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Core-collapse supernovae
Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are the explosive end-points of stellar evolution for $M_{ZAMS} \gtrsim 8$ $M_\odot$ stars. The cores of these stars collapse to neutron stars, a process in which high neutrino luminosity drives off the overlying stellar layers, which get ejected with thousands of kilometers per second. These supernovae enrich their host galaxies with elements made both during the star's life and in the explosion, providing the main cosmic source of elements such as oxygen, neon and silicon. Their high luminosities ($\sim$ $10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at peak) make SNe beacons to large distances, and their light curves and spectra provide rich information on single and binary stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis, and a diverse set of high-energy physical processes. As the SN ejecta sweep up circumstellar and interstellar matter, it eventually enters a supernova remnant phase, exemplified by nearby, spatially resolved remnants such as Cas A and the Crab Nebula. In this phase, shocks and pulsar winds continue to light up the interior of the exploded stars, giving detailed information about their 3D structure. We review the central concepts of CCSNe, from the late stages of evolution of massive stars, through collapse, explosion, and electromagnetic display, to the final remnant phase. We briefly discuss still open questions, and current and future research avenues.
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3.777164
3.520934
2026-01-01
8
2026enap....2..639J
[ "stellar evolution", "massive stars", "neutron stars", "high neutrino luminosity", "evolution", "detailed information", "rich information", "elements", "CCSNe", "Cas A" ]
[ "Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
257
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00090-0", "10.48550/arXiv.2503.01321" ]
[ "Jerkstrand, Anders", "Milisavljevic, Dan", "Müller, Bernhard" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2025ApJ...993..159W", "2025MNRAS.542.2830T", "2025MNRAS.544.2653S", "2025arXiv250802656H", "2025arXiv251107539V", "2025arXiv251107540V", "2025arXiv251216253B", "2026MNRAS.545S2033B" ]
[ "2021MNRAS.505.1742R", "2023arXiv230309442W", "2024arXiv240318952M", "2025MNRAS.544.1488M" ]
36545924
none
Luminous blue variables
Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) are a class of massive blue supergiants exhibiting irregular and eruptive instability, sometimes accompanied by extreme mass loss. While they have often been considered to be a brief but very important transitional phase in the evolution of massive single stars, mounting evidence suggests that LBVs are actually a phenomenon associated with binary star evolution by way of mass gainers and mergers. If true, this would leave single massive stars without a way to shed their H envelopes and become Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, requiring a revision of our most basic paradigm of massive star evolution. Understanding their properties and role in evolution is therefore extremely important. The eruptive mass loss of LBVs is also invoked to account for some of the most extraordinary supernovae (SNe) with dense circumstellar material (CSM), which again contradicts the standard single star scenario where LBVs are massive stars in transition to the WR phase. This chapter reviews many aspects of LBVs including terminology and classification, the physical properties of the stars, their mass loss, and their variability, as well as their observed companion stars, implications of their surrounding stellar populations, and their circumstellar nebulae. These are put into context with proposed evolutionary scenarios and possible mechanisms that drive their eruptive variability.
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8.950163
10.530752
2026-01-01
2
2026enap....2..508S
[ "massive single stars", "single massive stars", "massive stars", "massive star evolution", "massive blue supergiants", "extreme mass loss", "proposed evolutionary scenarios", "binary star evolution", "dense circumstellar material", "LBVs" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
676
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00147-4", "10.48550/arXiv.2509.22990" ]
[ "Smith, Nathan" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2025arXiv251110728O", "2025arXiv251115975L" ]
[ "1999LNP...523..169C" ]
36545919
none
Classical Be stars
Classical Be stars, the "e" standing for the presence of spectroscopic line emission, are main sequence stars of spectral type B that are able to form a gaseous disk in Keplerian motion from star-ejected matter. The main driver of this capability is the rapid surface rotation, which might be acquired via binary interaction or through internal stellar evolution, but additional mechanisms, such as nonradial pulsation, usually enable a star to become a Be star well below the actual critical rotation threshold. The angular momentum loss through the disk then keeps the star below the critical rotation value for the rest of its main sequence life span. It is one of the oldest standing research fields of astronomy, since the first discovery of a Be star in 1866. The article, therefore, not only presents the properties of Be stars, but as well the history of the field. The current main research topics, discussed in greater detail, are: 1) the variability of the central object and the nature of Be stars as nonradially pulsating stars, 2) the physics of the viscosity governed circumstellar disk and its variability, which can serve as proxy for the more common, but typically harder to observe viscuous accretion disks, and 3) the role of binarity both in the formation of Be stars as rapid rotators, and as well their impact on the observed properties of these stars.
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8.34501
11.221746
2026-01-01
14
2026enap....2..430R
[ "main sequence stars", "stars", "viscuous accretion disks", "circumstellar disk", "star-ejected matter", "rapid rotators", "internal stellar evolution", "spectroscopic line emission", "spectral type B", "Classical Be stars" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
197
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00042-0", "10.48550/arXiv.2411.06882" ]
[ "Rivinius, Thomas", "Klement, Robert" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "2025A&A...701A...9M", "2025ApJ...987..210B", "2025ApJ...990L..51L", "2025ApJ...993..192K", "2025ApJ...995..128B", "2025Galax..13...46K", "2025Galax..13..109K", "2025MNRAS.539.1964R", "2025MNRAS.542.2768K", "2025MNRAS.tmp.1930K", "2025OJAp....8E.128E", "2025arXiv250508857V", "2025arXiv250518632L", "2025arXiv250925168J" ]
[ "1866AN.....68...63S", "1931ApJ....73...94S", "1975BAICz..26...65K", "1979SSRv...23..541S", "1982bsww.book.....U", "1988PASP..100..770S", "1993ApJ...409..429B", "1994IAUS..162..311B", "1996ApJ...471L..49G", "1996ApJ...472L.115O", "1997ApJ...479..477Q", "1998ARA&A..36..233W", "2001ApJ...555..364B", "2001PASJ...53..119O", "2002ApJ...578..951C", "2003PASP..115.1153P", "2004AN....325..749N", "2007ApJ...667..497M", "2008A&ARv..16..209P", "2011Ap&SS.332....1R", "2012A&A...538A.110M", "2013ApJ...764..166D", "2013MNRAS.429..398P", "2014ApJ...796...37S", "2016ASPC..506.....S", "2016ASPC..506..207W", "2016AdSpR..58..782S", "2016MNRAS.458.2323K", "2017ASPC..508.....M", "2017IAUS..329.....E", "2017IAUS..329..390C", "2021ApJ...916...24K", "2022A&A...667A.111K", "2022AJ....163..226L", "2022ApJ...928..145M", "2022MNRAS.510.2286N", "2023A&A...678A..47B", "2023Galax..11...68C", "2024ApJ...962...70K", "2024MNRAS.527.7515S" ]
36545943
none
White dwarf variability
There are a few different mechanisms that can cause white dwarf stars to vary in brightness, providing opportunities to probe the physics, structures, and formation of these compact stellar remnants. The observational characteristics of the three most common types of white dwarf variability are summarized: stellar pulsations, rotation, and ellipsoidal variations from tidal distortion in binary systems. Stellar pulsations are emphasized as the most complex type of variability, which also has the greatest potential to reveal the conditions of white dwarf interiors.
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5.7247
11.194018
2026-01-01
3
2026enap....3...75B
[ "white dwarf variability", "white dwarf interiors", "Stellar pulsations", "stellar pulsations", "ellipsoidal variations", "tidal distortion", "variability", "binary systems", "formation", "structures" ]
[ "Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
158
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00116-4", "10.48550/arXiv.2502.13258" ]
[ "Bell, Keaton J." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2025ApJ...991..168Y", "2025arXiv251016584K", "2025arXiv251107494G" ]
[ "1951AnAp...14..438L", "1971ApJ...163L..89L", "1982ApJ...252L..65W", "1982ApJ...254..676K", "1982ApJ...259..219R", "1982ApJ...262L..11W", "1987ApJ...315L..77W", "1988IAUS..123..329K", "1990ApJ...361..309N", "1990ApJS...72..335T", "1991ApJ...378..326W", "1991MNRAS.251..673B", "1992MNRAS.259..519B", "1994MNRAS.270..222O", "1995MNRAS.275..828M", "1996ASPC...96..361S", "1998AJ....116.1009R", "1998ApJ...495..424K", "1999ApJ...511..904G", "1999ApJ...519..783W", "2000ApJ...537..977D", "2001MNRAS.323..248W", "2001PASP..113..409F", "2002A&A...387..531C", "2003A&A...401..639K", "2004ApJ...600..404B", "2005A&A...438.1013G", "2005ASPC..334..553M", "2005ApJ...633.1142M", "2005ApJ...635.1239Y", "2006ApJ...640..956M", "2007A&A...462..989C", "2007ApJ...670.1326Z", "2007ApJ...671..761K", "2008A&A...489.1225C", "2008ApJ...676..573M", "2008ApJ...676..594K", "2009ApJ...693..564P", "2009arXiv0912.0201L", "2010Sci...327..977B", "2010aste.book.....A", "2011AJ....141..173B", "2011MNRAS.415.1220R", "2013ApJ...762...57V", "2013ApJ...771...17M", "2013MNRAS.430...50C", "2013MNRAS.436.3573H", "2014AJ....147..127B", "2014ApJ...792...39H", "2014PASP..126..398H", "2014Sci...344..275K", "2015ASPC..493..199S", "2015ASPC..493..285W", "2015ApJ...809...14B", "2015ApJ...810L...5H", "2015JATIS...1a4003R", "2015MNRAS.447.1049V", "2016A&A...595A...1G", "2016ApJ...818..155B", "2016ApJ...829...82B", "2017ASPC..509..321V", "2017ApJS..232...23H", "2017MNRAS.468.1946H", "2017PASP..129j4502K", "2018ApJ...863...82L", "2018ApJS..236...16V", "2018arXiv180905623B", "2019PASP..131a8002B", "2020AJ....159..248K", "2020ApJ...890...11M", "2021ARep...65..246A", "2021ApJ...906....7K", "2021ApJ...918L...1S", "2021MNRAS.508.3877G", "2022A&A...668A.161C", "2022AJ....163..136M", "2022ApJ...927..158V", "2022FrASS...9....6I", "2022FrASS...9.9045G", "2022MNRAS.511.1574R", "2022MNRAS.513.2285U", "2022PhR...988....1S", "2023ApJS..269...32S", "2023MNRAS.520.6111H", "2023MNRAS.522.2181K", "2024A&A...684A..76B" ]
36545928
none
Wolf-Rayet colliding wind binaries
Wolf-Rayet stars embody the final stable phase of the most massive stars immediately before their evolution is terminated in a supernova explosion. They are responsible for some of the most extreme and energetic phenomena in stellar physics, driving fast and dense stellar winds that are powered by extraordinarily high mass-loss rates arising from their near Eddington limit luminosity. When found in binary systems comprised of two hot wind-driving components, a colliding wind binary (CWB) is formed, manifesting dramatic observational signatures from the radio to X-rays. Among the wealth of rare and exotic phenomenology associated with CWBs, perhaps the most unexpected is the production of copious amounts of warm dust. A necessary condition seems to be one binary component being a carbon-rich WR star -- providing favorable chemistry for dust nucleation from the wind -- however a detailed understanding of the physics underlying this phenomenon has not been established.
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9.426175
10.564675
2026-01-01
3
2026enap....2..584W
[ "binary systems", "dramatic observational signatures", "dust nucleation", "stellar physics", "warm dust", "copious amounts", "favorable chemistry", "CWBs", "Wolf-Rayet stars", "two hot wind-driving components" ]
[ "Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
152
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00067-5", "10.48550/arXiv.2412.12534" ]
[ "White, Ryan M. T.", "Tuthill, Peter" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "2025ApJ...994..121W", "2025ApJ...994..122H", "2025arXiv251119572W" ]
[ "1867CRAS...65..292W", "1926MNRAS..86..459M", "1943ApJ....98..500G", "1952ApJ...115..326S", "1965PASP...77..269V", "1966AuJPh..19..195K", "1974ApJ...194..619G", "1975ApJ...195..157C", "1975MNRAS.170...41W", "1975MSRSL...9..193C", "1976ApJ...203L..35S", "1976ApJ...210..137H", "1978MNRAS.185..467W", "1979ApJS...41..513M", "1981MNRAS.196..101B", "1982MNRAS.198..897W", "1984MNRAS.208..481R", "1987ARA&A..25..113A", "1991ApJ...380..161W", "1991MNRAS.252...49U", "1992ARA&A..30..575C", "1992ApJ...386..265S", "1992ApJ...399..672W", "1993ApJ...402..271E", "1993ApJ...405..273W", "1995Ap&SS.224..569S", "1995ApJ...438..724C", "1997ARA&A..35..309F", "1997ApJ...477..792D", "1997MNRAS.289...10W", "1998Natur.395..670G", "1999ApJ...525L..97M", "1999Natur.398..487T", "2000A&A...358..187D", "2000PASP..112..555T", "2001MNRAS.322..231K", "2001NewAR..45..135V", "2002ASPC..260..407W", "2002ApJ...565L..59M", "2002ApJ...567L.137M", "2002RvMP...74.1015W", "2003MNRAS.338.1025F", "2004ApJ...611L..33B", "2004MNRAS.349.1093R", "2004MNRAS.350..565H", "2005A&A...432..985R", "2005A&A...437..247D", "2005A&A...442..587V", "2005ApJ...623..447D", "2005MNRAS.360..141L", "2006A&A...446.1001P", "2006A&A...449L..27C", "2006A&A...457.1015H", "2006ARA&A..44..507W", "2006ApJ...637..914W", "2006MNRAS.372..801P", "2006Sci...313..935T", "2007A&A...464..107M", "2007A&ARv..14..171D", "2007ARA&A..45..177C", "2007ASPC..367..213M", "2007MNRAS.377..415N", "2008A&A...482..945G", "2008A&A...484..831D", "2008ApJ...675..698T", "2008ApJ...679.1467S", "2008MNRAS.388.1047P", "2009ARA&A..47...63S", "2009ARA&A..47..371T", "2009ApJ...703...89G", "2009MNRAS.392.1022U", "2009MNRAS.395.1749W", "2009MNRAS.395.2221W", "2010ApJ...709L.119Z", "2010ApJ...721..518Z", "2010ApJ...724L..90M", "2011A&A...535A..56G", "2011A&A...536L..10V", "2011ApJ...742L...1M", "2011BSRSL..80..266M", "2011MNRAS.414.3501E", "2012A&A...546A..60L", "2012MNRAS.420.2526W", "2013A&A...558A..28D", "2013A&A...558A.131G", "2013MNRAS.428.1207S", "2013MNRAS.436..774E", "2013MNRAS.436.3430D", "2014A&A...562A.118S", "2014ARA&A..52...43B", "2014ApJ...782...96R", "2014MNRAS.440....2M", "2014MNRAS.445.1663Z", "2015A&A...577A.100R", "2015ApJ...809..168C", "2015MNRAS.450.3458C", "2016A&A...590A.113G", "2016AdSpR..58..761R", "2016ApJ...826...39N", "2016MNRAS.457L..99P", "2016MNRAS.459.1505M", "2016MNRAS.460.3975H", "2016MNRAS.461.4115R", "2017A&A...598A..85S", "2017A&A...603A.120V", "2017ApJ...835L..31L", "2017MNRAS.468.2655L", "2017PASA...34....1D", "2017imas.book.....C", "2018A&A...609A.126S", "2018A&A...618A.108S", "2018ARA&A..56...41M", "2018ApJ...858..115A", "2019ApJ...871...55G", "2019ApJ...885...68B", "2019MNRAS.487.5824A", "2019MNRAS.488.1282W", "2019NatAs...3...82C", "2020A&A...634A..79S", "2020A&A...641A..26D", "2020ApJ...900..190L", "2020ApJ...900L...3R", "2020ApJ...903..113C", "2020MNRAS.491.3479C", "2020MNRAS.495.2205P", "2020MNRAS.495.3323C", "2020MNRAS.497.4448S", "2020MNRAS.498.5604H", "2020MNRAS.499..873S", "2020PASA...37...30B", "2021A&A...646A..91H", "2021ApJ...909..113L", "2021ApJ...923..191P", "2021MNRAS.500.4837Z", "2021MNRAS.501.2478M", "2021MNRAS.503..643W", "2021MNRAS.503.2168P", "2021MNRAS.504.2073K", "2022A&A...657L...8B", "2022A&A...664A..93D", "2022ApJ...930..116E", "2022ApJ...938...73P", "2022MNRAS.509.2897S", "2022MNRAS.510.1278Z", "2022MNRAS.513.3317Z", "2022MNRAS.516.6132E", "2022MNRAS.517.4705E", "2022NatAs...6.1308L", "2022Natur.610..269H", "2022arXiv221202514O", "2023A&A...670A...7W", "2023A&A...674A..88D", "2023A&A...678A..87K", "2023ApJ...951...89L", "2023ApJ...956..109P", "2023ApJ...956L..31M", "2023MNRAS.518.3211S", "2023MNRAS.526.3099M", "2024A&A...688A..71J", "2024A&A...689A.157S", "2024A&A...689A.182K", "2024A&A...690A..78B", "2024ApJ...963..127L", "2024ApJ...967L...4H", "2024ApJ...969..140R", "2024ApJ...972L..13S", "2024MNRAS.534..523C", "2024MNRAS.534.2184H", "2024PhRvD.109h3010D", "2024arXiv241004436S", "2025ApJ...982L..47V" ]
36545883
none
Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND)
This chapter presents Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), the proposal that, below a certain acceleration scale $a_0$, dynamics departs from the Newtonian expectation. In that context, the determining factor for the emergence of apparent missing matter in galactic systems is predicted to be the acceleration, and not the mass or size of the system. MOND enables, for example, the prediction of rotation curves from only the baryonic distribution of galaxies. The simple rule is that the acceleration observed in the low-acceleration regime is the square root of the Newtonian expectation times $a_0$. Immediately, the flatness of rotation curves follows, as well as the proportionality of the fourth power of the asymptotic circular speed to only the baryonic mass of the galaxy. While the asymptotic circular speed is predicted not to depend on the baryonic surface density of galaxies of fixed baryonic mass, the inner shape of rotation curves is predicted to strongly depend on it. More generally, MOND implies an algebraic relation between the acceleration expected from Newtonian gravity and the total observed acceleration, at any radius in a galaxy. This is known, observationally, as the Radial Acceleration Relation. For galaxy clusters, it is commonly accepted that MOND fails, needing a stronger gravitational force (or more baryonic mass than observed) to account for the thermodynamic state of galaxy clusters, their lensing and kinematics. MOND, however, is not a complete theory, but a phenomenological non-relativistic paradigm in the limit of low accelerations, in need of embedding in a more fundamental theory. While various non-relativistic field theories of MOND exist, the search for a relativistic theory that recovers general relativity for high accelerations and MOND for low accelerations in the quasi-static limit, as well as a cosmology compatible with observations, is still on-going.
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10.116692
1.850286
2026-01-01
9
2026enap....5..121F
[ "low accelerations", "high accelerations", "more baryonic mass", "fixed baryonic mass", "various non-relativistic field theories", "rotation curves", "galaxy clusters", "MOND exist", "Newtonian gravity", "galaxies" ]
[ "Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
463
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00081-X", "10.48550/arXiv.2501.17006" ]
[ "Famaey, Benoit", "Durakovic, Amel" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "2025Galax..13...22E", "2025OJAp....8E.132M", "2025PDU....4901965D", "2025PhRvD.111j4033M", "2025PhRvD.111l3042F", "2025arXiv250605234Y", "2025arXiv251016520M", "2025arXiv251115025P", "2025arXiv251209353M" ]
[ "1983ApJ...270..365M", "1983ApJ...270..371M", "1983ApJ...270..384M", "1984ApJ...286....7B", "1986RSPTA.320..447V", "1988PhLB..202..497B", "1994AnPhy.229..384M", "1995MNRAS.276..453B", "1997ApJ...480..492S", "1997MNRAS.290..533D", "1999PhLA..253..273M", "2000ApJ...533L..99M", "2004PhRvD..70h3509B", "2005MNRAS.363..459S", "2006PhRvD..74d4037Z", "2007A&A...464..517T", "2007ApJ...654L..13A", "2007CQGra..24.3529B", "2007PhRvD..76l4012B", "2008MNRAS.387.1470A", "2009A&A...493..871S", "2009PhRvD..80b3524B", "2010MNRAS.403..886M", "2011ApJ...743...43I", "2011PhRvD..84f1502B", "2012LRR....15...10F", "2012MNRAS.422L..21S", "2012PhRvD..86f7301Z", "2013ApJ...775..139M", "2013MNRAS.432.2846L", "2013MNRAS.436..202A", "2013arXiv1310.4009F", "2014A&A...571A..82C", "2014MNRAS.441.2497L", "2014PhRvD..89b4016M", "2014PhRvD..89j2002H", "2014SchpJ...931410M", "2015CaJPh..93..232L", "2015MNRAS.446.1060C", "2015PhRvD..92j3510B", "2016MNRAS.456L.127D", "2016MNRAS.463.3637R", "2016PhRvL.117t1101M", "2017ApJ...836..152L", "2017MNRAS.472L..35D", "2017PhRvD..96h3523S", "2017ScPP....2...16V", "2018A&A...609A..44T", "2018JCAP...09..021B", "2018MNRAS.480..473F", "2019A&A...623A..36M", "2019A&A...623A.123G", "2019MNRAS.485..513S", "2019PhRvD..99d4041M", "2019PhRvD.100h4039M", "2020PhLB..81135970D", "2020pama.book.....M", "2021ApJ...923...68O", "2021CaJPh..99..607N", "2021PhRvD.103d4043M", "2021PhRvL.127p1302S", "2022A&A...658A..26F", "2022A&A...660A..28B", "2022ApJ...928...24C", "2022MNRAS.517..498S", "2022MNRAS.517.3613K", "2022PhLB..82636900G", "2022PhRvD.106f4060M", "2022PhRvD.106h4010M", "2022Symm...14.1331B", "2023MNRAS.518.6340D", "2023MNRAS.519.5128N", "2023MNRAS.523..453W", "2023MNRAS.525.6130S", "2023PhRvD.108f3009M", "2023PhRvD.108h4005M", "2024A&A...688A..78K", "2024A&A...689L...3L", "2024ApJ...960..114C", "2024ApJ...968...47V", "2024JCAP...04..020M", "2024JCAP...04..040D", "2024JCAP...05..042D", "2024JCAP...11..040B", "2024MNRAS.527.4573B", "2024MNRAS.528.4720H", "2024MNRAS.530.1781D", "2024PhRvD.109l4016M", "2025PhRvD.111l3042F" ]
36545910
none
Cosmology with fast radio bursts
Despite the first detection of fast radio bursts (FRBs) being as recent as 2007, they have already been proven to be a fantastic tool as a unique cosmological probe. In this chapter, after a brief introduction to FRBs and how they are currently detected, we describe various cosmological questions and how FRB research has both aided previous studies and can continue to do so. Topics include placing constraints on cosmological parameters to understanding the distribution of baryons throughout the Universe. We conclude with some notes on the challenges to be overcome and how to best enable ongoing and future FRB-based studies of cosmology.
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6.345779
3.223314
2026-01-01
16
2026enap....5..448G
[ "various cosmological questions", "cosmological parameters", "FRB research", "fast radio bursts", "previous studies", "FRBs", "FRB", "constraints", "a unique cosmological probe", "ongoing and future FRB-based studies" ]
[ "Astrophysics: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
209
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00073-0", "10.48550/arXiv.2410.24072" ]
[ "Glowacki, Marcin", "Lee, Khee-Gan" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "2025ApJ...984L..40Z", "2025ApJ...991..189Z", "2025ApJ...993..162Z", "2025ApJS..277...64H", "2025MNRAS.538.2785H", "2025MNRAS.540..289G", "2025MNRAS.544.2870S", "2025Univ...11..311L", "2025arXiv250312741Z", "2025arXiv250706594R", "2025arXiv250706841Z", "2025arXiv250716115D", "2025arXiv250813317M", "2025arXiv250908896K", "2025arXiv251023105F", "2025arXiv251202357K" ]
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36545963
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Compact objects in globular clusters
It is now widely established that globular clusters host robust populations of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes throughout their lifetimes. Within clusters, dynamical processes enabled by stellar densities thousands to millions of times larger than typical galactic environments facilitate interactions involving these stellar remnants that give rise to an array of astrophysical phenomena. In particular, stellar clusters have emerged as an important formation site for X-ray sources, radio pulsars, and merging black hole binaries similar to those recently detected as gravitational wave sources by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA detectors. This article reviews our current understanding of compact objects in globular clusters, discussing current observational evidence, ways these objects influence the dynamical evolution of their hosts, and future prospects.
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7.740653
3.186112
2026-01-01
1
2026enap....3..458K
[ "stellar clusters", "globular clusters", "black hole binaries", "X-ray sources", "stellar densities", "gravitational wave sources", "black holes", "clusters", "current observational evidence", "typical galactic environments" ]
[ "None" ]
8
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00103-6" ]
[ "Kremer, Kyle" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2025arXiv251021916M" ]
[]
36545957
none
Thorne-Żytkow objects
Interacting binary star systems play a critical role in many areas of astrophysics. One interesting example of a binary merger product are Thorne-Żytkow Objects (TŻOs), stars that look like red supergiants but contain neutron stars at their cores. TŻOs were theorized nearly five decades ago, and significant work has gone into understanding the physics of their formation, evolution, and stability. Several searches for TŻO candidates have also been carried out. Whether or not TŻOs could even exist or if they would be stable after formation has also been investigated. Understanding the existence and possible prevalence of TŻOs would have important effects on our understanding of binary evolution, stellar mergers, and inform binary population synthesis models. In this chapter, we review the formation channels, evolution and structure, final fates, and observable signatures of TŻOs, as well as candidates in the literature, from the inception of TŻO theory to recent progress in the field.
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7.43983
3.216424
2026-01-01
5
2026enap....3..336O
[ "binary evolution", "binary star systems", "binary population synthesis models", "TŻO candidates", "neutron stars", "TŻOs", "TŻO theory", "evolution", "stars", "formation" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
254
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00093-6", "10.48550/arXiv.2410.02896" ]
[ "O'Grady, Anna", "Moriya, Takashi J.", "Renzo, Mathieu", "Vigna-Gómez, Alejandro" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2025A&A...694A..83N", "2025A&A...697A.239H", "2025Ap&SS.370...11G", "2025ApJ...984L...2M", "2025arXiv251123368O" ]
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36545903
none
Evolution of triple stars
Triple stellar systems, consisting of three gravitationally bound stars, play a fundamental role in a wide array of astrophysical processes, from stellar evolution to the formation of exotic objects and gravitational wave sources. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamics and evolution of triple stellar systems, highlighting their crucial role in shaping stellar populations and driving diverse astrophysical phenomena. We begin by discussing the observed properties of triples, including their frequency and orbital configurations, emphasizing the challenges in characterizing these systems. We then delve into the intricate dynamics of triples, exploring hierarchical, secular, quasi-secular, and chaotic regimes, with particular attention to the von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai (vZLK) mechanism and its extensions. The interplay between stellar evolution and triple dynamics is examined, including mass loss, mass transfer, common-envelope evolution, and supernovae effects. We discuss the development and applications of triple population synthesis codes, demonstrating their power in modeling complex evolutionary scenarios and predicting observational outcomes. Finally, we emphasize the unique role of triple evolution in producing a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from interacting binaries and stellar mergers to explosive transients and gravitational wave sources, underscoring the importance of triple systems in our understanding of stars and stellar populations.
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6.916283
11.441438
2026-01-01
7
2026enap....2..279P
[ "Triple stellar systems", "triple stellar systems", "triple evolution", "stellar evolution", "triple systems", "triple dynamics", "stellar populations", "triple population synthesis codes", "stellar mergers", "evolution" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
185
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00108-5", "10.48550/arXiv.2504.02939" ]
[ "Perets, Hagai B." ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2025MNRAS.541L..35K", "2025MNRAS.543.2130R", "2025PASP..137i4201S", "2025arXiv250500207D", "2025arXiv250918431T", "2025arXiv251017955K", "2025arXiv251118678S" ]
[ "1961BAN....15..265B", "1962P&SS....9..719L", "1979A&A....77..145M", "1999ASPC..169..432I", "2006epbm.book.....E", "2006tbp..book.....V", "2007ASPC..367..615T", "2008LNP...760...59M", "2011PhRvL.107r1101K", "2012arXiv1211.4584K", "2016ARA&A..54..441N", "2016ComAC...3....6T", "2021MNRAS.508..190G", "2021PhRvX..11c1020G", "2023ASPC..534..275O", "2023MNRAS.519L..15G", "2024A&A...692A.247B", "2025A&A...693A..84K", "2025ApJ...978...47S", "2025ApJ...983..115S" ]
36545916
none
Weak gravitational lensing
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of weak gravitational lensing and its current applications in cosmology. We begin by introducing the fundamental concepts of gravitational lensing and derive the key equations for the deflection angle, lensing potential, convergence, and shear. We explore how weak lensing can be used as a cosmological probe, discussing cosmic shear, galaxy-galaxy lensing, and their combination with galaxy clustering in the 3$\times$2pt analysis. The chapter covers the theoretical framework for modeling lensing observables, shear estimation techniques, and major systematic effects such as intrinsic alignments and baryonic feedback. We review the current results of weak lensing cosmology from major surveys and outline prospects for future advancements in the field.
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12.418589
3.390916
2026-01-01
10
2026enap....5..508P
[ "weak lensing cosmology", "lensing observables", "major systematic effects", "major surveys", "shear estimation techniques", "cosmic shear", "outline prospects", "intrinsic alignments", "future advancements", "shear" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
1,204
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00071-7", "10.48550/arXiv.2501.07938" ]
[ "Prat, Judit", "Bacon, David" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "2025JCAP...10..017P", "2025MNRAS.tmp.2029P", "2025PDU....4901965D", "2025arXiv250116292H", "2025arXiv250810876C", "2025arXiv250905152P", "2025arXiv250906929S", "2025arXiv251123417G", "2025arXiv251205050H", "2025arXiv251205949L" ]
[ "2017arXiv170202600H", "2020A&A...641A...6P" ]
36545887
none
Big Bang nucleosynthesis
One of the most compelling pieces of evidence of the Hot Big Bang model is the realisation and confirmation that some nuclides were created shortly after the Big Bang. This process is referred to as Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or, sometimes, primordial nucleosynthesis), and is the end-product of putting neutrons and protons in a hot, expanding Universe. Big Bang nucleosynthesis currently provides our earliest test of cosmology, and it is the only experiment currently designed that is simultaneously sensitive to all four known fundamental forces: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong force and the weak force. Our theoretical understanding of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the measurement of the primordial abundances together represents one of the strongest pillars of the standard cosmological model. In this chapter, we will develop an intuitive understanding of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, discuss modern calculations of this process, and provide a summary of the current state-of-the-art measurements that have been made. Overall, Big Bang nucleosynthesis is in remarkable agreement with various cosmological probes, and it is this agreement that serves to strengthen our confidence in the general picture of cosmology that we have today.
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7.894104
-0.526179
2026-01-01
8
2026enap....5..159C
[ "Big Bang nucleosynthesis", "Big Bang", "primordial nucleosynthesis", "the Hot Big Bang model", "the Hot Big Bang", "various cosmological probes", "the Big Bang", "remarkable agreement", "cosmology", "modern calculations" ]
[ "Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Nuclear Experiment", "Nuclear Theory" ]
548
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00046-8", "10.48550/arXiv.2409.06015" ]
[ "Cooke, Ryan" ]
[ "-" ]
[ "2024arXiv241107988P", "2025A&A...699A.173D", "2025JCAP...08..051M", "2025PhRvD.111f3501D", "2025arXiv250716115D", "2025arXiv250920309C", "2025arXiv251008689J", "2025arXiv251106275P" ]
[ "1948PhRv...73..803A", "1964Natur.203.1108H", "1966ApJ...146..542P", "1967ApJ...148....3W", "1998ApJ...499..699B", "1998ApJ...507..732B", "1998RvMP...70..303S", "2000M&PS...35..949B", "2001ApJ...552..718O", "2001ApJ...560...41P", "2002Natur.415...54B", "2003ApJS..149....1K", "2004MNRAS.355.1042C", "2004PhRvD..69b3509T", "2005ApJ...619..538R", "2006ApJ...639..246B", "2006ApJ...647.1106L", "2006ApJ...649L..61O", "2006ApJ...653..300P", "2006JCAP...10..016S", "2006Natur.442..657K", "2007ARNPS..57..463S", "2007ApJ...671..402K", "2008CoPhC.178..956P", "2008MNRAS.391.1499P", "2008PASJ...60.1159S", "2009A&A...503..545L", "2009PhR...472....1I", "2009PhRvD..80f3010M", "2010A&A...522A..26S", "2010ARNPS..60..539P", "2011ARNPS..61...47F", "2011AstL...37..367K", "2011Sci...334.1245F", "2012A&A...542A..87B", "2012A&A...542L..33N", "2012ApJ...759..121H", "2012CoPhC.183.1822A", "2012MNRAS.425.2477P", "2012Natur.489..121H", "2012arXiv1208.0032S", "2013A&A...554A..96L", "2014ApJ...781...31C", "2014MNRAS.444.2236T", "2014MNRAS.445..778I", "2015MNRAS.447.2925R", "2016ApJ...830..148C", "2016MNRAS.455.1512C", "2016MNRAS.458.2188B", "2016RMxAA..52..419P", "2016RvMP...88a5004C", "2017MNRAS.468.3239R", "2018AJ....156..280B", "2018ApJ...855..102C", "2018CoPhC.233..237C", "2018GGG....19..979P", "2018MNRAS.477...80V", "2018MNRAS.477.5536Z", "2018PhR...754....1P", "2019ApJ...876...98V", "2019MNRAS.487.3221F", "2020A&A...641A...6P", "2020ApJ...896...77H", "2020CoPhC.24806982A", "2020JCAP...03..010F", "2020MNRAS.497..572K", "2020PhRvD.101f3507T", "2020moco.book.....D", "2021ApJ...910...73B", "2021AstL...47..674K", "2021GeCoA.310..240K", "2021JCAP...03..027A", "2021JCAP...03..046Y", "2021JCAP...04..020P", "2021MNRAS.502.2474P", "2022A&A...661A.153M", "2022ApJ...932...60C", "2022ApJ...941..167M", "2022CoPhC.27108205G", "2023MNRAS.522.1358N", "2023PhRvD.108l1301C", "2024A&A...690A..38M", "2024EPJC...84...86B", "2024MNRAS.528.4068K", "2024MNRAS.529..839G" ]
36545872
none
A primer on dark matter
Dark matter is a fundamental constituent of the universe, which is needed to explain a wide variety of astrophysical and cosmological observations. Although the existence of dark matter was first postulated nearly a century ago and its abundance is precisely measured, approximately five times larger than that of ordinary matter, its underlying identity remains a mystery. A leading hypothesis is that it is composed of new elementary particles, which are predicted to exist in many extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. In this article we review the basic evidence for dark matter and the role it plays in cosmology and astrophysics, and discuss experimental searches and potential candidates. Rather than targeting researchers in the field, we aim to provide an accessible and concise summary of the most important ideas and results, which can serve as a first entry point for advanced undergraduate students of physics or astronomy.
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8.159467
-1.976725
2026-01-01
16
2026enap....5...17B
[ "Dark matter", "dark matter", "ordinary matter", "new elementary particles", "advanced undergraduate students", "particle physics", "many extensions", "experimental searches", "potential candidates", "first" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
773
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00070-5", "10.48550/arXiv.2411.05062" ]
[ "Balazs, Csaba", "Bringmann, Torsten", "Kahlhoefer, Felix", "White, Martin" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[ "2024PhRvD.110k5046T", "2024arXiv241203432G", "2025EPJC...85..975A", "2025JHEP...07..195B", "2025PhLB..86539483X", "2025PhRvD.112a2021A", "2025PhRvD.112h3011Y", "2025PhRvD.112j4067S", "2025Symm...17..680C", "2025arXiv250620704B", "2025arXiv250709289A", "2025arXiv250922609P", "2025arXiv251026883D", "2025arXiv251110617T", "2025arXiv251113951B", "2026NIMPA108270982L" ]
[ "2010ARA&A..48..495F", "2012AnP...524..507F", "2012PDU.....1..194B", "2014JPhG...41f3101R", "2015ARNPS..65..485G", "2016ConPh..57..496G", "2016PhR...643....1M", "2017IJMPA..3230006K", "2017PhR...711....1A", "2017ipdm.book.....P", "2018RvMP...90d5002B", "2018tasi.confE...9L", "2019LNP...959.....B", "2021JPhG...48d3001G", "2021pdus.book.....M" ]
36545851
none
Reionization and its sources
Reionization represents an important phase in the history of our Universe when ultraviolet radiation from the first luminous sources, primarily stars and accreting black holes, ionized the neutral hydrogen atoms in the intergalactic medium (IGM). This process follows the ``Dark Ages'', a period with no luminous sources, and is initiated by the formation of the first sources, marking the ``Cosmic Dawn''. Reionization proceeds through multiple stages: initially, ionized bubbles form around galaxies, then expand and overlap across the IGM, culminating in a fully ionized state, with neutral hydrogen remaining only in dense regions. Understanding reionization involves a diverse range of physical concepts, from large-scale structure formation and star formation to radiation propagation through the IGM. Observationally, reionization can be explored using the cosmic microwave background (CMB), Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption, high-redshift galaxy surveys, and emerging 21~cm experiments, which together offer invaluable insights into this transformative epoch.
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13.369789
5.304994
2026-01-01
1
2026enap....4..433C
[ "star formation", "neutral hydrogen", "ultraviolet radiation", "Reionization", "reionization", "invaluable insights", "radiation propagation", "Lyman-$\\alpha$ absorption", "physical concepts", "galaxies" ]
[ "Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
206
[ "10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00088-2", "10.48550/arXiv.2502.12004" ]
[ "Chakraborty, Anirban", "Choudhury, Tirthankar Roy" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[ "2025arXiv250805842M" ]
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