated to high schools to maintain the order and reduce the number of students gathering at the school entrances and assist students with lunch break seatings at the canteen.
At a senior high school in Kaifeng, all students have their lunch breaks in the canteen at one side of the table only, leaving enough space in between the other students.
Other schools have set up their canteens like examination rooms, only allowing one student per table, only facing one direction.
One Weibo user posts how her Tianjin school is preparing for the lunch break arrangements, with indicators on the floor marking the direction students should walk in and the distance they have to keep from each other.
One other school in Jiangsu’s Huai’an has put dividers on all lunch tables to separate students while having their lunch break.
“It feels like taking exams,” some commenters write about the new lunch break policies. “We can no longer look around and whisper in each other’s ear.”
One school board in the city of Beihai has decided to make use of its new separating screens to stimulate more studying during lunch breaks; they have printed study material for the upcoming ‘gaokao‘ exams on the dividers.
Some netizens think that other schools will follow this example if it appears to be effective. In that way, the post-COVID-19 lunch break will turn into just another study opportunity.
For more COVID-19 related articles, please click here.
By Manya Koetse (@manyapan)
With contributions from Miranda Barnes
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©2020 Whatsonweibo. All rights reserved. Do not reproduce our content without permission – you can contact us at info@whatsonweibo.com. | 2024-05-20T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/8925 |
’30 Minutes or Less’ Aims for Double the Bromance
Though it sounds like a promotional catch phrase, director Ruben Fleischer isn’t far off when he calls his new film “30 Minutes or Less” a “double-buddy comedy.”
The raunchy summer movie, which opens this Friday, treads into bromantic territory with its parallel story lines of guys working through prickly aspects of their close friendships.
At a press conference in New York City after a screening of the film in early July, Fleischer and his cast seemed to be playfully at ease with each other, riffing off each other and joking about the film’s close examination of male friendship.
“I think these are realistic relationships between guys,” actor Nick Swardson said at the press conference. “Guys are close. It’s like ‘Bromancing the Stone.’”
During the film, the two sets of male friends are forced to become closer as a series of bizarre circumstances throw them all together in a twisted plot arc. Jesse Eisenberg stars as pizza delivery boy Nick, who turns to his best friend Chet for help when a pair of enterprising deadbeats strap a bomb to his chest and order him to rob a bank. Aziz Ansari plays Chet, and Swardson and Danny McBride play the rival buddy duo with explosive tendencies.
Much of the movie’s quirky dialogue was improvised, the actors said, including some of the film’s funniest bits.
“We tried to make the dialogue feel real,” Swardson said in an interview. “We wanted to bring our natural talking style to the parts.”
At times, the four main characters almost seem like caricatures of the types of roles the four lead actors typically play. Swardson, of “Reno 911!” fame, plays a gentle, well-meaning simpleton, decked out in an impressive mustache. McBride, from “Tropic Thunder” and “Pineapple Express,” is a boisterous blowhard. Eisenberg is a cerebral everyman, and Ansari is his fast-talking, wisecracking sidekick.
“The basic idea of the movie that I pictured was Aziz and Jesse stealing a car and robbing a bank,” Fleischer said in an interview. “And they have no business doing either of those things.”
Fleischer had classic bank heist and car chase movies on set to help inform some of the movie’s more action-packed scenes. The “Zombieland” director and his cast cited films like “Bullit,” “Fargo” and “The Untouchables” as inspiration for their efforts at bank robbing and car jacking. It’s not clear how seriously Fleischer and company took these inspirations.
The film is violent, and veers into some potty-mouthed territory as its main characters tweak each other and exchange improvised insults. Though Swardson said that he hopes the film will build audiences through positive word of mouth, Fleischer was realistic about the movie’s expected audience.
“My mom is not the biggest fan of the movie,” he said, laughing. “We’re aiming for the classic 18-25 demographic. I’ve told my friends this is not for their kids.”
About Speakeasy
Speakeasy is a blog covering media, entertainment, celebrity and the arts. The publication is produced by Barbara Chai and Jonathan Welsh with contributions from the Wall Street Journal staff and others. Write to us at speakeasy@wsj.com or follow us on Twitter at @WSJSpeakeasy or individually @barbarachai. | 2024-02-18T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9642 |
The present invention relates to tool kit and more particularly to a foldable tool kit with improved characteristics.
A variety of tool kits are commercially available now. All of them are endeavored to provide as much receiving space as possible. Also, most of such portable tool kits are integrally formed for reducing manufacturing cost. However, the usually compartmented tool kits are not well designed. Thus, it is often found that no suitable compartment is available for a tool. Further, tools tend to mix while storing in the kit. Furthermore, some compartments may be left unused for a long time if the corresponding suitable tools are lost. Most importantly, foldable tool kits are rarely commercially available. Thus, it is desirable to provide an improved foldable tool kit to fulfil such needs.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a foldable tool kit comprising two abutted elongate first compartments, two abutted second compartments on either side of the first compartment, each second compartment being smaller than the first compartment, and a plurality of hinges each for coupling each of the second compartments to the first compartment or two of the second compartments on the same side. The stored tools are protected from being lost due to the provisions of engaged positioning pegs and holes on the second compartments as well as prevented from mixing due to the provision of covers on the second compartments while carrying.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken with the accompanying drawings. | 2024-03-18T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6451 |
Second Battle of the Java Sea
The Second Battle of the Java Sea was the last naval action of the Netherlands East Indies campaign, of 1941–42. It occurred on 1 March 1942, two days after the first Battle of the Java Sea. It saw the end of the last Allied warships operating in the waters around Java, allowing Japanese forces to complete their conquest of the Dutch East Indies unhindered.
Background
The American-British-Dutch-Australian Command fleet were defeated at the first Battle of the Java Sea, on 27 February 1942, and its ships had been dispersed or sunk by the Japanese.
The light cruiser and the heavy cruiser had retreated to Tanjong Priok, the port of the capital, Batavia, in the west of the island. They planned to withdraw via the Sunda Strait to Tjilatjap on the south of the island and departed on the evening of 28 February; but encountering the Japanese Western Invasion Force later that night in Bantam Bay, they were both sunk in the battle of Sunda Strait; in a related but separate action, the Dutch destroyer HNLMS Evertsen was also destroyed.
The heavy cruiser —severely damaged in the first Battle of the Java Sea—had withdrawn to Surabaya in the east, escorted by the Dutch destroyer . There she was joined by , which arrived with the survivors from the destroyer . Also at Surabaya were the four U.S. destroyers of Destroyer Division 58 (DesDiv 58), which had also withdrawn there from the battle, and , which had been undergoing repairs.
On 28 February, after nightfall, DesDiv 58 (, , , and ) departed for Australia via Surabaya's shallow eastern channel, and then exited the Java area by going south through the Bali Strait; after a brief encounter with Japanese destroyers they arrived safely at Fremantle on 4 March.
After emergency repairs, Exeter also left for further repairs in Ceylon, leaving at dusk on 28 February, and escorted by Encounter and Pope. Witte de With was unable to leave, due to mechanical trouble, and was later bombed and sunk at Surabaya on 2 March.
As Exeter had too much draft for leaving the main anchorage at Surabaya via its southern (thence eastern) channel, she was forced to leave via the main north entrance with a decision having been made to exit the Java Sea via Sunda Strait to the west, which was thought to be still open; the morning of 1 March found the three Allied ships west-northwest of Bawean island, heading westwards. The ships were making , as much as Exeter could manage.
The battle
At 04:00 on 1 March, ships were sighted to the west; being in no condition for a battle, Exeter and her two consorts changed course to the northwest to avoid contact.
More ships were sighted at 07:50, bearing southwest; again, the Allied ships had to alter course to avoid them.
At 09:35, two heavy cruisers were sighted approaching from the south; these were and of the Eastern Invasion Force with two destroyers, and under Admiral Takeo Takagi, whom they had met two days previously at the battle of the Java Sea.
Exeter and the destroyers turned northeast and increased speed, but soon sighted more ships approaching from the northwest; this was Admiral Ibo Takahashi, with the heavy cruisers and and two destroyers, and .
Closing in on either side of the fleeing Allied ships, the cruisers opened fire at 10:20 as they came in range.
Encounter and Pope responded by making smoke, and later attempted a torpedo attack, while Exeter returned fire, but at 11:20 Exeter sustained a major hit in her boiler room, resulting in a loss of power and slowing her to . As the four Japanese cruisers closed in on Exeter, Encounter and Pope were ordered to break contact and make for a nearby rain squall in an attempt to shake off pursuit. Struck by multiple shell hits, Exeter was brought to a standstill, and the destroyer Inazuma closed in for a torpedo attack, hitting Exeter with two torpedoes on her starboard side. Exeter sank at 11:40, approximately north-west of Bawean Island.
The Japanese cruisers had by then already switched their attention to the fleeing destroyers; Encounter however had gallantly disobeyed her orders to escape and had previously turned back to lay a smoke screen to protect the immobilised Exeter, and aid survivors, but had soon been immobilised herself by shell hits and set on fire.Lieutenant Commander Eric 'Rattler' Morgan, the destroyer's captain, ordered his ship scuttled to prevent her capture by the Japanese and she capsized and sank about 12:10. Pope continued to evade and was able to reach the rain squall and was lost to sight.
The respite was short-lived, however; shortly after noon she was spotted by planes from the aircraft carrier , which was covering the Western Invasion Force; she was dive-bombed and sunk around 13:50.
There were just over 800 survivors altogether; these were picked up and imprisoned by the Japanese, with 190 of them subsequently dying in captivity.
The Wrecks
The wrecks of HMS Exeter and HMS Encounter were discovered by explorers - who had been looking for the wrecks for five years - in February 2007 only several miles apart, 90 miles north-west of Bawean Island, 60 miles from Exeter's captain's (Oliver Gordon) estimated sinking position, at a depth of approximately 60 m (200 ft). The remains of the wreck of USS Pope was discovered in late 2008, but was found to have already been heavily salvaged.
In November 2016, a diving expedition discovered that the wrecks of HMS Exeter and HMS Encounter were missing from the ocean floor. The Guardian newspaper subsequently reported that the wrecks of HMS Exeter, HMS Encounter, and part of HMS Electra, as well as the submarine USS Perch were missing and presumed illegally scavenged. Commenting on their removal, one of the men involved in their original discovery is stunned at the magnitude of the salvaging that appears to have taken place.
References
Bibliography
Stephen Roskill: The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol II (1956) ISBN (none)
Samuel Eliot Morison: History of United States Naval operations in World War II: Vol III The Rising Sun in the Pacific (1948) ISBN (none)
Eric Groves: Sea Battles in Close-Up WWII Vol 2 (1993)
Donald MacIntyre: The Battle for the Pacific (1966) ISBN (none)
Category:Military history of Indonesia
Category:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
S
Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Category:1942 in Japan
Category:Java Sea
Category:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
Category:March 1942 events
ja:スラバヤ沖海戦#三月一日昼戦 | 2023-11-08T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1076 |
Labour now has a 6% lead in GE poll of polls over the Tories. Their highest lead since Feb 2014.
Two months ago the Tories were leading by 7.6%. This is a record polling swing outside of a GE campaign.
But that’s not all. The latest polls suggest that if a general election was held now, Labour would win a convincing majority in the House of Commons – wiping out some of the Tories’ best-known names in the process:
Yes. If Labour's vote goes up even by 3% during a GE campaign (and given media neutrality, I think that's very likely), they would get a landslide. That may be absurd on only 37%, but that's FPTP for you.
The concerted efforts of mainstream media and anti-Labour mouthpieces both inside and outside the party have persuaded some Labour activists that things are going badly under Jeremy Corbyn – a shameless return to the pre-2017 narrative.
But the numbers show that in spite of the complexity and challenges of the current situation, with the appalling rise of the far-right fuelled by the reckless arrogance of many centrists, Corbyn’s Labour is steering a course for the good of – and that appeals to – the many.
There’s certainly no room for complacency – Labour led in 2014 but lost the 2015 general election under Miliband. But there’s also neither room nor cause for despair. Labour are on course for government – and no MSM water-muddying should be allowed to divert or detract from that fact.
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But as long as there’s gobshites like the other two europhile divs on here, permanently carrying on like the utter knobheads watson, screeching, hodge, starmer et al, there’s the possibility that some of those toerags might just cling on.
With all my heart I want these polls to be right and that we are on course for a Corbyn led Labour government but I urge caution. I am old enough to remember the Kinnock fiasco when he was carried shoulder high before the polls closed on election night. His arrogance and over confidence cost us that election in my opinion.
We must learn from his mistake ,take nothing for granted and keep working away , quietly ,day in day out , for a labour government that so many people desperately need.
His stupid US-style jamboree and his forced exultation on stage was embarrassing for the grown-ups among us but it was the S*n’s ‘lights out’ front page that killed us I think.
Yeah, let’s not do that again.
Kinnochios actions were deliberate. He dragged labour to the right, like a prototype Bliar. This is the chap who said he would never take Ermine, yet he now sits in the house of lords. And they earn, sorry…leech a fortune from the EU
Earlier today I checked out the wikipedia list of polling results to see if any new ones had been added, and two new polls had been added in the past couple of days. What was interesting is that despite the fact they were conducted at more-or-less the same time, one of them had the Brexit Party on 10%, and the other had them on 20%, which is rather a big difference, to say the least. And one had Change UK on 7% and the other had them on 1%, and there’s also a big difference in the Tory percentage and also the LP percentage:
Allan, interesting observation. My guess is that it is because the polling companies always finesse their raw data to take account of the skewing that results from having a small sample. Those rely on things like previous voting patterns. They don’t have those for new parties so their algorithms will be more at variance. It makes the polls currently even less reliable than usual.
But this is statistically incredibly thin gruel – related to the current collapse of the Tory vote and its leakage to Farago.
The most noticeable feature for Labour is that it’s current support (looking at the moving average) is at an extremely low level (and heading south) – and that this was reflected in a loss of seats at local level only recently – when gains should have been made.
Was thinking what the next slur or smear will be and how long it’ll take MSM to amplify it. Then up popped Laura lickspittle with her ‘blistering’ attack on Corbyn from former Labour Minister. It dawned me, we’ve been here so many times and couldn’t be bothered with it. Wonder if that’s happening with these repetitive smears in general. MSM don’t seem capable of anything else and it’s so predictable now. | 2024-02-02T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5488 |
On March 18th, 2003, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of Florida announced the indictment and arrest of John R. Boyd and Christopher Curbello, for securities fraud and conspiracy to commit securities fraud. Previously, on August 1, 2002, the Commission filed fraud charges against Curbello and Boyd in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. Boyd is the former president of Paragon Construction International, Inc., which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Bear Golf, Inc. Curbello was Paragon's vice president for operations. The Indictment and the Commission's civil complaint allege that Boyd and Curbello artificially inflated and accelerated Paragon's revenue and gross margin recognition by misrepresenting the true status of its construction contracts, causing Golden Bear to file false and misleading financial statements for its 1997 fiscal year and for the first quarter of 1998.
Curbello was arrested on March 14, 2003 in San Antonio, Texas, and has a pre-trial detention hearing in San Antonio on Thursday, March 20, 2003. Boyd was apprehended on March 18, 2003 in Bogotá, Colombia, by the FBI and the Secret Service, and is scheduled to appear in United States Magistrate's Court today in West Palm Beach. | 2023-09-13T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9899 |
B/R
Tuesday night's game between the Portland Trail Blazers and New York Knicks was decided well before the final buzzer sounded at Madison Square Garden, but that didn't keep some action from happening at the end of the contest.
With Portland holding a 21-point lead in the final seconds, New York guard Jimmer Fredette—who was on a 10-day contract—decided to keep playing rather than just run out the clock.
Well, Trail Blazers forward Meyers Leonard took exception to that.
Rather than let Fredette take a meaningless shot as time expired, Leonard stepped in and hacked the shooter. The Knicks guard made two of the three ensuing free throws to make the final score 104-85.
In the moment, Leonard may have felt like fouling was the right move. However, he was apologetic after the game:
Video Play Button McCollum and the Blazers Snapped Postseason Losing Streak for "Jennifer" Stars Invest in Plant-Based Food as Vegetarianism Sweeps NBA The NBA Got Some Wild Techs This Season Jarrett Allen Is One of the NBA’s Hottest Rim Protectors Wade's Jersey Swaps Created Epic Moments This Season Westbrook Makes History While Honoring Nipsey Hussle Devin Booker Makes History with Scoring Tear 29 Years Ago, Jordan Dropped Career-High 69 Points Bosh Is Getting His Jersey Raised to the Rafters in Miami Steph Returns to Houston for 1st Time Since His Moon Landing Troll Lou Williams Is Coming for a Repeat of Sixth Man of the Year Pat Beverley Has the Clippers Stealing the LA Shine LeBron Keeps Shredding NBA Record Books Young's Hot Streak Is Heating Up the ROY Race with Luka LeBron and 2 Chainz Form a Superteam to Release a New Album Wade's #OneLastDance Dominated February Warriors Fans Go Wild After Unforgettable Moments with Steph Eight Years Ago, the Nuggets Traded Melo to the Knicks Two Years Ago, the Kings Shipped Boogie to the Pelicans ASG Will Be Competitive Again If the NBA Raises the Stakes Right Arrow Icon
Fredette responded moments later, letting the Blazers big man know there were no hard feelings:
Some will argue Leonard should have just let the insignificant shot go uncontested. Others will say Fredette should not be shooting when the opposing defenders (and his teammates) were ready to call it a game.
Regardless of who was to blame, the two players are putting this behind them.
[Twitter, h/t USA Today's FTW] | 2023-11-21T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3142 |
Cloud Dataflow SQL and Cloud Dataflow Batch Flexible Resource Scheduling Release - faizshah
https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/data-analytics/streaming-analytics-now-simpler-more-cost-effective-cloud-dataflow
======
faizshah
So I have a bad history with Cloud Dataflow.
I like BigQuery and Flink a lot, but a lot of companies seem to be switching
over to Cloud Dataflow. In my experience Cloud Dataflow's cost is really
unpredictable and DataPrep's pipelines (on DataFlow) were far more inefficient
compared to an equivalent DataProc Spark pipeline, Spark on Compute Engine, or
just plain BigQuery.
In addition:
Apache BEAM's overhead itself is a lot:
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.08302.pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.08302.pdf)
Switching from Dataflow can incur massive cost savings:
[https://lugassy.net/how-moving-from-pub-sub-to-avro-saved-
us...](https://lugassy.net/how-moving-from-pub-sub-to-avro-saved-
us-38-976-year-ec6c33ea7d08)
Right now I'm sorting out a solution either using GKE, Managed Instance
Groups, or Cloud Run to create a completely preemptible scale to 0 pipeline
instead. But it's sort of like reinventing the wheel, the compute choice is
just the task manager in flink and the "orchestration engine" that you set up
to manage your Cloud Tasks/Pub Sub and Cloud Build solution is reinventing
Flink's Job Manager. I miss the clarity of Flink and Beam but I can't find a
cheap scale to 0, preemptible instance only, solution.
Whats your experience been?
| 2024-02-23T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2486 |
Phenylketonuria: an update for pediatric community health nurses.
Successful management of phenylketonuria (PKU) requires a team effort from health care providers, the child, family, and friends. Community health nurses can be family advocates to coordinate information and resources. Nurses can help parents gain confidence in their abilities to care for their child by giving appropriate guidance and positive reinforcement. | 2023-08-21T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6102 |
**Corrected and Republished**
**Corrected and Republished: Misaligned pCONus Device: Case Report of a Unique Complication**
Correction to: J Clin Imaging Sci 2017, 7:29; DOI 10.4103/jcis.JCIS_36_17
Certain edits with which the article was published earlier was not acceptable to the first and corresponding author.
Hence, the article is being republished with approved changes from the first and corresponding author.
I[NTRODUCTION]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-2}
==========================
Treatment of wide necked bifurcation aneurysms incorporating part of parent vessel has always been difficult.\[[@ref1][@ref2][@ref3][@ref4][@ref5]\] pCONus device is an improvised stent made for coiling wide necked bifurcation aneurysms using the "waffle cone" technique.\[[@ref2]\] Studies on pCONus-assisted coiling have demonstrated a high technical success and a desirable safety profile.\[[@ref1][@ref4]\] Various technical and long-term complications have been observed.\[[@ref1][@ref4][@ref5]\] Technical complication of a un-re-sheath-able misaligned deployed pCONus device has never been described.
C[ASE]{.smallcaps} R[EPORT]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-3}
=======================================
A 64-year-old female came with complaints of sudden onset severe headache which had started 3 days earlier. There was no neurological deficit. Plain computed tomography scan of the brain showed Fisher Grade 1 subarachnoid hemorrhage in the right Sylvian fissure. Digital subtraction angiography through a right femoral access showed a wide necked middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm measuring 7.3 mm × 5.8 mm, neck measuring 4 mm \[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\]. A decision to treat the aneurysm endovascularly with pCONus device assistance was made after an interdisciplinary discussion. Under adequate heparinization, the right femoral angiographic sheath was exchanged over a wire for a 7 French long sheath, and a 0.070" 6F Neuron guiding catheter (Penumbra Inc, Alameda, California, USA) was placed coaxially with its tip in the upper cervical segment of the internal carotid artery. A Vasco 0.021" microcatheter (Balt, Montmorency, France) was placed through the guiding catheter with its tip in the center of the aneurysm. A 20 mm long pCONus device with 6 mm crown was delivered through the microcatheter, the crown was deployed within the aneurysm and the microcatheter was pulled back to place the crown at the base of the aneurysm covering the neck. Four tablets of 75 mg prasugrel were administered through a nasogastric tube at this point. The rest of the device was deployed in the middle cerebral artery by unsheathing it. After unsheathing the device, there was prolapse of one of the crown petals into the inferior division of middle cerebral artery \[[Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}\]. Repeated attempts at re-sheathing the device with the aim to reposition it by two operators failed. It was decided to proceed with coiling of the aneurysm with this misaligned position of the pCONus device rather than retrieve the device in its deployed state. A Vasco 0.010″ microcatheter (Balt, Montmorency, France) was used to intubate the aneurysm through the pCONus device, and the aneurysm was coiled progressively using multiple coils (a three-dimensional \[3D\] coil followed by soft coils) with frequent repositioning of prolapsing coil loops. After the aneurysm was near-totally filled and there was minimal residual filling, further coil loops prolapsed into the parent vessel relentlessly on repeated trying, and dislodged a loop of an already placed coil into the parent vessel. Further attempts were hence abandoned. After the procedure, there was the minimal residual filling of the aneurysm, and good flow in the middle cerebral artery and its branches \[[Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}\]. Nonflow-limiting dissection was seen in the distal internal carotid artery. There was no clinical complication, and the patient was discharged 5 days after the procedure. The patient was kept on dual antiplatelets (prasugrel and aspirin) for 3 months and single antiplatelet (aspirin) thereafter.
{#F1}
{#F2}
{#F3}
Follow-up angiography done at 3 months showed minimal residual filling and stable aneurysm size. There was complete occlusion on follow up angiography performed 6 months later and the dissection in the internal carotid artery had healed without luminal compromise \[[Figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}\].
{#F4}
D[ISCUSSION]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-4}
========================
Wide necked bifurcation aneurysms have always posed a challenge for endovascular treatment. Various strategies available for endovascular treatment of bifurcation aneurysms include coiling using 3D coils, balloon-assisted coiling using a single complaint or two balloons, stent-assisted coiling with two stents in Y or T configuration or single stent using "shelf" technique or waffle cone technique, barrel stent-assisted coiling, intraaneurysmal flow diversion using WEB device, and pCONus-assisted coiling.\[[@ref1][@ref3][@ref5][@ref6][@ref7]\] TriSpan and PulseRider devices which are designed specifically for wide necked bifurcation aneurysms are not widely used.\[[@ref4]\] 3D coils have their limitations if the aneurysm is shallow, where even their shape alone is not enough to prevent prolapse into the parent vessel.\[[@ref5]\] Balloon- or stent-assisted techniques require cannulation of the efferent vessels from the neck region of the aneurysm which is many a time technically very challenging.\[[@ref1][@ref5]\] The technique of cannulating an efferent vessel by creating of loop in the aneurysm and straightening the loop either with the "wire anchor loop traction" method or using a balloon, stent or a coil for anchoring is hazardous due to traction forces exerted on the aneurysm wall, especially if ruptured.\[[@ref1][@ref8][@ref9][@ref10]\] Simultaneous placement of multiple devices and catheters as required in balloon- or stent-assisted coiling may cause hemodynamic compromise resulting in cerebrovascular events.\[[@ref5]\] In addition, balloons have a propensity to cause dissection if overinflated and there is a possibility of coil prolapse on balloon deflation.\[[@ref5][@ref11]\] Placement of double balloon or double stents for coiling of wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms is laden with significant complication rates.\[[@ref11][@ref12]\]
Deployment of a stent with its distal end within an aneurysm instead of bridging the neck is called the "waffle cone technique" and has been successfully applied using Neuroform, Enterprise, and Solitaire AB stents.\[[@ref3][@ref13][@ref14][@ref15]\] The pCONus device is a stent exclusively made for this purpose.\[[@ref16]\] The pCONus device is a nitinol stent with distal radially flared four loops (petals) which are to be positioned at the base of the aneurysm and an additional six polyamide fibers at the distal diameter of the stent forming a barrier preventing coil prolapse into the parent vessels. The device is compatible with a 0.021″ microcatheter, is retrievable even after complete deployment, and is detached electrolytically. pCONus-assisted coiling is technically easier and superior to double stent-assisted coiling since there is no necessity to cannulate the efferent vessels and there is less intravascular metal placement.\[[@ref5]\] There is, however, an argument that there may be a detrimental effect on the hemodynamics due to flow diversion toward the aneurysm.\[[@ref17][@ref18]\] A study on intraaneurysmal flow kinetics using DSA optical flow imaging after deployment of pCONus device has shown no adverse increase in aneurysmal flow; on the contrary, it has shown a minimal reduction.\[[@ref16]\] An added advantage of the device is that, in the case of aneurysm regrowth, the petals still remain at the neck of the aneurysm and facilitate coil retention within the aneurysm.\[[@ref5]\]
The usage of pCONus device for ruptured aneurysms requires dual antiplatelets which might confer additional risk to the procedure, however, has been used successfully in multiple studies.\[[@ref1][@ref4][@ref5]\] Thromboembolic complications, both transient (5%--20%) and permanent (2.5%--10.5%) have been documented in various studies.\[[@ref1][@ref4][@ref5][@ref19][@ref20]\] Failed detachment of a pCONus device has been reported, where the device was retrieved without re-sheathing into the microcatheter resulting in a nonflow-limiting dissection.\[[@ref1]\] Prolapse of a petal of the pCONus device can occur when the device sizing is improper (choosing smaller crown size than appropriate), if the aneurysm is eccentric to the parent vessel, or if excessive traction is applied to the pCONus device after it is deployed at the aneurysm neck. The pCONus device is compatible and has been used with a 0.021″ microcatheter. Un-re-sheath-ability of a deployed pCONus device is of serious concern in case the device is misaligned with one or more of its distal petals prolapsing into the parent vessels. In such cases, aneurysm can be coiled without an additional device if the first deployed 3D coil is supported within the aneurysm optimally by the device; if not, an additional balloon or a stent placed within the branch harboring the prolapsed petal can be used to support coil retention within the aneurysm. Metal coverage of pCONus of \<5%\[[@ref1]\] would not cause any difficulty in placement of an additional stent or a balloon, and there is a description of placement of two stents through a pCONus device for a successful treatment of a basilar artery aneurysm.\[[@ref5]\] Removal of the misaligned pCONus device in its deployed state using gentle traction is another option, as has been described once in a case of failed detachment of the device by Fischer *et al*.,\[[@ref1]\] but was not performed in this case fearing the risk of endothelial damage to the aneurysm neck and parent vessel which might result in a dissection, which in unfortunate circumstances could be flow limiting or occluding. Probably, the usage of a 0.027″ inner diameter microcatheter is likely to avoid this complication. To the best of our knowledge, un-re-sheath-ability of a misaligned pCONus device has not been described yet in literature; and such a complication is of serious concern if the misaligned device does not support coil retention within the aneurysm.
Declaration of patient consent {#sec2-1}
------------------------------
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship {#sec2-2}
---------------------------------
Nil.
Conflicts of interest {#sec1-5}
---------------------
There are no conflicts of interest.
Available FREE in open access from: <http://www.clinicalimagingscience.org/text.asp?2017/7/1/41/217047>
| 2024-05-05T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3978 |
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Tamara L. Kaiser
Couple Therapy
In our intimate relationships what we want most is to
connect in a meaningful way and to feel confident that we
can count on our partners for love and support. And
we want our partners to hear—really hear—what life is like
for us and what we need from them. However, many
couples have not learned how to let each other know when
they need reassurance from each other or when they are
feeling disconnected, hurt, lonely, frustrated or
unimportant in the other’s eyes. When we try to talk
to our partners about upsetting or difficult issues, we
often find it hard to say (and sometimes even to
know) what’s really on our minds and in our hearts.
We may send very unclear messages, say things we don’t
really mean, beat around the bush, avoid
acknowledging—even to ourselves—our own contributions to
the problem, or say hurtful things out of fear or pain
rather than because we really believe what we’re
saying. Or, perhaps, we say nothing at all.
All of these possibilities lead to interactions that are
unproductive at best, destructive at worst. In
couple therapy we talk about a system—or a dance—in which
both partners play a part that contributes to these
interactions. For example, the more you blame me for
the distance between us, the more I avoid you. The
more I shut you out, the angrier you become.
Unlike in individual therapy, where you are free to say whatever you
think and feel without worrying about how others in your
life will feel about it, in couple therapy, of course,
your partner is there and therefore will have his or her
own reactions. For this reason, couple therapy may
feel too risky. However, there are great advantages
that make it well worth the risk. First, if you are
talking to me without your partner present about your
relationship, even if you try your best to represent your
partner fairly and accurately, you can’t completely do
it. We can only see another person through our own
eyes, and, when we are emotionally charged, our vision is
affected. It’s hard for us to recognize our
relationship dance and to really see things from another’s
point of view, even in the safety of an individual therapy
session.
Ironically, the very thing that makes it scary to engage
in couple therapy is also what makes it safe and extremely
helpful. It’s often easier to say things that you
are scared to say if you know someone is there to help you
say it and to help your partner hear it. Using the
approach of Emotionally
Focused Therapy I help partners feel more connected
with and trusting of each other by creating a safe
environment in which they can begin to hear each other
better and recognize and shift the roles they each play in
contributing to their particular dance. To do this
we examine and work with both their emotional responses to
each another and the ways in which they interact with each
other.
Couple therapy works best when both members are committed
to working on the relationship. When one or both
members are considering breaking up or taking a time out,
but are not sure this is the right path, Discernment
Counseling is more appropriate. | 2023-12-21T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7343 |
Q:
"Display width out of range for column" error when importing mysql 5.1 dump into 5.5
I am migrating to a new server, and trying to move my database from a 5.1 to 5.5 server.
I created a dump with
mysqldump -u root -p --add-drop-database --triggers dbname > dbname.sql
When I try to restore it on the new server, I get an error:
mysql -u root -p dbname < dbname.sql
ERROR 1439 (42000) at line nnnn: Display width out of range for column 'ID' (max = 255)
The col. is defined as ID bigint(1536).
Edit: The table it is attempting to restore is actually a view.
A:
This is likely to be a bug in the version of MySQL 5.1 that you are running, causing the server to provide incorrect metadata to mysqldump when it uses DESCRIBE to learn about the composition of views.
http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=65379
Background: any time you create a view that references a table, that table must already exist before you can create a view that references it. For this reason, mysqldump creates all the tables, and then all the views. That solves the "views depend on tables" issue... but when views reference other views, the referenced view also has to exist before a view that references it can be created. To work around these semi-circular dependencies without having to actually resolve them, mysqldump generates a dummy placeholder table for each view, with the same columns the view has, first ... and then later drops each dummy table and replaces it with the actual view.
The bug causes mysqldump to generate invalid CREATE TABLE statements for these dummy placeholder tables.
You can edit the existing dumpfile manually by fixing the dummy table definition, or upgrade the old server and rerun the dump, or -- possibly -- use the version of mysqldump that ships with the latest GA version of MySQL, which (I'm working from memory, here) may also contain a workaround that avoids trying to generate bad statements when the server returns nonsense metadata. The version of mysqldump for 5.6 is backwards-compatible with 5.1 servers, barring bugs or regressions.
If you don't have any views depending on these views, you should be able to simply remove the dummy table definitions from the dump files, which should then load without a problem.
Here's an example from a dumpfile, with some noise removed.
With the other tables, the dummy table is created, after dropping any table or view that already exists on the destination:
--
-- Temporary table structure for view `staff_list`
--
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `staff_list`;
/*!50001 DROP VIEW IF EXISTS `staff_list`*/;
...
/*!50001 CREATE TABLE `staff_list` (
`ID` tinyint NOT NULL,
...
) ENGINE=MyISAM */;
Then, much further down in the dump file, the placeholder table is dropped and the real view is created:
--
-- Final view structure for view `staff_list`
--
/*!50001 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `staff_list`*/;
/*!50001 DROP VIEW IF EXISTS `staff_list`*/;
/*!50001 CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED */
/*!50013 DEFINER=`mezzell`@`%` SQL SECURITY DEFINER */
/*!50001 VIEW `staff_list` AS select `s`.`staff_id` AS `ID` ...
| 2024-01-05T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6083 |
Food and nutrition manufacturers need to increase production in order to grow their business, but not all have the budget or space to expand their factory building. There is a solution that you can apply to your facility with simple phased steps. In this 2nd part of our blog series on increasing production in a smaller space, we walk you through this phased approach to implementing a flexible manufacturing system into your facility.
We understand that any changes to an existing production line involves investment in time and money. It is easy to put off even the most fundamental upgrades to equipment but if these changes were:
Obviously going to save costs, improve quality, increase production and revenue. You know the upheaval and initial investment significantly out-weigh the benefits.
Could be proven to work for your specific ingredients, in your facility before the project commenced.
Would be implemented in satisfactory phased steps.
The Solution to Increased Productivity Without Expansion is…
Introducing a mobile, contained system
Imagine being able to pre-fill, blend your ingredients, pack and clean all at the same time! In using IBCs (Intermediate Bulk Containers) which are sealed mobile units that come in a variety of sizes (from 50L to 3500L) all of these processes can be actioned simultaneously saving so much time.
After working with a tremendous number of manufacturers over 35+ years, supplying the best equipment solutions, we have learned what works best for food and nutrition manufacturers. This is why we provide a pre-proven, phased approach to implementing a flexible production process. This method removes the usual risks involved with investing and implementing new equipment.
Our Phased Approach
This step by step method means that we/you can stop at any moment of the process if you consider improvements are not possible or won’t work with your specific recipes.
Our Phased Approach looks a bit like this:
Information Gleaning
You tell us about your product, operations and facility layout and any issues you’d like to solve e.g. you’d like to increase your production levels but feel that your operators and processes can’t work any faster or more efficiently than they do currently (we are always happy to prove the efficiency of our equipment).
Site Visit
If we feel efficiencies could be made, we’ll visit your site to walk your factory floor and make an audit to understand your business, chat to you and the operators that have hands on experience in the day to day running of your facility.
Technical Proof
Seeing your specified equipment in action, blending your actual product provides a huge amount of re-assurance for manufacturers. If you need proof of concept, testing can be arranged at one of our global testing facilities using only your recipe and the specified equipment. You can analyze your tested, final product for the data you need.
Historic Data
In our 35+ years, we have collated vast amounts of data on numerous products produced around the world. This archive can be tapped into to see any similarities with your ingredients and how challenges have previously been over-come and efficiencies made.
Objectives
We work with you to set your goals and quantify them e.g. double tonnes of product by next year / increase ROI by X etc.
Road Map
We create a road map of your current manufacturing line-up compared to how your future system could look.
Implementation
When you feel confident in your decision, we can facilitate a gradual roll-out of equipment or a total switch, if preferred. And as part of one of the World’s biggest multinational manufacturers (IDEX) you have the assurance that the system you put in place will be supported for years to come.
Every Customer is Different
From your batch sizes, the type of powders being processed, the location of your facility and the nuances of your current system. Even differing recipes, the origins of your source materials, particle size and texture of your powders, influence your end product. Knowing your existing manufacturing processes is the only way to ensure we deliver what we promise, which is why every engagement begins with a thorough audit of your needs.
If you would like to start this journey, please contact our team so one of our Application Specialists can reach out to understand your objectives, issues and concerns.
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Matcon The Original Cone Valve IBC Manufacturers
At the heart of the Matcon system you will find the Cone Valve - invented, patented and developed by us. We help manufacturers overcome issues of mix segregation, containment and bridging that are inherent in traditional powder handling systems. Discover our unique approach to powder handling and the innovation that underpins all that we do.
The Powder Handling Experts
Over the years we have seen a wide range of different powder types and production issues that our Cone Valve technology has been able to overcome. This gives us the confidence to believe we can handle any challenge you wish to put to us. | 2024-03-26T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2587 |
Q:
Recursive sequence depending on the parameter
For the given parameter $\mathbb R\ni t\geq 1$, the sequence is
defined recursively: $$a_1=t,\;\;a_{n+1}a_n=3a_n-2$$ $(a)$ Let $t=4$.
Prove the sequence $(a_n)$ converges and find its limit.
$(b)$ Which parameters $t\geq 1$ is the sequence $(a_n)$ increasing
for?
My attempt:
Bolzano-Weierstrass:A sequence converges if it is monotonous and
bounded
$$a_{n+1}a_n=3a_n-2\implies a_{n+1}=3-\frac{2}{a_n}$$
$(a)$
First few terms: $a_1=4,a_2=\frac{5}{2},a_3=\frac{11}{5}$
Assumption: the sequence is decreasing
Proof by induction:
the basis (n=1) is trivial: $\frac{5}{2}<4$
Assumption: $a_n<a_{n-1},\;\forall n\in\mathbb N$
Step: $$a_n<a_{n-1}\implies\frac{1}{a_n}\geq\frac{1}{a_{n-1}}\Bigg/\cdot(-2)$$
$$\iff-\frac{2}{a_n}\leq-\frac{2}{a_{n-1}}\iff \underbrace{3-\frac{2}{a_n}}_{a_{n+1}}\leq\underbrace{3-\frac{2}{a_{n-1}}}_{a_n}$$
The limit: $$L=3-\frac{2}{L}\implies L^2-3L+2=0$$
I take into account only $2$ because the parabola is convex and $$a_n\to L^-.$$
Then I have to prove: $a_n\geq 2\;\forall n\in\mathbb N$ after the formal computing: $a_{n+1}\geq 3-\frac{2}{2}=2$
$\underset{\implies}{\text{Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem}}(a_n)\to 2$
$(b)$ Since the sequence doesn't have to be convergent, only increasing:
$$a_2=3-\frac{2}{t}\geq t\implies t\in[1,2]$$
Then, it should follow inductively,analogously to $(a)$, this time it is increasing.
Is this correct?
A:
Let us find the general form for the sequence given by the recursion
$$
a_{n+1}=
\underbrace{
\begin{bmatrix}3&-2\\ 1&0
\end{bmatrix}
}_{}\cdot a_n\ ,
$$
where we use the Möbius action of matrices $2\times 2$ on scalars, given in general by
$$
\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\ c&d
\end{bmatrix}\cdot x
:=
\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}\ ,
$$
see also Möbius transformation, wiki page.
The special matrix $A$ used in the problem can be diagonalized,
$$
A=
\underbrace{
\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\ 1/2&1
\end{bmatrix}}_{T}
\underbrace{
\begin{bmatrix}2&\\ &1
\end{bmatrix}}_{D}
\underbrace{
\begin{bmatrix}2&-2\\-1&2
\end{bmatrix}}_{T^{-1}}
$$
and because $A^n=TD^nT^{-1}$ we get the general form for $a_n=A^n\cdot\begin{bmatrix}4\\1\end{bmatrix}$, and then passing to the element in the projective space, by taking the quotient, it is:
$$
a_n=\frac{6\cdot 2^n-2}{3\cdot 2^n-2}\ .
$$
It converges to $6/3=2$.
For the part (b) a similar study can be started, the general term being
$$
a_n(t)=
TD^nT^{-1}
\begin{bmatrix}t\\ 1
\end{bmatrix}_{\Bbb P^1}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
2\cdot 2^n-1 & -2\cdot 2^n+2\\
2^n-1 & -2\cdot 2^n+2
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
t\\ 1
\end{bmatrix}
\text{ considered in }
{\Bbb P^1}
\ .
$$
I am stopping here...
| 2024-05-15T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5964 |
Paul Marc Davis
Paul Marc Davis (born 16 April 1974) is a British actor who has appeared on Doctor Who (the episode "Utopia") and three of its spin-off series: Torchwood ("Exit Wounds"), The Sarah Jane Adventures (as recurring villain "The Trickster"), and Class (as recurring villain Corakinus). This makes him the only actor to appear in all four of the Doctor Who series. He was also an executive producer on Sports Day 3D.
Life and career
Davis was born in London. He studied Fine Art and was a professional Sculptor for 12 years.
He is best known for his design of the Gramophone International Classical Music Award, an award regarded as the highest accolade for Classical Music and has Luciano Pavarotti among its recipients. Paul was awarded The Association of British Artists Award for Sculpture in 1996 and was shortlisted for The National association of British Sculptors award in 1998.
In 2001, after a chance meeting, he was offered the lead in a Channel Four film about the life of Casanova. In the same year he played the ghost of the Cavalier in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Over the next few years Davis played leads in many independent films and in 2007 was cast in Doctor Who, The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood. Other roles include playing alongside Colin Farrell in Woody Allen's Cassandra's Dream.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Category:1974 births
Category:English male film actors
Category:English male television actors
Category:Living people | 2024-03-29T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7576 |
Image 1 of 5 Fernando Gaviria enjoying the spoils of victory (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 2 of 5 Fernando Gaviria punches the air (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 3 of 5 Fernando Gaviria enjoys stage 4 victory (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 4 of 5 Fernando Gaviria chilling out in the team van (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 5 of 5 Fernando Gaviria wins Paris-Tours ahead of the bunch sprint
Fernando Gaviria lost his bracelet at training camp in December. Not a big deal on the face of it, but it was a gift from his girlfriend – "the woman who gets me out of bed in the morning to train". He would raise his right arm and kiss it every time he won a race, which ended up being quite often in 2016.
The loss of the bracelet has not been followed by a loss of fortune, however, and the Colombian has already racked up two victories – having to kiss a bare wrist – in the first week of racing of his 2017 season at the Vuelta a San Juan. His meteoric rise to the top of the sport shows no sign of abating.
Gaviria burst into the mainstream cycling conscience at the Tour de San Luis two years ago when, racing for a Colombian national team, he beat none other than Mark Cavendish on two occasions. Quick-Step were so impressed they gave him a stagiaire deal later that year – during which he won a stage at the Tour of Britain – and then handed him his first pro contract.
He did not disappoint, with his 2016 being one of the most staggering neo-pro campaigns in recent memory. There were no fewer than seven wins, three of which came at WorldTour level and one of which featured one of the most memorable feats of the year as he did a smash and grab job in the final kilometre of Paris-Tours.
All that while focusing enough on the track to become world champion again in the Omnium and finish 4th in the Olympics.
"I believe in Colombia there's the mindset that you have to have an adaption period when you go to Europe. But that doesn't seem to good to me because if we want to win we have to do it from the first season we arrive in Europe," says Gaviria, sitting down with Cyclingnews and a small group of Spanish journalists at the Vuelta a San Juan.
"So, I focused much of my preparation on being able to win from the off. And since San Luis, two years ago, I came with the intention of winning. There I won twice, so already beating one of the greats motivated me even more to arrive in Europe to try and win there too."
Paris-Tours was Gaviria's first one-day success as a pro – and almost certainly not his last. Arguably just as impressive as any of his wins last year was his performance at Milan-San Remo. A momentary lapse of concentration caused him to crash on the Via Roma, but the fact that an 21-year-old neo-pro was there at all, in a position to win after nearly 300km, would suggest La Primavera – and many other Classics – will adorn his palmares before too long.
His teammate Tom Boonen, one of the most richly decorated Classics riders in history, certainly thinks so.
"He has an immense potential. I think personally he will not become better as a sprinter – he's already one of the fastest – but I think he will improve a lot in these kind of races. His heart is also there," said the Belgian earlier in the week.
"He has the possibility to become on the of the great riders of the Classics – I'm sure of it."
Praise indeed – and what a privilege for a youngster to be able to mine the experience of a rider with well over 100 wins and tens of Classics to his name.
"[I speak to Tom] quite little, because of the language barrier, but in the races I try to learn a lot from him, the way you move, how you position yourself and move up. There's lots to learn," says Gaviria, who does indeed see the Classics as a big part of his future.
"I prefer one-day races because they're a bit more intense, they require a lot more sacrifice. They have everything that I like and am passionate about in cycling.
"In the Classics I still have to develop a lot. Intelligence is so important – knowing the races – so I need to gain a bit more experience before the day a team like Quick-Step gives me opportunity."
It's no secret I want to wear the pink jersey
As was the case last year, Gaviria will be sent out for a handful of outings this spring but the most important race on his calendar will not take place not over one day – but across three weeks.
The Giro d'Italia will be the first Grand Tour of his career, and he is building his season around it, with the Tour of Algarve next up, followed by time at home in Colombia and also at a new base in Europe, where Alessandro Petacchi is renting him one of his apartments in Tuscany.
"We're on the right track. We've been doing things well and building good form for the season in Europe," said Gaviria, who picked up two wins in Argentina and led out Boonen for one of his own.
"At this moment the Giro is the most important race for me. It's going to mark the path I take when it comes to three weeks races and how I prepare. If the team gave me the opportunity this year it's because they believe in me, they feel I'm capable of delivering, and that gives me confidence."
For most, a first Grand Tour is seen primarily as a learning experience, where the accrual of experience matters much more than results. But as he mentioned, Gaviria is not like other riders.
Asked if he has thought about winning a stage, he quickly replies: "The first one and the eighth one."
When asked to expand, he continues: "I always want to win, so it's no secret that I want to be the first wearer of the pink jersey this year. The other stage I want to win is stage 8 because it's on May 13, which is my girlfriend's birthday."
Leaving a mark
Gaviria, without being impolite or insincere, is hardly the most expansive rider in an interview. His answers are concise, to the point, and delivered in all seriousness – short bursts of South American Spanish blurting out with the speed and intensity of one of his injections of pace on the bike.
What are your hopes for this year? He is asked.
"Many races," he responds immediately.
Many races won?
"Obviously."
When asked about his precociousness and how much room it leaves for continued improvement in years to come, he is similarly matter of fact.
"Everyone can improve. With hard work we could improve at anything. It's not a case of improving rapidly but getting better step by step.
There is more introspection, however, when it is recalled that Quick-Step director Brian Holm once described him as a mix between Mark Cavendish and Peter Sagan.
"They are very different riders," he begins. "I prefer to make my own mark, then they will say I'm a different rider. They are great riders – one is probably the most complete rider in the world at the moment, and the other is the most successful at the Tour, so it's impossible to compare.
"One day, though, I want to leave an imprint like they have." | 2024-06-27T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6450 |
Word is that a series of meetings between representatives of the NFL and the NFLPA has created progress toward an agreement on a new Collective Bargaining Agreement. We're told that these talks have given rise to a "small possibility" that the free agency signing period will be delayed this year from March 3 until early April.
The mere talk of bumping back the opening of free agency confirms that the recent efforts to iron out the issues between management and labor are aimed at getting a new deal in place before the annual shopping spree commences. As it now stands, signing boni can be spread over only four years, and any incentives earned in 2006 automatically count against the salary cap in 2006. This will make it harder for teams to add new players and, in turn, less lucrative for the players.
A new deal also would undoubtedly increase the salary cap for 2006, giving teams more money to spend on their rosters. This is good news for teams like the Redskins and Jets, who reportedly are facing some tough salary-trimming decisions under the current '06 cap.
But even if the free agency period is pushed back by a month, there still will be some intrigue come March. For example, Terrell Owens' contract must be terminated by the Eagles on or before March 5. So if the free agency launch is bumped to April and no new CBA is in place before Owens is released, he'll have to decide whether to take any offers that might be on the table under the current CBA -- or whether to wait until a new deal is in place. | 2024-06-30T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/7606 |
// Copyright 2009 the Sputnik authors. All rights reserved.
/**
* If x and y are the same number value, return true
*
* @path ch11/11.8/11.8.3/S11.8.3_A4.3.js
* @description x and y are number primitives
*/
//CHECK#1
if ((1 <= 1) !== true) {
$ERROR('#1: (1 <= 1) === true');
}
//CHECK#2
if ((1.1 <= 1.1) !== true) {
$ERROR('#2: (1.1 <= 1.1) === true');
}
//CHECK#3
if ((-1.1 <= -1.1) !== true) {
$ERROR('#3: (-1.1 <= -1.1) === true');
}
//CHECK#4
if ((Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY <= Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY) !== true) {
$ERROR('#4: (-Infinity <= -Infinity) === true');
}
//CHECK#5
if ((Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY <= Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY) !== true) {
$ERROR('#5: (+Infinity <= +Infinity) === true');
}
//CHECK#6
if ((Number.MAX_VALUE <= Number.MAX_VALUE) !== true) {
$ERROR('#6: (Number.MAX_VALUE <= Number.MAX_VALUE) === true');
}
//CHECK#7
if ((Number.MIN_VALUE <= Number.MIN_VALUE) !== true) {
$ERROR('#7: (Number.MIN_VALUE <= Number.MIN_VALUE) === true');
}
| 2023-09-25T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/4433 |
Disasters of endoscopic surgery and how to avoid them: error analysis.
For every innovation there are two sides to consider. For endoscopic surgery the positive side is more comfort for the patient, and the negative side is new complications, even disasters, such as injuries to organs (e.g., the bowel), vessels, and the common bile duct. These disasters are rare and seldom reported in the scientific world, as at conferences, at symposiums, and in publications. Today there are many methods for testing an innovation (controlled clinical trials, consensus conferences, audits, and confidential inquiries). Reporting "complications," however, does not help to avoid them. We need real methods for avoiding negative failures. The failure analysis is the method of choice in industry. If an airplane crashes, error analysis starts immediately. Humans make errors, and making errors means punishment. Failure analysis means rigorously and objectively investigating a clinical situation to find clinical relevant information for avoiding these negative events in the future. Error analysis has four important steps: (1) What was the clinical situation? (2) What has happened? (3) Most important: Why did it happen? (4) How do we avoid the negative event or disaster in the future. Error analysis has decisive advantages. It is easy to perform; it supplies clinically relevant information to help avoid it; and there is no need for money. It can be done everywhere; and the information is available in a short time. The other side of the coin is that error analysis is of course retrospective, it may not be objective, and most important it will probably have legal consequences. To be more effective in medicine and surgery we must handle our errors using a different approach. According to Sir Karl Popper: "The consituation is that we have to learn from our errors. To cover up failure is therefore the biggest intellectual sin. | 2024-07-04T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5745 |
Q:
Escape " between to Strings
I'm getting an Json and then using Gson to deserialize it in an object where value is a String not an object.. so i'm trying to put that object into a String variable - not deserialized
I want to do something like this:
"{value" : {"id":"2"}} -> {"value" : "{\"id\":\"2\"}"}
I replaced the "value" : { with "value" : "{ like this:
result = result.replace("\"value\" : {", "\"value\" : \"{");
and then I replaced the }} like this:
result = result.replace("}}", "}\"}");
And my result was (after replacing everything):
{"value" : "{"id":"2","name":"game2"}"}
the only problem now: i also want to replace the " with \" but only inside the "{ ... }" I can't figure that out.
EDIT:
Incoming Json:
{"path" : "/gdi/games/2", "key" : "detail", "value" : {"id":"2","name":"game2"}},
{"path" : "/gdi/games/4", "key" : "detail", "value" : {"id":"4","name":"game4"}},
{"path" : "/gdi/games/6", "key" : "detail", "value" : {"id":"6","name":"game6"}}
The problem: value: could be anything (text) so I only want to store everything which cames between { } in my Object which become deserialized in an object that looks like:
String path;
String key;
String value;
To achieve this I have to escape the object (which is in "value") like it is String - After escaping that Gson can deserialize it for me.
Json needed:
{"path" : "/gdi/games/2", "key" : "detail", "value" : "{\"id\":\"2\",\"\name\":\"game2\"}"},
{"path" : "/gdi/games/4", "key" : "detail", "value" : "{\"id\":\"4\",\"\name\":\"game4\"}"},
{"path" : "/gdi/games/6", "key" : "detail", "value" : "{\"id\":\"6\",\"\name\":\"game6\"}"}
A:
This does the trick:
input = input.replaceAll("(?=\"[^{}]*\\})", "\\\\");
It uses a look ahead to assert that the next curly bracket found after a double quote is a right curly - meaning the double quote must be within a pair of curly brackets.
The replacement term is a literal backslash - four backslashes needed due to double-escape: one for java string literal, one for regex escape.
Here's some test code using your sample input an producing your expected output:
String input =
"{\"path\" : \"/gdi/games/2\", \"key\" : \"detail\", \"value\" : {\"id\":\"2\",\"name\":\"game2\"}}," +
"{\"path\" : \"/gdi/games/4\", \"key\" : \"detail\", \"value\" : {\"id\":\"4\",\"name\":\"game4\"}}," +
"{\"path\" : \"/gdi/games/6\", \"key\" : \"detail\", \"value\" : {\"id\":\"6\",\"name\":\"game6\"}}";
input = input.replaceAll("(?=\"[^{}]*\\})", "\\\\");
System.out.println(input);
Output:
{"path" : "/gdi/games/2", "key" : "detail", "value" : {\"id\":\"2\",\"name\":\"game2\"}},
{"path" : "/gdi/games/4", "key" : "detail", "value" : {\"id\":\"4\",\"name\":\"game4\"}},
{"path" : "/gdi/games/6", "key" : "detail", "value" : {\"id\":\"6\",\"name\":\"game6\"}}
| 2024-04-13T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/1189 |
Detailed Objective: This study will assess whether the effects of growing up in food stamp households are felt into adulthood. Longitudinal data from the 1968-2005 years of the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID) will be used to see if receiving food stamps during childhood affects adult outcomes, such as Body Mass Index (BMI), food insecurity, health, physical activity levels, and economic outcomes (including income, poverty, work hours, and transfer income receipt).
The study also will examine the relationship between receiving food stamps during childhood and adult outcomes in terms of neighborhood characteristics during childhood to determine whether food stamp receipt is less advantageous for children living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods.
This study will use two different approaches for minimizing the potential effects of selection bias (instrumental variables and sibling fixed-effects models) and compare the results of these estimating techniques with results of simpler techniques that cannot adjust for potential selection bias. The comparisons will improve our understanding of the nature and magnitude of selection bias in conducting food stamp research. | 2024-02-23T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3690 |
y(3).
61
Let i(q) = -2*q**2 + 11. Determine i(3).
-7
Let h(u) = u**3 + 10*u**2 + 7*u - 25. Determine h(-9).
-7
Let z(k) = -4*k**2 + 9*k + 1. Calculate z(3).
-8
Let c(z) = z**2 - 7*z - 3. Determine c(6).
-9
Let j(r) = -r**2 - 5*r + 9. What is j(-6)?
3
Let g(q) = q**2 - 7*q + 2. Calculate g(7).
2
Let r(u) = -13*u + 2. Determine r(2).
-24
Let b(n) = -19*n + 17. Determine b(8).
-135
Let x(c) = 2*c + 9. Determine x(-4).
1
Let n(w) = w**3 - 14*w**2 + 30*w - 62. What is n(12)?
10
Let z(c) = -32*c**3 - 3*c - 2. Calculate z(-1).
33
Let j(w) = w**3 + 13*w**2 - 10*w + 3. Calculate j(-14).
-53
Let v(j) = 3*j - 34. Determine v(18).
20
Let g(l) = -l**3 - 10*l**2 - 14*l - 1. Determine g(-8).
-17
Let u(z) = z**3 + 5*z**2 + 2*z + 9. What is u(-5)?
-1
Let c(p) = 27*p - 430. What is c(16)?
2
Let l(w) = w**2 + 8*w + 11. Give l(-8).
11
Let g(t) = t**2 - 27*t + 84. Give g(22).
-26
Let r(g) = -8*g - 152. What is r(-18)?
-8
Let m(v) = -v**3 + 12*v**2 - 38*v + 20. What is m(7)?
-1
Let h(w) = -2*w**3 - 7*w**2 + 9*w + 19. What is h(-4)?
-1
Let y(g) = -6*g**2 - 182*g - 51. Calculate y(-30).
9
Let v(x) = -x**3 + x + 154. Determine v(0).
154
Let f(z) = 2*z**2 - 9*z - 48. What is f(7)?
-13
Let b(g) = -g**2 + 106*g + 548. What is b(-5)?
-7
Let k(x) = 61*x**3 + 2*x**2 - 1. Calculate k(-1).
-60
Let m(l) = -12*l + 332. What is m(29)?
-16
Let b(r) = -281*r + 1678. Give b(6).
-8
Let g(b) = -b**3 + 32*b**2 + 34*b - 2. Calculate g(33).
31
Let g(c) = -5*c + 1. Calculate g(-9).
46
Let m(t) = -58*t + 51. What is m(1)?
-7
Let k(b) = 24*b - 263. Determine k(11).
1
Let u(c) = -c**3 + 5*c**2 - 2*c - 4. Give u(3).
8
Let i(m) = -m**3 + 6*m**2 + 7*m - 42. What is i(6)?
0
Let l(g) = -8*g**2 - 132*g - 62. Calculate l(-16).
2
Let j(i) = -47*i**3 + 2*i - 2. Give j(1).
-47
Let g(n) = 19*n + 2. Determine g(-3).
-55
Let f(c) = -c**3 + 2*c**2 - 16*c + 29. What is f(2)?
-3
Let x(c) = -c**2 + 6*c + 3. Determine x(6).
3
Let h(o) = -o**3 - 8*o**2 - 11*o + 13. Calculate h(-6).
7
Let d(s) = s**3 + 7*s**2 + 3*s + 2. Determine d(-4).
38
Let d(x) = x**2 + 9*x - 31. Give d(-12).
5
Let m(f) = f**3 - 15*f**2 + 13*f - 3. Calculate m(14).
-17
Let i(k) = -k**2 + k + 2. Give i(2).
0
Let n(w) = -w**2 - 4*w - 9. Calculate n(-8).
-41
Let q(o) = -o**3 - 29*o**2 - 93*o - 393. Give q(-26).
-3
Let h(t) = t**3 - 4*t**2 - 6*t + 5. Calculate h(4).
-19
Let q(t) = -3*t**2 + 1. What is q(2)?
-11
Let m(z) = 3*z**2 + 20*z + 7. Calculate m(-9).
70
Let x(h) = -5*h + 3. Give x(6).
-27
Let m(f) = f**3 + 8*f**2 + 6*f + 3. Calculate m(-4).
43
Let z(b) = b**2 + 2*b + 8. Calculate z(0).
8
Let a(k) = k**2 + 9*k - 23. Determine a(7).
89
Let v(o) = -2*o + 6. What is v(-2)?
10
Let g(b) = b**2 + 9*b + 4. Determine g(-9).
4
Let w(j) = j**3 + 37*j**2 - 123*j - 133. Determine w(-40).
-13
Let m(k) = k**2 - 14*k - 5. What is m(11)?
-38
Let f(v) = -2*v + 2. Give f(10).
-18
Let v(y) = 9*y + 14. Determine v(-2).
-4
Let z(x) = 2*x**2 - 8*x - 6. Determine z(7).
36
Let q(a) = -6*a**2 - 66*a + 4. Determine q(-11).
4
Let u(d) = -d**3 - 2*d**2 + 4*d. Calculate u(-2).
-8
Let x(g) = 2*g**3 + 12*g**2 + 9*g + 1. What is x(-5)?
6
Let j(r) = r**2 + 12*r + 31. Calculate j(-5).
-4
Let w(m) = -m - 5. Give w(-10).
5
Let y(q) = -2*q + 16. Give y(7).
2
Let p(y) = -y**2 - 10*y - 42. Calculate p(-6).
-18
Let u(q) = q**3 + 22*q**2 + 24*q + 58. Calculate u(-21).
-5
Let a(h) = 20*h + 80. Give a(-4).
0
Let o(k) = 5*k**2 - 40*k - 10. Calculate o(8).
-10
Let q(o) = -o**2 - 17*o + 7. Determine q(-18).
-11
Let u(c) = 2*c - 7. Give u(14).
21
Let s(d) = d**2 + 3*d + 4. Determine s(-4).
8
Let b(c) = -4*c**2 + 5*c + 25. Determine b(-3).
-26
Let j(q) = q**3 - 4*q**2 - 4*q + 6. Give j(4).
-10
Let v(d) = -d**2 + 9*d - 35. What is v(5)?
-15
Let c(d) = -10*d + 3. Give c(2).
-17
Let i(u) = -11*u - 5. What is i(4)?
-49
Let m(b) = b**3 + 7*b**2 - 16*b + 13. Give m(-9).
-5
Let h(w) = -w**3 - 45*w**2 - 125*w + 36. What is h(-42)?
-6
Let u(l) = l + 10. Give u(-6).
4
Let c(d) = -2*d + 3. Determine c(-3).
9
Let t(p) = 2*p**2 - 2*p + 2. What is t(2)?
6
Let h(s) = s**2 + 2*s - 133. What is h(10)?
-13
Let a(z) = -6*z**2 + z + 5. Calculate a(2).
-17
Let s(z) = z**3 + 13*z**2 - 16*z - 21. Calculate s(-14).
7
Let m(w) = w + 3. What is m(19)?
22
Let b(y) = y**3 + 5*y**2 + 6*y + 10. Determine b(-5).
-20
Let x(n) = -4*n**2 - 5*n. What is x(-2)?
-6
Let p(n) = n**3 + 3*n**2 + 8*n + 3. Calculate p(-6).
-153
Let b(p) = -30*p + 18. Calculate b(1).
-12
Let x(q) = -4*q**2 + 35*q + 4. Calculate x(9).
-5
Let p(s) = s**3 + 4*s**2 - 20*s + 7. Determine p(-7).
0
Let t(q) = -7*q**2 - 1. Determine t(1).
-8
Let u(b) = -12*b + 1. Calculate u(4).
-47
Let u(v) = v**2 - 20*v + 1. Calculate u(20).
1
Let y(m) = m**3 + 2*m**2 - 3*m + 7. What is y(-3)?
7
Let g(o) = -o**3 + 6*o**2 - 8*o + 1. What is g(4)?
1
Let q(c) = c**2 + c - 1. Calculate q(12).
155
Let v(j) = j**3 + 28*j**2 - 57*j + 53. Give v(-30).
-37
Let f(j) = j**3 - 15*j**2 + 5*j - 26. Calculate f(15).
49
Let p(h) = 11*h**2 + 6*h - 1. What is p(-4)?
151
Let k(b) = b**3 + 6*b**2 - 24*b + 22. What is k(-8)?
86
Let z(k) = 3*k**3 - 4*k**2 - 3*k + 6. Calculate z(2).
8
Let x(c) = c**3 - 8*c**2 - 11*c + 5. What is x(9)?
-13
Let r(q) = -q**2 + 32*q - 78. Calculate r(29).
9
Let z(b) = b**3 - b**2 + 2*b + 2. Give z(-1).
-2
Let t(n) = 3*n**2 + 89*n + 353. Calculate t(-25).
3
Let m(s) = 6*s - 31. Calculate m(4).
-7
Let u(v) = -v**2 + 5*v + 2. Calculate u(-2).
-12
Let q(c) = -c**3 - 2*c**2 - c + 6. What is q(0)?
6
Let v(y) = y**2 + 7*y + 5. Give v(-5).
-5
Let q(t) = -10*t + 10. What is q(-6)?
70
Let b(g) = g**3 + 4*g**2 - 14*g - 9. Give b(-6).
3
Let k(c) = -c**3 - 6*c**2 + 9*c - 2. What is k(-7)?
-16
Let v(u) = -8*u**2 - 3*u + 6. Calculate v(0).
6
Let l(o) = 3*o**2 + 41*o + 28. Calculate l(-13).
2
Let l(a) = -a**2 + 15*a - 17. Give l(13).
9
Let m(d) = -3*d + 13. Calculate m(-6).
31
Let t(m) = -4*m**3 + 3*m**2 - 2*m - 1. Determine t(1).
-4
Let k(g) = -2*g + 26. Give k(15).
-4
Let g(t) = 11*t - 259. Calculate g(23).
-6
Let v(w) = 20*w - 1. Give v(-2).
-41
Let x(r) = -8*r**3 - 2*r**2 - r + 1. What is x(-1)?
8
Let p(f) = 7*f - 1. Calculate p(-2).
-15
Let o(q) = -q**3 + 4*q**2 - 5*q + 5. Determine o(0).
5
Let s(l) = 35*l**2 + 2*l + 1. What is s(-1)?
34
Let y(h) = -h**2 + 24*h - 44. Determine y(16).
84
Let n(v) = 3*v**2 + 1. Give n(-1).
4
Let k(p) = -p**3 + p**2 - p - 3. What is k(-3)?
36
Let a(v) = v**2 - 11*v + 3. Determine a(12).
15
Let s(f) = f**3 + 5*f**2 + 2*f - 2. Determine s(-4).
6
Let i(k) = -k**2 - 5*k - 60. Determine i(10).
-210
Let d(n) = 3*n**2 - 9*n + 13. Calculate d(4).
25
Let b(q) = -q**3 - 8*q**2 + 9*q - 4. What is b(-9)?
-4
Let y(g) = -96*g**2 + 5*g + 3. Calculate y(-1).
-98
Let s(v) = v**3 + 8*v**2 - 9*v - 20. Give s(-9).
-20
Let y(z) = -z**3 - 3*z**2 + 3*z - 5. Give y(-4).
-1
Let p(a) = 10*a**2 + 3*a + 2. Give p(-1).
9
Let n(f) = -19*f - 279. Give n(-15).
6
Let y(o) = -o**2 - 11*o + 27. Give y(-14).
-15
Let m(o) = -7*o**3 - 4*o**2 + 7*o - 8. Give m(2).
-66
Let d(x) = -x + 18. Give d(13).
5
Let u(x) = x**2 - 13*x + 13. Calculate u(12).
1
Let u(k) = -k**2 - 11*k - 10. Give u(-10).
0
Let y(z) = 28*z - 59. Calculate y(2).
-3
Let t(k) = k**3 + 19*k**2 + 22*k + 81. Calculate t(-18).
9
Let v(m) = -4*m - 8. Calculate v(-5).
12
Let f(u) = -u**3 - 10*u**2 - 19*u - 19. Give f(-8).
5
Let u(o) = -37*o + 47. Determine u(1).
10
Let n(l) = -l**3 + 6*l**2 - 2*l + 11. What is n(6)?
-1
Let k(q) = -q**2 + 13*q - 11. Determine k(12).
1
Let j(q) = q**2 - 5*q + 8. Determine j(9).
44
Let m(b) = -2*b**3 + 8*b**2 + 13. Determine m(6).
-131
Let q(p) = 2*p**3 + 88*p**2 - 88*p + 83. Calculate q(-45).
-7
Let s(j) = -j**2 + 13*j + 16. Calculate s(14).
2
Let a(q) = 2*q + 7. Determine a(-7).
-7
Let f(r) = -4*r**2 + 2*r - 3. Determine f(2).
-15
Let h(k) = -15*k - 5. What is h(9)?
-140
Let b(d) = d**3 - 6*d**2 - 9*d + 12. What is b(8)?
68
Let g(h) = 9*h**3 + 2*h - 1. What is g(1)?
10
Let m(b) = b**3 + 4*b**2 - 8*b - 7. Give m(-5).
8
Let c(i) = -3*i**2 - 16*i - 2. Calculate c(-5).
3
Let b(m) = m**3 - 3*m**2 - 4*m. Give b(4).
0
Let h(o) = 2*o + 5. Calculate h(-5).
-5
Let w(t) = -124*t**2 + 6*t + 5. What is w(-1)?
-125
Let t(w) = 9*w**2 - 2*w + 1. Calculate t(1).
8
Let x(o) = -2*o**3 + 6*o**2 - 3*o - 5. Calculate x(4).
-49
Let t(y) = -y**3 + 14*y**2 - 15*y + 54. What is t(13)?
28
Let p(k) = 4*k**2 - | 2023-09-27T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/2917 |
Role of Citrobacter amalonaticus and Citrobacter farmeri in dissimilatory perchlorate reduction.
The article deals with the novel physiological function of dissimilatory perchlorate reduction by strains JB101 and JB109 isolated from a laboratory-enriched mixed consortium originating from a sewage treatment facility. The biochemical and physiological data of the strains showed good correspondence with members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The partial 16S rDNA sequence of the strains JB101 and JB109 had similarity of 99.8% to Citrobacter amalonaticus and 98% to Citrobacter farmeri, respectively. The results inferred the possibility of Citrobacter spp. to form an important group of dissimilatory perchlorate reducers among the gamma subclass of Proteobacteria, since the majority of the perchlorate reducers belong to two monophyletic groups, Dechloromonas and Dechlorosoma in beta subclass. The perchlorate-grown Citrobacter strains preferred perchlorate to nitrate as an electron acceptor unlike most of the reported dissimilatory perchlorate reducers. | 2024-02-17T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/5769 |
14 Concept Appliances That Need To Be Made
Concept appliances give us a peek into the future. They are often aesthetically pleasing and offer interesting and unique features; however, it is a rare concept appliance that makes it off of the drawing board and into the showroom. Unrealistic designs, high production costs and lack of consumer demand are often the reason for many ideas to be scrapped.
Yet, here are 14 interesting concept appliances that have made it to the model stage and look so good that we hope they go into development soon.
iBasket
The iBasket is a hamper/washer/dryer combo. The transparent iBasket stores your dirty clothes. Once filled, the automatic wash and dry cycle begins. After it has finished drying, the iBasket will send you an email or text message to let you know it’s done.
Why do consumers need the iBasket?
The iBasket saves time and energy as you’ll never have to transfer your clothes from the hamper to the washer to the dryer again. Plus, you won’t have to worry about your lucky shirt being dirty when you need it for a special occasion.
Features:
Transparent body
Built-in air refresh system that removes the smell of dirty clothes
Wi-Fi enabled to help you monitor it from your PC or laptop
The one drawback to the iBasket is that it is very small. It has a capacity of approximately 3-5 kg which works out to be around 3 t-shirts and 2 trousers.
FlatShare
The FlatShare refrigerator is made up of a single base station and up to 4 stackable modules. Each module is a self-contained unit so no one will need to deal with other roommates’ rotting leftovers and failed science projects. The modules are designed with a tall section for bottles, a spot for produce, and a small freezer for frozen items.
Why do consumers need the FlatShare?
Living with roommates can be fun and exciting until it comes time to clean the fridge. The FlatShare avoids potential conflicts by keeping each person’s food and mess separate.
Features:
Customizable color skins
Bottle openers
White board
A handle on the side of the module for easy transport
Coox
Coox is a mobile cooking table that lets users cook and eat wherever they like. Not only does it cook the food, it can also be an extension of the dinner table or desk since the table legs are adjustable. The Coox uses induction technology so once you are done cooking, the surface cools immediately to prevent burns.
Why do consumers need the Coox?
Everyone is on the go these days, looking for new and improved ways to save time. The Coox is perfect for someone who works through lunch or eats at their desk while trying to finish up last minute projects. They can prepare themselves a hot snack or keep their tea warm without having to go to the kitchen.
Features:
Adjustable height
Induction technology
3-burner glass ceramic cooking surface
Cools down immediately after the cooking process has stopped
Warming area on one corner
Portable
Concept Appliance Parts Available
E-Bag
The E-Bag is a portable cooler bag that works by using human energy. The E-Bag’s cooling system is powered by someone swinging it back and forth as they walk. So, the longer the walk, the cooler the E-Bag gets. The E-Bag’s rotating handle charges the battery with the user’s arm motion. The cooling system uses so-called Peltier technology, a kind of solid-state heat pump that transfers heat from one side of the device to the other.
Why do consumers need the E-Bag?
This bag is environmentally friendly as it uses no external energy source. It’s perfect for picnics, walks in the park or an outing at the beach. And if you’re tired, don’t worry, kids have energy to burn. Let them carry it for awhile.
Features:
Capacity is approximately 3 liters
3 LED lights indicate beverage coldness
No batteries required
Pure Washer
Pure Washer is a rotating dual sink that acts as a sink and dishwasher. The two sinks are designed so that only one sink is exposed at a time. After the dishes have been put into it; the exposed sink rotates under the counter to expose another sink that is exactly the same as the first. Pure Washer washes the dishes under the counter with degassed water – no detergent required. There is also a cycle for washing fruits and vegetables.
Why do consumers need the Pure Washer?
Pure Washer is perfect for the single person who lives on their own. Freshly soiled dishes are easy to clean so each wash will only take a few minutes. Plus, it is a space saver since there is no need for a sink and dishwasher.
Features:
Dish cycle
Fruit and vegetable cycle
Reduces water consumption
Reduces energy used
No detergent required
Nevale Food Carrier
The Nevale Food Carrier is designed to keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold, all in the same container. It is built with 4 independent layers that have their own independent heating and cooling system. The digital display provides information on the conditions of each layer and can be programmed to reheat a certain layer at specific times.
Why do consumers need the Nevale?
Today’s busy lifestyle makes it hard to eat healthy, home-cooked meals. The Nevale lets you carry a wholesome hot or cold lunch with you wherever you go. It can even be programmed to re-heat your main course for you while still keeping your dessert chilly.
Features:
Can hold up to 4 different types of hot and/or cold food
Programmable digital control screen
Each layer operates independently of the others
Uses a plug or rechargeable battery
Vacuum storage system keeps food safe from bacteria
Organic Cook
The Organic Cook is a compact, table-top appliance that can grill, boil or fry. It uses high-efficiency radiant energy that sends high frequency electromagnetic waves to cook while the vacuum system ensures that the food retains its flavor. This technology means that your food is ready in a fraction of the time required for traditional cooking.
Why do consumers need the Organic Cook?
The Organic Cook offers healthy oil-free frying, grilling and boiling, all in one portable appliance. The food is cooked in a fraction of the time and retains all of its natural flavors, plus it’s easy to use.
Features:
Internal cooking pad offers flexible cooking options – grill, boil or fry
Infrared technology and vacuum cooking
Intuitive touch sensitive cooking selector
Prepares food in a fraction of the time
Portable
VESSTO
The VESSTO portable stove is an environmentally friendly appliance that uses an advanced version of the Stirling Engine to power itself. Once the small battery gets the VESSTO at a high enough temperature, the Stirling engine can run by itself by using heat from the stove to expand and contract small quantities of gas inside. The aluminum base plate protects any surface it is placed on and it is also a key component of the Stirling engine as it helps to disperse the heat and reuse it.
Why do consumers need the VESSTO?
The VESSTO stove is the perfect way to reduce energy consumption in your home. The simple control panel makes it easy to use and it even has a sleep function that automatically switches off the stove after a specific amount of time. It is compact and lightweight enough to take anywhere, including outdoors.
Features:
Renewable energy power source
Extremely quiet
Easy to read control panel can display recipes, notes or other downloadable cooking information
Sleep function
Ceramic coating for easy cleaning
Portable
Aluminum base plate
Offered in red, yellow, blue and black
Go Fresh Fridge
The Go Fresh Fridge is made up of a main frame that houses 12 removable, temperature-controlled compartments. The food is identified by scanning a picture of it and then the compartment automatically sets the optimal temperature for that type of food. Once the compartment reaches the correct temperature, the cold air inlet closes to save on energy consumption.
Why do consumers need the Go Fresh Fridge?
The Go Fresh Fridge saves energy and increases the lifespan of your food (which in turn should reduce food waste) and this is good for the environment. In addition, it is so cool looking that you will be the envy of all your friends (if not, then at least it is a great conversation piece).
Features:
Energy efficient
Removable, insulated compartments
Increases the lifespan of your food since it is stored at optimal temperatures
Food odors cannot seep into other compartments
Rockpool Waterless Dishwasher
The Rockpool Waterless Dishwasher uses no water or chemicals; instead it uses super critical carbon dioxide in a closed loop system. The carbon dioxide is pressurized into a liquid with excellent grease and oil fighting properties. The carbon dioxide then combines with a small amount of environmentally friendly detergent to get the dishes clean. Once the washing cycle is finished, the carbon dioxide and dirt are separated so that the carbon dioxide can be used again.
Why do consumers need the Rockpool Dishwasher?
The Rockpool dishwasher takes an existing technology and puts it to good use in one of the most used appliances in the home. The closed loop system means that the carbon dioxide gets used over and over again while the dishwasher never uses a drop of water.
Features:
Closed loop system means that the carbon dioxide gets used again and again
Very quiet
Simple user interface
NFridge
The NFridge has a modular design composed of small, stackable refrigeration cubes. Each piece is self-contained and works independently of the others. It uses magnetic refrigeration that produces a constant cold, faster than conventional refrigerators.
Why do consumers need the NFridge?
Not only does the NFridge use an earth-friendly cooling system, but the cold air is not released from the entire fridge when you remove an item. The modular design is perfect for people with large or small families. You can purchase the number of cubes you need and you don’t need to cool any cubes you aren’t using.
Features:
Space saving design
See-though modular compartments
Soft touch operating digital membrane
Magnetic refrigeration
Resistant to dust and water
Available in a variety of colors
Fog Shower
The Fog Shower is a showerhead that uses approximately 2 liters of water for a 5 minute shower. It does this by creating a fog or vapor flow of microscopic water droplets. The water is heated into water vapor which is then directed onto the person showering. An intelligent sensor sends the water in different directions based on the person’s movements.
Why do consumers need the Fog Shower?
The Fog Shower is a simple and easy way to reduce your water consumption by 18 liters/day which adds up to over 6500 liters/year. And since there is less water to heat up, you will reduce your energy consumption too.
Features:
Reduces water usage
Reduces energy consumption
Intelligent sensor
Agbot
The Agbot is a solar-powered robot that can fertilize your lawn, plant seeds and guard your house at night. Its built-in GPS plots out the lay of the land in order to fulfill these tasks. In fact, its security system is so advanced that it will take a picture of an intruder and send it to you via email all before the intruder even knows he’s been spotted.
Why do consumers need the Agbot?
The security system alone is a great reason to get an Agbot. Its motion detector, night-vision camera and alarm system will make any intruder think twice before breaking into your home. And if you require lawn maintenance, the Agbot can take care of that for you too.
Features:
Takes 40 seconds per planting
The fertilizer system is designed to avoid inconsistent dispersal that causes lawn burn
Solar powered
Speed as fast as 6 miles/hour
Night vision camera on a 360 degree swivel
High-frequency alarm system
Advanced motion detector
Artificial intelligence
Built-in GPS
Bluetooth
The Agbot still needs some improvements since its battery only lasts for 4 hours. However the programmers are continuing to make improvements and expect the Agbot to run longer in the near future. They also have plans to expand its functionality and make it customizable for the consumer’s individual needs.
A short video about AgBot.
Bra Dryer
The Bra Dryer is a unique appliance that has the sole purpose of drying bras. Bras are made of wiring, fabric and padding that can be damaged using conventional dryers. The Bra Dryer’s patent-pending design preserves the bras shape while using a gentle infrared heat source that evaporates moisture from the bra fabric while silent fans inside the appliance remove the moisture.
Why do consumers need the bra dryer?
Bras can be very expensive and need special care. Therefore they need a special dryer to keep them from getting damaged by conventional dryers. Air drying takes far too long and blow drying your bra is inconvenient, time consuming and never does a really great job.
Features:
Comes in a variety of cup and chest sizes to fit every woman’s needs
Can be used with all types of bras
Available in black and white
Plans are in place to start producing the bra dryer in 2010. It will also be available in a modular variation, thus letting you dry multiple bras at the same time. | 2024-03-24T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/3550 |
TEWKSBURY — Over two dozen local, state and federal law enforcement officers showed up at 412 Ames Hill Drive early Thursday morning and showed Wilson Soto a search warrant they obtained for his apartment as a result of a two-month investigation.
“Upon reading it, Wilson nearly fainted and advised Det. Gonzalez he was feeling faint,” Detective Patrick Connor wrote in a police report.
The search that followed turned up over a kilogram of cocaine – 1,049 grams – and over half a kilogram of fentanyl – 558 grams – hidden in the apartment, a garage, and several vehicles, according to a police report.
Police say they also seized another 86 grams of a substance believed to be Fentanyl, though that material has not yet been tested.
District Attorney Marian Ryan said the street value of the drugs seized would have been over $100,000.
Soto, 49; Christina Richardson-Rodriguez, 48; and Soto’s son, Yojanel Soto, 20, all of 412 Ames Hill Drive, were all arrested and charged with trafficking fentanyl, trafficking over 200 grams of cocaine, and conspiracy to violate drug laws, according to court records.
Wilson Soto, a citizen of the Dominican Republic who was previously deported and charged in Texas with illegally re-entering the country, was also charged with identity fraud and possession of a false or stolen Registry of Motor Vehicles document, according to police reports.
Police reports say Wilson Soto had a Massachusetts driver’s license that he obtained under one of several aliases he has used.
Judge John Coffey ordered Wilson Soto held on $500,000 cash bail at his arraignment Friday in Lowell District Court, and ordered Richardson and Yojanel Soto held on $25,000 cash bail and $50,000 cash bail respectively, according to court records.
If any of the defendants post bail they must surrender their passports before being released, and wear a GPS monitoring device.
A police report says over two dozen officers from Tewksbury police, Billerica police, state police, and the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency went to the apartment Thursday about 6 a.m., and forced entry after no one answered the door.
Inside they found Richardson holding a 9-month-old infant who was later turned over to her mother, according to a police report.
District Attorney Marian Ryan said a press conference that the Department of Children and Families was notified, and all three defendants will additionally be charged at a later date with reckless endangerment of a child.
Yojanel Soto told police he is not involved in drug dealing, but that he is currently on probation for possession with intent to distribute a Class A substance on a case out of Lawrence.
Socrates De La Cruz, the attorney for Yojanel Soto, said his client “vehemently denies involvement.”
Richardson’s attorney declined to comment, and Wilson Soto’s attorney could not immediately be reached.
Wilson Soto and Richardson Rodriguez declined to speak with police, but Soto suddenly spoke out when police told all three defendants they were under arrest, according to a police report.
“Wilson, in a spontaneous utterance, stated that Yojanel and Christina had nothing to do with what was in the garage, and claimed it was all his,” Connor wrote in a police report.
But the police report says police have video surveillance that shows Richardson carrying plastic bags to a garage and Ford Taurus where much of the drugs were found.
Ryan said one of the dangers of Fentanyl is that many drug users have no idea they’re getting it when they buy drugs, including non-opioids.
“Very often people have no idea what they’re buying,” Ryan said. “Things like heroin and cocaine are being used as a vehicle to mix with the Fentanyl and perhaps even the folks selling it don’t know the potency of what they’re selling.”
Ryan noted three overdose deaths that occurred in Billerica last weekend that prompted her office to issue a warning to the public. Sheehan said those three may have used cocaine laced with Fentanyl.
“The information we have is that those individuals believed they were using cocaine, and are no longer with us as a result of that,” Sheehan said.
Sheehan praised the work of his investigators and those from other departments like Billerica, and said he hopes the massive bust will put “a dent in the overdoses we’ve been seeing.
Sheehan said there have been 90 overdoses in Tewksbury already this year, with 13 of those being fatal.
“Our community is in crisis,” he said.
Court records indicate prosecutors plan to seek forfeiture of a Honda Ridgeline, a Pontiac G6, a Ford Taurus, several cellphones, and $8,300 in cash that were tied to the case.
All three defendants are due back in Lowell District Court on Dec. 14 for probable-cause hearings.
Follow Robert Mills on Twitter @Robert_Mills | 2024-02-27T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6927 |
Albert Bertelsen
Albert Bertelsen (17 November 1921 – 10 December 2019) was a Danish autodidact painter and graphic artist.
Biography
Bertelsen was born in Vejle. Bertelsen is primarily known for his landscape paintings and graphic works in green colours. His work often feature the Faroe Islands, but France, Iceland and Norway have also provided him with inspiration. Bertelsen also made object studies and humorous portraits. He states that these are often people he has met as a child, and he attempted to paint them as though seen through a child’s eyes. Bertelsen was inspired to take up painting by the Danish CoBrA artist Henry Heerup. Nevertheless, Bertelsen's art is quite different from Heerup's.
External links
albertbertelsen.dk
References
Beck Peter: Alberts Atelier, Bruun-Rasmussens Kunstauktioner: Auktionsliv nr. 9, forår 2006
Category:1921 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Danish illustrators
Category:Danish landscape painters
Category:People from Vejle Municipality
Category:Danish portrait painters
Category:20th-century Danish painters
Category:21st-century Danish painters | 2023-11-02T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/6130 |
---
abstract: 'One of the most important philosophers in the history, the German Friedrich Nietzsche, is almost ignored by physicists. The author who stated the death of God in 19th century was a science enthusiast, mainly during the second part of his work. With the aid of the physical concept of force, Nietzsche created his concept of will to power. Thinking about the energy conservation, the German philosopher had some inspiration for creating his concept of the eternal recurrence. In this article, one points out some influences of physics on Nietzsche and discusses the topicality of his epistemological position—the perspectivism. From the concept of will to power, I propose that the perspectivism leads to the interpretation where physics, and science in general, is viewed as a game.'
author:
- 'J. C. S. Neves[^1]'
title: '**Nietzsche for physicists** '
---
Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP. 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Introduction: an obscure philosopher?
=====================================
The man who said “God is dead” (GS §108)[^2] is a popular philosopher around the world. Nietzsche is a strong reference in philosophy, psychology, sociology and arts. But is there any Nietzsche’s influence on natural sciences, especially on physics? Among the physicists, and scientists in general, the thinker who created a philosophy which is contrary to the Platonism is known as an obscure or irrationalist philosopher. However, contrary to the popular ideas, Nietzsche was a critic of the absolute rationalism but was not an irrationalist. Nietzsche criticized the hubris of the reason (the Socratic rationalism[^3]): the belief that the mankind could be guided only by reason. That is, the German philosopher was a hard critic of the Enlightenment[^4] (or *Aufklärung* in German) as an equivocated idea, according to him, of salvation and redemption by means of the reason. Nietzsche accused the hubris of the reason,[^5] but the philosopher did not deny the reason. As we shall see, this is clear from the Nietzsche’s formation (*Bildung*). Among his references, there are several natural philosophers or/and scientists. Nietzsche was a reader of Charles Darwin (at least the Darwinian ideas), Hermann von Helmholtz, Roger Boscovich and others. He attempted to be informed by the scientific debate during the 19th century. Then, the philosopher who is considered a poet (and *Thus Spoke Zarathustra* is poetry as well) never denied the importance of science. Of course, his scientific view was different, and Nietzsche thought about science from another point of view—by using his perspectivism.[^6]
According to researches in Nietzschean philosophy, the author’s works are divided in three periods. In the first one, there exists the approximation with Romanticism, Schopenhauer and the German musician Richard Wagner. In the second one, Nietzsche breaks off his friendship with Wagner and keeps away from Romanticism and Schopenhauer’s influence. The third part is the period where the Nietzschean philosophy acquires its “identity” and originality. The science’s influence on Nietzsche is present in all periods. But from the second period, this influence is more clear. In a book of this period, *Human, all too Human*, Nietzsche says: “Optimism, for the purpose of restoration” (HH II, Preface 5). That is, Nietzsche identifies science with optimism (since his very first book, *The Birth of Tragedy*, where the Socratism is criticized) and emphasizes the beginning of a process of cure. The philosopher recovered his health with aid of the science. And his illness was the Schopenhauer’s pessimism and Wagner.
In *On the Genealogy of Morality*, Nietzsche reveals the task of science in our time, the modernity: “*All* sciences must, from now on, prepare the way for the future work of the philosopher: this work being understood to mean that the philosopher has to solve the *problem of values* and that he has to decide on the *rank order of values*” (GM I §17). Therefore, as we can see, the importance of science in Nietzschean philosophy transcends the scientific realm.
As we have already seen, among the Nietzsche’s influences is the multifaceted Roger Boscovich. In the next section, we shall see the importance of the concept of force from physics (due to Boscovich) for constructing his concept of will to power (*Wille zur Macht*). From that concept, will to power, Nietzsche builds his cosmological view: the eternal recurrence of the same, as we shall see in section 3. His epistemological position, the perspectivism, is presented in section 4 with an application to two problems in modern physics: wave-particle duality and the gravitational phenomenon. In section 5, I use the concepts of will to power and perspectivism to interpret the physics—and science in general—as a game.
The physics in Nietzsche’s main concepts
========================================
The Croatian thinker Roger Boscovich (physicist, mathematician, philosopher, etc.) was a decisive reference on Nietzsche’s philosophy. The Nietzsche’s reading of Boscovich’s concept of force was an essential ingredient to construct his famous concept of will to power. In the 18th century, Boscovich researched body collisions. From his research, the Croatian concluded that matter is manifestation of forces. According to the physicist and physics historian Max Jammer [@Jammer p. 178], for Boscovich “impenetrability and extension \[...\] are merely spatial expressions of forces, ‘force’ is consequently more fundamental than ‘matter’ \[...\]”. Nietzsche confirms that idea and in *Beyond Good and Evil* writes: “Boscovich taught us to renounce belief in the last bit of earth that *did* ‘stand still,’ the belief in ‘matter,’ in the ‘material,’ \[...\]” (BGE §12). Such as Boscovich, Nietzsche emphasizes the concept of force (*Kraft*) to the detriment of matter (*Materie*). The material world is manifestation of forces, which, in the Nietzschean case, as we shall see, are translated by wills to power.
For Nietzsche, the physical concept of force was important but was an empty word. In a posthumous fragment, apart from irony, this is clear: “The triumphant concept of ‘force’, with which our physicists have created God and the world, needs supplementing: it must be ascribed an inner world which I call ‘will to power’ \[...\]” (PF 36 \[31\] of 1885). In another fragment the idea is stressed: “A force we cannot imagine (like the allegedly purely mechanical force of attraction and repulsion) is an empty phrase and must be refused rights of citizenship in *science*” (PF 2 \[88\] of 1885). Will to power, according to the Nietzsche’s thought, completes the concept of force.
A will to power is a quantum of power, it is “characterised by the effect it exerts and the effect it resists \[...\]. The quantum of power is essentially a will to violate and to defend oneself against being violated. Not self-preservation” (PF 14 \[79\] of 1888), said the philosopher. In this sense, the becoming is considered as result of intentions of increasing power, it is not considered as result of intentions of “self-preservation”.[^7] Above all, Nietzsche writes, “everything that happens out of intentions can be reduced to the *intention of increasing power*” (PF 2 \[88\] of 1885). Therefore will to power means that everything, whether organic or inorganic, “wants” to increase power. Such a quantum of power is neither a metaphysical concept nor a substance, it can not be confused with a being: “the will to power not a being, not a becoming, but a *pathos*, is the most elementary fact, and becoming, effecting, is only a result of this...”[^8] (PF 14 \[79\] of 1888).
By using the concept of force, in a famous fragment, Nietzsche says what the world is:
> And do you know what “the world” is to me? \[...\]. This world: a monster of force, without beginning, without end, a fixed, iron quantity of force which grows neither larger nor smaller, \[...\] a play of forces and force-waves simultaneously one and “many” \[...\] — *This world is the will to power — and nothing besides!* (PF 38 \[12\] of 1885).
The world as will to power can be viewed as forces struggling for more power. And a similar fragment to 2 \[88\] of 1885 is found, but in this case it is indicated the concept of force: “All that happens, all movement, all becoming as a determining of relations of degree and force, as a *struggle*...” (PF 9 \[91\] of 1887). There is no goal for all events, “for all that happens”, then Nietzsche denies any shadow of teleology as we can see in the fragment 36 \[15\] of 1885:
> If the world had a goal, it could not fail to have been reached by now. If it had an unintended final state, this too could not fail to have been reached. If it were capable at all of standing still and remaining frozen, of “being”, if for just one second in all its becoming it had this capacity for “being”, then in turn all becoming would long since be over and done with, and so would all thinking, all “mind”. The fact of “mind” *as a becoming* proves that the world has no goal and no final state and is incapable of being.
The fragment above shows his refusal to accept an ultimate goal, and this is the reason for rejecting the heat death of the universe (including the second law of thermodynamics), which was already debated during his life.
The world as will to power may be read both in the singular or plural forms.[^9] In the singular one, the world is will to power. There is nothing beyond or “nothing besides!” There is no any metaphysical world. Nietzsche denies a metaphysical world and, such as Spinoza,[^10] considers the nature and mankind the same thing. Nietzsche, in a sense, naturalizes the man. Will to power in the plural means a finiteness of forces. The natural and the human worlds are manifestations of forces or wills to power.
The importance of the concept of force in Nietzsche, besides the concept of will to power, is essential to his cosmological view. And the Nietzschean cosmology is the so-called eternal recurrence of the same.
The eternal recurrence of the same
===================================
Somehow the eternal recurrence of the same (*die ewige Wiederkunft des Gleichen*) is one the most intriguing concepts in Nietzschean philosophy. In the published works, it appears for the first time in *Gay Science*, a book of 1882, in the section or aphorism called *The heaviest weight*:
> What if some day or night a demon were to steal into your loneliest loneliness and say to you: “This life as you now live it and have lived it you will have to live once again and innumerable times again; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and sigh and everything unspeakably small or great in your life must return to you, all in the same succession and sequence \[...\]. The eternal hourglass of existence is turned over again and again, and you with it, speck of dust!” Would you not throw yourself down and gnash your teeth and curse the demon who spoke thus? Or have you once experienced a tremendous moment when you would have answered him: “You are a god, and never have I heard anything more divine.” If this thought gained power over you, as you are it would transform and possibly crush you; the question in each and every thing, “Do you want this again and innumerable times again?” would lie on your actions as the heaviest weight! \[...\] (GS §341).
In this formulation, the eternal recurrence appears to be an ethical thought or challenge. That is, Nietzsche points out to a life experience where each singular moment or “every thing” must be approved. To life each moment—approving it and confirming it—, it is necessary to accept the possibility of the repetition of all life infinite times, “all in the same succession and sequence”. For an affirmative person, each moment is accepted such it is. This is the supreme “yes” to existence, according to Nietzsche. In *Ecce Homo* the philosopher stresses that the eternal recurrence is the “highest possible formula of affirmation” (EH, *Thus Spoke Zarathustra* §1). On the other hand, the nihilist, who denies the sensible world or the single world,[^11] is not able to say “yes” and confirm the existence. Then the eternal recurrence, in this formulation, is a necessary condition to overcome the nihilism.[^12]
A cosmological interpretation
-----------------------------
In another point of view, the eternal recurrence is a cosmology or a cosmological interpretation.[^13] The Nietzschean ingredients for this cosmological point of view are: (1) the forces are both finite and conserved and (2) the time is infinite. In our language today in physics, the first one may be translated by the finiteness of the energy in the observable universe. Moreover, Nietzsche considers force as a conservative quantity. In his thought, this is translated by the first law of thermodynamics.[^14] And the philosopher comments about this law and its relation with eternal recurrence: “The principle of the conservation of energy demands *eternal recurrence*” (PF 5 \[54\] of 1886). The second one is the eternity of the cosmos. For Nietzsche, the recurrence of “all in the same succession and sequence” is possible with eternity and finite forces. All force configurations, within the eternity, according to Nietzsche, would repeat its states. In a sense, Nietzsche works in the same direction of Poincaré,[^15] who stated the “eternal recurrence theorem” years after the German philosopher to begin his first thoughts on the physicality of his concept.
Contrary to the ethical version, the eternal recurrence of the same, as a scientific thought, appears mainly in the posthumous fragments. One of the most important is the fragment 14 \[188\] of 1888, called *The new world-conception*, where Nietzsche writes[^16]:
> If the world may be thought of as a determined quantity of forces and as a determined number of centers of force—and every another representation remains undetermined and therefore unusable—thus it follows that, in the great dice game of the existence, it experienced a calculable number of combinations. In an infinity time, every possible combination would be sometime reached one time; even more, it would be reached infinite times.
As we can see, the two ingredients are present. The first one is indicated by “determined quantity of forces”, and the second one can be read directly.
The attempts of “proving” the eternal recurrence by using scientific concepts can be viewed, according to the arguments in [@Neves1], as an expedient used by the philosopher for attracting readers. A scientific form for the eternal recurrence is more acceptable to people immersed in a scientific culture as we are since the beginning of modernity.
The possibility of an eternal universe
--------------------------------------
Today the cosmology is typically Einsteinian. From solutions of Einstein or Einstein-type equations, cosmological models have been constructed. And one of the most important features in these cosmological solutions is the problem of the initial singularity. In the cosmological standard model ($\Lambda$-CDM model), the initial singularity is called Big Bang. It is interpreted as the initial state of the universe, a singular state where physical quantities diverge. There exists a common belief that the Big Bang is a breakdown of the Einstein’s equations, and a quantized gravitation will solve this problem. However one has possible solutions of this problem without the complete quantum theory of gravity. Bouncing cosmologies (a review is presented in @Novello) appear today as a possibility to avoid the initial singularity. By assuming violations in energy conditions,[^17] and these violations are acceptable since the observation of cosmic accelerated expansion, regular solutions come from the Einsteinian gravitation. In this perspective, the singularity is replaced by a regular transition between a contraction phase and an expansion phase (where we live today). There exists the possibility of constructing cyclic cosmologies in such contexts, where the universe passes through successive phases of contraction and expansion.
The ekpyrotic cosmology [@Lehners], whose name is inspired by the Stoicism, presents a cyclic cosmology. Moreover, this cosmology provides solutions to the typical problems of standard model (the flatness, isotropy, homogeneity and horizon problems) without the inflationary mechanism. That is, the qualities of the inflationary mechanism, which appear during the exponential expansion when the universe was young, are replaced by the ekpyrotic phase, a slow contraction cosmic phase before the current expansion phase. This contraction phase defines the ekpyrotic cosmology. During the contraction phase, besides the solved problems of standard cosmology, there exists the generation of quantum fluctuations which are responsible for the structure formation (structures such as galaxies). In the $\Lambda$-CDM model, this achievement is due to the inflation. Then the initial singularity problem or the Big Bang problem, the typical standard model problems and the structure formation may be solved by adopting an alternative cosmological model.[^18]
Contrary to the critics and some Nietzschean scholars, a cyclic cosmological model is possible today even in Einsteinian theory (the ekpyrotic cosmology may be thought of as an effective theory in general relativity realm). The door is open to a “new” point of view,[^19] where the cosmos is viewed as uncreated, i.e., it is immanent and eternal. The strange death of God, emphasized by Nietzsche, has several meanings: one of the most important is related to the question on the cosmos’ eternity. And the modern rationality may refuse the Creator or the Demiurge for the universe, in such a way forbidding the Big Bang as an instant of creation because, above all, that instant may be viewed as a shadow of the dead God.[^20]
The question on the possibility of recurrence of the *same* is still an open issue because the knowledge on the structure formation (galaxies and galaxy clusters), the black holes evaporation in the contraction phase and the thermodynamic problem (the entropy increase in each expansion phase) are not totally solved within our science today. Such as Nietzsche points out, his *Gedankenexperiment*, his idea of eternal recurrence as a thought experiment, assumes the eternal repetition of the same states for generating ethical consequences, “all in the same succession and sequence”.[^21]
Perspectivism as an epistemological position
============================================
The Nietzschean perspectivism,[^22] or his epistemological position, is indicated in a frequently cited posthumous fragment of 1886:
> Against the positivism which halts at phenomena — “There are only facts” — I would say: no, facts are just what there aren’t, there are only interpretations. We cannot determine any fact “in itself”: perhaps it’s nonsensical to want to do such a thing. “Everything is subjective,” you say: but that itself is an *interpretation*, for the “subject” is not something given but a fiction added on, tucked behind. — Is it even necessary to posit the interpreter behind the interpretation? Even that is fiction, hypothesis.
>
> Inasmuch as the word “knowledge” has any meaning at all, the world is knowable: but it is variously *interpretable*; it has no meaning behind it, but countless meanings. “Perspectivism” (PF 7 \[60\] of 1886).
Denying the thing-in-itself,[^23] the fact or the positivism belief, the final truth (because there is no “being” and the becoming has no goal) and any truth behind or beyond the sensible world (there is no a metaphysical world), Nietzsche claims the perspectivism. The knowledge is perspectivistic, it is something *human, all too human*. In a sense, Nietzsche follows Kant and points out to the dependence of the human conditions (body structure in the Nietzschean case) to generate knowledge. According to the Zarathustra’s author, even the physics is a perspective or an interpretation, as we can read in *Beyond Good and Evil*: “Now it is beginning to dawn on maybe five or six brains that physics too is only an interpretation and arrangement of the world (according to ourselves! if I may say so) and *not* an explanation of the world” (BGE §14). The world with its “ambiguous character”[^24] has become infinite, according to the aphorism *Our new “infinity”*: “the world has once again become infinite to us: insofar as we cannot reject the possibility *that it includes infinite interpretations*” (GS §374). Interpretations which do not reveal any fact or something behind or beyond the sensible world.
In a provocative form, Nietzsche, as a philologist by trade, criticizes the physicists and their notion of law of nature:
> You must forgive an old philologist like me who cannot help maliciously putting his finger on bad tricks of interpretation: but this “conformity of nature to law,” which you physicists are so proud of, just as if — exists only because of your interpretation and bad “philology.” It is not a matter of fact, not a “text,” but instead only a naive humanitarian correction and a distortion of meaning that you use in order to comfortably accommodate the democratic instincts of the modern soul! “Everywhere, equality before the law, — in this respect, nature is no different and no better off than we are” \[...\]. But, as I have said, this is interpretation, not text \[...\] (BGE §22).
The old philologist shows the historical and temporal feature of the knowledge. Our “fixation” on the laws of nature, according to Nietzsche, is a feature of the modernity. The knowledge is created today in such a form by assuming concepts, like the concept of isonomia or equality before the law, which are values for us. Once again, it is emphasized, in the above quotation, that the scientific knowledge does not reveal a fact or a “text”.
Let us use the Nietzschean perspectivism to look at two questions in modern physics, the wave-particle duality and the gravitational phenomenon, and enrich our discussion on this philosophical concept.
Wave or particle?
-----------------
Back to the modern physics, the Nietzschean perspectivism may help us. With aid of Nietzsche, dichotomies are banned. For example, the wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics. What is the true reality on the matter in quantum mechanics realm? Wave or particle? For the Nietzschean philosophy, both or neither! Both because wave and particle are working interpretations, scientific perspectives on the sensible world (and we shall see what is the meaning of “working interpretations”). Neither because these interpretations do not show facts or the thing-in-itself. That is, for Nietzsche, there is no any perfect correspondence between mind and “reality”. Because the “reality” such as we know, the “reality” given by concepts is not a thing-in-itself, it is a product of human interpretations.[^25] Nietzsche rejects the naive realism. Moreover, the philosopher rejects the Platonic idealism and the possibility of existing mathematical entities. The latter rejection is indicated in a posthumous fragment: “The mathematics contains descriptions (definitions) and conclusions from definitions. Its objects do not exist. The truth from its conclusions depends on the correctness of the logical thought” (PF 25 \[307\] of 1884).[^26] The mathematics is grounded on the error, i.e., “the laws of numbers was made on the basis of the error, dominant even from the earliest times, that there are identical things” (HH I §19). Denying the identity,[^27] such as Heraclitus, and the basis of the classical logic, Nietzsche indicates that even the mathematics is a human creation. Then it is clear to the Nietzschean philosophy that the debate on the reality of the wave function in quantum mechanics, for example, is “solved”. The wave function is only a tool to interpret (itself is an interpretation!).
Force or space-time curvature?
------------------------------
Another problem in modern physics: what is the true nature of the gravity? Is the gravity expressed by force or space-time curvature? Is the Einsteinian theory (or something else in the future) the true or the final answer on the gravitational problem? According to Nietzsche, the final answer is only an illusion. Nietzsche denies a final knowledge or a final truth (and even his point of view is an interpretation, a provisional perspective).[^28] An absolute point of view is an absurd and contains a contradiction in terms[^29] because every perspective is provisional, temporary. In this sense, both gravitational theories (Newtonian and Einsteinian) are true during some period. Within Nietzschean philosophy, the truth, in general, has a polemical definition given by an early text of 1873, *On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense*. The philosopher asks *what is the truth?* and answers:
> \[The truth is\] a mobile army of metaphors, metonymies, anthropomorphisms, in short a sum of human relations which have been subjected to poetic and rhetorical intensification, translation, and decoration, and which, after they have been in use for a long time, strike a people as firmly established, canonical, and binding; truths are illusions of which we have forgotten that they are illusions, metaphors which have become worn by frequent use and have lost all sensuous vigour, coins which, having lost their stamp, are now regarded as metal and no longer as coins (TL §1).
The classical philologist (a young philologist when he wrote that text) indicates in the above quotation the truth as “human relations” or as perspective, as it will be said years later. Specifically, in Nietzschean philosophy, the scientific truth only means: it works for the purposes of subsistence of the type (the scientist is one of several types) and obeys specific rules, which, in the physics case, are both mathematical and empirical. Both rules are interpretations. The first one we have already seen. The second one is stressed in modernity, because both the divine and the metaphysical criteria of truth are rejected. Above all, the empirical obligation (and the scientificity) is motivated by the will to truth (*Wille zur Wahrheit*). According to Nietzsche, the will to truth is grounded on the morality, because the scientist—by assuming the empirical obligation—says: “I will not deceive, not even myself” (GS §344). Even without God (because “God is dead” in modernity) and the metaphysical world (the True World is a fable), the will to truth remains as a dominant impulse which seeks for stability, identity. In our scientific time it appears directly related to the sensible world, i.e., the will to truth seeks in all single world to obtain what it wants: the truth as something that does not change.[^30] An error, according to Nietzsche, because the identity or something that does not suffer corruption was rejected such as the metaphysical world. In a sense, the scientific work, by using the Nietzschean philosophy, should assume another position: it should look at the truths with new eyes, considering it interpretations, as something temporary, above all, as something *human, all too human*.
Lastly, in Nietzsche the purpose of subsistence of the type is due to knowledge to be similar to “food”. A kind of food for the spirit (*Geist*, without any metaphysical sense), which is metaphorically comparable to the stomach: “\[...\] ‘spirit’ resembles a stomach more than anything” (BGE §230). After all, the scientific type uses the science as food to increase his power.
The possibility of several interpretations or perspectives is welcomed in Nietzschean philosophy. In *On the Genealogy of Morality*, Nietzsche says: “\[...\] the *more* eyes, various eyes we are able to use for the same thing, the more complete will be our ‘concept’ of the thing, our ‘objectivity’” (GM III §12). In this sense, the “objectivity” in Nietzschean philosophy means to have several perspectives on the same thing. Each perspective is the manifestation of impulses or wills to power. During a determined historical period, the mankind lives with/within several perspectives or “truths”. The Einsteinian and Newtonian theories are “true”. Of course, the Einsteinian theory contains further elements and it is more sophisticated than Newtonian theory. Then it is more “objective” (such as the dual aspect of the matter in quantum mechanics brings us a more “objective” look). But, such as any theory, it is still an interpretation and presents an increase of power to men who created/supported it. In Nietzschean philosophy, each perspective reflects the body plurality of the human body. That is, “our body is, after all, only a society constructed out of many souls” (BGE §19). In his immanent philosophy, soul means impulses or wills to power. Nietzsche has a plural vision, a perspectivistic view on the “reality”.
Physics or science as a game
============================
The world as a game may be read in several parts of Nietzsche’s works. The young philosopher wrote already in 1872 the text *Homer’s Contest*. The text indicates an aspect which remains unaltered in his mature works: the concept of *agon*. The Greek concept of *agon* indicates contest, dispute or struggle. For the mature Nietzsche, both the becoming and the *agon* are subsumed under the concept of will to power. The world as will to power means world as a game or play as well, as we can read in the cited fragment 38 \[12\] of 1885: the world “as a play of forces and force-waves \[...\]”. These are the ingredients of his Dionysian world view. Nietzsche saw in Heraclitus a company, a thinker who claimed a similar point of view: “The affirmation of passing away *and destruction* that is crucial for a Dionysian philosophy, saying yes to opposition and war, *becoming* along with a radical rejection of the very concept of ‘being’— all these are more closely related to me than anything else people have thought so far” (EH, *The Birth of the Tragedy* §3). The becoming as a game—both Nietzsche and Heraclitus are in agreement.[^31] In a sense, a view which may be indicated even today, by using our cosmology. In [@Neves2], one shows that the Nietzsche’s idea of Dionysian cosmology, with the concepts of becoming and struggle, may be approximated to the notions of the cosmological eras or eras of domination. In cosmology, the space-time fabric—and its dynamics, i.e., its expansion, contraction or staticity—is determined by the Friedmann’s equations. Such equations give the dominant term which drives the space-time dynamics in a determined period. Each term is a cosmic fluid component. First, when the universe was young, the radiation dominated the expansion, then the matter. In our present time, the dark energy begins to dominate the cosmic expansion. This picture, somehow, indicates a game or struggle among the matter-energy forms (radiation, matter and dark energy). In each era, a determined form dominates. In a cyclic cosmology, the eras of domination alternate, the sequence radiation-matter-dark energy is repeated, and the *agon* is suggested. The world as a game is a good metaphor from this cosmological perspective as well.
As a part of the Dionysian world, the science is a result of contests as well. The *agon* or contest among scientific perspectives is determinant to the scientific development. As we have seen, science, in particular the physics, obeys rules. Then, such as the Dionysian world (which obeys rules or natural laws), science may be viewed as a game. This conclusion comes from the concepts of will to power and perspectivism: the scientific interpretations struggle for dominance. Such concepts lead to this interpretation. Science as a game means the most influential game today. And from the beginning of modernity, science is the most dominant game. Then the scientist is a type of player (someone who obtains in science the subsistence of the type) who is immersed in such a sophisticated game and, in general, does not realize that he/she plays it.
Final comments
==============
Contrary to the common belief, Nietzsche was neither an obscure nor an irrationalist thinker. Maybe the reason for this opinion is found in his work. Writing in aphorisms, Nietzsche constructed a different work from the scientific model. Denying all powers to the reason, the philosopher pointed out to the limitations of the reason. However, the German philosopher, in his published work and posthumous fragments, exhibited admiration for science and its rationality. And with aid of natural sciences (*Naturwissenschaften*) concepts were created. In particular, with aid of physics, Nietzsche developed the concept of will to power. With the Boscovichean concept of force as more fundamental than the concept of matter, the German philosopher thought about the entire world—a world as forces in struggling.
His position on the nature of the reality is present. A philosophy without facts denies a world in itself or a thing-in-itself. The Nietzschean perspectivism is an epistemological option. “There is no facts, only interpretations” is the “fundamental true” in Nietzschean philosophy. Nietzsche stressed the perspectivistic view of the knowledge because “this world is will to power”, i.e., this world is plural, such as the interpretations in physics today.
“*Long live physics!*”,[^32] wrote the philosopher in *Gay Science*. There is no doubt on the physics influence on Nietzsche’s main concepts. Will to power and eternal recurrence depend on the physical concept of force to appear. But the contrary is not true. There is a lack of Nietzsche’s influence on physics or physicists. However, in our point of view (a perspective), the Nietzschean perspectivism is a good option to interpret the modern results in physics to ban false dichotomies or the improbable final truth.
From the important concepts of will to power and perspectivism, I point out to an interpretation where science is viewed as a game. The Dionysian world reveals a world as contest, a game among wills to power. The multiplicity of perspectives in science, which obey determined rules, presents science as a game and the scientific activity as *agon*.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
I would like to thank FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) for the financial support (Grant No. 2013/03798-3) and Elena Senik for reading the manuscript.
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[^1]: nevesjcs@ime.unicamp.br
[^2]: The Nietzsche’s works are indicated by the initials, with the correspondent sections or aphorisms, established by the critical edition of the complete works edited by Colli and Montinari [@Colli-Montinari]. The *Birth of Tragedy* is BT, *Human, all too Human* is HH, *Gay Science* is GS, *Beyond Good and Evil* is BGE, *Ecce Homo* is EH, *Twilight of the Idols* is TI, *On the Genealogy of Morality* is GM, *On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense* is TL, and the posthumous fragments (or notebooks) are PF, indicated by its numbers and years.
[^3]: Socrates, who according to Nietzsche, is “the archetype of the theoretical optimist”, had “the imperturbable belief that thought, as it follows the thread of causality, reaches down into the deepest abysses of being, and that it is capable, not simply of understanding existence, but even of *correcting* it” (BT §15).
[^4]: The philosopher suggests a new Enlightenment in several texts. See, for example, the fragments 25 \[296\], 26 \[298\], 27 \[79\] and 27 \[80\] of 1884.
[^5]: In *On the Genealogy of Morality* one reads: “*Hubris* today characterizes our whole attitude towards nature, our rape of nature with the help of machines and the completely unscrupulous inventiveness of technicians and engineers” (GM III §9).
[^6]: I will discuss this cardinal concept in Nietzschean philosophy in section 4.
[^7]: This is the point where Nietzsche finds his disagreement over Darwinian theory.
[^8]: We must be careful about the use of “fact” in that fragment. As we shall see, Nietzsche denies any fact defended by the Positivism. The Greek word *pathos* may be translated by affect as well.
[^9]: See also [@Muller] for an abundant discussion on these two forms of facing the will to power.
[^10]: In @Spinoza [part III] the philosopher criticizes those that have considered “man in Nature as a kingdom within a kingdom”.
[^11]: Plato, according to Nietzsche, is considered nihilist because he created the ideal world, the word “where” the Ideas live. Rejecting the sensible world, Plato formulated the True World against the illusory world (the sensible world). In the same way, Nietzsche accuses the Christianity because the “Christianity is Platonism for the ‘people’” (BGE, Preface). In *Twilight of the Idols* it is written: “The true world is gone: which world is left? The illusory one, perhaps?... But no! *we got rid of the illusory world along with the true one!*” (TI, *How the true world finally became a fable* §6). In a sense, Nietzsche assumes only one world, this world. Then his philosophy is immanent.
[^12]: The nihilism, the “uncanniest of guests”, presents several consequences. In the fragment 2 \[127\] of 1885, the philosopher shows its consequences on science, politics and arts.
[^13]: See also [@Krueger], [@Nehamas], [@Marton] and [@D'Iorio] for discussions on the cosmological meaning of this Nietzschean concept. In [@Neves1; @Neves2], one presents this discussion from our state of the art in cosmology. [@Neves1] discusses the possibility of eternal recurrence by means of the scientific knowledge today. Nietzsche himself said that the eternal recurrence “is the most scientific of all possible hypotheses” (PF 5 \[71\] of 1886).
[^14]: As we have already seen, the philosopher was a critic of the second law of thermodynamics. But the first law was welcomed by him.
[^15]: A historical description of the Nietzschean eternal recurrence and its similarity to the Poincaré’s theorem is found in @Brush [vol. II, p. 628]. This similarity is stressed in [@D'Iorio] as well.
[^16]: This fragment was translated by me directly form critical edition [@Colli-Montinari].
[^17]: Such conditions involve the pressure and energy density of the cosmological fluid. This fluid is a good approximation to describe the universe’s matter content.
[^18]: In black hole physics it is possible to solve the problem of singularities within the Einsteinian context as well (see @Neves3). In particular, the singularity inside the black holes is removed by a determined energy violation.
[^19]: A cyclic view of the cosmos is an old idea. Even Nietzsche writes that “The doctrine of the ‘eternal return’, which is to say the unconditional and infinitely repeated cycle of all things — this is Zarathustra’s doctrine, but ultimately it is nothing Heraclitus couldn’t have said too. At least the Stoics have traces of it, and they inherited almost all of their fundamental ideas from Heraclitus” (EH, *The Birth of the Tragedy* §3).
[^20]: See the aphorism 108 from *Gay Science*, where the philosopher writes: “God is dead; but given the way people are, there may still for millennia be caves in which they show his shadow. – And we – we must still defeat his shadow as well!”. The thesis that the Big Bang may be interpreted as God’s shadow is supported in [@Neves1].
[^21]: There exists a debate on the recurrence: is the recurrence of the same or of the different? I agree with [@Krueger] because only the recurrence of the same would have an impact on ethical issues.
[^22]: There is an intense debate on the Nietzschean perspectivism. See, for example, [@Anderson] on the truth and objectivity in Nietzsche’s perspectivism and the book organized by Babich [@Babich], which possesses several works on the topicality of this philosophical position.
[^23]: “The ‘thing-in-itself’ absurd. If I think away all the relationships, all the ‘qualities’, all the ‘activities’ of a thing, then the thing does *not* remain behind” (PF 10 \[202\] of 1887).
[^24]: See GS §373.
[^25]: It must be emphasized that Nietzsche was not a solipsism enthusiast.
[^26]: This fragment was translated by me directly from the critical edition [@Colli-Montinari].
[^27]: “The predominant disposition, however, to treat the similar as identical – an illogical disposition, for there is nothing identical as such – is what first supplied all the foundations for logic” (GS §111).
[^28]: “Granted, this is only an interpretation too – and you will be eager enough to make this objection? – well then, so much the better” (BGE §22).
[^29]: See BGE §16.
[^30]: Plato, in *The Republic* (VI, 485b), presents the philosopher’s nature and his love for the truth. The truth is indicated “as reality which always is, and which is not driven this way and that by becoming and ceasing to be”. This is a common position even today, and, according to this position, the truth is revealed by science because the true scientific theories work independently of the time. However the geocentric model worked during centuries and it is ruled out today.
[^31]: In a fragment attributed to Heraclitus one reads: “Lifetime is a child at play, moving pieces in a game. Kingship belongs to the child” [@Kahn p. 71].
[^32]: See GS §335, where Nietzsche talks about the importance of the physicist’s honesty.
| 2023-09-30T01:27:13.970301 | https://example.com/article/9494 |
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