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qmlformat
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h5mkgrp
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repc
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gio-querymodules
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zstdgrep
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zstdgrep runs grep(1) on files, or stdin if no files argument is given, after decompressing them with zstdcat(1). The grep-flags and pattern arguments are passed on to grep(1). If an -e flag is found in the grep-flags, zstdgrep will not look for a pattern argument. Note that modern grep alternatives such as ripgrep (rg(1)) support zstd-compressed files out of the box, and can prove better alternatives than zstdgrep notably for unsupported complex pattern searches. Note though that such alternatives may also feature some minor command line differences. EXIT STATUS In case of missing arguments or missing pattern, 1 will be returned, otherwise 0. SEE ALSO zstd(1) AUTHORS Thomas Klausner wiz@NetBSD.org zstd 1.5.6 March 2024 ZSTDGREP(1)
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zstdgrep - print lines matching a pattern in zstandard-compressed files
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zstdgrep [grep-flags] [--] pattern [files ...]
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gendict
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gendict reads the word list from dictionary-file and creates a string trie dictionary file. Normally this data file has the .dict extension. Words begin at the beginning of a line and are terminated by the first whitespace. Lines that begin with whitespace are ignored.
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gendict - Compiles word list into ICU string trie dictionary
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gendict [ --uchars | --bytes --transform transform ] [ -h, -?, --help ] [ -V, --version ] [ -c, --copyright ] [ -v, --verbose ] [ -i, --icudatadir directory ] input-file output-file
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-h, -?, --help Print help about usage and exit. -V, --version Print the version of gendict and exit. -c, --copyright Embeds the standard ICU copyright into the output-file. -v, --verbose Display extra informative messages during execution. -i, --icudatadir directory Look for any necessary ICU data files in directory. For example, the file pnames.icu must be located when ICU's data is not built as a shared library. The default ICU data directory is specified by the environment variable ICU_DATA. Most configurations of ICU do not require this argument. --uchars Set the output trie type to UChar. Mutually exclusive with --bytes. --bytes Set the output trie type to Bytes. Mutually exclusive with --uchars. --transform Set the transform type. Should only be specified with --bytes. Currently supported transforms are: offset-<hex-number>, which specifies an offset to subtract from all input characters. It should be noted that the offset transform also maps U+200D to 0xFF and U+200C to 0xFE, in order to offer compatibility to languages that require these characters. A transform must be specified for a bytes trie, and when applied to the non-value characters in the input-file must produce output between 0x00 and 0xFF. input-file The source file to read. output-file The file to write the output dictionary to. CAVEATS The input-file is assumed to be encoded in UTF-8. The integers in the input-file that are used as values must be made up of ASCII digits. They may be specified either in hex, by using a 0x prefix, or in decimal. Either --bytes or --uchars must be specified. ENVIRONMENT ICU_DATA Specifies the directory containing ICU data. Defaults to ${prefix}/share/icu/68.1/. Some tools in ICU depend on the presence of the trailing slash. It is thus important to make sure that it is present if ICU_DATA is set. AUTHORS Maxime Serrano VERSION 1.0 COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2012 International Business Machines Corporation and others SEE ALSO http://www.icu-project.org/userguide/boundaryAnalysis.html ICU MANPAGE 1 June 2012 GENDICT(1)
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h5format_convert
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arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-makerelocs
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indr
| null | null | null | null | null |
conda-content-trust
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idle3
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google-oauthlib-tool
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envsubst
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Substitutes the values of environment variables. Operation mode: -v, --variables output the variables occurring in SHELL-FORMAT Informative output: -h, --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit In normal operation mode, standard input is copied to standard output, with references to environment variables of the form $VARIABLE or ${VARIABLE} being replaced with the corresponding values. If a SHELL-FORMAT is given, only those environment variables that are referenced in SHELL-FORMAT are substituted; otherwise all environment variables references occurring in standard input are substituted. When --variables is used, standard input is ignored, and the output consists of the environment variables that are referenced in SHELL-FORMAT, one per line. AUTHOR Written by Bruno Haible. REPORTING BUGS Report bugs in the bug tracker at <https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gettext> or by email to <bug-gettext@gnu.org>. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2003-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. SEE ALSO The full documentation for envsubst is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and envsubst programs are properly installed at your site, the command info envsubst should give you access to the complete manual. GNU gettext-runtime 0.22.5 February 2024 ENVSUBST(1)
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envsubst - substitutes environment variables in shell format strings
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envsubst [OPTION] [SHELL-FORMAT]
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xz
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xz is a general-purpose data compression tool with command line syntax similar to gzip(1) and bzip2(1). The native file format is the .xz format, but the legacy .lzma format used by LZMA Utils and raw compressed streams with no container format headers are also supported. In addition, decompression of the .lz format used by lzip is supported. xz compresses or decompresses each file according to the selected operation mode. If no files are given or file is -, xz reads from standard input and writes the processed data to standard output. xz will refuse (display an error and skip the file) to write compressed data to standard output if it is a terminal. Similarly, xz will refuse to read compressed data from standard input if it is a terminal. Unless --stdout is specified, files other than - are written to a new file whose name is derived from the source file name: ⢠When compressing, the suffix of the target file format (.xz or .lzma) is appended to the source filename to get the target filename. ⢠When decompressing, the .xz, .lzma, or .lz suffix is removed from the filename to get the target filename. xz also recognizes the suffixes .txz and .tlz, and replaces them with the .tar suffix. If the target file already exists, an error is displayed and the file is skipped. Unless writing to standard output, xz will display a warning and skip the file if any of the following applies: ⢠File is not a regular file. Symbolic links are not followed, and thus they are not considered to be regular files. ⢠File has more than one hard link. ⢠File has setuid, setgid, or sticky bit set. ⢠The operation mode is set to compress and the file already has a suffix of the target file format (.xz or .txz when compressing to the .xz format, and .lzma or .tlz when compressing to the .lzma format). ⢠The operation mode is set to decompress and the file doesn't have a suffix of any of the supported file formats (.xz, .txz, .lzma, .tlz, or .lz). After successfully compressing or decompressing the file, xz copies the owner, group, permissions, access time, and modification time from the source file to the target file. If copying the group fails, the permissions are modified so that the target file doesn't become accessible to users who didn't have permission to access the source file. xz doesn't support copying other metadata like access control lists or extended attributes yet. Once the target file has been successfully closed, the source file is removed unless --keep was specified. The source file is never removed if the output is written to standard output or if an error occurs. Sending SIGINFO or SIGUSR1 to the xz process makes it print progress information to standard error. This has only limited use since when standard error is a terminal, using --verbose will display an automatically updating progress indicator. Memory usage The memory usage of xz varies from a few hundred kilobytes to several gigabytes depending on the compression settings. The settings used when compressing a file determine the memory requirements of the decompressor. Typically the decompressor needs 5 % to 20 % of the amount of memory that the compressor needed when creating the file. For example, decompressing a file created with xz -9 currently requires 65 MiB of memory. Still, it is possible to have .xz files that require several gigabytes of memory to decompress. Especially users of older systems may find the possibility of very large memory usage annoying. To prevent uncomfortable surprises, xz has a built-in memory usage limiter, which is disabled by default. While some operating systems provide ways to limit the memory usage of processes, relying on it wasn't deemed to be flexible enough (for example, using ulimit(1) to limit virtual memory tends to cripple mmap(2)). The memory usage limiter can be enabled with the command line option --memlimit=limit. Often it is more convenient to enable the limiter by default by setting the environment variable XZ_DEFAULTS, for example, XZ_DEFAULTS=--memlimit=150MiB. It is possible to set the limits separately for compression and decompression by using --memlimit-compress=limit and --memlimit-decompress=limit. Using these two options outside XZ_DEFAULTS is rarely useful because a single run of xz cannot do both compression and decompression and --memlimit=limit (or -M limit) is shorter to type on the command line. If the specified memory usage limit is exceeded when decompressing, xz will display an error and decompressing the file will fail. If the limit is exceeded when compressing, xz will try to scale the settings down so that the limit is no longer exceeded (except when using --format=raw or --no-adjust). This way the operation won't fail unless the limit is very small. The scaling of the settings is done in steps that don't match the compression level presets, for example, if the limit is only slightly less than the amount required for xz -9, the settings will be scaled down only a little, not all the way down to xz -8. Concatenation and padding with .xz files It is possible to concatenate .xz files as is. xz will decompress such files as if they were a single .xz file. It is possible to insert padding between the concatenated parts or after the last part. The padding must consist of null bytes and the size of the padding must be a multiple of four bytes. This can be useful, for example, if the .xz file is stored on a medium that measures file sizes in 512-byte blocks. Concatenation and padding are not allowed with .lzma files or raw streams.
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xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat - Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files
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xz [option...] [file...] COMMAND ALIASES unxz is equivalent to xz --decompress. xzcat is equivalent to xz --decompress --stdout. lzma is equivalent to xz --format=lzma. unlzma is equivalent to xz --format=lzma --decompress. lzcat is equivalent to xz --format=lzma --decompress --stdout. When writing scripts that need to decompress files, it is recommended to always use the name xz with appropriate arguments (xz -d or xz -dc) instead of the names unxz and xzcat.
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Integer suffixes and special values In most places where an integer argument is expected, an optional suffix is supported to easily indicate large integers. There must be no space between the integer and the suffix. KiB Multiply the integer by 1,024 (2^10). Ki, k, kB, K, and KB are accepted as synonyms for KiB. MiB Multiply the integer by 1,048,576 (2^20). Mi, m, M, and MB are accepted as synonyms for MiB. GiB Multiply the integer by 1,073,741,824 (2^30). Gi, g, G, and GB are accepted as synonyms for GiB. The special value max can be used to indicate the maximum integer value supported by the option. Operation mode If multiple operation mode options are given, the last one takes effect. -z, --compress Compress. This is the default operation mode when no operation mode option is specified and no other operation mode is implied from the command name (for example, unxz implies --decompress). -d, --decompress, --uncompress Decompress. -t, --test Test the integrity of compressed files. This option is equivalent to --decompress --stdout except that the decompressed data is discarded instead of being written to standard output. No files are created or removed. -l, --list Print information about compressed files. No uncompressed output is produced, and no files are created or removed. In list mode, the program cannot read the compressed data from standard input or from other unseekable sources. The default listing shows basic information about files, one file per line. To get more detailed information, use also the --verbose option. For even more information, use --verbose twice, but note that this may be slow, because getting all the extra information requires many seeks. The width of verbose output exceeds 80 characters, so piping the output to, for example, less -S may be convenient if the terminal isn't wide enough. The exact output may vary between xz versions and different locales. For machine-readable output, --robot --list should be used. Operation modifiers -k, --keep Don't delete the input files. Since xz 5.2.6, this option also makes xz compress or decompress even if the input is a symbolic link to a regular file, has more than one hard link, or has the setuid, setgid, or sticky bit set. The setuid, setgid, and sticky bits are not copied to the target file. In earlier versions this was only done with --force. -f, --force This option has several effects: ⢠If the target file already exists, delete it before compressing or decompressing. ⢠Compress or decompress even if the input is a symbolic link to a regular file, has more than one hard link, or has the setuid, setgid, or sticky bit set. The setuid, setgid, and sticky bits are not copied to the target file. ⢠When used with --decompress --stdout and xz cannot recognize the type of the source file, copy the source file as is to standard output. This allows xzcat --force to be used like cat(1) for files that have not been compressed with xz. Note that in future, xz might support new compressed file formats, which may make xz decompress more types of files instead of copying them as is to standard output. --format=format can be used to restrict xz to decompress only a single file format. -c, --stdout, --to-stdout Write the compressed or decompressed data to standard output instead of a file. This implies --keep. --single-stream Decompress only the first .xz stream, and silently ignore possible remaining input data following the stream. Normally such trailing garbage makes xz display an error. xz never decompresses more than one stream from .lzma files or raw streams, but this option still makes xz ignore the possible trailing data after the .lzma file or raw stream. This option has no effect if the operation mode is not --decompress or --test. --no-sparse Disable creation of sparse files. By default, if decompressing into a regular file, xz tries to make the file sparse if the decompressed data contains long sequences of binary zeros. It also works when writing to standard output as long as standard output is connected to a regular file and certain additional conditions are met to make it safe. Creating sparse files may save disk space and speed up the decompression by reducing the amount of disk I/O. -S .suf, --suffix=.suf When compressing, use .suf as the suffix for the target file instead of .xz or .lzma. If not writing to standard output and the source file already has the suffix .suf, a warning is displayed and the file is skipped. When decompressing, recognize files with the suffix .suf in addition to files with the .xz, .txz, .lzma, .tlz, or .lz suffix. If the source file has the suffix .suf, the suffix is removed to get the target filename. When compressing or decompressing raw streams (--format=raw), the suffix must always be specified unless writing to standard output, because there is no default suffix for raw streams. --files[=file] Read the filenames to process from file; if file is omitted, filenames are read from standard input. Filenames must be terminated with the newline character. A dash (-) is taken as a regular filename; it doesn't mean standard input. If filenames are given also as command line arguments, they are processed before the filenames read from file. --files0[=file] This is identical to --files[=file] except that each filename must be terminated with the null character. Basic file format and compression options -F format, --format=format Specify the file format to compress or decompress: auto This is the default. When compressing, auto is equivalent to xz. When decompressing, the format of the input file is automatically detected. Note that raw streams (created with --format=raw) cannot be auto- detected. xz Compress to the .xz file format, or accept only .xz files when decompressing. lzma, alone Compress to the legacy .lzma file format, or accept only .lzma files when decompressing. The alternative name alone is provided for backwards compatibility with LZMA Utils. lzip Accept only .lz files when decompressing. Compression is not supported. The .lz format version 0 and the unextended version 1 are supported. Version 0 files were produced by lzip 1.3 and older. Such files aren't common but may be found from file archives as a few source packages were released in this format. People might have old personal files in this format too. Decompression support for the format version 0 was removed in lzip 1.18. lzip 1.4 and later create files in the format version 1. The sync flush marker extension to the format version 1 was added in lzip 1.6. This extension is rarely used and isn't supported by xz (diagnosed as corrupt input). raw Compress or uncompress a raw stream (no headers). This is meant for advanced users only. To decode raw streams, you need use --format=raw and explicitly specify the filter chain, which normally would have been stored in the container headers. -C check, --check=check Specify the type of the integrity check. The check is calculated from the uncompressed data and stored in the .xz file. This option has an effect only when compressing into the .xz format; the .lzma format doesn't support integrity checks. The integrity check (if any) is verified when the .xz file is decompressed. Supported check types: none Don't calculate an integrity check at all. This is usually a bad idea. This can be useful when integrity of the data is verified by other means anyway. crc32 Calculate CRC32 using the polynomial from IEEE-802.3 (Ethernet). crc64 Calculate CRC64 using the polynomial from ECMA-182. This is the default, since it is slightly better than CRC32 at detecting damaged files and the speed difference is negligible. sha256 Calculate SHA-256. This is somewhat slower than CRC32 and CRC64. Integrity of the .xz headers is always verified with CRC32. It is not possible to change or disable it. --ignore-check Don't verify the integrity check of the compressed data when decompressing. The CRC32 values in the .xz headers will still be verified normally. Do not use this option unless you know what you are doing. Possible reasons to use this option: ⢠Trying to recover data from a corrupt .xz file. ⢠Speeding up decompression. This matters mostly with SHA-256 or with files that have compressed extremely well. It's recommended to not use this option for this purpose unless the file integrity is verified externally in some other way. -0 ... -9 Select a compression preset level. The default is -6. If multiple preset levels are specified, the last one takes effect. If a custom filter chain was already specified, setting a compression preset level clears the custom filter chain. The differences between the presets are more significant than with gzip(1) and bzip2(1). The selected compression settings determine the memory requirements of the decompressor, thus using a too high preset level might make it painful to decompress the file on an old system with little RAM. Specifically, it's not a good idea to blindly use -9 for everything like it often is with gzip(1) and bzip2(1). -0 ... -3 These are somewhat fast presets. -0 is sometimes faster than gzip -9 while compressing much better. The higher ones often have speed comparable to bzip2(1) with comparable or better compression ratio, although the results depend a lot on the type of data being compressed. -4 ... -6 Good to very good compression while keeping decompressor memory usage reasonable even for old systems. -6 is the default, which is usually a good choice for distributing files that need to be decompressible even on systems with only 16 MiB RAM. (-5e or -6e may be worth considering too. See --extreme.) -7 ... -9 These are like -6 but with higher compressor and decompressor memory requirements. These are useful only when compressing files bigger than 8 MiB, 16 MiB, and 32 MiB, respectively. On the same hardware, the decompression speed is approximately a constant number of bytes of compressed data per second. In other words, the better the compression, the faster the decompression will usually be. This also means that the amount of uncompressed output produced per second can vary a lot. The following table summarises the features of the presets: Preset DictSize CompCPU CompMem DecMem -0 256 KiB 0 3 MiB 1 MiB -1 1 MiB 1 9 MiB 2 MiB -2 2 MiB 2 17 MiB 3 MiB -3 4 MiB 3 32 MiB 5 MiB -4 4 MiB 4 48 MiB 5 MiB -5 8 MiB 5 94 MiB 9 MiB -6 8 MiB 6 94 MiB 9 MiB -7 16 MiB 6 186 MiB 17 MiB -8 32 MiB 6 370 MiB 33 MiB -9 64 MiB 6 674 MiB 65 MiB Column descriptions: ⢠DictSize is the LZMA2 dictionary size. It is waste of memory to use a dictionary bigger than the size of the uncompressed file. This is why it is good to avoid using the presets -7 ... -9 when there's no real need for them. At -6 and lower, the amount of memory wasted is usually low enough to not matter. ⢠CompCPU is a simplified representation of the LZMA2 settings that affect compression speed. The dictionary size affects speed too, so while CompCPU is the same for levels -6 ... -9, higher levels still tend to be a little slower. To get even slower and thus possibly better compression, see --extreme. ⢠CompMem contains the compressor memory requirements in the single-threaded mode. It may vary slightly between xz versions. ⢠DecMem contains the decompressor memory requirements. That is, the compression settings determine the memory requirements of the decompressor. The exact decompressor memory usage is slightly more than the LZMA2 dictionary size, but the values in the table have been rounded up to the next full MiB. Memory requirements of the multi-threaded mode are significantly higher than that of the single-threaded mode. With the default value of --block-size, each thread needs 3*3*DictSize plus CompMem or DecMem. For example, four threads with preset -6 needs 660â670 MiB of memory. -e, --extreme Use a slower variant of the selected compression preset level (-0 ... -9) to hopefully get a little bit better compression ratio, but with bad luck this can also make it worse. Decompressor memory usage is not affected, but compressor memory usage increases a little at preset levels -0 ... -3. Since there are two presets with dictionary sizes 4 MiB and 8 MiB, the presets -3e and -5e use slightly faster settings (lower CompCPU) than -4e and -6e, respectively. That way no two presets are identical. Preset DictSize CompCPU CompMem DecMem -0e 256 KiB 8 4 MiB 1 MiB -1e 1 MiB 8 13 MiB 2 MiB -2e 2 MiB 8 25 MiB 3 MiB -3e 4 MiB 7 48 MiB 5 MiB -4e 4 MiB 8 48 MiB 5 MiB -5e 8 MiB 7 94 MiB 9 MiB -6e 8 MiB 8 94 MiB 9 MiB -7e 16 MiB 8 186 MiB 17 MiB -8e 32 MiB 8 370 MiB 33 MiB -9e 64 MiB 8 674 MiB 65 MiB For example, there are a total of four presets that use 8 MiB dictionary, whose order from the fastest to the slowest is -5, -6, -5e, and -6e. --fast --best These are somewhat misleading aliases for -0 and -9, respectively. These are provided only for backwards compatibility with LZMA Utils. Avoid using these options. --block-size=size When compressing to the .xz format, split the input data into blocks of size bytes. The blocks are compressed independently from each other, which helps with multi-threading and makes limited random-access decompression possible. This option is typically used to override the default block size in multi- threaded mode, but this option can be used in single-threaded mode too. In multi-threaded mode about three times size bytes will be allocated in each thread for buffering input and output. The default size is three times the LZMA2 dictionary size or 1 MiB, whichever is more. Typically a good value is 2â4 times the size of the LZMA2 dictionary or at least 1 MiB. Using size less than the LZMA2 dictionary size is waste of RAM because then the LZMA2 dictionary buffer will never get fully used. In multi-threaded mode, the sizes of the blocks are stored in the block headers. This size information is required for multi-threaded decompression. In single-threaded mode no block splitting is done by default. Setting this option doesn't affect memory usage. No size information is stored in block headers, thus files created in single-threaded mode won't be identical to files created in multi-threaded mode. The lack of size information also means that xz won't be able decompress the files in multi-threaded mode. --block-list=items When compressing to the .xz format, start a new block with an optional custom filter chain after the given intervals of uncompressed data. The items are a comma-separated list. Each item consists of an optional filter chain number between 0 and 9 followed by a colon (:) and a required size of uncompressed data. Omitting an item (two or more consecutive commas) is a shorthand to use the size and filters of the previous item. If the input file is bigger than the sum of the sizes in items, the last item is repeated until the end of the file. A special value of 0 may be used as the last size to indicate that the rest of the file should be encoded as a single block. An alternative filter chain for each block can be specified in combination with the --filters1=filters ... --filters9=filters options. These options define filter chains with an identifier between 1â9. Filter chain 0 can be used to refer to the default filter chain, which is the same as not specifying a filter chain. The filter chain identifier can be used before the uncompressed size, followed by a colon (:). For example, if one specifies --block-list=1:2MiB,3:2MiB,2:4MiB,,2MiB,0:4MiB then blocks will be created using: ⢠The filter chain specified by --filters1 and 2 MiB input ⢠The filter chain specified by --filters3 and 2 MiB input ⢠The filter chain specified by --filters2 and 4 MiB input ⢠The filter chain specified by --filters2 and 4 MiB input ⢠The default filter chain and 2 MiB input ⢠The default filter chain and 4 MiB input for every block until end of input. If one specifies a size that exceeds the encoder's block size (either the default value in threaded mode or the value specified with --block-size=size), the encoder will create additional blocks while keeping the boundaries specified in items. For example, if one specifies --block-size=10MiB --block-list=5MiB,10MiB,8MiB,12MiB,24MiB and the input file is 80 MiB, one will get 11 blocks: 5, 10, 8, 10, 2, 10, 10, 4, 10, 10, and 1 MiB. In multi-threaded mode the sizes of the blocks are stored in the block headers. This isn't done in single-threaded mode, so the encoded output won't be identical to that of the multi-threaded mode. --flush-timeout=timeout When compressing, if more than timeout milliseconds (a positive integer) has passed since the previous flush and reading more input would block, all the pending input data is flushed from the encoder and made available in the output stream. This can be useful if xz is used to compress data that is streamed over a network. Small timeout values make the data available at the receiving end with a small delay, but large timeout values give better compression ratio. This feature is disabled by default. If this option is specified more than once, the last one takes effect. The special timeout value of 0 can be used to explicitly disable this feature. This feature is not available on non-POSIX systems. This feature is still experimental. Currently xz is unsuitable for decompressing the stream in real time due to how xz does buffering. --memlimit-compress=limit Set a memory usage limit for compression. If this option is specified multiple times, the last one takes effect. If the compression settings exceed the limit, xz will attempt to adjust the settings downwards so that the limit is no longer exceeded and display a notice that automatic adjustment was done. The adjustments are done in this order: reducing the number of threads, switching to single-threaded mode if even one thread in multi-threaded mode exceeds the limit, and finally reducing the LZMA2 dictionary size. When compressing with --format=raw or if --no-adjust has been specified, only the number of threads may be reduced since it can be done without affecting the compressed output. If the limit cannot be met even with the adjustments described above, an error is displayed and xz will exit with exit status 1. The limit can be specified in multiple ways: ⢠The limit can be an absolute value in bytes. Using an integer suffix like MiB can be useful. Example: --memlimit-compress=80MiB ⢠The limit can be specified as a percentage of total physical memory (RAM). This can be useful especially when setting the XZ_DEFAULTS environment variable in a shell initialization script that is shared between different computers. That way the limit is automatically bigger on systems with more memory. Example: --memlimit-compress=70% ⢠The limit can be reset back to its default value by setting it to 0. This is currently equivalent to setting the limit to max (no memory usage limit). For 32-bit xz there is a special case: if the limit would be over 4020 MiB, the limit is set to 4020 MiB. On MIPS32 2000 MiB is used instead. (The values 0 and max aren't affected by this. A similar feature doesn't exist for decompression.) This can be helpful when a 32-bit executable has access to 4 GiB address space (2 GiB on MIPS32) while hopefully doing no harm in other situations. See also the section Memory usage. --memlimit-decompress=limit Set a memory usage limit for decompression. This also affects the --list mode. If the operation is not possible without exceeding the limit, xz will display an error and decompressing the file will fail. See --memlimit-compress=limit for possible ways to specify the limit. --memlimit-mt-decompress=limit Set a memory usage limit for multi-threaded decompression. This can only affect the number of threads; this will never make xz refuse to decompress a file. If limit is too low to allow any multi-threading, the limit is ignored and xz will continue in single-threaded mode. Note that if also --memlimit-decompress is used, it will always apply to both single-threaded and multi- threaded modes, and so the effective limit for multi-threading will never be higher than the limit set with --memlimit-decompress. In contrast to the other memory usage limit options, --memlimit-mt-decompress=limit has a system-specific default limit. xz --info-memory can be used to see the current value. This option and its default value exist because without any limit the threaded decompressor could end up allocating an insane amount of memory with some input files. If the default limit is too low on your system, feel free to increase the limit but never set it to a value larger than the amount of usable RAM as with appropriate input files xz will attempt to use that amount of memory even with a low number of threads. Running out of memory or swapping will not improve decompression performance. See --memlimit-compress=limit for possible ways to specify the limit. Setting limit to 0 resets the limit to the default system-specific value. -M limit, --memlimit=limit, --memory=limit This is equivalent to specifying --memlimit-compress=limit --memlimit-decompress=limit --memlimit-mt-decompress=limit. --no-adjust Display an error and exit if the memory usage limit cannot be met without adjusting settings that affect the compressed output. That is, this prevents xz from switching the encoder from multi-threaded mode to single-threaded mode and from reducing the LZMA2 dictionary size. Even when this option is used the number of threads may be reduced to meet the memory usage limit as that won't affect the compressed output. Automatic adjusting is always disabled when creating raw streams (--format=raw). -T threads, --threads=threads Specify the number of worker threads to use. Setting threads to a special value 0 makes xz use up to as many threads as the processor(s) on the system support. The actual number of threads can be fewer than threads if the input file is not big enough for threading with the given settings or if using more threads would exceed the memory usage limit. The single-threaded and multi-threaded compressors produce different output. Single-threaded compressor will give the smallest file size but only the output from the multi-threaded compressor can be decompressed using multiple threads. Setting threads to 1 will use the single-threaded mode. Setting threads to any other value, including 0, will use the multi-threaded compressor even if the system supports only one hardware thread. (xz 5.2.x used single-threaded mode in this situation.) To use multi-threaded mode with only one thread, set threads to +1. The + prefix has no effect with values other than 1. A memory usage limit can still make xz switch to single-threaded mode unless --no-adjust is used. Support for the + prefix was added in xz 5.4.0. If an automatic number of threads has been requested and no memory usage limit has been specified, then a system-specific default soft limit will be used to possibly limit the number of threads. It is a soft limit in sense that it is ignored if the number of threads becomes one, thus a soft limit will never stop xz from compressing or decompressing. This default soft limit will not make xz switch from multi-threaded mode to single- threaded mode. The active limits can be seen with xz --info-memory. Currently the only threading method is to split the input into blocks and compress them independently from each other. The default block size depends on the compression level and can be overridden with the --block-size=size option. Threaded decompression only works on files that contain multiple blocks with size information in block headers. All large enough files compressed in multi-threaded mode meet this condition, but files compressed in single-threaded mode don't even if --block-size=size has been used. The default value for threads is 0. In xz 5.4.x and older the default is 1. Custom compressor filter chains A custom filter chain allows specifying the compression settings in detail instead of relying on the settings associated to the presets. When a custom filter chain is specified, preset options (-0 ... -9 and --extreme) earlier on the command line are forgotten. If a preset option is specified after one or more custom filter chain options, the new preset takes effect and the custom filter chain options specified earlier are forgotten. A filter chain is comparable to piping on the command line. When compressing, the uncompressed input goes to the first filter, whose output goes to the next filter (if any). The output of the last filter gets written to the compressed file. The maximum number of filters in the chain is four, but typically a filter chain has only one or two filters. Many filters have limitations on where they can be in the filter chain: some filters can work only as the last filter in the chain, some only as a non-last filter, and some work in any position in the chain. Depending on the filter, this limitation is either inherent to the filter design or exists to prevent security issues. A custom filter chain can be specified in two different ways. The options --filters=filters and --filters1=filters ... --filters9=filters allow specifying an entire filter chain in one option using the liblzma filter string syntax. Alternatively, a filter chain can be specified by using one or more individual filter options in the order they are wanted in the filter chain. That is, the order of the individual filter options is significant! When decoding raw streams (--format=raw), the filter chain must be specified in the same order as it was specified when compressing. Any individual filter or preset options specified before the full chain option (--filters=filters) will be forgotten. Individual filters specified after the full chain option will reset the filter chain. Both the full and individual filter options take filter-specific options as a comma-separated list. Extra commas in options are ignored. Every option has a default value, so specify those you want to change. To see the whole filter chain and options, use xz -vv (that is, use --verbose twice). This works also for viewing the filter chain options used by presets. --filters=filters Specify the full filter chain or a preset in a single option. Each filter can be separated by spaces or two dashes (--). filters may need to be quoted on the shell command line so it is parsed as a single option. To denote options, use : or =. A preset can be prefixed with a - and followed with zero or more flags. The only supported flag is e to apply the same options as --extreme. --filters1=filters ... --filters9=filters Specify up to nine additional filter chains that can be used with --block-list. For example, when compressing an archive with executable files followed by text files, the executable part could use a filter chain with a BCJ filter and the text part only the LZMA2 filter. --filters-help Display a help message describing how to specify presets and custom filter chains in the --filters and --filters1=filters ... --filters9=filters options, and exit successfully. --lzma1[=options] --lzma2[=options] Add LZMA1 or LZMA2 filter to the filter chain. These filters can be used only as the last filter in the chain. LZMA1 is a legacy filter, which is supported almost solely due to the legacy .lzma file format, which supports only LZMA1. LZMA2 is an updated version of LZMA1 to fix some practical issues of LZMA1. The .xz format uses LZMA2 and doesn't support LZMA1 at all. Compression speed and ratios of LZMA1 and LZMA2 are practically the same. LZMA1 and LZMA2 share the same set of options: preset=preset Reset all LZMA1 or LZMA2 options to preset. Preset consist of an integer, which may be followed by single- letter preset modifiers. The integer can be from 0 to 9, matching the command line options -0 ... -9. The only supported modifier is currently e, which matches --extreme. If no preset is specified, the default values of LZMA1 or LZMA2 options are taken from the preset 6. dict=size Dictionary (history buffer) size indicates how many bytes of the recently processed uncompressed data is kept in memory. The algorithm tries to find repeating byte sequences (matches) in the uncompressed data, and replace them with references to the data currently in the dictionary. The bigger the dictionary, the higher is the chance to find a match. Thus, increasing dictionary size usually improves compression ratio, but a dictionary bigger than the uncompressed file is waste of memory. Typical dictionary size is from 64 KiB to 64 MiB. The minimum is 4 KiB. The maximum for compression is currently 1.5 GiB (1536 MiB). The decompressor already supports dictionaries up to one byte less than 4 GiB, which is the maximum for the LZMA1 and LZMA2 stream formats. Dictionary size and match finder (mf) together determine the memory usage of the LZMA1 or LZMA2 encoder. The same (or bigger) dictionary size is required for decompressing that was used when compressing, thus the memory usage of the decoder is determined by the dictionary size used when compressing. The .xz headers store the dictionary size either as 2^n or 2^n + 2^(n-1), so these sizes are somewhat preferred for compression. Other sizes will get rounded up when stored in the .xz headers. lc=lc Specify the number of literal context bits. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 4; the default is 3. In addition, the sum of lc and lp must not exceed 4. All bytes that cannot be encoded as matches are encoded as literals. That is, literals are simply 8-bit bytes that are encoded one at a time. The literal coding makes an assumption that the highest lc bits of the previous uncompressed byte correlate with the next byte. For example, in typical English text, an upper-case letter is often followed by a lower-case letter, and a lower-case letter is usually followed by another lower-case letter. In the US-ASCII character set, the highest three bits are 010 for upper-case letters and 011 for lower-case letters. When lc is at least 3, the literal coding can take advantage of this property in the uncompressed data. The default value (3) is usually good. If you want maximum compression, test lc=4. Sometimes it helps a little, and sometimes it makes compression worse. If it makes it worse, test lc=2 too. lp=lp Specify the number of literal position bits. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 4; the default is 0. Lp affects what kind of alignment in the uncompressed data is assumed when encoding literals. See pb below for more information about alignment. pb=pb Specify the number of position bits. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 4; the default is 2. Pb affects what kind of alignment in the uncompressed data is assumed in general. The default means four-byte alignment (2^pb=2^2=4), which is often a good choice when there's no better guess. When the alignment is known, setting pb accordingly may reduce the file size a little. For example, with text files having one-byte alignment (US-ASCII, ISO-8859-*, UTF-8), setting pb=0 can improve compression slightly. For UTF-16 text, pb=1 is a good choice. If the alignment is an odd number like 3 bytes, pb=0 might be the best choice. Even though the assumed alignment can be adjusted with pb and lp, LZMA1 and LZMA2 still slightly favor 16-byte alignment. It might be worth taking into account when designing file formats that are likely to be often compressed with LZMA1 or LZMA2. mf=mf Match finder has a major effect on encoder speed, memory usage, and compression ratio. Usually Hash Chain match finders are faster than Binary Tree match finders. The default depends on the preset: 0 uses hc3, 1â3 use hc4, and the rest use bt4. The following match finders are supported. The memory usage formulas below are rough approximations, which are closest to the reality when dict is a power of two. hc3 Hash Chain with 2- and 3-byte hashing Minimum value for nice: 3 Memory usage: dict * 7.5 (if dict <= 16 MiB); dict * 5.5 + 64 MiB (if dict > 16 MiB) hc4 Hash Chain with 2-, 3-, and 4-byte hashing Minimum value for nice: 4 Memory usage: dict * 7.5 (if dict <= 32 MiB); dict * 6.5 (if dict > 32 MiB) bt2 Binary Tree with 2-byte hashing Minimum value for nice: 2 Memory usage: dict * 9.5 bt3 Binary Tree with 2- and 3-byte hashing Minimum value for nice: 3 Memory usage: dict * 11.5 (if dict <= 16 MiB); dict * 9.5 + 64 MiB (if dict > 16 MiB) bt4 Binary Tree with 2-, 3-, and 4-byte hashing Minimum value for nice: 4 Memory usage: dict * 11.5 (if dict <= 32 MiB); dict * 10.5 (if dict > 32 MiB) mode=mode Compression mode specifies the method to analyze the data produced by the match finder. Supported modes are fast and normal. The default is fast for presets 0â3 and normal for presets 4â9. Usually fast is used with Hash Chain match finders and normal with Binary Tree match finders. This is also what the presets do. nice=nice Specify what is considered to be a nice length for a match. Once a match of at least nice bytes is found, the algorithm stops looking for possibly better matches. Nice can be 2â273 bytes. Higher values tend to give better compression ratio at the expense of speed. The default depends on the preset. depth=depth Specify the maximum search depth in the match finder. The default is the special value of 0, which makes the compressor determine a reasonable depth from mf and nice. Reasonable depth for Hash Chains is 4â100 and 16â1000 for Binary Trees. Using very high values for depth can make the encoder extremely slow with some files. Avoid setting the depth over 1000 unless you are prepared to interrupt the compression in case it is taking far too long. When decoding raw streams (--format=raw), LZMA2 needs only the dictionary size. LZMA1 needs also lc, lp, and pb. --x86[=options] --arm[=options] --armthumb[=options] --arm64[=options] --powerpc[=options] --ia64[=options] --sparc[=options] --riscv[=options] Add a branch/call/jump (BCJ) filter to the filter chain. These filters can be used only as a non-last filter in the filter chain. A BCJ filter converts relative addresses in the machine code to their absolute counterparts. This doesn't change the size of the data but it increases redundancy, which can help LZMA2 to produce 0â15 % smaller .xz file. The BCJ filters are always reversible, so using a BCJ filter for wrong type of data doesn't cause any data loss, although it may make the compression ratio slightly worse. The BCJ filters are very fast and use an insignificant amount of memory. These BCJ filters have known problems related to the compression ratio: ⢠Some types of files containing executable code (for example, object files, static libraries, and Linux kernel modules) have the addresses in the instructions filled with filler values. These BCJ filters will still do the address conversion, which will make the compression worse with these files. ⢠If a BCJ filter is applied on an archive, it is possible that it makes the compression ratio worse than not using a BCJ filter. For example, if there are similar or even identical executables then filtering will likely make the files less similar and thus compression is worse. The contents of non- executable files in the same archive can matter too. In practice one has to try with and without a BCJ filter to see which is better in each situation. Different instruction sets have different alignment: the executable file must be aligned to a multiple of this value in the input data to make the filter work. Filter Alignment Notes x86 1 32-bit or 64-bit x86 ARM 4 ARM-Thumb 2 ARM64 4 4096-byte alignment is best PowerPC 4 Big endian only IA-64 16 Itanium SPARC 4 RISC-V 2 Since the BCJ-filtered data is usually compressed with LZMA2, the compression ratio may be improved slightly if the LZMA2 options are set to match the alignment of the selected BCJ filter. Examples: ⢠IA-64 filter has 16-byte alignment so pb=4,lp=4,lc=0 is good with LZMA2 (2^4=16). ⢠RISC-V code has 2-byte or 4-byte alignment depending on whether the file contains 16-bit compressed instructions (the C extension). When 16-bit instructions are used, pb=2,lp=1,lc=3 or pb=1,lp=1,lc=3 is good. When 16-bit instructions aren't present, pb=2,lp=2,lc=2 is the best. readelf -h can be used to check if "RVC" appears on the "Flags" line. ⢠ARM64 is always 4-byte aligned so pb=2,lp=2,lc=2 is the best. ⢠The x86 filter is an exception. It's usually good to stick to LZMA2's defaults (pb=2,lp=0,lc=3) when compressing x86 executables. All BCJ filters support the same options: start=offset Specify the start offset that is used when converting between relative and absolute addresses. The offset must be a multiple of the alignment of the filter (see the table above). The default is zero. In practice, the default is good; specifying a custom offset is almost never useful. --delta[=options] Add the Delta filter to the filter chain. The Delta filter can be only used as a non-last filter in the filter chain. Currently only simple byte-wise delta calculation is supported. It can be useful when compressing, for example, uncompressed bitmap images or uncompressed PCM audio. However, special purpose algorithms may give significantly better results than Delta + LZMA2. This is true especially with audio, which compresses faster and better, for example, with flac(1). Supported options: dist=distance Specify the distance of the delta calculation in bytes. distance must be 1â256. The default is 1. For example, with dist=2 and eight-byte input A1 B1 A2 B3 A3 B5 A4 B7, the output will be A1 B1 01 02 01 02 01 02. Other options -q, --quiet Suppress warnings and notices. Specify this twice to suppress errors too. This option has no effect on the exit status. That is, even if a warning was suppressed, the exit status to indicate a warning is still used. -v, --verbose Be verbose. If standard error is connected to a terminal, xz will display a progress indicator. Specifying --verbose twice will give even more verbose output. The progress indicator shows the following information: ⢠Completion percentage is shown if the size of the input file is known. That is, the percentage cannot be shown in pipes. ⢠Amount of compressed data produced (compressing) or consumed (decompressing). ⢠Amount of uncompressed data consumed (compressing) or produced (decompressing). ⢠Compression ratio, which is calculated by dividing the amount of compressed data processed so far by the amount of uncompressed data processed so far. ⢠Compression or decompression speed. This is measured as the amount of uncompressed data consumed (compression) or produced (decompression) per second. It is shown after a few seconds have passed since xz started processing the file. ⢠Elapsed time in the format M:SS or H:MM:SS. ⢠Estimated remaining time is shown only when the size of the input file is known and a couple of seconds have already passed since xz started processing the file. The time is shown in a less precise format which never has any colons, for example, 2 min 30 s. When standard error is not a terminal, --verbose will make xz print the filename, compressed size, uncompressed size, compression ratio, and possibly also the speed and elapsed time on a single line to standard error after compressing or decompressing the file. The speed and elapsed time are included only when the operation took at least a few seconds. If the operation didn't finish, for example, due to user interruption, also the completion percentage is printed if the size of the input file is known. -Q, --no-warn Don't set the exit status to 2 even if a condition worth a warning was detected. This option doesn't affect the verbosity level, thus both --quiet and --no-warn have to be used to not display warnings and to not alter the exit status. --robot Print messages in a machine-parsable format. This is intended to ease writing frontends that want to use xz instead of liblzma, which may be the case with various scripts. The output with this option enabled is meant to be stable across xz releases. See the section ROBOT MODE for details. --info-memory Display, in human-readable format, how much physical memory (RAM) and how many processor threads xz thinks the system has and the memory usage limits for compression and decompression, and exit successfully. -h, --help Display a help message describing the most commonly used options, and exit successfully. -H, --long-help Display a help message describing all features of xz, and exit successfully -V, --version Display the version number of xz and liblzma in human readable format. To get machine-parsable output, specify --robot before --version. ROBOT MODE The robot mode is activated with the --robot option. It makes the output of xz easier to parse by other programs. Currently --robot is supported only together with --list, --filters-help, --info-memory, and --version. It will be supported for compression and decompression in the future. List mode xz --robot --list uses tab-separated output. The first column of every line has a string that indicates the type of the information found on that line: name This is always the first line when starting to list a file. The second column on the line is the filename. file This line contains overall information about the .xz file. This line is always printed after the name line. stream This line type is used only when --verbose was specified. There are as many stream lines as there are streams in the .xz file. block This line type is used only when --verbose was specified. There are as many block lines as there are blocks in the .xz file. The block lines are shown after all the stream lines; different line types are not interleaved. summary This line type is used only when --verbose was specified twice. This line is printed after all block lines. Like the file line, the summary line contains overall information about the .xz file. totals This line is always the very last line of the list output. It shows the total counts and sizes. The columns of the file lines: 2. Number of streams in the file 3. Total number of blocks in the stream(s) 4. Compressed size of the file 5. Uncompressed size of the file 6. Compression ratio, for example, 0.123. If ratio is over 9.999, three dashes (---) are displayed instead of the ratio. 7. Comma-separated list of integrity check names. The following strings are used for the known check types: None, CRC32, CRC64, and SHA-256. For unknown check types, Unknown-N is used, where N is the Check ID as a decimal number (one or two digits). 8. Total size of stream padding in the file The columns of the stream lines: 2. Stream number (the first stream is 1) 3. Number of blocks in the stream 4. Compressed start offset 5. Uncompressed start offset 6. Compressed size (does not include stream padding) 7. Uncompressed size 8. Compression ratio 9. Name of the integrity check 10. Size of stream padding The columns of the block lines: 2. Number of the stream containing this block 3. Block number relative to the beginning of the stream (the first block is 1) 4. Block number relative to the beginning of the file 5. Compressed start offset relative to the beginning of the file 6. Uncompressed start offset relative to the beginning of the file 7. Total compressed size of the block (includes headers) 8. Uncompressed size 9. Compression ratio 10. Name of the integrity check If --verbose was specified twice, additional columns are included on the block lines. These are not displayed with a single --verbose, because getting this information requires many seeks and can thus be slow: 11. Value of the integrity check in hexadecimal 12. Block header size 13. Block flags: c indicates that compressed size is present, and u indicates that uncompressed size is present. If the flag is not set, a dash (-) is shown instead to keep the string length fixed. New flags may be added to the end of the string in the future. 14. Size of the actual compressed data in the block (this excludes the block header, block padding, and check fields) 15. Amount of memory (in bytes) required to decompress this block with this xz version 16. Filter chain. Note that most of the options used at compression time cannot be known, because only the options that are needed for decompression are stored in the .xz headers. The columns of the summary lines: 2. Amount of memory (in bytes) required to decompress this file with this xz version 3. yes or no indicating if all block headers have both compressed size and uncompressed size stored in them Since xz 5.1.2alpha: 4. Minimum xz version required to decompress the file The columns of the totals line: 2. Number of streams 3. Number of blocks 4. Compressed size 5. Uncompressed size 6. Average compression ratio 7. Comma-separated list of integrity check names that were present in the files 8. Stream padding size 9. Number of files. This is here to keep the order of the earlier columns the same as on file lines. If --verbose was specified twice, additional columns are included on the totals line: 10. Maximum amount of memory (in bytes) required to decompress the files with this xz version 11. yes or no indicating if all block headers have both compressed size and uncompressed size stored in them Since xz 5.1.2alpha: 12. Minimum xz version required to decompress the file Future versions may add new line types and new columns can be added to the existing line types, but the existing columns won't be changed. Filters help xz --robot --filters-help prints the supported filters in the following format: filter:option=<value>,option=<value>... filter Name of the filter option Name of a filter specific option value Numeric value ranges appear as <min-max>. String value choices are shown within < > and separated by a | character. Each filter is printed on its own line. Memory limit information xz --robot --info-memory prints a single line with multiple tab- separated columns: 1. Total amount of physical memory (RAM) in bytes. 2. Memory usage limit for compression in bytes (--memlimit-compress). A special value of 0 indicates the default setting which for single-threaded mode is the same as no limit. 3. Memory usage limit for decompression in bytes (--memlimit-decompress). A special value of 0 indicates the default setting which for single-threaded mode is the same as no limit. 4. Since xz 5.3.4alpha: Memory usage for multi-threaded decompression in bytes (--memlimit-mt-decompress). This is never zero because a system-specific default value shown in the column 5 is used if no limit has been specified explicitly. This is also never greater than the value in the column 3 even if a larger value has been specified with --memlimit-mt-decompress. 5. Since xz 5.3.4alpha: A system-specific default memory usage limit that is used to limit the number of threads when compressing with an automatic number of threads (--threads=0) and no memory usage limit has been specified (--memlimit-compress). This is also used as the default value for --memlimit-mt-decompress. 6. Since xz 5.3.4alpha: Number of available processor threads. In the future, the output of xz --robot --info-memory may have more columns, but never more than a single line. Version xz --robot --version prints the version number of xz and liblzma in the following format: XZ_VERSION=XYYYZZZS LIBLZMA_VERSION=XYYYZZZS X Major version. YYY Minor version. Even numbers are stable. Odd numbers are alpha or beta versions. ZZZ Patch level for stable releases or just a counter for development releases. S Stability. 0 is alpha, 1 is beta, and 2 is stable. S should be always 2 when YYY is even. XYYYZZZS are the same on both lines if xz and liblzma are from the same XZ Utils release. Examples: 4.999.9beta is 49990091 and 5.0.0 is 50000002. EXIT STATUS 0 All is good. 1 An error occurred. 2 Something worth a warning occurred, but no actual errors occurred. Notices (not warnings or errors) printed on standard error don't affect the exit status. ENVIRONMENT xz parses space-separated lists of options from the environment variables XZ_DEFAULTS and XZ_OPT, in this order, before parsing the options from the command line. Note that only options are parsed from the environment variables; all non-options are silently ignored. Parsing is done with getopt_long(3) which is used also for the command line arguments. XZ_DEFAULTS User-specific or system-wide default options. Typically this is set in a shell initialization script to enable xz's memory usage limiter by default. Excluding shell initialization scripts and similar special cases, scripts must never set or unset XZ_DEFAULTS. XZ_OPT This is for passing options to xz when it is not possible to set the options directly on the xz command line. This is the case when xz is run by a script or tool, for example, GNU tar(1): XZ_OPT=-2v tar caf foo.tar.xz foo Scripts may use XZ_OPT, for example, to set script-specific default compression options. It is still recommended to allow users to override XZ_OPT if that is reasonable. For example, in sh(1) scripts one may use something like this: XZ_OPT=${XZ_OPT-"-7e"} export XZ_OPT LZMA UTILS COMPATIBILITY The command line syntax of xz is practically a superset of lzma, unlzma, and lzcat as found from LZMA Utils 4.32.x. In most cases, it is possible to replace LZMA Utils with XZ Utils without breaking existing scripts. There are some incompatibilities though, which may sometimes cause problems. Compression preset levels The numbering of the compression level presets is not identical in xz and LZMA Utils. The most important difference is how dictionary sizes are mapped to different presets. Dictionary size is roughly equal to the decompressor memory usage. Level xz LZMA Utils -0 256 KiB N/A -1 1 MiB 64 KiB -2 2 MiB 1 MiB -3 4 MiB 512 KiB -4 4 MiB 1 MiB -5 8 MiB 2 MiB -6 8 MiB 4 MiB -7 16 MiB 8 MiB -8 32 MiB 16 MiB -9 64 MiB 32 MiB The dictionary size differences affect the compressor memory usage too, but there are some other differences between LZMA Utils and XZ Utils, which make the difference even bigger: Level xz LZMA Utils 4.32.x -0 3 MiB N/A -1 9 MiB 2 MiB -2 17 MiB 12 MiB -3 32 MiB 12 MiB -4 48 MiB 16 MiB -5 94 MiB 26 MiB -6 94 MiB 45 MiB -7 186 MiB 83 MiB -8 370 MiB 159 MiB -9 674 MiB 311 MiB The default preset level in LZMA Utils is -7 while in XZ Utils it is -6, so both use an 8 MiB dictionary by default. Streamed vs. non-streamed .lzma files The uncompressed size of the file can be stored in the .lzma header. LZMA Utils does that when compressing regular files. The alternative is to mark that uncompressed size is unknown and use end-of-payload marker to indicate where the decompressor should stop. LZMA Utils uses this method when uncompressed size isn't known, which is the case, for example, in pipes. xz supports decompressing .lzma files with or without end-of-payload marker, but all .lzma files created by xz will use end-of-payload marker and have uncompressed size marked as unknown in the .lzma header. This may be a problem in some uncommon situations. For example, a .lzma decompressor in an embedded device might work only with files that have known uncompressed size. If you hit this problem, you need to use LZMA Utils or LZMA SDK to create .lzma files with known uncompressed size. Unsupported .lzma files The .lzma format allows lc values up to 8, and lp values up to 4. LZMA Utils can decompress files with any lc and lp, but always creates files with lc=3 and lp=0. Creating files with other lc and lp is possible with xz and with LZMA SDK. The implementation of the LZMA1 filter in liblzma requires that the sum of lc and lp must not exceed 4. Thus, .lzma files, which exceed this limitation, cannot be decompressed with xz. LZMA Utils creates only .lzma files which have a dictionary size of 2^n (a power of 2) but accepts files with any dictionary size. liblzma accepts only .lzma files which have a dictionary size of 2^n or 2^n + 2^(n-1). This is to decrease false positives when detecting .lzma files. These limitations shouldn't be a problem in practice, since practically all .lzma files have been compressed with settings that liblzma will accept. Trailing garbage When decompressing, LZMA Utils silently ignore everything after the first .lzma stream. In most situations, this is a bug. This also means that LZMA Utils don't support decompressing concatenated .lzma files. If there is data left after the first .lzma stream, xz considers the file to be corrupt unless --single-stream was used. This may break obscure scripts which have assumed that trailing garbage is ignored. NOTES Compressed output may vary The exact compressed output produced from the same uncompressed input file may vary between XZ Utils versions even if compression options are identical. This is because the encoder can be improved (faster or better compression) without affecting the file format. The output can vary even between different builds of the same XZ Utils version, if different build options are used. The above means that once --rsyncable has been implemented, the resulting files won't necessarily be rsyncable unless both old and new files have been compressed with the same xz version. This problem can be fixed if a part of the encoder implementation is frozen to keep rsyncable output stable across xz versions. Embedded .xz decompressors Embedded .xz decompressor implementations like XZ Embedded don't necessarily support files created with integrity check types other than none and crc32. Since the default is --check=crc64, you must use --check=none or --check=crc32 when creating files for embedded systems. Outside embedded systems, all .xz format decompressors support all the check types, or at least are able to decompress the file without verifying the integrity check if the particular check is not supported. XZ Embedded supports BCJ filters, but only with the default start offset.
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Basics Compress the file foo into foo.xz using the default compression level (-6), and remove foo if compression is successful: xz foo Decompress bar.xz into bar and don't remove bar.xz even if decompression is successful: xz -dk bar.xz Create baz.tar.xz with the preset -4e (-4 --extreme), which is slower than the default -6, but needs less memory for compression and decompression (48 MiB and 5 MiB, respectively): tar cf - baz | xz -4e > baz.tar.xz A mix of compressed and uncompressed files can be decompressed to standard output with a single command: xz -dcf a.txt b.txt.xz c.txt d.txt.lzma > abcd.txt Parallel compression of many files On GNU and *BSD, find(1) and xargs(1) can be used to parallelize compression of many files: find . -type f \! -name '*.xz' -print0 \ | xargs -0r -P4 -n16 xz -T1 The -P option to xargs(1) sets the number of parallel xz processes. The best value for the -n option depends on how many files there are to be compressed. If there are only a couple of files, the value should probably be 1; with tens of thousands of files, 100 or even more may be appropriate to reduce the number of xz processes that xargs(1) will eventually create. The option -T1 for xz is there to force it to single-threaded mode, because xargs(1) is used to control the amount of parallelization. Robot mode Calculate how many bytes have been saved in total after compressing multiple files: xz --robot --list *.xz | awk '/^totals/{print $5-$4}' A script may want to know that it is using new enough xz. The following sh(1) script checks that the version number of the xz tool is at least 5.0.0. This method is compatible with old beta versions, which didn't support the --robot option: if ! eval "$(xz --robot --version 2> /dev/null)" || [ "$XZ_VERSION" -lt 50000002 ]; then echo "Your xz is too old." fi unset XZ_VERSION LIBLZMA_VERSION Set a memory usage limit for decompression using XZ_OPT, but if a limit has already been set, don't increase it: NEWLIM=$((123 << 20)) # 123 MiB OLDLIM=$(xz --robot --info-memory | cut -f3) if [ $OLDLIM -eq 0 -o $OLDLIM -gt $NEWLIM ]; then XZ_OPT="$XZ_OPT --memlimit-decompress=$NEWLIM" export XZ_OPT fi Custom compressor filter chains The simplest use for custom filter chains is customizing a LZMA2 preset. This can be useful, because the presets cover only a subset of the potentially useful combinations of compression settings. The CompCPU columns of the tables from the descriptions of the options -0 ... -9 and --extreme are useful when customizing LZMA2 presets. Here are the relevant parts collected from those two tables: Preset CompCPU -0 0 -1 1 -2 2 -3 3 -4 4 -5 5 -6 6 -5e 7 -6e 8 If you know that a file requires somewhat big dictionary (for example, 32 MiB) to compress well, but you want to compress it quicker than xz -8 would do, a preset with a low CompCPU value (for example, 1) can be modified to use a bigger dictionary: xz --lzma2=preset=1,dict=32MiB foo.tar With certain files, the above command may be faster than xz -6 while compressing significantly better. However, it must be emphasized that only some files benefit from a big dictionary while keeping the CompCPU value low. The most obvious situation, where a big dictionary can help a lot, is an archive containing very similar files of at least a few megabytes each. The dictionary size has to be significantly bigger than any individual file to allow LZMA2 to take full advantage of the similarities between consecutive files. If very high compressor and decompressor memory usage is fine, and the file being compressed is at least several hundred megabytes, it may be useful to use an even bigger dictionary than the 64 MiB that xz -9 would use: xz -vv --lzma2=dict=192MiB big_foo.tar Using -vv (--verbose --verbose) like in the above example can be useful to see the memory requirements of the compressor and decompressor. Remember that using a dictionary bigger than the size of the uncompressed file is waste of memory, so the above command isn't useful for small files. Sometimes the compression time doesn't matter, but the decompressor memory usage has to be kept low, for example, to make it possible to decompress the file on an embedded system. The following command uses -6e (-6 --extreme) as a base and sets the dictionary to only 64 KiB. The resulting file can be decompressed with XZ Embedded (that's why there is --check=crc32) using about 100 KiB of memory. xz --check=crc32 --lzma2=preset=6e,dict=64KiB foo If you want to squeeze out as many bytes as possible, adjusting the number of literal context bits (lc) and number of position bits (pb) can sometimes help. Adjusting the number of literal position bits (lp) might help too, but usually lc and pb are more important. For example, a source code archive contains mostly US-ASCII text, so something like the following might give slightly (like 0.1 %) smaller file than xz -6e (try also without lc=4): xz --lzma2=preset=6e,pb=0,lc=4 source_code.tar Using another filter together with LZMA2 can improve compression with certain file types. For example, to compress a x86-32 or x86-64 shared library using the x86 BCJ filter: xz --x86 --lzma2 libfoo.so Note that the order of the filter options is significant. If --x86 is specified after --lzma2, xz will give an error, because there cannot be any filter after LZMA2, and also because the x86 BCJ filter cannot be used as the last filter in the chain. The Delta filter together with LZMA2 can give good results with bitmap images. It should usually beat PNG, which has a few more advanced filters than simple delta but uses Deflate for the actual compression. The image has to be saved in uncompressed format, for example, as uncompressed TIFF. The distance parameter of the Delta filter is set to match the number of bytes per pixel in the image. For example, 24-bit RGB bitmap needs dist=3, and it is also good to pass pb=0 to LZMA2 to accommodate the three-byte alignment: xz --delta=dist=3 --lzma2=pb=0 foo.tiff If multiple images have been put into a single archive (for example, .tar), the Delta filter will work on that too as long as all images have the same number of bytes per pixel. SEE ALSO xzdec(1), xzdiff(1), xzgrep(1), xzless(1), xzmore(1), gzip(1), bzip2(1), 7z(1) XZ Utils: <https://tukaani.org/xz/> XZ Embedded: <https://tukaani.org/xz/embedded.html> LZMA SDK: <https://7-zip.org/sdk.html> Tukaani 2024-04-08 XZ(1)
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skivi
| null | null | null | null | null |
convert-onnx-to-caffe2
| null | null | null | null | null |
python.app
| null | null | null | null | null |
scrapy
| null | null | null | null | null |
h5repack
| null | null | null | null | null |
arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-unwinddump
|
When a C++ (or x86_64 Objective-C) exception is thrown, the runtime must unwind the stack looking for some function to catch the exception. Traditionally, the unwind information is stored in the __TEXT/__eh_frame section of each executable as Dwarf CFI (call frame information). Beginning in Mac OS X 10.6, the unwind information is also encoded in the __TEXT/__unwind_info section using a two-level lookup table of compact unwind encodings. The unwinddump tool displays the content of the __TEXT/__unwind_info section. SEE ALSO ld(1) dwarfdump(1) Darwin November 7, 2008 Darwin
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unwinddump â Displays compact unwind information in an executable
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unwinddump [-arch arch-name] file(s)
| null | null |
onig-config
| null | null | null | null | null |
glib-compile-resources
| null | null | null | null | null |
chardetect
| null | null | null | null | null |
dumpsolv
|
The dumpsolv tool reads a solv files and writes its contents to standard output. If no input file is given, it reads the solv file from standard input. -j Write the contents in JSON format. AUTHOR Michael Schroeder <mls@suse.de> libsolv 07/25/2017 DUMPSOLV(1)
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dumpsolv - print a solv file into a human readable format
|
dumpsolv [OPTIONS] [FILE.solv]
| null | null |
arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-ObjectDump
| null | null | null | null | null |
msginit
|
Creates a new PO file, initializing the meta information with values from the user's environment. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Input file location: -i, --input=INPUTFILE input POT file If no input file is given, the current directory is searched for the POT file. If it is -, standard input is read. Output file location: -o, --output-file=FILE write output to specified PO file If no output file is given, it depends on the --locale option or the user's locale setting. If it is -, the results are written to standard output. Input file syntax: -P, --properties-input input file is in Java .properties syntax --stringtable-input input file is in NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings syntax Output details: -l, --locale=LL_CC[.ENCODING] set target locale --no-translator assume the PO file is automatically generated --color use colors and other text attributes always --color=WHEN use colors and other text attributes if WHEN. WHEN may be 'always', 'never', 'auto', or 'html'. --style=STYLEFILE specify CSS style rule file for --color -p, --properties-output write out a Java .properties file --stringtable-output write out a NeXTstep/GNUstep .strings file -w, --width=NUMBER set output page width --no-wrap do not break long message lines, longer than the output page width, into several lines Informative output: -h, --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit AUTHOR Written by Bruno Haible. REPORTING BUGS Report bugs in the bug tracker at <https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gettext> or by email to <bug-gettext@gnu.org>. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2001-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. SEE ALSO The full documentation for msginit is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and msginit programs are properly installed at your site, the command info msginit should give you access to the complete manual. GNU gettext-tools 0.22.5 February 2024 MSGINIT(1)
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msginit - initialize a message catalog
|
msginit [OPTION]
| null | null |
vtool
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The vtool utility displays and edits build and source version numbers embedded in the Mach-O(5) file format. These version numbers are stored within the Mach-O load commands, as described in the âšmach-o/loader.hâ© header file and in the VERSION LOAD COMMANDS section below. When editing files, a new out_file must be specified using the -output flag; vtool will only ever write to a single output file, and input files are never modified in place. vtool operates in one of three functional modes (in addition to a help mode) depending on the type of arguments specified on the command line: show, set, and remove. All of these modes operate on âuniversalâ (multi- architecture) files as well as ordinary Mach-O files. The -arch flag limits operation to one or more architectures within a universal file. Show Show options include -show, -show-build, -show-source, and -show-space. Only one of these commands may be specified. The version information will be printed in a manner similar to otool(1) or otool-classic(1). Set Set options include -set-build-tool, -set-build-version, -set-source-version, and -set-version-min. Any number of these commands can be combined in a single vtool invocation. You can use these set commands to add a new build version to a Mach-O or to replace an existing version for a specific platform. When used with the -replace option, all existing build versions will be entirely replaced by the new build versions specified on the command line. Remove Remove options include -remove-build-tool, -remove-build-version, and -remove-source-version. Any number of these commands can be combined in a single vtool invocation. Currently vtool only operates on final linked binaries, such as executable files, dynamic libraries, and bundles. Because the executable code in Mach-O final linked binaries cannot be moved or resized, and because the load commands reside between the mach header and the executable code, there is only a limited amount of space available for vtool to save changes. Set operations that add or resize load commands may fail if there isn't enough space in the Mach-O file availble to hold the new load commands.
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vtool â Mach-O version number utility
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vtool [-arch âšarchâ©] ... âšshow_commandâ© ... file vtool [-arch âšarchâ©] ... âšset_commandâ© ... [-replace] -output out_file file vtool [-arch âšarchâ©] ... âšremove_commandâ© ... -output out_file file vtool -help
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-arch âšarchâ© Specifies the architecture, âšarchâ©, for vtool to operate on when the file is a universal (multi-architecture) file. See arch(3) for the current list of architectures. More than one architecture can be specified, and by default vtool will operate on all architectures in a universal file. -h, -help Print full usage. -o, -output out_file Commands that create new files write to the out_file file specified by the -output flag. This option is required for all set and remove commands. -r, -replace When used with -set-build-version or -set-version-min the -replace option instructs vtool to discard all of the existing build versions from the input file. Use this to change a file's platform in a single call to vtool. When used with the -set-build-tool command, vtool will discard all of the existing tool versions from the specified platform's build version. This option has no effect on source versions. -remove-build-tool platform tool Removes tool from the platform build version. A build version for the specified platform must exist in the input file and that build version must be an LC_BUILD_VERSION. Must be used with -output. See VERSION LOAD COMMANDS for more information on platform and tool values. -remove-build-version platform Removes the build version for the specified platform. Must be used with -output. See VERSION LOAD COMMANDS for more information on platform values. -remove-source-version Removes the source version from the Mach-O file. Must be used with -output. -set-build-tool platform tool version Updates the build version load command for platform to include the specified tool, adding a new tool entry if necessary. The build version must be an LC_BUILD_VERSION load command which either already existss within the input file or is newly specified on the command line. The version field takes the format X.Y.Z. Must be used with -output. See VERSION LOAD COMMANDS for more information on platform and tool values. -set-build-version platform minos sdk [-tool tool version] Create or update the LC_BUILD_VERSION load command for platform to include the specified minos and sdk version numbers, and zero or more optional tools. The minos, sdk, and tool version all take the format X.Y.Z. Must be used with -output. See VERSION LOAD COMMANDS for more information on platform and tool values. -set-source-version version Create or update the source version load command. version takes the format A.B.C.D.E. Must be used with -output. -set-version-min platform minos sdk Create or update an LC_VERSION_MIN_* load command for platform. This option is included to support older operating systems, and generally one should favor -set-build-version instead. Note that version min load commands do not support tool versions, and not all platforms can be expressed using version min load commands. Must be used with -output. -show, -show-all Display the build and source versions within the specified file. This option cannot be combined with other commands. -show-build Display the build versions within the specified file. This option cannot be combined with other commands. -show-source Display the source version within the specified file. This option cannot be combined with other commands. -show-space Show the space in the file consumed by the mach header and the existing load commands, and measure the amount of additional space available for adding new load commands. - A single dash instructs vtool to stop parsing arguments. This is useful for operating on files whose names would otherwise be interpreted as an option or flag. VERSION LOAD COMMANDS Modern Mach-O files can contain multiple build versions, one for each unqiue platform represented in the file. A platform is a loosely-defined concept within Mach-O, most often used to identify different Darwin operating systems, such as macOS and iOS. Platforms and tools can be specified either by name (e.g., "macos" or "clang") or by number (e.g., "1"). Common platform and tool constants are defined in âšmach-o/loader.hâ© and vtool will display platform and tool names when invoked with -help. Modern Mach-O files store build information in one or more LC_BUILD_VERSION load commands. LC_BUILD_VERSION supports arbitrary platforms and can include version information about the tools used to build the Mach-O file. Older Mach-O files use a âversion minâ load command, such as LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX. While version min commands are appropriate when deploying Mach-O files on older operating systems, be aware that they do not support tool versions, and version min load commands do not exist for all possible platforms. In some cases LC_BUILD_VERSION and LC_VERSION_MIN_* load commands can appear in a single Mach-O file, but many restrictions apply, and vtool may not enforce these restrictions. vtool will prevent you from writing more than one build version load command for the same platform. Source versions are stored in a single LC_SOURCE_VERSION load command. When writing new load commands, vtool will attempt to preserve the order of the load commands as they appear on the command line. No attempt is made to preserve positions relative to other existing load commands. Editing an existing load command may have the side effect of moving the load command to the end of the load command list. SEE ALSO ld(1), lipo(1), otool-classic(1), arch(3), Mach-O(5). HISTORY LC_BUILD_VERSION first appeared in macOS 10.13 in 2017 for use with the bridgeOS platform. LC_BUILD_VERSION became the default build version load command for the macOS, iOS, tvOS, and watchOS platforms in 2018 with macOS 10.14, iOS 12.0, and friends. The list of platforms also grew to include iOSSimulator, tvOSSimulator, and watchOSSimulator. vtool first appeared in macOS 10.15 and iOS 13.0 in 2019. BUGS vtool will write load commands in a different order than ld(1). Currently vtool does not work with object files or archives. Darwin December 31, 2018 Darwin
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showtable
| null | null | null | null | null |
pyproject-build
| null | null | null | null | null |
adig
|
Send queries to DNS servers about NAME and print received information, where NAME is a valid DNS name (e.g. www.example.com, 1.2.3.10.in- addr.arpa). This utility comes with the c-ares asynchronous resolver library.
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adig - print information collected from Domain Name System (DNS) servers
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adig [OPTION]... NAME...
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-c class Set the query class. Possible values for class are ANY, CHAOS, HS and IN (default). -d Print some extra debugging output. -f flag Add a behavior control flag. Possible values for flag are igntc - ignore query truncation, return answer as-is instead of retrying via tcp. noaliases - don't honor the HOSTALIASES environment variable, norecurse - don't query upstream servers recursively, primary - use the first server, stayopen - don't close the communication sockets, and usevc - always use TCP. -h, -? Display this help and exit. -s server Connect to specified DNS server, instead of the system's default one(s). Servers are tried in round-robin, if the previous one failed. -t type Query records of specified type. Possible values for type are A (default), AAAA, ANY, AXFR, CNAME, HINFO, MX, NAPTR, NS, PTR, SOA, SRV, TXT, URI, CAA, SVCB, and HTTPS. -T port Connect to the specified TCP port of DNS server. -U port Connect to the specified UDP port of DNS server. REPORTING BUGS Report bugs to the c-ares mailing list: https://lists.haxx.se/listinfo/c-ares SEE ALSO ahost(1). c-ares utilities April 2011 ADIG(1)
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xml2-config.bak
| null | null | null | null | null |
arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-machocheck
| null | null | null | null | null |
JxrDecApp
| null | null | null | null | null |
conda-repo
| null | null | null | null | null |
img2webp
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This manual page documents the img2webp command. img2webp compresses a sequence of images using the animated WebP format. Input images can either be PNG, JPEG, TIFF or WebP. If a single file name (not starting with the character '-') is supplied as the argument, the command line arguments are actually tokenized from this file. This allows for easy scripting or using a large number of arguments. FILE-LEVEL OPTIONS The file-level options are applied at the beginning of the compression process, before the input frames are read. -o string Specify the name of the output WebP file. -min_size Encode images to achieve smallest size. This disables key frame insertion and picks the parameters resulting in the smallest output for each frame. It uses lossless compression by default, but can be combined with -q, -m, -lossy or -mixed options. -kmin int -kmax int Specify the minimum and maximum distance between consecutive key frames (independently decodable frames) in the output animation. The tool will insert some key frames into the output animation as needed so that this criteria is satisfied. -mixed Mixed compression mode: optimize compression of the image by picking either lossy or lossless compression for each frame heuristically. This global option disables the local option -lossy and -lossless . -near_lossless int Specify the level of near-lossless image preprocessing. This option adjusts pixel values to help compressibility, but has minimal impact on the visual quality. It triggers lossless compression mode automatically. The range is 0 (maximum preprocessing) to 100 (no preprocessing, the default). The typical value is around 60. Note that lossy with -q 100 can at times yield better results. -sharp_yuv Use more accurate and sharper RGB->YUV conversion if needed. Note that this process is slower than the default 'fast' RGB->YUV conversion. -loop int Specifies the number of times the animation should loop. Using '0' means 'loop indefinitely'. -v Be more verbose. -h, -help A short usage summary. -version Print the version numbers of the relevant libraries used. PER-FRAME OPTIONS The per-frame options are applied for the images following as arguments in the command line. They can be modified any number of times preceding each particular input image. -d int Specify the image duration in milliseconds. -lossless, -lossy Compress the next image(s) using lossless or lossy compression mode. The default mode is lossless. -q float Specify the compression factor between 0 and 100. The default is 75. -m int Specify the compression method to use. This parameter controls the trade off between encoding speed and the compressed file size and quality. Possible values range from 0 to 6. Default value is 4. EXAMPLE img2webp -loop 2 in0.png -lossy in1.jpg -d 80 in2.tiff -o out.webp BUGS Please report all bugs to the issue tracker: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/webp Patches welcome! See this page to get started: https://www.webmproject.org/code/contribute/submitting-patches/ AUTHORS img2webp is a part of libwebp and was written by the WebP team. The latest source tree is available at https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libwebp This manual page was written by Pascal Massimino <pascal.massimino@gmail.com>, for the Debian project (and may be used by others). SEE ALSO webpmux(1), gif2webp(1) Please refer to https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/ for additional information. March 17, 2023 IMG2WEBP(1)
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img2webp - create animated WebP file from a sequence of input images.
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img2webp [file_options] [[frame_options] frame_file]... [-o webp_file] img2webp argument_file_name
| null | null |
giftext
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A program to dump (text only) general information about GIF file. If no GIF file is given, giftext will try to read a GIF file from stdin.
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giftext - dump GIF pixels and metadata as text
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giftext [-v] [-c] [-e] [-z] [-p] [-r] [-h] [gif-file]
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-v Verbose mode (show progress). Enables printout of running scan lines. -c Dumps the color maps. -e Dumps encoded bytes - the pixels after compressed using LZ algorithm and chained to form bytes. This is the form the data is saved in the GIF file. Dumps in hex - 2 digit per byte. -z Dumps the LZ codes of the image. Dumps in hex - 3 digits per code (as we are limited to 12 bits). -p Dumps the pixels of the image. Dumps in hex - 2 digit per pixel (<=byte). -r Dumps raw pixels as one byte per pixel. This option inhibits all other options and only the pixels are dumped. This option may be used to convert GIF files into raw data. Note: the color map can be extracted by gifclrmp utility. If more than one image is included in the file, all images will be dumped in order. -h Print one line of command line help, similar to Usage above. AUTHOR Gershon Elber. GIFLIB 2 May 2012 GIFTEXT(1)
| null |
jupyter-dejavu
| null | null | null | null | null |
wcslint
| null | null | null | null | null |
arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-strip
|
strip removes or modifies the symbol table attached to the output of the assembler and link editor. This is useful to save space after a program has been debugged and to limit dynamically bound symbols. strip no longer removes relocation entries under any condition. Instead, it updates the external relocation entries (and indirect symbol table entries) to reflect the resulting symbol table. strip prints an error message for those symbols not in the resulting symbol table that are needed by an external relocation entry or an indirect symbol table. The link editor ld(1) is the only program that can strip relocation entries and know if it is safe to do so. When strip is used with no options on an executable file, it checks that file to see if it uses the dynamic link editor. If it does, the effect of the strip command is the same as using the -u and -r options. If the file does not use the dynamic link editor, the effect of strip without any options is the same as using the -s option of ld(1). The options -S, -x, and -X have the same effect as the ld(1) options. The options to strip(1) can be combined to trim the symbol table to just what is desired. You should trim the symbol table of files used with dynamic linking so that only those symbols intended to be external interfaces are saved. Files used with dynamic linking include executables, objects that are loaded (usually bundles), and dynamic shared libraries. Only global symbols are used by the dynamic linking process. You should strip all non-global symbols. When an executable is built with all its dependent dynamic shared libraries, it is typically stripped with: % strip -u -r executable which saves all undefined symbols (usually defined in the dynamic shared libraries) and all global symbols defined in the executable referenced by the dynamic libraries (as marked by the static link editor when the executable was built). This is the maximum level of striping for an executable that will still allow the program to run correctly with its libraries. If the executable loads objects, however, the global symbols that the objects reference from the executable also must not be stripped. In this case, you should list the global symbols that the executable wants to allow the objects to reference in a file, and those global symbols are then saved when the executable is stripped. For example: % strip -u -r -s interface_symbols executable where the file interface_symbols would contain only those global symbols from the executable that the executable wants the loaded objects to have access to. For objects that will be loaded into an executable, you should trim the symbol table to limit the global symbols the executable will see. This would be done with: % strip -s interface_symbols -u object which would leave only the undefined symbols and symbols listed in the file interface_symbols in the object file. In this case, strip(1) has updated the relocation entries and indirect symbol table to reflect the new symbol table. For dynamic shared libraries, the maximum level of stripping is usually -x (to remove all non-global symbols). STRIPPING FILES FOR USE WITH RUNTIME LOADED CODE Trimming the symbol table for programs that load code at runtime allows you to control the interface that the executable wants to provide to the objects that it will load; it will not have to publish symbols that are not part of its interface. For example, an executable that wishes to allow only a subset of its global symbols but all of the statically linked shared library's globals to be used would be stripped with: % strip -s interface_symbols -A executable where the file interface_symbols would contain only those symbols from the executable that it wishes the code loaded at runtime to have access to. Another example is an object that is made up of a number of other objects that will be loaded into an executable would built and then stripped with: % ld -o relocatable.o -r a.o b.o c.o % strip -s interface_symbols -u relocatable.o which would leave only the undefined symbols and symbols listed in the file interface_symbols in the object file. In this case strip(1) has updated the relocation entries to reflect the new symbol table.
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strip - remove symbols
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strip [ option ] name ...
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The first set of options indicate symbols that are to be save in the resulting output file. -u Save all undefined symbols. This is intended for use with relocatable objects to save symbols referred to by external relocation entries. Note that common symbols are also referred to by external relocation entries and this flag does not save those symbols. -r Save all symbols referenced dynamically. -s filename Save the symbol table entries for the global symbols listed in filename. The symbol names listed in filename must be one per line. Leading and trailing white space are not part of the symbol name. Lines starting with # are ignored, as are lines with only white space. -R filename Remove the symbol table entries for the global symbols listed in filename. This file has the same format as the -s filename option above. This option is usually used in combination with other options that save some symbols, -S, -x, etc. -i Ignore symbols listed in the -s filename or -R filename options that are not in the files to be stripped (this is normally an error). -d filename Save the debugging symbol table entries for each source file name listed in filename. The source file names listed in filename must be one per line with no other white space in the file except the newlines on the end of each line. And they must be just the base name of the source file without any leading directories. This option works only with the stab(5) debugging format, it has no affect when using the DWARF debugging format. -A Save all global absolute symbols except those with a value of zero, and save Objective C class symbols. This is intended for use of programs that load code at runtime and want the loaded code to use symbols from the shared libraries (this is only used with NEXTSTEP 3.3 and earlier releases). -n Save all N_SECT global symbols. This is intended for use with executable programs in combination with -A to remove the symbols needed for correct static link editing which are not needed for use with runtime loading interfaces where using the -s filename would be too much trouble (this is only used with NEXTSTEP 3.3 and earlier releases). These options specify symbols to be removed from the resulting output file. -S Remove the debugging symbol table entries (those created by the -g option to cc(1) and other compilers). -X Remove the local symbols whose names begin with `L'. -T The intent of this flag is to remove Swift symbols. It removes the symbols whose names begin with `_$S' or `_$s' only when it finds an __objc_imageinfo section with and it has a non-zero swift version. The future the implementation of this flag may change to match the intent. -N In binaries that use the dynamic linker remove all nlist symbols and the string table. Setting the environment variable STRIP_NLISTS has the same effect. -x Remove all local symbols (saving only global symbols). -c Remove the section contents of a dynamic library creating a stub library output file. And the last options: - Treat all remaining arguments as file names and not options. -o output Write the result into the file output. -no_uuid Remove any LC_UUID load commands. -no_split_info Remove the LC_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO load command and its payload load. -no_code_signature_warning Don't warn when the code signature would be invalid in the output. -arch arch_type Specifies the architecture, arch_type, of the file for strip(1) to operate on when the file is a universal file. (See arch(3) for the currently know arch_types.) The arch_type can be "all" to operate on all architectures in the file, which is the default. SEE ALSO ld(1), cc(1)
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When creating a stub library the -c and -x are typically used: strip -x -c libfoo -o libfoo.stripped LIMITATIONS Not every layout of a Mach-O file can be stripped by this program. But all layouts produced by the Apple compiler system can be stripped. Apple Inc. January 17, 2018 STRIP(1)
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yapf
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xlwings
| null | null | null | null | null |
filetype
| null | null | null | null | null |
tiffdither
| null | null | null | null | null |
arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-ranlib
|
The archive table-of-contents command ranlib creates a table of contents for archives, containing object files, to be used by the link-editor ld(1). It operates on archives created with the utility ar(1). The Ranlib function prepends a new file to the archive which has three separate parts. The first part is a standard archive header, which has a special name field, "__.SYMDEF" or "__.SYMDEF SORTED". If the archive does not have multiple members that define symbol then "__.SYMDEF SORTED" should be used and the table of contents should be sorted by name. The second part is a ``long'' followed by a list of ranlib structures. The long is the size, in bytes, of the list of ranlib structures. Each of the ranlib structures consists of a zero based offset into the next section (a string table of symbols) and an offset from the beginning of the archive to the start of the archive file which defines the symbol. The actual number of ranlib structures is this number divided by the size of an individual ranlib structure. The third part is a ``long'' followed by a string table. The long is the size, in bytes of the string table. SEE ALSO ar(1), ranlib(1) Darwin November 16, 2001 Darwin
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ranlib â archive (library) table-of-contents format
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#include <mach-o/ranlib.h>
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intake
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clear
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clear clears your screen if this is possible, including its scrollback buffer (if the extended "E3" capability is defined). clear looks in the environment for the terminal type and then in the terminfo database to determine how to clear the screen. clear ignores any command-line parameters that may be present. SEE ALSO tput(1), terminfo(5) This describes ncurses version 5.7 (patch 20081102). clear(1)
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clear - clear the terminal screen
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clear
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pyrsa-keygen
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genrb
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genrb converts the resource bundle source files passed on the command line to their binary form or to a Java source file for use with ICU4J. The resulting binary files have a .res extension while resource bundle source files typically have a .txt extension. Java source files have a java extension and follow the ICU4J naming conventions. It is customary to name the resource bundles by their locale name, i.e. to use a local identifier for the bundle filename, e.g. ja_JP.txt for Japanese (Japan) data, or root.txt for the root bundle. In any case, genrb will produce a file whose base name is the name of the locale found in the resource file, not the base name of the resource file itself. The binary files can be read directly by ICU, or used by pkgdata(1) for incorporation into a larger archive or library.
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genrb - compile a resource bundle
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genrb [ -h, -?, --help ] [ -V, --version ] [ -v, --verbose ] [ -e, --encoding encoding ] [ -j, --write-java [ encoding ] ] [ -s, --sourcedir source ] [ -d, --destdir destination ] [ -i, --icudatadir directory ] bundle ...
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-h, -?, --help Print help about usage and exit. -V, --version Print the version of genrb and exit. -v, --verbose Display extra informative messages during execution. -e, --encoding encoding Set the encoding used to read input files to encoding. The default encoding is the invariant (subset of ASCII or EBCDIC) codepage for the system (see section INVARIANT CHARACTERS). The encodings UTF-8, UTF-16BE, and UTF-16LE are automatically detected if a byte order mark (BOM) is present. -j, --write-java [ encoding ] Generate a Java source code for use with ICU4J. An optional encoding for the Java file can be given. -s, --sourcedir source Set the source directory to source. The default source directory is specified by the environment variable ICU_DATA, or the location set when ICU was built if ICU_DATA is not set. -d, --destdir destination Set the destination directory to destination. The default destination directory is specified by the environment variable ICU_DATA or is the location set when ICU was built if ICU_DATA is not set. -i, --icudatadir directory Look for any necessary ICU data files in directory. For example, when processing collation overrides, the file ucadata.dat must be located. The default ICU data directory is specified by the environment variable ICU_DATA. INVARIANT CHARACTERS The invariant character set consists of the following set of characters, expressed as a standard POSIX regular expression: [a-z]|[A-Z]|[0-9]|_| |+|-|*|/. This is the set which is guaranteed to be available regardless of code page. ENVIRONMENT ICU_DATA Specifies the directory containing ICU data. Defaults to ${prefix}/share/icu/68.1/. Some tools in ICU depend on the presence of the trailing slash. It is thus important to make sure that it is present if ICU_DATA is set. VERSION 68.1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2000-2002 IBM, Inc. and others. SEE ALSO derb(1) pkgdata(1) ICU MANPAGE 16 April 2002 GENRB(1)
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python3-config
| null | null | null | null | null |
conda-render
| null | null | null | null | null |
f2py
| null | null | null | null | null |
redo_prebinding
| null | null | null | null | null |
curl-config
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curl-config displays information about the curl and libcurl installation. curl-config displays information about the curl and libcurl installation.
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curl-config - Get information about a libcurl installation curl-config - Get information about a libcurl installation
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curl-config [options] curl-config [options]
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--ca Displays the built-in path to the CA cert bundle this libcurl uses. --cc Displays the compiler used to build libcurl. --cflags Set of compiler options (CFLAGS) to use when compiling files that use libcurl. Currently that is only the include path to the curl include files. --checkfor [version] Specify the oldest possible libcurl version string you want, and this script will return 0 if the current installation is new enough or it returns 1 and outputs a text saying that the current version is not new enough. (Added in 7.15.4) --configure Displays the arguments given to configure when building curl. --feature Lists what particular main features the installed libcurl was built with. At the time of writing, this list may include SSL, KRB4 or IPv6. Do not assume any particular order. The keywords will be separated by newlines. There may be none, one, or several keywords in the list. --help Displays the available options. --libs Shows the complete set of libs and other linker options you will need in order to link your application with libcurl. --prefix This is the prefix used when libcurl was installed. Libcurl is then installed in $prefix/lib and its header files are installed in $prefix/include and so on. The prefix is set with "configure --prefix". --protocols Lists what particular protocols the installed libcurl was built to support. At the time of writing, this list may include HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, FILE, TELNET, LDAP, DICT and many more. Do not assume any particular order. The protocols will be listed using uppercase and are separated by newlines. There may be none, one, or several protocols in the list. (Added in 7.13.0) --ssl-backends Lists the SSL backends that were enabled when libcurl was built. It might be no, one or several names. If more than one name, they will appear comma-separated. (Added in 7.58.0) --static-libs Shows the complete set of libs and other linker options you will need in order to link your application with libcurl statically. (Added in 7.17.1) --version Outputs version information about the installed libcurl. --vernum Outputs version information about the installed libcurl, in numerical mode. This shows the version number, in hexadecimal, using 8 bits for each part: major, minor, and patch numbers. This makes libcurl 7.7.4 appear as 070704 and libcurl 12.13.14 appear as 0c0d0e... Note that the initial zero might be omitted. (This option was broken in the 7.15.0 release.) --ca Displays the built-in path to the CA cert bundle this libcurl uses. --cc Displays the compiler used to build libcurl. --cflags Set of compiler options (CFLAGS) to use when compiling files that use libcurl. Currently that is only the include path to the curl include files. --checkfor [version] Specify the oldest possible libcurl version string you want, and this script will return 0 if the current installation is new enough or it returns 1 and outputs a text saying that the current version is not new enough. (Added in 7.15.4) --configure Displays the arguments given to configure when building curl. --feature Lists what particular main features the installed libcurl was built with. At the time of writing, this list may include SSL, KRB4 or IPv6. Do not assume any particular order. The keywords will be separated by newlines. There may be none, one, or several keywords in the list. --help Displays the available options. --libs Shows the complete set of libs and other linker options you will need in order to link your application with libcurl. --prefix This is the prefix used when libcurl was installed. Libcurl is then installed in $prefix/lib and its header files are installed in $prefix/include and so on. The prefix is set with "configure --prefix". --protocols Lists what particular protocols the installed libcurl was built to support. At the time of writing, this list may include HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, FILE, TELNET, LDAP, DICT and many more. Do not assume any particular order. The protocols will be listed using uppercase and are separated by newlines. There may be none, one, or several protocols in the list. (Added in 7.13.0) --ssl-backends Lists the SSL backends that were enabled when libcurl was built. It might be no, one or several names. If more than one name, they will appear comma-separated. (Added in 7.58.0) --static-libs Shows the complete set of libs and other linker options you will need in order to link your application with libcurl statically. (Added in 7.17.1) --version Outputs version information about the installed libcurl. --vernum Outputs version information about the installed libcurl, in numerical mode. This shows the version number, in hexadecimal, using 8 bits for each part: major, minor, and patch numbers. This makes libcurl 7.7.4 appear as 070704 and libcurl 12.13.14 appear as 0c0d0e... Note that the initial zero might be omitted. (This option was broken in the 7.15.0 release.)
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What linker options do I need when I link with libcurl? $ curl-config --libs What compiler options do I need when I compile using libcurl functions? $ curl-config --cflags How do I know if libcurl was built with SSL support? $ curl-config --feature | grep SSL What's the installed libcurl version? $ curl-config --version How do I build a single file with a one-line command? $ `curl-config --cc --cflags` -o example source.c `curl-config --libs` SEE ALSO curl(1) What linker options do I need when I link with libcurl? $ curl-config --libs What compiler options do I need when I compile using libcurl functions? $ curl-config --cflags How do I know if libcurl was built with SSL support? $ curl-config --feature | grep SSL What's the installed libcurl version? $ curl-config --version How do I build a single file with a one-line command? $ `curl-config --cc --cflags` -o example source.c `curl-config --libs` SEE ALSO curl(1) curl-config January 26 2024 curl-config(1)
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ipython3
| null | null | null | null | null |
arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-libtool
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The libtool command takes the specified input object files and creates a library for use with the link editor, ld(1). The library's name is specified by output (the argument to the -o flag). The input object files may be in any correct format that contains object files (``universal'' files, archives, object files). Libtool will not put any non-object input file into the output library (unlike ranlib, which allows this in the archives it operates on). When producing a ``universal'' file from objects of the same CPU type and differing CPU subtypes, libtool and ranlib create at most one library for each CPU type, rather than a separate library in a universal file for each of the unique pairings of CPU type and CPU subtype. Thus, the resulting CPU subtype for each library is the _ALL CPU subtype for that CPU type. This strategy strongly encourages the implementor of a library to create one library that chooses optimum code to run at run time, rather than at link time. Libtool can create either dynamically linked shared libraries, with -dynamic, or statically linked (archive) libraries, with -static. DYNAMICALLY LINKED SHARED LIBRARIES Dynamically linked libraries, unlike statically linked libraries, are Mach-O format files and not ar(5) format files. Dynamically linked libraries have two restrictions: No symbol may be defined in more than one object file and no common symbol can be used. To maximize sharing of a dynamically linked shared library the objects should be compiled with the -dynamic flag of cc(1) to produce indirect undefined references and position-independent code. To build a dynamically linked library, libtool, runs the link editor, ld(1), with -dylib once for each architecture present in the input objects and then lipo(1) to create a universal file if needed. ARCHIVE (or statically linked) LIBRARIES Libtool with -static is intended to replace ar(5) and ranlib. For backward compatibility, ranlib is still available, and it supports universal files. Ranlib adds or updates the table of contents to each archive so it can be linked by the link editor, ld(1). The table of contents is an archive member at the beginning of the archive that indicates which symbols are defined in which library members. Because ranlib rewrites the archive, sufficient temporary file space must be available in the file system that contains the current directory. Ranlib takes all correct forms of libraries (universal files containing archives, and simple archives) and updates the table of contents for all archives in the file. Ranlib also takes one common incorrect form of archive, an archive whose members are universal object files, adding or updating the table of contents and producing the library in correct form (a universal file containing multiple archives). The archive member name for a table of contents begins with ``__.SYMDEF''. Currently, there are two types of table of contents produced by libtool -static and ranlib and understood by the link editor, ld(1). These are explained below, under the -s and -a options.
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libtool - create libraries ranlib - add or update the table of contents of archive libraries
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libtool -static -o output [ -sacLTD ] [ - ] [ -arch_only arch_type ] [ -no_warning_for_no_symbols ] file... [-filelist listfile[,dirname]] libtool -dynamic -o output [ -install_name name ] [ -compatibility_version number ] [ -current_version number ] [ link editor flags ] [ -v ] [ -noall_load ] [ - ] [ -arch_only arch_type ] [ -V ] file... [-filelist listfile[,dirname]] ranlib [ -sactfqLT ] [ - ] archive...
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The following options pertain to libtool only. @file Arguments beginning with @ are replaced by arguments read from the specified file, as an alternative to listing those arguments on the command line. The files simply contain libtool options and files separated by whitespace: spaces, tabs, and newlines. Characters can be escaped with a backslash (\), including whitespace characters and other backslashes. Also, arguments that include whitespace can be enclosed, wholly or in part, by single- or double-quote charcters. These files may contain @file references to additional files, although libtool will error on include cycles. If a file cannot be found, the original @file argument will remain in the argument list. -static Produce a statically linked (archive) library from the input files. This is the default. -dynamic Produce a dynamically linked shared library from the input files. -install_name name For a dynamic shared library, this specifies the file name the library will be installed in for programs that use it. If this is not specified the name specified by the -o output option will be used. -compatibility_version number For a dynamic shared library, this specifies the compatibility version number of the library. When a library is used the compatibility version is checked and if the user's version is greater that the library's version, an error message is printed and the using program exits. The format of number is X[.Y[.Z]] where X must be a positive non-zero number less than or equal to 65535, and .Y and .Z are optional and if present must be non- negative numbers less than or equal to 255. If this is not specified then it has a value of 0 and no checking is done when the library is used. -current_version number For dynamic shared library files this specifies the current version number of the library. The program using the library can obtain the current version of the library programmatically to determine exactly which version of the library it is using. The format of number is X[.Y[.Z]] where X must be a positive non-zero number less than or equal to 65535, and .Y and .Z are optional and if present must be non-negative numbers less than or equal to 255. If this is not specified then it has a value of 0. -noall_load For dynamic shared library files this specifies the the default behavior of loading all members of archives on the command line is not to be done. This option is used by the GNU compiler driver, cc(1), when used with it's -dynamiclib option. This is done to allow selective loading of the GNU's compiler's runtime support library, libcc_dynamic.a . link editor flags For a dynamic shared library the following ld(1) flags are accepted and passed through: -lx, -weak-lx, -search_paths_first -weak_library, -Ldir, -ysym, -usym, -initsym, -idefinition:indirect, -seg1addr, -segs_read_only_addr, -segs_read_write_addr, -seg_addr_table, -seg_addr_table_filename, -segprot, -segalign, -sectcreate, -sectorder, -sectorder_detail, -sectalign, -undefined, -read_only_relocs, -prebind, -prebind_all_twolevel_modules, -prebind_allow_overlap, -noprebind, -framework, -weak_framework, -umbrella, -allowable_client, -sub_umbrella, -sub_library, -F, -U, -Y, -Sn, -Si, -Sp, -S, -X, -x, -whyload, -all_load. -arch_errors_fatal, -dylib_file, -run_init_lazily, -final_output, -macosx_version_min, -multiply_defined, -multiply_defined_unused, -twolevel_namespace, -twolevel_namespace_hints, -flat_namespace, -nomultidefs, -headerpad, -headerpad_max_install_names, -weak_reference_mismatches, -M, -t, -no_arch_warnings, -single_module, -multi_module, -exported_symbols_list, -unexported_symbols_list, -m, -dead_strip, -no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms, -executable_path, -syslibroot, -no_uuid. See the ld(1) man page for details on these flags. The flag -image_base is a synonym for -seg1addr. -v Verbose mode, which prints the ld(1) commands and lipo(1) commands executed. -V Print the version of libtool. -filelist listfile[,dirname] The listfile contains a list of file names and is an alternative way of specifiying file names on the command line. The file names are listed one per line separated only by newlines (spaces and tabs are assumed to be part of the file name). If the optional directory name, dirname is specified then it is prepended to each name in the list file. -arch_only arch_type This option causes libtool to build a library only for the specified arch_type and ignores all other architectures in the input files. When building a dynamic library, if this is specified with a specific cpusubtype other than the family cpusubtype then libtool it does not use the ld(1) -force_cpusubtype_ALL flag and passes the -arch_only argument to ld(1) as the -arch flag so that the output is tagged with that cpusubtype. The following options pertain to the table of contents for an archive library, and apply to both libtool -static and ranlib: -s Produce the preferred type of table of contents, which results in faster link editing when linking with the archive. The order of the table of contents is sorted by symbol name. The library member name of this type of table of contents is ``__.SYMDEF SORTED''. This type of table of contents can only be produced when the library does not have multiple members that define the same symbol. This is the default. -a Produce the original type of table of contents, whose order is based on the order of the members in the archive. The library member name of this type of table of contents is ``__.SYMDEF''. This type of table of contents must be used when the library has multiple members that define the same symbol. -c Include common symbols as definitions with respect to the table of contents. This is seldom the intended behavior for linking from a library, as it forces the linking of a library member just because it uses an uninitialized global that is undefined at that point in the linking. This option is included only because this was the original behavior of ranlib. This option is not the default. -L Use the 4.4bsd archive extended format #1, which allows archive member names to be longer than 16 characters and have spaces in their names. This option is the default. -T Truncate archive member names to 16 characters and don't use the 4.4bsd extended format #1. This option is not the default. -f Warns when the output archive is universal and ar(1) will no longer be able to operate on it. -q Do nothing if a universal file would be created. -D When building a static library, set archive contents' user ids, group ids, dates, and file modes to reasonable defaults. This allows libraries created with identical input to be identical to each other, regardless of time of day, user, group, umask, and other aspects of the environment. For compatibility, the following ranlib option is accepted (but ignored): -t This option used to request that ranlib only ``touch'' the archives instead of modifying them. The option is now ignored, and the table of contents is rebuilt. One other option applies to both libtool and ranlib: - Treat all remaining arguments as names of files (or archives) and not as options. -no_warning_for_no_symbols Don't warn about file that have no symbols. SEE ALSO ld(1), ar(1), otool(1), make(1), redo_prebinding(1), ar(5) BUGS With the way libraries used to be created, errors were possible if the library was modified with ar(1) and the table of contents was not updated by rerunning ranlib(1). So previously the link editor, ld(1), generated an error when the modification date of a library was more recent than the creation date of its table of contents. Unfortunately, this meant that you got the error even if you only copy the library. Since this error was found to be too much of a nuisance it was removed. So now it is possible again to get link errors if the library is modified and the table of contents is not updated. Apple Inc. January 27, 2014 LIBTOOL(1)
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tiffset
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tiffset sets the value of a TIFF header to a specified value or removes an existing setting.
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tiffset - set or unset a field in a TIFF header
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tiffset [ options ] filename.tif
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-d dirnumber Change the current directory (starting at 0). -s tagnumber [ count ] value ⊠Set the value of the named tag to the value or values specified. -sd diroffset Change the current directory by offset. -sf tagnumber filename Set the value of the tag to the contents of filename. This option is supported for ASCII tags only. -u tagnumber Unset the tag.
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The following example sets the image description tag (270) of a.tif to the contents of the file descrip: tiffset -sf 270 descrip a.tif The following example sets the artist tag (315) of a.tif to the string Anonymous: tiffset -s 315 Anonymous a.tif This example sets the resolution of the file a.tif to 300 dpi: tiffset -s 296 2 a.tif tiffset -s 282 300.0 a.tif tiffset -s 283 300.0 a.tif Set the photometric interpretation of the third page of a.tif to min-is-black (ie. inverts it): tiffset -d 2 -s 262 1 a.tif SEE ALSO tiffdump (1), tiffinfo (1), tiffcp (1), libtiff (3tiff) AUTHOR LibTIFF contributors COPYRIGHT 1988-2022, LibTIFF contributors 4.6 September 8, 2023 TIFFSET(1)
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gst-device-monitor-1.0
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tclsh
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Tclsh is a shell-like application that reads Tcl commands from its standard input or from a file and evaluates them. If invoked with no arguments then it runs interactively, reading Tcl commands from standard input and printing command results and error messages to standard output. It runs until the exit command is invoked or until it reaches end-of-file on its standard input. If there exists a file .tclshrc (or tclshrc.tcl on the Windows platforms) in the home directory of the user, interactive tclsh evaluates the file as a Tcl script just before reading the first command from standard input. SCRIPT FILES If tclsh is invoked with arguments then the first few arguments specify â the name of a script file, and, optionally, the encoding of the text â data stored in that script file. Any additional arguments are made available to the script as variables (see below). Instead of reading commands from standard input tclsh will read Tcl commands from the named file; tclsh will exit when it reaches the end of the file. The end of the file may be marked either by the physical end of the medium, or by the character, â\032â (â\u001aâ, control-Z). If this character is present in the file, the tclsh application will read text up to but not including the character. An application that requires this character in the file may safely encode it as â\032â, â\x1aâ, or â\u001aâ; or may generate it by use of commands such as format or binary. There is no automatic evaluation of .tclshrc when the name of a script file is presented on the tclsh command line, but the script file can always source it if desired. If you create a Tcl script in a file whose first line is #!/usr/bin/tclsh then you can invoke the script file directly from your shell if you mark the file as executable. This assumes that tclsh has been installed in the default location in /usr/bin; if it is installed somewhere else then you will have to modify the above line to match. Many UNIX systems do not allow the #! line to exceed about 30 characters in length, so be sure that the tclsh executable can be accessed with a short file name. An even better approach is to start your script files with the following three lines: #!/bin/sh # the next line restarts using tclsh \ exec tclsh "$0" "$@" This approach has three advantages over the approach in the previous paragraph. First, the location of the tclsh binary does not have to be hard-wired into the script: it can be anywhere in your shell search path. Second, it gets around the 30-character file name limit in the previous approach. Third, this approach will work even if tclsh is itself a shell script (this is done on some systems in order to handle multiple architectures or operating systems: the tclsh script selects one of several binaries to run). The three lines cause both sh and tclsh to process the script, but the exec is only executed by sh. sh processes the script first; it treats the second line as a comment and executes the third line. The exec statement cause the shell to stop processing and instead to start up tclsh to reprocess the entire script. When tclsh starts up, it treats all three lines as comments, since the backslash at the end of the second line causes the third line to be treated as part of the comment on the second line. You should note that it is also common practice to install tclsh with its version number as part of the name. This has the advantage of allowing multiple versions of Tcl to exist on the same system at once, but also the disadvantage of making it harder to write scripts that start up uniformly across different versions of Tcl. VARIABLES Tclsh sets the following Tcl variables: argc Contains a count of the number of arg arguments (0 if none), not including the name of the script file. argv Contains a Tcl list whose elements are the arg arguments, in order, or an empty string if there are no arg arguments. argv0 Contains fileName if it was specified. Otherwise, contains the name by which tclsh was invoked. tcl_interactive Contains 1 if tclsh is running interactively (no fileName was specified and standard input is a terminal- like device), 0 otherwise. PROMPTS When tclsh is invoked interactively it normally prompts for each command with â% â. You can change the prompt by setting the variables tcl_prompt1 and tcl_prompt2. If variable tcl_prompt1 exists then it must consist of a Tcl script to output a prompt; instead of outputting a prompt tclsh will evaluate the script in tcl_prompt1. The variable tcl_prompt2 is used in a similar way when a newline is typed but the current command is not yet complete; if tcl_prompt2 is not set then no prompt is output for incomplete commands. STANDARD CHANNELS See Tcl_StandardChannels for more explanations. SEE ALSO encoding(n), fconfigure(n), tclvars(n) KEYWORDS argument, interpreter, prompt, script file, shell Tcl tclsh(1)
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tclsh - Simple shell containing Tcl interpreter
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tclsh ?-encoding name? ?fileName arg arg ...? ______________________________________________________________________________
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pip
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ncursesw6-config
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aomdec
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tic
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The tic command translates a terminfo file from source format into compiled format. The compiled format is necessary for use with the library routines in ncurses(3X). As described in term(5), the database may be either a directory tree (one file per terminal entry) or a hashed database (one record per entry). The tic command writes only one type of entry, depending on how it was built: ⢠For directory trees, the top-level directory, e.g., /usr/share/terminfo, specifies the location of the database. ⢠For hashed databases, a filename is needed. If the given file is not found by that name, but can be found by adding the suffix ".db", then that is used. The default name for the hashed database is the same as the default directory name (only adding a ".db" suffix). In either case (directory or hashed database), tic will create the container if it does not exist. For a directory, this would be the "terminfo" leaf, versus a "terminfo.db" file. The results are normally placed in the system terminfo database /usr/share/terminfo. The compiled terminal description can be placed in a different terminfo database. There are two ways to achieve this: ⢠First, you may override the system default either by using the -o option, or by setting the variable TERMINFO in your shell environment to a valid database location. ⢠Secondly, if tic cannot write in /usr/share/terminfo or the location specified using your TERMINFO variable, it looks for the directory $HOME/.terminfo (or hashed database $HOME/.terminfo.db); if that location exists, the entry is placed there. Libraries that read terminfo entries are expected to check in succession ⢠a location specified with the TERMINFO environment variable, ⢠$HOME/.terminfo, ⢠directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable, ⢠a compiled-in list of directories (@TERMINFO_DIRS@), and ⢠the system terminfo database (/usr/share/terminfo).
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tic - the terminfo entry-description compiler
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tic [-01CDGIKLNTUVacfgrstx] [-e names] [-o dir] [-R subset] [-v[n]] [-w[n]] file
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-0 restricts the output to a single line -1 restricts the output to a single column -a tells tic to retain commented-out capabilities rather than discarding them. Capabilities are commented by prefixing them with a period. This sets the -x option, because it treats the commented-out entries as user-defined names. If the source is termcap, accept the 2-character names required by version 6. Otherwise these are ignored. -C Force source translation to termcap format. Note: this differs from the -C option of infocmp(1M) in that it does not merely translate capability names, but also translates terminfo strings to termcap format. Capabilities that are not translatable are left in the entry under their terminfo names but commented out with two preceding dots. The actual format used incorporates some improvements for escaped characters from terminfo format. For a stricter BSD-compatible translation, add the -K option. If this is combined with -c, tic makes additional checks to report cases where the terminfo values do not have an exact equivalent in termcap form. For example: ⢠sgr usually will not convert, because termcap lacks the ability to work with more than two parameters, and because termcap lacks many of the arithmetic/logical operators used in terminfo. ⢠capabilities with more than one delay or with delays before the end of the string will not convert completely. -c tells tic to only check file for errors, including syntax problems and bad use links. If you specify -C (-I) with this option, the code will print warnings about entries which, after use resolution, are more than 1023 (4096) bytes long. Due to a fixed buffer length in older termcap libraries, as well as buggy checking for the buffer length (and a documented limit in terminfo), these entries may cause core dumps with other implementations. tic checks string capabilities to ensure that those with parameters will be valid expressions. It does this check only for the predefined string capabilities; those which are defined with the -x option are ignored. -D tells tic to print the database locations that it knows about, and exit. The first location shown is the one to which it would write compiled terminal descriptions. If tic is not able to find a writable database location according to the rules summarized above, it will print a diagnostic and exit with an error rather than printing a list of database locations. -e names Limit writes and translations to the following comma-separated list of terminals. If any name or alias of a terminal matches one of the names in the list, the entry will be written or translated as normal. Otherwise no output will be generated for it. The option value is interpreted as a file containing the list if it contains a '/'. (Note: depending on how tic was compiled, this option may require -I or -C.) -f Display complex terminfo strings which contain if/then/else/endif expressions indented for readability. -G Display constant literals in decimal form rather than their character equivalents. -g Display constant character literals in quoted form rather than their decimal equivalents. -I Force source translation to terminfo format. -K Suppress some longstanding ncurses extensions to termcap format, e.g., "\s" for space. -L Force source translation to terminfo format using the long C variable names listed in <term.h> -N Disable smart defaults. Normally, when translating from termcap to terminfo, the compiler makes a number of assumptions about the defaults of string capabilities reset1_string, carriage_return, cursor_left, cursor_down, scroll_forward, tab, newline, key_backspace, key_left, and key_down, then attempts to use obsolete termcap capabilities to deduce correct values. It also normally suppresses output of obsolete termcap capabilities such as bs. This option forces a more literal translation that also preserves the obsolete capabilities. -odir Write compiled entries to given database location. Overrides the TERMINFO environment variable. -Rsubset Restrict output to a given subset. This option is for use with archaic versions of terminfo like those on SVr1, Ultrix, or HP/UX that do not support the full set of SVR4/XSI Curses terminfo; and outright broken ports like AIX 3.x that have their own extensions incompatible with SVr4/XSI. Available subsets are "SVr1", "Ultrix", "HP", "BSD" and "AIX"; see terminfo(5) for details. -r Force entry resolution (so there are no remaining tc capabilities) even when doing translation to termcap format. This may be needed if you are preparing a termcap file for a termcap library (such as GNU termcap through version 1.3 or BSD termcap through 4.3BSD) that does not handle multiple tc capabilities per entry. -s Summarize the compile by showing the database location into which entries are written, and the number of entries which are compiled. -T eliminates size-restrictions on the generated text. This is mainly useful for testing and analysis, since the compiled descriptions are limited (e.g., 1023 for termcap, 4096 for terminfo). -t tells tic to discard commented-out capabilities. Normally when translating from terminfo to termcap, untranslatable capabilities are commented-out. -U tells tic to not post-process the data after parsing the source file. Normally, it infers data which is commonly missing in older terminfo data, or in termcaps. -V reports the version of ncurses which was used in this program, and exits. -vn specifies that (verbose) output be written to standard error trace information showing tic's progress. The optional parameter n is a number from 1 to 10, inclusive, indicating the desired level of detail of information. If n is omitted, the default level is 1. If n is specified and greater than 1, the level of detail is increased. The debug flag levels are as follows: 1 Names of files created and linked 2 Information related to the âuseâ facility 3 Statistics from the hashing algorithm 5 String-table memory allocations 7 Entries into the string-table 8 List of tokens encountered by scanner 9 All values computed in construction of the hash table If the debug level n is not given, it is taken to be one. -wn specifies the width of the output. The parameter is optional. If it is omitted, it defaults to 60. -x Treat unknown capabilities as user-defined. That is, if you supply a capability name which tic does not recognize, it will infer its type (boolean, number or string) from the syntax and make an extended table entry for that. User-defined capability strings whose name begins with âkâ are treated as function keys. PARAMETERS file contains one or more terminfo terminal descriptions in source format [see terminfo(5)]. Each description in the file describes the capabilities of a particular terminal. If file is â-â, then the data is read from the standard input. The file parameter may also be the path of a character-device. PROCESSING All but one of the capabilities recognized by tic are documented in terminfo(5). The exception is the use capability. When a use=entry-name field is discovered in a terminal entry currently being compiled, tic reads in the binary from /usr/share/terminfo to complete the entry. (Entries created from file will be used first. tic duplicates the capabilities in entry-name for the current entry, with the exception of those capabilities that explicitly are defined in the current entry. When an entry, e.g., entry_name_1, contains a use=entry_name_2 field, any canceled capabilities in entry_name_2 must also appear in entry_name_1 before use= for these capabilities to be canceled in entry_name_1. Total compiled entries cannot exceed 4096 bytes. The name field cannot exceed 512 bytes. Terminal names exceeding the maximum alias length (32 characters on systems with long filenames, 14 characters otherwise) will be truncated to the maximum alias length and a warning message will be printed. COMPATIBILITY There is some evidence that historic tic implementations treated description fields with no whitespace in them as additional aliases or short names. This tic does not do that, but it does warn when description fields may be treated that way and check them for dangerous characters. EXTENSIONS Unlike the SVr4 tic command, this implementation can actually compile termcap sources. In fact, entries in terminfo and termcap syntax can be mixed in a single source file. See terminfo(5) for the list of termcap names taken to be equivalent to terminfo names. The SVr4 manual pages are not clear on the resolution rules for use capabilities. This implementation of tic will find use targets anywhere in the source file, or anywhere in the file tree rooted at TERMINFO (if TERMINFO is defined), or in the user's $HOME/.terminfo database (if it exists), or (finally) anywhere in the system's file tree of compiled entries. The error messages from this tic have the same format as GNU C error messages, and can be parsed by GNU Emacs's compile facility. The -0, -1, -C, -G, -I, -N, -R, -T, -V, -a, -e, -f, -g, -o, -r, -s, -t and -x options are not supported under SVr4. The SVr4 -c mode does not report bad use links. System V does not compile entries to or read entries from your $HOME/.terminfo database unless TERMINFO is explicitly set to it. FILES /usr/share/terminfo/?/* Compiled terminal description database. SEE ALSO infocmp(1M), captoinfo(1M), infotocap(1M), toe(1M), curses(3X), term(5). terminfo(5). This describes ncurses version 5.7 (patch 20081102). AUTHOR Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> and Thomas E. Dickey <dickey@invisible-island.net> tic(1M)
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curl
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curl is a tool for transferring data from or to a server using URLs. It supports these protocols: DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, GOPHERS, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, MQTT, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTMPS, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, TFTP, WS and WSS. curl is powered by libcurl for all transfer-related features. See libcurl(3) for details. URL The URL syntax is protocol-dependent. You find a detailed description in RFC 3986. If you provide a URL without a leading protocol:// scheme, curl guesses what protocol you want. It then defaults to HTTP but assumes others based on often-used host name prefixes. For example, for host names starting with "ftp." curl assumes you want FTP. You can specify any amount of URLs on the command line. They are fetched in a sequential manner in the specified order unless you use -Z, --parallel. You can specify command line options and URLs mixed and in any order on the command line. curl attempts to reuse connections when doing multiple transfers, so that getting many files from the same server do not use multiple connects and setup handshakes. This improves speed. Connection reuse can only be done for URLs specified for a single command line invocation and cannot be performed between separate curl runs. Provide an IPv6 zone id in the URL with an escaped percentage sign. Like in "http://[fe80::3%25eth0]/" Everything provided on the command line that is not a command line option or its argument, curl assumes is a URL and treats it as such. GLOBBING You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing lists within braces or ranges within brackets. We call this "globbing". Provide a list with three different names like this: "http://site.{one,two,three}.com" Do sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in: "ftp://ftp.example.com/file[1-100].txt" With leading zeroes: "ftp://ftp.example.com/file[001-100].txt" With letters through the alphabet: "ftp://ftp.example.com/file[a-z].txt" Nested sequences are not supported, but you can use several ones next to each other: "http://example.com/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html" You can specify a step counter for the ranges to get every Nth number or letter: "http://example.com/file[1-100:10].txt" "http://example.com/file[a-z:2].txt" When using [] or {} sequences when invoked from a command line prompt, you probably have to put the full URL within double quotes to avoid the shell from interfering with it. This also goes for other characters treated special, like for example '&', '?' and '*'. Switch off globbing with -g, --globoff. VARIABLES curl supports command line variables (added in 8.3.0). Set variables with --variable name=content or --variable name@file (where "file" can be stdin if set to a single dash (-)). Variable contents can be expanded in option parameters using "{{name}}" (without the quotes) if the option name is prefixed with "--expand-". This gets the contents of the variable "name" inserted, or a blank if the name does not exist as a variable. Insert "{{" verbatim in the string by prefixing it with a backslash, like "\{{". You an access and expand environment variables by first importing them. You can select to either require the environment variable to be set or you can provide a default value in case it is not already set. Plain --variable %name imports the variable called 'name' but exits with an error if that environment variable is not already set. To provide a default value if it is not set, use --variable %name=content or --variable %name@content. Example. Get the USER environment variable into the URL, fail if USER is not set: --variable '%USER' --expand-url = "https://example.com/api/{{USER}}/method" When expanding variables, curl supports a set of functions that can make the variable contents more convenient to use. It can trim leading and trailing white space with trim, it can output the contents as a JSON quoted string with json, URL encode the string with url or base64 encode it with b64. You apply function to a variable expansion, add them colon separated to the right side of the variable. Variable content holding null bytes that are not encoded when expanded cause error. Example: get the contents of a file called $HOME/.secret into a variable called "fix". Make sure that the content is trimmed and percent-encoded sent as POST data: --variable %HOME --expand-variable fix@{{HOME}}/.secret --expand-data "{{fix:trim:url}}" https://example.com/ Command line variables and expansions were added in in 8.3.0. OUTPUT If not told otherwise, curl writes the received data to stdout. It can be instructed to instead save that data into a local file, using the -o, --output or -O, --remote-name options. If curl is given multiple URLs to transfer on the command line, it similarly needs multiple options for where to save them. curl does not parse or otherwise "understand" the content it gets or writes as output. It does no encoding or decoding, unless explicitly asked to with dedicated command line options. PROTOCOLS curl supports numerous protocols, or put in URL terms: schemes. Your particular build may not support them all. DICT Lets you lookup words using online dictionaries. FILE Read or write local files. curl does not support accessing file:// URL remotely, but when running on Microsoft Windows using the native UNC approach works. FTP(S) curl supports the File Transfer Protocol with a lot of tweaks and levers. With or without using TLS. GOPHER(S) Retrieve files. HTTP(S) curl supports HTTP with numerous options and variations. It can speak HTTP version 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 2 and 3 depending on build options and the correct command line options. IMAP(S) Using the mail reading protocol, curl can "download" emails for you. With or without using TLS. LDAP(S) curl can do directory lookups for you, with or without TLS. MQTT curl supports MQTT version 3. Downloading over MQTT equals "subscribe" to a topic while uploading/posting equals "publish" on a topic. MQTT over TLS is not supported (yet). POP3(S) Downloading from a pop3 server means getting a mail. With or without using TLS. RTMP(S) The Realtime Messaging Protocol is primarily used to serve streaming media and curl can download it. RTSP curl supports RTSP 1.0 downloads. SCP curl supports SSH version 2 scp transfers. SFTP curl supports SFTP (draft 5) done over SSH version 2. SMB(S) curl supports SMB version 1 for upload and download. SMTP(S) Uploading contents to an SMTP server means sending an email. With or without TLS. TELNET Telling curl to fetch a telnet URL starts an interactive session where it sends what it reads on stdin and outputs what the server sends it. TFTP curl can do TFTP downloads and uploads. PROGRESS METER curl normally displays a progress meter during operations, indicating the amount of transferred data, transfer speeds and estimated time left, etc. The progress meter displays the transfer rate in bytes per second. The suffixes (k, M, G, T, P) are 1024 based. For example 1k is 1024 bytes. 1M is 1048576 bytes. curl displays this data to the terminal by default, so if you invoke curl to do an operation and it is about to write data to the terminal, it disables the progress meter as otherwise it would mess up the output mixing progress meter and response data. If you want a progress meter for HTTP POST or PUT requests, you need to redirect the response output to a file, using shell redirect (>), -o, --output or similar. This does not apply to FTP upload as that operation does not spit out any response data to the terminal. If you prefer a progress "bar" instead of the regular meter, -#, --progress-bar is your friend. You can also disable the progress meter completely with the -s, --silent option. VERSION This man page describes curl %VERSION. If you use a later version, chances are this man page does not fully document it. If you use an earlier version, this document tries to include version information about which specific version that introduced changes. You can always learn which the latest curl version is by running curl https://curl.se/info The online version of this man page is always showing the latest incarnation: https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html
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curl - transfer a URL
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curl [options / URLs]
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Options start with one or two dashes. Many of the options require an additional value next to them. If provided text does not start with a dash, it is presumed to be and treated as a URL. The short "single-dash" form of the options, -d for example, may be used with or without a space between it and its value, although a space is a recommended separator. The long "double-dash" form, -d, --data for example, requires a space between it and its value. Short version options that do not need any additional values can be used immediately next to each other, like for example you can specify all the options -O, -L and -v at once as -OLv. In general, all boolean options are enabled with --option and yet again disabled with --no-option. That is, you use the same option name but prefix it with "no-". However, in this list we mostly only list and show the --option version of them. When -:, --next is used, it resets the parser state and you start again with a clean option state, except for the options that are "global". Global options retain their values and meaning even after -:, --next. The following options are global: --fail-early, --libcurl, --parallel-immediate, -Z, --parallel, -#, --progress-bar, --rate, -S, --show-error, --stderr, --styled-output, --trace-ascii, --trace-config, --trace-ids, --trace-time, --trace and -v, --verbose. --abstract-unix-socket <path> (HTTP) Connect through an abstract Unix domain socket, instead of using the network. Note: netstat shows the path of an abstract socket prefixed with '@', however the <path> argument should not have this leading character. If --abstract-unix-socket is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --abstract-unix-socket socketpath https://example.com See also --unix-socket. Added in 7.53.0. --alt-svc <file name> (HTTPS) This option enables the alt-svc parser in curl. If the file name points to an existing alt-svc cache file, that gets used. After a completed transfer, the cache is saved to the file name again if it has been modified. Specify a "" file name (zero length) to avoid loading/saving and make curl just handle the cache in memory. If this option is used several times, curl loads contents from all the files but the last one is used for saving. --alt-svc can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --alt-svc svc.txt https://example.com See also --resolve and --connect-to. Added in 7.64.1. --anyauth (HTTP) Tells curl to figure out authentication method by itself, and use the most secure one the remote site claims to support. This is done by first doing a request and checking the response-headers, thus possibly inducing an extra network round-trip. This is used instead of setting a specific authentication method, which you can do with --basic, --digest, --ntlm, and --negotiate. Using --anyauth is not recommended if you do uploads from stdin, since it may require data to be sent twice and then the client must be able to rewind. If the need should arise when uploading from stdin, the upload operation fails. Used together with -u, --user. Providing --anyauth multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --anyauth --user me:pwd https://example.com See also --proxy-anyauth, --basic and --digest. -a, --append (FTP SFTP) When used in an upload, this option makes curl append to the target file instead of overwriting it. If the remote file does not exist, it is created. Note that this flag is ignored by some SFTP servers (including OpenSSH). Providing --append multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-append. Example: curl --upload-file local --append ftp://example.com/ See also -r, --range and -C, --continue-at. --aws-sigv4 <provider1[:provider2[:region[:service]]]> (HTTP) Use AWS V4 signature authentication in the transfer. The provider argument is a string that is used by the algorithm when creating outgoing authentication headers. The region argument is a string that points to a geographic area of a resources collection (region-code) when the region name is omitted from the endpoint. The service argument is a string that points to a function provided by a cloud (service-code) when the service name is omitted from the endpoint. If --aws-sigv4 is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --aws-sigv4 "aws:amz:us-east-2:es" --user "key:secret" https://example.com See also --basic and -u, --user. Added in 7.75.0. --basic (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication with the remote host. This is the default and this option is usually pointless, unless you use it to override a previously set option that sets a different authentication method (such as --ntlm, --digest, or --negotiate). Used together with -u, --user. Providing --basic multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl -u name:password --basic https://example.com See also --proxy-basic. --ca-native (TLS) Tells curl to use the CA store from the native operating system to verify the peer. By default, curl otherwise uses a CA store provided in a single file or directory, but when using this option it interfaces the operating system's own vault. This option works for curl on Windows when built to use OpenSSL, wolfSSL (added in 8.3.0) or GnuTLS (added in 8.5.0). When curl on Windows is built to use Schannel, this feature is implied and curl then only uses the native CA store. Providing --ca-native multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ca-native. Example: curl --ca-native https://example.com See also --cacert, --capath and -k, --insecure. Added in 8.2.0. --cacert <file> (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. The file may contain multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM format. Normally curl is built to use a default file for this, so this option is typically used to alter that default file. curl recognizes the environment variable named 'CURL_CA_BUNDLE' if it is set and the TLS backend is not Schannel, and uses the given path as a path to a CA cert bundle. This option overrides that variable. The windows version of curl automatically looks for a CA certs file named 'curl-ca-bundle.crt', either in the same directory as curl.exe, or in the Current Working Directory, or in any folder along your PATH. (iOS and macOS only) If curl is built against Secure Transport, then this option is supported for backward compatibility with other SSL engines, but it should not be set. If the option is not set, then curl uses the certificates in the system and user Keychain to verify the peer, which is the preferred method of verifying the peer's certificate chain. (Schannel only) This option is supported for Schannel in Windows 7 or later (added in 7.60.0). This option is supported for backward compatibility with other SSL engines; instead it is recommended to use Windows' store of root certificates (the default for Schannel). If --cacert is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --cacert CA-file.txt https://example.com See also --capath and -k, --insecure. --capath <dir> (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate directory to verify the peer. Multiple paths can be provided by separating them with ":" (e.g. "path1:path2:path3"). The certificates must be in PEM format, and if curl is built against OpenSSL, the directory must have been processed using the c_rehash utility supplied with OpenSSL. Using --capath can allow OpenSSL-powered curl to make SSL-connections much more efficiently than using --cacert if the --cacert file contains many CA certificates. If this option is set, the default capath value is ignored. If --capath is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --capath /local/directory https://example.com See also --cacert and -k, --insecure. --cert-status (TLS) Tells curl to verify the status of the server certificate by using the Certificate Status Request (aka. OCSP stapling) TLS extension. If this option is enabled and the server sends an invalid (e.g. expired) response, if the response suggests that the server certificate has been revoked, or no response at all is received, the verification fails. This is currently only implemented in the OpenSSL and GnuTLS backends. Providing --cert-status multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-cert-status. Example: curl --cert-status https://example.com See also --pinnedpubkey. --cert-type <type> (TLS) Tells curl what type the provided client certificate is using. PEM, DER, ENG and P12 are recognized types. The default type depends on the TLS backend and is usually PEM, however for Secure Transport and Schannel it is P12. If -E, --cert is a pkcs11: URI then ENG is the default type. If --cert-type is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --cert-type PEM --cert file https://example.com See also -E, --cert, --key and --key-type. -E, --cert <certificate[:password]> (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified client certificate file when getting a file with HTTPS, FTPS or another SSL-based protocol. The certificate must be in PKCS#12 format if using Secure Transport, or PEM format if using any other engine. If the optional password is not specified, it is queried for on the terminal. Note that this option assumes a certificate file that is the private key and the client certificate concatenated. See -E, --cert and --key to specify them independently. In the <certificate> portion of the argument, you must escape the character ":" as "\:" so that it is not recognized as the password delimiter. Similarly, you must escape the double quote character as \" so that it is not recognized as an escape character. If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a certificate located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" is interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the --engine option is set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the --cert-type option is set as "ENG" if none was provided. (iOS and macOS only) If curl is built against Secure Transport, then the certificate string can either be the name of a certificate/private key in the system or user keychain, or the path to a PKCS#12-encoded certificate and private key. If you want to use a file from the current directory, please precede it with "./" prefix, in order to avoid confusion with a nickname. (Schannel only) Client certificates must be specified by a path expression to a certificate store. (Loading PFX is not supported; you can import it to a store first). You can use "<store location>\<store name>\<thumbprint>" to refer to a certificate in the system certificates store, for example, "CurrentUser\MY\934a7ac6f8a5d579285a74fa61e19f23ddfe8d7a". Thumbprint is usually a SHA-1 hex string which you can see in certificate details. Following store locations are supported: CurrentUser, LocalMachine, CurrentService, Services, CurrentUserGroupPolicy, LocalMachineGroupPolicy and LocalMachineEnterprise. If --cert is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --cert certfile --key keyfile https://example.com See also --cert-type, --key and --key-type. --ciphers <list of ciphers> (TLS) Specifies which ciphers to use in the connection. The list of ciphers must specify valid ciphers. Read up on SSL cipher list details on this URL: https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html If --ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-CCM8 https://example.com See also --tlsv1.3, --tls13-ciphers and --proxy-ciphers. --compressed-ssh (SCP SFTP) Enables built-in SSH compression. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may not do it. Providing --compressed-ssh multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-compressed-ssh. Example: curl --compressed-ssh sftp://example.com/ See also --compressed. Added in 7.56.0. --compressed (HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the algorithms curl supports, and automatically decompress the content. Response headers are not modified when saved, so if they are "interpreted" separately again at a later point they might appear to be saying that the content is (still) compressed; while in fact it has already been decompressed. If this option is used and the server sends an unsupported encoding, curl reports an error. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may not deliver data compressed. Providing --compressed multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-compressed. Example: curl --compressed https://example.com See also --compressed-ssh. -K, --config <file> Specify a text file to read curl arguments from. The command line arguments found in the text file are used as if they were provided on the command line. Options and their parameters must be specified on the same line in the file, separated by whitespace, colon, or the equals sign. Long option names can optionally be given in the config file without the initial double dashes and if so, the colon or equals characters can be used as separators. If the option is specified with one or two dashes, there can be no colon or equals character between the option and its parameter. If the parameter contains whitespace or starts with a colon (:) or equals sign (=), it must be specified enclosed within double quotes ("). Within double quotes the following escape sequences are available: \\, \", \t, \n, \r and \v. A backslash preceding any other letter is ignored. If the first non-blank column of a config line is a '#' character, that line is treated as a comment. Only write one option per physical line in the config file. A single line is required to be no more than 10 megabytes (since 8.2.0). Specify the filename to -K, --config as '-' to make curl read the file from stdin. Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config file, you need to specify it using the --url option, and not by simply writing the URL on its own line. So, it could look similar to this: url = "https://curl.se/docs/" # --- Example file --- # this is a comment url = "example.com" output = "curlhere.html" user-agent = "superagent/1.0" # and fetch another URL too url = "example.com/docs/manpage.html" -O referer = "http://nowhereatall.example.com/" # --- End of example file --- When curl is invoked, it (unless -q, --disable is used) checks for a default config file and uses it if found, even when -K, --config is used. The default config file is checked for in the following places in this order: 1) "$CURL_HOME/.curlrc" 2) "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/curlrc" (Added in 7.73.0) 3) "$HOME/.curlrc" 4) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\.curlrc" 5) Windows: "%APPDATA%\.curlrc" 6) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\.curlrc" 7) Non-Windows: use getpwuid to find the home directory 8) On Windows, if it finds no .curlrc file in the sequence described above, it checks for one in the same dir the curl executable is placed. On Windows two filenames are checked per location: .curlrc and _curlrc, preferring the former. Older versions on Windows checked for _curlrc only. --config can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --config file.txt https://example.com See also -q, --disable. --connect-timeout <fractional seconds> Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl's connection to take. This only limits the connection phase, so if curl connects within the given period it continues - if not it exits. This option accepts decimal values. The decimal value needs to be provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not the local version even if it might be using another separator. The connection phase is considered complete when the DNS lookup and requested TCP, TLS or QUIC handshakes are done. If --connect-timeout is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --connect-timeout 20 https://example.com curl --connect-timeout 3.14 https://example.com See also -m, --max-time. --connect-to <HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2> For a request to the given "HOST1:PORT1" pair, connect to "HOST2:PORT2" instead. This option is suitable to direct requests at a specific server, e.g. at a specific cluster node in a cluster of servers. This option is only used to establish the network connection. It does NOT affect the hostname/port that is used for TLS/SSL (e.g. SNI, certificate verification) or for the application protocols. "HOST1" and "PORT1" may be the empty string, meaning "any host/port". "HOST2" and "PORT2" may also be the empty string, meaning "use the request's original host/port". A hostname specified to this option is compared as a string, so it needs to match the name used in request URL. It can be either numerical such as "127.0.0.1" or the full host name such as "example.org". --connect-to can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --connect-to example.com:443:example.net:8443 https://example.com See also --resolve and -H, --header. -C, --continue-at <offset> Continue/Resume a previous file transfer at the given offset. The given offset is the exact number of bytes that are skipped, counting from the beginning of the source file before it is transferred to the destination. If used with uploads, the FTP server command SIZE is not used by curl. Use "-C -" to tell curl to automatically find out where/how to resume the transfer. It then uses the given output/input files to figure that out. If --continue-at is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl -C - https://example.com curl -C 400 https://example.com See also -r, --range. -c, --cookie-jar <filename> (HTTP) Specify to which file you want curl to write all cookies after a completed operation. Curl writes all cookies from its in-memory cookie storage to the given file at the end of operations. If no cookies are known, no data is written. The file is created using the Netscape cookie file format. If you set the file name to a single dash, "-", the cookies are written to stdout. The file specified with -c, --cookie-jar is only used for output. No cookies are read from the file. To read cookies, use the -b, --cookie option. Both options can specify the same file. This command line option activates the cookie engine that makes curl record and use cookies. The -b, --cookie option also activates it. If the cookie jar cannot be created or written to, the whole curl operation does not fail or even report an error clearly. Using -v, --verbose gets a warning displayed, but that is the only visible feedback you get about this possibly lethal situation. If --cookie-jar is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl -c store-here.txt https://example.com curl -c store-here.txt -b read-these https://example.com See also -b, --cookie. -b, --cookie <data|filename> (HTTP) Pass the data to the HTTP server in the Cookie header. It is supposedly the data previously received from the server in a "Set-Cookie:" line. The data should be in the format "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2". This makes curl use the cookie header with this content explicitly in all outgoing request(s). If multiple requests are done due to authentication, followed redirects or similar, they all get this cookie passed on. If no '=' symbol is used in the argument, it is instead treated as a filename to read previously stored cookie from. This option also activates the cookie engine which makes curl record incoming cookies, which may be handy if you are using this in combination with the -L, --location option or do multiple URL transfers on the same invoke. If the file name is exactly a minus ("-"), curl instead reads the contents from stdin. If the file name is an empty string ("") and is the only cookie input, curl will activate the cookie engine without any cookies. The file format of the file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers (Set-Cookie style) or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file format. The file specified with -b, --cookie is only used as input. No cookies are written to the file. To store cookies, use the -c, --cookie-jar option. If you use the Set-Cookie file format and do not specify a domain then the cookie is not sent since the domain never matches. To address this, set a domain in Set-Cookie line (doing that includes subdomains) or preferably: use the Netscape format. Users often want to both read cookies from a file and write updated cookies back to a file, so using both -b, --cookie and -c, --cookie-jar in the same command line is common. If curl is built with PSL (Public Suffix List) support, it detects and discards cookies that are specified for such suffix domains that should not be allowed to have cookies. If curl is not built with PSL support, it has no ability to stop super cookies. --cookie can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl -b "" https://example.com curl -b cookiefile https://example.com curl -b cookiefile -c cookiefile https://example.com See also -c, --cookie-jar and -j, --junk-session-cookies. --create-dirs When used in conjunction with the -o, --output option, curl creates the necessary local directory hierarchy as needed. This option creates the directories mentioned with the -o, --output option combined with the path possibly set with --output-dir. If the combined output file name uses no directory, or if the directories it mentions already exist, no directories are created. Created directories are made with mode 0750 on unix style file systems. To create remote directories when using FTP or SFTP, try --ftp-create-dirs. Providing --create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-create-dirs. Example: curl --create-dirs --output local/dir/file https://example.com See also --ftp-create-dirs and --output-dir. --create-file-mode <mode> (SFTP SCP FILE) When curl is used to create files remotely using one of the supported protocols, this option allows the user to set which 'mode' to set on the file at creation time, instead of the default 0644. This option takes an octal number as argument. If --create-file-mode is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --create-file-mode 0777 -T localfile sftp://example.com/new See also --ftp-create-dirs. Added in 7.75.0. --crlf (FTP SMTP) Convert line feeds to carriage return plus line feeds in upload. Useful for MVS (OS/390). (SMTP added in 7.40.0) Providing --crlf multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-crlf. Example: curl --crlf -T file ftp://example.com/ See also -B, --use-ascii. --crlfile <file> (TLS) Provide a file using PEM format with a Certificate Revocation List that may specify peer certificates that are to be considered revoked. If --crlfile is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --crlfile rejects.txt https://example.com See also --cacert and --capath. --curves <algorithm list> (TLS) Tells curl to request specific curves to use during SSL session establishment according to RFC 8422, 5.1. Multiple algorithms can be provided by separating them with ":" (e.g. "X25519:P-521"). The parameter is available identically in the OpenSSL "s_client" and "s_server" utilities. --curves allows a OpenSSL powered curl to make SSL-connections with exactly the (EC) curve requested by the client, avoiding nontransparent client/server negotiations. If this option is set, the default curves list built into OpenSSL are ignored. If --curves is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --curves X25519 https://example.com See also --ciphers. Added in 7.73.0. --data-ascii <data> (HTTP) This is just an alias for -d, --data. --data-ascii can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --data-ascii @file https://example.com See also --data-binary, --data-raw and --data-urlencode. --data-binary <data> (HTTP) This posts data exactly as specified with no extra processing whatsoever. If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a filename. Data is posted in a similar manner as -d, --data does, except that newlines and carriage returns are preserved and conversions are never done. Like -d, --data the default content-type sent to the server is application/x-www-form-urlencoded. If you want the data to be treated as arbitrary binary data by the server then set the content-type to octet-stream: -H "Content-Type: application/octet-stream". If this option is used several times, the ones following the first append data as described in -d, --data. --data-binary can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --data-binary @filename https://example.com See also --data-ascii. --data-raw <data> (HTTP) This posts data similarly to -d, --data but without the special interpretation of the @ character. --data-raw can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl --data-raw "hello" https://example.com curl --data-raw "@at@at@" https://example.com See also -d, --data. --data-urlencode <data> (HTTP) This posts data, similar to the other -d, --data options with the exception that this performs URL-encoding. To be CGI-compliant, the <data> part should begin with a name followed by a separator and a content specification. The <data> part can be passed to curl using one of the following syntaxes: content This makes curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. Just be careful so that the content does not contain any = or @ symbols, as that makes the syntax match one of the other cases below! =content This makes curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. The preceding = symbol is not included in the data. name=content This makes curl URL-encode the content part and pass that on. Note that the name part is expected to be URL-encoded already. @filename This makes curl load data from the given file (including any newlines), URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. name@filename This makes curl load data from the given file (including any newlines), URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. The name part gets an equal sign appended, resulting in name=urlencoded-file-content. Note that the name is expected to be URL-encoded already. --data-urlencode can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl --data-urlencode name=val https://example.com curl --data-urlencode =encodethis https://example.com curl --data-urlencode name@file https://example.com curl --data-urlencode @fileonly https://example.com See also -d, --data and --data-raw. -d, --data <data> (HTTP MQTT) Sends the specified data in a POST request to the HTTP server, in the same way that a browser does when a user has filled in an HTML form and presses the submit button. This makes curl pass the data to the server using the content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compare to -F, --form. --data-raw is almost the same but does not have a special interpretation of the @ character. To post data purely binary, you should instead use the --data-binary option. To URL-encode the value of a form field you may use --data-urlencode. If any of these options is used more than once on the same command line, the data pieces specified are merged with a separating &-symbol. Thus, using '-d name=daniel -d skill=lousy' would generate a post chunk that looks like 'name=daniel&skill=lousy'. If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a file name to read the data from, or - if you want curl to read the data from stdin. Posting data from a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with -d, --data @foobar. When -d, --data is told to read from a file like that, carriage returns and newlines are stripped out. If you do not want the @ character to have a special interpretation use --data-raw instead. The data for this option is passed on to the server exactly as provided on the command line. curl does not convert, change or improve it. It is up to the user to provide the data in the correct form. --data can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl -d "name=curl" https://example.com curl -d "name=curl" -d "tool=cmdline" https://example.com curl -d @filename https://example.com See also --data-binary, --data-urlencode and --data-raw. This option is mutually exclusive to -F, --form and -I, --head and -T, --upload-file. --delegation <LEVEL> (GSS/kerberos) Set LEVEL to tell the server what it is allowed to delegate when it comes to user credentials. none Do not allow any delegation. policy Delegates if and only if the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag is set in the Kerberos service ticket, which is a matter of realm policy. always Unconditionally allow the server to delegate. If --delegation is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --delegation "none" https://example.com See also -k, --insecure and --ssl. --digest (HTTP) Enables HTTP Digest authentication. This is an authentication scheme that prevents the password from being sent over the wire in clear text. Use this in combination with the normal -u, --user option to set user name and password. Providing --digest multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-digest. Example: curl -u name:password --digest https://example.com See also -u, --user, --proxy-digest and --anyauth. This option is mutually exclusive to --basic and --ntlm and --negotiate. --disable-eprt (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT commands when doing active FTP transfers. Curl normally first attempts to use EPRT before using PORT, but with this option, it uses PORT right away. EPRT is an extension to the original FTP protocol, and does not work on all servers, but enables more functionality in a better way than the traditional PORT command. --eprt can be used to explicitly enable EPRT again and --no-eprt is an alias for --disable-eprt. If the server is accessed using IPv6, this option has no effect as EPRT is necessary then. Disabling EPRT only changes the active behavior. If you want to switch to passive mode you need to not use -P, --ftp-port or force it with --ftp-pasv. Providing --disable-eprt multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable-eprt. Example: curl --disable-eprt ftp://example.com/ See also --disable-epsv and -P, --ftp-port. --disable-epsv (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPSV command when doing passive FTP transfers. Curl normally first attempts to use EPSV before PASV, but with this option, it does not try EPSV. --epsv can be used to explicitly enable EPSV again and --no-epsv is an alias for --disable-epsv. If the server is an IPv6 host, this option has no effect as EPSV is necessary then. Disabling EPSV only changes the passive behavior. If you want to switch to active mode you need to use -P, --ftp-port. Providing --disable-epsv multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable-epsv. Example: curl --disable-epsv ftp://example.com/ See also --disable-eprt and -P, --ftp-port. -q, --disable If used as the first parameter on the command line, the curlrc config file is not read or used. See the -K, --config for details on the default config file search path. Prior to 7.50.0 curl supported the short option name q but not the long option name disable. Providing --disable multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable. Example: curl -q https://example.com See also -K, --config. --disallow-username-in-url This tells curl to exit if passed a URL containing a username. This is probably most useful when the URL is being provided at runtime or similar. Providing --disallow-username-in-url multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disallow-username-in-url. Example: curl --disallow-username-in-url https://example.com See also --proto. Added in 7.61.0. --dns-interface <interface> (DNS) Tell curl to send outgoing DNS requests through <interface>. This option is a counterpart to --interface (which does not affect DNS). The supplied string must be an interface name (not an address). If --dns-interface is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --dns-interface eth0 https://example.com See also --dns-ipv4-addr and --dns-ipv6-addr. --dns-interface requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c- ares. --dns-ipv4-addr <address> (DNS) Tell curl to bind to a specific IP address when making IPv4 DNS requests, so that the DNS requests originate from this address. The argument should be a single IPv4 address. If --dns-ipv4-addr is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --dns-ipv4-addr 10.1.2.3 https://example.com See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv6-addr. --dns-ipv4-addr requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c- ares. --dns-ipv6-addr <address> (DNS) Tell curl to bind to a specific IP address when making IPv6 DNS requests, so that the DNS requests originate from this address. The argument should be a single IPv6 address. If --dns-ipv6-addr is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --dns-ipv6-addr 2a04:4e42::561 https://example.com See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv4-addr. --dns-ipv6-addr requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c- ares. --dns-servers <addresses> (DNS) Set the list of DNS servers to be used instead of the system default. The list of IP addresses should be separated with commas. Port numbers may also optionally be given as :<port-number> after each IP address. If --dns-servers is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --dns-servers 192.168.0.1,192.168.0.2 https://example.com See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv4-addr. --dns-servers requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c- ares. --doh-cert-status Same as --cert-status but used for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS). Providing --doh-cert-status multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-doh-cert-status. Example: curl --doh-cert-status --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com See also --doh-insecure. Added in 7.76.0. --doh-insecure Same as -k, --insecure but used for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS). Providing --doh-insecure multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-doh-insecure. Example: curl --doh-insecure --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com See also --doh-url. Added in 7.76.0. --doh-url <URL> Specifies which DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) server to use to resolve hostnames, instead of using the default name resolver mechanism. The URL must be HTTPS. Some SSL options that you set for your transfer also applies to DoH since the name lookups take place over SSL. However, the certificate verification settings are not inherited but are controlled separately via --doh-insecure and --doh-cert-status. This option is unset if an empty string "" is used as the URL. (Added in 7.85.0) If --doh-url is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com See also --doh-insecure. Added in 7.62.0. -D, --dump-header <filename> (HTTP FTP) Write the received protocol headers to the specified file. If no headers are received, the use of this option creates an empty file. When used in FTP, the FTP server response lines are considered being "headers" and thus are saved there. Having multiple transfers in one set of operations (i.e. the URLs in one -:, --next clause), appends them to the same file, separated by a blank line. If --dump-header is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --dump-header store.txt https://example.com See also -o, --output. --egd-file <file> (TLS) Deprecated option (added in 7.84.0). Prior to that it only had an effect on curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL. Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering Daemon socket. The socket is used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. If --egd-file is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --egd-file /random/here https://example.com See also --random-file. --engine <name> (TLS) Select the OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher operations. Use --engine list to print a list of build-time supported engines. Note that not all (and possibly none) of the engines may be available at runtime. If --engine is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --engine flavor https://example.com See also --ciphers and --curves. --etag-compare <file> (HTTP) This option makes a conditional HTTP request for the specific ETag read from the given file by sending a custom If-None-Match header using the stored ETag. For correct results, make sure that the specified file contains only a single line with the desired ETag. An empty file is parsed as an empty ETag. Use the option --etag-save to first save the ETag from a response, and then use this option to compare against the saved ETag in a subsequent request. If --etag-compare is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --etag-compare etag.txt https://example.com See also --etag-save and -z, --time-cond. Added in 7.68.0. --etag-save <file> (HTTP) This option saves an HTTP ETag to the specified file. An ETag is a caching related header, usually returned in a response. If no ETag is sent by the server, an empty file is created. If --etag-save is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --etag-save storetag.txt https://example.com See also --etag-compare. Added in 7.68.0. --expect100-timeout <seconds> (HTTP) Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl to wait for a 100-continue response when curl emits an Expects: 100-continue header in its request. By default curl waits one second. This option accepts decimal values! When curl stops waiting, it continues as if the response has been received. The decimal value needs to provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not the local version even if it might be using another separator. If --expect100-timeout is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --expect100-timeout 2.5 -T file https://example.com See also --connect-timeout. --fail-early Fail and exit on the first detected transfer error. When curl is used to do multiple transfers on the command line, it attempts to operate on each given URL, one by one. By default, it ignores errors if there are more URLs given and the last URL's success determines the error code curl returns. So early failures are "hidden" by subsequent successful transfers. Using this option, curl instead returns an error on the first transfer that fails, independent of the amount of URLs that are given on the command line. This way, no transfer failures go undetected by scripts and similar. This option does not imply -f, --fail, which causes transfers to fail due to the server's HTTP status code. You can combine the two options, however note -f, --fail is not global and is therefore contained by -:, --next. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --fail-early multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-fail-early. Example: curl --fail-early https://example.com https://two.example See also -f, --fail and --fail-with-body. Added in 7.52.0. --fail-with-body (HTTP) Return an error on server errors where the HTTP response code is 400 or greater). In normal cases when an HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it returns an HTML document stating so (which often also describes why and more). This flag allows curl to output and save that content but also to return error 22. This is an alternative option to -f, --fail which makes curl fail for the same circumstances but without saving the content. Providing --fail-with-body multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-fail-with-body. Example: curl --fail-with-body https://example.com See also -f, --fail and --fail-early. This option is mutually exclusive to -f, --fail. Added in 7.76.0. -f, --fail (HTTP) Fail fast with no output at all on server errors. This is useful to enable scripts and users to better deal with failed attempts. In normal cases when an HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it returns an HTML document stating so (which often also describes why and more). This flag prevents curl from outputting that and return error 22. This method is not fail-safe and there are occasions where non-successful response codes slip through, especially when authentication is involved (response codes 401 and 407). Providing --fail multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-fail. Example: curl --fail https://example.com See also --fail-with-body and --fail-early. This option is mutually exclusive to --fail-with-body. --false-start (TLS) Tells curl to use false start during the TLS handshake. False start is a mode where a TLS client starts sending application data before verifying the server's Finished message, thus saving a round trip when performing a full handshake. This is currently only implemented in the Secure Transport (on iOS 7.0 or later, or OS X 10.9 or later) backend. Providing --false-start multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-false-start. Example: curl --false-start https://example.com See also --tcp-fastopen. --form-escape (HTTP) Tells curl to pass on names of multipart form fields and files using backslash-escaping instead of percent-encoding. If --form-escape is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --form-escape -F 'field\name=curl' -F 'file=@load"this' https://example.com See also -F, --form. Added in 7.81.0. --form-string <name=string> (HTTP SMTP IMAP) Similar to -F, --form except that the value string for the named parameter is used literally. Leading '@' and '<' characters, and the ';type=' string in the value have no special meaning. Use this in preference to -F, --form if there is any possibility that the string value may accidentally trigger the '@' or '<' features of -F, --form. --form-string can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --form-string "data" https://example.com See also -F, --form. -F, --form <name=content> (HTTP SMTP IMAP) For HTTP protocol family, this lets curl emulate a filled-in form in which a user has pressed the submit button. This causes curl to POST data using the Content-Type multipart/form-data according to RFC 2388. For SMTP and IMAP protocols, this is the means to compose a multipart mail message to transmit. This enables uploading of binary files etc. To force the 'content' part to be a file, prefix the file name with an @ sign. To just get the content part from a file, prefix the file name with the symbol <. The difference between @ and < is then that @ makes a file get attached in the post as a file upload, while the < makes a text field and just get the contents for that text field from a file. Tell curl to read content from stdin instead of a file by using - as filename. This goes for both @ and < constructs. When stdin is used, the contents is buffered in memory first by curl to determine its size and allow a possible resend. Defining a part's data from a named non-regular file (such as a named pipe or similar) is not subject to buffering and is instead read at transmission time; since the full size is unknown before the transfer starts, such data is sent as chunks by HTTP and rejected by IMAP. Example: send an image to an HTTP server, where 'profile' is the name of the form-field to which the file portrait.jpg is the input: curl -F profile=@portrait.jpg https://example.com/upload.cgi Example: send your name and shoe size in two text fields to the server: curl -F name=John -F shoesize=11 https://example.com/ Example: send your essay in a text field to the server. Send it as a plain text field, but get the contents for it from a local file: curl -F "story=<hugefile.txt" https://example.com/ You can also tell curl what Content-Type to use by using 'type=', in a manner similar to: curl -F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" example.com or curl -F "name=daniel;type=text/foo" example.com You can also explicitly change the name field of a file upload part by setting filename=, like this: curl -F "file=@localfile;filename=nameinpost" example.com If filename/path contains ',' or ';', it must be quoted by double-quotes like: curl -F "file=@\"local,file\";filename=\"name;in;post\"" example.com or curl -F 'file=@"local,file";filename="name;in;post"' example.com Note that if a filename/path is quoted by double-quotes, any double-quote or backslash within the filename must be escaped by backslash. Quoting must also be applied to non-file data if it contains semicolons, leading/trailing spaces or leading double quotes: curl -F 'colors="red; green; blue";type=text/x-myapp' example.com You can add custom headers to the field by setting headers=, like curl -F "submit=OK;headers=\"X-submit-type: OK\"" example.com or curl -F "submit=OK;headers=@headerfile" example.com The headers= keyword may appear more that once and above notes about quoting apply. When headers are read from a file, Empty lines and lines starting with '#' are comments and ignored; each header can be folded by splitting between two words and starting the continuation line with a space; embedded carriage-returns and trailing spaces are stripped. Here is an example of a header file contents: # This file contain two headers. X-header-1: this is a header # The following header is folded. X-header-2: this is another header To support sending multipart mail messages, the syntax is extended as follows: - name can be omitted: the equal sign is the first character of the argument, - if data starts with '(', this signals to start a new multipart: it can be followed by a content type specification. - a multipart can be terminated with a '=)' argument. Example: the following command sends an SMTP mime email consisting in an inline part in two alternative formats: plain text and HTML. It attaches a text file: curl -F '=(;type=multipart/alternative' \ -F '=plain text message' \ -F '= <body>HTML message</body>;type=text/html' \ -F '=)' -F '=@textfile.txt' ... smtp://example.com Data can be encoded for transfer using encoder=. Available encodings are binary and 8bit that do nothing else than adding the corresponding Content-Transfer-Encoding header, 7bit that only rejects 8-bit characters with a transfer error, quoted-printable and base64 that encodes data according to the corresponding schemes, limiting lines length to 76 characters. Example: send multipart mail with a quoted-printable text message and a base64 attached file: curl -F '=text message;encoder=quoted-printable' \ -F '=@localfile;encoder=base64' ... smtp://example.com See further examples and details in the MANUAL. --form can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --form "name=curl" --form "file=@loadthis" https://example.com See also -d, --data, --form-string and --form-escape. This option is mutually exclusive to -d, --data and -I, --head and -T, --upload-file. --ftp-account <data> (FTP) When an FTP server asks for "account data" after user name and password has been provided, this data is sent off using the ACCT command. If --ftp-account is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --ftp-account "mr.robot" ftp://example.com/ See also -u, --user. --ftp-alternative-to-user <command> (FTP) If authenticating with the USER and PASS commands fails, send this command. When connecting to Tumbleweed's Secure Transport server over FTPS using a client certificate, using "SITE AUTH" tells the server to retrieve the username from the certificate. If --ftp-alternative-to-user is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --ftp-alternative-to-user "U53r" ftp://example.com See also --ftp-account and -u, --user. --ftp-create-dirs (FTP SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses a path that does not currently exist on the server, the standard behavior of curl is to fail. Using this option, curl instead attempts to create missing directories. Providing --ftp-create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-create-dirs. Example: curl --ftp-create-dirs -T file ftp://example.com/remote/path/file See also --create-dirs. --ftp-method <method> (FTP) Control what method curl should use to reach a file on an FTP(S) server. The method argument should be one of the following alternatives: multicwd curl does a single CWD operation for each path part in the given URL. For deep hierarchies this means many commands. This is how RFC 1738 says it should be done. This is the default but the slowest behavior. nocwd curl does no CWD at all. curl does SIZE, RETR, STOR etc and give a full path to the server for all these commands. This is the fastest behavior. singlecwd curl does one CWD with the full target directory and then operates on the file "normally" (like in the multicwd case). This is somewhat more standards compliant than 'nocwd' but without the full penalty of 'multicwd'. If --ftp-method is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --ftp-method multicwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file curl --ftp-method nocwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file curl --ftp-method singlecwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file See also -l, --list-only. --ftp-pasv (FTP) Use passive mode for the data connection. Passive is the internal default behavior, but using this option can be used to override a previous -P, --ftp-port option. Reversing an enforced passive really is not doable but you must then instead enforce the correct -P, --ftp-port again. Passive mode means that curl tries the EPSV command first and then PASV, unless --disable-epsv is used. Providing --ftp-pasv multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-pasv. Example: curl --ftp-pasv ftp://example.com/ See also --disable-epsv. -P, --ftp-port <address> (FTP) Reverses the default initiator/listener roles when connecting with FTP. This option makes curl use active mode. curl then tells the server to connect back to the client's specified address and port, while passive mode asks the server to setup an IP address and port for it to connect to. <address> should be one of: interface e.g. eth0 to specify which interface's IP address you want to use (Unix only) IP address e.g. 192.168.10.1 to specify the exact IP address host name e.g. my.host.domain to specify the machine - make curl pick the same IP address that is already used for the control connection. This is the recommended choice. Disable the use of PORT with --ftp-pasv. Disable the attempt to use the EPRT command instead of PORT by using --disable-eprt. EPRT is really PORT++. You can also append ":[start]-[end]" to the right of the address, to tell curl what TCP port range to use. That means you specify a port range, from a lower to a higher number. A single number works as well, but do note that it increases the risk of failure since the port may not be available. If --ftp-port is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl -P - ftp:/example.com curl -P eth0 ftp:/example.com curl -P 192.168.0.2 ftp:/example.com See also --ftp-pasv and --disable-eprt. --ftp-pret (FTP) Tell curl to send a PRET command before PASV (and EPSV). Certain FTP servers, mainly drftpd, require this non-standard command for directory listings as well as up and downloads in PASV mode. Providing --ftp-pret multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-pret. Example: curl --ftp-pret ftp://example.com/ See also -P, --ftp-port and --ftp-pasv. --ftp-skip-pasv-ip (FTP) Tell curl to not use the IP address the server suggests in its response to curl's PASV command when curl connects the data connection. Instead curl reuses the same IP address it already uses for the control connection. This option is enabled by default (added in 7.74.0). This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used instead of PASV. Providing --ftp-skip-pasv-ip multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-skip-pasv-ip. Example: curl --ftp-skip-pasv-ip ftp://example.com/ See also --ftp-pasv. --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode <active/passive> (FTP) Sets the CCC mode. The passive mode does not initiate the shutdown, but instead waits for the server to do it, and does not reply to the shutdown from the server. The active mode initiates the shutdown and waits for a reply from the server. Providing --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-ssl-ccc-mode. Example: curl --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode active --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/ See also --ftp-ssl-ccc. --ftp-ssl-ccc (FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel) Shuts down the SSL/TLS layer after authenticating. The rest of the control channel communication is be unencrypted. This allows NAT routers to follow the FTP transaction. The default mode is passive. Providing --ftp-ssl-ccc multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-ssl-ccc. Example: curl --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/ See also --ssl and --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode. --ftp-ssl-control (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the FTP login, clear for transfer. Allows secure authentication, but non-encrypted data transfers for efficiency. Fails the transfer if the server does not support SSL/TLS. Providing --ftp-ssl-control multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-ssl-control. Example: curl --ftp-ssl-control ftp://example.com See also --ssl. -G, --get (HTTP) When used, this option makes all data specified with -d, --data, --data-binary or --data-urlencode to be used in an HTTP GET request instead of the POST request that otherwise would be used. The data is appended to the URL with a '?' separator. If used in combination with -I, --head, the POST data is instead appended to the URL with a HEAD request. Providing --get multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-get. Examples: curl --get https://example.com curl --get -d "tool=curl" -d "age=old" https://example.com curl --get -I -d "tool=curl" https://example.com See also -d, --data and -X, --request. -g, --globoff This option switches off the "URL globbing parser". When you set this option, you can specify URLs that contain the letters {}[] without having curl itself interpret them. Note that these letters are not normal legal URL contents but they should be encoded according to the URI standard. Providing --globoff multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-globoff. Example: curl -g "https://example.com/{[]}}}}" See also -K, --config and -q, --disable. --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms <milliseconds> Happy Eyeballs is an algorithm that attempts to connect to both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for dual-stack hosts, giving IPv6 a head-start of the specified number of milliseconds. If the IPv6 address cannot be connected to within that time, then a connection attempt is made to the IPv4 address in parallel. The first connection to be established is the one that is used. The range of suggested useful values is limited. Happy Eyeballs RFC 6555 says "It is RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be paced 150-250 ms apart to balance human factors against network load." libcurl currently defaults to 200 ms. Firefox and Chrome currently default to 300 ms. If --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms 500 https://example.com See also -m, --max-time and --connect-timeout. Added in 7.59.0. --haproxy-clientip <IP address> (HTTP) Sets a client IP in HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the connection. For valid requests, IPv4 addresses must be indicated as a series of exactly 4 integers in the range [0..255] inclusive written in decimal representation separated by exactly one dot between each other. Heading zeroes are not permitted in front of numbers in order to avoid any possible confusion with octal numbers. IPv6 addresses must be indicated as series of 4 hexadecimal digits (upper or lower case) delimited by colons between each other, with the acceptance of one double colon sequence to replace the largest acceptable range of consecutive zeroes. The total number of decoded bits must exactly be 128. Otherwise, any string can be accepted for the client IP and get sent. It replaces --haproxy-protocol if used, it is not necessary to specify both flags. If --haproxy-clientip is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --haproxy-clientip $IP See also -x, --proxy. Added in 8.2.0. --haproxy-protocol (HTTP) Send a HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the connection. This is used by some load balancers and reverse proxies to indicate the client's true IP address and port. This option is primarily useful when sending test requests to a service that expects this header. Providing --haproxy-protocol multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-haproxy-protocol. Example: curl --haproxy-protocol https://example.com See also -x, --proxy. Added in 7.60.0. -I, --head (HTTP FTP FILE) Fetch the headers only! HTTP-servers feature the command HEAD which this uses to get nothing but the header of a document. When used on an FTP or FILE file, curl displays the file size and last modification time only. Providing --head multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-head. Example: curl -I https://example.com See also -G, --get, -v, --verbose and --trace-ascii. -H, --header <header/@file> (HTTP IMAP SMTP) Extra header to include in information sent. When used within an HTTP request, it is added to the regular request headers. For an IMAP or SMTP MIME uploaded mail built with -F, --form options, it is prepended to the resulting MIME document, effectively including it at the mail global level. It does not affect raw uploaded mails (Added in 7.56.0). You may specify any number of extra headers. Note that if you should add a custom header that has the same name as one of the internal ones curl would use, your externally set header is used instead of the internal one. This allows you to make even trickier stuff than curl would normally do. You should not replace internally set headers without knowing perfectly well what you are doing. Remove an internal header by giving a replacement without content on the right side of the colon, as in: -H "Host:". If you send the custom header with no-value then its header must be terminated with a semicolon, such as \-H "X-Custom-Header;" to send "X-Custom-Header:". curl makes sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper end-of-line marker, you should thus not add that as a part of the header content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they only mess things up for you. curl passes on the verbatim string you give it without any filter or other safe guards. That includes white space and control characters. This option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a header for each line in the input file. Using @- makes curl read the header file from stdin. Added in 7.55.0. Please note that most anti-spam utilities check the presence and value of several MIME mail headers: these are "From:", "To:", "Date:" and "Subject:" among others and should be added with this option. You need --proxy-header to send custom headers intended for an HTTP proxy. Added in 7.37.0. Passing on a "Transfer-Encoding: chunked" header when doing an HTTP request with a request body, makes curl send the data using chunked encoding. WARNING: headers set with this option are set in all HTTP requests - even after redirects are followed, like when told with -L, --location. This can lead to the header being sent to other hosts than the original host, so sensitive headers should be used with caution combined with following redirects. --header can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl -H "X-First-Name: Joe" https://example.com curl -H "User-Agent: yes-please/2000" https://example.com curl -H "Host:" https://example.com curl -H @headers.txt https://example.com See also -A, --user-agent and -e, --referer. -h, --help <category> Usage help. This lists all curl command line options within the given category. If no argument is provided, curl displays only the most important command line arguments. For category all, curl displays help for all options. If category is specified, curl displays all available help categories. Example: curl --help all See also -v, --verbose. --hostpubmd5 <md5> (SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing 32 hexadecimal digits. The string should be the 128 bit MD5 checksum of the remote host's public key, curl refuses the connection with the host unless the checksums match. If --hostpubmd5 is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --hostpubmd5 e5c1c49020640a5ab0f2034854c321a8 sftp://example.com/ See also --hostpubsha256. --hostpubsha256 <sha256> (SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing a Base64-encoded SHA256 hash of the remote host's public key. Curl refuses the connection with the host unless the hashes match. This feature requires libcurl to be built with libssh2 and does not work with other SSH backends. If --hostpubsha256 is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --hostpubsha256 NDVkMTQxMGQ1ODdmMjQ3MjczYjAyOTY5MmRkMjVmNDQ= sftp://example.com/ See also --hostpubmd5. Added in 7.80.0. --hsts <file name> (HTTPS) This option enables HSTS for the transfer. If the file name points to an existing HSTS cache file, that is used. After a completed transfer, the cache is saved to the file name again if it has been modified. If curl is told to use HTTP:// for a transfer involving a host name that exists in the HSTS cache, it upgrades the transfer to use HTTPS. Each HSTS cache entry has an individual life time after which the upgrade is no longer performed. Specify a "" file name (zero length) to avoid loading/saving and make curl just handle HSTS in memory. If this option is used several times, curl loads contents from all the files but the last one is used for saving. --hsts can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --hsts cache.txt https://example.com See also --proto. Added in 7.74.0. --http0.9 (HTTP) Tells curl to be fine with HTTP version 0.9 response. HTTP/0.9 is a response without headers and therefore you can also connect with this to non-HTTP servers and still get a response since curl simply transparently downgrades - if allowed. HTTP/0.9 is disabled by default (added in 7.66.0) Providing --http0.9 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-http0.9. Example: curl --http0.9 https://example.com See also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3. Added in 7.64.0. -0, --http1.0 (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 1.0 instead of using its internally preferred HTTP version. Providing --http1.0 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --http1.0 https://example.com See also --http0.9 and --http1.1. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1 and --http2 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. --http1.1 (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 1.1. Providing --http1.1 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --http1.1 https://example.com See also -0, --http1.0 and --http0.9. This option is mutually exclusive to -0, --http1.0 and --http2 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. --http2-prior-knowledge (HTTP) Tells curl to issue its non-TLS HTTP requests using HTTP/2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade. It requires prior knowledge that the server supports HTTP/2 straight away. HTTPS requests still do HTTP/2 the standard way with negotiated protocol version in the TLS handshake. Providing --http2-prior-knowledge multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-http2-prior-knowledge. Example: curl --http2-prior-knowledge https://example.com See also --http2 and --http3. --http2-prior-knowledge requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support HTTP/2. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1 and -0, --http1.0 and --http2 and --http3. --http2 (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 2. For HTTPS, this means curl negotiates HTTP/2 in the TLS handshake. curl does this by default. For HTTP, this means curl attempts to upgrade the request to HTTP/2 using the Upgrade: request header. When curl uses HTTP/2 over HTTPS, it does not itself insist on TLS 1.2 or higher even though that is required by the specification. A user can add this version requirement with --tlsv1.2. Providing --http2 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --http2 https://example.com See also --http1.1, --http3 and --no-alpn. --http2 requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support HTTP/2. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1 and -0, --http1.0 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. --http3-only (HTTP) Instructs curl to use HTTP/3 to the host in the URL, with no fallback to earlier HTTP versions. HTTP/3 can only be used for HTTPS and not for HTTP URLs. For HTTP, this option triggers an error. This option allows a user to avoid using the Alt-Svc method of upgrading to HTTP/3 when you know that the target speaks HTTP/3 on the given host and port. This option makes curl fail if a QUIC connection cannot be established, it does not attempt any other HTTP versions on its own. Use --http3 for similar functionality with a fallback. Providing --http3-only multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --http3-only https://example.com See also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3. --http3-only requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support HTTP/3. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1 and -0, --http1.0 and --http2 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. Added in 7.88.0. --http3 (HTTP) Tells curl to try HTTP/3 to the host in the URL, but fallback to earlier HTTP versions if the HTTP/3 connection establishment fails. HTTP/3 is only available for HTTPS and not for HTTP URLs. This option allows a user to avoid using the Alt-Svc method of upgrading to HTTP/3 when you know that the target speaks HTTP/3 on the given host and port. When asked to use HTTP/3, curl issues a separate attempt to use older HTTP versions with a slight delay, so if the HTTP/3 transfer fails or is slow, curl still tries to proceed with an older HTTP version. Use --http3-only for similar functionality without a fallback. Providing --http3 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --http3 https://example.com See also --http1.1 and --http2. --http3 requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support HTTP/3. This option is mutually exclusive to --http1.1 and -0, --http1.0 and --http2 and --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3-only. Added in 7.66.0. --ignore-content-length (FTP HTTP) For HTTP, Ignore the Content-Length header. This is particularly useful for servers running Apache 1.x, which reports incorrect Content-Length for files larger than 2 gigabytes. For FTP, this makes curl skip the SIZE command to figure out the size before downloading a file. This option does not work for HTTP if libcurl was built to use hyper. Providing --ignore-content-length multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ignore-content-length. Example: curl --ignore-content-length https://example.com See also --ftp-skip-pasv-ip. -i, --include (HTTP FTP) Include response headers in the output. HTTP response headers can include things like server name, cookies, date of the document, HTTP version and more... With non-HTTP protocols, the "headers" are other server communication. To view the request headers, consider the -v, --verbose option. Prior to 7.75.0 curl did not print the headers if -f, --fail was used in combination with this option and there was error reported by server. Providing --include multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-include. Example: curl -i https://example.com See also -v, --verbose. -k, --insecure (TLS SFTP SCP) By default, every secure connection curl makes is verified to be secure before the transfer takes place. This option makes curl skip the verification step and proceed without checking. When this option is not used for protocols using TLS, curl verifies the server's TLS certificate before it continues: that the certificate contains the right name which matches the host name used in the URL and that the certificate has been signed by a CA certificate present in the cert store. See this online resource for further details: https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html For SFTP and SCP, this option makes curl skip the known_hosts verification. known_hosts is a file normally stored in the user's home directory in the ".ssh" subdirectory, which contains host names and their public keys. WARNING: using this option makes the transfer insecure. When curl uses secure protocols it trusts responses and allows for example HSTS and Alt-Svc information to be stored and used subsequently. Using -k, --insecure can make curl trust and use such information from malicious servers. Providing --insecure multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-insecure. Example: curl --insecure https://example.com See also --proxy-insecure, --cacert and --capath. --interface <name> Perform an operation using a specified interface. You can enter interface name, IP address or host name. An example could look like: curl --interface eth0:1 https://www.example.com/ On Linux it can be used to specify a VRF, but the binary needs to either have CAP_NET_RAW or to be run as root. More information about Linux VRF: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/vrf.txt If --interface is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --interface eth0 https://example.com See also --dns-interface. --ipfs-gateway <URL> (IPFS) Specify which gateway to use for IPFS and IPNS URLs. Not specifying this will instead make curl check if the IPFS_GATEWAY environment variable is set, or if a "~/.ipfs/gateway" file holding the gateway URL exists. If you run a local IPFS node, this gateway is by default available under "http://localhost:8080". A full example URL would look like: curl --ipfs-gateway http://localhost:8080 ipfs://bafybeigagd5nmnn2iys2f3doro7ydrevyr2mzarwidgadawmamiteydbzi There are many public IPFS gateways. See for example: https://ipfs.github.io/public-gateway-checker/ WARNING: If you opt to go for a remote gateway you should be aware that you completely trust the gateway. This is fine in local gateways as you host it yourself. With remote gateways there could potentially be a malicious actor returning you data that does not match the request you made, inspect or even interfere with the request. You will not notice this when using curl. A mitigation could be to go for a "trustless" gateway. This means you locally verify that the data. Consult the docs page on trusted vs trustless: https://docs.ipfs.tech/reference/http/gateway/#trusted-vs-trustless If --ipfs-gateway is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --ipfs-gateway https://example.com ipfs:// See also -h, --help and -M, --manual. Added in 8.4.0. -4, --ipv4 This option tells curl to use IPv4 addresses only when resolving host names, and not for example try IPv6. Providing --ipv4 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --ipv4 https://example.com See also --http1.1 and --http2. This option is mutually exclusive to -6, --ipv6. -6, --ipv6 This option tells curl to use IPv6 addresses only when resolving host names, and not for example try IPv4. Providing --ipv6 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --ipv6 https://example.com See also --http1.1 and --http2. This option is mutually exclusive to -4, --ipv4. --json <data> (HTTP) Sends the specified JSON data in a POST request to the HTTP server. --json works as a shortcut for passing on these three options: --data [arg] --header "Content-Type: application/json" --header "Accept: application/json" There is no verification that the passed in data is actual JSON or that the syntax is correct. If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a file name to read the data from, or a single dash (-) if you want curl to read the data from stdin. Posting data from a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with --json @foobar and to instead read the data from stdin, use --json @-. If this option is used more than once on the same command line, the additional data pieces are concatenated to the previous before sending. The headers this option sets can be overridden with -H, --header as usual. --json can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl --json '{ "drink": "coffe" }' https://example.com curl --json '{ "drink":' --json ' "coffe" }' https://example.com curl --json @prepared https://example.com curl --json @- https://example.com < json.txt See also --data-binary and --data-raw. This option is mutually exclusive to -F, --form and -I, --head and -T, --upload-file. Added in 7.82.0. -j, --junk-session-cookies (HTTP) When curl is told to read cookies from a given file, this option makes it discard all "session cookies". This has the same effect as if a new session is started. Typical browsers discard session cookies when they are closed down. Providing --junk-session-cookies multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-junk-session-cookies. Example: curl --junk-session-cookies -b cookies.txt https://example.com See also -b, --cookie and -c, --cookie-jar. --keepalive-time <seconds> This option sets the time a connection needs to remain idle before sending keepalive probes and the time between individual keepalive probes. It is currently effective on operating systems offering the "TCP_KEEPIDLE" and "TCP_KEEPINTVL" socket options (meaning Linux, recent AIX, HP-UX and more). Keepalive is used by the TCP stack to detect broken networks on idle connections. The number of missed keepalive probes before declaring the connection down is OS dependent and is commonly 9 or 10. This option has no effect if --no-keepalive is used. If unspecified, the option defaults to 60 seconds. If --keepalive-time is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --keepalive-time 20 https://example.com See also --no-keepalive and -m, --max-time. --key-type <type> (TLS) Private key file type. Specify which type your --key provided private key is. DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is assumed. If --key-type is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --key-type DER --key here https://example.com See also --key. --key <key> (TLS SSH) Private key file name. Allows you to provide your private key in this separate file. For SSH, if not specified, curl tries the following candidates in order: "~/.ssh/id_rsa", "~/.ssh/id_dsa", "./id_rsa", "./id_dsa". If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a private key located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" is interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the --engine option is set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the --key-type option is set as "ENG" if none was provided. If curl is built against Secure Transport or Schannel then this option is ignored for TLS protocols (HTTPS, etc). Those backends expect the private key to be already present in the keychain or PKCS#12 file containing the certificate. If --key is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --cert certificate --key here https://example.com See also --key-type and -E, --cert. --krb <level> (FTP) Enable Kerberos authentication and use. The level must be entered and should be one of 'clear', 'safe', 'confidential', or 'private'. Should you use a level that is not one of these, 'private' is used. If --krb is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --krb clear ftp://example.com/ See also --delegation and --ssl. --krb requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support Kerberos. --libcurl <file> Append this option to any ordinary curl command line, and you get libcurl-using C source code written to the file that does the equivalent of what your command-line operation does! This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. If --libcurl is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --libcurl client.c https://example.com See also -v, --verbose. --limit-rate <speed> Specify the maximum transfer rate you want curl to use - for both downloads and uploads. This feature is useful if you have a limited pipe and you would like your transfer not to use your entire bandwidth. To make it slower than it otherwise would be. The given speed is measured in bytes/second, unless a suffix is appended. Appending 'k' or 'K' counts the number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it megabytes, while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. The suffixes (k, M, G, T, P) are 1024 based. For example 1k is 1024. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G. The rate limiting logic works on averaging the transfer speed to no more than the set threshold over a period of multiple seconds. If you also use the -Y, --speed-limit option, that option takes precedence and might cripple the rate-limiting slightly, to help keeping the speed-limit logic working. If --limit-rate is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --limit-rate 100K https://example.com curl --limit-rate 1000 https://example.com curl --limit-rate 10M https://example.com See also --rate, -Y, --speed-limit and -y, --speed-time. -l, --list-only (FTP POP3 SFTP) (FTP) When listing an FTP directory, this switch forces a name-only view. This is especially useful if the user wants to machine-parse the contents of an FTP directory since the normal directory view does not use a standard look or format. When used like this, the option causes an NLST command to be sent to the server instead of LIST. Note: Some FTP servers list only files in their response to NLST; they do not include sub-directories and symbolic links. (SFTP) When listing an SFTP directory, this switch forces a name-only view, one per line. This is especially useful if the user wants to machine-parse the contents of an SFTP directory since the normal directory view provides more information than just file names. (POP3) When retrieving a specific email from POP3, this switch forces a LIST command to be performed instead of RETR. This is particularly useful if the user wants to see if a specific message-id exists on the server and what size it is. Note: When combined with -X, --request, this option can be used to send a UIDL command instead, so the user may use the email's unique identifier rather than its message-id to make the request. Providing --list-only multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-list-only. Example: curl --list-only ftp://example.com/dir/ See also -Q, --quote and -X, --request. --local-port <num/range> Set a preferred single number or range (FROM-TO) of local port numbers to use for the connection(s). Note that port numbers by nature are a scarce resource so setting this range to something too narrow might cause unnecessary connection setup failures. If --local-port is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --local-port 1000-3000 https://example.com See also -g, --globoff. --location-trusted (HTTP) Like -L, --location, but allows sending the name + password to all hosts that the site may redirect to. This may or may not introduce a security breach if the site redirects you to a site to which you send your authentication info (which is clear-text in the case of HTTP Basic authentication). Providing --location-trusted multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-location-trusted. Example: curl --location-trusted -u user:password https://example.com See also -u, --user. -L, --location (HTTP) If the server reports that the requested page has moved to a different location (indicated with a Location: header and a 3XX response code), this option makes curl redo the request on the new place. If used together with -i, --include or -I, --head, headers from all requested pages are shown. When authentication is used, curl only sends its credentials to the initial host. If a redirect takes curl to a different host, it does not get the user+password pass on. See also --location-trusted on how to change this. Limit the amount of redirects to follow by using the --max-redirs option. When curl follows a redirect and if the request is a POST, it sends the following request with a GET if the HTTP response was 301, 302, or 303. If the response code was any other 3xx code, curl resends the following request using the same unmodified method. You can tell curl to not change POST requests to GET after a 30x response by using the dedicated options for that: --post301, --post302 and --post303. The method set with -X, --request overrides the method curl would otherwise select to use. Providing --location multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-location. Example: curl -L https://example.com See also --resolve and --alt-svc. --login-options <options> (IMAP LDAP POP3 SMTP) Specify the login options to use during server authentication. You can use login options to specify protocol specific options that may be used during authentication. At present only IMAP, POP3 and SMTP support login options. For more information about login options please see RFC 2384, RFC 5092 and the IETF draft https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-earhart-url-smtp-00 Since 8.2.0, IMAP supports the login option "AUTH=+LOGIN". With this option, curl uses the plain (not SASL) "LOGIN IMAP" command even if the server advertises SASL authentication. Care should be taken in using this option, as it sends your password over the network in plain text. This does not work if the IMAP server disables the plain "LOGIN" (e.g. to prevent password snooping). If --login-options is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --login-options 'AUTH=*' imap://example.com See also -u, --user. --mail-auth <address> (SMTP) Specify a single address. This is used to specify the authentication address (identity) of a submitted message that is being relayed to another server. If --mail-auth is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --mail-auth user@example.come -T mail smtp://example.com/ See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-from. --mail-from <address> (SMTP) Specify a single address that the given mail should get sent from. If --mail-from is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --mail-from user@example.com -T mail smtp://example.com/ See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-auth. --mail-rcpt-allowfails (SMTP) When sending data to multiple recipients, by default curl aborts SMTP conversation if at least one of the recipients causes RCPT TO command to return an error. The default behavior can be changed by passing --mail-rcpt-allowfails command-line option which makes curl ignore errors and proceed with the remaining valid recipients. If all recipients trigger RCPT TO failures and this flag is specified, curl still aborts the SMTP conversation and returns the error received from to the last RCPT TO command. Providing --mail-rcpt-allowfails multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-mail-rcpt-allowfails. Example: curl --mail-rcpt-allowfails --mail-rcpt dest@example.com smtp://example.com See also --mail-rcpt. Added in 7.69.0. --mail-rcpt <address> (SMTP) Specify a single email address, user name or mailing list name. Repeat this option several times to send to multiple recipients. When performing an address verification (VRFY command), the recipient should be specified as the user name or user name and domain (as per Section 3.5 of RFC 5321). When performing a mailing list expand (EXPN command), the recipient should be specified using the mailing list name, such as "Friends" or "London-Office". --mail-rcpt can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --mail-rcpt user@example.net smtp://example.com See also --mail-rcpt-allowfails. -M, --manual Manual. Display the huge help text. Example: curl --manual See also -v, --verbose, --libcurl and --trace. --max-filesize <bytes> (FTP HTTP MQTT) Specify the maximum size (in bytes) of a file to download. If the file requested is larger than this value, the transfer does not start and curl returns with exit code 63. A size modifier may be used. For example, Appending 'k' or 'K' counts the number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it megabytes, while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G. (Added in 7.58.0) NOTE: before curl 8.4.0, when the file size is not known prior to download, for such files this option has no effect even if the file transfer ends up being larger than this given limit. Starting with curl 8.4.0, this option aborts the transfer if it reaches the threshold during transfer. If --max-filesize is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --max-filesize 100K https://example.com See also --limit-rate. --max-redirs <num> (HTTP) Set maximum number of redirections to follow. When -L, --location is used, to prevent curl from following too many redirects, by default, the limit is set to 50 redirects. Set this option to -1 to make it unlimited. If --max-redirs is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --max-redirs 3 --location https://example.com See also -L, --location. -m, --max-time <fractional seconds> Maximum time in seconds that you allow each transfer to take. This is useful for preventing your batch jobs from hanging for hours due to slow networks or links going down. This option accepts decimal values. If you enable retrying the transfer (--retry) then the maximum time counter is reset each time the transfer is retried. You can use --retry-max-time to limit the retry time. The decimal value needs to provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator - not the local version even if it might be using another separator. If --max-time is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --max-time 10 https://example.com curl --max-time 2.92 https://example.com See also --connect-timeout and --retry-max-time. --metalink This option was previously used to specify a Metalink resource. Metalink support is disabled in curl for security reasons (added in 7.78.0). If --metalink is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --metalink file https://example.com See also -Z, --parallel. --negotiate (HTTP) Enables Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication. This option requires a library built with GSS-API or SSPI support. Use -V, --version to see if your curl supports GSS-API/SSPI or SPNEGO. When using this option, you must also provide a fake -u, --user option to activate the authentication code properly. Sending a '-u :' is enough as the user name and password from the -u, --user option are not actually used. Providing --negotiate multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --negotiate -u : https://example.com See also --basic, --ntlm, --anyauth and --proxy-negotiate. --netrc-file <filename> This option is similar to -n, --netrc, except that you provide the path (absolute or relative) to the netrc file that curl should use. You can only specify one netrc file per invocation. It abides by --netrc-optional if specified. If --netrc-file is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --netrc-file netrc https://example.com See also -n, --netrc, -u, --user and -K, --config. This option is mutually exclusive to -n, --netrc. --netrc-optional Similar to -n, --netrc, but this option makes the .netrc usage optional and not mandatory as the -n, --netrc option does. Providing --netrc-optional multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-netrc-optional. Example: curl --netrc-optional https://example.com See also --netrc-file. This option is mutually exclusive to -n, --netrc. -n, --netrc Makes curl scan the .netrc file in the user's home directory for login name and password. This is typically used for FTP on Unix. If used with HTTP, curl enables user authentication. See netrc(5) and ftp(1) for details on the file format. Curl does not complain if that file does not have the right permissions (it should be neither world- nor group-readable). The environment variable "HOME" is used to find the home directory. On Windows two filenames in the home directory are checked: .netrc and _netrc, preferring the former. Older versions on Windows checked for _netrc only. A quick and simple example of how to setup a .netrc to allow curl to FTP to the machine host.domain.com with user name 'myself' and password 'secret' could look similar to: machine host.domain.com login myself password secret Providing --netrc multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-netrc. Example: curl --netrc https://example.com See also --netrc-file, -K, --config and -u, --user. This option is mutually exclusive to --netrc-file and --netrc-optional. -:, --next Tells curl to use a separate operation for the following URL and associated options. This allows you to send several URL requests, each with their own specific options, for example, such as different user names or custom requests for each. -:, --next resets all local options and only global ones have their values survive over to the operation following the -:, --next instruction. Global options include -v, --verbose, --trace, --trace-ascii and --fail-early. For example, you can do both a GET and a POST in a single command line: curl www1.example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com --next can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl https://example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com curl -I https://example.com --next https://example.net/ See also -Z, --parallel and -K, --config. --no-alpn (HTTPS) Disable the ALPN TLS extension. ALPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built with an SSL library that supports ALPN. ALPN is used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can use --alpn to enable ALPN. Providing --no-alpn multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --alpn. Example: curl --no-alpn https://example.com See also --no-npn and --http2. --no-alpn requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. -N, --no-buffer Disables the buffering of the output stream. In normal work situations, curl uses a standard buffered output stream that has the effect that it outputs the data in chunks, not necessarily exactly when the data arrives. Using this option disables that buffering. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can use --buffer to enable buffering again. Providing --no-buffer multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --buffer. Example: curl --no-buffer https://example.com See also -#, --progress-bar. --no-clobber When used in conjunction with the -o, --output, -J, --remote-header-name, -O, --remote-name, or --remote-name-all options, curl avoids overwriting files that already exist. Instead, a dot and a number gets appended to the name of the file that would be created, up to filename.100 after which it does not create any file. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --clobber to enforce the clobbering, even if -J, --remote-header-name is specified. Providing --no-clobber multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --clobber. Example: curl --no-clobber --output local/dir/file https://example.com See also -o, --output and -O, --remote-name. Added in 7.83.0. --no-keepalive Disables the use of keepalive messages on the TCP connection. curl otherwise enables them by default. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --keepalive to enforce keepalive. Providing --no-keepalive multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --keepalive. Example: curl --no-keepalive https://example.com See also --keepalive-time. --no-npn (HTTPS) curl never uses NPN, this option has no effect (added in 7.86.0). Disable the NPN TLS extension. NPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built with an SSL library that supports NPN. NPN is used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions. Providing --no-npn multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --npn. Example: curl --no-npn https://example.com See also --no-alpn and --http2. --no-npn requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. --no-progress-meter Option to switch off the progress meter output without muting or otherwise affecting warning and informational messages like -s, --silent does. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --progress-meter to enable the progress meter again. Providing --no-progress-meter multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --progress-meter. Example: curl --no-progress-meter -o store https://example.com See also -v, --verbose and -s, --silent. Added in 7.67.0. --no-sessionid (TLS) Disable curl's use of SSL session-ID caching. By default all transfers are done using the cache. Note that while nothing should ever get hurt by attempting to reuse SSL session-IDs, there seem to be broken SSL implementations in the wild that may require you to disable this in order for you to succeed. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --sessionid to enforce session-ID caching. Providing --no-sessionid multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --sessionid. Example: curl --no-sessionid https://example.com See also -k, --insecure. --noproxy <no-proxy-list> Comma-separated list of hosts for which not to use a proxy, if one is specified. The only wildcard is a single "*" character, which matches all hosts, and effectively disables the proxy. Each name in this list is matched as either a domain which contains the hostname, or the hostname itself. For example, "local.com" would match "local.com", "local.com:80", and "www.local.com", but not "www.notlocal.com". This option overrides the environment variables that disable the proxy ("no_proxy" and "NO_PROXY") (added in 7.53.0). If there is an environment variable disabling a proxy, you can set the no proxy list to "" to override it. IP addresses specified to this option can be provided using CIDR notation (added in 7.86.0): an appended slash and number specifies the number of network bits out of the address to use in the comparison. For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match all addresses starting with "192.168". If --noproxy is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --noproxy "www.example" https://example.com See also -x, --proxy. --ntlm-wb (HTTP) Enables NTLM much in the style --ntlm does, but hand over the authentication to the separate binary "ntlmauth" application that is executed when needed. Providing --ntlm-wb multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --ntlm-wb -u user:password https://example.com See also --ntlm and --proxy-ntlm. --ntlm (HTTP) Enables NTLM authentication. The NTLM authentication method was designed by Microsoft and is used by IIS web servers. It is a proprietary protocol, reverse-engineered by clever people and implemented in curl based on their efforts. This kind of behavior should not be endorsed, you should encourage everyone who uses NTLM to switch to a public and documented authentication method instead, such as Digest. If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication, then use --proxy-ntlm. Providing --ntlm multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --ntlm -u user:password https://example.com See also --proxy-ntlm. --ntlm requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. This option is mutually exclusive to --basic and --negotiate and --digest and --anyauth. --oauth2-bearer <token> (IMAP LDAP POP3 SMTP HTTP) Specify the Bearer Token for OAUTH 2.0 server authentication. The Bearer Token is used in conjunction with the user name which can be specified as part of the --url or -u, --user options. The Bearer Token and user name are formatted according to RFC 6750. If --oauth2-bearer is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --oauth2-bearer "mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM" https://example.com See also --basic, --ntlm and --digest. --output-dir <dir> This option specifies the directory in which files should be stored, when -O, --remote-name or -o, --output are used. The given output directory is used for all URLs and output options on the command line, up until the first -:, --next. If the specified target directory does not exist, the operation fails unless --create-dirs is also used. If --output-dir is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --output-dir "tmp" -O https://example.com See also -O, --remote-name and -J, --remote-header-name. Added in 7.73.0. -o, --output <file> Write output to <file> instead of stdout. If you are using {} or [] to fetch multiple documents, you should quote the URL and you can use '#' followed by a number in the <file> specifier. That variable is replaced with the current string for the URL being fetched. Like in: curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt" or use several variables like: curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].example" -o "#1_#2" You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have. For example, if you specify two URLs on the same command line, you can use it like this: curl -o aa example.com -o bb example.net and the order of the -o options and the URLs does not matter, just that the first -o is for the first URL and so on, so the above command line can also be written as curl example.com example.net -o aa -o bb See also the --create-dirs option to create the local directories dynamically. Specifying the output as '-' (a single dash) passes the output to stdout. To suppress response bodies, you can redirect output to /dev/null: curl example.com -o /dev/null Or for Windows: curl example.com -o nul --output can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl -o file https://example.com curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt" curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].example" -o "#1_#2" curl -o file https://example.com -o file2 https://example.net See also -O, --remote-name, --remote-name-all and -J, --remote-header-name. --parallel-immediate When doing parallel transfers, this option instructs curl that it should rather prefer opening up more connections in parallel at once rather than waiting to see if new transfers can be added as multiplexed streams on another connection. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --parallel-immediate multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-parallel-immediate. Example: curl --parallel-immediate -Z https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com -o file2 See also -Z, --parallel and --parallel-max. Added in 7.68.0. --parallel-max <num> When asked to do parallel transfers, using -Z, --parallel, this option controls the maximum amount of transfers to do simultaneously. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of -:, --next. The default is 50. If --parallel-max is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --parallel-max 100 -Z https://example.com ftp://example.com/ See also -Z, --parallel. Added in 7.66.0. -Z, --parallel Makes curl perform its transfers in parallel as compared to the regular serial manner. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --parallel multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-parallel. Example: curl --parallel https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com -o file2 See also -:, --next and -v, --verbose. Added in 7.66.0. --pass <phrase> (SSH TLS) Passphrase for the private key. If --pass is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --pass secret --key file https://example.com See also --key and -u, --user. --path-as-is Tell curl to not handle sequences of /../ or /./ in the given URL path. Normally curl squashes or merges them according to standards but with this option set you tell it not to do that. Providing --path-as-is multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-path-as-is. Example: curl --path-as-is https://example.com/../../etc/passwd See also --request-target. --pinnedpubkey <hashes> (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the peer. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by 'sha256//' and separated by ';'. When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating its identity. A public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not exactly match the public key provided to this option, curl aborts the connection before sending or receiving any data. This option is independent of option -k, --insecure. If you use both options together then the peer is still verified by public key. PEM/DER support: OpenSSL and GnuTLS, wolfSSL (added in 7.43.0), mbedTLS , Secure Transport macOS 10.7+/iOS 10+ (7.54.1), Schannel (7.58.1) sha256 support: OpenSSL, GnuTLS and wolfSSL, mbedTLS (added in 7.47.0), Secure Transport macOS 10.7+/iOS 10+ (7.54.1), Schannel (7.58.1) Other SSL backends not supported. If --pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com curl --pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' https://example.com See also --hostpubsha256. --post301 (HTTP) Tells curl to respect RFC 7231/6.4.2 and not convert POST requests into GET requests when following a 301 redirection. The non-RFC behavior is ubiquitous in web browsers, so curl does the conversion by default to maintain consistency. However, a server may require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection. This option is meaningful only when using -L, --location. Providing --post301 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-post301. Example: curl --post301 --location -d "data" https://example.com See also --post302, --post303 and -L, --location. --post302 (HTTP) Tells curl to respect RFC 7231/6.4.3 and not convert POST requests into GET requests when following a 302 redirection. The non-RFC behavior is ubiquitous in web browsers, so curl does the conversion by default to maintain consistency. However, a server may require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection. This option is meaningful only when using -L, --location. Providing --post302 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-post302. Example: curl --post302 --location -d "data" https://example.com See also --post301, --post303 and -L, --location. --post303 (HTTP) Tells curl to violate RFC 7231/6.4.4 and not convert POST requests into GET requests when following 303 redirections. A server may require a POST to remain a POST after a 303 redirection. This option is meaningful only when using -L, --location. Providing --post303 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-post303. Example: curl --post303 --location -d "data" https://example.com See also --post302, --post301 and -L, --location. --preproxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use the specified SOCKS proxy before connecting to an HTTP or HTTPS -x, --proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. Hence pre proxy. The pre proxy string should be specified with a protocol:// prefix to specify alternative proxy protocols. Use socks4://, socks4a://, socks5:// or socks5h:// to request the specific SOCKS version to be used. No protocol specified makes curl default to SOCKS4. If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be 1080. User and password that might be provided in the proxy string are URL decoded by curl. This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40 or pass in a colon with %3a. If --preproxy is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --preproxy socks5://proxy.example -x http://http.example https://example.com See also -x, --proxy and --socks5. Added in 7.52.0. -#, --progress-bar Make curl display transfer progress as a simple progress bar instead of the standard, more informational, meter. This progress bar draws a single line of '#' characters across the screen and shows a percentage if the transfer size is known. For transfers without a known size, there is a space ship (-=o=-) that moves back and forth but only while data is being transferred, with a set of flying hash sign symbols on top. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --progress-bar multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-progress-bar. Example: curl -# -O https://example.com See also --styled-output. --proto-default <protocol> Tells curl to use protocol for any URL missing a scheme name. An unknown or unsupported protocol causes error CURLE_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL (1). This option does not change the default proxy protocol (http). Without this option set, curl guesses protocol based on the host name, see --url for details. If --proto-default is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proto-default https ftp.example.com See also --proto and --proto-redir. --proto-redir <protocols> Tells curl to limit what protocols it may use on redirect. Protocols denied by --proto are not overridden by this option. See --proto for how protocols are represented. Example, allow only HTTP and HTTPS on redirect: curl --proto-redir -all,http,https http://example.com By default curl only allows HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS on redirects (added in 7.65.2). Specifying all or +all enables all protocols on redirects, which is not good for security. If --proto-redir is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proto-redir =http,https https://example.com See also --proto. --proto <protocols> Tells curl to limit what protocols it may use for transfers. Protocols are evaluated left to right, are comma separated, and are each a protocol name or 'all', optionally prefixed by zero or more modifiers. Available modifiers are: + Permit this protocol in addition to protocols already permitted (this is the default if no modifier is used). - Deny this protocol, removing it from the list of protocols already permitted. = Permit only this protocol (ignoring the list already permitted), though subject to later modification by subsequent entries in the comma separated list. For example: --proto -ftps uses the default protocols, but disables ftps --proto -all,https,+http only enables http and https --proto =http,https also only enables http and https Unknown and disabled protocols produce a warning. This allows scripts to safely rely on being able to disable potentially dangerous protocols, without relying upon support for that protocol being built into curl to avoid an error. This option can be used multiple times, in which case the effect is the same as concatenating the protocols into one instance of the option. If --proto is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proto =http,https,sftp https://example.com See also --proto-redir and --proto-default. --proxy-anyauth Tells curl to pick a suitable authentication method when communicating with the given HTTP proxy. This might cause an extra request/response round-trip. Providing --proxy-anyauth multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --proxy-anyauth --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy, --proxy-basic and --proxy-digest. --proxy-basic Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --basic for enabling HTTP Basic with a remote host. Basic is the default authentication method curl uses with proxies. Providing --proxy-basic multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --proxy-basic --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-digest. --proxy-ca-native (TLS) Tells curl to use the CA store from the native operating system to verify the HTTPS proxy. By default, curl uses a CA store provided in a single file or directory, but when using this option it interfaces the operating system's own vault. This option works for curl on Windows when built to use OpenSSL, wolfSSL (added in 8.3.0) or GnuTLS (added in 8.5.0). When curl on Windows is built to use Schannel, this feature is implied and curl then only uses the native CA store. Providing --proxy-ca-native multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-ca-native. Example: curl --ca-native https://example.com See also --cacert, --capath and -k, --insecure. Added in 8.2.0. --proxy-cacert <file> Same as --cacert but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-cacert is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-cacert CA-file.txt -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-capath, --cacert, --capath and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-capath <dir> Same as --capath but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-capath is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-capath /local/directory -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-cacert, -x, --proxy and --capath. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-cert-type <type> Same as --cert-type but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-cert-type is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-cert-type PEM --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-cert. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-cert <cert[:passwd]> Same as -E, --cert but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-cert is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-cert-type. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-ciphers <list> Same as --ciphers but used in HTTPS proxy context. Specifies which ciphers to use in the connection to the HTTPS proxy. The list of ciphers must specify valid ciphers. Read up on SSL cipher list details on this URL: https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html If --proxy-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-CCM8 -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --ciphers, --curves and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-crlfile <file> Same as --crlfile but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-crlfile is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-crlfile rejects.txt -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --crlfile and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-digest Tells curl to use HTTP Digest authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --digest for enabling HTTP Digest with a remote host. Providing --proxy-digest multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --proxy-digest --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-basic. --proxy-header <header/@file> (HTTP) Extra header to include in the request when sending HTTP to a proxy. You may specify any number of extra headers. This is the equivalent option to -H, --header but is for proxy communication only like in CONNECT requests when you want a separate header sent to the proxy to what is sent to the actual remote host. curl makes sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper end-of-line marker, you should thus not add that as a part of the header content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they only mess things up for you. Headers specified with this option are not included in requests that curl knows are not be sent to a proxy. This option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a header for each line in the input file (added in 7.55.0). Using @- makes curl read the headers from stdin. This option can be used multiple times to add/replace/remove multiple headers. --proxy-header can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl --proxy-header "X-First-Name: Joe" -x http://proxy https://example.com curl --proxy-header "User-Agent: surprise" -x http://proxy https://example.com curl --proxy-header "Host:" -x http://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy. --proxy-http2 (HTTP) Tells curl to try negotiate HTTP version 2 with an HTTPS proxy. The proxy might still only offer HTTP/1 and then curl sticks to using that version. This has no effect for any other kinds of proxies. Providing --proxy-http2 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-http2. Example: curl --proxy-http2 -x proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy. --proxy-http2 requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support HTTP/2. Added in 8.1.0. --proxy-insecure Same as -k, --insecure but used in HTTPS proxy context. Providing --proxy-insecure multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-insecure. Example: curl --proxy-insecure -x https://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy and -k, --insecure. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-key-type <type> Same as --key-type but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-key-type is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-key-type DER --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-key and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-key <key> Same as --key but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-key is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-key-type and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-negotiate Tells curl to use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --negotiate for enabling HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) with a remote host. Providing --proxy-negotiate multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --proxy-negotiate --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-basic. --proxy-ntlm Tells curl to use HTTP NTLM authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use --ntlm for enabling NTLM with a remote host. Providing --proxy-ntlm multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --proxy-ntlm --proxy-user user:passwd -x http://proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-negotiate and --proxy-anyauth. --proxy-pass <phrase> Same as --pass but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-pass is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-pass secret --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-key. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-pinnedpubkey <hashes> (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the proxy. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by 'sha256//' and separated by ';'. When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating its identity. A public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not exactly match the public key provided to this option, curl aborts the connection before sending or receiving any data. If --proxy-pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' https://example.com See also --pinnedpubkey and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.59.0. --proxy-service-name <name> This option allows you to change the service name for proxy negotiation. If --proxy-service-name is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-service-name "shrubbery" -x proxy https://example.com See also --service-name and -x, --proxy. --proxy-ssl-allow-beast Same as --ssl-allow-beast but used in HTTPS proxy context. Providing --proxy-ssl-allow-beast multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-ssl-allow-beast. Example: curl --proxy-ssl-allow-beast -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --ssl-allow-beast and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert Same as --ssl-auto-client-cert but used in HTTPS proxy context. Providing --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-ssl-auto-client- cert. Example: curl --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert -x https://proxy https://example.com See also --ssl-auto-client-cert and -x, --proxy. Added in 7.77.0. --proxy-tls13-ciphers <ciphersuite list> (TLS) Specifies which cipher suites to use in the connection to your HTTPS proxy when it negotiates TLS 1.3. The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on this URL: https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html This option is currently used only when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later. If you are using a different SSL backend you can try setting TLS 1.3 cipher suites by using the --proxy-ciphers option. If --proxy-tls13-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 -x proxy https://example.com See also --tls13-ciphers, --curves and --proxy-ciphers. Added in 7.61.0. --proxy-tlsauthtype <type> Same as --tlsauthtype but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-tlsauthtype is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-tlsauthtype SRP -x https://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-tlsuser. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-tlspassword <string> Same as --tlspassword but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-tlspassword is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-tlspassword passwd -x https://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-tlsuser. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-tlsuser <name> Same as --tlsuser but used in HTTPS proxy context. If --proxy-tlsuser is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-tlsuser smith -x https://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy and --proxy-tlspassword. Added in 7.52.0. --proxy-tlsv1 Same as -1, --tlsv1 but used in HTTPS proxy context. Providing --proxy-tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --proxy-tlsv1 -x https://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy. Added in 7.52.0. -U, --proxy-user <user:password> Specify the user name and password to use for proxy authentication. If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary and do either Negotiate or NTLM authentication then you can tell curl to select the user name and password from your environment by specifying a single colon with this option: "-U :". On systems where it works, curl hides the given option argument from process listings. This is not enough to protect credentials from possibly getting seen by other users on the same system as they still are visible for a moment before cleared. Such sensitive data should be retrieved from a file instead or similar and never used in clear text in a command line. If --proxy-user is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy-user name:pwd -x proxy https://example.com See also --proxy-pass. -x, --proxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use the specified proxy. The proxy string can be specified with a protocol:// prefix. No protocol specified or http:// it is treated as an HTTP proxy. Use socks4://, socks4a://, socks5:// or socks5h:// to request a specific SOCKS version to be used. Unix domain sockets are supported for socks proxy. Set localhost for the host part. e.g. socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock HTTPS proxy support works set with the https:// protocol prefix for OpenSSL and GnuTLS (added in 7.52.0). It also works for BearSSL, mbedTLS, rustls, Schannel, Secure Transport and wolfSSL (added in 7.87.0). Unrecognized and unsupported proxy protocols cause an error (added in 7.52.0). Ancient curl versions ignored unknown schemes and used http:// instead. If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be 1080. This option overrides existing environment variables that set the proxy to use. If there is an environment variable setting a proxy, you can set proxy to "" to override it. All operations that are performed over an HTTP proxy are transparently converted to HTTP. It means that certain protocol specific operations might not be available. This is not the case if you can tunnel through the proxy, as one with the -p, --proxytunnel option. User and password that might be provided in the proxy string are URL decoded by curl. This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40 or pass in a colon with %3a. The proxy host can be specified the same way as the proxy environment variables, including the protocol prefix (http://) and the embedded user + password. When a proxy is used, the active FTP mode as set with -P, --ftp-port, cannot be used. If --proxy is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --proxy http://proxy.example https://example.com See also --socks5 and --proxy-basic. --proxy1.0 <host[:port]> Use the specified HTTP 1.0 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. The only difference between this and the HTTP proxy option -x, --proxy, is that attempts to use CONNECT through the proxy specifies an HTTP 1.0 protocol instead of the default HTTP 1.1. Providing --proxy1.0 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --proxy1.0 -x http://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy, --socks5 and --preproxy. -p, --proxytunnel When an HTTP proxy is used -x, --proxy, this option makes curl tunnel the traffic through the proxy. The tunnel approach is made with the HTTP proxy CONNECT request and requires that the proxy allows direct connect to the remote port number curl wants to tunnel through to. To suppress proxy CONNECT response headers when curl is set to output headers use --suppress-connect-headers. Providing --proxytunnel multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-proxytunnel. Example: curl --proxytunnel -x http://proxy https://example.com See also -x, --proxy. --pubkey <key> (SFTP SCP) Public key file name. Allows you to provide your public key in this separate file. curl attempts to automatically extract the public key from the private key file, so passing this option is generally not required. Note that this public key extraction requires libcurl to be linked against a copy of libssh2 1.2.8 or higher that is itself linked against OpenSSL. If --pubkey is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --pubkey file.pub sftp://example.com/ See also --pass. -Q, --quote <command> (FTP SFTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP or SFTP server. Quote commands are sent BEFORE the transfer takes place (just after the initial PWD command in an FTP transfer, to be exact). To make commands take place after a successful transfer, prefix them with a dash '-'. (FTP only) To make commands be sent after curl has changed the working directory, just before the file transfer command(s), prefix the command with a '+'. This is not performed when a directory listing is performed. You may specify any number of commands. By default curl stops at first failure. To make curl continue even if the command fails, prefix the command with an asterisk (*). Otherwise, if the server returns failure for one of the commands, the entire operation is aborted. You must send syntactically correct FTP commands as RFC 959 defines to FTP servers, or one of the commands listed below to SFTP servers. SFTP is a binary protocol. Unlike for FTP, curl interprets SFTP quote commands itself before sending them to the server. File names may be quoted shell-style to embed spaces or special characters. Following is the list of all supported SFTP quote commands: atime date file The atime command sets the last access time of the file named by the file operand. The <date expression> can be all sorts of date strings, see the curl_getdate(3) man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0) chgrp group file The chgrp command sets the group ID of the file named by the file operand to the group ID specified by the group operand. The group operand is a decimal integer group ID. chmod mode file The chmod command modifies the file mode bits of the specified file. The mode operand is an octal integer mode number. chown user file The chown command sets the owner of the file named by the file operand to the user ID specified by the user operand. The user operand is a decimal integer user ID. ln source_file target_file The ln and symlink commands create a symbolic link at the target_file location pointing to the source_file location. mkdir directory_name The mkdir command creates the directory named by the directory_name operand. mtime date file The mtime command sets the last modification time of the file named by the file operand. The <date expression> can be all sorts of date strings, see the curl_getdate(3) man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0) pwd The pwd command returns the absolute path name of the current working directory. rename source target The rename command renames the file or directory named by the source operand to the destination path named by the target operand. rm file The rm command removes the file specified by the file operand. rmdir directory The rmdir command removes the directory entry specified by the directory operand, provided it is empty. symlink source_file target_file See ln. --quote can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --quote "DELE file" ftp://example.com/foo See also -X, --request. --random-file <file> Deprecated option. This option is ignored (added in 7.84.0). Prior to that it only had an effect on curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL. Specify the path name to file containing random data. The data may be used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. If --random-file is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --random-file rubbish https://example.com See also --egd-file. -r, --range <range> (HTTP FTP SFTP FILE) Retrieve a byte range (i.e. a partial document) from an HTTP/1.1, FTP or SFTP server or a local FILE. Ranges can be specified in a number of ways. 0-499 specifies the first 500 bytes 500-999 specifies the second 500 bytes -500 specifies the last 500 bytes 9500- specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward 0-0,-1 specifies the first and last byte only(*)(HTTP) 100-199,500-599 specifies two separate 100-byte ranges(*) (HTTP) (*) = NOTE that these make the server reply with a multipart response, which is returned as-is by curl! Parsing or otherwise transforming this response is the responsibility of the caller. Only digit characters (0-9) are valid in the 'start' and 'stop' fields of the 'start-stop' range syntax. If a non-digit character is given in the range, the server's response is unspecified, depending on the server's configuration. Many HTTP/1.1 servers do not have this feature enabled, so that when you attempt to get a range, curl instead gets the whole document. FTP and SFTP range downloads only support the simple 'start-stop' syntax (optionally with one of the numbers omitted). FTP use depends on the extended FTP command SIZE. If --range is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --range 22-44 https://example.com See also -C, --continue-at and -a, --append. --rate <max request rate> Specify the maximum transfer frequency you allow curl to use - in number of transfer starts per time unit (sometimes called request rate). Without this option, curl starts the next transfer as fast as possible. If given several URLs and a transfer completes faster than the allowed rate, curl waits until the next transfer is started to maintain the requested rate. This option has no effect when -Z, --parallel is used. The request rate is provided as "N/U" where N is an integer number and U is a time unit. Supported units are 's' (second), 'm' (minute), 'h' (hour) and 'd' /(day, as in a 24 hour unit). The default time unit, if no "/U" is provided, is number of transfers per hour. If curl is told to allow 10 requests per minute, it does not start the next request until 6 seconds have elapsed since the previous transfer was started. This function uses millisecond resolution. If the allowed frequency is set more than 1000 per second, it instead runs unrestricted. When retrying transfers, enabled with --retry, the separate retry delay logic is used and not this setting. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. If --rate is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --rate 2/s https://example.com ... curl --rate 3/h https://example.com ... curl --rate 14/m https://example.com ... See also --limit-rate and --retry-delay. Added in 7.84.0. --raw (HTTP) When used, it disables all internal HTTP decoding of content or transfer encodings and instead makes them passed on unaltered, raw. Providing --raw multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-raw. Example: curl --raw https://example.com See also --tr-encoding. -e, --referer <URL> (HTTP) Sends the "Referrer Page" information to the HTTP server. This can also be set with the -H, --header flag of course. When used with -L, --location you can append ";auto" to the -e, --referer URL to make curl automatically set the previous URL when it follows a Location: header. The ";auto" string can be used alone, even if you do not set an initial -e, --referer. If --referer is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --referer "https://fake.example" https://example.com curl --referer "https://fake.example;auto" -L https://example.com curl --referer ";auto" -L https://example.com See also -A, --user-agent and -H, --header. -J, --remote-header-name (HTTP) This option tells the -O, --remote-name option to use the server-specified Content-Disposition filename instead of extracting a filename from the URL. If the server-provided file name contains a path, that is stripped off before the file name is used. The file is saved in the current directory, or in the directory specified with --output-dir. If the server specifies a file name and a file with that name already exists in the destination directory, it is not overwritten and an error occurs - unless you allow it by using the --clobber option. If the server does not specify a file name then this option has no effect. There is no attempt to decode %-sequences (yet) in the provided file name, so this option may provide you with rather unexpected file names. This feature uses the name from the "filename" field, it does not yet support the "filename*" field (filenames with explicit character sets). WARNING: Exercise judicious use of this option, especially on Windows. A rogue server could send you the name of a DLL or other file that could be loaded automatically by Windows or some third party software. Providing --remote-header-name multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remote-header-name. Example: curl -OJ https://example.com/file See also -O, --remote-name. --remote-name-all This option changes the default action for all given URLs to be dealt with as if -O, --remote-name were used for each one. So if you want to disable that for a specific URL after --remote-name-all has been used, you must use "-o -" or --no-remote-name. Providing --remote-name-all multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remote-name-all. Example: curl --remote-name-all ftp://example.com/file1 ftp://example.com/file2 See also -O, --remote-name. -O, --remote-name Write output to a local file named like the remote file we get. (Only the file part of the remote file is used, the path is cut off.) The file is saved in the current working directory. If you want the file saved in a different directory, make sure you change the current working directory before invoking curl with this option or use --output-dir. The remote file name to use for saving is extracted from the given URL, nothing else, and if it already exists it is overwritten. If you want the server to be able to choose the file name refer to -J, --remote-header-name which can be used in addition to this option. If the server chooses a file name and that name already exists it is not overwritten. There is no URL decoding done on the file name. If it has %20 or other URL encoded parts of the name, they end up as-is as file name. You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have. --remote-name can be used several times in a command line Example: curl -O https://example.com/filename See also --remote-name-all, --output-dir and -J, --remote-header-name. -R, --remote-time Makes curl attempt to figure out the timestamp of the remote file that is getting downloaded, and if that is available make the local file get that same timestamp. Providing --remote-time multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remote-time. Example: curl --remote-time -o foo https://example.com See also -O, --remote-name and -z, --time-cond. --remove-on-error When curl returns an error when told to save output in a local file, this option removes that saved file before exiting. This prevents curl from leaving a partial file in the case of an error during transfer. If the output is not a regular file, this option has no effect. Providing --remove-on-error multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remove-on-error. Example: curl --remove-on-error -o output https://example.com See also -f, --fail. Added in 7.83.0. --request-target <path> (HTTP) Tells curl to use an alternative "target" (path) instead of using the path as provided in the URL. Particularly useful when wanting to issue HTTP requests without leading slash or other data that does not follow the regular URL pattern, like "OPTIONS *". curl passes on the verbatim string you give it its the request without any filter or other safe guards. That includes white space and control characters. If --request-target is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --request-target "*" -X OPTIONS https://example.com See also -X, --request. Added in 7.55.0. -X, --request <method> Change the method to use when starting the transfer. curl passes on the verbatim string you give it its the request without any filter or other safe guards. That includes white space and control characters. HTTP Specifies a custom request method to use when communicating with the HTTP server. The specified request method is used instead of the method otherwise used (which defaults to GET). Read the HTTP 1.1 specification for details and explanations. Common additional HTTP requests include PUT and DELETE, while related technologies like WebDAV offers PROPFIND, COPY, MOVE and more. Normally you do not need this option. All sorts of GET, HEAD, POST and PUT requests are rather invoked by using dedicated command line options. This option only changes the actual word used in the HTTP request, it does not alter the way curl behaves. So for example if you want to make a proper HEAD request, using -X HEAD does not suffice. You need to use the -I, --head option. The method string you set with -X, --request is used for all requests, which if you for example use -L, --location may cause unintended side-effects when curl does not change request method according to the HTTP 30x response codes - and similar. FTP Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of LIST when doing file lists with FTP. POP3 Specifies a custom POP3 command to use instead of LIST or RETR. IMAP Specifies a custom IMAP command to use instead of LIST. SMTP Specifies a custom SMTP command to use instead of HELP or VRFY. If --request is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl -X "DELETE" https://example.com curl -X NLST ftp://example.com/ See also --request-target. --resolve <[+]host:port:addr[,addr]...> Provide a custom address for a specific host and port pair. Using this, you can make the curl requests(s) use a specified address and prevent the otherwise normally resolved address to be used. Consider it a sort of /etc/hosts alternative provided on the command line. The port number should be the number used for the specific protocol the host is used for. It means you need several entries if you want to provide address for the same host but different ports. By specifying '*' as host you can tell curl to resolve any host and specific port pair to the specified address. Wildcard is resolved last so any --resolve with a specific host and port is used first. The provided address set by this option is used even if -4, --ipv4 or -6, --ipv6 is set to make curl use another IP version. By prefixing the host with a '+' you can make the entry time out after curl's default timeout (1 minute). Note that this only makes sense for long running parallel transfers with a lot of files. In such cases, if this option is used curl tries to resolve the host as it normally would once the timeout has expired. Support for providing the IP address within [brackets] was added in 7.57.0. Support for providing multiple IP addresses per entry was added in 7.59.0. Support for resolving with wildcard was added in 7.64.0. Support for the '+' prefix was was added in 7.75.0. --resolve can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --resolve example.com:443:127.0.0.1 https://example.com See also --connect-to and --alt-svc. --retry-all-errors Retry on any error. This option is used together with --retry. This option is the "sledgehammer" of retrying. Do not use this option by default (for example in your curlrc), there may be unintended consequences such as sending or receiving duplicate data. Do not use with redirected input or output. You'd be much better off handling your unique problems in shell script. Please read the example below. WARNING: For server compatibility curl attempts to retry failed flaky transfers as close as possible to how they were started, but this is not possible with redirected input or output. For example, before retrying it removes output data from a failed partial transfer that was written to an output file. However this is not true of data redirected to a | pipe or > file, which are not reset. We strongly suggest you do not parse or record output via redirect in combination with this option, since you may receive duplicate data. By default curl does not return error for transfers with an HTTP response code that indicates an HTTP error, if the transfer was successful. For example, if a server replies 404 Not Found and the reply is fully received then that is not an error. When --retry is used then curl retries on some HTTP response codes that indicate transient HTTP errors, but that does not include most 4xx response codes such as 404. If you want to retry on all response codes that indicate HTTP errors (4xx and 5xx) then combine with -f, --fail. Providing --retry-all-errors multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-retry-all-errors. Example: curl --retry 5 --retry-all-errors https://example.com See also --retry. Added in 7.71.0. --retry-connrefused In addition to the other conditions, consider ECONNREFUSED as a transient error too for --retry. This option is used together with --retry. Providing --retry-connrefused multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-retry-connrefused. Example: curl --retry-connrefused --retry 7 https://example.com See also --retry and --retry-all-errors. Added in 7.52.0. --retry-delay <seconds> Make curl sleep this amount of time before each retry when a transfer has failed with a transient error (it changes the default backoff time algorithm between retries). This option is only interesting if --retry is also used. Setting this delay to zero makes curl use the default backoff time. If --retry-delay is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --retry-delay 5 --retry 7 https://example.com See also --retry. --retry-max-time <seconds> The retry timer is reset before the first transfer attempt. Retries are done as usual (see --retry) as long as the timer has not reached this given limit. Notice that if the timer has not reached the limit, the request is made and while performing, it may take longer than this given time period. To limit a single request's maximum time, use -m, --max-time. Set this option to zero to not timeout retries. If --retry-max-time is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --retry-max-time 30 --retry 10 https://example.com See also --retry. --retry <num> If a transient error is returned when curl tries to perform a transfer, it retries this number of times before giving up. Setting the number to 0 makes curl do no retries (which is the default). Transient error means either: a timeout, an FTP 4xx response code or an HTTP 408, 429, 500, 502, 503 or 504 response code. When curl is about to retry a transfer, it first waits one second and then for all forthcoming retries it doubles the waiting time until it reaches 10 minutes which then remains delay between the rest of the retries. By using --retry-delay you disable this exponential backoff algorithm. See also --retry-max-time to limit the total time allowed for retries. curl complies with the Retry-After: response header if one was present to know when to issue the next retry (added in 7.66.0). If --retry is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --retry 7 https://example.com See also --retry-max-time. --sasl-authzid <identity> Use this authorization identity (authzid), during SASL PLAIN authentication, in addition to the authentication identity (authcid) as specified by -u, --user. If the option is not specified, the server derives the authzid from the authcid, but if specified, and depending on the server implementation, it may be used to access another user's inbox, that the user has been granted access to, or a shared mailbox for example. If --sasl-authzid is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --sasl-authzid zid imap://example.com/ See also --login-options. Added in 7.66.0. --sasl-ir Enable initial response in SASL authentication. Providing --sasl-ir multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-sasl-ir. Example: curl --sasl-ir imap://example.com/ See also --sasl-authzid. --service-name <name> This option allows you to change the service name for SPNEGO. If --service-name is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --service-name sockd/server https://example.com See also --negotiate and --proxy-service-name. -S, --show-error When used with -s, --silent, it makes curl show an error message if it fails. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --show-error multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-show-error. Example: curl --show-error --silent https://example.com See also --no-progress-meter. -s, --silent Silent or quiet mode. Do not show progress meter or error messages. Makes Curl mute. It still outputs the data you ask for, potentially even to the terminal/stdout unless you redirect it. Use -S, --show-error in addition to this option to disable progress meter but still show error messages. Providing --silent multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-silent. Example: curl -s https://example.com See also -v, --verbose, --stderr and --no-progress-meter. --socks4 <host[:port]> Use the specified SOCKS4 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. Using this socket type make curl resolve the host name and passing the address on to the proxy. To specify proxy on a unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g. "socks4://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" This option overrides any previous use of -x, --proxy, as they are mutually exclusive. This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4 proxy with -x, --proxy using a socks4:// protocol prefix. --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy (added in 7.52.0). In such a case, curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If --socks4 is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --socks4 hostname:4096 https://example.com See also --socks4a, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname. --socks4a <host[:port]> Use the specified SOCKS4a proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. This asks the proxy to resolve the host name. To specify proxy on a unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g. "socks4a://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" This option overrides any previous use of -x, --proxy, as they are mutually exclusive. This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4a proxy with -x, --proxy using a socks4a:// protocol prefix. --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time -x, --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy (added in 7.52.0). In such a case, curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If --socks4a is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --socks4a hostname:4096 https://example.com See also --socks4, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname. --socks5-basic Tells curl to use username/password authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The username/password authentication is enabled by default. Use --socks5-gssapi to force GSS-API authentication to SOCKS5 proxies. Providing --socks5-basic multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --socks5-basic --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com See also --socks5. Added in 7.55.0. --socks5-gssapi-nec As part of the GSS-API negotiation a protection mode is negotiated. RFC 1961 says in section 4.3/4.4 it should be protected, but the NEC reference implementation does not. The option --socks5-gssapi-nec allows the unprotected exchange of the protection mode negotiation. Providing --socks5-gssapi-nec multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-socks5-gssapi-nec. Example: curl --socks5-gssapi-nec --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com See also --socks5. --socks5-gssapi-service <name> The default service name for a socks server is rcmd/server-fqdn. This option allows you to change it. If --socks5-gssapi-service is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --socks5-gssapi-service sockd --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com See also --socks5. --socks5-gssapi Tells curl to use GSS-API authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The GSS-API authentication is enabled by default (if curl is compiled with GSS-API support). Use --socks5-basic to force username/password authentication to SOCKS5 proxies. Providing --socks5-gssapi multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-socks5-gssapi. Example: curl --socks5-gssapi --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com See also --socks5. Added in 7.55.0. --socks5-hostname <host[:port]> Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy (and let the proxy resolve the host name). If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. To specify proxy on a unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g. "socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" This option overrides any previous use of -x, --proxy, as they are mutually exclusive. This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 hostname proxy with -x, --proxy using a socks5h:// protocol prefix. --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time -x, --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy (added in 7.52.0). In such a case, curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If --socks5-hostname is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --socks5-hostname proxy.example:7000 https://example.com See also --socks5 and --socks4a. --socks5 <host[:port]> Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy - but resolve the host name locally. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. To specify proxy on a unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g. "socks5://localhost/path/to/socket.sock" This option overrides any previous use of -x, --proxy, as they are mutually exclusive. This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 proxy with -x, --proxy using a socks5:// protocol prefix. --preproxy can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time -x, --proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy (added in 7.52.0). In such a case, curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. This option (as well as --socks4) does not work with IPV6, FTPS or LDAP. If --socks5 is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --socks5 proxy.example:7000 https://example.com See also --socks5-hostname and --socks4a. -Y, --speed-limit <speed> If a transfer is slower than this set speed (in bytes per second) for a given number of seconds, it gets aborted. The time period is set with -y, --speed-time and is 30 seconds by default. If --speed-limit is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com See also -y, --speed-time, --limit-rate and -m, --max-time. -y, --speed-time <seconds> If a transfer runs slower than speed-limit bytes per second during a speed-time period, the transfer is aborted. If speed-time is used, the default speed-limit is 1 unless set with -Y, --speed-limit. This option controls transfers (in both directions) but does not affect slow connects etc. If this is a concern for you, try the --connect-timeout option. If --speed-time is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com See also -Y, --speed-limit and --limit-rate. --ssl-allow-beast (TLS) This option tells curl to not work around a security flaw in the SSL3 and TLS1.0 protocols known as BEAST. If this option is not used, the SSL layer may use workarounds known to cause interoperability problems with some older SSL implementations. WARNING: this option loosens the SSL security, and by using this flag you ask for exactly that. Providing --ssl-allow-beast multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-allow-beast. Example: curl --ssl-allow-beast https://example.com See also --proxy-ssl-allow-beast and -k, --insecure. --ssl-auto-client-cert (TLS) (Schannel) Tell libcurl to automatically locate and use a client certificate for authentication, when requested by the server. Since the server can request any certificate that supports client authentication in the OS certificate store it could be a privacy violation and unexpected. Providing --ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-auto-client-cert. Example: curl --ssl-auto-client-cert https://example.com See also --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert. Added in 7.77.0. --ssl-no-revoke (TLS) (Schannel) This option tells curl to disable certificate revocation checks. WARNING: this option loosens the SSL security, and by using this flag you ask for exactly that. Providing --ssl-no-revoke multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-no-revoke. Example: curl --ssl-no-revoke https://example.com See also --crlfile. --ssl-reqd (FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP) Require SSL/TLS for the connection. Terminates the connection if the transfer cannot be upgraded to use SSL/TLS. This option is handled in LDAP (added in 7.81.0). It is fully supported by the OpenLDAP backend and rejected by the generic ldap backend if explicit TLS is required. This option is unnecessary if you use a URL scheme that in itself implies immediate and implicit use of TLS, like for FTPS, IMAPS, POP3S, SMTPS and LDAPS. Such a transfer always fails if the TLS handshake does not work. This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl-reqd. Providing --ssl-reqd multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-reqd. Example: curl --ssl-reqd ftp://example.com See also --ssl and -k, --insecure. --ssl-revoke-best-effort (TLS) (Schannel) This option tells curl to ignore certificate revocation checks when they failed due to missing/offline distribution points for the revocation check lists. Providing --ssl-revoke-best-effort multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-revoke-best-effort. Example: curl --ssl-revoke-best-effort https://example.com See also --crlfile and -k, --insecure. Added in 7.70.0. --ssl (FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP) Warning: this is considered an insecure option. Consider using --ssl-reqd instead to be sure curl upgrades to a secure connection. Try to use SSL/TLS for the connection. Reverts to a non-secure connection if the server does not support SSL/TLS. See also --ftp-ssl-control and --ssl-reqd for different levels of encryption required. This option is handled in LDAP (added in 7.81.0). It is fully supported by the OpenLDAP backend and ignored by the generic ldap backend. Please note that a server may close the connection if the negotiation does not succeed. This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl. That option name can still be used but might be removed in a future version. Providing --ssl multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl. Example: curl --ssl pop3://example.com/ See also --ssl-reqd, -k, --insecure and --ciphers. -2, --sslv2 (SSL) This option previously asked curl to use SSLv2, but is now ignored (added in 7.77.0). SSLv2 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 6176). Providing --sslv2 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --sslv2 https://example.com See also --http1.1 and --http2. -2, --sslv2 requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. This option is mutually exclusive to -3, --sslv3 and -1, --tlsv1 and --tlsv1.1 and --tlsv1.2. -3, --sslv3 (SSL) This option previously asked curl to use SSLv3, but is now ignored (added in 7.77.0). SSLv3 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 7568). Providing --sslv3 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --sslv3 https://example.com See also --http1.1 and --http2. -3, --sslv3 requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. This option is mutually exclusive to -2, --sslv2 and -1, --tlsv1 and --tlsv1.1 and --tlsv1.2. --stderr <file> Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file instead. If the file name is a plain '-', it is instead written to stdout. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. If --stderr is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --stderr output.txt https://example.com See also -v, --verbose and -s, --silent. --styled-output Enables the automatic use of bold font styles when writing HTTP headers to the terminal. Use --no-styled-output to switch them off. Styled output requires a terminal that supports bold fonts. This feature is not present on curl for Windows due to lack of this capability. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --styled-output multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-styled-output. Example: curl --styled-output -I https://example.com See also -I, --head and -v, --verbose. Added in 7.61.0. --suppress-connect-headers When -p, --proxytunnel is used and a CONNECT request is made do not output proxy CONNECT response headers. This option is meant to be used with -D, --dump-header or -i, --include which are used to show protocol headers in the output. It has no effect on debug options such as -v, --verbose or --trace, or any statistics. Providing --suppress-connect-headers multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-suppress-connect-headers. Example: curl --suppress-connect-headers --include -x proxy https://example.com See also -D, --dump-header, -i, --include and -p, --proxytunnel. Added in 7.54.0. --tcp-fastopen Enable use of TCP Fast Open (RFC 7413). TCP Fast Open is a TCP extension that allows data to get sent earlier over the connection (before the final handshake ACK) if the client and server have been connected previously. Providing --tcp-fastopen multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tcp-fastopen. Example: curl --tcp-fastopen https://example.com See also --false-start. --tcp-nodelay Turn on the TCP_NODELAY option. See the curl_easy_setopt(3) man page for details about this option. curl sets this option by default and you need to explicitly switch it off if you do not want it on (added in 7.50.2). Providing --tcp-nodelay multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tcp-nodelay. Example: curl --tcp-nodelay https://example.com See also -N, --no-buffer. -t, --telnet-option <opt=val> Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options are: `TTYPE=<term>` Sets the terminal type. `XDISPLOC=<X display>` Sets the X display location. `NEW_ENV=<var,val>` Sets an environment variable. --telnet-option can be used several times in a command line Example: curl -t TTYPE=vt100 telnet://example.com/ See also -K, --config. --tftp-blksize <value> (TFTP) Set the TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512). This is the block size that curl tries to use when transferring data to or from a TFTP server. By default 512 bytes are used. If --tftp-blksize is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --tftp-blksize 1024 tftp://example.com/file See also --tftp-no-options. --tftp-no-options (TFTP) Tells curl not to send TFTP options requests. This option improves interop with some legacy servers that do not acknowledge or properly implement TFTP options. When this option is used --tftp-blksize is ignored. Providing --tftp-no-options multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tftp-no-options. Example: curl --tftp-no-options tftp://192.168.0.1/ See also --tftp-blksize. -z, --time-cond <time> (HTTP FTP) Request a file that has been modified later than the given time and date, or one that has been modified before that time. The <date expression> can be all sorts of date strings or if it does not match any internal ones, it is taken as a filename and tries to get the modification date (mtime) from <file> instead. See the curl_getdate(3) man pages for date expression details. Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it request for a document that is older than the given date/time, default is a document that is newer than the specified date/time. If provided a non-existing file, curl outputs a warning about that fact and proceeds to do the transfer without a time condition. If --time-cond is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl -z "Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com curl -z "-Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com curl -z file https://example.com See also --etag-compare and -R, --remote-time. --tls-max <VERSION> (TLS) VERSION defines maximum supported TLS version. The minimum acceptable version is set by tlsv1.0, tlsv1.1, tlsv1.2 or tlsv1.3. If the connection is done without TLS, this option has no effect. This includes QUIC-using (HTTP/3) transfers. default Use up to recommended TLS version. 1.0 Use up to TLSv1.0. 1.1 Use up to TLSv1.1. 1.2 Use up to TLSv1.2. 1.3 Use up to TLSv1.3. If --tls-max is provided several times, the last set value is used. Examples: curl --tls-max 1.2 https://example.com curl --tls-max 1.3 --tlsv1.2 https://example.com See also --tlsv1.0, --tlsv1.1, --tlsv1.2 and --tlsv1.3. --tls-max requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. Added in 7.54.0. --tls13-ciphers <ciphersuite list> (TLS) Specifies which cipher suites to use in the connection if it negotiates TLS 1.3. The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on this URL: https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html This option is currently used only when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later, or Schannel. If you are using a different SSL backend you can try setting TLS 1.3 cipher suites by using the --ciphers option. If --tls13-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 https://example.com See also --ciphers, --curves and --proxy-tls13-ciphers. Added in 7.61.0. --tlsauthtype <type> (TLS) Set TLS authentication type. Currently, the only supported option is "SRP", for TLS-SRP (RFC 5054). If --tlsuser and --tlspassword are specified but --tlsauthtype is not, then this option defaults to "SRP". This option works only if the underlying libcurl is built with TLS-SRP support, which requires OpenSSL or GnuTLS with TLS-SRP support. If --tlsauthtype is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --tlsauthtype SRP https://example.com See also --tlsuser. --tlspassword <string> (TLS) Set password for use with the TLS authentication method specified with --tlsauthtype. Requires that --tlsuser also be set. This option does not work with TLS 1.3. If --tlspassword is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com See also --tlsuser. --tlsuser <name> (TLS) Set username for use with the TLS authentication method specified with --tlsauthtype. Requires that --tlspassword also is set. This option does not work with TLS 1.3. If --tlsuser is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com See also --tlspassword. --tlsv1.0 (TLS) Forces curl to use TLS version 1.0 or later when connecting to a remote TLS server. In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.0. That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use --tls-max if you want to set a maximum TLS version. Providing --tlsv1.0 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --tlsv1.0 https://example.com See also --tlsv1.3. --tlsv1.1 (TLS) Forces curl to use TLS version 1.1 or later when connecting to a remote TLS server. In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.1. That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use --tls-max if you want to set a maximum TLS version. Providing --tlsv1.1 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --tlsv1.1 https://example.com See also --tlsv1.3 and --tls-max. --tlsv1.2 (TLS) Forces curl to use TLS version 1.2 or later when connecting to a remote TLS server. In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.2. That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use --tls-max if you want to set a maximum TLS version. Providing --tlsv1.2 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --tlsv1.2 https://example.com See also --tlsv1.3 and --tls-max. --tlsv1.3 (TLS) Forces curl to use TLS version 1.3 or later when connecting to a remote TLS server. If the connection is done without TLS, this option has no effect. This includes QUIC-using (HTTP/3) transfers. Note that TLS 1.3 is not supported by all TLS backends. Providing --tlsv1.3 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --tlsv1.3 https://example.com See also --tlsv1.2 and --tls-max. Added in 7.52.0. -1, --tlsv1 (TLS) Tells curl to use at least TLS version 1.x when negotiating with a remote TLS server. That means TLS version 1.0 or higher Providing --tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect. Example: curl --tlsv1 https://example.com See also --http1.1 and --http2. -1, --tlsv1 requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. This option is mutually exclusive to --tlsv1.1 and --tlsv1.2 and --tlsv1.3. --tr-encoding (HTTP) Request a compressed Transfer-Encoding response using one of the algorithms curl supports, and uncompress the data while receiving it. Providing --tr-encoding multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tr-encoding. Example: curl --tr-encoding https://example.com See also --compressed. --trace-ascii <file> Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including descriptive information, to the given output file. Use "-" as filename to have the output sent to stdout. This is similar to --trace, but leaves out the hex part and only shows the ASCII part of the dump. It makes smaller output that might be easier to read for untrained humans. Note that verbose output of curl activities and network traffic might contain sensitive data, including user names, credentials or secret data content. Be aware and be careful when sharing trace logs with others. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. If --trace-ascii is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --trace-ascii log.txt https://example.com See also -v, --verbose and --trace. This option is mutually exclusive to --trace and -v, --verbose. --trace-config <string> Set configuration for trace output. A comma-separated list of components where detailed output can be made available from. Names are case-insensitive. Specify 'all' to enable all trace components. In addition to trace component names, specify "ids" and "time" to avoid extra --trace-ids or --trace-time parameters. See the curl_global_trace(3) man page for more details. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. --trace-config can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --trace-config ids,http/2 https://example.com See also -v, --verbose and --trace. This option is mutually exclusive to --trace and -v, --verbose. Added in 8.3.0. --trace-ids Prepends the transfer and connection identifiers to each trace or verbose line that curl displays. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --trace-ids multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-trace-ids. Example: curl --trace-ids --trace-ascii output https://example.com See also --trace and -v, --verbose. Added in 8.2.0. --trace-time Prepends a time stamp to each trace or verbose line that curl displays. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --trace-time multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-trace-time. Example: curl --trace-time --trace-ascii output https://example.com See also --trace and -v, --verbose. --trace <file> Enables a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including descriptive information, to the given output file. Use "-" as filename to have the output sent to stdout. Use "%" as filename to have the output sent to stderr. Note that verbose output of curl activities and network traffic might contain sensitive data, including user names, credentials or secret data content. Be aware and be careful when sharing trace logs with others. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. If --trace is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --trace log.txt https://example.com See also --trace-ascii, --trace-config, --trace-ids and --trace-time. This option is mutually exclusive to -v, --verbose and --trace-ascii. --unix-socket <path> (HTTP) Connect through this Unix domain socket, instead of using the network. If --unix-socket is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl --unix-socket socket-path https://example.com See also --abstract-unix-socket. -T, --upload-file <file> This transfers the specified local file to the remote URL. If there is no file part in the specified URL, curl appends the local file name to the end of the URL before the operation starts. You must use a trailing slash (/) on the last directory to prove to curl that there is no file name or curl thinks that your last directory name is the remote file name to use. When putting the local file name at the end of the URL, curl ignores what is on the left side of any slash (/) or backslash (\) used in the file name and only appends what is on the right side of the rightmost such character. Use the file name "-" (a single dash) to use stdin instead of a given file. Alternately, the file name "." (a single period) may be specified instead of "-" to use stdin in non-blocking mode to allow reading server output while stdin is being uploaded. If this option is used with a HTTP(S) URL, the PUT method is used. You can specify one -T, --upload-file for each URL on the command line. Each -T, --upload-file + URL pair specifies what to upload and to where. curl also supports "globbing" of the -T, --upload-file argument, meaning that you can upload multiple files to a single URL by using the same URL globbing style supported in the URL. When uploading to an SMTP server: the uploaded data is assumed to be RFC 5322 formatted. It has to feature the necessary set of headers and mail body formatted correctly by the user as curl does not transcode nor encode it further in any way. --upload-file can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl -T file https://example.com curl -T "img[1-1000].png" ftp://ftp.example.com/ curl --upload-file "{file1,file2}" https://example.com See also -G, --get, -I, --head, -X, --request and -d, --data. --url-query <data> (all) This option adds a piece of data, usually a name + value pair, to the end of the URL query part. The syntax is identical to that used for --data-urlencode with one extension: If the argument starts with a '+' (plus), the rest of the string is provided as-is unencoded. The query part of a URL is the one following the question mark on the right end. --url-query can be used several times in a command line Examples: curl --url-query name=val https://example.com curl --url-query =encodethis http://example.net/foo curl --url-query name@file https://example.com curl --url-query @fileonly https://example.com curl --url-query "+name=%20foo" https://example.com See also --data-urlencode and -G, --get. Added in 7.87.0. --url <url> Specify a URL to fetch. This option is mostly handy when you want to specify URL(s) in a config file. If the given URL is missing a scheme name (such as "http://" or "ftp://" etc) then curl makes a guess based on the host. If the outermost subdomain name matches DICT, FTP, IMAP, LDAP, POP3 or SMTP then that protocol is used, otherwise HTTP is used. Guessing can be avoided by providing a full URL including the scheme, or disabled by setting a default protocol (added in 7.45.0), see --proto-default for details. To control where this URL is written, use the -o, --output or the -O, --remote-name options. WARNING: On Windows, particular file:// accesses can be converted to network accesses by the operating system. Beware! --url can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --url https://example.com See also -:, --next and -K, --config. -B, --use-ascii (FTP LDAP) Enable ASCII transfer. For FTP, this can also be enforced by using a URL that ends with ";type=A". This option causes data sent to stdout to be in text mode for win32 systems. Providing --use-ascii multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-use-ascii. Example: curl -B ftp://example.com/README See also --crlf and --data-ascii. -A, --user-agent <name> (HTTP) Specify the User-Agent string to send to the HTTP server. To encode blanks in the string, surround the string with single quote marks. This header can also be set with the -H, --header or the --proxy-header options. If you give an empty argument to -A, --user-agent (""), it removes the header completely from the request. If you prefer a blank header, you can set it to a single space (" "). If --user-agent is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl -A "Agent 007" https://example.com See also -H, --header and --proxy-header. -u, --user <user:password> Specify the user name and password to use for server authentication. Overrides -n, --netrc and --netrc-optional. If you simply specify the user name, curl prompts for a password. The user name and passwords are split up on the first colon, which makes it impossible to use a colon in the user name with this option. The password can, still. On systems where it works, curl hides the given option argument from process listings. This is not enough to protect credentials from possibly getting seen by other users on the same system as they still are visible for a moment before cleared. Such sensitive data should be retrieved from a file instead or similar and never used in clear text in a command line. When using Kerberos V5 with a Windows based server you should include the Windows domain name in the user name, in order for the server to successfully obtain a Kerberos Ticket. If you do not, then the initial authentication handshake may fail. When using NTLM, the user name can be specified simply as the user name, without the domain, if there is a single domain and forest in your setup for example. To specify the domain name use either Down-Level Logon Name or UPN (User Principal Name) formats. For example, EXAMPLE\user and user@example.com respectively. If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary and perform Kerberos V5, Negotiate, NTLM or Digest authentication then you can tell curl to select the user name and password from your environment by specifying a single colon with this option: "-u :". If --user is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl -u user:secret https://example.com See also -n, --netrc and -K, --config. --variable <[%]name=text/@file> Set a variable with "name=content" or "name@file" (where "file" can be stdin if set to a single dash (-)). The name is a case sensitive identifier that must consist of no other letters than a-z, A-Z, 0-9 or underscore. The specified content is then associated with this identifier. Setting the same variable name again overwrites the old contents with the new. The contents of a variable can be referenced in a later command line option when that option name is prefixed with "--expand-", and the name is used as "{{name}}" (without the quotes). --variable can import environment variables into the name space. Opt to either require the environment variable to be set or provide a default value for the variable in case it is not already set. --variable %name imports the variable called 'name' but exits with an error if that environment variable is not already set. To provide a default value if the environment variable is not set, use --variable %name=content or --variable %name@content. Note that on some systems - but not all - environment variables are case insensitive. When expanding variables, curl supports a set of functions that can make the variable contents more convenient to use. You apply a function to a variable expansion by adding a colon and then list the desired functions in a comma-separated list that is evaluated in a left-to-right order. Variable content holding null bytes that are not encoded when expanded, causes an error. Available functions: trim removes all leading and trailing white space. json outputs the content using JSON string quoting rules. url shows the content URL (percent) encoded. b64 expands the variable base64 encoded --variable can be used several times in a command line Example: curl --variable name=smith https://example.com See also -K, --config. Added in 8.3.0. -v, --verbose Makes curl verbose during the operation. Useful for debugging and seeing what's going on "under the hood". A line starting with '>' means "header data" sent by curl, '<' means "header data" received by curl that is hidden in normal cases, and a line starting with '*' means additional info provided by curl. If you only want HTTP headers in the output, -i, --include or -D, --dump-header might be more suitable options. If you think this option still does not give you enough details, consider using --trace or --trace-ascii instead. Note that verbose output of curl activities and network traffic might contain sensitive data, including user names, credentials or secret data content. Be aware and be careful when sharing trace logs with others. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next. Providing --verbose multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-verbose. Example: curl --verbose https://example.com See also -i, --include, -s, --silent, --trace and --trace-ascii. This option is mutually exclusive to --trace and --trace-ascii. -V, --version Displays information about curl and the libcurl version it uses. The first line includes the full version of curl, libcurl and other 3rd party libraries linked with the executable. The second line (starts with "Release-Date:") shows the release date. The third line (starts with "Protocols:") shows all protocols that libcurl reports to support. The fourth line (starts with "Features:") shows specific features libcurl reports to offer. Available features include: `alt-svc` Support for the Alt-Svc: header is provided. `AsynchDNS` This curl uses asynchronous name resolves. Asynchronous name resolves can be done using either the c-ares or the threaded resolver backends. `brotli` Support for automatic brotli compression over HTTP(S). `CharConv` curl was built with support for character set conversions (like EBCDIC) `Debug` This curl uses a libcurl built with Debug. This enables more error-tracking and memory debugging etc. For curl-developers only! `gsasl` The built-in SASL authentication includes extensions to support SCRAM because libcurl was built with libgsasl. `GSS-API` GSS-API is supported. `HSTS` HSTS support is present. `HTTP2` HTTP/2 support has been built-in. `HTTP3` HTTP/3 support has been built-in. `HTTPS-proxy` This curl is built to support HTTPS proxy. `IDN` This curl supports IDN - international domain names. `IPv6` You can use IPv6 with this. `Kerberos` Kerberos V5 authentication is supported. `Largefile` This curl supports transfers of large files, files larger than 2GB. `libz` Automatic decompression (via gzip, deflate) of compressed files over HTTP is supported. `MultiSSL` This curl supports multiple TLS backends. `NTLM` NTLM authentication is supported. `NTLM_WB` NTLM delegation to winbind helper is supported. `PSL` PSL is short for Public Suffix List and means that this curl has been built with knowledge about "public suffixes". `SPNEGO` SPNEGO authentication is supported. `SSL` SSL versions of various protocols are supported, such as HTTPS, FTPS, POP3S and so on. `SSPI` SSPI is supported. `TLS-SRP` SRP (Secure Remote Password) authentication is supported for TLS. `TrackMemory` Debug memory tracking is supported. `Unicode` Unicode support on Windows. `UnixSockets` Unix sockets support is provided. `zstd` Automatic decompression (via zstd) of compressed files over HTTP is supported. Example: curl --version See also -h, --help and -M, --manual. -w, --write-out <format> Make curl display information on stdout after a completed transfer. The format is a string that may contain plain text mixed with any number of variables. The format can be specified as a literal "string", or you can have curl read the format from a file with "@filename" and to tell curl to read the format from stdin you write "@-". The variables present in the output format are substituted by the value or text that curl thinks fit, as described below. All variables are specified as %{variable_name} and to output a normal % you just write them as %%. You can output a newline by using \n, a carriage return with \r and a tab space with \t. The output is by default written to standard output, but can be changed with %{stderr} and %output{}. Output HTTP headers from the most recent request by using %header{name} where name is the case insensitive name of the header (without the trailing colon). The header contents are exactly as sent over the network, with leading and trailing whitespace trimmed (added in 7.84.0). Select a specific target destination file to write the output to, by using %output{name} (added in curl 8.3.0) where name is the full file name. The output following that instruction is then written to that file. More than one %output{} instruction can be specified in the same write-out argument. If the file name cannot be created, curl leaves the output destination to the one used prior to the %output{} instruction. Use %output{>>name} to append data to an existing file. NOTE: In Windows the %-symbol is a special symbol used to expand environment variables. In batch files all occurrences of % must be doubled when using this option to properly escape. If this option is used at the command prompt then the % cannot be escaped and unintended expansion is possible. The variables available are: `certs` Output the certificate chain with details. Supported only by the OpenSSL, GnuTLS, Schannel and Secure Transport backends. (Added in 7.88.0) `content_type` The Content-Type of the requested document, if there was any. `errormsg` The error message. (Added in 7.75.0) `exitcode` The numerical exit code of the transfer. (Added in 7.75.0) `filename_effective` The ultimate filename that curl writes out to. This is only meaningful if curl is told to write to a file with the -O, --remote-name or -o, --output option. It's most useful in combination with the -J, --remote-header-name option. `ftp_entry_path` The initial path curl ended up in when logging on to the remote FTP server. `header_json` A JSON object with all HTTP response headers from the recent transfer. Values are provided as arrays, since in the case of multiple headers there can be multiple values. (Added in 7.83.0) The header names provided in lowercase, listed in order of appearance over the wire. Except for duplicated headers. They are grouped on the first occurrence of that header, each value is presented in the JSON array. `http_code` The numerical response code that was found in the last retrieved HTTP(S) or FTP(s) transfer. `http_connect` The numerical code that was found in the last response (from a proxy) to a curl CONNECT request. `http_version` The http version that was effectively used. (Added in 7.50.0) `json` A JSON object with all available keys. (Added in 7.70.0) `local_ip` The IP address of the local end of the most recently done connection - can be either IPv4 or IPv6. `local_port` The local port number of the most recently done connection. `method` The http method used in the most recent HTTP request. (Added in 7.72.0) `num_certs` Number of server certificates received in the TLS handshake. Supported only by the OpenSSL, GnuTLS, Schannel and Secure Transport backends. (Added in 7.88.0) `num_connects` Number of new connects made in the recent transfer. `num_headers` The number of response headers in the most recent request (restarted at each redirect). Note that the status line IS NOT a header. (Added in 7.73.0) `num_redirects` Number of redirects that were followed in the request. `onerror` The rest of the output is only shown if the transfer returned a non-zero error. (Added in 7.75.0) `proxy_ssl_verify_result` The result of the HTTPS proxy's SSL peer certificate verification that was requested. 0 means the verification was successful. (Added in 7.52.0) `redirect_url` When an HTTP request was made without -L, --location to follow redirects (or when --max-redirs is met), this variable shows the actual URL a redirect would have gone to. `referer` The Referer: header, if there was any. (Added in 7.76.0) `remote_ip` The remote IP address of the most recently done connection - can be either IPv4 or IPv6. `remote_port` The remote port number of the most recently done connection. `response_code` The numerical response code that was found in the last transfer (formerly known as "http_code"). `scheme` The URL scheme (sometimes called protocol) that was effectively used. (Added in 7.52.0) `size_download` The total amount of bytes that were downloaded. This is the size of the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers. `size_header` The total amount of bytes of the downloaded headers. `size_request` The total amount of bytes that were sent in the HTTP request. `size_upload` The total amount of bytes that were uploaded. This is the size of the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers. `speed_download` The average download speed that curl measured for the complete download. Bytes per second. `speed_upload` The average upload speed that curl measured for the complete upload. Bytes per second. `ssl_verify_result` The result of the SSL peer certificate verification that was requested. 0 means the verification was successful. `stderr` From this point on, the -w, --write-out output is written to standard error. (Added in 7.63.0) `stdout` From this point on, the -w, --write-out output is written to standard output. This is the default, but can be used to switch back after switching to stderr. (Added in 7.63.0) `time_appconnect` The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the SSL/SSH/etc connect/handshake to the remote host was completed. `time_connect` The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the TCP connect to the remote host (or proxy) was completed. `time_namelookup` The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the name resolving was completed. `time_pretransfer` The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the file transfer was just about to begin. This includes all pre-transfer commands and negotiations that are specific to the particular protocol(s) involved. `time_redirect` The time, in seconds, it took for all redirection steps including name lookup, connect, pretransfer and transfer before the final transaction was started. "time_redirect" shows the complete execution time for multiple redirections. `time_starttransfer` The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the first byte is received. This includes time_pretransfer and also the time the server needed to calculate the result. `time_total` The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted. `url` The URL that was fetched. (Added in 7.75.0) `url.scheme` The scheme part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.user` The user part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.password` The password part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.options` The options part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.host` The host part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.port` The port number of the URL that was fetched. If no port number was specified and the URL scheme is known, that scheme's default port number is shown. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.path` The path part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.query` The query part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.fragment` The fragment part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `url.zoneid` The zone id part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.scheme` The scheme part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.user` The user part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.password` The password part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.options` The options part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.host` The host part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.port` The port number of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. If no port number was specified, but the URL scheme is known, that scheme's default port number is shown. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.path` The path part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.query` The query part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.fragment` The fragment part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urle.zoneid` The zone id part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0) `urlnum` The URL index number of this transfer, 0-indexed. Unglobbed URLs share the same index number as the origin globbed URL. (Added in 7.75.0) `url_effective` The URL that was fetched last. This is most meaningful if you have told curl to follow location: headers. If --write-out is provided several times, the last set value is used. Example: curl -w '%{response_code}\n' https://example.com See also -v, --verbose and -I, --head. --xattr When saving output to a file, this option tells curl to store certain file metadata in extended file attributes. Currently, the URL is stored in the "xdg.origin.url" attribute and, for HTTP, the content type is stored in the "mime_type" attribute. If the file system does not support extended attributes, a warning is issued. Providing --xattr multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-xattr. Example: curl --xattr -o storage https://example.com See also -R, --remote-time, -w, --write-out and -v, --verbose. FILES ~/.curlrc Default config file, see -K, --config for details. ENVIRONMENT The environment variables can be specified in lower case or upper case. The lower case version has precedence. "http_proxy" is an exception as it is only available in lower case. Using an environment variable to set the proxy has the same effect as using the -x, --proxy option. `http_proxy` [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets the proxy server to use for HTTP. `HTTPS_PROXY` [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets the proxy server to use for HTTPS. `[url-protocol]_PROXY` [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets the proxy server to use for [url-protocol], where the protocol is a protocol that curl supports and as specified in a URL. FTP, FTPS, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, LDAP, etc. `ALL_PROXY` [protocol://]<host>[:port] Sets the proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy is set. `NO_PROXY` <comma-separated list of hosts/domains> list of host names that should not go through any proxy. If set to an asterisk '*' only, it matches all hosts. Each name in this list is matched as either a domain name which contains the hostname, or the hostname itself. This environment variable disables use of the proxy even when specified with the -x, --proxy option. That is NO_PROXY=direct.example.com curl -x http://proxy.example.com http://direct.example.com accesses the target URL directly, and NO_PROXY=direct.example.com curl -x http://proxy.example.com http://somewhere.example.com accesses the target URL through the proxy. The list of host names can also be include numerical IP addresses, and IPv6 versions should then be given without enclosing brackets. IP addresses can be specified using CIDR notation: an appended slash and number specifies the number of "network bits" out of the address to use in the comparison (added in 7.86.0). For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match all addresses starting with "192.168". `APPDATA` <dir> On Windows, this variable is used when trying to find the home directory. If the primary home variable are all unset. `COLUMNS` <terminal width> If set, the specified number of characters is used as the terminal width when the alternative progress-bar is shown. If not set, curl tries to figure it out using other ways. `CURL_CA_BUNDLE` <file> If set, it is used as the --cacert value. This environment variable is ignored if Schannel is used as the TLS backend. `CURL_HOME` <dir> If set, is the first variable curl checks when trying to find its home directory. If not set, it continues to check XDG_CONFIG_HOME `CURL_SSL_BACKEND` <TLS backend> If curl was built with support for "MultiSSL", meaning that it has built-in support for more than one TLS backend, this environment variable can be set to the case insensitive name of the particular backend to use when curl is invoked. Setting a name that is not a built-in alternative makes curl stay with the default. SSL backend names (case-insensitive): bearssl, gnutls, mbedtls, openssl, rustls, schannel, secure-transport, wolfssl `HOME` <dir> If set, this is used to find the home directory when that is needed. Like when looking for the default .curlrc. CURL_HOME and XDG_CONFIG_HOME have preference. `QLOGDIR` <directory name> If curl was built with HTTP/3 support, setting this environment variable to a local directory makes curl produce qlogs in that directory, using file names named after the destination connection id (in hex). Do note that these files can become rather large. Works with the ngtcp2 and quiche QUIC backends. `SHELL` Used on VMS when trying to detect if using a DCL or a unix shell. `SSL_CERT_DIR` <dir> If set, it is used as the --capath value. This environment variable is ignored if Schannel is used as the TLS backend. `SSL_CERT_FILE` <path> If set, it is used as the --cacert value. This environment variable is ignored if Schannel is used as the TLS backend. `SSLKEYLOGFILE` <file name> If you set this environment variable to a file name, curl stores TLS secrets from its connections in that file when invoked to enable you to analyze the TLS traffic in real time using network analyzing tools such as Wireshark. This works with the following TLS backends: OpenSSL, libressl, BoringSSL, GnuTLS and wolfSSL. `USERPROFILE` <dir> On Windows, this variable is used when trying to find the home directory. If the other, primary, variable are all unset. If set, curl uses the path "$USERPROFILE\Application Data". `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` <dir> If CURL_HOME is not set, this variable is checked when looking for a default .curlrc file. PROXY PROTOCOL PREFIXES The proxy string may be specified with a protocol:// prefix to specify alternative proxy protocols. If no protocol is specified in the proxy string or if the string does not match a supported one, the proxy is treated as an HTTP proxy. The supported proxy protocol prefixes are as follows: http:// Makes it use it as an HTTP proxy. The default if no scheme prefix is used. https:// Makes it treated as an HTTPS proxy. socks4:// Makes it the equivalent of --socks4 socks4a:// Makes it the equivalent of --socks4a socks5:// Makes it the equivalent of --socks5 socks5h:// Makes it the equivalent of --socks5-hostname EXIT CODES There are a bunch of different error codes and their corresponding error messages that may appear under error conditions. At the time of this writing, the exit codes are: 0 Success. The operation completed successfully according to the instructions. 1 Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support for this protocol. 2 Failed to initialize. 3 URL malformed. The syntax was not correct. 4 A feature or option that was needed to perform the desired request was not enabled or was explicitly disabled at build-time. To make curl able to do this, you probably need another build of libcurl. 5 Could not resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not be resolved. 6 Could not resolve host. The given remote host could not be resolved. 7 Failed to connect to host. 8 Weird server reply. The server sent data curl could not parse. 9 FTP access denied. The server denied login or denied access to the particular resource or directory you wanted to reach. Most often you tried to change to a directory that does not exist on the server. 10 FTP accept failed. While waiting for the server to connect back when an active FTP session is used, an error code was sent over the control connection or similar. 11 FTP weird PASS reply. Curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASS request. 12 During an active FTP session while waiting for the server to connect back to curl, the timeout expired. 13 FTP weird PASV reply, Curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASV request. 14 FTP weird 227 format. Curl could not parse the 227-line the server sent. 15 FTP cannot use host. Could not resolve the host IP we got in the 227-line. 16 HTTP/2 error. A problem was detected in the HTTP2 framing layer. This is somewhat generic and can be one out of several problems, see the error message for details. 17 FTP could not set binary. Could not change transfer method to binary. 18 Partial file. Only a part of the file was transferred. 19 FTP could not download/access the given file, the RETR (or similar) command failed. 21 FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from the server. 22 HTTP page not retrieved. The requested URL was not found or returned another error with the HTTP error code being 400 or above. This return code only appears if -f, --fail is used. 23 Write error. Curl could not write data to a local filesystem or similar. 25 Failed starting the upload. For FTP, the server typically denied the STOR command. 26 Read error. Various reading problems. 27 Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed. 28 Operation timeout. The specified time-out period was reached according to the conditions. 30 FTP PORT failed. The PORT command failed. Not all FTP servers support the PORT command, try doing a transfer using PASV instead. 31 FTP could not use REST. The REST command failed. This command is used for resumed FTP transfers. 33 HTTP range error. The range "command" did not work. 34 HTTP post error. Internal post-request generation error. 35 SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed. 36 Bad download resume. Could not continue an earlier aborted download. 37 FILE could not read file. Failed to open the file. Permissions? 38 LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed. 39 LDAP search failed. 41 Function not found. A required LDAP function was not found. 42 Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort the operation. 43 Internal error. A function was called with a bad parameter. 45 Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could not be used. 47 Too many redirects. When following redirects, curl hit the maximum amount. 48 Unknown option specified to libcurl. This indicates that you passed a weird option to curl that was passed on to libcurl and rejected. Read up in the manual! 49 Malformed telnet option. 52 The server did not reply anything, which here is considered an error. 53 SSL crypto engine not found. 54 Cannot set SSL crypto engine as default. 55 Failed sending network data. 56 Failure in receiving network data. 58 Problem with the local certificate. 59 Could not use specified SSL cipher. 60 Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates. 61 Unrecognized transfer encoding. 63 Maximum file size exceeded. 64 Requested FTP SSL level failed. 65 Sending the data requires a rewind that failed. 66 Failed to initialize SSL Engine. 67 The user name, password, or similar was not accepted and curl failed to log in. 68 File not found on TFTP server. 69 Permission problem on TFTP server. 70 Out of disk space on TFTP server. 71 Illegal TFTP operation. 72 Unknown TFTP transfer ID. 73 File already exists (TFTP). 74 No such user (TFTP). 77 Problem reading the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?). 78 The resource referenced in the URL does not exist. 79 An unspecified error occurred during the SSH session. 80 Failed to shut down the SSL connection. 82 Could not load CRL file, missing or wrong format. 83 Issuer check failed. 84 The FTP PRET command failed. 85 Mismatch of RTSP CSeq numbers. 86 Mismatch of RTSP Session Identifiers. 87 Unable to parse FTP file list. 88 FTP chunk callback reported error. 89 No connection available, the session is queued. 90 SSL public key does not matched pinned public key. 91 Invalid SSL certificate status. 92 Stream error in HTTP/2 framing layer. 93 An API function was called from inside a callback. 94 An authentication function returned an error. 95 A problem was detected in the HTTP/3 layer. This is somewhat generic and can be one out of several problems, see the error message for details. 96 QUIC connection error. This error may be caused by an SSL library error. QUIC is the protocol used for HTTP/3 transfers. 97 Proxy handshake error. 98 A client-side certificate is required to complete the TLS handshake. 99 Poll or select returned fatal error. XX More error codes might appear here in future releases. The existing ones are meant to never change. BUGS If you experience any problems with curl, submit an issue in the project's bug tracker on GitHub: https://github.com/curl/curl/issues AUTHORS Daniel Stenberg is the main author, but the whole list of contributors is found in the separate THANKS file. WWW https://curl.se SEE ALSO ftp (1), wget (1) curl 8.6.0 March 12 2024 curl(1)
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h5watch
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arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-seg_hack
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pyhtmlizer
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libdeflate-gunzip
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tiff2ps
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csv-import
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perror
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perror displays the error message for MySQL or operating system error codes. Invoke perror like this: perror [options] errorcode ... perror attempts to be flexible in understanding its arguments. For example, for the ER_WRONG_VALUE_FOR_VAR error, perror understands any of these arguments: 1231, 001231, MY-1231, or MY-001231, or ER_WRONG_VALUE_FOR_VAR. $> perror 1231 MySQL error code MY-001231 (ER_WRONG_VALUE_FOR_VAR): Variable '%-.64s' can't be set to the value of '%-.200s' If an error number is in the range where MySQL and operating system errors overlap, perror displays both error messages: $> perror 1 13 OS error code 1: Operation not permitted MySQL error code MY-000001: Can't create/write to file '%s' (OS errno %d - %s) OS error code 13: Permission denied MySQL error code MY-000013: Can't get stat of '%s' (OS errno %d - %s) To obtain the error message for a MySQL Cluster error code, use the ndb_perror utility. The meaning of system error messages may be dependent on your operating system. A given error code may mean different things on different operating systems. perror supports the following options. ⢠--help, --info, -I, -? Display a help message and exit. ⢠--ndb Print the error message for a MySQL Cluster error code. This option was removed in MySQL 8.0.13. Use the ndb_perror utility instead. ⢠--silent, -s Silent mode. Print only the error message. ⢠--verbose, -v Verbose mode. Print error code and message. This is the default behavior. ⢠--version, -V Display version information and exit. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 1997, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License. This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. SEE ALSO For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/. AUTHOR Oracle Corporation (http://dev.mysql.com/). MySQL 8.3 11/23/2023 PERROR(1)
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perror - display MySQL error message information
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perror [options] errorcode ...
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conda-server
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kpasswd
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The kpasswd command is used to change a Kerberos principal's password. kpasswd first prompts for the current Kerberos password, then prompts the user twice for the new password, and the password is changed. If the principal is governed by a policy that specifies the length and/or number of character classes required in the new password, the new password must conform to the policy. (The five character classes are lower case, upper case, numbers, punctuation, and all other characters.)
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kpasswd - change a user's Kerberos password
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kpasswd [principal]
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principal Change the password for the Kerberos principal principal. Otherwise, kpasswd uses the principal name from an existing ccache if there is one; if not, the principal is derived from the identity of the user invoking the kpasswd command. ENVIRONMENT See kerberos(7) for a description of Kerberos environment variables. SEE ALSO kadmin(1), kadmind(8), kerberos(7) AUTHOR MIT COPYRIGHT 1985-2022, MIT 1.20.1 KPASSWD(1)
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futurize
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arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-size
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Size (without the -m option) prints the (decimal) number of bytes required by the __TEXT, __DATA and __OBJC segments. All other segments are totaled and that size is listed in the `others' column. The final two columns is the sum in decimal and hexadecimal. If no file is specified, a.out is used. The options to size(1) are: - Treat the remaining arguments as name of object files not options to size(1). -m Print the sizes of the Mach-O segments and sections as well as the total sizes of the sections in each segment and the total size of the segments in the file. -l When used with the -m option, also print the addresses and offsets of the sections and segments. -x When used with the -m option, print the values in hexadecimal (with leading 0x's) rather than decimal. -arch arch_type Specifies the architecture, arch_type, of the file for size(1) to operate on when the file is a universal file. (See arch(3) for the currently know arch_types.) The arch_type can be "all" to operate on all architectures in the file. The default is to display only the host architecture, if the file contains it; otherwise, all architectures in the file are shown. SEE ALSO otool(1) BUGS The size of common symbols can't be reflected in any of the numbers for relocatable object files. Apple Computer, Inc. July 28, 2005 SIZE(1)
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size - print the size of the sections in an object file
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size [ option ... ] [ object ... ]
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httpx
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sip-distinfo
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otool
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.anaconda-navigator-post-link.sh
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smem
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patch
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patch takes a patch file patchfile containing a difference listing produced by the diff program and applies those differences to one or more original files, producing patched versions. Normally the patched versions are put in place of the originals. Backups can be made; see the -b or --backup option. The names of the files to be patched are usually taken from the patch file, but if there's just one file to be patched it can be specified on the command line as originalfile. Upon startup, patch attempts to determine the type of the diff listing, unless overruled by a -c (--context), -e (--ed), -n (--normal), or -u (--unified) option. Context diffs (old-style, new-style, and unified) and normal diffs are applied by the patch program itself, while ed diffs are simply fed to the ed(1) editor via a pipe. patch tries to skip any leading garbage, apply the diff, and then skip any trailing garbage. Thus you could feed an article or message containing a diff listing to patch, and it should work. If the entire diff is indented by a consistent amount, if lines end in CRLF, or if a diff is encapsulated one or more times by prepending "- " to lines starting with "-" as specified by Internet RFC 934, this is taken into account. After removing indenting or encapsulation, lines beginning with # are ignored, as they are considered to be comments. With context diffs, and to a lesser extent with normal diffs, patch can detect when the line numbers mentioned in the patch are incorrect, and attempts to find the correct place to apply each hunk of the patch. As a first guess, it takes the line number mentioned for the hunk, plus or minus any offset used in applying the previous hunk. If that is not the correct place, patch scans both forwards and backwards for a set of lines matching the context given in the hunk. First patch looks for a place where all lines of the context match. If no such place is found, and it's a context diff, and the maximum fuzz factor is set to 1 or more, then another scan takes place ignoring the first and last line of context. If that fails, and the maximum fuzz factor is set to 2 or more, the first two and last two lines of context are ignored, and another scan is made. (The default maximum fuzz factor is 2.) Hunks with less prefix context than suffix context (after applying fuzz) must apply at the start of the file if their first line number is 1. Hunks with more prefix context than suffix context (after applying fuzz) must apply at the end of the file. If patch cannot find a place to install that hunk of the patch, it puts the hunk out to a reject file, which normally is the name of the output file plus a .rej suffix, or # if .rej would generate a file name that is too long (if even appending the single character # makes the file name too long, then # replaces the file name's last character). The rejected hunk comes out in unified or context diff format. If the input was a normal diff, many of the contexts are simply null. The line numbers on the hunks in the reject file may be different than in the patch file: they reflect the approximate location patch thinks the failed hunks belong in the new file rather than the old one. As each hunk is completed, you are told if the hunk failed, and if so which line (in the new file) patch thought the hunk should go on. If the hunk is installed at a different line from the line number specified in the diff, you are told the offset. A single large offset may indicate that a hunk was installed in the wrong place. You are also told if a fuzz factor was used to make the match, in which case you should also be slightly suspicious. If the --verbose option is given, you are also told about hunks that match exactly. If no original file origfile is specified on the command line, patch tries to figure out from the leading garbage what the name of the file to edit is, using the following rules. First, patch takes an ordered list of candidate file names as follows: ⢠If the header is that of a context diff, patch takes the old and new file names in the header. A name is ignored if it does not have enough slashes to satisfy the -pnum or --strip=num option. The name /dev/null is also ignored. ⢠If there is an Index: line in the leading garbage and if either the old and new names are both absent or if patch is conforming to POSIX, patch takes the name in the Index: line. ⢠For the purpose of the following rules, the candidate file names are considered to be in the order (old, new, index), regardless of the order that they appear in the header. Then patch selects a file name from the candidate list as follows: ⢠If some of the named files exist, patch selects the first name if conforming to POSIX, and the best name otherwise. ⢠If patch is not ignoring RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, and SCCS (see the -g num or --get=num option), and no named files exist but an RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master is found, patch selects the first named file with an RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master. ⢠If no named files exist, no RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master was found, some names are given, patch is not conforming to POSIX, and the patch appears to create a file, patch selects the best name requiring the creation of the fewest directories. ⢠If no file name results from the above heuristics, you are asked for the name of the file to patch, and patch selects that name. To determine the best of a nonempty list of file names, patch first takes all the names with the fewest path name components; of those, it then takes all the names with the shortest basename; of those, it then takes all the shortest names; finally, it takes the first remaining name. Additionally, if the leading garbage contains a Prereq: line, patch takes the first word from the prerequisites line (normally a version number) and checks the original file to see if that word can be found. If not, patch asks for confirmation before proceeding. The upshot of all this is that you should be able to say, while in a news interface, something like the following: | patch -d /usr/src/local/blurfl and patch a file in the blurfl directory directly from the article containing the patch. If the patch file contains more than one patch, patch tries to apply each of them as if they came from separate patch files. This means, among other things, that it is assumed that the name of the file to patch must be determined for each diff listing, and that the garbage before each diff listing contains interesting things such as file names and revision level, as mentioned previously.
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patch - apply a diff file to an original
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patch [options] [originalfile [patchfile]] but usually just patch -pnum <patchfile
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-b or --backup Make backup files. That is, when patching a file, rename or copy the original instead of removing it. When backing up a file that does not exist, an empty, unreadable backup file is created as a placeholder to represent the nonexistent file. See the -V or --version-control option for details about how backup file names are determined. --backup-if-mismatch Back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly and if backups are not otherwise requested. This is the default unless patch is conforming to POSIX. --no-backup-if-mismatch Do not back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly and if backups are not otherwise requested. This is the default if patch is conforming to POSIX. -B pref or --prefix=pref Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V method or --version-control method option), and append pref to a file name when generating its backup file name. For example, with -B /junk/ the simple backup file name for src/patch/util.c is /junk/src/patch/util.c. --binary Write all files in binary mode, except for standard output and /dev/tty. When reading, disable the heuristic for transforming CRLF line endings into LF line endings. This option is needed on POSIX systems when applying patches generated on non-POSIX systems to non-POSIX files. (On POSIX systems, file reads and writes never transform line endings. On Windows, reads and writes do transform line endings by default, and patches should be generated by diff --binary when line endings are significant.) -c or --context Interpret the patch file as a ordinary context diff. -d dir or --directory=dir Change to the directory dir immediately, before doing anything else. -D define or --ifdef=define Use the #ifdef ... #endif construct to mark changes, with define as the differentiating symbol. --dry-run Print the results of applying the patches without actually changing any files. -e or --ed Interpret the patch file as an ed script. -E or --remove-empty-files Remove output files that are empty after the patches have been applied. Normally this option is unnecessary, since patch can examine the time stamps on the header to determine whether a file should exist after patching. However, if the input is not a context diff or if patch is conforming to POSIX, patch does not remove empty patched files unless this option is given. When patch removes a file, it also attempts to remove any empty ancestor directories. -f or --force Assume that the user knows exactly what he or she is doing, and do not ask any questions. Skip patches whose headers do not say which file is to be patched; patch files even though they have the wrong version for the Prereq: line in the patch; and assume that patches are not reversed even if they look like they are. This option does not suppress commentary; use -s for that. -F num or --fuzz=num Set the maximum fuzz factor. This option only applies to diffs that have context, and causes patch to ignore up to that many lines of context in looking for places to install a hunk. Note that a larger fuzz factor increases the odds of a faulty patch. The default fuzz factor is 2. A fuzz factor greater than or equal to the number of lines of context in the context diff, ordinarily 3, ignores all context. -g num or --get=num This option controls patch's actions when a file is under RCS or SCCS control, and does not exist or is read-only and matches the default version, or when a file is under ClearCase or Perforce control and does not exist. If num is positive, patch gets (or checks out) the file from the revision control system; if zero, patch ignores RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, and SCCS and does not get the file; and if negative, patch asks the user whether to get the file. The default value of this option is given by the value of the PATCH_GET environment variable if it is set; if not, the default value is zero. --help Print a summary of options and exit. -i patchfile or --input=patchfile Read the patch from patchfile. If patchfile is -, read from standard input, the default. -l or --ignore-whitespace Match patterns loosely, in case tabs or spaces have been munged in your files. Any sequence of one or more blanks in the patch file matches any sequence in the original file, and sequences of blanks at the ends of lines are ignored. Normal characters must still match exactly. Each line of the context must still match a line in the original file. --merge or --merge=merge or --merge=diff3 Merge a patch file into the original files similar to diff3(1) or merge(1). If a conflict is found, patch outputs a warning and brackets the conflict with <<<<<<< and >>>>>>> lines. A typical conflict will look like this: <<<<<<< lines from the original file ||||||| original lines from the patch ======= new lines from the patch >>>>>>> The optional argument of --merge determines the output format for conflicts: the diff3 format shows the ||||||| section with the original lines from the patch; in the merge format, this section is missing. The merge format is the default. This option implies --forward and does not take the --fuzz=num option into account. -n or --normal Interpret the patch file as a normal diff. -N or --forward When a patch does not apply, patch usually checks if the patch looks like it has been applied already by trying to reverse-apply the first hunk. The --forward option prevents that. See also -R. -o outfile or --output=outfile Send output to outfile instead of patching files in place. Do not use this option if outfile is one of the files to be patched. When outfile is -, send output to standard output, and send any messages that would usually go to standard output to standard error. -pnum or --strip=num Strip the smallest prefix containing num leading slashes from each file name found in the patch file. A sequence of one or more adjacent slashes is counted as a single slash. This controls how file names found in the patch file are treated, in case you keep your files in a different directory than the person who sent out the patch. For example, supposing the file name in the patch file was /u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c setting -p0 gives the entire file name unmodified, -p1 gives u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c without the leading slash, -p4 gives blurfl/blurfl.c and not specifying -p at all just gives you blurfl.c. Whatever you end up with is looked for either in the current directory, or the directory specified by the -d option. --posix Conform more strictly to the POSIX standard, as follows. ⢠Take the first existing file from the list (old, new, index) when intuiting file names from diff headers. ⢠Do not remove files that are empty after patching. ⢠Do not ask whether to get files from RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS. ⢠Require that all options precede the files in the command line. ⢠Do not backup files when there is a mismatch. --quoting-style=word Use style word to quote output names. The word should be one of the following: literal Output names as-is. shell Quote names for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output. shell-always Quote names for the shell, even if they would normally not require quoting. c Quote names as for a C language string. escape Quote as with c except omit the surrounding double-quote characters. You can specify the default value of the --quoting-style option with the environment variable QUOTING_STYLE. If that environment variable is not set, the default value is shell. -r rejectfile or --reject-file=rejectfile Put rejects into rejectfile instead of the default .rej file. When rejectfile is -, discard rejects. -R or --reverse Assume that this patch was created with the old and new files swapped. (Yes, I'm afraid that does happen occasionally, human nature being what it is.) patch attempts to swap each hunk around before applying it. Rejects come out in the swapped format. The -R option does not work with ed diff scripts because there is too little information to reconstruct the reverse operation. If the first hunk of a patch fails, patch reverses the hunk to see if it can be applied that way. If it can, you are asked if you want to have the -R option set. If it can't, the patch continues to be applied normally. (Note: this method cannot detect a reversed patch if it is a normal diff and if the first command is an append (i.e. it should have been a delete) since appends always succeed, due to the fact that a null context matches anywhere. Luckily, most patches add or change lines rather than delete them, so most reversed normal diffs begin with a delete, which fails, triggering the heuristic.) --read-only=behavior Behave as requested when trying to modify a read-only file: ignore the potential problem, warn about it (the default), or fail. --reject-format=format Produce reject files in the specified format (either context or unified). Without this option, rejected hunks come out in unified diff format if the input patch was of that format, otherwise in ordinary context diff form. -s or --silent or --quiet Work silently, unless an error occurs. --follow-symlinks When looking for input files, follow symbolic links. Replaces the symbolic links, instead of modifying the files the symbolic links point to. Git-style patches to symbolic links will no longer apply. This option exists for backwards compatibility with previous versions of patch; its use is discouraged. -t or --batch Suppress questions like -f, but make some different assumptions: skip patches whose headers do not contain file names (the same as -f); skip patches for which the file has the wrong version for the Prereq: line in the patch; and assume that patches are reversed if they look like they are. -T or --set-time Set the modification and access times of patched files from time stamps given in context diff headers. Unless specified in the time stamps, assume that the context diff headers use local time. Use of this option with time stamps that do not include time zones is not recommended, because patches using local time cannot easily be used by people in other time zones, and because local time stamps are ambiguous when local clocks move backwards during daylight- saving time adjustments. Make sure that time stamps include time zones, or generate patches with UTC and use the -Z or --set-utc option instead. -u or --unified Interpret the patch file as a unified context diff. -v or --version Print out patch's revision header and patch level, and exit. -V method or --version-control=method Use method to determine backup file names. The method can also be given by the PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL (or, if that's not set, the VERSION_CONTROL) environment variable, which is overridden by this option. The method does not affect whether backup files are made; it affects only the names of any backup files that are made. The value of method is like the GNU Emacs `version-control' variable; patch also recognizes synonyms that are more descriptive. The valid values for method are (unique abbreviations are accepted): existing or nil Make numbered backups of files that already have them, otherwise simple backups. This is the default. numbered or t Make numbered backups. The numbered backup file name for F is F.~N~ where N is the version number. simple or never Make simple backups. The -B or --prefix, -Y or --basename-prefix, and -z or --suffix options specify the simple backup file name. If none of these options are given, then a simple backup suffix is used; it is the value of the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable if set, and is .orig otherwise. With numbered or simple backups, if the backup file name is too long, the backup suffix ~ is used instead; if even appending ~ would make the name too long, then ~ replaces the last character of the file name. --verbose Output extra information about the work being done. -x num or --debug=num Set internal debugging flags of interest only to patch patchers. -Y pref or --basename-prefix=pref Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V method or --version-control method option), and prefix pref to the basename of a file name when generating its backup file name. For example, with -Y .del/ the simple backup file name for src/patch/util.c is src/patch/.del/util.c. -z suffix or --suffix=suffix Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V method or --version-control method option), and use suffix as the suffix. For example, with -z - the backup file name for src/patch/util.c is src/patch/util.c-. -Z or --set-utc Set the modification and access times of patched files from time stamps given in context diff headers. Unless specified in the time stamps, assume that the context diff headers use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, often known as GMT). Also see the -T or --set-time option. The -Z or --set-utc and -T or --set-time options normally refrain from setting a file's time if the file's original time does not match the time given in the patch header, or if its contents do not match the patch exactly. However, if the -f or --force option is given, the file time is set regardless. Due to the limitations of diff output format, these options cannot update the times of files whose contents have not changed. Also, if you use these options, you should remove (e.g. with make clean) all files that depend on the patched files, so that later invocations of make do not get confused by the patched files' times. ENVIRONMENT PATCH_GET This specifies whether patch gets missing or read-only files from RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS by default; see the -g or --get option. POSIXLY_CORRECT If set, patch conforms more strictly to the POSIX standard by default: see the --posix option. QUOTING_STYLE Default value of the --quoting-style option. SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX Extension to use for simple backup file names instead of .orig. TMPDIR, TMP, TEMP Directory to put temporary files in; patch uses the first environment variable in this list that is set. If none are set, the default is system-dependent; it is normally /tmp on Unix hosts. VERSION_CONTROL or PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL Selects version control style; see the -v or --version-control option. FILES $TMPDIR/p* temporary files /dev/tty controlling terminal; used to get answers to questions asked of the user SEE ALSO diff(1), ed(1), merge(1). Marshall T. Rose and Einar A. Stefferud, Proposed Standard for Message Encapsulation, Internet RFC 934 <URL:ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in- notes/rfc934.txt> (1985-01). NOTES FOR PATCH SENDERS There are several things you should bear in mind if you are going to be sending out patches. Create your patch systematically. A good method is the command diff -Naur old_new where old and new identify the old and new directories. The names old and new should not contain any slashes. The diff command's headers should have dates and times in Universal Time using traditional Unix format, so that patch recipients can use the -Z or --set-utc option. Here is an example command, using Bourne shell syntax: LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 diff -Naur gcc-2.7 gcc-2.8 Tell your recipients how to apply the patch by telling them which directory to cd to, and which patch options to use. The option string -Np1 is recommended. Test your procedure by pretending to be a recipient and applying your patch to a copy of the original files. You can save people a lot of grief by keeping a patchlevel.h file which is patched to increment the patch level as the first diff in the patch file you send out. If you put a Prereq: line in with the patch, it won't let them apply patches out of order without some warning. You can create a file by sending out a diff that compares /dev/null or an empty file dated the Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) to the file you want to create. This only works if the file you want to create doesn't exist already in the target directory. Conversely, you can remove a file by sending out a context diff that compares the file to be deleted with an empty file dated the Epoch. The file will be removed unless patch is conforming to POSIX and the -E or --remove-empty-files option is not given. An easy way to generate patches that create and remove files is to use GNU diff's -N or --new-file option. If the recipient is supposed to use the -pN option, do not send output that looks like this: diff -Naur v2.0.29/prog/README prog/README --- v2.0.29/prog/README Mon Mar 10 15:13:12 1997 +++ prog/README Mon Mar 17 14:58:22 1997 because the two file names have different numbers of slashes, and different versions of patch interpret the file names differently. To avoid confusion, send output that looks like this instead: diff -Naur v2.0.29/prog/README v2.0.30/prog/README --- v2.0.29/prog/README Mon Mar 10 15:13:12 1997 +++ v2.0.30/prog/README Mon Mar 17 14:58:22 1997 Avoid sending patches that compare backup file names like README.orig, since this might confuse patch into patching a backup file instead of the real file. Instead, send patches that compare the same base file names in different directories, e.g. old/README and new/README. Take care not to send out reversed patches, since it makes people wonder whether they already applied the patch. Try not to have your patch modify derived files (e.g. the file configure where there is a line configure: configure.in in your makefile), since the recipient should be able to regenerate the derived files anyway. If you must send diffs of derived files, generate the diffs using UTC, have the recipients apply the patch with the -Z or --set-utc option, and have them remove any unpatched files that depend on patched files (e.g. with make clean). While you may be able to get away with putting 582 diff listings into one file, it may be wiser to group related patches into separate files in case something goes haywire. DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostics generally indicate that patch couldn't parse your patch file. If the --verbose option is given, the message Hmm... indicates that there is unprocessed text in the patch file and that patch is attempting to intuit whether there is a patch in that text and, if so, what kind of patch it is. patch's exit status is 0 if all hunks are applied successfully, 1 if some hunks cannot be applied or there were merge conflicts, and 2 if there is more serious trouble. When applying a set of patches in a loop it behooves you to check this exit status so you don't apply a later patch to a partially patched file. CAVEATS Context diffs cannot reliably represent the creation or deletion of empty files, empty directories, or special files such as symbolic links. Nor can they represent changes to file metadata like ownership, permissions, or whether one file is a hard link to another. If changes like these are also required, separate instructions (e.g. a shell script) to accomplish them should accompany the patch. patch cannot tell if the line numbers are off in an ed script, and can detect bad line numbers in a normal diff only when it finds a change or deletion. A context diff using fuzz factor 3 may have the same problem. You should probably do a context diff in these cases to see if the changes made sense. Of course, compiling without errors is a pretty good indication that the patch worked, but not always. patch usually produces the correct results, even when it has to do a lot of guessing. However, the results are guaranteed to be correct only when the patch is applied to exactly the same version of the file that the patch was generated from. COMPATIBILITY ISSUES The POSIX standard specifies behavior that differs from patch's traditional behavior. You should be aware of these differences if you must interoperate with patch versions 2.1 and earlier, which do not conform to POSIX. ⢠In traditional patch, the -p option's operand was optional, and a bare -p was equivalent to -p0. The -p option now requires an operand, and -p 0 is now equivalent to -p0. For maximum compatibility, use options like -p0 and -p1. Also, traditional patch simply counted slashes when stripping path prefixes; patch now counts pathname components. That is, a sequence of one or more adjacent slashes now counts as a single slash. For maximum portability, avoid sending patches containing // in file names. ⢠In traditional patch, backups were enabled by default. This behavior is now enabled with the -b or --backup option. Conversely, in POSIX patch, backups are never made, even when there is a mismatch. In GNU patch, this behavior is enabled with the --no-backup-if-mismatch option, or by conforming to POSIX with the --posix option or by setting the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable. The -b_suffix option of traditional patch is equivalent to the -b -z_suffix options of GNU patch. ⢠Traditional patch used a complicated (and incompletely documented) method to intuit the name of the file to be patched from the patch header. This method did not conform to POSIX, and had a few gotchas. Now patch uses a different, equally complicated (but better documented) method that is optionally POSIX-conforming; we hope it has fewer gotchas. The two methods are compatible if the file names in the context diff header and the Index: line are all identical after prefix-stripping. Your patch is normally compatible if each header's file names all contain the same number of slashes. ⢠When traditional patch asked the user a question, it sent the question to standard error and looked for an answer from the first file in the following list that was a terminal: standard error, standard output, /dev/tty, and standard input. Now patch sends questions to standard output and gets answers from /dev/tty. Defaults for some answers have been changed so that patch never goes into an infinite loop when using default answers. ⢠Traditional patch exited with a status value that counted the number of bad hunks, or with status 1 if there was real trouble. Now patch exits with status 1 if some hunks failed, or with 2 if there was real trouble. ⢠Limit yourself to the following options when sending instructions meant to be executed by anyone running GNU patch, traditional patch, or a patch that conforms to POSIX. Spaces are significant in the following list, and operands are required. -c -d dir -D define -e -l -n -N -o outfile -pnum -R -r rejectfile BUGS Please report bugs via email to <bug-patch@gnu.org>. If code has been duplicated (for instance with #ifdef OLDCODE ... #else ... #endif), patch is incapable of patching both versions, and, if it works at all, will likely patch the wrong one, and tell you that it succeeded to boot. If you apply a patch you've already applied, patch thinks it is a reversed patch, and offers to un-apply the patch. This could be construed as a feature. Computing how to merge a hunk is significantly harder than using the standard fuzzy algorithm. Bigger hunks, more context, a bigger offset from the original location, and a worse match all slow the algorithm down. COPYING Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988 Larry Wall. Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the copyright holders instead of in the original English. AUTHORS Larry Wall wrote the original version of patch. Paul Eggert removed patch's arbitrary limits; added support for binary files, setting file times, and deleting files; and made it conform better to POSIX. Other contributors include Wayne Davison, who added unidiff support, and David MacKenzie, who added configuration and backup support. Andreas GrÌnbacher added support for merging. GNU PATCH(1)
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lz4_decompress
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The lz4_decompress utility decompresses mysqlpump output that was created using LZ4 compression. Note If MySQL was configured with the -DWITH_LZ4=system option, lz4_decompress is not built. In this case, the system lz4 command can be used instead. Invoke lz4_decompress like this: lz4_decompress input_file output_file Example: mysqlpump --compress-output=LZ4 > dump.lz4 lz4_decompress dump.lz4 dump.txt To see a help message, invoke lz4_decompress with no arguments. To decompress mysqlpump ZLIB-compressed output, use zlib_decompress. See zlib_decompress(1). COPYRIGHT Copyright © 1997, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License. This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. SEE ALSO For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/. AUTHOR Oracle Corporation (http://dev.mysql.com/). MySQL 8.3 11/23/2023 LZ4_DECOMPRESS(1)
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lz4_decompress - decompress mysqlpump LZ4-compressed output
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lz4_decompress input_file output_file
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giffix
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A program that attempts to fix broken GIF images. Currently will "fix" images terminated prematurely by filling the rest of the image with the darkest color found in the image. If no GIF file is given, giffix will try to read a GIF file from stdin. The fixed file is dumped to stdout.
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giffix - attempt to fix up broken GIFs
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giffix [-v] [-h] [gif-file]
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-t Verbose mode (show progress). Enables printout of running scan lines. -h Print one line of command line help, similar to Usage above. AUTHOR Gershon Elber. GIFLIB 2 May 2012 GIFFIX(1)
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zlib_decompress
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The zlib_decompress utility decompresses mysqlpump output that was created using ZLIB compression. Note If MySQL was configured with the -DWITH_ZLIB=system option, zlib_decompress is not built. In this case, the system openssl zlib command can be used instead. Invoke zlib_decompress like this: zlib_decompress input_file output_file Example: mysqlpump --compress-output=ZLIB > dump.zlib zlib_decompress dump.zlib dump.txt To see a help message, invoke zlib_decompress with no arguments. To decompress mysqlpump LZ4-compressed output, use lz4_decompress. See lz4_decompress(1). COPYRIGHT Copyright © 1997, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License. This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. SEE ALSO For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/. AUTHOR Oracle Corporation (http://dev.mysql.com/). MySQL 8.3 11/23/2023 ZLIB_DECOMPRESS(1)
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zlib_decompress - decompress mysqlpump ZLIB-compressed output
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zlib_decompress input_file output_file
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h5c++
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kdestroy
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The kdestroy utility destroys the user's active Kerberos authorization tickets by overwriting and deleting the credentials cache that contains them. If the credentials cache is not specified, the default credentials cache is destroyed.
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kdestroy - destroy Kerberos tickets
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kdestroy [-A] [-q] [-c cache_name] [-p princ_name]
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-A Destroys all caches in the collection, if a cache collection is available. May be used with the -c option to specify the collection to be destroyed. -q Run quietly. Normally kdestroy beeps if it fails to destroy the user's tickets. The -q flag suppresses this behavior. -c cache_name Use cache_name as the credentials (ticket) cache name and location; if this option is not used, the default cache name and location are used. The default credentials cache may vary between systems. If the KRB5CCNAME environment variable is set, its value is used to name the default ticket cache. -p princ_name If a cache collection is available, destroy the cache for princ_name instead of the primary cache. May be used with the -c option to specify the collection to be searched. NOTE Most installations recommend that you place the kdestroy command in your .logout file, so that your tickets are destroyed automatically when you log out. ENVIRONMENT See kerberos(7) for a description of Kerberos environment variables. FILES KCM: Default location of Kerberos 5 credentials cache SEE ALSO kinit(1), klist(1), kerberos(7) AUTHOR MIT COPYRIGHT 1985-2022, MIT 1.20.1 KDESTROY(1)
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lzless
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xzless is a filter that displays text from compressed files to a terminal. Files supported by xz(1) are decompressed; other files are assumed to be in uncompressed form already. If no files are given, xzless reads from standard input. xzless uses less(1) to present its output. Unlike xzmore, its choice of pager cannot be altered by setting an environment variable. Commands are based on both more(1) and vi(1) and allow back and forth movement and searching. See the less(1) manual for more information. The command named lzless is provided for backward compatibility with LZMA Utils. ENVIRONMENT LESSMETACHARS A list of characters special to the shell. Set by xzless unless it is already set in the environment. LESSOPEN Set to a command line to invoke the xz(1) decompressor for preprocessing the input files to less(1). SEE ALSO less(1), xz(1), xzmore(1), zless(1) Tukaani 2024-02-12 XZLESS(1)
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xzless, lzless - view xz or lzma compressed (text) files
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xzless [file...] lzless [file...]
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pyreverse
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mysql_client_test
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pylint-config
| null | null | null | null | null |
pydoc3.11
| null | null | null | null | null |
.python.app-pre-unlink.sh
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rst2html4.py
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kvno
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kvno acquires a service ticket for the specified Kerberos principals and prints out the key version numbers of each.
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kvno - print key version numbers of Kerberos principals
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kvno [-c ccache] [-e etype] [-k keytab] [-q] [-u | -S sname] [-P] [--cached-only] [--no-store] [--out-cache cache] [[{-F cert_file | {-I | -U} for_user} [-P]] | --u2u ccache] service1 service2 ...
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-c ccache Specifies the name of a credentials cache to use (if not the default) -e etype Specifies the enctype which will be requested for the session key of all the services named on the command line. This is useful in certain backward compatibility situations. -k keytab Decrypt the acquired tickets using keytab to confirm their validity. -q Suppress printing output when successful. If a service ticket cannot be obtained, an error message will still be printed and kvno will exit with nonzero status. -u Use the unknown name type in requested service principal names. This option Cannot be used with -S. -P Specifies that the service1 service2 ... arguments are to be treated as services for which credentials should be acquired using constrained delegation. This option is only valid when used in conjunction with protocol transition. -S sname Specifies that the service1 service2 ... arguments are interpreted as hostnames, and the service principals are to be constructed from those hostnames and the service name sname. The service hostnames will be canonicalized according to the usual rules for constructing service principals. -I for_user Specifies that protocol transition (S4U2Self) is to be used to acquire a ticket on behalf of for_user. If constrained delegation is not requested, the service name must match the credentials cache client principal. -U for_user Same as -I, but treats for_user as an enterprise name. -F cert_file Specifies that protocol transition is to be used, identifying the client principal with the X.509 certificate in cert_file. The certificate file must be in PEM format. --cached-only Only retrieve credentials already present in the cache, not from the KDC. (Added in release 1.19.) --no-store Do not store retrieved credentials in the cache. If --out-cache is also specified, credentials will still be stored into the output credential cache. (Added in release 1.19.) --out-cache ccache Initialize ccache and store all retrieved credentials into it. Do not store acquired credentials in the input cache. (Added in release 1.19.) --u2u ccache Requests a user-to-user ticket. ccache must contain a local krbtgt ticket for the server principal. The reported version number will typically be 0, as the resulting ticket is not encrypted in the server's long-term key. ENVIRONMENT See kerberos(7) for a description of Kerberos environment variables. FILES KCM: Default location of the credentials cache SEE ALSO kinit(1), kdestroy(1), kerberos(7) AUTHOR MIT COPYRIGHT 1985-2022, MIT 1.20.1 KVNO(1)
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tiffinfo
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tiffinfo displays information about files created according to the Tag Image File Format, Revision 6.0. By default, the contents of each TIFF directory in each file are displayed, with the value of each tag shown symbolically (where sensible).
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tiffinfo - print information about TIFF files
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tiffinfo [ options ] input.tif âŠ
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-c Display the colormap and color/gray response curves, if present. -D In addition to displaying the directory tags, read and decompress all the data in each image (but not display it). -d In addition to displaying the directory tags, print each byte of decompressed data in hexadecimal. -j Display any JPEG-related tags that are present. -o Set the initial TIFF directory according to the specified file offset. The file offset may be specified using the usual C-style syntax; i.e. a leading 0x for hexadecimal and a leading 0 for octal. -s Display the offsets and byte counts for each data strip in a directory. -z Enable strip chopping when reading image data. -# Set the initial TIFF directory to #. SEE ALSO tiffdump, libtiff AUTHOR LibTIFF contributors COPYRIGHT 1988-2022, LibTIFF contributors 4.6 September 8, 2023 TIFFINFO(1)
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arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-strings
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Strings looks for ASCII strings in a binary file or standard input. Strings is useful for identifying random object files and many other things. A string is any sequence of 4 (the default) or more printing characters [ending at, but not including, any other character or EOF]. Unless the - flag is given, strings looks in all sections of the object files except the (__TEXT,__text) section. If no files are specified standard input is read. The file arguments may be of the form libx.a(foo.o), to request information about only that object file and not the entire library. (Typically this argument must be quoted, ``libx.a(foo.o)'', to get it past the shell.) The options to strings(1) are: -a This option causes strings to look for strings in all sections of the object file (including the (__TEXT,__text) section. - This option causes strings to look for strings in all bytes of the files (the default for non-object files). -- This option causes strings to treat all the following arguments as files. -o Preceded each string by its offset in the file (in decimal). -t format Write each string preceded by its byte offset from the start of the file. The format shall be dependent on the single character used as the format option-argument: d The offset shall be written in decimal. o The offset shall be written in octal. x The offset shall be written in hexadecimal. -number The decimal number is used as the minimum string length rather than the default of 4. -n number Specify the minimum string length, where the number argument is a positive decimal integer. The default shall be 4. -arch arch_type Specifies the architecture, arch_type, of the file for strings(1) to operate on when the file is a universal file. (See arch(3) for the currently know arch_types.) The arch_type can be "all" to operate on all architectures in the file. SEE ALSO od(1) BUGS The algorithm for identifying strings is extremely primitive. Apple, Inc. June 7, 2016 STRINGS(1)
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strings - find the printable strings in a object, or other binary, file
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strings [ - ] [ -a ] [ -o ] [ -t format ] [ -number ] [ -n number ] [--] [file ...]
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mysqlshow
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The mysqlshow client can be used to quickly see which databases exist, their tables, or a table's columns or indexes. mysqlshow provides a command-line interface to several SQL SHOW statements. See Section 13.7.7, âSHOW Statementsâ. The same information can be obtained by using those statements directly. For example, you can issue them from the mysql client program. Invoke mysqlshow like this: mysqlshow [options] [db_name [tbl_name [col_name]]] ⢠If no database is given, a list of database names is shown. ⢠If no table is given, all matching tables in the database are shown. ⢠If no column is given, all matching columns and column types in the table are shown. The output displays only the names of those databases, tables, or columns for which you have some privileges. If the last argument contains shell or SQL wildcard characters (*, ?, %, or _), only those names that are matched by the wildcard are shown. If a database name contains any underscores, those should be escaped with a backslash (some Unix shells require two) to get a list of the proper tables or columns. * and ? characters are converted into SQL % and _ wildcard characters. This might cause some confusion when you try to display the columns for a table with a _ in the name, because in this case, mysqlshow shows you only the table names that match the pattern. This is easily fixed by adding an extra % last on the command line as a separate argument. mysqlshow supports the following options, which can be specified on the command line or in the [mysqlshow] and [client] groups of an option file. For information about option files used by MySQL programs, see Section 4.2.2.2, âUsing Option Filesâ. ⢠--help, -? ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --help â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââ Display a help message and exit. ⢠--bind-address=ip_address ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --bind-address=ip_address â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ On a computer having multiple network interfaces, use this option to select which interface to use for connecting to the MySQL server. ⢠--character-sets-dir=dir_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --character-sets-dir=path â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â [none] â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 10.15, âCharacter Set Configurationâ. ⢠--compress, -C ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --compress[={OFF|ON}] â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDeprecated â Yes â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â Boolean â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â OFF â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââ Compress all information sent between the client and the server if possible. See Section 4.2.8, âConnection Compression Controlâ. This option is deprecated. Expect it to be removed in a future version of MySQL. See the section called âConfiguring Legacy Connection Compressionâ. ⢠--compression-algorithms=value ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --compression-algorithms=value â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â Set â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â uncompressed â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âValid Values â zlib zstd uncompressed â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ The permitted compression algorithms for connections to the server. The available algorithms are the same as for the protocol_compression_algorithms system variable. The default value is uncompressed. For more information, see Section 4.2.8, âConnection Compression Controlâ. ⢠--count ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --count â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââ Show the number of rows per table. This can be slow for non-MyISAM tables. ⢠--debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options] ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --debug[=debug_options] â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â d:t:o â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is d:t:o,file_name. The default is d:t:o. This option is available only if MySQL was built using WITH_DEBUG. MySQL release binaries provided by Oracle are not built using this option. ⢠--debug-check ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --debug-check â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââ†âType â Boolean â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â FALSE â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââ Print some debugging information when the program exits. This option is available only if MySQL was built using WITH_DEBUG. MySQL release binaries provided by Oracle are not built using this option. ⢠--debug-info ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --debug-info â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââ†âType â Boolean â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â FALSE â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââ Print debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program exits. This option is available only if MySQL was built using WITH_DEBUG. MySQL release binaries provided by Oracle are not built using this option. ⢠--default-character-set=charset_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --default-character-set=charset_name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Use charset_name as the default character set. See Section 10.15, âCharacter Set Configurationâ. ⢠--default-auth=plugin ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --default-auth=plugin â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââ A hint about which client-side authentication plugin to use. See Section 6.2.17, âPluggable Authenticationâ. ⢠--defaults-extra-file=file_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --defaults-extra-file=file_name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â File name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Read this option file after the global option file but (on Unix) before the user option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise inaccessible, an error occurs. If file_name is not an absolute path name, it is interpreted relative to the current directory. For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 4.2.2.3, âCommand-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handlingâ. ⢠--defaults-file=file_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --defaults-file=file_name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â File name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Use only the given option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise inaccessible, an error occurs. If file_name is not an absolute path name, it is interpreted relative to the current directory. Exception: Even with --defaults-file, client programs read .mylogin.cnf. For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 4.2.2.3, âCommand-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handlingâ. ⢠--defaults-group-suffix=str ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --defaults-group-suffix=str â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Read not only the usual option groups, but also groups with the usual names and a suffix of str. For example, mysqlshow normally reads the [client] and [mysqlshow] groups. If this option is given as --defaults-group-suffix=_other, mysqlshow also reads the [client_other] and [mysqlshow_other] groups. For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 4.2.2.3, âCommand-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handlingâ. ⢠--enable-cleartext-plugin ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --enable-cleartext-plugin â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â Boolean â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â FALSE â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Enable the mysql_clear_password cleartext authentication plugin. (See Section 6.4.1.4, âClient-Side Cleartext Pluggable Authenticationâ.) ⢠--get-server-public-key ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --get-server-public-key â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â Boolean â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Request from the server the RSA public key that it uses for key pair-based password exchange. This option applies to clients that connect to the server using an account that authenticates with the caching_sha2_password authentication plugin. For connections by such accounts, the server does not send the public key to the client unless requested. The option is ignored for accounts that do not authenticate with that plugin. It is also ignored if RSA-based password exchange is not needed, as is the case when the client connects to the server using a secure connection. If --server-public-key-path=file_name is given and specifies a valid public key file, it takes precedence over --get-server-public-key. For information about the caching_sha2_password plugin, see Section 6.4.1.2, âCaching SHA-2 Pluggable Authenticationâ. ⢠--host=host_name, -h host_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --host=host_name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â localhost â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââ Connect to the MySQL server on the given host. ⢠--keys, -k ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --keys â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââ Show table indexes. ⢠--login-path=name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --login-path=name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââ Read options from the named login path in the .mylogin.cnf login path file. A âlogin pathâ is an option group containing options that specify which MySQL server to connect to and which account to authenticate as. To create or modify a login path file, use the mysql_config_editor utility. See mysql_config_editor(1). For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 4.2.2.3, âCommand-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handlingâ. ⢠--no-login-paths ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --no-login-paths â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââ Skips reading options from the login path file. See --login-path for related information. For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 4.2.2.3, âCommand-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handlingâ. ⢠--no-defaults ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --no-defaults â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââ Do not read any option files. If program startup fails due to reading unknown options from an option file, --no-defaults can be used to prevent them from being read. The exception is that the .mylogin.cnf file is read in all cases, if it exists. This permits passwords to be specified in a safer way than on the command line even when --no-defaults is used. To create .mylogin.cnf, use the mysql_config_editor utility. See mysql_config_editor(1). For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 4.2.2.3, âCommand-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handlingâ. ⢠--password[=password], -p[password] ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --password[=password] â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââ The password of the MySQL account used for connecting to the server. The password value is optional. If not given, mysqlshow prompts for one. If given, there must be no space between --password= or -p and the password following it. If no password option is specified, the default is to send no password. Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. To avoid giving the password on the command line, use an option file. See Section 6.1.2.1, âEnd-User Guidelines for Password Securityâ. To explicitly specify that there is no password and that mysqlshow should not prompt for one, use the --skip-password option. ⢠--password1[=pass_val] The password for multifactor authentication factor 1 of the MySQL account used for connecting to the server. The password value is optional. If not given, mysqlshow prompts for one. If given, there must be no space between --password1= and the password following it. If no password option is specified, the default is to send no password. Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. To avoid giving the password on the command line, use an option file. See Section 6.1.2.1, âEnd-User Guidelines for Password Securityâ. To explicitly specify that there is no password and that mysqlshow should not prompt for one, use the --skip-password1 option. --password1 and --password are synonymous, as are --skip-password1 and --skip-password. ⢠--password2[=pass_val] The password for multifactor authentication factor 2 of the MySQL account used for connecting to the server. The semantics of this option are similar to the semantics for --password1; see the description of that option for details. ⢠--password3[=pass_val] The password for multifactor authentication factor 3 of the MySQL account used for connecting to the server. The semantics of this option are similar to the semantics for --password1; see the description of that option for details. ⢠--pipe, -W ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --pipe â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââ On Windows, connect to the server using a named pipe. This option applies only if the server was started with the named_pipe system variable enabled to support named-pipe connections. In addition, the user making the connection must be a member of the Windows group specified by the named_pipe_full_access_group system variable. ⢠--plugin-dir=dir_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --plugin-dir=dir_name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â Directory name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââ The directory in which to look for plugins. Specify this option if the --default-auth option is used to specify an authentication plugin but mysqlshow does not find it. See Section 6.2.17, âPluggable Authenticationâ. ⢠--port=port_num, -P port_num ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --port=port_num â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââ†âType â Numeric â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â 3306 â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââ For TCP/IP connections, the port number to use. ⢠--print-defaults ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --print-defaults â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââ Print the program name and all options that it gets from option files. For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 4.2.2.3, âCommand-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handlingâ. ⢠--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY} ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --protocol=type â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â [see text] â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âValid Values â TCP SOCKET PIPE â â â MEMORY â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââ The transport protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when the other connection parameters normally result in use of a protocol other than the one you want. For details on the permissible values, see Section 4.2.7, âConnection Transport Protocolsâ. ⢠--server-public-key-path=file_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --server-public-key-path=file_name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â File name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ The path name to a file in PEM format containing a client-side copy of the public key required by the server for RSA key pair-based password exchange. This option applies to clients that authenticate with the sha256_password or caching_sha2_password authentication plugin. This option is ignored for accounts that do not authenticate with one of those plugins. It is also ignored if RSA-based password exchange is not used, as is the case when the client connects to the server using a secure connection. If --server-public-key-path=file_name is given and specifies a valid public key file, it takes precedence over --get-server-public-key. For sha256_password, this option applies only if MySQL was built using OpenSSL. For information about the sha256_password and caching_sha2_password plugins, see Section 6.4.1.3, âSHA-256 Pluggable Authenticationâ, and Section 6.4.1.2, âCaching SHA-2 Pluggable Authenticationâ. ⢠--shared-memory-base-name=name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --shared-memory-base-name=name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âPlatform Specific â Windows â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ On Windows, the shared-memory name to use for connections made using shared memory to a local server. The default value is MYSQL. The shared-memory name is case-sensitive. This option applies only if the server was started with the shared_memory system variable enabled to support shared-memory connections. ⢠--show-table-type, -t ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --show-table-type â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââ Show a column indicating the table type, as in SHOW FULL TABLES. The type is BASE TABLE or VIEW. ⢠--socket=path, -S path ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --socket={file_name|pipe_name} â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use. On Windows, this option applies only if the server was started with the named_pipe system variable enabled to support named-pipe connections. In addition, the user making the connection must be a member of the Windows group specified by the named_pipe_full_access_group system variable. ⢠--ssl* Options that begin with --ssl specify whether to connect to the server using encryption and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See the section called âCommand Options for Encrypted Connectionsâ. ⢠--ssl-fips-mode={OFF|ON|STRICT} ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --ssl-fips-mode={OFF|ON|STRICT} â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDeprecated â Yes â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â Enumeration â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â OFF â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âValid Values â OFF ON STRICT â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ Controls whether to enable FIPS mode on the client side. The --ssl-fips-mode option differs from other --ssl-xxx options in that it is not used to establish encrypted connections, but rather to affect which cryptographic operations to permit. See Section 6.8, âFIPS Supportâ. These --ssl-fips-mode values are permitted: ⢠OFF: Disable FIPS mode. ⢠ON: Enable FIPS mode. ⢠STRICT: Enable âstrictâ FIPS mode. Note If the OpenSSL FIPS Object Module is not available, the only permitted value for --ssl-fips-mode is OFF. In this case, setting --ssl-fips-mode to ON or STRICT causes the client to produce a warning at startup and to operate in non-FIPS mode. This option is deprecated. Expect it to be removed in a future version of MySQL. ⢠--status, -i ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --status â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââ Display extra information about each table. ⢠--tls-ciphersuites=ciphersuite_list ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --tls-ciphersuites=ciphersuite_list â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ The permissible ciphersuites for encrypted connections that use TLSv1.3. The value is a list of one or more colon-separated ciphersuite names. The ciphersuites that can be named for this option depend on the SSL library used to compile MySQL. For details, see Section 6.3.2, âEncrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphersâ. ⢠--tls-sni-servername=server_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --tls-sni-servername=server_name â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ When specified, the name is passed to the libmysqlclient C API library using the MYSQL_OPT_TLS_SNI_SERVERNAME option of mysql_options(). The server name is not case-sensitive. To show which server name the client specified for the current session, if any, check the Tls_sni_server_name status variable. Server Name Indication (SNI) is an extension to the TLS protocol (OpenSSL must be compiled using TLS extensions for this option to function). The MySQL implementation of SNI represents the client-side only. ⢠--tls-version=protocol_list ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --tls-version=protocol_list â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âDefault Value â TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3 â â â (OpenSSL 1.1.1 or higher) â â â TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2 â â â (otherwise) â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ The permissible TLS protocols for encrypted connections. The value is a list of one or more comma-separated protocol names. The protocols that can be named for this option depend on the SSL library used to compile MySQL. For details, see Section 6.3.2, âEncrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphersâ. ⢠--user=user_name, -u user_name ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --user=user_name, â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒâââââââââââââââââââ†âType â String â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââââââââââ The user name of the MySQL account to use for connecting to the server. ⢠--verbose, -v ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --verbose â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââ Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does. This option can be used multiple times to increase the amount of information. ⢠--version, -V ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬ââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --version â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽââââââââââââ Display version information and exit. ⢠--zstd-compression-level=level ââââââââââââââââââââââ¬âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ âCommand-Line Format â --zstd-compression-level=# â ââââââââââââââââââââââŒââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ†âType â Integer â ââââââââââââââââââââââŽâââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ The compression level to use for connections to the server that use the zstd compression algorithm. The permitted levels are from 1 to 22, with larger values indicating increasing levels of compression. The default zstd compression level is 3. The compression level setting has no effect on connections that do not use zstd compression. For more information, see Section 4.2.8, âConnection Compression Controlâ. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 1997, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License. This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. SEE ALSO For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/. AUTHOR Oracle Corporation (http://dev.mysql.com/). MySQL 8.3 11/23/2023 MYSQLSHOW(1)
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mysqlshow - display database, table, and column information
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mysqlshow [options] [db_name [tbl_name [col_name]]]
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jupyter-nbconvert
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arm64-apple-darwin20.0.0-inout
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grpc_ruby_plugin
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codesign_allocate
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codesign_allocate sets up a Mach-O file used by the dynamic linker so space for code signing data of the specified size for the specified architecture is embedded in the Mach-O file. The program must be passed one -a argument or one -A argument for each architecture in a universal file, or exactly one -a or -A for a thin file. -i oldfile specifies the input file as oldfile. -o newfile specifies the output file as newfile. -a arch size specifies for the architecture arch that the size of the code signing data is to be size. The value of size must be a multiple of 16. -A cputype cpusubtype size specifies for the architecture as a pair of decimal integers for the cputype and cpusubtype that the size of the code signing data is to be size. The value of size must be a multiple of 16. -r remove the code signature data and the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE load command. This is the same as specifiying the -a or -A option with a size of zero. -p page align the code signature data by padding string table and changing its size. This is not the default as codesign(1) currently can't use this option. Apple, Inc. April 17, 2017 CODESIGN_ALLOCATE(1)
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codesign_allocate - add code signing data to a Mach-O file
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codesign_allocate -i oldfile [ -a arch size ]... [ -A cputype cpusubtype size ]... -o newfile
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