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--- |
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task_categories: |
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- image-segmentation |
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language: |
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- en |
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tags: |
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- geology |
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- landslides |
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pretty_name: Landslides detection - Biele Karpaty (Slovakia) |
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size_categories: |
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- n<1K |
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--- |
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# !!! Important note: Dataset creation is still in progress !!! |
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# Introduction |
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This dataset was created through a collaboration between the State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr and the Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies. It covers the Biele Karpaty mountain range, located in the western part of Slovakia. |
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The dataset is organized as follows: |
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/landslides<br> |
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├── layers/<br> |
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│ ├── processed/<br> |
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│ │ ├── test/<br> |
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│ │ ├── train/<br> |
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│ │ └── validation/<br> |
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│ └── raw/<br> |
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│ │ ├── test/<br> |
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│ │ ├── train/<br> |
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│ └ └── validation/<br> |
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├── raw/<br> |
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└── README.md<br> |
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The /landslides/raw/ folder contains a 1x1 meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Biele Karpaty (lidar.tif) and expert-annotated landslide data from the State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr (landslides.tif). |
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# General information |
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<table> |
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<tr> |
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<th style="text-align:left;">Dataset split</th> |
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<th>Train</th> |
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<th>Validation</th> |
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<th>Test</th> |
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<th>Total</th> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">265.075141</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">169.684267</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">171.510959</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">606.270367</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>Minimal elevation (meters above mean sea level)</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">227.262</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">201.377</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">190.486</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">160.486</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>Maximal elevation (meters above mean sea level)</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">916.335</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">776.459</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">905.524</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">916.335</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>Number of landslides</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">1155</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">564</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">391</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">2110</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>Largest landslide area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">1,904,451</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">1,005,255</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">933,910</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">1,904,451</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>Smallest landslide area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">136</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">305</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">430</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">136</td> |
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</tr> |
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<tr> |
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<td>Average landslide area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">54,509.82</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">40,887.01</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">60,343.41</td> |
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<td style="text-align:center;">51,949.47</td> |
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</tr> |
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</table> |
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# Layers |
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The /landslides/layers/processed/ and /landslides/layers/raw/ directories each contain subfolders for the test, train, and validation sets. These include various geospatial layers derived from the raw data. |
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- The <b>raw</b> folder contains unnormalized data. |
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- The <b>processed</b> folder includes enhanced, normalized versions of these layer |
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The following layers are available: |
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- LiDAR |
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- Landslides |
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- Aspect |
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- Curvature |
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- Hillshade |
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- NDVI |
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- Negative openness (only in raw folder) |
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- Positive openness (only in raw folder) |
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- Possitive and negative openness difference (only in processed folder) |
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- Roughness |
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- Slope |
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A detailed description and visualization of each layer are provided below. |
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## LiDAR |
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The LiDAR layer was derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 1×1 meter. |
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- The <b>raw</b> folder contains the original, unprocessed elevation data. |
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- The <b>processed</b> folder contains normalized elevation data. Normalization was performed using a minimum value of 0.0 and a maximum value equal to the highest point in the Biele Karpaty region: 916.335 meters. |
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## Landslides |
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The Landslides layer represents ground truth data, manually annotated by experts from the State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr. A pixel value of <b>1</b> indicates the presence of a landslide. |
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The data in both the <b>raw</b> and <b>processed</b> folders are identical, as no additional processing was applied to this layer. |
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## Aspect |
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TODO |
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## Curvature |
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The Curvature layer was calculated from the DEM after applying a smoothing filter to reduce noise. A 3×3 kernel was used to smooth the DEM before curvature computation. The curvature was computed using the following formula (see accompanying image for the legend): |
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- A = (Z1 + Z9) / 2 - Z5 |
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- B = (Z7 + Z9) / 2 - Z5 |
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- C = (Z2 + Z8) / 2 - Z5 |
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- D = (Z4 + Z6) / 2 - Z5 |
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- Curvature = A + B + C + D |
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Image source: https://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//00q90000000t000000 |
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A fixed distance L = 10 meters was used to ensure the output captures broader terrain features and appears smoother. |
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- The <b>raw</b> folder contains curvature values directly computed from the formula above |
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- Edge artifacts were cropped |
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- Positive values indicate convex surfaces |
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- Negative values indicate concave surfaces |
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- The <b>processed</b> folder contains a clipped and normalized version: |
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- Values were clipped to the range [-2, 2] |
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- The clipped values were then normalized to the [0, 1] range using: |
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- Minimum = -2 → maps to 0.0 |
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- Maximum = 2 → maps to 1.0 |
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- In the normalized data: |
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- Values below 0.5 represent concave surfaces |
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- Values above 0.5 represent convex surfaces |
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## Hillshade |
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The Hillshade layer was generated from the DEM using the multidirectional hillshade function in QGIS, with a 45° vertical angle to simulate natural illumination. |
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- The <b>raw</b> folder contains an RGB image with pixel values ranging from 0 to 196 |
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- The <b>processed</b> folder includes a single selected band extracted from the RGB image. The following enhancements were applied: |
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- CLAHE (Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization) filter from the OpenCV library: |
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- Clip limit: 20 |
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- Tile grid size: 8×8 |
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- The output was then normalized to the [0, 1] interval |
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## Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) |
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The NDVI layer was computed from the annual average satellite data covering the Biele Karpaty region (Sentinel 2 surface reflectance imagery). |
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It is used to determine the health and density of vegetation and is computed as a normallized difference of bands B8 (Near-Infrared) and B4 (Visible Red). |
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The data in both the <b>raw</b> and <b>processed</b> folders are identical, as no further processing was applied to this layer. |
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## Possitive and negative openness difference |
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TODO |
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## Roughness |
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The Roughness layer was derived from the DEM using the roughness function in QGIS, which measures the variability of elevation within a local neighborhood. |
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- The <b>raw</b> folder a single-band raster with the original roughness values, unprocessed |
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- The <b>processed</b> folder contains a normalized version of the data. The following processing steps were applied: |
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- Clipping: Values above 20 were clipped to 20 to reduce the influence of extreme outliers |
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- Logarithmic transformation: The clipped values were transformed using: ln(roughness + 1.0) |
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- Normalization: minimum value set to 0, maximum value set to ln(21), resulting values were scaled to the range [0, 1] |
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## Slope |
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The Slope layer was derived from the DEM using the slope function in QGIS, which calculates the steepness of the terrain in degrees. |
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- The <b>raw</b> folder contains a single-band raster with the original slope values expressed in degrees of inclination |
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- The <b>processed</b> folder contains a normalized version of the data: minimum value set to 0°, maximum value set to 90°, values were scaled linearly to the range [0, 1] |
