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Introducing
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It’s hard to believe that the journey has taken eight years. At the end of it we have produced
two major revisions to the Core specification, introduced a completely new, high efficiency
codec and released twenty-three profile and service specifications, along with accompanying
documentation and Assigned Numbers documents, which between them contain around
1,250 new pages.
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For anyone not involved with that eight-year journey, it’s a pretty formidable set of documents
to start reading. The purpose of this book is to try and put those specifications into context,
adding some of the history and rationale behind them, to help readers understand how the
different parts interconnect. I’ve also provided some background information on the market
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and what’s in a hearable, to help readers relate the specification to actual products. In the
chapters which delve into detail, I’ve included references to the specific part of the
specifications using their abbreviated name and section number, e.g. [BAP 3.5.1] for Section
3.5.1 of the Basic Audio Profile. I’ve tried to limit the number of references, so that they don’t
get in the way of the text. The glossaries and concordances in Chapter 13 should also help
developers navigate their way around the documents.
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I wanted to get this information out as quickly as possible, so for the first time I’ve resorted
to self-publishing, avoiding the lengthy delays I’ve experienced with publishing houses in the
past. I have to thank Amazon for the ability to do that so easily. If you find this book helpful,
I’d really appreciate it if you could write a review and tell your friends. If you think there are
omissions or something is unclear, please drop me an email at nick@wifore.com. The
advantage of self-publishing is that I can update the book far more readily than with a normal
book. I’ll also try and answer comments and publish corrections at the book’s website at
www.bleaudio.com.
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All of us involved in the specification development think that Bluetooth LE Audio gives us
the tools to develop exciting new audio products and applications. I hope that this book helps
to explain those new concepts and inspires you to develop new ideas. If so, the eight years
that so many of us have spent working on it will have been time well spent.
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The bulk of this book will explain how these new specifications work, how they fit together
and what you can do with them, but we’ll also take a glimpse at the future in the final chapter.
Before jumping into the specifications, it’s useful to understand where we are today and what
goes into a hearable device, to help understand how everything fits together. That’s the
purpose of Chapter 1. If you want to get straight to the detail, skip to Chapter 2.
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A few of the Bluetooth LE Audio specifications are not yet adopted, so I’ve relied on pre-
publication drafts which the Bluetooth SIG has made public. The versions used for this
edition are listed in Chapter 13.
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Chapter 1 - The background and heritage
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Chapter 1. The background and heritage
Since it was first announced in 1998, Bluetooth® technology has, arguably, grown to be the
most successful two-way wireless standard in history. In the wireless standards business,
success is normally counted as the number of chips which are sold each year. On that basis,
Bluetooth is the winner, with around 4.5 billion chip shipments in 2020. Wi-Fi is close behind,
with 4.2 billion, followed by 1.84 billion for all variants of GSM and 3GPP phones and a mere
145 million for DECT.
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However, for much of its history, only a small number of those chips were actually used.
When Bluetooth technology was first proposed, its developers identified four main use cases.
Three of them were audio applications, focussing on simple telephony functions:
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• a straightforward wireless headset that was just an extension of your phone, defined
in the Headset profile
• an intercom specification for use around the house and in business, and
• a new technology for cordless telephony, hoping to replace the proprietary analogue
standards used in the US and the emerging DECT standard within Europe. Its
intent was to combine the functions of cordless and cellular in a single phone.
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The fourth use case was called dial-up networking or DUN, which provided a means to
connect your laptop to your GSM phone, using the phone as a modem to give you internet
access wherever you were in the world. As is often the case with new technology standards,
none of those four use cases really took off, despite some initial enthusiasm from PC and
phone companies. Cordless telephony and intercom failed because they potentially took
revenue away from mobile phone operators. Dial up networking worked, but at that point
mobile phone tariffs for data were expensive, which encouraged people to use the new Wi-Fi
standard instead. Headsets started to sell, but unless you were a taxi driver, you weren’t likely
to buy one. It became clear that these particular use cases probably weren't the ones that were
going to generate scale in the market, so the Bluetooth SIG started work on a host of other
features, such as printing and object transfer, none of which attracted much more interest
from consumers.
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What happened next is what all standards bodies hope for - Government regulations appeared
which gave Bluetooth technology a better reason to exist.
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At the end of the 1990s, global mobile phone usage exploded as the falling price of both
phones and phone contracts changed them from a business tool to a consumer essential.
Mobile phone operators started to become High Street names, growing to become substantial
businesses.
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Section 1.1 - The hearing aid legacy
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Figure 1.1 Growth of global mobile phone subscriptions
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